1. The City shall make available, upon request of the federal awarding agency or pass-through entity, technical specifications on proposed procurements where the federal awarding agency or pass-through entity believes such review is needed to ensure that the item or service specified is the one being proposed for acquisition.
This review generally will take place prior to the time the specification is incorporated into a solicitation document. However, if the City desires to have the review accomplished after a solicitation has been developed, the Federal awarding agency or pass-through entity may still review the specifications, with such review usually limited to the technical aspects of the proposed purchase.
2. The City will make available upon request, for the Federal awarding agency or pass-through entity pre- procurement review, procurement documents, such as requests for proposals or invitations for bids, or independent cost estimates, when:
a. Procurement procedures or operation fails to comply with the procurement standards in this part;
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b. The procurement is expected to exceed the Simplified Acquisition Threshold ($150,000) and is to be awarded without competition or only one bid or offer is received in response to a solicitation;
c. The procurement, which is expected to exceed the Simplified Acquisition Threshold, specifies a “brand name” product;
d. The proposed contract is more than the Simplified Acquisition Threshold and is to be awarded to other than the apparent low bidder under a sealed bid procurement; or
e. A proposed contract modification changes the scope of a contract or increases the contract amount by more than the Simplified Acquisition Threshold.
3. The City is exempt from the pre-procurement review in paragraph 2 of this section if the federal awarding agency or pass-through entity determines that its procurement systems comply with the standards of this part.
4. The City may request that its procurement system be reviewed by the federal awarding agency or pass- through entity to determine whether its system meets these standards in order for its system to be certified. Generally, these reviews must occur where there is continuous high-dollar funding, and third-party contracts are awarded on a regular basis;
5. The City may self-certify its procurement system. Such self-certification must not limit the federal awarding agency's right to survey the system. Under a self-certification procedure, the federal awarding agency may rely on written assurances from the City that it is complying with these standards. The City must cite specific policies, procedures, regulations, or standards as being in compliance with these requirements and have its system available for review.
G. Bonding Requirements
For construction or facility improvement contracts or subcontracts exceeding the Simplified Acquisition Threshold ($150,000), the federal awarding or pass-through entity may accept the bonding policy and requirements of the City provided that the federal awarding agency or pass-through entity has made a determination that the federal interest is adequately protected. If such a determination has not been made, the minimum requirements must be as follows:
1. A bid guarantee from each bidder equivalent to five percent (5%) of the bid price. The bid guarantee must consist of a firm commitment such as a bid bond, certified check, or other negotiable instrument accompanying a bid as assurance that 225
the bidder will, upon acceptance of the bid, execute such contractual documents as may be required within the time specified;
2. A performance bond on the part of the contractor for 100 percent (100%) of the contract price. A performance bond is one executed in connection with a contract to secure fulfillment of all the contractor’s obligations under such contract; and,
3. A payment bond on the part of the contractor for 100 percent (100%) of the contract price. A payment bond is one executed in connection with a contract to assure payment as required by law of all persons supplying labor and material in the execution of the work provided for in the contract.
H. Contract Provisions
All contracts using federal funding shall comply with the following as applicable:
1. Contracts for more than the simplified acquisition threshold currently set at $150,000, which is the inflation adjusted amount determined by the Civilian Agency Acquisition Council and the Defense Acquisition Regulations Council (Councils) as authorized by 41 U.S.C. 1908, must address administrative, contractual, or legal remedies in instances where contractors violate or breach contract terms, and provide for such sanctions and penalties as appropriate.
2. All contracts in excess of $10,000 must address termination for cause and for convenience by the City including the manner by which it will be effected and the basis for settlement.
3. Equal Employment Opportunity. Except as otherwise provided under 41 CFR Part 60, all contracts that meet the definition of “federally assisted construction contract” in 41 CFR Part 60-1.3 must include the equal opportunity clause provided under 41 CFR 60-1.4(b), in accordance with Executive Order 11246, “Equal Employment Opportunity” (30 FR 12319, 12935, 3 CFR Part, 1964-1965 Comp., p. 339), as amended by Executive Order 11375, “Amending Executive Order 11246 Relating to Equal Employment Opportunity,” and implementing regulations at 41 CFR part 60, “Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs, Equal Employment Opportunity, Department of Labor.”
