History and Heritage
Muwekma
Ohlone Tribe of the
San Francisco Bay Area:
Presented by the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe of the San Francisco Bay Area Copyright © 2022 Muwekma Ohlone Tribe <> All Rights Reserved
Who are the Muwekma Ohlone?
The
Muwekma
Ohlone
Tribe
is
comprised
of
all
of
the
surviving
Native
American
lineages
who
are
aboriginal
to
the
greater
San
Francisco
Bay
region
and
whose
ancestors
were
missionized
into
Missions
Dolores,
Santa
Clara
and
San
Jose
and
who
comprised
the
historic
BIA
documented
Federally
Recognized
Verona
Band
of
Alameda
County
.
The
Muwekma
Tribe
became
Federally
Recognized
through
the
Congressional
Homeless
California
Indian
Appropriation
Acts
of
1906
and
1908
and
through
other
federal
actions
during
later
years
.
Muwekma Ohlone
Muwekma Ohlone
Phoebe Apperson Hearst
and her husband Senator George Hearst Purchased a
Property that included a portion of the Tribe’s
Alisal
Rancheria in the early
1880s. She Funded
the Berkeley Anthropology Department and Invited
Anthropologist A. L
. Kroeber to Interview the Indians
Next
to her M
ansion
Alfred L. Kroeber
–
U. C. Berkeley
1904
-
1914
interviewed members of the
Muwekma
/Verona Band Community at Pleasanton and Niles
Jose
Guzman
Angela
Colos
Magdalena Armija
Pleasanton People
Washington Township (Niles Rancheria) Alameda County, California Muwekma Ohlone Indian Population Census (June 4, 1900)
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Jose
Guzman
George Santos
Catherine Peralta
Murray Township (Alisal, Pleasanton Rancheria)
Muwekma Ohlone Indian Population Census - June 23, 1900 Alameda County, California
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Angela Colos
Joseph Garcia
Paula
Charles E. Kelsey Named Special Agent for the California Indians, 1905-1913 Included the Muwekma at Pleasanton and Niles Rancheria in Alameda County, California Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Schedule showing non-reservation Indians in Northern California Pleasanton and Niles in Alameda County, California
Made by C.E. Kelsey, Special Agent for the California Indians, 1905-1906 Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Schedule
showing
non-reservation
Indians in
Northern
California
Pleasanton and Niles
in Alameda County,
California
Made by C.E. Kelsey,
Special Agent for the
California Indians,
1905-1906
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Jose Guzman
Angela Colos
Magdelena Armija
George Santos
Maria Trinidad Gonzales Reyes and
Paula, circa 1905
Lived on the Alisal, Pleasanton Rancheria
Peregrina Piños and George Santos Marriage
Photo, circa 1904
Lived on the Niles Rancheria
Members of the Verona Band, Alameda County, California
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Pleasanton Township, Indian Town
Indian Population Census, May 14, 1910
Alameda County, CaliforniaIndian
Town
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Angela
Colos
Catherine
Peralta
Mercedes
Marine
Dario Marine
Albert Marine
Trinidad Gonzales
Indian Map of California
By C.E. Kelsey, Special Agent for
the California Indians
1913
Alameda County,
*Verona 30
*Mission San Jose
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
INDIAN
RANCHERIA
Edwin W. Gifford
–
U. C. Berkeley
1914
Interviewed
Angela Colos
from the
Muwekma/Verona Band Community at Pleasanton
Mūwêkma - gente
Angela
Colos
Letter to the Commission of Indian Affairs, Washington, D.C.
From C. H. Asbury, Special Indian Agent – Dec. 7, 1914
RE: Use of the appropriation for the purchase of lands for the Indians of California Verona 30
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Seven
Muwekma
Men Who Served During WW I
Fred Guzman Pvt.
Co. C, 110 Inf., (France)
28 th
Inf. Div. (1917
-
1919)
Toney Guzman, Pvt.
