Bakersfield City Council
August 5, 2026

Special-Status Species Survey
-ofOld River Road, Bakersfield, CA 93311
Bakersfield, CA
APN# 540-01-019
Southwest ¼ of Section 29,
T30S, R27E, M.D.B.&M
Prepared by: Paul Rosebush – MESA Biological, LLC
Samantha Medellin – MESA Biological, LLC
Date: May 31, 2023
Prepared for: Mr. Richard Sergent – LandStone Companies, LLC Survey Background. On May 22, 2024, at the request of Mr. Sergent, a special status-species survey was conducted on approximately 38.2 acres of land located at the northeast intersection of Old River Road and McCutchen Road in southwest Bakersfield (Figure 1). MESA Biological LLC (MESA) was retained to conduct a field survey to determine status of potentially sensitive biological resources on the property. For continuity throughout this report, the term “Site” will be used when referencing this 38.2-acre development area. While every effort is made to accurately describe and reproduce the illustrated survey area in this report, direct reference to grading plans or other professionally rendered documents for assessing impact acreage should occur. The survey area is intended to encompass the impact area and buffer limits. It should be noted, drawn survey limits in Figure 1 are intended for reference only and may overlap adjacent lots or parcels.

Survey Purpose and Methodology. The biological survey is intended to satisfy requirements for species detection and avoidance set forth by regulatory agencies including the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The field survey was conducted by a CDFW Approved Qualified Wildlife Biologist experienced with regionally occurring animal and plant species, natural communities, and field survey methodologies.

The primary focus of the survey was detection of the presence of potentially occurring sensitive LandStone Companies – Old River and
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Biological Survey Report

biological resources and special-status species including the San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica)(Federal Endangered, State Threatened); San Joaquin antelope squirrel (Ammospermophilus nelsoni)(State Threatened); Tipton kangaroo rat (Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides)(Federal and State Endangered); western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia)(State Species of Special Concern); and Bakersfield cactus (Opuntia basilaris var. treleasei)(Federal and State Endangered). The CDFW and USFWS accepted methods for field surveys to detect presence of potentially occurring special-status plant and animal species were consulted (CBOC 1993, CDFG 2009, USFWS 1999 & 2011).

The survey documented biological conditions for potential activity and presence of covered, Federal- and State-listed, and incidental special-status species. A survey of the entire Site was conducted by walking transects where feasible. Biologists used binoculars to survey the remaining area resulting in 100% visual coverage. Surveyed buffer areas were limited to visible portions and publicly accessible areas of adjacent lands. A photographic record of site conditions was captured and provided in Figures 2. The survey was conducted during a time with high probability of visual detection of potentially occurring special-status species including sign (scat, tracks, nests, potential burrows, etc.) of current or previous presence in the vicinity of the Site. Special-status species include those possessing formal conservation status by federal or state agencies as Threatened, Endangered, or Species of Special Concern. In preparation of the report, available scientific and regulatory agency literature, previous survey results and experiences in the region, species occurrence maps, and online databases were consulted.

Site Setting. The Site is located in southwest Bakersfield proximal to the northeast corner of the intersection of Old River Road and McCutchen Road, which bound the west and south limits of the Site. The north limit is bound by a fence and the east limits are bordered by a housing development. The Site is currently used for crop production and borders a recently developed residential area. Recent cultivation and planting of row crops have significantly reduced suitability for many special-status species.

No natural habitat exists at the Site. Dominant species found around the perimeter of the row crops were soft bromegrass (Bromus hordaceous), red bromegrass (Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens), common mallow (Malva parviflora), red-stemmed filaree (Erodium cicutarium), Russian thistle (Salsola tragus), puncture vine (Tribulus terrestris) Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri), London rocket (Sisymbrium irio), shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris), purslane weed (Portulaca oleracea), pineapple weed (Matricaria discoidea), sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), mat amaranth (Amaranthus blitoides) and Mediterranean grass (Schismus barbatus). Wildlife observed on the Site included feral pigeon (Columba livia), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), western kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis), and red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus). No signs of fossorial small mammal presence were present within the site.

Sensitive Species. Results from the survey found no evidence of burrowing owl occupation or visitation at the site, or in observable portions of adjacent parcels. As such, no earthen nests, burrows, or other direct sign of occupation was observed. Also, no evidence was detected to indicate ground nesting or roosting by perching bird or raptor species known to inhabit the LandStone Companies – Old River and
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surrounding areas. No individual San Joaquin kit fox or San Joaquin antelope squirrels were detected within the survey area. No scat, white-wash, feathers, prey remains, track, etc. were identified in proximity to any earthen burrow or “surrogate” artificial structure such that it would directly indicate occupation by western burrowing owl. No dens or small mammal burrows were found during the survey.

No covered, listed, or special-status plant species were observed. Conditions at the Site have likely altered the pre-settlement conditions including soil and other microhabitat components necessary for most native plant species.

No focused surveys were performed for potentially occurring sensitive plant species. Given the extensive disturbance at the Site, long-term soils preparation and land conversion at the Site and in surrounding lands, it is considered unlikely that focused surveys during ideal periods for sensitive plant identification would yield results indicating presence.

Project Requirements. No special-status species were observed at the Site or within visible portions of immediately adjacent developed and undeveloped lands. The Metropolitan Bakersfield Habitat Conservation Plan (MBHCP) expired on January 1, 2023, if a grading permit was not issued and Habitat Mitigation Fees (HMF) have not been paid by December 30, 2022, there is no Take coverage for vested maps. Compliance with the Endangered Species Act (ESA) will become the responsibility of the individual property owner/developer.

A memo dated November 15th, 2022, posted on the City of Bakersfield website RE: Pending Expiration of the MBHCP, The City of Bakersfield Development Services Department may provide recommendations and guidance on how to comply with federal and State law pertaining to special-status species. However, the memo states the responsibility for compliance will remain with the property owner/developer.

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Literature Cited
California Burrowing Owl Consortium (CBOC). 1993. Burrowing Owl Survey Protocol and Mitigation Guidelines. California Burrowing Owl Consortium. April 1993.

Metropolitan Bakersfield Habitat Conservation Plan (MBHCP). 1994. Implementation Management Agreement. Metropolitan Bakersfield Habitat Conservation Plan Steering Committee. Lead Agency: City of Bakersfield, County of Kern. April 1994. 214 p.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2011. Standardized Recommendations for Protection of the San Joaquin Kit Fox Prior to or During Ground Disturbance. Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office. January 2011.

USFWS. 1999. San Joaquin Kit Fox Survey Protocol for the Northern Range. Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office. June 1999.

Kern County Planning Department. 2023 Mitigation Monitoring Program. Addendum 2 to the Reina Ranch Final Environmental Impact Report (SCH #2007041068 LandStone Companies – Old River and
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Figure 1. Aerial reference image of approximate Site limits (green polygon).

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Figure 2. Photographs taken during survey (May 2024) of the Site.

Photograph 1: taken from the northeast corner facing the Site. Photograph 2: taken from the northwest corner facing the Site.

Photograph 3: taken from the southeast corner facing the Site. Photograph 4: taken from the southwest corner facing the Site.

Attachment C

AIR QUALITY IMPACT ANALYSIS
Vesting Tentative Tract Map No. 7500
Bakersfield, CA
Prepared For:

McIntosh & Associates
10800 Stockdale Hwy., Ste. 103
Bakersfield, CA 93311
Prepared By:

TRINITY CONSULTANTS
4900 California Avenue, Suite 420A
Bakersfield, CA 93309
661-282-2200
February 2026
Project 250505.0228
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1-1

1.1 Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2 Health Risk.................................................................................................................. 1-1

1.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ......................................................................................... 1-1

2. INTRODUCTION 2-1

2.1 Purpose....................................................................................................................... 2-1

2.2 General Project Description........................................................................................ 2-1

3. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 3-1

3.1 Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1.1 Climate ....................................................................................................................3-1

3.1.2 Air Quality Standards ................................................................................................3-2

3.1.3 Existing Air Quality....................................................................................................3-4

3.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ......................................................................................... 3-9

3.2.1 Greenhouse Gases ....................................................................................................3-9

3.2.2 Global Climate Change ............................................................................................ 3-11

3.2.3 Effects of Global Climate Change ............................................................................. 3-12

4. REGULATORY SETTING 4-1

4.1 Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1.1 Federal ....................................................................................................................4-1

4.1.2 State........................................................................................................................4-1

4.1.3 Local........................................................................................................................4-3

4.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ......................................................................................... 4-6

4.2.1 International ............................................................................................................4-6

4.2.2 Federal ....................................................................................................................4-7

4.2.3 State........................................................................................................................4-7

4.2.4 Local...................................................................................................................... 4-11

5. AIR QUALITY AND GHG ANALYSIS METHODS 5-1

5.1 Criteria Pollutant Emissions........................................................................................ 5-1

5.1.1 Short-Term Construction Emissions ............................................................................5-1

5.1.2 Long-Term Operations Emissions ...............................................................................5-2

5.2 Toxic Air Contaminants............................................................................................... 5-7

5.2.1 Toxic Air Contaminants Quantification ........................................................................ 5-7

5.2.2 Air Quality Dispersion Modeling..................................................................................5-8

5.2.3 Hotspots Analysis and Reporting Program (HARP2) ..................................................... 5-9

5.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions .......................................................................................5-11

5.3.1 Short-Term Construction Emissions .......................................................................... 5-11

5.3.2 Long-Term Operations Emissions ............................................................................. 5-12

6. IMPACT ASSESSMENT 6-1

6.1 Significance Criteria.................................................................................................... 6-1

6.1.1 Thresholds Adopted for the Evaluation of Air Quality Impacts under CEQA.................... 6-1

6.1.2 Thresholds of Significance for Ambient Air Quality Impacts .......................................... 6-2

6.1.3 Thresholds of Significance for Toxic Air Contaminants ................................................. 6-2

6.1.4 Thresholds of Significance for Cumulative Air Quality Impacts ...................................... 6-2 VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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6.1.5 Thresholds Adopted for the Evaluation of GHG Impacts under CEQA ............................ 6-3

6.2 Project Analysis Results.............................................................................................. 6-4

6.2.1 Air Quality ................................................................................................................6-4

6.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...................................................................................... 6-11

6.3 Analysis of Air Quality CEQA Appendix G Environmental Checklist Questions .........6-15

6.3.1 AQ-1: Conflict or Obstruct Implementation of Air Quality Plan .................................... 6-15

6.3.2 AQ-2: Cumulative Impacts....................................................................................... 6-19

6.3.3 AQ-3: Sensitive Receptors ....................................................................................... 6-23

6.4 Analysis of GHG CEQA Appendix G Environmental Checklist Questions ...................6-24

6.4.1 GHG-1: GHG Emissions Analysis............................................................................... 6-24

6.4.2 GHG-2: Conflict or Obstruction of GHG Reduction Plan .............................................. 6-24

7. MITIGATION AND OTHER RECOMMENDED MEASURES 7-1

7.1 Air Quality ................................................................................................................... 7-1

7.1.1 SJVAPCD Required Fugitive Dust Reduction Measures ................................................. 7-1

7.1.2 Recommended Measures to Reduce Equipment Exhaust Emissions............................... 7-1

7.1.3 Other Measures to Reduce Project Air Quality Impacts ................................................ 7-2

7.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ......................................................................................... 7-2

7.2.1 Feasible and Reasonable Mitigation Relative to Global Warming ................................... 7-2

8. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE AFTER MITIGATION 8-1

9. REFERENCES 9-1
APPENDIX A. CALEEMOD OUTPUT FILES A-1
APPENDIX B. EXISTING AIR QUALITY MONITORING DATA B-1
APPENDIX C. PROJECT EMISSION CALCULATIONS C-1
APPENDIX D. HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT MODELING FILES D-1
APPENDIX E. SUMMARY OF PROJECT CONSISTENCY WITH CARB’S 2022 SCOPING PLAN E-1 VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1. Regional Location 2-1
Figure 2-2. Project Location 2-2
Figure 2-3. Vesting Tentative Tract Map 2-3
Figure 2-4. Project Site Elevation 2-4
Figure 3-1. SJVAPCD Ambient Air Monitoring Network 3-5
Figure 5-1. Health Risk Assessment – Receptor Layout 5-9 Figure 6-1. City of Bakersfield Land Use Designation 6-17 Figure 6-2. TAZ Analysis Area 6-18
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3-1. Bakersfield AP, California Weather Data 3-2
Table 3-2. Federal & California Air Quality Standards 3-3 Table 3-3. SJVAB Attainment Status 3-4
Table 3-4. Existing Air Quality Monitoring Data in Project Area 3-6 Table 3-5. GWPs, Properties, and Sources of GHGs 3-10
Table 5-1. Estimated Construction Schedule 5-1
Table 5-2. Estimated Construction Equipment 5-2
Table 5-3. Mitigation Measures – Construction 5-2
Table 5-4. Trip Rates 5-3
Table 5-5. Trip Lengths and Purpose 5-4
Table 5-6. Vehicle Category Classifications 5-4
Table 5-7. Mobile Source Emissions Processes Modeled – Criteria Pollutants 5-5 Table 5-8. Estimated Construction TACs 5-7
Table 5-9. Mobile Source Emissions Processes Modeled – GHG Emissions 5-12 Table 5-10. Mitigation Measures and Project Design Features – Energy 5-14 Table 6-1. SJVAPCD CEQA Air Quality Thresholds of Significance – Criteria Pollutants 6-1 Table 6-2. SJVAPCD CEQA Air Quality Thresholds of Significance – Toxic Air Contaminants 6-2 Table 6-3. Short-Term Project Emissions – Unmitigated 6-5 Table 6-4. Short-Term Project Emissions – Mitigated 6-5 Table 6-5. Post-Project (Operational) Emissions – Unmitigated 6-6 Table 6-6. Post-Project (Operational) Emissions – Mitigated 6-6 Table 6-7. Potential Maximum Impacts Predicted by HARP2 6-7 Table 6-8. SJVAPCD Screening Levels for Potential Odor Sources 6-9 Table 6-9. Average Mitigated Daily Emissions 6-10
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Table 6-10. Sensitive Receptors Located < 2 Miles from Project 6-11 Table 6-11. Estimated GHG Emissions – Construction 6-12 Table 6-12. Estimated GHG Emissions – Unmitigated Operations 6-12 Table 6-13. Sector Contribution of Unmitigated GHG Emissions 6-13 Table 6-14. Estimated GHG Emissions – Mitigated Operations 6-13 Table 6-15. Sector Contribution of Mitigated GHG Emissions 6-13 Table 6-16. Sector‑Specific GHG Reductions 6-14
Table 6-17. TAZ Analysis – Projected Growth Summary 6-18 Table 6-18. Comparative Analysis Based on SJV Air Basin 2025 Inventory 6-20 Table 6-19. Emission Inventory SJVAB 2040 Projection 6-21 Table 6-20. Emission Inventory SJVAB – Kern County Portion 2040 Projection 6-21 Table 6-21. 2040 Emissions Projections – Proposed Project, Kern County, and SJVAB 6-21 Table 7-1. Select CARB GHG Emission Reduction Strategies 7-3 VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Trinity Consultants has completed an Air Quality Impact Analysis (AQIA) for the proposed development of a subdivision consisting of 208 single-family residential lots (Project or proposed Project). The Project will be located at the northeast corner of Old River Road and McCutchen Road in Bakersfield, California.

1.1 Air Quality
The proposed Project’s construction would include the following criteria pollutant emissions: reactive organic gases (ROG), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and suspended particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). Project operations would generate air pollutant emissions from mobile sources, energy sources, and area sources.

San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District’s (SJVAPCD or the District) Guidelines indicate that a project would result in a significant impact if it exceeds the District’s thresholds, as presented in Table 6-1.

Unmitigated and mitigated emissions from Project construction are summarized in Table 6-3 and Table 6-4, while unmitigated and mitigated operational emissions are presented in Table 6-5 and Table 6-6, providing substantial evidence that the Project would have a less than significant impact on air quality in the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin. The methodology for quantifying criteria pollutant emissions is discussed in Section 5.1, and emission calculations with the California Emissions Estimator Model (CalEEMod) outputs are provided in Appendix A.

1.2 Health Risk
The proposed Project’s construction would be a source of diesel particulate matter (DPM), which is a toxic air contaminant (TAC). SJVAPCD’s Guidelines indicate that a project would result in a significant impact if it exceeds the District’s health risk thresholds. Table 6-2 presents the significance thresholds for TACs. Table 6-7 summarizes the Project’s health risk impacts from construction, providing substantial evidence that impacts on sensitive receptors would be less than significant. The health risk assessment methodology is discussed in Section 5.2, and modeling output files are provided in Appendix D.

1.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Project construction and operational activities would also generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As discussed in Section 6.4, the Project’s GHG emissions will be in compliance with all local and statewide air quality and climate plans; therefore, the Project would have less than significant GHG impacts. Table 6-12 and Table 6-13 present the Project’s GHG unmitigated and mitigated emissions and the methodology for quantifying GHG emissions is discussed in Section 5.3. GHG emission calculations with CalEEMod outputs are provided in Appendix A.

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2. INTRODUCTION

2.1 Purpose
This AQIA was prepared pursuant to the SJVAPCD Guidance for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts (GAMAQI) (SJVAPCD 2015), the Kern County Planning and Natural Resources Department’s Guidelines for Preparing an Air Quality Assessment for Use in Environmental Impact Reports (Kern County 2006), the City of Bakersfield Supplemental Information – Special Studies (City of Bakersfield 2015), the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) (Public Resources Code 21000 to 21189), and CEQA Guidelines (California Code of Regulations Title 14, Division 6, Chapter 3, Sections 15000–15387).

2.2 General Project Description
The proposed Project includes the construction of 208 single family residential lots, one sump lot, and four landscape lots on approximately 39.92 acres, located at the northeast corner of Old River Road and McCutchen Road in Bakersfield, California. Figure 2-1 depicts the regional location, and Figure 2-2 depicts an aerial view of the Project location with existing land use designation and zone classification.

Figure 2-1. Regional Location
Source: Google Earth, 2026
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Figure 2-2. Project Location
Source: Google Earth, 2026
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Figure 2-3 depicts the Project’s proposed Vesting Tentative Tract Map, providing detailed locations of the proposed lots comprising the residential subdivision development.

Figure 2-3. Vesting Tentative Tract Map
Source: McIntosh & Associates, 2025
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Figure 2-4 depicts the Project site’s elevation based on Kern County Web Map Service (Kern County GIS 2026). The Project site is located at an elevation of approximately 350 feet above mean sea level and is surrounded by a school, residential and agricultural land uses.

Figure 2-4. Project Site Elevation
Source: Kern County GIS, 2026
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3. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

3.1 Air Quality
Protection of the public health is maintained through the attainment and maintenance of ambient air quality standards for various atmospheric compounds and the enforcement of emissions limits for individual stationary sources. The Federal Clean Air Act requires that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public.

NAAQS have been established for ozone (O3), CO, NO2, SO2, PM10 and PM2.5, and lead (Pb). California has also adopted ambient air quality standards (CAAQS) for these "criteria" air pollutants. CAAQS are more stringent than the corresponding NAAQS and include standards for hydrogen sulfide (H2S), vinyl chloride (chloroethene), and visibility reducing particles. The U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 required each state to identify areas that were in non-attainment of the NAAQS and to develop State Implementation Plans (SIP's) containing strategies to bring these non-attainment areas into compliance. NAAQS and CAAQS designations/classifications for Kern County are presented in Section 3.1 below.

Responsibility for regulation of air quality in California lies with the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the 35 local air districts with oversight responsibility held by the EPA. CARB is responsible for regulating mobile source emissions, establishing CAAQS, conducting research, managing regulation development, and providing oversight and coordination of the activities of the 35 air districts. The air districts are primarily responsible for regulating stationary source emissions and monitoring ambient pollutant concentrations. CARB also determines whether air basins, or portions thereof, are “unclassified,” in “attainment” or in “non-attainment” for the NAAQS and CAAQS relying on statewide air quality monitoring data.

3.1.1 Climate
The most significant single control on the weather pattern of the San Joaquin Valley is the semi-permanent subtropical high-pressure cell, referred to as the "Pacific High." During the summer, the Pacific High is positioned off the coast of northern California, diverting ocean-derived storms to the north. Hence, the summer months are virtually rainless. During the winter, the Pacific High moves southward allowing storms to pass through the San Joaquin Valley. Almost all of the precipitation expected during a given year occurs from December through April. During the summer, the predominant surface winds are out of the northwest.

Air enters the Valley through the Carquinez strait and flows toward the Tehachapi Mountains. This up-valley (northwesterly) wind flow is interrupted in early fall by the emergence of nocturnal, down-valley (southeasterly) winds which become progressively more predominant as winter approaches. Wind speeds are generally highest during the spring and lightest in fall and winter. The relatively cool air flowing through the Carquinez strait is warmed on its journey south through the Valley. On reaching the southern end of the Valley, the average high temperature during the summer is nearly 100 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Relative humidity during the summer is quite low, causing large diurnal temperature variations. Temperatures during the summer often drop into the upper 60s. In winter, the average high temperatures reach into the mid-50s and the average low drops to the mid-30s. In addition, another high-pressure cell, known as the "Great Basin High," develops east of the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range during winter. When this cell is weak, a layer of cool, damp air becomes trapped in the basin and extensive fog results. During inversions, vertical dispersion is restricted, and pollutant emissions are trapped beneath the inversion and pushed against the mountains, adversely affecting regional air quality. Surface-based inversions, while shallow and typically short-lived, are present most mornings. Elevated inversions, while less frequent than ground-based inversions, are typically longer lasting and create the more severe air stagnation problems. The winter season characteristically has the poorest conditions for vertical mixing of the entire year.

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Meteorological data for various monitoring stations is maintained by the Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC). Meteorological data for the Project site is expected to be similar to the data recorded at the Bakersfield monitoring station. This data is provided in Table 3-1, which contains average precipitation data recorded at the Bakersfield AP monitoring station. Over the 79-year period from October 1937 through June of 2016 (the most recent data available), the average annual precipitation was 6.17 inches.

Table 3-1. Bakersfield AP, California Weather Data
Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary for the Period 10/01/1937 to 6/09/2016 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ann.

Avg. Maximum
Temp (F) 57.4 63.6 69.0 75.7 84.2 92.1 98.6 96.7 91.0 80.5 67.3 57.8 77.8 Avg. Minimum
Temp (F) 38.5 42.1 45.4 49.7 56.6 63.3 69.2 67.7 63.1 54.0 44.1 38.5 52.7 Average Total
Precipitation (in.) 1.04 1.16 1.12 0.67 0.21 0.07 0.01 0.04 0.10 0.30 0.59 0.85 6.17 Average Snowfall
(in.) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 Percent of possible observations for period of record:

Max. Temp.: 99.6% Min. Temp.: 99.6% Precipitation: 99.7% Snowfall: 92.4% Snow Depth: 92.2% Source: WRCC 2026.

3.1.2 Air Quality Standards
The Project area is located within Kern County’s portion of the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin (SJVAB or Basin).

Kern County is included among the eight counties that comprise the SJVAPCD. The SJVAPCD acts as the regulatory agency for air pollution control in the Basin and is the local agency empowered to regulate air pollutant emissions for the Project area. Table 3-2 provides the NAAQS and CAAQS.

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Table 3-2. Federal & California Air Quality Standards
Pollutant Averaging Time NAAQS1 CAAQS2
Concentration3
Ozone (O3)
8-hour 0.070 ppm (137 µg/m3) 0.070 ppm (137 µg/m3)
1-hour 0.09 ppm (180 µg/m3)
Carbon Monoxide
(CO)
8-hour 9 ppm (10 mg/m3) 9 ppm (10 mg/m3)
1-hour 35 ppm (40 mg/m3) 20 ppm (23 mg/m3)
Nitrogen Dioxide
(NO2)
Annual Average 53 ppb (100 µg/m3) 0.030 ppm (57 µg/m3)
1-Hour 100 ppb (188.68 µg/m3) 0.18 ppm (339 µg/m3)
Sulfur Dioxide
(SO2)
3-Hour 0.5 ppm (1,300 µg/m3)
24 Hour 0.14 ppm (365 µg/m3) 0.04 ppm (105 µg/m3)
1-Hour 75 ppb (196 µg/m3) 0.25 ppm (655 µg/m3)
Particulate Matter
(PM10)
Annual Arithmetic Mean 20 µg/m3
24-Hour 150 µg/m3 50 µg/m3
Fine Particulate
Matter (PM2.5)
Annual Arithmetic Mean 9 µg/m3 12 µg/m3
24-Hour 35 µg/m3
Sulfates 24-Hour 25 µg/m3
Lead (Pb) Rolling Three-Month Average 0.15 µg/m3
30 Day Average 1.5 µg/m3
Hydrogen Sulfide
(H2S) 1-Hour 0.03 ppm (42 µg/m3)
Vinyl Chloride
(chloroethene) 24-Hour 0.010 ppm (26 µg/m3)
Visibility Reducing
Particles
8 Hour
(1000 to 1800 PST)
4 Source: CARB 2024b, SJVAPCD 2024a
Note:

1. National standards (other than ozone, particulate matter, and those based on annual arithmetic mean) are not to be exceeded more than once a year. The ozone standard is attained when the fourth highest 8-hour concentration measured at each site in a year, averaged over three years, is equal to or less than the standard.

For PM10, the 24 hour standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with a 24-hour average concentration above 150 µg/m3 is equal to or less than one. For PM2.5, the 24 hour standard is attained when 98 percent of the daily concentrations, averaged over three years, are equal to or less than the standard.

2. California standards for ozone, carbon monoxide (except 8-hour Lake Tahoe), sulfur dioxide (1 and 24 hour), nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and visibility reducing particles), are values that are not to be exceeded. All others are not to be equaled or exceeded. California ambient air quality standards are listed in the Table of Standards in Section 70200 of Title 17 of the California Code of Regulations.

3. Concentration units: ppm = parts per million, ppb = parts per billion, mg/m3 = milligrams per cubic meter, and µg/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter

4. In 1989, the ARB converted both the general statewide 10-mile visibility standard and the Lake Tahoe 30-mile visibility standard to instrumental equivalents, which are "extinction of 0.23 per kilometer" and "extinction of 0.07 per kilometer" for the statewide and Lake Tahoe Air Basin standards, respectively.