4. Davis-Bacon Act, as amended (40 U.S.C. 3141-3148). When required by Federal program legislation, all prime construction contracts in excess of $2,000 awarded by non-Federal entities must include a provision for compliance with the Davis-Bacon Act (40 U.S.C. 3141-3144, and 3146-3148) as supplemented by 226
Department of Labor regulations (29 CFR Part 5, “Labor Standards Provisions Applicable to Contracts Covering Federally Financed and Assisted Construction”). In accordance with the statute, contractors must be required to pay wages to laborers and mechanics at a rate not less than the prevailing wages specified in a wage determination made by the Secretary of Labor. In addition, contractors must be required to pay wages not less than once a week. The City entity must place a copy of the current prevailing wage determination issued by the Department of Labor in each solicitation. The decision to award a contract or subcontract must be conditioned upon the acceptance of the wage determination. The City entity must report all suspected or reported violations to the Federal awarding agency. The contracts must also include a provision for compliance with the Copeland “Anti-Kickback” Act (40 U.S.C. 3145), as supplemented by Department of Labor regulations (29 CFR Part 3, “Contractors and Subcontractors on Public Building or Public Work Financed in Whole or in Part by Loans or Grants from the United States”). The Act provides that each contractor or subrecipient must be prohibited from inducing, by any means, any person employed in the construction, completion, or repair of public work, to give up any part of the compensation to which he or she is otherwise entitled. The City entity must report all suspected or reported violations to the Federal awarding agency.
5. Copeland “Anti-Kickback” Act. Applies to construction contracts in excess of $2,000. It prohibits kickbacks in construction contracts funded with Federal monies.
Contractors and subcontractors or subrecipients shall be prohibited from inducing any person employed in the construction, completion, or repair of public work, to give up any part of the compensation to which he or she is otherwise entitled and suspected or reported violations shall be immediately reported to the Federal awarding agency.
6. Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (40 U.S.C. 3701-3708). Where applicable, all contracts awarded by the City in excess of $100,000 that involve the employment of mechanics or laborers must include a provision for compliance with 40 U.S.C. 3702 and 3704, as supplemented by Department of Labor regulations (29 CFR Part 5). Under 40 U.S.C. 3702 of the Act, each contractor must be required to compute the wages of every mechanic and laborer on the basis of a standard work week of 40 hours. Work in excess of the standard work week is permissible provided that the worker is compensated at a rate of not less than one and a half times the basic rate of pay for all hours worked in excess of 40 hours in the work week. The requirements of 40 U.S.C. 3704 are applicable to construction work and provide that no laborer or mechanic must be required to work in surroundings or under working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous or dangerous. These requirements do not apply to the purchases of supplies or materials or articles ordinarily available on the open market, or contracts for transportation or transmission of intelligence. 227
7. Rights to Inventions Made Under a Contract or Agreement. If the Federal award meets the definition of “funding agreement” under 37 CFR §401.2 (a) and the recipient or subrecipient wishes to enter into a contract with a small business firm or nonprofit organization regarding the substitution of parties, assignment or performance of experimental, developmental, or research work under that “funding agreement,” the recipient or subrecipient must comply with the requirements of 37 CFR Part 401, “Rights to Inventions Made by Nonprofit Organizations and Small Business Firms Under Government Grants, Contracts, and Cooperative Agreements”, and any implementing regulations issued by the awarding agency.
8. Clean Air Act & Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Contracts and sub grants in excess of $150,000 must contain a provision that requires the non-Federal award to agree to comply with all applicable standards, orders or regulations issued pursuant to the Clean Air Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Suspected or reported violations must be reported to the Federal awarding agency and the Regional Office of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
9. Debarment and Suspension. A contract award must not be made to parties listed on the governmentwide exclusions in the System for Award Management (SAM), in accordance with the OMB guidelines at 2 CFR 180 that implement Executive Orders 12549 (3 CFR part 1986 Comp., p. 189) and 12689 (3 CFR part 1989 Comp., p. 235), “Debarment and Suspension.” SAM Exclusions contains the names of parties debarred, suspended, or otherwise excluded by agencies, as well as parties declared ineligible under statutory or regulatory authority other than Executive Order 12549.