347
th
Field Art. (France)
91 st
Inf. Div. (1918
-
1919)
Henry A. L. Nichols, F1
US Navy, USS Oklahoma,
USS Arizona (1917
-
1919)
Joseph F. Aleas, Sgt.
Co. D., 21
st
MG Bn. (France)
7 th
Inf. Div. (1916
-
1920)
John
“
Jack
”
Nichols
59th Coast Artillery Corps
Tank Division (France)
US Army (1914
-
1920)
Franklin Guzman, Sgt.
Fourth Brigade, Marines,
2nd Division
(France)
USMC (1916
-
1919)
Sacramento Superintendent Lafayette Dorrington Oct. 23, 1926 Federal California Indian Termination was Investigated for Dereliction of Duty by Washington D.C. Removed 135 Landless Tribal Bands from the list of Tribes Awaiting Land Purchase, the First was the Verona Band of Alameda County
Letter to the Commissioner of Indian
Affairs, Washington, D. C.
From L.A. Dorrington,
United States Department of the
Interior, Indian Field Service
June 23, 1927
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
There is one band in Alameda County
commonly known as the Verona Band, …
located near the town of Verona; these
Indians were formerly those that resided in
close proximity of the Mission San Jose. It
does not appear at the present time that
there is need for the purchase of land for
the establishment of their homes.
Jose Guzman Maria De Los Angeles Colos
(circa 1934) (circa 1929)
J. P. Harrington Interviewed and Recorded 18 Muwekma Indians Between 1921 - 1930
John Peabody Harrington
(1884 – 1961)
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Eighteen Muwekma Families
Enrolled with the BIA under the
1928 Cal. Indian Jurisdictional
Act
Phoebe Inigo-Alaniz
Application for enrollment with the Indians of the
State of California under the Act of May 18, 1928
Adopted son
Thomas “Tommy” Garcia
Photo taken at 15 years, 1927
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Lucas Marine
Application for enrollment with the Indians of the State of California under the Act of May 18, 1928 Ohlones (?)
Tribal name
Unknown,
Alameda County,
California,
Name of
Tribe or Band
Evalina (Avelina) Marine, Mother,
Ohlones, Tribal name unknown, Alameda County, California Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Lucas Marine 1928 BIA Application (cont.)
Ernest “Ernie” Marine
Newark, CA 1947
Lucas Marine and
Cecilia Armija Marine, 1920
My mother’s parents
belong to the Mission San
Jose, in Alameda County,
California, and the records
of her family ought to be
found there.
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Mission San Jose Baptism Records
Avelina
Cornates
Marine 1864
Dolores Sanchez
Application for enrollment with the Indians of the State of California under the Act of May 18, 1928 Mission
San Jose,
Alameda Co.,
California
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Dolores Sanchez Family Lineage Photos
Susie Rodriguez, Concha Rodriguez,
Rosemary Cambra, Maria Louisa Cline,
Norma Sanchez, Nicole Veikune,
Anthony Acosta, and Dolores Sanchez
Three Wolves Site, San Jose, CA - 1994
Robert (Morgan)
Sanchez, Sr. 1982
Dolores Sanchez,
Robert Sanchez, and
Rosemary Cambra,
1986
Rosemary Cambra and Dolores Sanchez
Stanford Powwow, 1991
Robert (Morgan)
Sanchez, Sr.
Newark, CA 1947
Enos Sanchez, Joe Ruano, and
Robert Sanchez,
Newark, CA 1947
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Albert Arellano
Application for enrollment with the Indians of the State of California under the Act of May 18, 1928 Mission
San Jose,
Alameda Co.,
Calif.