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Under the provisions of the U.S. Clean Air Act, the Kern County portion of the SJVAB has been classified as nonattainment/extreme, nonattainment/severe, nonattainment, attainment/unclassified, attainment, or unclassified under the established NAAQS and CAAQS for various criteria pollutants. Table 3-3 provides the SJVAB’s designation and classification based on the various criteria pollutants under both NAAQS and CAAQS.

Table 3-3. SJVAB Attainment Status
Pollutant Designation/Classification
Federal Standards1 State Standards2
O3, 1-hour Revoked6 Nonattainment/Severe
O3, 8-hour Nonattainment/Extreme5 Nonattainment
PM10 Attainment3 Nonattainment
PM2.5 Nonattainment4 Nonattainment
CO Attainment/Unclassified Attainment/Unclassified
NO2 Attainment/Unclassified Attainment
SO2 Attainment/Unclassified Attainment
Pb (Particulate) No Designation/Classification Attainment H2S No Federal Standard Unclassified
Sulfates No Federal Standard Attainment
Visibility Reducing Particulates No Federal Standard Unclassified Vinyl Chloride No Federal Standard Attainment
Source: SJVAPCD 2024a
Note:

1. See 40 CFR Part 81

2. See CCR Title 17 Sections 60200-60210

3. On September 25, 2008, EPA redesignated the San Joaquin Valley to attainment for the PM10 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and approved the 2007 PM10 Maintenance Plan.

4. The Valley is designated nonattainment for the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS. EPA designated the Valley as nonattainment for the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS on November 13, 2009 (effective December 14, 2009).

5. Though the Valley was initially classified as serious nonattainment for the 1997 8-hour O3 standard, EPA approved Valley reclassification to extreme nonattainment in the Federal Register on May 5, 2010 (effective June 4, 2010).

6. Effective June 15, 2005, the EPA revoked the federal 1-hour O3 standard, including associated designations and classifications. EPA had previously classified the SJVAB as extreme nonattainment for this standard. EPA approved the 2004 Extreme Ozone Attainment Demonstration Plan on March 8, 2010 (effective April 7, 2010). The District Governing Board adopted the 2023 Maintenance Plan and Redesignation Request and submitted to EPA in June of 2023. Although the standard is revoked, anti-backsliding provisions can be terminated upon final approval of the Maintenance Plan from EPA.

3.1.3 Existing Air Quality
SJVAPCD, in coordination with CARB, operates an air quality monitoring network that measures ambient concentrations of pollutants with established state or federal air quality standards. Data from these monitoring stations is available through the respective agency websites. The monitoring stations in the San Joaquin Valley are depicted in Figure 3-1.

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Figure 3-1. SJVAPCD Ambient Air Monitoring Network
Source: SJVAPCD 2025
For the purposes of background data and this air quality analysis, this analysis relied on the three most recent years of available data from the CARB monitoring stations located closest to the project site. Table 3-3 provides the background concentrations for O3, particulate matter of 10 microns (PM10), particulate matter of less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), CO, NO2, SO2, and Pb. No background data is available for H2S, vinyl chloride or other toxic air contaminants in Kern County.

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Table 3-4. Existing Air Quality Monitoring Data in Project Area Maximum Concentration Days Exceeding Standard
Pollutant and
Monitoring Station Location 2022 2023 2024 2022 2023 2024 O3 – 1-hour CAAQS (0.09 ppm)
Bakersfield – 5558 California Ave 0.093 0.088 0.099 0 0 2 Bakersfield – Municipal Airport 0.108 0.098 0.109 6 3 7 O3 – 8-hour CAAQS (0.070 ppm)
Bakersfield – 5558 California Ave 0.076 0.079 0.089 7 7 38 Bakersfield – Municipal Airport 0.087 0.085 0.095 45 26 50 O3 – 8-hour NAAQS (0.070 ppm)
Bakersfield – 5558 California Ave 0.076 0.079 0.089 4 7 36 Bakersfield – Municipal Airport 0.086 0.084 0.095 45 25 47 PM10 – 24-hour CAAQS (50 µg/m3)
Bakersfield – 5558 California Ave 133.0 180.2 130.5 135 106 110 Bakersfield – Golden State Highway 167 235 142.5 178 146 158 PM10 – 24-hour NAAQS (150 µg/m3)
Bakersfield – 5558 California Ave 134.7 181.3 129.7 0 1 0 Bakersfield – Golden State Highway 64.7 236.3 141.1 0 1 0 PM2.5 – 24-hour NAAQS (35 µg/m3)
Bakersfield – 5558 California Ave 58.1 63.7 71.9 34 9 15 Bakersfield – Golden State Highway 55.6 58.8 63.5 13 3 5 NO2 – 1-Hour CAAQS (0.18 ppm)
Bakersfield – 5558 California Ave 0.053 0.057 0.056 0 0 0 Bakersfield – Municipal Airport 0.058 0.063 0.047 0 0 0 NO2 – 1-Hour NAAQS (0.10 ppm)
Bakersfield – 5558 California Ave 0.054 0.058 0.057 0 0 0 Bakersfield – Municipal Airport 0.059 0.064 0.047 0 0 0 Pb – Maximum 30-Day Concentration CAAQS (1500 ng/m3)
Bakersfield – 5558 California Ave 9.9 10.8 9.5 * * *
CO – 8-Hour CAAQS & NAAQS (9.0 ppm)
No data collected * * * * * *
SO2 – 24-hour Concentration - CAAQS (0.04 ppm) & NAAQS (0.14 ppm) No data collected * * * * * *
Source: CARB 2025a
Notes: ppm = parts per million
* There was insufficient (or no) data available to determine the value.

The following is a description of criteria air pollutants, typical sources, health effects, and the recently documented pollutant levels in the Project vicinity.

3.1.3.1 Ozone (O3)
The most severe air quality problem in the San Joaquin Valley is high concentrations of O3. High levels of O3 cause eye irritation and can impair respiratory functions. High levels of O3 can also affect plants and materials.

Grapes, lettuce, spinach and many types of garden flowers and shrubs are particularly vulnerable to O3 damage. O3 is not emitted directly into the atmosphere but is a secondary pollutant produced through photochemical reactions involving hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Significant O3 generation requires about one to three hours in a stable atmosphere with strong sunlight. For this reason, the months of April through October comprise the "ozone season." O3 is a regional pollutant because O3 precursors are transported and diffused by wind concurrently with the reaction process. The data contained in Table 3-4 VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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shows that the area exceeded the 1-hour average ambient O3 CAAQS and the 8-hour average ambient O3 NAAQS and CAAQS during the data period.

3.1.3.1.1 Ozone Health Impacts
High levels of O3 cause eye irritation and can impair respiratory functions. O3 can cause chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath, and throat irritation; it can also worsen chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and compromise the ability of the body to fight respiratory infections. High levels of O3 can also affect plants and materials. Grapes, lettuce, spinach and many types of garden flowers and shrubs are particularly vulnerable to O3 damage.

3.1.3.2 Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5)
Both state and federal particulate standards now apply to particulates under 10 microns (PM10) rather than to total suspended particulate (TSP), which includes particulates up to 30 microns in diameter. Continuing studies have shown that the smaller-diameter fraction of TSP represents the greatest health hazard posed by the pollutant; therefore, EPA has recently established NAAQS for PM2.5. The project area is classified as attainment for PM10 and non-attainment for particulates under 2.5 microns (PM2.5) for NAAQS.

Particulate matter consists of particles in the atmosphere resulting from many kinds of dust and fumeproducing industrial and agricultural operations, from combustion, and from atmospheric photochemical reactions. Natural activities also increase the level of particulates in the atmosphere; wind-raised dust and ocean spray are two sources of naturally occurring particulates. The largest sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in Kern County are vehicle movement over paved and unpaved roads, demolition and construction activities, farming operations, and unplanned fires. PM10 and PM2.5 are considered regional pollutants with elevated levels typically occurring over a wide geographic area. Concentrations tend to be highest in the winter, during periods of high atmospheric stability and low wind speed. In the respiratory tract, very small particles of certain substances may produce injury by themselves or may contain absorbed gases that are injurious. Particulates of aerosol size suspended in the air can both scatter and absorb sunlight, producing haze and reducing visibility. They can also cause a wide range of damage to materials.

Table 3-4 shows that PM10 levels exceeded the CAAQS and NAAQS and PM2.5 levels exceed the NAAQS at the monitoring stations over the data period. Similar levels can be expected to occur in the vicinity of the Project site.

3.1.3.2.1 Suspended Particulate Matter Health Impacts
In the respiratory tract, very small particles of certain substances may produce injury by themselves or may contain absorbed gases that are injurious. Particulates of aerosol size suspended in the air can both scatter and absorb sunlight, producing haze and reducing visibility. They can also cause a wide range of damage to materials.

3.1.3.3 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Ambient CO concentrations normally correspond closely to the spatial and temporal distributions of vehicular traffic. Relatively high concentrations of CO would be expected along heavily traveled roads and near busy intersections. Wind speed and atmospheric mixing also influence CO concentrations; however, under inversion conditions prevalent in the San Joaquin Valley, CO concentrations may be more uniformly distributed over a broad area.

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Internal combustion engines, principally in vehicles, produce CO due to incomplete fuel combustion. Various industrial processes also produce CO emissions through incomplete combustion. Gasoline-powered motor vehicles are typically the major source of this contaminant. CO does not irritate the respiratory tract but passes through the lungs directly into the blood stream. By interfering with the transfer of oxygen to the blood, CO deprives sensitive tissues of oxygen, which can exacerbate cardiovascular disease and lead to symptoms such as fatigue, headaches, and dizziness. CO is not known to have adverse effects on vegetation, visibility, or materials.

Table 3-4 reports no CO data is available for the data period; historically Bakersfield area data for CO has been below the CAAQS and NAAQS.

3.1.3.3.1 Carbon Monoxide Health Impacts
CO does not irritate the respiratory tract but passes through the lungs directly into the blood stream, and by interfering with the transfer of fresh oxygen to the blood, deprives sensitive tissues of oxygen, thereby aggravating cardiovascular disease, causing fatigue, headaches, and dizziness. CO is not known to have adverse effects on vegetation, visibility, or materials.

3.1.3.4 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Hydrocarbons
Kern County has been designated as an attainment area for the NAAQS for NO2. NO2 is the "whiskey brown" colored gas readily visible during periods of heavy air pollution. Mobile sources and oil and gas production account for nearly all of the County's NOx emissions, most of which is emitted as NO and converted into NO2.

Combustion in motor vehicle engines, power plants, refineries and other industrial operations are the primary sources in the region. Railroads and aircraft are other potentially significant sources of combustion air contaminants. Oxides of nitrogen are direct participants in photochemical smog reactions. The emitted compound, nitric oxide, combines with oxygen in the atmosphere in the presence of hydrocarbons and sunlight to form NO2 and O3. NO2, the most significant of these pollutants, can color the atmosphere at concentrations as low as 0.5 ppm on days of 10-mile visibility. NOx is an important air pollutant in the region because it is a primary receptor of ultraviolet light, which initiates the reactions producing photochemical smog. It also reacts in the air to form nitrate particulates.

Motor vehicles are the major source of reactive hydrocarbons in the basin. Other sources include evaporation of organic solvents and petroleum production and refining operations. Certain hydrocarbons can damage plants by inhibiting growth and by causing flowers and leaves to fall. Levels of hydrocarbons currently measured in urban areas are not known to cause adverse effects in humans. However, certain members of this contaminant group are important components in the reactions, which produce photochemical oxidants.

Table 3-4 shows that the area did not exceed the 1-hour average ambient NO2 NAAQS and CAAQS during the data period. Hydrocarbons are not currently monitored.

3.1.3.4.1 Nitrogen Dioxide and Hydrocarbons Health Impacts Certain hydrocarbons can damage plants by inhibiting growth and by causing flowers and leaves to fall. Levels of hydrocarbons currently measured in urban areas are not known to cause adverse effects in humans.

However, certain members of this contaminant group are important components in the reactions, which produce photochemical oxidants.

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3.1.3.5 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Kern County has been designated as an attainment area for the NAAQS for SO2. SO2 is the primary combustion product of sulfur, or sulfur containing fuels. Fuel combustion is the major source of this pollutant, while chemical plants, sulfur recovery plants, and metal processing facilities are minor contributors. Gaseous fuels (natural gas, propane, etc.) typically have lower percentages of sulfur containing compounds than liquid fuels such as diesel or crude oil. SO2 levels are generally higher in the winter months. Decreasing levels of SO2 in the atmosphere reflect the use of natural gas in power plants and boilers.

Table 3-4 shows no data has been reported over the data period in Kern County.

3.1.3.5.1 Sulfur Dioxide Health Impacts
At high concentrations, SO2 irritates the upper respiratory tract. At lower concentrations, when respirated in combination with particulates, SO2 can result in greater harm by injuring lung tissues. Sulfur oxides (SOx), in combination with moisture and oxygen, result in the formation of sulfuric acid, which can yellow the leaves of plants, dissolve marble, and oxidize iron and steel. SOx can also react to produce sulfates that reduce visibility and sunlight.

3.1.3.6 Lead (Pb) and Suspended Sulfate
Ambient Pb levels have dropped dramatically due to the increase in the percentage of motor vehicles that run exclusively on unleaded fuel. Ambient Pb levels in Lost Hills are well below the ambient standard and are expected to continue to decline; the data reported in Table 3-4 only shows the highest concentration as the number of days exceeding standards are not reported. Suspended sulfate levels have stabilized to the point where no excesses of the state standard are expected in any given year.

3.1.3.6.1 Lead and Suspended Sulfate Health Impacts
Pb affects most organs in the body, and children are most susceptible to the effects of Pb. In children, Pb can cause behavior and learning problems, slowed growth, anemia, and hearing problems. In adults, Pb can lead to decreased kidney function, reproductive problems, and cardiovascular effects, such as increased blood pressure and incidence of hypertension. Suspended sulfates are part of PM2.5 and therefore have similar health effects. These health effects include reduced lung function, aggravated asthmatic symptoms, and increased risk of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and death in people who have chronic heart or lung disease.

3.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions

3.2.1 Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are compounds, released by natural sources or formed from secondary reactions, in the atmosphere that influence the Earth's energy balance by absorbing and re-emitting infrared radiation.

This process, similar to how a greenhouse retains heat, helps regulate the Earth's temperature. However, human activities such as fossil fuel combustion and vehicle emissions have increased GHG concentrations, contributing to long-term global temperature rise.

Scientific consensus links rising GHG emissions to climate change, though debate exists regarding the rate and extent of human-caused impacts. Regulated GHGs in California are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), while others, like water vapor, remain unregulated. Addressing GHG emissions is an VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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ongoing environmental issue due to growing concerns about GHG emissions and their adverse impacts on the world’s climate and on the environment.

To quantify the impact of specific GHGs, each gas is assigned a global warming potential (GWP). Individual GHG compounds have varying GWP and atmospheric lifetimes. The GWP of a GHG is a measure of how much a given mass of the GHG is estimated to contribute to global warming relative to CO2, which is assigned a GWP of 1.0. The GWP is used to determine the carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) mass of each GHG.

Calculation of CO2e is the accepted methodology for comparing GHG emissions since it normalizes various GHG emissions to a consistent reference gas, CO2. For example, CH4’s GWP of 25 indicates that the global warming effect of CH4 is 25 times greater than that of CO2 on a molecule per molecule basis. CO2e is the mass emissions of an individual GHG multiplied by its GWP. Table 3-5 lists GHGs, GWPs, a description of each GHG, and sources for each of the GHGs.

Table 3-5. GWPs, Properties, and Sources of GHGs
GHG GWP Descriptions, Physical Properties, and Sources
CO2 1
► CO2 is an odorless, colorless, naturally occurring GHG. ► Natural sources of CO2 include decomposition of dead organic matter; respiration of bacteria, plants, animals, and fungus; evaporation from oceans; and volcanic out gassing.
► Anthropogenic (man-made) sources are from burning coal, oil, natural gas, and wood.

CH4 25
► CH4 is an organic, colorless, naturally occurring, flammable gas. Its atmospheric concentration is less than CO2, and its lifetime in the atmosphere is brief (10-12 years) compared to other GHGs. ► CH4 is released as part of the biological processes in low oxygen environments, such as in swamplands or in rice production (at the roots of the plants).
► Over the last 50 years, human activities such as growing rice, raising cattle, using natural gas, and mining coal have added to the atmospheric concentration of CH4. Other anthropogenic sources include fossil-fuel and biomass combustion, as well as landfilling and wastewater treatment.

N2O 298
► N2O, commonly referred to as “laughing gas,” is a colorless, nonflammable GHG. It is a powerful oxidizer and breaks down readily in the atmosphere.
► Nitrous oxide is produced by microbial processes in soil and water, including those reactions that occur in fertilizer containing nitrogen. ► In addition to agricultural sources, industrial processes (e.g., fossil fuel power plants, nylon and nitric acid production, and vehicle emissions) contribute to its atmospheric load. It is also used as an aerosol propellant, in food packaging, and in rocket and race car engines.

HFCs 92 - 14,900
► HFCs are synthetic man-made chemicals that form one of the GHGs with the highest global warming potential.
► HFCs are man-made for applications such as automobile air conditioners and refrigerants.

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PFCs 6,288 - 17,700
► PFCs are colorless, non-flammable, dense gases with stable molecular structures, giving them lifetimes of 10,000 to 50,000 years in the atmosphere.
► The two main sources of PFCs are primary aluminum production and semiconductor manufacture.

SF6 22,800
► SF6 is an inorganic, odorless, colorless, nontoxic, nonflammable gas. ► SF6 is used for insulation in electric power transmission and distribution equipment, in the magnesium industry, in semiconductor manufacturing, and as a tracer gas for leak detection.

NF3 17,200 ► NF3 is an inorganic, colorless, odorless, nonflammable gas. ► NF3 is used primarily in the plasma etching of silicon wafers Source: CARB 2024a

3.2.2 Global Climate Change
“Global climate change” refers to change in average meteorological conditions on the earth with respect to temperature, precipitation, and storms, lasting for decades or longer. The term “global climate change” is often used interchangeably with the term “global warming,” but “global climate change” is preferred by some scientists and policy makers to “global warming” because it helps convey the notion that in addition to rising temperatures, other changes in global climate may occur. Climate change may result from the following influences:
► Natural factors, such as changes in the sun’s intensity or slow changes in the Earth’s orbit around the sun;
► Natural processes within the climate system (e.g., changes in ocean circulation); and/or ► Human activities that change the atmosphere’s composition (e.g., through burning fossil fuels) and the land surface (e.g., deforestation, reforestation, urbanization, and desertification).

As determined from worldwide meteorological measurements between 1990 and 2005, the primary observed effect of global climate change has been a rise in the average global tropospheric temperature of 0.36 degree Fahrenheit (°F) per decade. Climate change modeling shows that further warming could occur, which could induce additional changes in the global climate system during the current century. Changes to the global climate system, ecosystems, and the environment of California could include higher sea levels, drier or wetter weather, changes in ocean salinity, changes in wind patterns or more energetic aspects of extreme weather (e.g., droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves, extreme cold, and increased intensity of tropical cyclones).

Specific effects from climate change in California may include a decline in the Sierra Nevada snowpack, erosion of California’s coastline, and seawater intrusion in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.

Human activities, including fossil fuel combustion and land use changes, release carbon dioxide (CO2) and other compounds cumulatively termed greenhouse gases (GHGs). GHGs are effective at trapping radiation that would otherwise escape the atmosphere. This trapped radiation warms the atmosphere, the oceans, and the Earth’s surface (USGCRP 2014). Many scientists believe “most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities” (IPCC 2017). It is indicated that the increased amount of CO2 and other GHGs in the atmosphere is the primary result of human-induced warming.

Worldwide emissions of GHGs in 2008 were 30.1 billion metric tons of CO2e and have increased considerably since that time (United Nations 2011). It is important to note that the global emissions inventory data are not all from the same year and may vary depending on the source of the data (U.S. EPA 2019). Emissions from VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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the top five emitting countries and the European Union accounted for approximately 70% of total global GHG emissions in 2014. The United States was the number two producer of GHG emissions behind China. The primary GHG emitted by human activities was CO2, representing approximately 76% of total global GHG emissions (U.S. EPA 2019).

CARB is responsible for developing and maintaining the California GHG emissions inventory and for implementing California regulations aimed at reducing statewide GHGs. The inventory estimates the amount of GHGs emitted into and removed from the atmosphere by human activities within the state of California and supports the Assembly Bill (AB) 32 Climate Change Program. CARB’s current GHG emission inventory covers the years 2000 through 2022 and is based on fuel use, equipment activity, industrial processes, and other relevant data (e.g., housing, landfill activity, and agricultural lands).

CARB estimates that in 2023, the transportation sector accounted for approximately 37.1% of California’s GHG emissions, followed by industrial sources at 18.6%. Additional contributions came from the electricity sector (15.9%), the combined residential and commercial sector (12.0%), and agricultural activities (8.1%) (CARB 2025a). Within the available GHG data, the residential sub-sector alone represented an estimated 7.9% of 2023 emissions, an increase of 7.1% compared to 2022. This rise is attributed to higher heating degree days, which serve as a proxy for the additional energy required for space heating, based on data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Degree Days Statistics. While an increase was observed, CARB also notes that on a per housing unit basis, emissions have generally decreased compared to 2020.

3.2.3 Effects of Global Climate Change
Changes in the global climate are assessed using historical records of temperature changes that have occurred in the past. Climate change scientists use this temperature data to extrapolate a level of statistical significance specifically focusing on temperature records from the last 150 years (the Industrial Age) that differ from past climate changes in rate and magnitude.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) constructed several emission trajectories of GHGs needed to stabilize global temperatures and climate change impacts. In its Fifth Assessment Report, the IPCC predicted that the global mean temperature change from 1990 to 2100 could range from 1.1 degree Celsius (°C) to 6.4 °C (8 to 10.4 °Fahrenheit) (IPCC 2013). Global average temperatures and sea levels are expected to rise under all scenarios (IPCC 2014). The IPCC concluded that global climate change was largely the result of human activity, mainly the burning of fossil fuels. However, the scientific literature is not consistent regarding many of the aspects of climate change, the actual temperature changes during the 20th century, and contributions from human versus non-human activities.

Effects from global climate change may arise from temperature increases, climate sensitive diseases, extreme weather events, and degradation of air quality. There may be direct temperature effects through increases in average temperature leading to more extreme heat waves and less extreme cold spells. Those living in warmer climates are likely to experience more stress and heat-related problems. Heat-related problems include heat rash and heat stroke, drought, etc. In addition, climate-sensitive diseases may increase, such as those spread by mosquitoes and other disease-carrying insects. Such diseases include malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and encephalitis. Extreme events such as flooding and hurricanes can displace people and agriculture. Global warming may also contribute to air quality problems from increased frequency of smog and particulate air pollution.

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According to the 2006 California Climate Action Team (CAT) Report, several climate change effects can be expected in California over the course of the next century (CalEPA 2006). These are based on trends established by the IPCC and are summarized below.
► A diminishing Sierra snowpack declining by 70% to 90%, threatening the state’s water supply. ► A rise in sea levels, resulting in the displacement of coastal businesses and residences. During the past century, sea levels along California’s coast have risen about seven inches. If emissions continue unabated and temperatures rise into the higher anticipated warming range, sea level is expected to rise an additional 22 to 35 inches by the end of the century. Sea level rises of this magnitude would inundate coastal areas with salt water, accelerate coastal erosion, threaten vital levees and inland water systems, and disrupt wetlands and natural habitats.1
► An increase in temperature and extreme weather events. Climate change is expected to lead to increases in the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme heat events and heat waves in California.

More heat waves can exacerbate chronic disease or heat-related illness. ► Increased risk of large wildfires if rain increases as temperatures rise. Wildfires in the grasslands and chaparral ecosystems of southern California are estimated to increase by approximately 30% toward the end of the 21st century because more winter rain will stimulate the growth of more plant fuel available to burn in the fall. In contrast, a hotter, drier climate could promote up to 90% more northern California fires by the end of the century by drying out and increasing the flammability of forest vegetation. ► Increasing temperatures from 8 to 10.4 °F under the higher emission scenarios, leading to a 25% to 35% increase in the number of days that ozone pollution levels are exceeded in most urban areas (see below).
► Increased vulnerability of forests due to forest fires, pest infestation, and increased temperatures. ► Reductions in the quality and quantity of certain agricultural products. The crops and products likely to be adversely affected include wine grapes, fruit, nuts, and milk. ► Exacerbation of air quality problems. If temperatures rise to the medium warming range, there could be 75 to 85% more days with weather conducive to ozone formation in Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley, relative to today’s conditions. This is more than twice the increase expected if rising temperatures remain in the lower warming range. This increase in air quality problems could result in an increase in asthma and other health-related problems.
► A decrease in the health and productivity of California’s forests. Climate change can cause an increase in wildfires, an enhanced insect population, and establishment of non-native species. ► Increased electricity demand, particularly in the hot summer months. ► Increased ground-level ozone formation due to higher reaction rates of ozone precursors. 1 This condition would not affect the Proposed Project area, as it is a significant distance away from coastal areas.

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4. REGULATORY SETTING

4.1 Air Quality
Established federal, state, and regional regulations provide the framework for analyzing and controlling air pollutant emissions and thus general air quality. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.

EPA) is responsible for implementing the programs established under the federal Clean Air Act, such as establishing and reviewing the federal ambient air quality standards and judging the adequacy of State Implementation Plans (SIPs), described further below. However, the U.S. EPA has delegated the authority to implement many of the federal programs to the states while retaining an oversight role to ensure that the programs continue to be implemented. In California, CARB is responsible for establishing and reviewing the state ambient air quality standards, developing and managing the California SIP, securing approval of this plan from the U.S. EPA, and identifying toxic air contaminants (TACs). CARB also regulates mobile emissions sources in California, such as construction equipment, trucks, and automobiles, and oversees the activities of air quality management districts (AQMDs) or air pollution control districts (APCDs), which are organized at the county or regional level. An AQMD/APCD is primarily responsible for regulating stationary emissions sources at facilities within its geographic areas and for preparing the air quality plans that are required under the federal Clean Air Act and 1988 California Clean Air Act.

4.1.1 Federal

4.1.1.1 Clean Air Act
The Clean Air Act (CAA) provides the principal federal framework for air quality, establishing NAAQS for criteria pollutants (see Table 3-1) designed to protect public health and welfare with an adequate margin of safety.