10. Byrd Anti-Lobbying Amendment (31 U.S.C. 1352)—Contractors that apply or bid for an award exceeding $100,000 must file the required certification. Each tier certifies to the tier above that it will not and has not used Federal appropriated funds to pay any person or organization for influencing or attempting to influence an officer or employee of any agency, a member of Congress, officer or employee of Congress, or an employee of a member of Congress in connection with obtaining any Federal contract, grant or any other award covered by 31 U.S.C. 1352. Each tier must also disclose any lobbying with non-Federal funds that takes place in connection with obtaining any Federal award. Such disclosures are forwarded from tier to tier up to the City award.
I. Contracting with small and minority business, women’s business enterprises, and labor surplus area firms.
All necessary affirmative steps will be taken to assure that minority business, women’s business enterprises, and labor surplus area firms are used when possible.
Affirmative steps include:
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1. Placing qualified small and minority businesses and women’s business enterprises on solicitation lists;
2. Assuring that small and minority businesses and women’s business enterprises are solicited whenever they are potential sources;
3. Dividing total requirements, when economically feasible, into smaller tasks or quantities to permit maximum participation by small and minority businesses and women’s business enterprises;
4. Establishing delivery schedules, where the requirement permits, which encourage participation by small and minority businesses and women’s business enterprises;
5. Using the services and assistance, as appropriate, of such organizations as the Small Business Administration and the Minority Business Development Agency of the Department of Commerce; and,
6. Requiring the prime contractor, if subcontracts are to be let, to take the affirmative steps listed in paragraphs (1) through (5) of this section.
J. Domestic preferences for procurements.
1. As appropriate and to the extent consistent with law, the City should, to the greatest extent practicable under a Federal award, provide a preference for the purchase, acquisition, or use of goods, products, or materials produced in the United States (including but not limited to iron, aluminum, steel, cement, and other manufactured products). The requirements of this section must be included in all subawards including all contracts and purchase orders for work or products under this award.
2. For purposes of this Section:
a. “Produced in the United States” means, for iron and steel products, that all manufacturing processes, from the initial melting stage through the application of coatings, occurred in the United States. b. “Manufactured products” means items and construction materials composed in whole or in part of non-ferrous metals such as aluminum; plastics and polymer-based products such as polyvinyl chloride pipe; aggregates such as concrete; glass, including optical fiber; and lumber.
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CITY OF AGOURA HILLS
TWO YEAR BUDGET POLICY
PURPOSE
This policy establishes the use of a two-year financial plan, emphasizing long-range planning and effective program management. The City’s two-year plan will:
1. Reinforce the importance of long-range planning in managing the City’s fiscal affairs.
2. Concentrate on developing and budgeting for the accomplishment of significant objectives.
3. Establish realistic timeframes for achieving objectives.
4. Create a pro-active budget that provides for stable operations and assures the City’s long-term fiscal health.
POLICY
Measurable Objectives - The City will prepare a two-year financial plan with measurable objectives. The two year plan will allow reasonable time to accomplish the objectives.
Second Year Budget - Before the beginning of the second year of the two-year cycle, the Council will review progress during the first year and approve appropriations for the second fiscal year.
Operating Carryover – Operating program appropriations not spent during the first fiscal year may be carried over for specific purposes into the second fiscal year with the approval of the City Manager.
Mid-Year Budget Reviews – The Council will formally review the City’s fiscal condition, and amend appropriations if necessary, by February of each fiscal year. 06/24 Two Year Budget Policy
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REPORT TO CITY COUNCIL
DATE: JUNE 24, 2026
TO: HONORABLE MAYOR AND MEMBERS OF THE CITY COUNCIL
FROM: NATHAN HAMBURGER, CITY MANAGER
BY:
RAMIRO ADEVA, ASSISTANT CITY MANAGER
AMBER VICTORIA, MANAGEMENT ANALYST
SUBJECT:
ADOPT A RESOLUTION APPROVING THE CITY COUNCIL MEETING TELEPHONIC/INTERNET
SERVICE DISRUPTION POLICY ADDRESSING INTERRUPTIONS TO TWO-WAY TELEPHONIC SERVICES IN COMPLIANCE WITH SENATE BILL 707
On October 3, 2025, Governor Newsom signed Senate Bill 707 ("SB 707"), which amended the Brown Act with the intent to diversify and increase public engagement during local government meetings of the legislative body. SB 707 enacted the most comprehensive set of amendments to the Brown Act in decades including the introduction of new requirements that provide for teleconferencing and remote participation of qualifying meetings.