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Albert Arellano
18 years, 1927
Albert Arellano Family Lineage Photos
Edwina Arellano
17 Years, 1927
(sister)
Arellano Family Lineage at the Muwekma Ohlone
Tribe Christmas Party 2000, Stanford University
Samuel, Ishmael,
Lydia, Ruben and
Joel Arellano
Niles, CA 1945
(children)
Albert
Arellano
1980
Built by Albert Arellano
Russell City (Hayward), CA 1946
Herminia
Arellano
(Albert’s wife)
Lydia, Sam, Joel, and
Ruben Arellano, 1986
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Arellano House
Albert and Herminia
Arellano, 1936
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe WWII Veterans 1941 - 1945
Lawrence
Domingo
Marine
Sergeant,
U.S. Marine
Corps,
Guadalcanal,
Eniwetok,
Marshall
Islands,
Okinawa,
Ryukyu
1940–1946
WWII
Lawrence
Thompson, Sr.
(photo taken in
1997, 79 years
old)
Tech. Fifth
Grade, U.S.
Army, 640th
Tank Destroyer
Battalion, Pacific
Theater 1941-
1945, WWII
Hank A. Alvarez
U.S. Army,
101
st Airborne
Division
1942-1945,
WWII
Ernest Marine
Pfc. U.S. Army, 58th
Field Artillery Battalion,
1944-1946, WWII
Daniel Santos Juarez
(center)
Sergeant, U.S. Army,
41st Division, WWII
1944
Michael Benjamin Galvan
(right)
U.S. Navy And Army
WWII
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe WWII Veterans 1941 - 1945
Frank H.
Guzman
Pfc, U.S.
Army 345th
Infantry,
European
Campaign,
1944-1946,
WWII
Ben
Guzman,
U.S.
Army,
North
Africa,
Italy
WWII
(1945)
Robert R.
Sanchez
U.S. Army
Technician
Fourth Grade,
508th Prcht.
Infantry, 82nd
Airborne
Division
1942-1948,
WWII
Thomas Garcia,
(photo taken 1946)
U.S. Army, Co F,
358th Combat
Engineers
Buried in the
Golden Gate
National Cemetery
Enos Sanchez, 89th
Infantry Div., 1st
Bat, Co. M, 354th
Infantry Regiment
Heavy Machine
Gunner,
U.S. Army, Patton
’s
Army Tank
Command,
Rhineland, Central
Europe, North
Africa,
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Salvador Piscopo
Sergeant, US Army,
Patton’s Tank Div. 14th
Cavalry, 18th Mech, Sq.
1942-1946, WWII
Ernest G. Thompson, ID Card
Member of the Mission Tribe of Indians, and a member
in good standing of the Bay Area California Indian Council May 1947
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
California Indian Dancers Lawrence Mason Marine and Marvin Lee Marine (ca. 1949)
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Lawrence Lawrence Marine
Marvin Lee Marine
Act of 1948 BIA Applications:
Second BIA Enrollment Period
1948-1957
List of Verona Band /
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Members
(Heads of Households)
Who Applied
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
1928 California Indian Jurisdictional Act Settlement in 1951 Over the
8.5 Million Acres of Land
that was Never Set Aside
Congress
relented
and
passed
the
Jurisdictional
Act
of
1928
.
This
legislation
allowed
for
the
State
Attorney
General's
office
to
sue
the
federal
government
and
represent
the
interest
of
the
California
Indians
.
A
controversial
settlement
was
finally
achieved
in
1944
.
A
paltry
sum
of
$
150
.
00 [calculated
with
interest
back
to
1852
]
was
issued
in
1951
to
those
surviving
Indian
Heads
-
of
-
Housholds
as
payment
for
the
8 .
5 Million
Acres
the
tribes
never
received
.
Ohlone Indian Cemetery
American Indian Historical Society
Lillian Massiatt, Ramona Galvan, and Michael Galvan
Fremont, CA 1966
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
American Indian
Historical Society
The Indian Historian
Ohlone Indians
Right Of Way Action
Vol. 2 No. 6
1965
(Page Six)
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Named chairman
of the group was
(Benjamin)
Michael Galvan
Speaking for
the Ohlone
Indian Historians
were (Benjamin)
Michael Galvan,
Hank Alvarez,
Mack Whitfield,
and Philip Galvan.