The U.S. EPA is responsible for implementing and enforcing the CAA on a national level, including oversight of state programs, approval of State Implementation Plans (SIPs), and establishment of emission standards for mobile and stationary sources. Region 9, headquartered in San Francisco, administers U.S. EPA programs in California, Arizona, Nevada, Hawaii, the Pacific Islands, and 148 Tribal Nations.

Under the CAA, the U.S. EPA divides the country into air quality control regions and designates each as being in “attainment” or “nonattainment” of the NAAQS for each criteria pollutant. States are required to prepare SIPs for nonattainment areas demonstrating how the NAAQS will be met, including the implementation of all reasonably available control measures. In California, CARB incorporates local air quality management plans into SIPs, which are then reviewed and approved by the U.S. EPA.

In addition to its oversight of state programs, the U.S. EPA has direct jurisdiction over emissions from sources under federal authority, including aircraft, locomotives, interstate trucking, and sources located beyond state waters (Outer Continental Shelf). The Agency also sets federal vehicle and stationary source standards and provides guidance and research for air pollution programs.

4.1.2 State

4.1.2.1 California Air Resources Board (CARB)
CARB is the state agency responsible for coordinating and overseeing California’s air pollution control programs. CARB monitors air quality (in coordination with local air districts), establishes CAAQS, which are generally more stringent than the federal NAAQS, and sets emissions standards for motor vehicles and consumer products.

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California is divided into “air quality basins” that correspond closely to the U.S. EPA’s air quality control regions.

CARB determines whether each basin is in attainment or nonattainment of the CAAQS and reviews and approves attainment plans developed by local air districts to achieve and maintain compliance with the standards.

4.1.2.2 California Clean Air Act (CCAA)
The CCAA establishes the state’s framework for attaining and maintaining the CAAQS. The Act requires achieving the maximum feasible emission reductions from mobile and stationary sources to meet the standards at the earliest practicable date.

Under the CCAA, CARB has adopted CAAQS for all pollutants regulated under the federal NAAQS, along with additional state standards for sulfates, visibility-reducing particles, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and vinyl chloride.

These additional pollutants are not considered regional air quality concerns and are not routinely monitored within the Project vicinity.

Each nonattainment air basin must prepare an attainment plan, also referred to as an Air Quality Management Plan or Maintenance (AQMP) or Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP), outlining control measures to achieve the CAAQS. These plans are subject to CARB review and approval.

4.1.2.3 Assembly Bill 617 – Community Air Protection Program On July 26, 2017, Governor Brown approved Assembly Bill No. 617 (“AB 617”). AB 617 added and amended various sections of the California Health and Safety Code. The intent of AB 617 is to develop a collaborative relationship between CARB and local air districts to facilitate community participation, provide a science-based foundation supporting the identification of communities with high cumulative exposure burdens, accelerate the development and use of advanced air monitoring methods and equipment, and support the use of new mobile and stationary source technology. To achieve those goals, AB 617 requires six significant measures:
(1) Annual Reporting; (2) Best Available Retrofit Control Technology (“BARCT”); (3) a Statewide Clearinghouse of BARCT; (4) Community Air Monitoring; (5) Community Emissions Reduction Programs; and (6) Increased Penalties.

The AB 617 Program’s focus is to reduce exposure in communities most impacted by air pollution. A central component of the program is the selection of specific communities in which the Community Air Monitoring and Community Emissions Reductions Programs take place. These communities, also referred to as disadvantaged communities, are selected based on community exposure to air pollution.2

4.1.2.4 Assembly Bills 1807 and 2728 – Toxic Air Contaminants California also has established a state air toxics program, California Toxic Air Contaminants Program (Tanner Bill) (AB 1807), which was modified by the Revised Tanner Bill (AB 2728). This program sets forth provisions to implement the national program for control of HAPs.

4.1.2.5 Assembly Bill 2588 – Air Toxics "Hot Spots" Information and Assessment Act The Air Toxic "Hot Spots" Information and Assessment Act (AB 2588), as amended by Senate Bill (SB) 1731, requires operators of certain stationary sources to inventory air toxic emissions from their operations and, if directed to do so by the local air district, prepare a health risk assessment (HRA) to determine the potential 2 The proposed Project is not located within an AB 617 Community. For a current list of AB 617 Communities, see the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District website: https://community.valleyair.org/ VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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health impacts of such emissions. If the health impacts are determined to be "significant" (greater than 10 per one million exposures or non-cancer hazard index greater than 1.0), each facility operator must, upon approval of the HRA, provide public notification to affected individuals.

4.1.2.6 In-Use Off-Road Diesel-Fueled Fleets Regulation CARB implemented the Off-Road Regulation under Title 13 CCR Sections 2449, 2449.1 and 2449.2. The OffRoad Regulation applies to any vehicles with a diesel-fueled or alternative diesel fueled off-road compressionignition engine with maximum power of 25 horsepower (hp) or greater.3

4.1.3 Local

4.1.3.1 San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (SJVAPCD) SJVAPCD has regulatory authority over stationary sources and air pollution control equipment, and limited authority over mobile sources within its jurisdiction. The District is responsible for air quality planning within the SJVAB. Applicable air quality plans establish strategies to achieve compliance CAAQS throughout SJVAPCD’s jurisdiction.

The SJVAPCD rules and regulations, which are applicable to the proposed Project, include but are not limited to the following:

4.1.3.1.1 Rule 4102 – Nuisance
Rule 4102 is intended to protect public health and safety by prohibiting emissions that cause injury, nuisance, or annoyance to the public or surrounding receptors, including dust, smoke, or other air contaminants.

4.1.3.1.2 Rule 4601 – Architectural Coatings
SJVAPCD Rule 4601 limits volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from architectural coatings and applies to any entity that supplies, sells, applies, or repackages such coatings within the District.

4.1.3.1.3 Rule 4641 – Cutback, Slow Cure, and Emulsified Asphalt, Paving and Maintenance Operations
SJVAPCD Rule 4641 limits VOC emissions from the manufacturing and application of asphalt for paving and maintenance operations. The rule prohibits the use of rapid-cure cutback asphalt; medium-cure cutback asphalt, except as allowed in Section 4.2; slow-cure cutback asphalt, as specified in Section 5.1.3; and emulsified asphalt, as specified in Section 5.1.4 of the rule.

4.1.3.1.4 Rule 4901 – Wood Burning Fireplaces and Wood Burning Heaters SJVAPCD Rule 4901 limits carbon monoxide and particulate matter emissions from wood-burning fireplaces, wood-burning heaters, and outdoor wood-burning devices. Under Section 5.4.2.1 of the rule, at elevations below 3,000 feet in areas with natural gas service, no person may install a wood-burning fireplace, low-mass fireplace, masonry heater, or wood-burning heater.
3 Project construction is expected to involve the operation of diesel-fueled off-road equipment, which will be subject to and comply with the applicable standards and performance requirements of the Off-Road Regulation.

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4.1.3.1.5 Rule 4902 – Residential Water Heaters
SJVAPCD Rule 4902 limits the nitrogen oxide emissions from residential water heaters manufactured, distributed, sold, or installed within the District.

4.1.3.1.6 Rule 4905 – Natural Gas-Fire, Fan-Type Central Furnaces Rule 4905 limits nitrogen oxide emissions from natural gas-fired, fan-type central furnaces and combination heating/cooling units with rated capacities below specified thresholds. Compliance requires that all applicable furnaces be certified and meet the emission limits.

4.1.3.1.7 Rule 8011 – General Requirements
SJVAPCD Rule 8011 aims to reduce ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM10) by requiring actions to prevent, reduce or mitigate anthropogenic (human-caused) fugitive dust emissions. Residential construction projects must comply with Regulation VIII (Fugitive PM10 Prohibitions).

4.1.3.1.8 Rule 8021 – Construction, Demolition, Excavation, Extraction, and Other Earthmoving Activities
Rule 8021 restricts the generation of airborne dust and visibility impacts from construction, demolition, excavation, extraction, and other earthmoving activities, including, but not limited to, land clearing, grubbing, scraping, on-site travel, and travel on access roads. The rule specifies control measures for pre-activity preparation, active operations, and stabilization during inactive periods to mitigate fugitive dust. It also establishes limits on opacity, requires cessation of equipment operation under certain adverse weather conditions, and sets speed limits and watering requirements on-site.4

4.1.3.1.9 Rule 8031 – Bulk Materials
SJVAPCD Rule 8031 applies to the outdoor handling, storage, and transport of bulk materials (unpackaged material with more than 5 percent silt content). The rule aims to reduce fugitive dust emissions by requiring specific handling control measures, such as watering or applying stabilizers; storage control measures, such as covering materials or constructing wind barriers; and on-site and off-site transport control measures, such as limiting speed, maintaining sufficient freeboard, and covering haul trucks during transport.

4.1.3.1.10 Rule 8041 – Carryout and Trackout
Rule 8041 requires that equipment and vehicles leaving a construction site control the amount of dirt, soil, or mud tracked off-site onto public roadways. This is achieved through prevention and cleanup methods such as sweeping, flushing with water, or the use of mitigation measures like trackout control devices. These requirements help minimize dust generation and reduce opacity impacts.

4.1.3.1.11 Rule 8051 – Open Areas
Rule 8051 limits fugitive dust from open areas, such as areas on a construction site that are not actively being worked on but may generate wind-blown dust. Dust control is achieved through measures like watering, establishing vegetation, applying stabilizers, and preventing unauthorized vehicle access. 4 The proposed Project will be required, per Section 6.3 of Rule 8021, to prepare and submit a Dust Control Plan (DCP) prior to the start of any construction, outlining all fugitive dust control measures to be implemented before, during, and after any dust-generating activity.

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4.1.3.1.12 Rule 8071 – Unpaved Vehicle/Equipment Traffic Areas If there are more than 50 average annual daily trips (AADT) on unpaved vehicle and equipment traffic areas, Rule 8071 applies. This rule limits fugitive dust through opacity requirements and outlines control measures to reduce visible dust emissions.

4.1.3.1.13 Rule 9510 – Indirect Source Review (ISR)
SJVAPCD Rule 9510 applies to development projects within the San Joaquin Valley. Residential development projects seeking final discretionary approval and consisting of 50 or more units must reduce constructionrelated PM10 and NOX emissions by 45 percent and 25 percent, respectively, and operational PM10 and NOX emissions by 50 percent and 33.3 percent, respectively.5

4.1.3.2 Air Quality Attainment Plans
Each nonattainment air basin must prepare an attainment plan, also referred to as an Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) or Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP), outlining control measures to achieve the CAAQS. These plans are subject to CARB review and approval.

4.1.3.2.1 Particulate Matter Plans
The EPA established the 12 µg/m3 annual PM2.5 standard in 2013, which required SJVAPCD to prepare an attainment plan under the Clean Air Act. SJVAB was designated moderate nonattainment in 2015, after which the District submitted the 2016 PM2.5 Plan requesting reclassification to Serious; EPA approved the plan and reclassified the SJVAB effective December 2021. To address serious nonattainment requirements, the District adopted the Initial SIP Requirements for the 2012 standard in October 2023, which included an updated emissions inventory, precursor demonstration, and confirmation of Best Available Control Measures, and satisfied Nonattainment New Source Review requirements through 2023 amendments to Rule 2201. The District then adopted the 2024 Plan for the 2012 Annual PM2.5 Standard in June 2024, providing final modeling, attainment strategy, emissions-reduction commitments, reasonable further progress milestones, and contingency measures, and demonstrating attainment of the 2012 PM2.5 standard by 2030.

4.1.3.2.2 Ozone Plans
SJVAPCD developed the 2013 Ozone Plan for the Revoked 1-Hour Ozone Standard after EPA withdrew approval of the District’s 2004 plan due to litigation, and the Governing Board adopted the updated plan on September 19, 2013, with modeling showing attainment of the revoked standard by 2017. Air monitoring data for 2011-2013 confirmed that the Valley had zero violations in 2013 and met the 1-hour ozone standard for the first time. The District submitted formal attainment requests to EPA in 2014 and 2015, including a cleandata finding supported by permanent and enforceable emissions reductions, an exceptional-events demonstration for an exceedance at Fresno-Drummond, and evidence that the Valley would attain the standard. EPA finalized its determination of attainment on July 18, 2016, based on certified 2012-2014 data.

The District subsequently adopted the 2016 Plan for the 2008 8-Hour Ozone Standard, outlining a strategy to reduce NOX emissions by more than 60 percent between 2012 and 2031 to achieve attainment by December 31, 2031, and adopted the 2022 Plan for the 2015 8-Hour Ozone Standard to meet Clean Air Act requirements. 5 The proposed Project will be required, per Section 5.0 of Rule 9510, to prepare and submit an Air Impact Assessment (AIA), outlining all measures to be implemented to reduce NOX and PM10 emissions as outline in the rule.

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4.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Global warming and climate change have historically received substantial public attention. For example, the United States Global Change Research Program was established by the Global Change Research Act of 1990 to enhance the understanding of natural and human-induced changes in the Earth’s global environmental system; to monitor, understand, and predict global change; and to provide a sound scientific basis for national and international decision-making. Even so, the analytical tools have not been developed to determine the effect on worldwide global warming from a particular increase in GHG emissions, or the resulting effects on climate change in a particular locale. The scientific tools needed to evaluate the impacts that a specific project may have on the environment are yet to be developed.

In 1988, the United Nations established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to evaluate the impacts of global warming and to develop strategies that nations could implement to curtail global climate change. In 1992, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established an agreement with the goal of controlling GHG emissions, including methane. As a result, the Climate Change Action Plan was developed to address the reduction of GHGs in the United States. The plan consists of more than 50 voluntary programs. Additionally, the Montreal Protocol was originally signed in 1987 and substantially amended in 1990 and 1992. The Montreal Protocol stipulates that the production and consumption of compounds that deplete O3 in the stratosphere (chlorofluorocarbons [CFCs], halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform) were phased out by 2000 (methyl chloroform was phased out by 2005).

While acknowledging that national and international actions will be necessary to fully address the issue of global warming, the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32) lays out a program to inventory and reduce GHG emissions in California and from power generation facilities located outside the state that serve California residents and businesses. AB 32 charged CARB with responsibility to monitor and regulate sources of GHG emissions in order to reduce those emissions. CARB adopted a list of discrete early action measures that can be implemented to reduce GHG emissions. AB 32 mandated a cap of California’s GHG emissions at 1990 levels by 2020. AB 32 was the first enforceable statewide program in the U.S. to cap all GHG emissions from major industries that includes penalties for non-compliance.

Subsequent legislation by the California legislature has included Senate Bill (SB) 32, which expanded upon AB 32 to reduce GHG emissions to 40% below the 1990 levels by 2030; AB 197 which increased the legislative oversight of the CARB by adding two legislatively appointed non-voting members to the CARB Board and provided additional protection to disadvantaged communities; SB 350, which increased California’s renewable energy electricity procurement goal and SB 100, which established a landmark policy requiring renewable energy and zero-carbon resources to supply 100 percent of electrical retail sales to end use customers and 100 percent of electricity procured to serve state agencies by 2045.

4.2.1 International

4.2.1.1 Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is that it set binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing GHGs an average of 5 percent against 1990 levels over the five-year period from 2008–2012. Whereas the UNFCCC only encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize emissions, the Protocol committed them to do so. Developed countries have contributed more emissions over the last 150 years than underdeveloped countries; therefore, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities.” The United States has not entered into force of the Kyoto Protocol.

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4.2.1.2 Paris Agreement
In April 2015, representatives from 196 state parties signed the Paris Agreement, an agreement within the UNFCCC, dealing with GHG emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance with the goals of keeping the global average temperature increase below 2 °C (3.6 °F) above pre-industrial levels, and ideally, below 1.5 °C (2.7 °F), recognizing that this would substantially reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. Each signatory country must plan, implement, and regularly report on the actions taken to mitigate climate change. While there are no overarching emissions targets or deadlines, each self-determined target should go beyond previously set targets. In June 2017, the U.S. announced its intention to withdraw from the agreement; however, the earliest effective date of withdrawal for the U.S. was November 2020. In response to this announcement, the United States Climate Alliance was formed by governors committing to uphold the objectives of the Paris Agreement as applicable to their states. California is a member of the United States Climate Alliance. After rejoining the Paris Agreement in February 2021, the U.S., under a new presidential administration in January 2025, issued Executive Order 14162, directing the U.S. withdrawal from the Agreement. Although the Executive Order specified that the withdrawal should take effect immediately, the United Nations Secretary-General confirmed that, pursuant to Article 28 of the Paris Agreement, the withdrawal will become effective one year after the formal notification date, on January 27, 2026 (United Nations, 2025; Executive Office of the President, 2025).

4.2.2 Federal

4.2.2.1 Federal Regulation of Climate Change
The United States historically has had a voluntary approach to reducing GHG emissions. However, on April 2, 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. EPA has the authority to regulate CO2 emissions under the CAA. The U.S. EPA’s GHG Tailoring Rule, issued in May 2010, established initial emission thresholds for Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) and Title V permitting based on CO2e emissions. This rule was amended in 2012, then in 2014, the U.S. Supreme Court decided that EPA may not treat GHGs as an air pollutant for purposes of determining whether a source is a major source required to obtain a PSD or Title V permit. However, PSD permits that are otherwise required (based on emissions of other non-GHG regulated pollutants) may continue to limit GHG emissions through BACT requirements.

4.2.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP)
U.S. EPA’s GHGRP, codified at 40 CFR Part 98, requires GHG data reporting from large GHG emission sources, fuel and industrial gas suppliers, and carbon dioxide injection sites in the United States. In general, the GHGRP applies to facilities that emit 25,000 MT CO2e or more per year in the United States and requires such facilities to submit GHG emission reports on an annual basis. U.S. EPA electronically verifies data submitted and publishes the data.

4.2.3 State

4.2.3.1 Assembly Bill 32 – Global Warming Solutions Act The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32), requires a sharp reduction of GHG emissions in California in preparation to transition the state to a sustainable, low-carbon future. AB 32 defined GHG emissions as comprising all the following gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride. Pursuant to AB 32, CARB has adopted various programs and regulations with the goal of achieving maximum GHG emission reductions considering technological feasibility and cost-effectiveness.

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CARB’s Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (MRR) program is a program that CARB developed and adopted under AB 32 MRR. The MRR (codified at Title 17, CCR, sections 95100-95157) incorporates certain requirements promulgated by U.S. EPA’s GHGRP and is applicable to electricity generators, industrial facilities, fuel suppliers, and electricity importers. In general, the MRR applies to facilities that emit 10,000 MT CO2e or more per year in California and requires such facilities to submit GHG emission reports on an annual basis. The MRR also requires the independent verification of GHG emissions data reports by a CARB-accredited verification body. CARB then publishes the data on their website to be publicly available.

Another program that CARB developed and adopted under AB 32 is the California Cap-and-Invest Program (formerly Cap-and-Trade), which applies to electricity generators, distributors of transportation, natural gas, and other fuels, and large industrial facilities emitting 25,000 MT CO2e or more annually in California. Facilities subject to Cap-and-Trade are considered “covered entities,” and are required to register with the Cap-andTrade Program, report and verify GHG emissions pursuant to the MRR, submit valid compliance instruments to fulfill the compliance obligation, and retain applicable records. Cap-and-Invest establishes a limit, or cap, on GHG emissions from covered entities. The cap commenced in 2013 and declines over time, achieving GHG emission reductions over time in alignment with AB 32. The cap is used to allocate emission credits, which are distributed to covered facilities. A facility’s credits give them permission to release a certain quantity of emissions. Facilities with more credits than they need can sell them as offsets, enabling other facilities to buy the right to emit more.

4.2.3.2 Assembly Bill 1493 – Greenhouse Gas Vehicle Emission Standards AB 1493 required that the state develop and adopt regulations that achieve the maximum feasible and costeffective reduction of climate change emissions emitted by passenger vehicles and light duty trucks. To comply with AB 1493, CARB implemented amendments to the California Code of Regulations in 2004, incorporating GHG emissions standards into the state's existing motor vehicle emissions regulations. In 2009, CARB further updated the “Pavley” regulations to enhance GHG reductions in new passenger vehicles for model years 2009 through 2016.

4.2.3.3 Assembly Bill 1279 – California Climate Crisis Act AB 1279, introduced in 2021 and adopted in 2022, known as the California Climate Crisis Act, was introduced to accelerate the state's efforts to combat climate change and achieve ambitious GHG reduction goals. Building on the foundation of the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, which set a target to reduce GHG emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030, AB 1279 establishes a new policy to achieve net-zero GHG emissions in California as soon as possible, but no later than 2045. The bill aims for California to not only reach net-zero emissions by 2045 but to continue beyond that point by achieving and maintaining net-negative emissions, and to ensure that by 2045 statewide anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are reduced at least 85 percent below 1990 levels.

4.2.3.4 Senate Bill 253 – Climate Corporate Data Accountability Act SB 253 requires CARB to establish regulations for large corporations operating in California to disclose their greenhouse gas emissions, including Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions. The program includes requirements for third-party verification, public reporting, and administrative enforcement, and is designed to support the State’s greenhouse gas reduction goals.

4.2.3.5 Senate Bill 261 – Climate-Related Financial Risk Act SB 261 requires large corporations operating in California to annually report their climate-related financial risks to a CARB-contracted reporting organization. The reporting program includes public review of VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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submissions, analysis of systemic and sector-wide risks, and enforcement provisions, including administrative penalties, to support transparency and climate risk management in the state.

4.2.3.6 Senate Bill 1020 – Clean Energy, Jobs, and Affordability Act of 2022 SB 1020 accelerates California’s clean energy transition by requiring retail electricity sales consist of 90 percent renewable or zero carbon energy by 2035 and 95 percent by 2040. The bill also moves the deadline for state agencies to achieve 100 percent renewable and zero carbon electricity from 2045 to 2035, with each agency required to meet the target individually. It further requires the CPUC, CEC, and CARB to issue an annual joint reliability progress report beginning December 1, 2023. In addition, SB 1020 updates public engagement requirements for CARB by directing the agency to hold Scoping Plan workshops in communities with significant exposure to air pollution, including minority or low‑income communities in extreme federal non‑attainment areas.

4.2.3.7 Senate Bill 1078 – California Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) Established in 2002 under Senate Bill 1078, the RPS mandates that load-serving entities progressively procure a greater percentage of their electricity from renewable resources. The program's targets have been updated over time, with Senate Bill 100, enacted in 2018, setting ambitious goals of achieving 60% renewable energy by 2030 and 100% carbon-free electricity by 2045.

4.2.3.8 California Environmental Quality Act
The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) (Public Resources Code Section 21000 et seq.) requires state and local government agencies to inform decision makers and the public about potential environmental impacts of proposed projects and to reduce those environmental impacts to the extent feasible. Appendix G of the state CEQA Guidelines regulation identifies the environmental factors that must be evaluated for potential impacts from a project. In August 2007, Senate Bill (SB) 97 was signed into law and recognized climate change as a significant environmental issue requiring analysis under CEQA. The bill directed the State Office of Planning and Research (OPR) to develop guidelines for the feasible mitigation of GHG emissions and their impacts. These guidelines were adopted in December 2009 and took effect on March 18, 2010.

4.2.3.8.1 Governor's Office of Planning and Research
The recommended approach for GHG analysis included in the California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research’s (OPR’s) June 2008 release is to (1) identify and quantify GHG emissions, (2) assess the significance of the impact on climate change, and (3) if the impact is significant, identify alternatives and/or mitigation measures to reduce the impact below a level of significance (State of California, 2008). Neither the CEQA statutes nor Guidelines prescribe quantitative thresholds of significance or a particular methodology for performing an impact analysis; therefore, significance criteria are left to the judgment and discretion of the lead agency.

The June 2008 OPR guidance provides some additional direction regarding planning documents:

CEQA can be a more effective tool for GHG emissions analysis and mitigation if it is supported and supplemented by sound development policies and practices that will reduce GHG emissions on a broad planning scale and that can provide the basis for a programmatic approach to project-specific CEQA analysis and mitigation. For local government lead agencies, adoption of General Plan policies and certification of General Plan EIRs that analyze broad jurisdiction wide impacts of GHG emissions can VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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be part of an effective strategy for addressing cumulative impacts and for streamlining later project-specific CEQA reviews (State of California, 2008).

Pursuant to SB 97, the OPR is in the process of developing guidelines for analysis of the effects of GHG emissions. As part of this process, the OPR has asked CARB technical staff to recommend statewide interim thresholds of significance for GHGs. CARB released a preliminary draft staff proposal in October 2008 that included initial suggestions for significance criteria related to industrial, commercial, and residential projects.

In March 2010, CEQA Guidelines amendments were adopted and include the following direction regarding determination of significant impacts from GHG emissions (CCR, Title 14, Div. 6, Ch. 3, § 15064.4):
a) The determination of the significance of greenhouse gas emissions calls for a careful judgment by the lead agency consistent with the provisions in section 15064. A lead agency should make a good-faith effort, based on available information, to describe, calculate or estimate the amount of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from a project. A lead agency shall have discretion to determine, in the context of a particular project, whether to:

1. Use a model or methodology to quantify greenhouse gas emissions resulting from a project, and which model or methodology to use. The lead agency has discretion to select the model it considers most appropriate provided it supports its decision with substantial evidence. The lead agency should explain the limitations of the particular model or methodology selected for use; or

2. Rely on a qualitative analysis or performance based standards. b) A lead agency may consider the following when assessing the significance of impacts from greenhouse gas emissions on the environment:

1. The extent to which the project may increase or reduce greenhouse gas emissions as compared to the existing environmental setting.

2. Whether the project emissions exceed a threshold of significance that the lead agency determines applies to the project.

3. The extent to which the project complies with regulations or requirements adopted to implement a statewide, regional, or local plan for the reduction or mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. Such regulations or requirements must be adopted by the relevant public agency through a public review process and must include specific requirements that reduce or mitigate the project’s incremental contribution of greenhouse gas emissions. If there is substantial evidence that the possible effects of a particular project are still cumulatively considerable notwithstanding compliance with the adopted regulations or requirements, an EIR must be prepared for the project.

CEQA Guidelines Section 15064(b) provides:

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effect is not always possible because the significance of an activity may vary with the setting.