Under SB 707, the Agoura Hills City Council qualifies as an "eligible legislative body" because the City is located in a county with a population of 600,000 or more. As such, the City Council is subject to enhanced accessibility requirements, including the provision of real-time two-way remote public access for City Council meetings.
Beginning July 1, 2026, eligible legislative bodies are required to provide two-way public access to meetings through telephonic or audiovisual platforms (e.g., Zoom), allowing for members of the public to provide public comments remotely in real-time. The City of Agoura Hills will provide remote public participation through a two-way telephonic service for City Council meetings.
In addition, SB 707 requires agencies to adopt a formal policy, no later than July 1, 2026, addressing how the legislative body will respond to disruptions in remote access services. The policy must include the following:
In the event of a disruption to remote access services, the legislative body must recess the meeting and make a good-faith effort to restore service.
The recess may last up to one (1) hour while staff attempt to restore service.
The eligible legislative body may meet in closed session during the service disruption.
If service cannot be restored after the one (1) hour period, the City Council must adopt findings by roll call vote confirming that good-faith efforts were made in accordance with the policy adopted and that continuing the meeting outweighs the public interest in remote public access.
The proposed policy establishes procedures for addressing service disruption response and addresses the requirements as outlined above. Adoption of this policy ensures compliance with SB 707 prior to the July 1, 2026, deadline, and provides clear and consistent framework for maintaining public access and participation during technical disruptions.
Please note, City Council meetings are currently broadcast via live stream on the City website, on Channel 10 for Time Warner Cable subscribers and Channel 3 for Charter subscribers. This policy does not apply to disruptions of one-way television or internet broadcast of City Council meetings.
FISCAL IMPACT
There is no fiscal impact to the City Council adopted FY 2025-2026 budget with the adoption of this policy.
RECOMMENDATION
Staff recommends the City Council adopt Resolution No. 26-2144 approving the City Council Telephonic/Internet service disruption policy addressing interruptions to two-way telephonic services in compliance with SB 707.
Attachments
Reso No. 26-2144.pdf
(Attachment) Internet Service and Telephonic Service Disruption Policy.pdf -1- A0130-0001\3259213v1.doc
RESOLUTION NO. 26-2144
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF AGOURA
HILLS, CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE “INTERNET SERVICE AND
TELEPHONIC SERVICE DISRUPTION POLICY” FOR CITY COUNCIL
MEETINGS
THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF AGOURA HILLS HEREBY FINDS, RESOLVES, AND ORDERS AS FOLLOWS:
1. Recitals. The City Council hereby finds determines and declares as follows:
A. The Ralph M. Brown Act, commonly known as the “Brown Act,” is California’s “sunshine” law for local government. The Brown Act is found in the California Government Code commencing with Government Code Section 54950. In 2025, the California Legislature passed Senate Bill 707 (“SB 707”), which was signed into law on October 3, 2025, and is effective January 1, 2026. SB 707 enacted an extensive modernization of the Brown Act.
B. SB 707 adds a new Section 54953.4 that requires specific actions be taken by an “eligible legislative body” to make meetings more accessible to the public. An “eligible legislative body” is defined in Section 54953.4(e)(2) and as applied to the City of Agoura Hills, the City Council is an eligible legislative body.
C. Starting on July 1, 2026, public meetings held by an eligible legislative body are required to include an opportunity for members of the public to attend via a two-way telephonic service (such as Zoom), commonly referred to as a “hybrid meeting.” The only exception is if adequate telephonic or internet service is not operational at the meeting location.
D. In conjunction with hybrid meetings, SB 707 requires the City Council, on or before July 1, 2026, to approve a policy regarding the disruption of telephonic or internet services occurring during the meeting. The adoption of such policy must occur at a noticed public meeting of the City Council in open session and not as an item on the consent calendar.
E. The purpose of this policy is to adopt the “Internet Service and Telephonic Service Disruption Policy” in the manner and content required by Section 54953.4(b)(1)(A)(i)(I) and (II).