Hank Alvarez,
Presently a
Muwekma
Ohlone Tribal
Council Member
American Indian Historical Society
Listing of Ohlone Contacts and
Ohlone Members
circa May 1965
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Article by Newark News Register, Fremont, CA - August 15, 1966, (2nd half) Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
“It is the only such cemetery in
the area. We have been told
Congressman Don Edwards supports
this drive, and may introduce some
sort of legislation that would
declare it a national historic site.”
The Indian Historian
“People of the West”
The Ohlone Story
by P. Michael Galvan,
Ohlone
Spring, 1968
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
3rd BIA Enrollment Applications
1968-1972:
List of Verona Band /
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe
Members (Heads of Households)
Who Applied
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
California Indian Claims Settlement 1968
-
1972
The
efforts
of
California
Indians
to
sue
the
federal
government
under
the
Jurisdictional
Act
of
1928
resulted
in
the
creation
of
the
federal
Indian
Claims
Commission
in
1946
..
A compromise settlement was offered for
64,425,000 acres of land
.
The
BIA
organized
a
series
of
meetings
to
convince
the
litigants
to
accept
the
settlement
.
As
a
result
California
Indians
were
deemed
eligible
to
share
in
the
settlement
.
Payments
of
$
668
.
61 per
person
was
issued
by
1972
.
Thus
Indians
are
the
only
class
of
citizens
in
the
United
States
who
are
denied
constitutional
protection
of
their
lands
.
California Indian Claims Settlement 1968
-
1972
$668.51 for 64,425,000 Acres
1969 BIA Application for Ernest George Thompson
February 20, 1969
Ohlone Tribe
Mission San Jose
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
1969 BIA App for Margaret Sanchez-Martinez
August 21, 1969
Presently the Eldest member of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Ohlone
Mission Indian
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Margaret Sanchez-Martinez
Living member of the Federally Recognized Verona Band
Monica V. Arellano, Vice Chairwoman;
Rosemary Cambra, Chairwoman;
Rick Martinez, Tribal Descendant;
Margaret Martinez, Tribal Elder
Milpitas Historical Society, November 2004
Margaret Martinez, Tribal Elder
San Jose, CA
May 1999
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
550 Muwekma
Ohlone Ancestral
Indian Remains
Repatriated from
Stanford
University and
Returned to the
Muwekma Ohlone
Tribal Descendants
in 1990
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Rosemary Cambra (Ohlone)
Representative for the Ohlones
…said she was “very, very happy”
Stanford has agreed to respect the
religious rights of the Indians….
In what may be the first action of
its kind by a major university,
Stanford will return the skeletal
remains of about 550 Indians from
Its museum to elders of the
Ohlone Costanoan people,
Provost James Rosse has disclosed.
TSQ NEWS FALL 1989
STANFORD NEWS: STANFORD TO RETURN INDIAN REMAINS TO DESCENDANTS Letter to
Ms. Rosemary Cambra
(Chairwoman for the
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe)
From the United States
Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Indian Affairs
April 25, 1989
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Because of the significance
and permanence of
acknowledgment as a tribe,
…
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Chairwoman Rosemary Cambra and the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Cover Story in the San Jose Mercury News WEST - September 1, 1991 International Indian Treaty Council Support for Muwekma Ohlone Tribe (1992) Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Rosemary Cambra, Chairwoman of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe and other Tribal Leaders in front of the White House, Washington, D.C.
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Petition for Recognition delivered to President Bill Clinton January 25, 1995
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Letter from the United States Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs,
Washington, D. C.
To Ms. Rosemary Cambra
(Chairwoman for the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe)
RE: Pleasanton or Verona Band of Alameda
County was Previously Acknowledged
May 24, 1996
…the Pleasanton or Verona Band of Alameda County was
previously acknowledged between 1914 and 1927. The band was among the groups, identified as bands, under the
jurisdiction of the Indian agency at Sacramento, California.