4.2.3.8.2 Center for Biological Diversity v. California Department of Fish and Wildlife The California Supreme Court’s most recent CEQA decision on the Newhall Ranch development case, Center for Biological Diversity v. California Department of Fish and Wildlife (November 30, 2015, Case No. 217763), determined that the project’s Environmental Impact Report (EIR) did not substantiate the conclusion that the GHG cumulative impacts would be less than significant. The EIR determined that the Newhall Ranch development project would reduce GHG emissions by 31 percent from business as usual (BAU). This reduction was compared to California’s target of reducing GHG emissions statewide by 29 percent from business as usual. The Court’s determination was that “the EIR’s deficiency stems from taking a quantitative comparison method developed by the Scoping Plan as a measure of the greenhouse gas reduction effort required by the state as a whole, and attempting to use that method, without adjustments, for a purpose very different from its original design.”
In the Court’s final ruling it offered suggestions that were deemed appropriate use of the BAU methodology:

1. Lead agencies can use the comparison to BAU methodology if they determine what reduction a particular project must achieve in order to comply with statewide goals.

2. Project design features that comply with regulations to reduce emissions may demonstrate that those components of emissions are less than significant.

3. Lead agencies could also demonstrate compliance with locally adopted climate plans or could apply specific numerical thresholds developed by some local agencies.

4.2.4 Local

4.2.4.1 San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District SJVAPCD adopted its Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP) in 2008, which directed District staff to create guidance for evaluating and reducing project specific GHG emissions. In December 2009, the District adopted guidance for land use agencies and a policy for addressing GHG emissions from stationary source projects when the District is the CEQA lead agency. The City of Bakersfield, the lead agency for the proposed Project, is using the guidance and recommendations adopted by the SJVAPCD, and the responsible agency for air quality and greenhouse gas impacts.

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5. AIR QUALITY AND GHG ANALYSIS METHODS

5.1 Criteria Pollutant Emissions

5.1.1 Short-Term Construction Emissions
Construction emissions for the proposed Project were estimated using CalEEMod, incorporating the Applicant’s estimated construction schedule, default equipment assumptions, and the total number of dwelling units per phase. The Project consists of constructing 208 single‑family residences, and each phase was modeled separately in CalEEMod. An overview of the construction schedule by phase is provided in Table 5-1. The schedule entered into CalEEMod reflects the earliest feasible construction timeline, producing a worst‑case estimate of emissions since equipment technology and emission controls are expected to improve over time.

As a result, the modeled emissions represent conservative estimates of potential impacts.

Table 5-1. Estimated Construction Schedule
VTTM 7500 Phase Buildable Lots1 Construction Start Date2 Construction End Date2 1 45 01/02/29 06/30/30
2 39 07/01/30 01/15/32
3 41 01/16/32 06/30/33
4 83 07/01/33 01/31/35
Note:

1. Number of buildable lots per phase pending subdivision approval, provided by Applicant.

2. Start and end date estimates were provided by the Applicant. For phases that share a start or end month, the month was split in half (e.g., one phase ending on the 15th and the subsequent phase beginning on the 16th).

The emission estimates rely on CalEEMod’s default equipment list for residential development covering site preparation, grading, building construction, paving, and architectural coating activities. Since the Project site is an undeveloped vacant lot, no demolition activities were included in the modeling. The default equipment types, quantities, horsepower ratings, and load factors for each construction phase are summarized in Table 5-2.

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Table 5-2. Estimated Construction Equipment
Equipment Type Quantity Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor Site Preparation
Rubber Tired Dozers 3 8 367 0.4
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 4 8 84 0.37
Grading
Excavators 2 8 36 0.38
Graders 1 8 148 0.41
Rubber Tired Dozers 1 8 367 0.4
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 2 8 84 0.37
Scrapers 2 8 423 0.48
Building Construction
Cranes 1 7 367 0.29
Forklifts 3 8 82 0.2
Generator Sets 1 8 14 0.74
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 7 84 0.37
Welders 1 8 46 0.45
Paving
Pavers 2 8 81 0.42
Paving Equipment 2 8 89 0.36
Rollers 2 8 36 0.38
Architectural Coating
Air Compressors 1 6 37 0.48
Note: Equipment is modeled using CalEEMod defaults. All engines assume the 'average tier,' and all equipment is assumed to be diesel-fueled.

The Project also includes construction‑related design features to reduce potential air quality impacts. Table 5-3 summarizes the applicable construction mitigation measures.

Table 5-3. Mitigation Measures – Construction
Measure Measure Description
C-10-A. Water Exposed Surfaces Water exposed soil during active construction, 3 times per day, to achieve dust suppression.

C-10-C. Water Unpaved Construction Roads The default reduction efficacy of 55% is for watering construction roads twice daily.

C-11. Limit Vehicle Speeds on Unpaved Roads The default reduction efficacy of 44% is for a 25 mile per hour speed limit.

Source: CalEEMod Version 2022.1
The Project’s short-term unmitigated and mitigated emissions are presented in Table 6-3 and Table 6-4.

CalEEMod output files are provided in Appendix A.

5.1.2 Long-Term Operations Emissions
Long-term emissions associated with the operation of the proposed residential development were estimated in CalEEMod. Criteria pollutant sources analyzed by CalEEMod relevant to the proposed Project are broken into the following categories: mobile, area, and energy. Each source type is discussed in more detail below.

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5.1.2.1 Mobile Sources
Project-related transportation activities from residents would generate mobile source ROG, NOX, SOX, CO, PM10, and PM2.5 through exhaust and fugitive dust emissions. These emissions would vary substantially from day to day but would average out over the course of an operational year. The variables factored into estimating total Project emissions include level of activity, site characteristics, weather conditions, and number of dwelling units.

5.1.2.1.1 Vehicle Trip Data
CalEEMod accounts for several factors related to vehicle trips and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). The number of trips influences the calculation of starting exhaust and evaporative emissions, while VMT drives the calculation of running exhaust, brake wear, tire wear, and fugitive road dust on both paved and unpaved surfaces. Further details on these calculation methods are provided below.

Trip Rates
CalEEMod utilizes the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Trip Generation Manual 10th edition, to provide default weekday and weekend trip rates. However, a Project specific trip generation analysis was prepared by McIntosh & Associates (2026) which provided daily trip rates for the proposed Project and was used in this analysis.

Table 5-4. Trip Rates
Scenario Weekday Trip Rate1
(size/day)
Saturday Trip Rate2
(size/day)
Sunday Trip Rate2
(size/day)
CalEEMod Default 9.440 9.540 8.550
Project Specific 9.346 9.346 9.346
Source: CalEEMod Version 2022.1; McIntosh & Associates 2026 Note:

1. Weekday trip rate derived from the annual average daily traffic (A.A.D.T.) trips of 1,944 provided by McIntosh & Associates.

2. Saturday and Sunday trip rates are assumed to be equal to the weekday trip rate.

Trip Lengths and Purpose
CalEEMod analyzes three trip types: Home-to-Work (H-W), Home-to-Shopping (H-S), and Home-to-Other (HO). The proposed Project is located in an area where the Kern Council of Governments (Kern COG), the local Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) and/or Regional Transportation Planning Agency (RTPA), provides trip-purpose splits and trip lengths, which have been used in this analysis.

For trip lengths, CalEEMod accounts for primary trips (no stops along the main route), diverted trips (assumed to occur 2 miles off the main route), and pass-by trips (assumed to occur 0.1 mile off the main route).

However, for single-family residential land uses, the model conservatively defaults to 100 percent primary trips.

Table 5-5 below presents the miles per trip type and the percentage of each trip type used for each phase of the analysis.

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Table 5-5. Trip Lengths and Purpose
Single Family Housing Home-Work1 Home-Shopping2 Home-Other3 Trip Length (miles) 16.21 5.99 10.34
Trip Purpose (%) 24.94 9.81 65.25
Source: CalEEMod Version 2022.1
Note:

1. Home-Work trips represent travel between home and work locations in either direction.

2. Home-Shopping trips represent travel between home and retail shopping locations.

3. Home-Other trips represent travel between home and all other destinations beyond work and shopping, such as the gym.

5.1.2.1.2 Fleet Mix
The fleet mix represents the estimated breakdown by vehicle type for the proposed Project’s land use subtype.

There are 13 vehicle types based on CARB’s Emission Factor (EMFAC) model using the vehicle category classifications shown in Table 5-6 below. The default fleet mix is derived from EMFAC2021 v1.0.1, based on the operational-year fleet mix average for the San Joaquin Valley portion of Kern County.

Table 5-6. Vehicle Category Classifications
Vehicle Class Fuel Type Code Description Weight Class
(lbs) Abbreviation
1 Gas, Diesel, Electric PC Passenger Cars All LDA
2 Gas, Diesel, Electric T1 Light-Duty Trucks 0-3,750 LDT1 3 Gas, Diesel T2 Light-Duty Trucks 3,751-5,750 LDT2
4 Gas, Diesel T3 Medium-Duty Trucks 5,751-8,500 MDV
5 Gas, Diesel T4 Light-Heavy-Duty 8,501-10,000 LHDT1
6 Gas, Diesel T5 Light-Heavy-Duty 10,001-14,000 LHDT2
7 Gas, Diesel T6 Medium-Heavy-Duty 14,001-33,000 MHDT
8 Gas, Diesel T7 Heavy-Heavy-Duty 33,001-60,000 HHDT
9 Gas, Diesel OB Other Buses All OB
10 Diesel UB Urban Buses All UB
11 Gas MC Motorcycles All MCY
12 Gas, Diesel SB School Buses All SBUS
13 Gas, Diesel MH Motor Homes All MH
Source: EMFAC2007 Version 2.30 User’s Guide

5.1.2.1.3 Vehicle Emission Factors
CalEEMod relies on detailed vehicle emission factors from EMFAC2021 (v1.0.1) for the operational analysis calendar years and applicable vehicle types. Operational calendar year, vehicle model years, vehicle types, seasons, geographic information, and fuel types (e.g., gasoline, diesel, electric) are all incorporated into the model’s assumptions. Table 5-7 below outlines the various processes and associated emissions quantified in CalEEMod.

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Table 5-7. Mobile Source Emissions Processes Modeled – Criteria Pollutants Process Type Process Description Associated Emissions
Running Exhaust
Emissions from on-road vehicle operation,
including driving and routine idling at
intersections.

VOC, NOX, CO, SOX, PM2.5, PM10
Idle Exhaust
Emissions from extended heavy-duty truck
idling, typically during loading/unloading or
powering accessories. Light-duty idle is
included in running exhaust.

VOC, NOX, CO, SOX, PM2.5, PM10
Start Exhaust
Excess emissions produced during vehicle
startup before emissions-control equipment
reaches optimal temperature.

VOC, NOX, CO, SOX, PM2.5, PM10
Hot Soak Evaporative
Hydrocarbon emissions released from the
engine and fuel tank after shutdown while
cooling to non-operating temperatures.

VOC
Running Loss Evaporative Hydrocarbon emissions released from the engine while on. VOC
Diurnal Evaporative
Hydrocarbon emissions from a parked vehicle
due to fuel vapor venting from ambient
temperature changes.

VOC
Brake Wear Particulate matter emissions from brake usage. PM2.5, PM10 Tire Wear Particulate matter emissions from tire usage. PM2.5, PM10 Source: EMFAC2025 Volume I: User Guide, 2025

5.1.2.1.4 Road Dust
Vehicle travel on paved and unpaved roadways generates fugitive dust through the disturbance and dispersion of surface silt. Fugitive dust emission factors for paved-road travel were calculated in CalEEMod which relies on the methodology outlined in Section 13.2.1 of USEPA’s AP-42. For unpaved road dust, the default input values for material silt content, material moisture content, and mean vehicle speed reflect statewide average conditions. For Kern County, the CalEEMod default percentage of operational paved road travel is 100 percent.

5.1.2.2 Area Sources
Area sources represent non-mobile, small-scale emission sources commonly associated with residential land uses. For the proposed Project, CalEEMod accounts for area source criteria pollutant emissions generated from typical household and property-maintenance activities. These include emissions from consumer products, architectural coatings, and landscape maintenance equipment. Emissions from these sources occur intermittently throughout the year and are based on default activity rates, equipment types, and emission factors established in CalEEMod. Each area source category is described in more detail below.

5.1.2.2.1 Consumer Products
CalEEMod calculates fugitive VOC emissions from three types of consumer products (non-industrial solvents):
general category, pesticides/fertilizers, and parking degreasers (CAPCOA 2022b).

As specified by Appendix C of the CalEEMod User Guide, the general category emission factor is used for the residential land use types and includes consumer products such as cleaning supplies, kitchen aerosols, cosmetics, and other solvents. The general category emission factor is based on statewide VOC emissions data collected by CARB’s Consumer Product Emission Inventory.

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The pesticides/fertilizers and parking degreaser emission factors in CalEEMod are based on statewide VOC emissions data from their respective uses and forecasted using CARB’s California Emissions Projection Analysis Model (CEPAM2019v1.03).

5.1.2.2.2 Architectural Coatings
CalEEMod calculates VOC off-gassing emissions that result from evaporation of solvents contained in surface coatings such as in paints and primers. A 10 percent reapplication rate per year (full reapplication every 10 years) is assumed in the model, along with SJVAPCD specific residential exterior and residential interior VOC emission factors. CalEEMod calculates the building surface area as 2.7 times the building square footage for residential land use; 75 percent of the building surface area is assumed to be the interior, and the remaining 25 percent is assumed to be the exterior.

5.1.2.2.3 Landscape Equipment
The Project site is estimated to be developed with landscaped areas that would require periodic management with the use of landscape equipment that would generate air pollutant emissions. CalEEMod calculates fuel combustion emissions from landscape maintenance, which includes equipment such as lawn mowers, shredders/grinders, leaf blowers, and equipment associated with snow removal. CalEEMod uses emission factors developed through CARB’s Small Off-Road Engines Model v1.1 (SORE2020) to calculate landscape equipment emissions. The emission factor for residential landscape equipment is based on the total number of dwelling units. The emission factor is then multiplied by the number of snow days and the number of summer days for the project location. The number of snow days and summer days is based on the CalEEMod default for Kern County, San Joaquin portion (0 days and 180 days, respectively). Although some portion of landscape equipment would be expected to be electric powered; this analysis conservatively assumes that all landscape equipment would be gas powered.

5.1.2.3 Energy Sources
Building energy use, primarily electricity and natural gas consumption, results in emissions of criteria air pollutants. CalEEMod estimates default building energy consumption using regional data sources, including the California Energy Commission’s (CEC) Electricity Demand Forecast Zones (EDFZ) and the 2019 Residential Appliance Saturation Survey (RASS).

Because the RASS dataset reflects residential dwellings constructed between 1935 and 2015 (average year constructed was 1974), the default energy intensities incorporated into CalEEMod are very conservative, overestimating expected energy demand relative to new buildings constructed under the most recent California Energy Code (CalEEMod Version 2022.1 Appendix D).

CalEEMod also distinguishes between building end uses subject to the California Building Standards Code (Title 24) such as space heating and water heating, and those not regulated under Title 24, such as washers, dryers and miscellaneous plug-in uses. This distinction allows the model to correctly apply energy-efficiency reduction measures where applicable.

The subsections below summarize the methods and assumptions applied in CalEEMod to quantify energy use and the associated criteria pollutant emissions from natural gas and electricity consumption.

5.1.2.3.1 Natural Gas
CalEEMod derives default natural gas usage from the RASS dataset, which provides energy use by building type, end use, and EDFZ. Emissions from natural gas combustion are then calculated by multiplying annual VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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natural gas consumption by applicable criteria pollutant factors. CalEEMod utilizes USEPA’s natural gas combustion emission factors.

5.1.2.3.2 Electricity
In CalEEMod, electricity consumption contributes to GHG emissions only. Criteria pollutant emissions from electricity generation are not allocated at the project level because these emissions are attributed to the power plants themselves, most of which combust fossil fuels and operate as permitted stationary sources. GHG emissions associated with electricity use are discussed later in Section 5.3.2.3.

5.2 Toxic Air Contaminants
Assembly Bill 1807 established a framework for the identification and control of toxic air contaminants (TACs) in California (Health and Safety Code §39650 et seq.). A TAC is defined as an air pollutant that may cause or contribute to increased mortality, serious illness, or pose a present or potential hazard to human health (Health and Safety Code §39655(a)). CARB is responsible for TAC identification and control, except for pesticidal uses, which are regulated by the Department of Pesticide Regulation. In 1993, pursuant to Assembly Bill 2728, CARB incorporated 189 federal hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) into the state TAC list. CARB has since formally identified over 200 substances and substance groups as TACs, providing reports summarizing uses, emissions, potential human exposure, and associated health effects (CARB, 1993a; CARB, 1993b; CARB, 2024).

5.2.1 Toxic Air Contaminants Quantification

5.2.1.1 Short-Term Construction Emissions
Diesel particulate matter (DPM) from the construction equipment was calculated based on the CalEEMod output of exhaust PM10 for on-site construction equipment. Per the California EPA Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment’s (OEHHA) Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Guidance Manual for Preparation of Health Risk Assessments (2015), PM10 is the surrogate for whole diesel exhaust; therefore, it is conservatively assumed that all PM10 exhaust from CalEEMod is DPM.

Table 5-8. Estimated Construction TACs
Construction Year PM10 Exhaust Emissions
(tons/year)
Diesel Particulate Matter1
(lb/year)
2029 0.045 89.28
2030 0.039 77.73
2031 0.030 59.05
2032 0.036 71.30
2033 0.036 72.61
2034 0.025 50.31
2035 0.000 0.23
Maximum2 0.045 89.28
Note:

1. DPM emissions are assumed to equal PM10 exhaust emissions and were converted using 2,000 pounds per ton.

2. The highest annual emission value among all construction years was used for modeling in HARP2 for every construction year, resulting in a conservative overestimate of impacts.

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5.2.2 Air Quality Dispersion Modeling
Air dispersion modeling is used to estimate off-site air concentrations of TACs associated with Project emissions. The American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) is a steady-state Gaussian plume model that can be used to assess ground level pollutant concentrations from a wide variety of sources (point, line, area, or volume) for distances up to approximately 50 km, including urban and rural terrains. AERMOD can calculate ground level concentrations for various averaging periods, such as acute short-term exposures (1-hour averaging), chronic long-term exposures (annual averages), or other required meteorological data periods (i.e., 3-hour, 8-hour, 24-hour). The assumptions used for this model are listed below.
► AERMOD Version 24142
► Projection Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
► Datum World Geodetic System (WGS84)
► UTM Zone 11
► Hemisphere Northern
► Selection Hourly and Period
► AERMOD Output File Plot File by Source
► Use Regulatory Default? Yes
► Building Downwash? Not Applicable
► Urban or Rual? Rural

5.2.2.1 Emission Sources
The Project involves emission sources that are best represented in AERMOD as area sources. Refer to Appendix D for a summary of the emission source modeling parameters.

5.2.2.1.1 Area Sources
Area sources represent diffuse emissions released uniformly at a fixed height. For this Project, on-site construction emissions, including combustion from diesel construction equipment and heavy-heavy-duty (HHD) trucks used for hauling and vendor trips, were modeled as an area source.

5.2.2.2 Emission Rates
A standardized emission rate of 1 second was used as input in AERMOD to allow for subsequent postprocessing in the Hotspots Analysis and Reporting Program Version 2 (HARP2), where actual estimated Project-specific emission rates are applied to generate final results. For area sources, the emission rate was converted into g/s-m2 based on the source’s total area. The “Other” pollutant option was used. The calculated equivalent unit emission rates are summarized in Appendix D.

5.2.2.3 Receptors
According to OEHHA Guidelines, HRAs must provide a detailed analysis of the potentially exposed population.

As required, various receptor locations were inputted into AERMOD, which covered nearby residences and workers, and sensitive receptors. Figure 5-1 identifies the receptors locations within the model. A total of 4,566 discrete off-site receptors were analyzed.

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Figure 5-1. Health Risk Assessment – Receptor Layout

5.2.2.4 Meteorological and Elevation Data
SJVAPCD provides AERMOD‑ready meteorological data files, which were used for this HRA. Five years of AERMET U*‑processed meteorological data (2018-2022) was obtained from the District’s Meteorological and Air Monitoring Data website. The Bakersfield surface (SFC) and upper‑air profile (PFL) files were input directly into AERMOD in standard ASCII format and processed with all receptors and sources.

Terrain elevations were incorporated using U.S. Geological Survey National Elevation Dataset (NED) files at 1/3‑arc‑second resolution. The terrain data were trimmed to a modeling domain approximately 20 kilometers by 20 kilometers in size and processed for use in AERMOD.

5.2.3 Hotspots Analysis and Reporting Program (HARP2)
Plot files generated by AERMOD were uploaded to the Air Dispersion Modeling and Risk Assessment Tool (ADMRT) program in HARP2 (CARB 2015). ADMRT post-processing was used to assess the potential for excess cancer risk and chronic non-cancer effects using the most recent health effects data from OEHHA.

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5.2.3.1 Exposure Pathways and Duration
Exposure pathways are generally classified as primary and secondary pathways. Inhalation is the primary exposure pathway for all modeled sources and substances. For multi-pathway substances, there are noninhalation exposure pathways that should also be evaluated. As applicable, the non-inhalation pathways include dermal exposure, water ingestion, crop ingestion (direct deposition), soil ingestion, ingestion of mother's milk, fish, and dairy products, or other.

In general, most air toxics assessed under the Hot Spots program are volatile organic compounds that remain as gases when emitted into the air. These volatile chemicals are not subject to appreciable deposition to soil, surface waters, or plants. Therefore, human exposure does not normally occur to any appreciable extent via ingestion or dermal exposure. Rather, the primary exposure pathway to these volatiles occurs through the inhalation pathway. A small subset of regulated substances, i.e. semi-volatile organic and metals, is emitted partially or totally as particles subject to deposition. In these cases, ingestion and dermal pathways as well as the inhalation pathway must be evaluated.

Following OEHHA’s guidance the multi-pathway analyses that will be included in this HRA will consider exposure via the following pathways of:
► Mandatory Pathways Analyzed
• Inhalation
• Soil Ingestion
• Dermal Absorption
• Mother's Milk
► Additional Pathways Analyzed
• Homegrown Produce
There is no local potable surface water supply in the vicinity of the Project, so no exposure risk is expected from ingestion of local fish, surface water, or groundwater. No adjustments to exposure time for off-site receptors or time away from home were applied in this HRA.

Particle deposition will be predicted using the procedures and the values presented in the OEHHA Air Toxics “Hot Spots” Program Risk Assessment Guidelines (February 2015). A deposition rate of 2 cm/s will be used in this HRA.

For the construction analysis, HARP2 modeling applied the maximum annual DPM emissions from the highest‑emitting construction year to all construction years, providing a conservative estimate because some years with lower actual emissions were still modeled using the higher value. All receptors were evaluated assuming a 5‑year construction exposure duration.

5.2.3.2 Carcinogenic Health Impacts
In accordance with the OEHHA Guidelines, cancer risk estimates based on the theoretical upper-bound cancer risk were evaluated for this HRA.

The HARP2 model computes the total cancer risk from both inhalation and non-inhalation pathways at each receptor location. For example, the inhalation risk for each pollutant at a receptor location is calculated by multiplying the inhalation dosage by its cancer potency factor (example below). The estimated risks for individual substances emitted by the Project are added to provide the total cancer risk for individual receptor locations. For inhalation exposures, cancer risk must be separately calculated for specified age groups because of age differences in sensitivity to carcinogens and age differences in intake rates. Some substances are VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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subject to deposition onto soil, plants, and water bodies and therefore need to be evaluated by the appropriate non-inhalation pathway. Cancer risk for both inhalation and non-inhalation pathways is calculated using Equation 8.2.4 A and 8.2.5 from the OEHHA Guidelines, generalized in the following equation:

𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 = 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∗ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∗
𝐸𝐸
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ∗ 𝐹𝐹
Where:

Cancer Riski = Cancer risk for specific exposure pathway i (inhalation/non-inhalation) Dose = Daily Inhalation Dose (mg/kg-day)
CPF = Cancer Potency (or Unit Risk Factor) (mg/kg-day)-1 ASF = Age sensitivity factor for a specified age group (unitless) ED = Exposure duration (in years) for a specified age group AT = Averaging time for lifetime cancer risk (years)
FAH = Fraction of time spent at home (unitless) (residential inhalation pathway only)

5.2.3.3 Noncarcinogenic Health Impacts
Potential noncarcinogenic health effects (acute HI and chronic HI) associated with exposure to chemical emissions have been evaluated using the HARP2 model. Acute and chronic health hazards for different substances impact different target human organs (e.g., central nervous system, reproductive system, liver, etc.). For inhalation exposures, the model divides the predicted average air concentrations for each chemical at the receptor locations by the appropriate inhalation Reference Exposure Levels (RELs) provided by OEHHA.

These ratios are chemical-specific to the chronic or acute hazard quotients.

Noncarcinogenic health effects were also evaluated in terms of their assumed potential additive effect on target organs or systems. For inhalation exposures, the target organ-specific HI is the sum of the individual hazard quotients for each chemical affecting a specific target organ as defined in Section 8.3.1 of the OEHHA Guidelines, as shown below:

𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝐻 𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼 ( )𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = �� 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
𝑅𝑅 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂�
𝐶𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒
Where:

GLC = ground level concentration (µg/m3), annual average concentration for chronic and 1- hour max concentration for acute
REL = Reference Exposure Level (µg/m3)
In the case of a multi-pathway pollutant (i.e., pollutants with non-inhalation exposures), health risk impacts consider the additional noncancer risks associated with non-inhalation routes of exposure from certain pollutants.

5.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions

5.3.1 Short-Term Construction Emissions
GHG emissions associated with the proposed Project’s construction equipment are calculated using the same methodology described in Section 5.1.1 for criteria pollutant emissions. However, OFFROAD2017-ORION VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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does not provide CH4 or N2O emission factors. Accordingly, CalEEMod estimates these emissions using the mass ratios of CH4 and N2O to CO2 from California’s 2000-2018 GHG emission inventory for off-road equipment. The default equipment types, quantities, horsepower ratings, and load factors for each construction phase are summarized in Table 5-2.

5.3.2 Long-Term Operations Emissions
Long-term emissions associated with the operation of the proposed residential development were estimated in CalEEMod. GHG emissions sources analyzed by CalEEMod relevant to the proposed Project are broken into the following categories: mobile, area, energy, water, waste and refrigerants. Each source type is discussed in more detail below.