2. Adoption of Policy. The City Council of the City of Agoura Hills does hereby adopt the “Internet Service and Telephonic Service Disruption Policy” in substantially the form attached hereto as Exhibit A. The City Manager shall have the authority to make such adjustments to the Policy as are necessary to implement amendments to the Brown Act or to facilitate the implementation of the requirements of Government Code Section 54953.
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3. Certification. The City Clerk shall certify the adoption of this Resolution.
PASSED, APPROVED, AND ADOPTED this 24th day of June 2026, by the following vote to wit:
AYES: ( )
NOES: ( )
ABSTAIN: ( )
ABSENT: ( )
_______________________________
Jeremy Wolf, Mayor
ATTEST:
__________________________________
Kimberly M. Rodrigues, City Clerk
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EXHIBIT A
INTERNET SERVICE AND TELEPHONIC SERVICE DISRUPTION POLICY
INTERNET SERVICE AND TELEPHONIC SERVICE DISRUPTION POLICY Background
The Ralph M. Brown Act, commonly known as the “Brown Act,” is California’s “sunshine” law for local government. The Brown Act is found in the California Government Code commencing with Section 54950.1 In 2025, the California Legislature passed Senate Bill 707 (“SB 707”), which was signed into law on October 3, 2025, and is effective January 1, 2026. SB 707 enacted an extensive modernization of the Brown Act.
SB 707 adds a new Section 54953.4 that requires specific actions be taken by an “eligible legislative body” to make meetings more accessible to the public. An “eligible legislative body” is defined in Section 54953.4(e)(2) and as applied to the City of Agoura Hills, the City Council is an eligible legislative body.
Starting on July 1, 2026, public meetings held by an eligible legislative body are required to include an opportunity for members of the public to attend via a two-way telephonic service or a two-way audiovisual platform (such as Zoom), commonly referred to as a “hybrid meeting.” The only exception is if adequate telephonic or internet service is not operational at the meeting location.
In conjunction with hybrid meetings, SB 707 requires the City Council on or before July 1, 2026, approve a policy regarding the disruption of telephonic or internet services occurring during the meeting. The adoption of such policy must occur at a noticed public meeting of the City Council in open session and not as an item on the consent calendar.
The purpose of this policy is to adopt the “Internet Service and Telephonic Service Disruption Policy” in the manner and content required by Section 54953.4(b)(1)(A)(i)(I) and (II).
1 All section references are to the California Government Code.
City of Agoura Hills Teleconference Meeting Disruption Policy
1. Designation of Responsible Person of the City’s Two-Way Telephonic Service: The City Manager or his or her designee shall identify a City employee or vendor who is responsible for operating the two-way telephonic service, referred to herein as the “Hybrid Platform”, at noticed public meetings of the City Council (“Responsible Person”). The Responsible Person shall be responsible for ensuring the proper operation, functionality, and connectivity of the telephonic participation system used to provide remote public access to City Council meetings. Duties may include operating telephonic equipment, monitoring audio quality and connectivity, facilitating public participation through the telephonic system, and responding to any technical issues affecting remote attendance. The City of Agoura Hills will provide remote public participation through a two-way telephonic service for City Council meetings.
2. Role of the City Clerk. The City Clerk is the person designated at City Council meetings for operating the Hybrid Platform to ensure the recording of the City Council meeting and for interacting with the Hybrid Platform to receive and record public comments. The City Clerk works within the Hybrid Platform as the meeting host to queue speakers who desire to provide public comment, admit speakers into the meeting when it is their turn to speak and thereafter remove said speakers, interact with the speakers as needed, including muting and unmuting speakers, and closes the queue when the public comment period ends. If a telephonic system is used, the City Clerk conducts the same or similar activities. The City Clerk interacts with the Mayor so that speakers who participate telephonically are called upon by the Mayor to provide their comments.
3. Disruption of the Hybrid Platform - Notification to the Mayor. If the Responsible Person or the City Clerk determines at any time during the City Council meeting that the Hybrid Platform is experiencing technical difficulties such that there is no telephonic or internet service in order for the Hybrid Platform to be operational, or there is a disruption or other technical issue that makes two-way remote participation not possible during the City Council meeting (for example, the City Council meeting is no longer able to be observed or heard by the public via the Hybrid Platform or the public is unable to telephonically attend the City Council meeting via the Hybrid Platform), the Responsible Person or the City Clerk shall immediately inform the Mayor or the presiding officer if the Mayor is not in attendance at the meeting, that the Hybrid Platform has been disrupted and a recess is required in order to restore service to the Hybrid Platform.