The agency dealt with the Verona Band as a group and
identified it as a distinct social and political entity. The band was among the bands proposed by a Special California
Indian agent in 1914 for homesite land under the appropriations for homeless California Indians which began in 1906.
Tribe’s Genealogy and Legal History
ACCIP – California Indian Tribal Status Clarification Act George Miller Bill, April 13, 2000
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
(4) The Muwekma are the aboriginal inhabitants of the
southern, eastern andwestern regions of the San Francisco Bay Area, including all of what is now San Francisco, San Mateo, Alameda and Contra Costa Counties,much of what
is now Santa Clara County, and parts of Santa Cruz, San Joaquin, Napa, and Solano Counties. The Muwekma
Indians are from the following aboriginal tribes:
Passasimi/Yatikumne, Tamcan, Josemite, Lacquisemne,
Julpun, Napian/Karkin, Jalquin/Yrgin, Alson/Tamien,
Suenen, Chupcan, Choquoime, and Nototomne. Spanish
missionaries forced the ancestors of the Muwekma Tribe
into the Missions Dolores, San Jose and Santa Clara in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. In the 1830’s the Mexican Government secularized the missions and distributed their lands. Many Muwekma left the missions and resettled in
other parts of the Bay Area, including on a number of
rancheries in Alameda County, including the Alisal
Rancheria near Pleasanton, the Del Mocho Rancheria in
Livermore, the El Molino Rancheria in Niles, as well as on rancherias in Sunol and San Leandro/San Lorenzo until the early part of the 20th century. The Muwekma people
continue to reside in their aboriginal territory in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Resolution
From March Fong Eu,
Secretary of State California
For the Amah-Mutsun,
Muwekma/Ohlone Tribal
Councils and the Esselen
Nation
February 14, 1994
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
NATIVE CALIFORNIA GUIDE, EDITION 2000
Muwekma Ohlone
(Costanoan)
Area
Map of Muwekma Ohlone (Costanoan) Area, 2000
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
The Muwekma Tribe is a tribe of
Ohlone Indians indigenous to
the present-day San Francisco
Bay area. In the early part of
the Twentieth Century, the
Department of the Interior
(“DOI”) recognized the
Muwekma Tribe as an Indian
tribe under the jurisdiction of
the United States.
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Court Case
First Lawsuit Filed December 1999
Judge Ricardo Urbina Court Ruling
January 16, 2001
The BIA Verified Direct Descent from these Tribal Groups [Map after Milliken 2007]
Jalquin
Muwekma
Tribal
T erritory
Muwekma
Tribal Descent
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Council Meeting – April 1998
Coyote Hills Regional Park, Fremont, CA
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Cedar Group Campsites
Del Valle Regional Park, Livermore, CA
June 17-24, 2001
Photo taken at the “BIG FEAST BBQ” – June 23, 2001
Muwekma
Ohlone Tribe Cultural Campout
Camp
Muwekma
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area
Wákkíimimu Mak
-
Muwekma, For Our People
Mak
-
Šiiniinikma, Our Children
Mayye Mak Huššiš
-
tak! and Our Future!
n
Thank you for your time to hear about the
Muwekma
Tribe
’
s prehistory, history, heritage and struggle !
n
As you have ascertained our Tribe and our People
have never left our Ancestral and Historic Homelands!
n
We hope that after this long and painful struggle we
will be restored once again as a Federally
Acknowledged Tribe by next year!
n
Aho
!
The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe claims complete copyright and
the intellectual property rights and ownership of any and all presentation materials, photos, and information.
2022 Muwekma Ohlone Tribe
All Rights Reserved
For More Information Please Visit the Tribe’s Website @ www.muwekma.org
For Copies of the Tribe’s Publications Visit
www.academia.edu
Kiš Horše ’Ek-Hinnan. Thank You.
Muwekma Ohlone Tribe Of The San Francisco Bay Area