5.3.2.1 Mobile Sources
GHG emissions associated with the proposed Project’s mobile sources are calculated using the same methodology described in Section 5.1.2.1 for criteria pollutant emissions. However, EMFAC2021 v1.0.1 does not provide HFC emission factors. Therefore, CalEEMod uses emission factors estimated based on air conditioning (A/C) usage and leak rate information provided by CARB.

Under the U.S. EPA’s Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program, HFC‑134a must be replaced with refrigerants that have lower global warming potentials. The use of HFC‑134a is prohibited in new light‑duty vehicles beginning in 2021, and in all new vehicles starting in 2026. These requirements do not apply to existing vehicles. Consequently, HFC emissions from on‑road vehicles will decline over time as new vehicles using alternative refrigerants enter the fleet and older HFC‑equipped vehicles are gradually retired.

Table 5-9. Mobile Source Emissions Processes Modeled – GHG Emissions Process Type Process Description Associated Emissions
Running Exhaust
Emissions from on-road vehicle operation,
including driving and routine idling at
intersections.

CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC
Idle Exhaust
Emissions from extended heavy-duty truck
idling, typically during loading/unloading or
powering accessories. Light-duty idle is
included in running exhaust.

CO2, CH4, N2O
Start Exhaust
Excess emissions produced during vehicle
startup before emissions-control equipment
reaches optimal temperature.

CO2, CH4, N2O
Source: CalEEMod Version 2022.1 User Guide

5.3.2.2 Area Sources
Area sources represent non-mobile, small-scale emission sources commonly associated with residential land uses. For the proposed Project, CalEEMod accounts for area source GHG emissions generated from typical household and property-maintenance activities. These include emissions from residential hearths, landscape maintenance equipment, water supply and wastewater treatment, solid waste, and refrigerant. Emissions from these sources occur intermittently throughout the year and are based on default activity rates, equipment types, and emission factors established in CalEEMod. Each area source category is described in more detail below.

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5.3.2.2.1 Hearths
CalEEMod estimates emissions from wood stoves (conventional, catalytic, non-catalytic, and pellet) and fireplaces (wood, gas, propane, and electric) using default hearth activity rates, such as the number of devices per dwelling unit, amount of wood burned, and typical annual usage, based on CARB and air-district-provided data. Emission factors are drawn from AP‑42 Sections 1.9 and 1.10 and the USEPA GHG inventory emission factors.

For wood stoves and wood fireplaces, emissions are calculated based on the amount of wood burned annually and the number of installed devices. For natural gas and propane fireplaces, emissions are based on annual operating hours, heating rates, and fuel-specific emission factors. For electric fireplaces, emissions depend solely on electricity consumption and the carbon intensity of the associated electric utility.

Default activity assumptions for the proposed Project, based on the SJVAPCD data used in CalEEMod, include 50 percent of units with natural gas fireplaces and 50 percent without a fireplace, operating 3 hours per day for 82 days per year. Five percent of units are assumed to have catalytic wood stoves and 5 percent noncatalytic wood stoves, also operating 3 hours per day for 82 days per year, while the remaining 90 percent of units are assumed to have no wood stoves.

Per SJVAPCD Rule 4901, no person may install a wood‑burning heater, including wood stoves, at elevations below 3,000 feet in areas served by natural gas. The proposed Project site is at an elevation of approximately 350 feet and is served by natural gas; therefore, the CalEEMod default assumption that 10 percent of dwelling units would include a wood stove has been revised to zero. Additionally, the proposed Project will be an all‑electric development and will not include any gas fireplaces; accordingly, the CalEEMod defaults have been updated to reflect zero gas fireplaces. The mitigated emissions shown in Section 6.2.1.2 reflect the implementation of these project design measures. Each unit is expected to include an electric fireplace, so the model incorporates one electric fireplace per dwelling unit.

5.3.2.2.2 Landscape Equipment
GHG emissions associated with the proposed Project’s landscaping equipment are calculated using the same methodology described in Section 5.1.2.2.3.

5.3.2.3 Energy Sources
CalEEMod calculates GHG emissions associated with electricity and natural gas usage. The model generates default electricity and natural gas consumption based on the project’s Electricity Demand Forecast Zone (EDFZ), as determined by project location, and the applicable land use types and building square footage.

Within Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations (Building Standards Code), Part 6, the Building Energy Efficiency Standards (Energy Code), establishes minimum energy‑efficiency requirements for newly constructed and altered residential and nonresidential buildings. The California Energy Commission (CEC) first adopted these standards in 1978 and has updated them regularly to improve building energy performance with each code cycle. The most recent update is the 2025 Energy Code, which took effect on January 1, 2026.

CalEEMod distinguishes between electricity usage subject to Title 24 standards, generally building‑related electricity, and electricity usage not subject to Title 24 standards. The model’s default ratio of Title 24 to non‑Title 24 electricity usage was applied to the Project’s estimated electricity consumption. CalEEMod calculates GHG emissions associated with electricity use using emission factors specific to the electric utility serving the project location.

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As provided by the Applicant, the Project will incorporate the following design measures, each of which was selected and modeled in CalEEMod as an emissions‑reduction measure.

Table 5-10. Mitigation Measures and Project Design Features – Energy Measure Measure Description
E-2. Require Energy Efficient Appliances
This measure will require installation of ENERGY STAR-certified appliances (Residential Refrigerator, Clothes Washer,
Dishwasher, and Ceiling Fan) that exceed the energy efficiency of conventional appliances.

E-10-B. Establish Onsite Renewable Energy
Systems–Solar Power
This measure requires electricity to be generated from on-site photovoltaic (PV) systems, displacing the electricity demand that would ordinarily be supplied by the local electricity provider.

E-12-A. Install Alternative Type of Water
Heater in Place of Gas Storage Tank Heater
in Residences
This measure requires installation of a water heater that is less emissions intensive than a natural gas conventional storage tank water heater in residential developments, such as electric conventional storage tanks, solar water heaters with natural gas backup, or solar water heaters with electric backup.

E-12-B. Install Electric Space Heater in
Place of Natural Gas Heaters in Residences
This measure requires installation of electric space heaters in place of natural gas heaters in residential developments.

E-13. Install Electric Ranges in Place of Gas
Ranges
This measure requires that residential or commercial
developments install an electric range (i.e., cooktop plus oven) in place of a gas range.

E-15. Require All-Electric Development This measure requires that residential or commercial developments use all-electric appliances and end uses.

Source: Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity, October 2024

5.3.2.4 Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Emissions CalEEMod calculates indirect GHG emissions from the electricity used to supply, distribute, and treat water and wastewater generated by land use development projects (CAPCOA 2022b). CalEEMod calculates outdoor and indoor water consumption by land use type and uses default water energy-intensity factors based on a study published by the Pacific Institute (CAPCOA 2022b). The factors, which are reported in kilowatt hours per million gallons of water used (kWh/MG), represent the electricity need to supply and convey water from the source, treat the water to usable standards, and distribute the water to the individual user. The report calculated the energy intensity factors based on the hydrologic region of the project. These factors assume water is supplied from the source, which involves groundwater pumping and water delivery.

For wastewater treatment emissions, CalEEMod has default emission factors for the type of treatment process:
septic tank, aerobic, or facultative lagoons. The percentage of each treatment process type is based on the project location.

5.3.2.5 Solid Waste Emissions
CalEEMod calculates the indirect GHG emissions associated with waste that is disposed of at a landfill. The model uses annual waste disposal rates from the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) data for individual land use types (CAPCOA 2022b). CalEEMod quantifies the GHG emissions associated with the decomposition of solid waste.

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5.3.2.6 Refrigerants
In addition to refrigerants from mobile sources, CalEEMod quantifies GHG emissions from residential air conditioning systems and household refrigerators/freezers by estimating refrigerant losses that occur during normal operation and routine servicing over each equipment’s lifetime. Each system contains a specific charge size (i.e., the amount of refrigerant it holds), has an annual operational leak rate, and uses a refrigerant with a distinct global warming potential (GWP). CalEEMod calculates total lifetime emissions based on these factors and converts them into an average annual emission rate.

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6. IMPACT ASSESSMENT

6.1 Significance Criteria
To determine whether a proposed project could create a potential CEQA impact, local, state, and Federal agencies have developed various means by which a project’s impacts may be measured and evaluated. Such means can generally be categorized as follows:
► Thresholds of significance adopted by air quality agencies to guide lead agencies in their evaluation of air quality impacts under the CEQA.
► Regulations established by air districts, CARB, and EPA for the evaluation of stationary sources when applying for Authorities to Construct, Permits to Operate and other permit program requirements (e.g., New Source Review).
► Thresholds utilized to determine if a project would cause or contribute significantly to violations of the ambient air quality standards or other concentration-based limits. ► Regulations applied in areas where severe air quality problems exist.

Summary tables of these emission-based and concentration-based thresholds of significance are provided below along with a discussion of their applicability.

6.1.1 Thresholds Adopted for the Evaluation of Air Quality Impacts under CEQA In order to maintain consistency with CEQA, the SJVAPCD adopted the GAMAQI (2015) providing guidelines to assist applicants in complying with various CEQA requirements. According to SJVAPCD’s GAMAQI, a project would have potentially significant air quality impacts when the project:
► Creates a conflict with or obstructs implementation of the applicable air quality plan; ► Causes a violation of any air quality standard or generates substantial contribution towards exceeding an existing or projected air quality standard;
► Results in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the project region is designated non-attainment under a NAAQS and CAAQS (including emissions which exceed quantitative thresholds for O3 precursors);
► Exposes sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations; or ► Creates objectionable odors that affect a substantial number of people.

The SJVAPCD thresholds, presented in Table 6-1 below, were designed to implement the general criteria for air quality emissions as required per Section 15064.7 of the state CEQA Guidelines.

Table 6-1. SJVAPCD CEQA Air Quality Thresholds of Significance – Criteria Pollutants Pollutant Construction Emissions
(tons/year)
Operational Emissions (tons/year)
Permitted Equipment
and Activities
Non-Permitted
Equipment and Activities
CO 100 100 100
NOX 10 10 10
ROG 10 10 10
SOX 27 27 27
PM10 15 15 15
PM2.5 15 15 15
Source: SJVAPCD, 2015
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6.1.2 Thresholds of Significance for Ambient Air Quality Impacts The CEQA Guidelines Appendix G (Environmental Checklist) requires lead agencies to evaluate if a project would “result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the project region is non-attainment under an applicable federal or state ambient air quality standard,” and determine the significance of impacts on air quality. Similarly, SJVAPCD’s GAMAQI states a project would be considered to have a significant impact if its emissions are predicted to cause or contribute to a violation of an ambient air quality standard by exceeding any of the CAAQS, NAAQS or significant impact levels. Therefore, an AQIA should determine whether the emissions from a project would cause or contribute significantly to violations of the NAAQS or CAAQS (presented above in Table 3-2) when added to existing ambient concentrations.

The EPA has established the Federal Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program to determine what comprises “significant impact levels” (SIL) to NAAQS attainment areas. A project’s impacts are considered less than significant if emissions are below PSD SIL for a particular pollutant. When a SIL is exceeded, an additional “increment analysis” is required. As the Project would not include modification to the stationary source under “non-attainment new source review” (NSR), it would not be subject to either PSD or NSR review. The PSD SIL thresholds are used with ambient air quality modeling for a CEQA project to address whether the Project would “violate any air quality standard or contribute substantially to an existing or projected air quality violation.” Ambient air quality emissions estimates below the PSD SIL thresholds would result in less than significant ambient air quality impacts for both a project and cumulative CEQA impact analysis.

The SJVAB is classified as non-attainment for the O3 and PM2.5 NAAQS and, as such, is subject to NSR. PSD SILs and increments are more stringent than the CAAQS and NAAQS, and represent the most stringent thresholds of significance.

SJVAPCD has developed screening levels for requiring an Ambient Air Quality Analysis (AAQA). The SJVAPCD recommends that an AAQA be performed for all criteria pollutants when emissions of any criteria pollutant resulting from project construction or operational activities exceed the 100 pounds per day screening level, after compliance with Rule 9510 requirements and implementation of all enforceable mitigation measures.

The AAQA screening and analysis is discussed further in Section 6.2.1.9.

6.1.3 Thresholds of Significance for Toxic Air Contaminants As outlined in the GAMAQI, SJVAPCD’s risk management goals for CEQA focus on minimizing health risks from new or modified emission sources, ensuring that any new health risks are insignificant relative to background and community‑accepted risk levels, and achieving these protections without imposing unreasonable constraints on the permitting process. Based on these objectives, the thresholds of significance for TACs used to evaluate combined emissions from both permitted and non‑permitted Project sources were developed and are presented in Table 6-2.

Table 6-2. SJVAPCD CEQA Air Quality Thresholds of Significance – Toxic Air Contaminants Category Description
Carcinogens Maximally Exposed Individual risk equals or exceeds 20 in one million.

Non-Carcinogens Acute: Hazard Index equals or exceeds 1 for the Maximally Exposed Individual.

Chronic: Hazard Index equals or exceeds 1 for the Maximally Exposed Individual.

Source: SJVAPCD, 2015

6.1.4 Thresholds of Significance for Cumulative Air Quality Impacts CEQA §15130(b) outlines the following as necessary elements in the discussion of cumulative impacts:

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► “A list of past, present, and probable future projects producing related or cumulative impacts, including, if necessary, those projects outside the control of the agency, or ► A summary of projections contained in an adopted local, regional or statewide plan, or related planning document, that describes or evaluates conditions contributing to the cumulative effect. Such plans may include: a general plan, regional transportation plan (emphasis added), or plans for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. A summary of projections may also be contained in an adopted or certified prior environmental document for such a plan. Such projections may be supplemented with additional information such as a regional modeling program. Any such document shall be referenced and made available to the public at a location specified by the lead agency.” CEQA Guidelines §15064(h)(3) allows a Lead Agency to determine that a project’s incremental contribution to a cumulative impact is not cumulatively considerable when the project complies with a previously approved plan or mitigation program, such as an air quality attainment or maintenance plan, that is designed to avoid or substantially reduce the cumulative problem within the Project site’s geographic area.

With respect to determining the significance of the proposed Project’s contribution to cumulative impacts, the analysis first evaluates whether the Project would individually result in any significant impacts. If any project‑level impacts are found to be significant, the Project’s contribution to cumulative impacts is likewise considered significant. If the Project does not exceed project‑level significance thresholds, it is then evaluated for consistency with applicable adopted plans, to determine whether its incremental contribution to a cumulative impact is cumulatively considerable.

6.1.5 Thresholds Adopted for the Evaluation of GHG Impacts under CEQA Section VIII, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, of Appendix G to the state CEQA Guidelines, outlines criteria for considering a proposed action significant if it would:
► Generate greenhouse gas emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the environment.
► Conflict with an applicable plan, policy or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases.

On December 17, 2009, SJVAPCD adopted Guidance for Valley Land-use Agencies in Addressing GHG Emission Impacts for New Projects under CEQA (SJVAPCD 2009); which outlined the SJVAPCD’s methodology for assessing a project’s significance for GHGs under CEQA. The following criteria were outlined in the document to determine whether a project could have a significant impact:
► Projects determined to be exempt from the requirements of CEQA would be determined to have a less than significant individual and cumulative impact for GHG emissions and would not require further environmental review, including analysis of project specific GHG emissions. Projects exempt under CEQA would be evaluated as consistent with established rules and regulations governing project approval and would not be required to implement Best Performance Standards (BPS). ► Projects complying with an approved GHG emission reduction plan or GHG mitigation program which avoids or substantially reduces GHG emissions within the geographic area in which the project is located would be determined to have a less than significant individual and cumulative impact for GHG emissions.

Such plans or programs must be specified in law or approved by the lead agency with jurisdiction over the affected resource and supported by a CEQA compliant environmental review document adopted by VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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the lead agency. Projects complying with an approved GHG emission reduction plan or GHG mitigation program would not be required to implement BPS.
► Projects implementing Best Performance Standards would not require quantification of project specific GHG emissions. Consistent with CEQA Guidelines, such projects would be determined to have a less than significant individual and cumulative impact for GHG emissions. ► Projects not implementing Best Performance Standards would require quantification of project specific GHG emissions and demonstration that project specific GHG emissions would be reduced or mitigated by at least 29%, compared to Business-as-Usual (BAU), including GHG emission reductions achieved since the 2002-2004 baseline period. Projects achieving at least a 29% GHG emission reduction compared to BAU would be determined to have a less than significant individual and cumulative impact for GHG. ► Notwithstanding any of the above provisions, projects requiring preparation of an Environmental Impact Report for any other reason would require quantification of project specific GHG emissions. Projects implementing BPS or achieving at least a 29% GHG emission reduction compared to BAU would be determined to have a less than significant individual and cumulative impact for GHG.

The City of Bakersfield, the Lead Agency, is responsible for preparing the CEQA document that identifies and discloses the Project’s potential environmental impacts to the public. However, the City of Bakersfield has not developed specific thresholds for GHGs. SJVAPCD, a CEQA Responsible Agency for this Project, has developed guidance to determine significance of GHG impacts from a proposed project – either implement Best Performance Standards or achieve a 29% reduction from BAU (a specific numerical threshold). However, the SJVAPCD has established their BAU and baseline emissions based on the years 2002-2004 and 2020, respectively. The 2020 projected baseline has passed, and at this time, no new guidance has been approved for determining BAU and projected baseline for the next target year. Therefore, the 29% reduction from BAU cannot be applied to the subject Project in order to determine significance. Additionally, because it is not yet known whether the final SJVAPCD BPS for development projects will reduce GHG emissions or by how much, and because the District has not adopted BPS and the available examples remain only illustrative, the BPS cannot be used as a threshold of significance.

As previously discussed in Section 4.2.3.11, CEQA §15064.4 allows the Lead Agency to determine the significance of a project’s GHG impacts based on the extent to which the project complies with regulations or requirements adopted to implement statewide, regional, or local plans for reducing or mitigating GHG emissions. Accordingly, for this Project, consistency with locally adopted climate plans is used as the primary basis for determining GHG significance. The GHG analysis also follows the guidance provided by the Court in the Newhall Ranch decision, which supports determining significance based on the extent to which project design features and applicable regulatory requirements achieve or support established GHG reduction targets.

6.2 Project Analysis Results

6.2.1 Air Quality

6.2.1.1 Estimated Short-Term Emissions
As outlined in Section 5.1.1, CalEEMod was used to estimate construction emissions for each Project phase based on the Applicant’s construction schedule, default equipment assumptions, and the total 208 residential units. Modeling reflects the earliest feasible construction start date, resulting in conservative worst‑case emission estimates. Unmitigated and mitigated results are presented in Table 6-3 and Table 6-4, respectively.

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Table 6-3. Short-Term Project Emissions – Unmitigated
Construction
Year
Pollutant (tons/year)
ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5
2029 0.15 1.31 1.92 0.00 0.29 0.16
2030 0.41 1.15 1.72 0.00 0.29 0.15
2031 0.25 0.99 1.60 0.00 0.05 0.03
2032 0.23 1.14 1.80 0.00 0.28 0.15
2033 0.39 1.16 1.84 0.00 0.33 0.16
2034 0.12 1.00 1.75 0.00 0.08 0.04
2035 0.51 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
Maximum Annual Emissions 0.51 1.31 1.92 0.00 0.33 0.16
Significance Threshold 10 10 100 27 15 15
Significant? No No No No No No
Source: Trinity Consultants 2026
Note: 0.00 could represent >0.00; SOX is assumed to be equivalent to SO2.

Table 6-4. Short-Term Project Emissions – Mitigated
Construction
Year
Pollutant (tons/year)
ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5
2029 0.15 1.31 1.92 0.00 0.13 0.08
2030 0.41 1.15 1.72 0.00 0.12 0.07
2031 0.25 0.99 1.60 0.00 0.05 0.03
2032 0.23 1.14 1.80 0.00 0.12 0.07
2033 0.39 1.16 1.84 0.00 0.14 0.07
2034 0.12 1.00 1.75 0.00 0.08 0.04
2035 0.51 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
Maximum Annual Emissions 0.51 1.31 1.92 0.00 0.14 0.08
Significance Threshold 10 10 100 27 15 15
Significant? No No No No No No
Source: Trinity Consultants 2026
Note: 0.00 could represent >0.00; SOX is assumed to be equivalent to SO2.

As calculated with CalEEMod emission factors and Project-specified phasing and equipment, the estimated short-term construction-related emissions would not exceed SJVAPCD significance thresholds during any construction year.

6.2.1.2 Estimated Long-Term Emissions
Long‑term emissions from operational mobile, area, and energy sources were estimated using Project‑specific parameters and accepted emission factors, as described in Section 5.1.2. The proposed Project is expected to generate long‑term air quality impacts, as shown in the tables below. Unmitigated and mitigated operational emissions are presented in Table 6-5 and Table 6-6, respectively. Outputs from the CalEEMod modeling runs are provided in Appendix D.

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Table 6-5. Post-Project (Operational) Emissions – Unmitigated Emission Source Pollutant (tons/year)
ROG NOX CO SOX PM10 PM2.5
Mobile 0.95 1.51 8.49 0.03 2.86 0.74
Area 1.81 0.08 1.10 0.00 0.01 0.01
Energy 0.02 0.37 0.16 0.00 0.03 0.03
Water 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Waste 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Refrigerants 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total Emissions 2.78 1.96 9.74 0.03 2.90 0.78
Significance Threshold 10 10 100 27 15 15
Significant?
Source: Trinity Consultants 2026
Note: 0.00 could represent >0.00; SOX is assumed to be equivalent to SO2.

Table 6-6. Post-Project (Operational) Emissions – Mitigated Emission Source Pollutant (tons/year)
ROG NOX CO SOX PM10 PM2.5
Mobile 0.95 1.51 8.49 0.03 2.86 0.74
Area 1.80 0.01 1.07 0.00 0.00 0.00
Energy 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Water 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Waste 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Refrigerants 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total Emissions 2.76 1.52 9.56 0.03 2.87 0.74
Significance Threshold 10 10 100 27 15 15
Significant?
Source: Trinity Consultants 2026
Note: 0.00 could represent >0.00; SOX is assumed to be equivalent to SO2.

As shown above, both unmitigated and mitigated operation-related emissions, as calculated by CalEEMod (see Appendix A), would be less than significant per the SJVAPCD significance threshold levels.

6.2.1.3 Potential Impacts to Visibility to Nearby Areas Visibility impact analyses are intended for stationary sources of emissions which are subject to the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements in 40 CFR Part 60; they are not usually conducted for area sources. Because the Project’s PM10 emissions increase is predicted to be less than the PSD threshold levels, an impact at any Class 1 area or military/airspace operation within 100 kilometers of the Project (including San Rafael Wilderness, Domeland Wilderness, Edwards Air Force Base, China Lake Naval Weapons Station, and the entire R-2508 Airspace Complex) is extremely unlikely. Therefore, based on the Project’s predicted less than significant PM10 emissions, the Project would be expected to have a less than significant impact to visibility at any Class 1 area or military/airspace operation.

6.2.1.4 Potential Impacts from Carbon Monoxide
Ambient CO concentrations normally correspond closely to the spatial and temporal distributions of vehicular traffic. Relatively high concentrations of CO would be expected along heavily traveled roads and near busy intersections. CO concentrations are also influenced by wind speed and atmospheric mixing. CO VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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concentrations may be more uniformly distributed when inversion conditions are prevalent in the valley. Under certain meteorological conditions, CO concentrations along a congested roadway or intersection may reach unhealthful levels for sensitive receptors, e.g. children, the elderly, hospital patients, etc. This localized impact can result in elevated levels of CO, or “hotspots” even though concentrations at the closest air quality monitoring station may be below NAAQS and CAAQS.

The localized Project impacts depend on whether ambient CO levels in the Project vicinity would be above or below NAAQS. If ambient levels are below the standards, a project is considered to have significant impacts if a project’s emissions would exceed one or more of these standards. If ambient levels already exceed a state standard, a project’s emissions are considered significant if they would increase one-hour CO concentrations by 10 ppm or more or eight-hour CO concentrations by 0.45 ppm or more. There are two criteria established by the SJVAPCD’s GAMAQI by which CO “Hot Spot” modeling is required:

1. A traffic study for the project indicates that the Level of Service (LOS) on one or more streets or at one or more intersections in the project vicinity would be reduced to LOS E or F; or

2. A traffic study indicates that the project would substantially worsen an already existing LOS F on one or more streets or at one or more intersections in the project vicinity.

An updated trip generation was prepared by McIntosh and Associates (2026); however, no updated LOS analysis was conducted beyond the 2006 Traffic Impact Study (McIntosh). Per the 2006 study, impacted intersections and roadway segments are anticipated to operate at a LOS of C or better. Therefore, CO “Hotspot” Modeling was not conducted for this Project and no concentrated excessive CO emissions are expected to be caused once the proposed Project is completed.

6.2.1.5 Potential Health Risk Impacts
SJVAPCD has set the level of significance for carcinogenic risk at twenty in one million, which is understood as the possibility of causing twenty additional cancer cases in a population of one million people. The level of significance for chronic and acute non-cancer risk is a hazard index of 1.0.

As shown in Table 6-7 below, the carcinogenic risk and the HIs for chronic and acute non-cancer risk at the point of maximum impact (PMI) do not exceed the significance levels of twenty in one million (20 x 10-6) and

1.0, respectively for the proposed Project. The PMI is identified by receptor location and risk and provided in Table 6-7. The electronic AERMOD and HARP2 output files are provided in Appendix D.

Table 6-7. Potential Maximum Impacts Predicted by HARP2 Scenario Receptor
ID UTM East UTM North Result Significance Threshold Significant? Excess Cancer Risk 33 308541.5 3906411.0 18.04 in a
million
20 in a
million No
Chronic Hazard Index 33 308541.5 3906411.0 0.01 1 No
Acute Hazard Index - - - - 1 No
Source: Trinity Consultants 2026
As shown above in Table 6-7, the maximum predicted cancer risk for the proposed Project is 18.04 in a million. The maximum chronic non-cancer hazard index for the proposed Project is 0.01. Since the PMI remained below the significance threshold for cancer and chronic risk, this Project would not have an adverse effect on any of the surrounding communities.

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The potential health risk attributable to the proposed Project is determined to be less than significant based on the following conclusions:

1. Potential carcinogenic risk from the proposed Project is below the significance level of twenty in a million at each of the modeled receptors; and

2. The hazard index for the potential chronic non-cancer risk from the proposed Project is below the significance level of 1.0 at each of the modeled receptors.