4. Announcement by the Mayor. The Mayor or presiding officer shall make an announcement regarding the need to call a recess because there is a disruption or other technical issue that has rendered the Hybrid Platform non-operational preventing two-way telephonic remote participation. After such announcement, the Mayor or presiding officer shall call for a recess and inform the in-person audience that under the Brown Act, the recess may last for up to an hour or until the service is restored to the Hybrid Platform. Pursuant to the Brown Act, the City Council is required to recess the open session of the City Council meeting for at least one hour following the disruption, or until telephonic or internet service is restored, whichever is earlier.
5. Recordation of the Time Recess is Called. The City Clerk shall physically in writing record the time when the recess is called by the Mayor or the presiding officer if the Mayor is not in attendance at the meeting.
6. Good Faith Attempt to Restore Service to the Hybrid Platform. During the recess, the Responsible Person and/or the City Clerk and any other member of City Staff shall make a good faith attempt to restore service to the Hybrid Platform. This includes troubleshooting any issues impacting connectivity including but not limited to the following: internet or telephonic connectivity issues (for example, check the connection, check the connection speed, test the internet bandwidth, contact the internet or telephonic provider, etc.), audio issues (check settings of equipment and/or Hybrid Platform, check connections and cables, check app permissions (if applicable), test of audio, reinstall app or program (if applicable) etc.).
7. Troubleshooting Hybrid Platform is Successful. If the Responsible Person, City Clerk, or any other member of City Staff is successful in restoring the service to the Hybrid Platform within one hour of when the recess was called, the City Clerk shall inform the Mayor or presiding officer that the matter has been resolved. The Mayor or presiding officer shall then reconvene the City Council meeting and shall inform the public that service has been restored to the Hybrid Platform. The City Clerk shall physically in writing record the time of when the City Council meeting is reconvened.
8. Troubleshooting Hybrid Platform is Not Successful. If the Responsible Person, City Clerk, or any other member of City Staff was not successful in restoring the service to the Hybrid Platform within one hour of when the recess was called, the City Clerk shall inform the Mayor ore presiding officer that after making a good faith attempt to restore service, service to the Hybrid Platform was unable to be restored. The City Clerk shall give a description of the efforts made to restore service. The City Clerk shall physically in writing record the time of when the City Council meeting is reconvened.
9. Reconvening the Open Session of the City Council Meeting. The Mayor or presiding officer shall subsequently reconvene the City Council meeting. Upon reconvening the meeting, the Mayor or presiding officer shall inform the City Council and the public that services to the Hybrid Platform were unable to be restored and the Mayor or presiding officer shall request that a finding be made as follows: (i) that good faith efforts to restore the telephonic or internet service have been made in accordance with the City’s Internet Service and Telephonic Service Disruption Policy; and (ii) that the public interest in continuing the meeting outweighs the public interest in remote public access. The Mayor or presiding officer shall call for a motion, ask for a second and ask the City Clerk to take a roll call vote. If the motion making the finding is passed, the City Council may continue the City Council meeting.
10. Certain Meetings Exempt. The requirement set forth in Government Code Section 54953.4 that open and public meetings shall include an opportunity for members of the public to attend the City Council meeting via a two-way remote system telephonically, does not apply to the following meetings: (i) a meeting to attend a judicial or administrative proceeding to which the City is a party; (ii) a meeting to inspect real or personal property provided that the topic of the meeting is limited to items directly related to the real or personal property; (iii) a meeting with elected or appointed officials of the United States or the State of California, solely to discuss a legislative or regulatory issue affecting the city and over which the federal or state officials have jurisdiction; (iv) a meeting in or nearby a facility owned by the City, provided that the topic of the meeting is limited to items directly related to the facility; and (v) a meeting in an emergency situation pursuant to Government Code Section 54956.5.
11. Closed Session During a Recess. During the recess described herein, the City Council may meet in closed session during this period for items listed in the closed session agenda for that meeting.