3. The hazard index for the potential acute non-cancer risk from the proposed Project was not calculated since there is no acute risk associated with DPM emissions; therefore, the proposed Project is considered below the significance level.

Therefore, the potential risk to the population attributable to emissions of TACs from the proposed Project would be less than significant.

6.2.1.6 Potential Impacts from Valley Fever
The proposed Project has the potential to generate fugitive dust during construction, which could suspend Coccidioides (Valley Fever) spores if present in the on-site soils. Both on-site workers and nearby sensitive receptors could be exposed to spores entrained in dust generated during ground‑disturbing activities. To minimize potential risk, the Project would implement measures such as providing Valley Fever awareness training, supplying appropriate personal protective respiratory equipment to construction workers, and distributing informational materials to all construction personnel and visitors. With implementation of these measures, the potential for Valley Fever exposure would be reduced.

Site preparation and construction activities may disturb soil and release Coccidioides spores; however, as the Project is within the jurisdiction of the SJVAPCD, construction activities must comply with Regulation VIII (Fugitive PM10 Prohibitions). Regulation VIII requires dust‑control practices such as watering disturbed areas, stabilizing surfaces, and limiting on-site vehicle speeds, all of which reduce fugitive dust generation and the potential for airborne spore transport.

Construction activities must also comply with applicable building, health, and safety regulations, including Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) requirements. These include mandatory awareness training, respiratory protection protocols, and implementation of best management practices to minimize worker exposure to airborne hazards such as Valley Fever spores.

In addition, the City of Bakersfield Municipal Code (§16.44.030 and §16.44.040) requires submission of an approved grading plan, preliminary soils report, and compaction testing certified by a licensed civil engineer prior to recordation of the final map and issuance of building permits. If the preliminary soils report identifies any soil‑related concerns, the civil engineer must recommend corrective actions, and a final soils report must certify that all corrective measures have been satisfactorily completed.

With adherence to SJVAPCD dust‑control requirements, OSHA/Cal‑OSHA safety regulations, and City of Bakersfield grading and soils standards, construction‑related dust emissions would not substantially increase Valley Fever exposure risk. As a result, potential impacts would be less than significant.

6.2.1.7 Potential Impacts from Asbestos
Naturally occurring asbestos can be released from serpentinite and ultramafic rocks when the rock is broken or crushed. At the point of release, the asbestos fibers may become airborne, causing air quality and human health hazards. These rocks have been commonly used for unpaved gravel roads, landscaping, fill projects, VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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and other improvement projects in some localities. Asbestos may be released to the atmosphere due to vehicular traffic on unpaved roads, during grading of development projects, and at mining operations.

Serpentinite and/or ultramafic rock are known to be present in 44 of California's 58 counties. These rocks are particularly abundant in the counties associated with the Sierra Nevada foothills, the Klamath Mountains, and Coast Ranges. However, according to information provided by the Department of Conservation Division of Mines and Geology, the Project site is not located in an area where naturally occurring asbestos is likely to be present (CDCDMG, 2000). Therefore, impacts associated with exposure of construction workers and nearby sensitive receptors to asbestos would be less than significant.

6.2.1.8 Potential Odor Impacts
The SJVAPCD’s GAMAQI explains that odor impact analyses should evaluate whether a proposed project would generate odorous emissions that could affect nearby sensitive receptors or whether it would function as a receiver by placing new sensitive land uses near existing odor sources (SJVAPCD, 2015).

The GAMAQI identifies several types of facilities within the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin that are commonly associated with odor generation and provides recommended screening distances for evaluating the potential for odor impacts. These facility types and screening distances are listed in GAMAQI Table 6 (“Screening Levels for Potential Odor Sources”) as a qualitative screening tool to determine whether a project may require more detailed odor analysis and are reproduced in Table 6-8 below.

Table 6-8. SJVAPCD Screening Levels for Potential Odor Sources Type of Facility Screening Distance
Wastewater Treatment Facilities 2 miles
Sanitary Landfill 1 mile
Transfer Station 1 mile
Composting Facility 1 mile
Petroleum Refinery 2 miles
Asphalt Batch Plant 1 mile
Chemical Manufacturing 1 mile
Fiberglass Manufacturing 1 mile
Painting/Coating Operations (e.g. auto body shops) 1 mile Food Processing Facility 1 mile
Feed Lot/Dairy 1 mile
Rendering Plant 1 mile
Source: SJVAPCD GAMAQI Table 6, 2015
Consistent with the California Supreme Court’s decision in California Building Industry Association v. Bay Area Air Quality Management District (2015) 62 Cal.4th 369, CEQA is directed at a project’s effects on the environment, and generally does not require evaluation of how existing environmental conditions (e.g., odors from off‑site sources) might affect the project’s occupants unless the project would exacerbate those conditions or an independent statute expressly requires such an evaluation. This analysis therefore focuses on whether the Project would generate odors affecting surrounding receptors. It does not evaluate potential effects of existing off‑site odor sources on future Project residents because the Project would not intensify any off‑site odor source and no separate statute compels such analysis for this Project type.

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objectionable odors. Based on the GAMAQI screening criteria, the Project would not exceed any thresholds that would classify it as a potential odor source. Furthermore, Project emission estimates do not indicate any potential for odor‑related impacts to surrounding receptors.

6.2.1.9 Potential Impacts to Ambient Air Quality
CARB states that ambient air quality standards (AAQS) “define clean air and are established to protect the health of the most sensitive groups in our communities” (n.d.). CAAQS were first adopted in 1962, followed by the NAAQS established by the EPA in 1971. The development of CAAQS relies on OEHHA, which reviews health literature and provides recommendations for the standards. Similarly, EPA establishes the NAAQS through the Integrated Science Assessment (ISA), Risk/Exposure Assessment (REA), and Policy Assessment (PA) processes.

According to Section 8.4.4 of the GAMAQI, the SJVAPCD has established screening levels to determine when an Ambient Air Quality Analysis (AAQA) is required. The District recommends preparing an AAQA for all criteria pollutants when project‑related construction or operational emissions exceed 100 pounds per day for any criteria pollutant after accounting for Rule 9510 compliance and all enforceable mitigation measures.

As shown in Table 6-9, the average daily construction and operational emissions associated with this Project would not exceed 100 pounds per day. Therefore, an AAQA is not required.

Table 6-9. Average Mitigated Daily Emissions
Emission Source Pollutant (Pounds/Day)
ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10 PM2.5
Mitigated Construction Emissions
Average Daily (Max) Emissions 44.16 10.07 14.79 0.03 1.07 0.59 AAQA Threshold 100 100 100 100 100 100
Is Threshold Exceeded? No No No No No No
Mitigated Operational Emissions
Average Daily (Max) Emissions 15.10 8.31 52.36 0.17 15.70 4.08 AAQA Threshold 100 100 100 100 100 100
Is Threshold Exceeded? No No No No No No
Source: Trinity Consultants, 2026
Note: Mitigated emissions shown reflect the mitigation measures and Project design features presented in Table 5-3 and Table 5-9. Additional mitigations associated with Rule 9510 requirements have not been included in this screening analysis, providing a conservative assessment.

For this Project, both the maximum estimated construction emissions and maximum operational emissions remain below the 100 pound per day screening threshold. As discussed above, because the Project’s emissions do not exceed SJVAPCD screening threshold levels, the Project would result in a less than significant impact on ambient air quality.

6.2.1.10 Potential Impact on Sensitive Receptors
Sensitive receptors are defined as locations where young children, the chronically ill, the elderly, or other individuals more susceptible to air pollution impacts reside or spend extended periods of time. Examples include schools, hospitals, nursing homes, and daycare centers. There are 19 known non‑residential sensitive receptors within 2 miles of the Project site, as shown in Table 6-10.

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Table 6-10. Sensitive Receptors Located < 2 Miles from Project Receptor 1 Type of Facility Distance from
Project in Miles 2
Direction from
Project
Independence High School High School (Public) 0.02 W
Savanna Assisted Living Assisted Living Facility 0.98 N My Rainbow Family Child Care Daycare 1.27 NW
BALANCE Residential Care Assisted Living Facility 1.53 N Divine Mercy Care Homes Assisted Living Facility 1.54 N Ramdas Home Care Assisted Living Facility 1.54 N
Able Care Home Assisted Living Facility 1.56 N
Galaxy Explorers Kids Academy Daycare 1.60 E
Johns Haven Assisted Living Assisted Living Facility 1.60 N Summer Springs Board and Care Assisted Living Facility 1.60 N Blue Pearl Home Care Assisted Living Facility 1.61 N
Love to Learn Elementary School (Private) 1.61 N
Central Valley Residential Care Assisted Living Facility 1.62 E Libet Living Services Assisted Living Facility 1.64 N
Heritage Living Assisted Living Facility 1.68 N
Donald E. Suburu Elementary School Elementary School (Public) 1.72 E St. Catherines Home Care Assisted Living Facility 1.86 N Sing Lum Elementary School Elementary School (Public) 1.88 N Earl Warren Jr. High School Junior High School (Public) 1.92 N Note:

1. Sensitive receptors within two miles were identified using publicly available data sources accessed in February 2026, including Google Earth, the California Department of Health Care Access and Information database, and the California Department of Education’s California School Directory.

2. Distance from Project to each Sensitive Receptor is estimated based on Google Earth.

The sensitive receptors identified in Table 6-10 have been included in the HRA, as discussed in Section

6.2.1.5 above. The maximum predicted cancer risk, chronic non‑cancer hazard index, and acute non‑cancer hazard index for these receptors are all below the SJVAPCD thresholds of significance. Therefore, impacts to sensitive receptors from Project‑related TACs would be less than significant.

In addition, emissions of criteria air pollutants from both construction and operation of the Project, evaluated on a daily and annual basis as presented in Sections 6.2.1.1, 6.2.1.2, and 6.2.1.9, are below all applicable SJVAPCD thresholds of significance. As a result, impacts to sensitive receptors from Project‑related criteria pollutants, including ozone precursors (VOCs and NOX) and PM2.5, would also be less than significant.

6.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions

6.2.2.1 Estimated Short-Term Emissions
As outlined in Section 5.3.1, CalEEMod was used to estimate construction emissions for each Project phase based on the Applicant’s construction schedule, default equipment assumptions, and the total 208 residential units. Modeling reflects the earliest feasible construction start date, resulting in conservative, legally defensible worst‑case emission estimates. GHG emissions associated with construction are presented in Table 6-11 below.

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Table 6-11. Estimated GHG Emissions – Construction
Construction
Year
Pollutant (MT/year)
CO2 CH4 N2O Refrigerants CO2e
2029 342.00 342.00 0.01 0.01 0.04
2030 297.48 297.48 0.01 0.00 0.03
2031 284.36 284.36 0.01 0.00 0.02
2032 325.86 325.86 0.01 0.00 0.02
2033 362.50 362.50 0.01 0.00 0.03
2034 334.36 334.36 0.01 0.01 0.03
2035 2.49 2.49 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total Construction
Emissions 1,949.05 1,949.05 0.07 0.03 0.17
Annualized Emissions 64.97 0.00 0.00 0.01 65.32
Source: Trinity Consultants 2026
Note: 0.00 could represent > 0.00 due to rounding. Per South Coast AQMD’s Methodology

6.2.2.2 Estimated Long-Term Emissions
Long‑term operational emissions were estimated using project‑specific parameters and established emission factors, as described in Section 5.3.2. The proposed Project is expected to generate long‑term operational air quality impacts, as summarized in the tables below. Detailed outputs from the CalEEMod modeling runs are provided in Appendix A.

Unmitigated operational emissions are presented in Table 6-12, with a sector‑specific breakdown provided in Table 6-13.

Table 6-12. Estimated GHG Emissions – Unmitigated Operations Sector Pollutant (MT/year)
CO2 CH4 N2O Refrigerants CO2e
Mobile 2,857.66 0.08 0.16 2.17 2,909.61
Area 84.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 84.12
Energy 609.33 0.07 0.00 0.00 612.30
Water 16.73 0.28 0.01 0.00 25.67
Waste 16.71 1.67 0.00 0.00 58.46
Refrigerants 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.48
Total Operations Emissions 3,584.46 2.10 0.17 2.65 3,690.65 Annualized Construction 64.97 0.00 0.00 0.01 65.32
Total Project Emissions 3,649.43 2.10 0.17 2.66 3,755.97 Source: Trinity Consultants 2026
Note: 0.00 could represent > 0.00 due to rounding.

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Table 6-13. Sector Contribution of Unmitigated GHG Emissions Sector Unmitigated CO2e Emissions
(MT/Year)
Contribution
Percentage
Mobile 2,909.61 77.47%
Energy 612.30 16.30%
Area 84.12 2.24%
Annualized Construction 65.32 1.74%
Waste 58.46 1.56%
Water 25.67 0.68%
Refrigerants 0.48 0.01%
Total Project Emissions 3,755.97 100.00%
Source: Trinity Consultants 2026
Note: 0.00 could represent > 0.00 due to rounding.

Mitigated operational emissions are presented in Table 6-14, with a sector‑specific breakdown provided in Table 6-15.

Table 6-14. Estimated GHG Emissions – Mitigated Operations Sector Pollutant (MT/year)
CO2 CH4 N2O R CO2e
Mobile 2,857.66 0.08 0.16 2.17 2,909.61
Area 7.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.85
Energy 27.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 28.27
Water 16.73 0.28 0.01 0.00 25.67
Waste 16.71 1.67 0.00 0.00 58.46
Refrigerants 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.48 0.48
Total Operations Emissions 2,926.88 2.03 0.17 2.65 3,030.34 Annualized Construction 64.97 0.00 0.00 0.01 65.32
Total Project Emissions 2,991.85 2.04 0.17 2.66 3,095.67 Source: Trinity Consultants 2026
Note: 0.00 could represent > 0.00 due to rounding.

Table 6-15. Sector Contribution of Mitigated GHG Emissions Sector Mitigated CO2e Emissions
(MT/Year)
Contribution
Percentage
Mobile 2,909.61 93.99%
Annualized Construction 65.32 2.11%
Waste 58.46 1.89%
Energy 28.27 0.91%
Water 25.67 0.83%
Area 7.85 0.25%
Refrigerants 0.48 0.02%
Total Project Emissions 3,095.67 100.00%
Source: Trinity Consultants 2026
Note: 0.00 could represent > 0.00 due to rounding.

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Table 6-16 summarizes the percent reduction in operational GHG emissions by sector and presents the total reduction achieved for the proposed Project. These values reflect the effectiveness of the Project’s on‑site mitigation measures and provide a comparison of unmitigated and mitigated emissions by operational source category.

Table 6-16. Sector‑Specific GHG Reductions
Sector Unmitigated CO2e
Emissions (MT/Year)
Mitigated CO2e
Emissions (MT/Year)
Percent
Reduction
Mobile 2,909.61 2,909.61 0.00%
Area 84.12 7.85 90.67%
Energy 612.30 28.27 95.38%
Water 25.67 25.67 0.00%
Waste 58.46 58.46 0.00%
Refrigerants 0.48 0.48 0.00%
Annualized Construction 65.32 65.32 0.00%
Total Project Emissions 3,755.97 3,095.67 17.58%
Source: Trinity Consultants 2026
Note: 0.00 could represent > 0.00 due to rounding.

The Project’s estimated GHG emissions reflect conservative, worst‑case assumptions and do not account for reductions achieved through statewide GHG reduction programs. With these programs in place, the Project’s GHG emissions are expected to decline from initial operational levels. Key statewide programs influencing GHG emissions include the following:
► Mobile Sources (including construction equipment)
• Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS): Requires a gradual reduction in the carbon intensity of transportation fuels, supporting the transition to low‑carbon fuels and vehicle technologies. As cleaner fuels enter the market and electrification expands, lifecycle GHG emissions from mobile sources will decrease beyond the Project’s conservative modeling assumptions. • Cap-and-Invest Program: Regulates transportation fuel suppliers and importers by requiring allowances for the carbon content of fuels. This mechanism creates market incentives for lower‑carbon fuels and improvements in fleet efficiency, resulting in additional mobile‑source GHG reductions. ► Energy
• Cap‑and‑Invest Program: Also applies to electricity generators, requiring reductions in GHG emissions associated with power production. As utilities procure cleaner energy or implement emission‑reduction strategies, the carbon intensity of electricity used on‑site will decrease, reducing energy‑related GHG emissions over time.
• Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS): Mandates increasing proportions of electricity to be generated from renewable resources such as wind, solar, and geothermal power. As RPS targets increase, the GHG emissions associated with electricity consumption will continue to decline. • California Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen): All newly constructed low-rise residential buildings must include a solar photovoltaic (PV) system to meet energy demands. The size of the solar PV system is calculated based on the climate zone energy demand and conditioned floor area of the unit. The Energy Code allows for some flexibility in meeting solar requirements using battery storage. Installing a state-specified battery storage system with a minimum usable capacity can allow for a reduction in the required solar PV system for single-family homes. New construction of one-family dwelling units is required to install a listed raceway to accommodate a dedicated circuit for an EV charger. Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) shall comply with the California Electrical VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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Code. The minimum required solar PV system is intended to offset the electrical consumption of the proposed building, as if it were a mixed fuel building (assumes a natural gas furnace, water heater, stove, and clothes dryer). (CEC, 2022)
► Waste
• Senate Bill 1383 (SB 1383): Requires statewide reduction in short‑lived climate pollutants, including methane from organic waste decomposition. Local programs diverting organic waste, such as food scraps and yard waste, from landfills reduce methane emissions, contributing to lower waste‑sector GHG emissions over the project’s lifetime. ► Water
• California Plumbing Code (CPC): Establishes minimum efficiency standards for plumbing fixtures and appliances, including low‑flow faucets, toilets, and showerheads. Reduced water consumption results in lower energy demand for water conveyance, treatment, and heating, decreasing associated GHG emissions.6
With the implementation and continued strengthening of statewide programs, the Project’s GHG emissions are expected to decrease over time following the start of operations.

6.3 Analysis of Air Quality CEQA Appendix G Environmental Checklist Questions

6.3.1 AQ-1: Conflict or Obstruct Implementation of Air Quality Plan Air quality impacts from proposed projects within Kern County are controlled through policies and provisions of the SJVAPCD, the Metropolitan Bakersfield General Plan, and the Kern County General Plan (unincorporated areas). The City of Bakersfield (Lead Agency) currently has not adopted a local Climate Action Plan or air quality guidance document to date. In order to demonstrate that a proposed project would not cause further air quality degradation by conflicting with either the SJVAPCD’s plan to improve air quality within the air basin or the federal requirements to meet certain air quality compliance goals, each project should also demonstrate consistency with the SJVAPCD’s adopted Air Quality Attainment Plans (AQAP) for O3 and PM10. The SJVAPCD is required to submit a “Rate of Progress” document to CARB that demonstrates past and planned progress toward reaching attainment for all criteria pollutants. The California Clean Air Act (CCAA) requires air pollution control districts with severe or extreme air quality problems to provide for a 5 percent reduction in nonattainment emissions per year. The AQAP prepared for the San Joaquin Valley by the SJVAPCD complies with this requirement. CARB reviews, approves or amends the document and forwards the plan to the EPA for final review and approval within the SIP.
6 As noted in CalEEMod Appendix C, “Water use rates may decline in the future due to technological improvements, more stringent regulation, and/or increasing awareness of resource conservation. Accordingly, projected residential indoor water use for projects operating after 2018 is likely overestimated.” CEQA Guidelines Appendix G Environmental Checklist Air Quality Issue:
a) Would the Project conflict with or obstruct implementation of the applicable air quality plan? Applicable SJVAPCD Significance Criteria: presented in Table 6-1.

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6.3.1.1 Required Evaluation Guidelines
State CEQA Guidelines and the federal Clean Air Act (Sections 176 and 316) require evaluation of whether a proposed project is consistent with the applicable AQAP for the region. This consistency review generally considers whether the regional AQAP is being implemented, whether the project fits within the growth forecasts and planning assumptions underlying the AQAP, and whether the project incorporates applicable air quality measures adopted to help achieve attainment.

In the San Joaquin Valley, the SJVAPCD is actively implementing the currently approved AQAP as adopted by CARB. The proposed Project introduces a residential land use type that was not fully anticipated in the AQAP’s existing growth assumptions; however, with approval of the Project, the Metropolitan Bakersfield General Plan and the associated planning assumptions would be updated accordingly, ensuring consistency with the AQAP’s regional growth framework.

The Project is also required to comply with applicable SJVAPCD rules, policies, and implementation measures that reduce emissions from both stationary and area sources. The California Clean Air Act (CCAA) and the AQAP also identify transportation control measures as important tools for reducing emissions from mobile sources. Strategies such as reducing vehicle trips and vehicle miles traveled, minimizing idling, and easing traffic congestion all contribute to regional emissions reductions. Additional measures implemented during site development, such as including exterior electrical outlets to support the use of electric landscape maintenance equipment, further support compliance with applicable air quality policies.

Because growth associated with the Project will be incorporated into the Metropolitan Bakersfield General Plan and is therefore reflected in the regional AQAP, two key findings support a conclusion of consistency:
► Project-generated emissions would remain below SJVAPCD’s established significance thresholds; and ► The majority of emissions would result from licensed motor vehicles whose emissions are already accounted for in CARB’s San Joaquin Valley emissions inventory.

Based on these considerations, the proposed Project would be consistent with the applicable AQAP.

6.3.1.2 Consistency with the Kern Council of Government’s Regional Conformity Analysis The Kern Council of Governments (Kern COG) Regional Conformity Analysis (Kern COG 2022) Determination demonstrates that the regional transportation expenditure plans (Destination 2042 Regional Transportation Plan and Federal Transportation Improvement Program) in the Kern County portion of the San Joaquin Valley air quality attainment areas would not hinder the efforts set out in CARB’s SIP for each area’s non-attainment pollutants (CO, O3, and PM10). The analysis uses an adopted regional growth forecast, governed by both the adopted Kern COG Policy and Procedure Manual and a Memorandum of Understanding between the County of Kern and Kern COG (representing itself and outlying municipal member agencies).

The Kern COG Regional Conformity Analysis considers General Plan Amendments (GPAs) and zone changes that were enacted at the time of the analysis as projected growth within the area based on land use designations incorporated within both the Metropolitan Bakersfield and Kern County General Plans. Land use designations that are altered based on subsequent GPAs that were not included in the Regional Conformity Analysis were not incorporated into the Kern COG analysis. Consequently, if a proposed project is not included in the regional growth forecast using the latest planning assumptions, it may not be said to conform to the regional growth forecast. Under the current zoning, the Project site land use is designated as “LR” (Low Density Residential) (see Figure 6-1).

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Figure 6-1. City of Bakersfield Land Use Designation
Source: City of Bakersfield GIS, 2026
The adopted growth forecast for the project site is distributed to Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZ) (see Figure 6-2). In order to evaluate the impacts to the proposed Project area, a one-mile radius analysis was conducted that included TAZ 219, 220, 666, 667, 668, 669, 890, 894, 896, 897, 902, 919, 920, 921, 923, 924, 925, 1117, 1120, 1124, and 1126. This places the Project site at the center of the analysis area and provides a conservative evaluation of the TAZ data. Kern COG has predicted an increase of 2,860 households or 169% between 2020 and 2035. Residential forecast for the TAZ analysis area appears to be sufficient to account for 100% of the planned residential growth attributed to the proposed Project. To be considered “consistent” and, therefore, in conformance with the AQAP, these increases would need to occur over the same time as the adopted growth forecast.

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Figure 6-2. TAZ Analysis Area
Table 6-17 summarizes projected household and employment growth in the TAZ analysis area, showing the changes in both number and percentage relative to the 2020 baseline.

Table 6-17. TAZ Analysis – Projected Growth Summary
Category/Metric 20201 2035 2046
Households 1,694 4,554 5,277
Change from 2020 -- 2,860 3,583
% Change from 2020 -- 169% 212%
Employment 483 664 733
Change from 2020 -- 181 250
% Change from 2020 -- 37% 52%
Source: Kern Council of Governments Regional Conformity Analysis Data, 2022 Note:

1. Values for 2020 are set as the baseline (“0”) to indicate net increases or decreases in subsequent years.

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6.3.2 AQ-2: Cumulative Impacts
By its very nature, air pollution has a cumulative impact. The District’s nonattainment status is a result of past and present development within the SJVAB. Furthermore, attainment of ambient air quality standards can be jeopardized by increasing emissions-generating activities in the region. No single project would be sufficient in size, by itself, to result in nonattainment of the regional air quality standards. Instead, a project’s emissions may be individually limited, but cumulatively considerable when taken in combination with past, present, and future development within the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin. When assessing whether there is a new significant cumulative effect, the Lead Agency shall consider whether the incremental effects of the project are cumulatively considerable. “Cumulatively considerable” means that the incremental effects of an individual project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, the effects of other current projects, and the effects of probable future projects [CCR §15064(h)(1)]. Per CEQA Guidelines §15064(h)(3) a Lead Agency may determine that a project’s incremental contribution to a cumulative effect is not cumulatively considerable if the project will comply with the requirements in a previously approved plan or mitigation program, including, but not limited to an air quality attainment or maintenance plan that provides specific requirements that will avoid or substantially lessen the cumulative problem within the geographic area in which the project is located (SJVAPCD 2015).

The City of Bakersfield, as the Lead Agency, does not have specific guidance for determining cumulative effects. Given that the Project is also located within Kern County, Kern County’s guidance on cumulative effects is referenced here. Attachment A of Kern County’s Guidelines for Preparing an Air Quality Assessment for Use in Environmental Impact Reports states “the following thresholds are defined for purposes of determining cumulative effects as the baseline for ’considerable‘. Projects in the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District…will be subject to the following significance thresholds.” The thresholds outlined in the guidelines mirror the individual project significance thresholds of 15 tons per year for PM10 and 10 tons per year for NOX and ROG. Therefore, owing to the inherently cumulative nature of air quality impacts, the threshold for whether a project would make a cumulatively considerable contribution to a significant cumulative impact is simply whether the project would exceed project-level thresholds. Based on the analysis conducted for this Project, it is individually less than significant.

This AQIA, however, also considered impacts of the proposed Project in conjunction with the impacts of other projects previously proposed in the area. The following cumulative impacts were considered:
► Cumulative Regional Air Quality Impacts, including ozone precursors, ROG and NOX, from numerous sources within the region, as well as pollutant transport from outside the region. PM10 emissions were also considered, including those generated regionally and locally from various projects. ► Cumulative Carbon Monoxide (CO) Impacts, produced primarily by vehicular emissions. ► Cumulative Toxic Air Contaminant (TAC) Impacts on sensitive receptors.

CEQA Guidelines Appendix G Environmental Checklist Air Quality Issue:
b) Would the Project result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the project region is non-attainment under an applicable federal or state AAQS? Applicable SJVAPCD Significance Criteria: presented in Table 6-1.

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6.3.2.1 Cumulative Regional Air Quality Impacts
To evaluate cumulative regional air quality impacts for ozone and PM10, this analysis relies on CARB’s California Emission Projection Analysis Model (CEPAM), which provides statewide emissions projections used in the development of SIPs. CEPAM is used collaboratively by CARB and local air districts, including SJVAPCD, to forecast future emissions based on anticipated growth, control measures, and regulatory impacts.

Baseline emissions data incorporated into CEPAM is sourced from CARB’s California Emissions Inventory Data Analysis and Reporting System (CEIDARS), a statewide database that compiles emissions information submitted by local air districts, state agencies, and other reporting entities. CEIDARS provides historical and current emissions for point sources, area sources, mobile sources, and natural sources.

Table 6-18 provides a comparison of the proposed Project’s impacts relative to conditions in the SJVAB, using the 2025 Estimated Annual Average Emissions for Kern County from the CEPAM2019v1.04 emission projection dataset.

The most recent, SJVAB Emission Inventory data available from CEPAM is based on data gathered for the 2025 annual inventory7. Table 6-18 provides a comparative look at the impacts proposed by the proposed Project to the SJVAB Emissions Inventory.

Table 6-18. Comparative Analysis Based on SJV Air Basin 2025 Inventory Pollutant (tons/year)
ROG NOX CO SOX PM10 PM2.5
Proposed Project 2.76 1.52 9.56 0.03 2.87 0.74
Kern County - 2025 1 60,853 10,468 39,274 566 14,491 4,322 SJVAB - 2025 371,117 51,228 418,958 3,365 116,530 39,603 Proposed Project’s % of Kern 0.005% 0.014% 0.024% 0.005% 0.020% 0.017% Proposed Project’s % of SJVAB 0.001% 0.003% 0.002% 0.001% 0.002% 0.002% Source: CEPAM2019v1.04 Emission Projection Data, CARB
Note:

1. Kern County portion of the SJVAB
As shown in Table 6-18, the proposed Project does not pose a substantial increase to basin emissions, as such basin emissions would be essentially the same if the Project is approved.

Table 6-19, Table 6-20, and Table 6-21 provide CARB Emissions Inventory projections for the year 2040 for both the SJVAB and the Kern County portion of the air basin. Looking at the SJVAB Emissions predicted by the CARB year 2040 emissions inventory, the Kern County portion of the air basin is a moderate source of the emissions. The proposed Project produces a small portion of the total emissions in both Kern County and the entire SJVAB.
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Table 6-19. Emission Inventory SJVAB 2040 Projection
Pollutant (tons/year)
ROG NOX CO SOX PM10 PM2.5
Total Emissions 371,074 34,416 377,341 3,373 117,307 39,391 Percent Stationary Sources 9.51% 16.64% 2.03% 53.14% 3.96% 6.49% Percent Area-Wide Sources 16.17% 6.19% 9.60% 5.52% 74.43% 41.93% Percent Mobile Sources 2.99% 63.39% 27.62% 7.68% 3.48% 5.83% Percent Natural Sources 71.33% 13.78% 60.75% 33.66% 18.13% 45.76% Total Stationary Source Emissions 35,281 5,727 7,643 1,792 4,646 2,555 Total Area-Wide Source Emissions 59,988 2,132 36,223 186 87,312 16,516 Total Mobile Source Emissions 11,103 21,816 104,222 259 4,081 2,296 Total Natural Source Emissions 264,702 4,741 229,253 1,135 21,269 18,024 Source: CEPAM2019v1.04 Emission Projection Data, CARB
Note: Totals may not add up due to rounding.

Table 6-20. Emission Inventory SJVAB – Kern County Portion 2040 Projection Pollutant (tons/year)
ROG NOX CO SOX PM10 PM2.5
Total Emissions 60,258 7,373 32,803 449 14,418 4,165
Percent Stationary Sources 17.34% 23.61% 7.92% 69.92% 8.51% 22.26% Percent Area-Wide Sources 13.00% 4.90% 6.11% 4.07% 80.23% 51.53% Percent Mobile Sources 3.31% 63.96% 61.20% 9.76% 5.44% 9.20% Percent Natural Sources 66.35% 7.52% 24.77% 16.26% 5.82% 17.00% Total Stationary Source Emissions 10,450 1,741 2,599 314 1,226 927 Total Area-Wide Source Emissions 7,833 361 2,004 18 11,567 2,146 Total Mobile Source Emissions 1,993 4,716 20,075 44 785 383 Total Natural Source Emissions 39,982 555 8,125 73 840 708 Source: CEPAM2019v1.04 Emission Projection Data, CARB
Note: Totals may not add up due to rounding.

Table 6-21. 2040 Emissions Projections – Proposed Project, Kern County, and SJVAB Pollutant (tons/year)
ROG NOX PM10
Proposed Project 2.76 1.52 2.87
Kern County 60,258 7,373 14,418
SJVAB 371,074 34,416 117,307
Proposed Project Percent of Kern County 0.005% 0.021% 0.020% Proposed Project Percent of SJVAB 0.001% 0.004% 0.002%
Kern County Percent of SJVAB 16.24% 21.42% 12.29%
Source: CEPAM2019v1.04 Emission Projection Data, CARB

6.3.2.2 Cumulative Local Air Quality Impacts
The proposed Project is located on Assessor’s Parcel Number (APN) 540-010-19. The site has a current zone classification of R-1 (Single-Unit Dwelling), with land use designation of LR (Low Density Residential). The Project includes development of 208 single-family homes on 39.92 gross acres, which follows the LR VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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designation ratios. Since the Project is consistent with existing zoning and land use regulations, its contributions to cumulative environmental impacts are within the scope of those previously analyzed in the Kern Council of Governments (Kern COG) 2022 Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) Final Program Environmental Impact Report (FPEIR). As defined in CEQA §15355, cumulative impacts refer to two or more individual effects which, when considered together, are considerable or which compound or increase other environmental impacts. The FPEIR evaluated cumulative air quality of all transportation and land development projects anticipated under the 2022 RTP/Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS). Therefore, the Project is not anticipated to result in any additional cumulative air quality impacts beyond those previously evaluated in the RTP FPEIR.

Pursuant to CEQA Guidelines §15183, “projects which are consistent with the development density established by existing zoning, community plan, or general plan policies for which an EIR was certified shall not require additional environmental review, except as might be necessary to examine whether there are project-specific significant effects which are peculiar to the project or its site.” The Project is consistent with the City’s Metropolitan Bakersfield General Plan (MBGP), the Bakersfield Municipal Code (BMC, including Title 17, Zoning Ordinance), and the regional land use pattern established in the Kern COG 2022 RTP/SCS.

Although the standalone Project as proposed would not have a significant impact on air quality, the Project would contribute to cumulative air pollutants emissions in California, as well as related health effects. As presented in this AQIA, the Project emissions would only be a very small fraction of the air basin wide criteria pollutant emissions. CEQA acknowledges that the more severe the environmental problem, the lower the threshold for determining whether a project’s contribution to cumulative impacts is significant. As previously discussed, CEQA Guidelines §§15065(a)(3) and 15130 require agencies to evaluate whether a project’s incremental contribution is cumulatively considerable, while allowing lead agencies discretion in the choice of methodology. Given the Project’s individual emissions are less than significant and the Project is consistent with local zoning, land use designations and regional planning datasets, as well as the discretion of the Lead Agency, there is substantial evidence to support that the Project’s contribution to cumulative air quality impacts would not be cumulatively considerable. The Lead Agency (City of Bakersfield) identified the scientific data used and provided analysis supporting its conclusion that the contribution will be rendered less than cumulatively considerable, as consistent with CEQA.

Additionally, CEQA Guidelines §15130, which governs cumulative impacts analysis, allows agencies to rely on previously approved land use documents (general plans, regional transportation plans, certified EIRs) when evaluating cumulative effects. As defined in CEQA §15355, a cumulative impact consists of an impact which is created as a result of the combination of the project evaluated in the EIR together with other projects causing related impacts. A project‘s contribution is less than cumulatively considerable if the project is required to implement or fund its fair share of a mitigation measure designed to alleviate the cumulative impact. It may be determined that the project’s contribution to a significant cumulative impact is rendered less than cumulatively considerable and thus is not significant. The lead agency shall identify facts and analysis contained in previously certified EIRs and other regional plans supporting its conclusion. Therefore, the lead and responsible agencies evaluated thresholds based upon analysis and consideration of incremental impacts of the Project when added to other closely related past, present, and reasonably foreseeable probable future projects established in the MBGP and Kern COG 2022 RTP/SCS FPEIR. The proposed Project's consistency with these adopted plans and their associated program-level environmental analyses supports the conclusion that cumulative impacts have been adequately addressed under CEQA, and that the Project’s incremental contribution to such impacts would not be cumulatively considerable and thus, is not significant.

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6.3.2.3 Cumulative Carbon Monoxide (CO) – Mobile Sources The SJVAPCD’s GAMAQI has identified CO impacts from impacted traffic intersections and roadway segments as being potentially cumulatively considerable. Traffic increases and added congestion caused by a project can combine to cause a violation of the SJVAPCD’s CO standard also known as a “Hotspot”. There are two criteria established by the GAMAQI by which CO “Hot Spot” modeling is required:
► A traffic study for the project indicates that the Level of Service (LOS) on one or more streets or at one or more intersections in the project vicinity will be reduced to LOS E or F; or ► A traffic study indicates that the project will substantially worsen an already existing LOS F on one or more streets or at one or more intersections in the project vicinity.

An updated trip generation was prepared by McIntosh and Associates (2026); however, no updated LOS analysis was conducted beyond the 2006 Traffic Impact Study (McIntosh). Per the 2006 study, impacted intersections and roadway segments are anticipated to operate at a LOS of C or better. Therefore, CO “Hotspot” Modeling was not conducted for this Project and no concentrated excessive CO emissions are expected to be caused once the proposed Project is completed.

6.3.2.4 Cumulative Toxic Air Contaminants
The GAMAQI states that when evaluating potential impacts related to TACs that “the impacts from TACs are localized and the thresholds of significance for TACs have been established at such a conservative level, risks over the individual thresholds of significance are also considered cumulatively significant. No other cumulative risk thresholds apply.” Because the Project would not be a significant source of TACs, as discussed in Section

6.2.1.5, the proposed Project would also be expected to pose a less than significant cumulative impact on TACs.

6.3.3 AQ-3: Sensitive Receptors
The sensitive receptors identified in Table 6-10 have been included in the HRA, as discussed in Section

6.2.1.5 above. The maximum predicted cancer risk, chronic non‑cancer hazard index, and acute non‑cancer hazard index for these receptors are all below the SJVAPCD thresholds of significance. Therefore, impacts to sensitive receptors from Project‑related TACs would be less than significant.

In addition, emissions of criteria air pollutants from both construction and operation of the Project, evaluated on a daily and annual basis as presented in Sections 6.2.1.1, 6.2.1.2, and 6.2.1.9, are below all applicable SJVAPCD thresholds of significance. As a result, impacts to sensitive receptors from Project‑related criteria pollutants, including ozone precursors (VOCs and NOX) and PM2.5, would also be less than significant.

CEQA Guidelines Appendix G Environmental Checklist Air Quality Issue:
c) Would the Project expose receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations? Applicable SJVAPCD Significance Criteria: presented in Table 6-1, Table 6-2, and Table 6-9.

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6.4 Analysis of GHG CEQA Appendix G Environmental Checklist Questions

6.4.1 GHG-1: GHG Emissions Analysis
Climate change is caused by cumulative GHG emissions. An individual project or emission source typically does not cause a significant climate change effect; it is caused by a large number of sources around the world emitting GHGs that collectively create a significant cumulative impact. Because climate change is a global and cumulative issue, project‑level GHG emissions alone are no longer considered an appropriate indicator of significance.

For disclosure purposes, GHG emissions associated with the proposed Project have been quantified. As shown in Table 6-13, the Project would generate approximately 3,096 metric tons of CO2e per year.

For this Project, consistency with applicable locally adopted climate action plans serves as the primary basis for determining both project‑level and cumulative GHG significance. In addition, the analysis incorporates the approach supported by the Newhall Ranch court decision, which emphasizes evaluating significance based on whether a project’s design features and applicable regulatory requirements collectively achieve or support the State’s established long‑term GHG reduction targets.

6.4.2 GHG-2: Conflict or Obstruction of GHG Reduction Plan This analysis considers local, regional, and statewide plans and programs, including the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District’s Climate Change Action Plan and land use guidance, the Metropolitan Bakersfield General Plan, the Kern COG 2022 RTP/SCS, the California Air Resources Board’s Scoping Plan, and relevant Executive Orders that establish statewide reduction targets and the carbon neutrality goal. Consistency is demonstrated where a project complies with adopted codes, standards, and sector programs that implement these plans and policies, and where project design features reduce energy consumption, support cleaner transportation, and align with planned land uses.

As detailed in the subsections that follow, the Project is consistent with SJVAPCD’s energy efficiency and land use planning strategies, does not conflict with the Metropolitan Bakersfield General Plan, is consistent with the regional land use pattern evaluated in the Kern COG 2022 RTP/SCS and its certified program EIR, and is consistent with statewide strategies identified in CARB’s Scoping Plan. The Project also aligns with Executive Orders B‑30‑15 and B‑55‑18 by operating within California’s regulatory framework for clean energy and low carbon transportation and by incorporating features that reduce on‑site demand and support future electric vehicle charging. A table of specific Scoping Plan measures applicable to the Project, including applicability determinations and compliance findings, is provided in Appendix E.

CEQA Guidelines Appendix G Environmental Checklist GHG Issue:
a) Would the proposed Project generate GHG emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the environment?
CEQA Guidelines Appendix G Environmental Checklist GHG Issue:
b) Would the proposed Project conflict with an applicable plan, policy or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing the emissions of GHGs?
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Based on this evidence, the Project would not conflict with an applicable plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of reducing GHG emissions. Therefore, the Project’s incremental contribution to cumulative GHG emissions would not be cumulatively considerable. Because the Project would not make a considerable contribution to a significant cumulative impact, its project‑level GHG impact is less than significant for CEQA Guidelines Appendix G Checklist Question VIII‑a, and its consistency with applicable plans and policies is less than significant for Checklist Question VIII‑b.

6.4.2.1 Local Plans & Policies

6.4.2.1.1 SJVAPCD Climate Change Action Plan
In 2008, SJVAPCD adopted its Climate Change Action Plan, directing staff to prepare guidance for evaluating and reducing project‑level GHG emissions. SJVAPCD later adopted its CEQA guidance document, Guidance for Valley Land‑Use Agencies in Addressing GHG Emission Impacts for New Projects, on December 17, 2009.

Energy Efficiency, Building Standards, and Conservation Measures SJVAPCD’s Climate Change Action Plan and related guidance emphasize that reducing GHG emissions from the electricity sector relies on minimizing overall energy consumption in buildings and advancing the transition to cleaner power sources. State policy identifies energy efficiency as a foundational strategy for long‑term reductions in electricity‑related emissions, often yielding greater and more immediate benefits than generation‑side measures alone, while also recognizing that compliance with statewide building and appliance standards is a direct and reliable means of lowering project‑level energy demand and associated GHG emissions. In practice, these objectives are implemented through California’s Building Energy Efficiency Standards (Title 24, Part 6), CALGreen (Title 24, Part 11) requirements, and appliance efficiency standards administered by the California Energy Commission, which together ensure that new residential and commercial development incorporates efficient building envelopes, high‑performance equipment, and lower‑consumption appliances.

The proposed Project is consistent with these strategies and standards. The homes would install ENERGY STAR–certified appliances (refrigerators, clothes washers, dishwashers, and ceiling fans) that exceed the efficiency of conventional models and reduce electricity use. Consistent with the 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standards for newly constructed single‑family residences, the Project would install a rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) system, provide pre‑wiring for energy storage (battery‑ready), and include conduit and electrical capacity to support future electric vehicle (EV) charger installation. Although the residences will be grid‑tied, the PV systems will enable each home to self‑generate a substantial portion of its annual electricity demand, thereby reducing reliance on grid electricity and lowering associated GHG emissions. Substituting natural gas with electricity from a power grid that is increasingly supplied by renewable sources, consistent with California’s RPS and Cap-and-Invest Program, ensures that operational emissions will decline over time without the need for future retrofits or policy changes. Collectively, these features demonstrate conformance with the energy efficiency and conservation priorities established by SJVAPCD and the State, and support a determination that the Project would not conflict with SJVAPCD’s Climate Change Action Plan or its land‑use guidance for reducing project‑level GHG emissions.

Land Use Planning GHG Emission Reduction Measures
The Air District also recognizes that land‑use decisions play a major role in transportation‑related GHG emissions. Statewide climate strategies encourage developments that reduce vehicle miles traveled by placing housing near schools, services, and other daily destinations, and by creating opportunities for residents to walk, bicycle, or use cleaner vehicles. CARB identifies the reduction of VMT, improvements in vehicle efficiency, VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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and the transition to lower carbon fuels as the primary ways to reduce transportation sector emissions.

Development patterns that support walkable access to schools or other key destinations can significantly lower vehicle trips and associated emissions.

The proposed Project is consistent with these land use planning principles. The site is currently zoned for residential use, which means the Project is compatible with the established planning framework and is located where the community has anticipated residential growth. In addition, the Project is located directly across the street from a high school. This location allows students to walk to and from school, which reduces school related vehicle trips and lowers transportation emissions. The Project would also install conduit and electrical capacity that supports future electric vehicle charger installation, which helps residents transition to cleaner transportation options. These characteristics demonstrate that the Project aligns with land use planning strategies identified by SJVAPCD and the State and supports the conclusion that the Project would not conflict with SJVAPCD’s Climate Change Action Plan or its guidance for land use agencies.

6.4.2.1.2 Metropolitan Bakersfield General Plan
Discussion of greenhouse gases and climate change is not included in the 2002 Metropolitan Bakersfield General Plan (MBGP). At the time of preparation of this report, neither a draft nor a final version of the City of Bakersfield’s 2045 General Plan Update is available for public review. In addition, the City of Bakersfield has not adopted or released a draft Climate Action Plan. Because there are no applicable local GHG or climate‑related policies in the MBGP or in any other adopted City planning documents, the proposed Project would not conflict with the MBGP.

6.4.2.1.3 Kern COG 2022 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy The proposed Project is located on Assessor’s Parcel Number (APN) 540-010-19. The site has a current zone classification of R-1 (Single-Unit Dwelling), with land use designation of LR (Low Density Residential). The Project includes development of 208 single-family homes on 39.92 gross acres, which follows the LR designation ratios. Since the Project is consistent with existing zoning and land use regulations, its contributions to cumulative environmental impacts are within the scope of those previously analyzed in the Kern Council of Governments (Kern COG) 2022 Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) Final Program Environmental Impact Report (FPEIR). As defined in CEQA §15355, cumulative impacts refer to two or more individual effects which, when considered together, are considerable or which compound or increase other environmental impacts. The FPEIR evaluated cumulative GHG impacts of all transportation and land development projects anticipated under the 2022 RTP/Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS), including those related to climate change. Therefore, the Project is not anticipated to result in any additional cumulative GHG impacts beyond those previously evaluated in the RTP FPEIR.

Pursuant to CEQA Guidelines §15183, “projects which are consistent with the development density established by existing zoning, community plan, or general plan policies for which an EIR was certified shall not require additional environmental review, except as might be necessary to examine whether there are project-specific significant effects which are peculiar to the project or its site.” The Project is consistent with the City’s Metropolitan Bakersfield General Plan (MBGP), the Bakersfield Municipal Code (BMC, including Title 17, Zoning Ordinance), and the regional land use pattern established in the Kern COG 2022 RTP/SCS.

Although the standalone Project as proposed would not have a significant impact on global warming, or climate change, the Project would contribute to cumulative GHG emissions in California, as well as related health effects. CEQA acknowledges that the more severe the environmental problem, the lower the threshold for determining whether a project’s contribution to cumulative impacts is significant. CEQA Guidelines §§15065(a)(3) and 15130 require agencies to evaluate whether a project’s incremental contribution is cumulatively considerable, while allowing lead agencies discretion in the choice of methodology. Given the VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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Project’s individual emissions are less than significant and the Project is consistent with local zoning, land use designations and regional planning datasets, as well as the discretion of the Lead Agency, there is substantial evidence to support that the Project’s contribution to cumulative GHG impacts would not be cumulatively considerable. The Lead Agency (City of Bakersfield) identified the scientific data used and provided analysis supporting its conclusion that the contribution will be rendered less than cumulatively considerable, as consistent with CEQA.

Additionally, CEQA Guidelines §15130, which governs cumulative impacts analysis, allows agencies to rely on previously approved land use documents (general plans, regional transportation plans, certified EIRs) when evaluating cumulative effects. As defined in CEQA §15355, a cumulative impact consists of an impact which is created as a result of the combination of the project evaluated in the EIR together with other projects causing related impacts. A project‘s contribution is less than cumulatively considerable if the project is required to implement or fund its fair share of a mitigation measure designed to alleviate the cumulative impact. It may be determined that the project’s contribution to a significant cumulative impact is rendered less than cumulatively considerable and thus is not significant. The lead agency shall identify facts and analysis contained in previously certified EIRs and other regional plans supporting its conclusion. Therefore, the lead and responsible agencies evaluated thresholds based upon analysis and consideration of incremental impacts of the Project when added to other closely related past, present, and reasonably foreseeable probable future projects established in the MBGP and Kern COG 2022 RTP/SCS FPEIR. The proposed Project's consistency with these adopted plans and their associated program-level environmental analyses supports the conclusion that cumulative impacts have been adequately addressed under CEQA, and that the Project’s incremental contribution to such impacts would not be cumulatively considerable and thus, is not significant.

6.4.2.2 Statewide Plans & Policies

6.4.2.2.1 2022 Scoping Plan for Achieving Carbon Neutrality CARB is required by AB 32 to prepare a statewide plan that identifies the measures necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020, and subsequent legislation has expanded the scope of the plan to address longer term reduction targets for 2030 and 2050. CARB first approved the Climate Change Scoping Plan in 2008 and has updated it several times to reflect new statutory requirements, technological advances, and the State’s long term climate goals. The Scoping Plan outlines a comprehensive statewide strategy that includes cleaner energy generation, increased energy efficiency, reductions in vehicle miles traveled, lower carbon transportation fuels, improved building performance, waste reduction, and actions within the industrial, agricultural, and natural lands sectors. The Scoping Plan does not require individual development projects to implement every statewide measure. Instead, it provides the policy foundation for regulations and programs that apply to local governments and new development through adopted codes, design standards, and sector specific regulations.

A detailed evaluation of the proposed Project’s consistency with applicable measures from the most recent CARB Scoping Plan is provided in Appendix E. Appendix E identifies each relevant Scoping Plan strategy, determines whether the strategy applies to the proposed Project, and describes how the Project complies with applicable measures. Together, these actions demonstrate that the Project is consistent with statewide GHG reduction strategies established in the Scoping Plan.

6.4.2.2.2 Executive Orders B‑30‑15 and B‑55‑18
Executive Order B‑30‑15 establishes a statewide greenhouse gas reduction goal of reaching 40 percent below 1990 levels by the year 2030, and directs state agencies to adopt plans and regulations that support achieving that target. Executive Order B‑55‑18 expands on this framework by setting a statewide goal to achieve carbon VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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neutrality as soon as possible and no later than 2045, and to achieve and maintain net negative emissions thereafter. These actions occur at the statewide and regional level and apply primarily to the fuel and electricity sectors, transportation systems, and industrial operations.

Both Executive Orders operate at the statewide policy level and are implemented through CARB Scoping Plans and other sector based regulations that apply to electricity providers, fuel suppliers, vehicle manufacturers, and other regulated industries. Development projects demonstrate consistency with these Executive Orders by complying with state adopted energy codes, clean energy requirements, transportation programs, and other regulations that were created to achieve the GHG reduction targets established by the Executive Orders.

The proposed Project would not conflict with Executive Orders B‑30‑15 or B‑55‑18 because the Project complies with applicable state regulations and programs that were developed to achieve the statewide 2030 reduction target and the 2045 carbon neutrality goal. The Project incorporates high efficiency ENERGY STAR appliances, complies with the 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, installs rooftop solar photovoltaic systems, and provides battery ready pre‑wiring and conduit and electrical capacity for future electric vehicle chargers. These features reduce energy consumption and support the transition to cleaner transportation.

The Project is also located across the street from a high school, which reduces vehicle miles traveled by allowing students to walk. All electricity and fuel used by the Project will come from suppliers that must comply with statewide clean energy, low carbon fuel, and carbon reduction programs that implement the Executive Orders. For these reasons, the Project would not conflict with Executive Orders B‑30‑15 or B‑55‑18.

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7. MITIGATION AND OTHER RECOMMENDED MEASURES
As the estimated construction and operational emissions from the proposed Project would be less than significant, no specific mitigation measures would be required. However, to ensure the Project is in compliance with all applicable SJVAPCD rules and regulations and emissions are further reduced, the Applicant should implement and comply with a number of measures that are either recommended as a “good operating practice” for environmental stewardship or they are required by regulation. Some of the listed measures are regulatory requirements or construction requirements that would result in further emission reductions through their inclusion in Project construction and long-term design. The following measures either have been applied to the Project through the CalEEMod model and would be incorporated into the Project by design or would be implemented in conjunction with SJVAPCD rules as conditions of approval.

7.1 Air Quality

7.1.1 SJVAPCD Required Fugitive Dust Reduction Measures As the Project would be completed in compliance with SJVAPCD Regulation VIII, dust control measures would be taken to ensure compliance specifically during grading and construction phases. The required Regulation VIII measures are as follows:
► Water previously exposed surfaces (soil) whenever visible dust is capable of drifting from the site or approaches 20% opacity.
► Water all unpaved haul roads a minimum of three-times/day or whenever visible dust from such roads is capable of drifting from the site or approaches 20% opacity. ► Reduce speed on unpaved roads to less than 15 miles per hour. ► Install and maintain a track-out control device that meets the specifications of SJVAPCD Rule 8041 if the site exceeds 150 vehicle trips per day or more than 20 vehicle trips per day by vehicles with three or more axles.
► Stabilize all disturbed areas, including storage piles, which are not being actively utilized for production purposes using water, chemical stabilizers or by covering with a tarp or other suitable cover. ► Control fugitive dust emissions during land clearing, grubbing, scraping, excavation, leveling, grading, or cut and fill operations with application of water or by presoaking. ► When transporting materials off-site, maintain a freeboard limit of at least 6 inches and cover or effectively wet to limit visible dust emissions.
► Limit and remove the accumulation of mud and/or dirt from adjacent public roadways at the end of each workday. (Use of dry rotary brushes is prohibited except when preceded or accompanied by sufficient wetting to limit visible dust emissions and use of blowers is expressly forbidden). ► Stabilize the surface of storage piles following the addition or removal of materials using water or chemical stabilizer/suppressants.
► Remove visible track-out from the site at the end of each workday. ► Cease grading or other activities that cause excessive (greater than 20% opacity) dust formation during periods of high winds (greater than 20 mph over a one-hour period).

7.1.2 Recommended Measures to Reduce Equipment Exhaust Emissions In addition, the GAMAQI guidance document lists the following measures as approved and recommended for construction activities. These measures are recommended:
► Maintain all construction equipment as recommended by manufacturer manuals. ► Shut down equipment when not in use for extended periods.

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► Use electric equipment for construction whenever possible in lieu of diesel or gasoline powered equipment.
► Curtail use of high-emitting construction equipment during periods of high or excessive ambient pollutant concentrations.
► All construction vehicles shall be equipped with proper emissions control equipment and kept in good and proper running order to substantially reduce NOX emissions. ► On-Road and Off-Road diesel equipment shall use diesel particulate filters if permitted under manufacturer’s guidelines.
► On-Road and Off-Road diesel equipment shall use cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) if permitted under manufacturer’s guidelines.
► All construction workers shall be encouraged to shuttle (car-pool) to retail establishments or to remain on-site during lunch breaks.
► All construction activities within the project area shall be discontinued during the first stage smog alerts. ► Construction and grading activities shall not be allowed during first stage O3 alerts. First stage O3 alerts are declared when the O3 level exceeds 0.20 ppm (1-hour average).

Additionally, CARB’s In-Use Off-Road Diesel-Fueled Fleets Regulation requires the following:
► Phase out of the oldest and highest‑emitting off‑road engines from operation in California. ► Restrict the addition of vehicles with Tier 3 and 4i engines to fleets. ► Starting January 1, 2024, mandate the use of R99 or R100 Renewable Diesel for all fleets, with some limited exceptions.
► Provide voluntary compliance flexibility options for fleets that adopt zero‑emission technology.

7.1.3 Other Measures to Reduce Project Air Quality Impacts The following measures are recommended to further reduce the potential for long-term emissions from the Project. These measures are required as a matter of regulatory compliance:
► The Project design shall comply with applicable standards set forth in Title 24 of the Uniform Building Code to minimize total consumption of energy.
► Applicants shall be required to comply with applicable mitigation measures in the AQAP, SJVAPCD Rules, Traffic Control Measures, Regulation VIII, and Indirect Source Rules for the SJVAPCD. ► The developer shall comply with the provisions of SJVAPCD Rule 4601 - Architectural Coatings, during the construction of all buildings and facilities. Application of architectural coatings shall be completed in a manner that poses the least emissions impacts whenever such application is deemed proficient. ► The applicant shall comply with the provisions of SJVAPCD Rule 4641 during the construction and pavement of all roads and parking areas within the project area. Specifically, the applicant shall not allow the use of:
• Rapid cure cutback asphalt;
• Medium cure cutback asphalt;
• Slow cure cutback asphalt (as specified in SJVAPCD Rule 4641, Section 5.1.3); or Emulsified asphalt (as specified in SJVAPCD Rule 4641, Section 5.1.4).

7.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions

7.2.1 Feasible and Reasonable Mitigation Relative to Global Warming CEQA requires that all feasible and reasonable mitigation be applied to the project to reduce the impacts from construction and operations on air quality. These measures include using controls that limit the exhaust from VTTM 7500 / Air Quality Impact Analysis
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construction equipment and using alternatives to diesel when possible. Additional reductions would be achieved through the regulatory process of the air district and CARB as required changes to diesel engines are implemented which would affect the product delivery trucks and limits on idling.

The strategies currently being implemented by CARB may help in reducing the Project’s GHG emissions and are summarized in Table 7-1 below. Not all of these measures are currently appropriate or applicable to the proposed Project. While future legislation could further reduce the Project’s GHG footprint, the analysis of this is speculative and in accordance with CEQA Guidelines §15145, were not evaluated in this AQIA.

Table 7-1. Select CARB GHG Emission Reduction Strategies Strategy Description of Strategy
Vehicle Climate Change Standards
AB 1493 (Pavley) required the state to develop and adopt regulations that achieve the maximum feasible and cost-effective reduction of climate change emissions emitted by passenger vehicles and light duty trucks. Regulations were adopted by CARB in Sept. 2004.

Diesel Anti-Idling In July 2004, CARB adopted a measure to limit diesel-fueled retail motor vehicle idling.

Other Light-Duty Vehicle
Technology
New standards would be adopted to phase in beginning in the 2017 model year.

Alternative Fuels: Biodiesel Blends CARB would develop regulations to require the use of 1% to 4% Biodiesel displacement of California diesel fuel.

Alternative Fuels: Ethanol Increased use of ethanol fuel.

Heavy-Duty Vehicle Emission
Reduction Measures
Increased efficiency in the design of heavy-duty vehicles and an educational program for the heavy-duty vehicle sector.

CEQA Guidelines §15130 notes that sometimes the only feasible mitigation for cumulative impacts may involve the adoption of ordinances or regulations rather than the imposition of conditions on a project-by-project basis. Global climate change is this type of issue. The causes and effects may not be just regional or statewide, they may also be worldwide. Given the uncertainties in identifying, let alone quantifying the impact of any single project on global warming and climate change, and the efforts made to reduce emissions of GHGs from the Project through design, in accordance with CEQA §15130, any further feasible emissions reductions would be accomplished through CARB regulations adopted pursuant to AB 32.

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8. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE AFTER MITIGATION
The proposed Project would have short-term air quality impacts due to construction activities as well as vehicular emissions. Both of these impacts would be mitigated and were found to be less than significant before and after mitigation.

The proposed Project would result in long-term air quality impacts due to operational and related emissions.

These impacts were found to be less than significant before and after mitigation.

The proposed Project would result in health risk impacts due to construction and operational activities. These impacts were found to be less than significant.

The proposed Project, in conjunction with other past, present and foreseeable future projects, would result in cumulative long-term impacts to global climate change. The proposed Project’s incremental contribution to these impacts will be mitigated to the extent feasible and are considered less than significant.

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9. REFERENCES
California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA). 2022a. California Emissions Estimator Model™ (CalEEMod), version 2022.1, released October 2024.
--------. 2022b. CalEEMod User Guide. https://www.caleemod.com/user-guide.

California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2025a. website – Background Emissions Data. https://www.arb.ca.gov/adam/index.html, accessed July 2025. --------. 2025b. California Emission Project Analysis Model (CEPAM), User Defined Query. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/applications/emissions-user-defined-query, accessed July 2025. --------. 2025c. EMFAC Web Database. https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/, accessed June 2025. --------. 2024a. California greenhouse gas emissions from 2000 to 2022: Trends of emissions and other indicators. Retrieved from https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-09/nc2000_2022_ghg_inventory_trends.pdf --------. 2024b. Table of Ambient Air Quality Standards. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024- 08/AAQS%20Table_ADA_FINAL_07222024.pdf, accessed April 2025 --------. 2024c. California greenhouse gas emissions from 2000 to 2022: Trends of emissions and other indicators. Retrieved from https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2024-09/nc2000_2022_ghg_inventory_trends.pdf --------. 2015. Hotspots Analysis and Reporting Program (HARP2) User Guide. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic//toxics/harp/docs2/harp2admrtuserguide.pdf, accessed December 2024.

California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA). 2006. Climate Action Team (CAT) Report to Governor Schwarzenegger and the Legislature.
http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/climate_action_team/reports/2006report/2006-04- 03_FINAL_CAT_REPORT.PDF.

California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Statute and Guidelines. 2026. (Public Resources Code 21000 to 21177) and CEQA Guidelines (California Code of Regulations Title 14, Division 6, Chapter 3, Sections 15000 – 15387, Appendix A-N).

City of Bakersfield (COB). 2015. Supplemental Information – Special Studies. https://content.civicplus.com/api/assets/265f75f5-bae8-40f9-8e34-7b01f8fc9d17.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.pdf ---------. 2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/.

Kern County GIS. 2026. Bakersfield, CA. Interactive County Map (GIS Tool) | Kern County, CA, Accessed February 2026.

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Kern Council of Governments (Kern COG). December 2022. Draft Air Quality Conformity Analysis.

Kern County Planning Department (KCPD). 2009. Kern County General Plan Recirculated Program Environmental Impact Report.
----------. 2006. Guidelines for Preparing an Air Quality Assessment for Use in Environmental Impact Reports. December 1, 2006.

McIntosh and Associates. 2026. Project Traffic – Vesting Tentative Tract 7500 Mc#24032.00.

San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (SJVAPCD). 2024a. Ambient Air Quality Standards & Attainment Status. https://www.valleyair.org/air-quality-information/ambient-air-quality-standardsvalley-attainmnet-status/, accessed June 2025. ----------. 2024b. Air Monitoring Location Map. https://ww2.valleyair.org/air-quality-information/airmonitoring/, accessed June 2025. ----------. 2023. UStar Meteorological Datasets for Bakersfield 2018-2022. https://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/Tox_Resources/AirQualityMonitoring.htm#met_data ----------. 2015. Guidance for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts. March 19, 2015. ----------. 2007. SJVAB Emissions Inventory to Demonstrating Attainment of Federal 1-hour O3 Standards, SJVAPCD. September 2007.

United Nations. 2011. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011. http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/(2011_E)%20MDG%20Report%202011_Book%20LR.pdf ----------. 2025. "Paris Agreement: United States of America—Withdrawal," depositary notification C.N.71.2025. TREATIES-XXVII.7.d, January 27, 2025.

United States Energy Information Administration (U.S. EIA). 2019. International Energy Outlook 2019. https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/pdf/ieo2019.pdf
United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2019. Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990–2017. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gasemissions-and-sinks. April 11, 2019.

United States Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). 2014. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/, accessed December 2024.

Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC). 2025. Bakersfield, California, Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary, 10/01/1937 to 6/09/2016. https://wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca0444, accessed February 2026.

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APPENDIX A. CALEEMOD OUTPUT FILES
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VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report
Table of Contents

1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information

1.2. Land Use Types

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.2. Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated

2.3. Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated

2.4. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated

2.6. Operations Emissions by Sector, Mitigated

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2029) - Unmitigated

3.2. Site Preparation (2029) - Mitigated

3.3. Grading (2029) - Unmitigated
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3.4. Grading (2029) - Mitigated

3.5. Building Construction (2029) - Unmitigated

3.6. Building Construction (2029) - Mitigated

3.7. Building Construction (2030) - Unmitigated

3.8. Building Construction (2030) - Mitigated

3.9. Paving (2030) - Unmitigated

3.10. Paving (2030) - Mitigated

3.11. Architectural Coating (2030) - Unmitigated

3.12. Architectural Coating (2030) - Mitigated

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use

4.1.1. Unmitigated

4.1.2. Mitigated

4.2. Energy

4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.2.2. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated

4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.2.4. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated
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4.3. Area Emissions by Source

4.3.1. Unmitigated

4.3.2. Mitigated

4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use

4.4.1. Unmitigated

4.4.2. Mitigated

4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use

4.5.1. Unmitigated

4.5.2. Mitigated

4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use

4.6.1. Unmitigated

4.6.2. Mitigated

4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type

4.7.1. Unmitigated

4.7.2. Mitigated

4.8. Stationary Emissions By Equipment Type

4.8.1. Unmitigated

4.8.2. Mitigated
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4.9. User Defined Emissions By Equipment Type

4.9.1. Unmitigated

4.9.2. Mitigated

4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type

4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated

4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated

4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated

4.10.4. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Mitigated

4.10.5. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Mitigated

4.10.6. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Mitigated

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule

5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated

5.2.2. Mitigated

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated

5.3.2. Mitigated
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5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies

5.5. Architectural Coatings

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies

5.7. Construction Paving

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors

5.9. Operational Mobile Sources

5.9.1. Unmitigated

5.9.2. Mitigated

5.10. Operational Area Sources

5.10.1. Hearths

5.10.2. Architectural Coatings

5.10.3. Landscape Equipment

5.10.4. Landscape Equipment - Mitigated

5.11. Operational Energy Consumption

5.11.1. Unmitigated
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5.11.2. Mitigated

5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption

5.12.1. Unmitigated

5.12.2. Mitigated

5.13. Operational Waste Generation

5.13.1. Unmitigated

5.13.2. Mitigated

5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

5.14.1. Unmitigated

5.14.2. Mitigated

5.15. Operational Off-Road Equipment

5.15.1. Unmitigated

5.15.2. Mitigated

5.16. Stationary Sources

5.16.1. Emergency Generators and Fire Pumps

5.16.2. Process Boilers

5.17. User Defined

5.18. Vegetation
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5.18.1. Land Use Change

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.1.2. Mitigated

5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.1.2. Mitigated

5.18.2. Sequestration

5.18.2.1. Unmitigated

5.18.2.2. Mitigated

8. User Changes to Default Data

8.1. Justifications

8.3. Land Use

8.4. Construction

8.4.1. Construction Phases

8.5. Operations

8.5.1. Mobile Sources

8.5.1.1. Vehicle Data

8.5.2. Area Sources
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8.5.2.1. Hearths
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1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information
Data Field Value
Project Name VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated
Construction Start Date 1/2/2029
Operational Year 2030
Lead Agency —
Land Use Scale Project/site
Analysis Level for Defaults County
Windspeed (m/s) 2.70000
Precipitation (days) 18.0000
Location 35.2835062911507, -119.10760614061
County Kern-San Joaquin
City Bakersfield
Air District San Joaquin Valley APCD
Air Basin San Joaquin Valley
TAZ 2892
EDFZ 5
Electric Utility Pacific Gas & Electric Company
Gas Utility Southern California Gas
App Version 2022.1.1.37

1.2. Land Use Types
Land Use Subtype Size Unit Lot Acreage Building Area (sq ft) Landscape Area (sq ft)
Special Landscape
Area (sq ft)
Population Description
Single Family
Housing

45.0000 Dwelling Unit 8.64000 87,750.0 527,079 — 145.000 — VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 10 / 69

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector Sector # Measure Title
Construction C-10-A Water Exposed Surfaces
Construction C-10-C Water Unpaved Construction Roads
Construction C-11 Limit Vehicle Speeds on Unpaved Roads Energy E-2 Require Energy Efficient Appliances
Energy E-10-B Establish Onsite Renewable Energy Systems: Solar Power Energy E-15 Require All-Electric Development

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 21.2548 21.2328 8.78039 13.8468 0.02452 0.27789 0.24079 0.51868 0.25584 0.05823 0.31407 — 2,741.56 2,741.56 0.10102 0.04778 0.78318 2,759.10 Mit. 21.2548 21.2328 8.78039 13.8468 0.02452 0.27789 0.24079 0.51868 0.25584 0.05823 0.31407 — 2,741.56 2,741.56 0.10102 0.04778 0.78318 2,759.10 %
Reduced
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 3.59314 3.02048 25.9916 28.7373 0.04889 1.08794 19.8709 20.9589 1.00091 10.1526 11.1535 — 5,487.26 5,487.26 0.21792 0.05080 0.02029 5,507.86 Mit. 3.59314 3.02048 25.9916 28.7373 0.04889 1.08794 5.32473 6.41267 1.00091 2.67677 3.67768 — 5,487.26 5,487.26 0.21792 0.05080 0.02029 5,507.86 %
Reduced
— — — — — — 73% 69% — 74% 67% — — — — — — —
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Average — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily
(Max)
Unmit. 1.81949 1.76843 7.17036 10.5336 0.01851 0.24460 1.36903 1.61363 0.22514 0.64336 0.86850 — 2,065.73 2,065.73 0.07777 0.03289 0.22699 2,077.70 Mit. 1.81949 1.76843 7.17036 10.5336 0.01851 0.24460 0.47761 0.72221 0.22514 0.19657 0.42171 — 2,065.73 2,065.73 0.07777 0.03289 0.22699 2,077.70 %
Reduced
— — — — — — 65% 55% — 69% 51% — — — — — — —
Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 0.33206 0.32274 1.30859 1.92238 0.00338 0.04464 0.24985 0.29449 0.04109 0.11741 0.15850 — 342.004 342.004 0.01288 0.00545 0.03758 343.987 Mit. 0.33206 0.32274 1.30859 1.92238 0.00338 0.04464 0.08716 0.13180 0.04109 0.03587 0.07696 — 342.004 342.004 0.01288 0.00545 0.03758 343.987 %
Reduced
— — — — — — 65% 55% — 69% 51% — — — — — — —

2.2. Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2029 1.21962 1.02238 8.78039 13.8468 0.02452 0.27789 0.24079 0.51868 0.25584 0.05823 0.31407 — 2,741.56 2,741.56 0.10102 0.04778 0.78318 2,759.10 2030 21.2548 21.2328 8.57856 13.7671 0.02452 0.26237 0.24079 0.50315 0.24156 0.05823 0.29979 — 2,733.35 2,733.35 0.10102 0.04149 0.68789 2,748.93 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2029 3.59314 3.02048 25.9916 28.7373 0.04889 1.08794 19.8709 20.9589 1.00091 10.1526 11.1535 — 5,487.26 5,487.26 0.21792 0.05080 0.02029 5,507.86 2030 1.18109 0.98833 8.59701 13.5022 0.02452 0.26237 0.24079 0.50315 0.24156 0.05823 0.29979 — 2,709.42 2,709.42 0.10174 0.04778 0.01782 2,726.22 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2029 0.99417 0.83351 7.17036 10.5336 0.01851 0.24460 1.36903 1.61363 0.22514 0.64336 0.86850 — 2,065.73 2,065.73 0.07777 0.03289 0.22699 2,077.70 2030 1.81949 1.76843 2.30615 3.67235 0.00625 0.07142 0.06555 0.13697 0.06574 0.01573 0.08147 — 700.312 700.312 0.02618 0.01154 0.07757 704.482 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
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2029 0.18144 0.15212 1.30859 1.92238 0.00338 0.04464 0.24985 0.29449 0.04109 0.11741 0.15850 — 342.004 342.004 0.01288 0.00545 0.03758 343.987 2030 0.33206 0.32274 0.42087 0.67020 0.00114 0.01303 0.01196 0.02500 0.01200 0.00287 0.01487 — 115.945 115.945 0.00433 0.00191 0.01284 116.635

2.3. Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2029 1.21962 1.02238 8.78039 13.8468 0.02452 0.27789 0.24079 0.51868 0.25584 0.05823 0.31407 — 2,741.56 2,741.56 0.10102 0.04778 0.78318 2,759.10 2030 21.2548 21.2328 8.57856 13.7671 0.02452 0.26237 0.24079 0.50315 0.24156 0.05823 0.29979 — 2,733.35 2,733.35 0.10102 0.04149 0.68789 2,748.93 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2029 3.59314 3.02048 25.9916 28.7373 0.04889 1.08794 5.32473 6.41267 1.00091 2.67677 3.67768 — 5,487.26 5,487.26 0.21792 0.05080 0.02029 5,507.86 2030 1.18109 0.98833 8.59701 13.5022 0.02452 0.26237 0.24079 0.50315 0.24156 0.05823 0.29979 — 2,709.42 2,709.42 0.10174 0.04778 0.01782 2,726.22 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2029 0.99417 0.83351 7.17036 10.5336 0.01851 0.24460 0.47761 0.72221 0.22514 0.19657 0.42171 — 2,065.73 2,065.73 0.07777 0.03289 0.22699 2,077.70 2030 1.81949 1.76843 2.30615 3.67235 0.00625 0.07142 0.06555 0.13697 0.06574 0.01573 0.08147 — 700.312 700.312 0.02618 0.01154 0.07757 704.482 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2029 0.18144 0.15212 1.30859 1.92238 0.00338 0.04464 0.08716 0.13180 0.04109 0.03587 0.07696 — 342.004 342.004 0.01288 0.00545 0.03758 343.987 2030 0.33206 0.32274 0.42087 0.67020 0.00114 0.01303 0.01196 0.02500 0.01200 0.00287 0.01487 — 115.945 115.945 0.00433 0.00191 0.01284 116.635

2.4. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
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Unmit. 3.82677 3.66735 2.31952 16.1952 0.04369 0.06887 3.40818 3.47705 0.06683 0.86609 0.93292 25.3402 5,025.07 5,050.41 2.75272 0.23177 10.0952 5,198.40 Mit. 3.77503 3.64149 1.87741 16.0070 0.04087 0.03313 3.40818 3.44131 0.03108 0.86609 0.89717 25.3402 4,265.71 4,291.05 2.67099 0.22683 10.0952 4,435.51 %
Reduced
1% 1% 19% 1% 6% 52% — 1% 53% — 4% — 15% 15% 3% 2% — 15% Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 3.44733 3.29753 2.52631 10.8563 0.04022 0.06773 3.40818 3.47591 0.06597 0.86609 0.93206 25.3402 4,678.52 4,703.86 2.76420 0.24237 0.87395 4,846.07 Mit. 3.39559 3.27166 2.08419 10.6681 0.03740 0.03198 3.40818 3.44016 0.03022 0.86609 0.89631 25.3402 3,919.16 3,944.50 2.68247 0.23743 0.87395 4,083.19 %
Reduced
2% 1% 18% 2% 7% 53% — 1% 54% — 4% — 16% 16% 3% 2% — 16% Average
Daily
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 3.57793 3.42425 2.43431 12.4902 0.04120 0.06829 3.36909 3.43738 0.06639 0.85632 0.92271 25.3402 4,752.37 4,777.71 2.75392 0.23635 4.71613 4,921.71 Mit. 3.52620 3.39838 1.99220 12.3020 0.03838 0.03255 3.36909 3.40164 0.03065 0.85632 0.88696 25.3402 3,993.01 4,018.35 2.67219 0.23141 4.71613 4,158.83 %
Reduced
1% 1% 18% 2% 7% 52% — 1% 54% — 4% — 16% 16% 3% 2% — 16% Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 0.65297 0.62493 0.44426 2.27946 0.00752 0.01246 0.61486 0.62732 0.01212 0.15628 0.16839 4.19535 786.810 791.005 0.45594 0.03913 0.78081 814.845 Mit. 0.64353 0.62020 0.36358 2.24512 0.00700 0.00594 0.61486 0.62080 0.00559 0.15628 0.16187 4.19535 661.088 665.283 0.44241 0.03831 0.78081 688.541 %
Reduced
1% 1% 18% 2% 7% 52% — 1% 54% — 4% — 16% 16% 3% 2% — 16%

2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Sector TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.51339 1.39228 1.85356 13.4453 0.04076 0.03196 3.40818 3.44014 0.03020 0.86609 0.89629 — 4,173.46 4,173.46 0.11517 0.21658 9.46672 4,250.35 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 14 / 69
Area 2.26164 2.24921 0.02385 2.56169 0.00011 0.00117 — 0.00117 0.00088 — 0.00088 0.00000 37.1443 37.1443 0.00519 0.00065 — 37.4681 Energy 0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 796.241 796.241 0.08769 0.00567 — 800.121 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847 Total 3.82677 3.66735 2.31952 16.1952 0.04369 0.06887 3.40818 3.47705 0.06683 0.86609 0.93292 25.3402 5,025.07 5,050.41 2.75272 0.23177 10.0952 5,198.40 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.36727 1.24334 2.08419 10.6681 0.03740 0.03198 3.40818 3.44016 0.03022 0.86609 0.89631 — 3,833.74 3,833.74 0.12693 0.22723 0.24548 3,904.87 Area 2.02832 2.02832 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 30.3183 30.3183 0.00490 0.00059 — 30.6181 Energy 0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 796.241 796.241 0.08769 0.00567 — 800.121 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847 Total 3.44733 3.29753 2.52631 10.8563 0.04022 0.06773 3.40818 3.47591 0.06597 0.86609 0.93206 25.3402 4,678.52 4,703.86 2.76420 0.24237 0.87395 4,846.07 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.38281 1.26113 1.98044 11.0387 0.03833 0.03197 3.36909 3.40106 0.03021 0.85632 0.88653 — 3,927.73 3,927.73 0.12031 0.22165 4.08766 4,000.88 Area 2.14338 2.13725 0.01176 1.26330 0.00005 0.00057 — 0.00057 0.00043 — 0.00043 0.00000 10.1775 10.1775 0.00124 0.00016 — 10.2566 Energy 0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 796.241 796.241 0.08769 0.00567 — 800.121 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847 Total 3.57793 3.42425 2.43431 12.4902 0.04120 0.06829 3.36909 3.43738 0.06639 0.85632 0.92271 25.3402 4,752.37 4,777.71 2.75392 0.23635 4.71613 4,921.71 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 0.25236 0.23016 0.36143 2.01457 0.00699 0.00583 0.61486 0.62069 0.00551 0.15628 0.16179 — 650.281 650.281 0.01992 0.03670 0.67676 662.391 Area 0.39117 0.39005 0.00215 0.23055 0.00001 0.00010 — 0.00010 0.00008 — 0.00008 0.00000 1.68499 1.68499 0.00021 0.00003 — 1.69810 Energy 0.00944 0.00472 0.08069 0.03433 0.00052 0.00652 — 0.00652 0.00652 — 0.00652 — 131.827 131.827 0.01452 0.00094 — 132.469 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 15 / 69
Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.57888 3.01736 3.59624 0.05985 0.00147 — 5.53028 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 3.61647 0.00000 3.61647 0.36145 0.00000 — 12.6528 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.10405 0.10405 Total 0.65297 0.62493 0.44426 2.27946 0.00752 0.01246 0.61486 0.62732 0.01212 0.15628 0.16839 4.19535 786.810 791.005 0.45594 0.03913 0.78081 814.845

2.6. Operations Emissions by Sector, Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Sector TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.51339 1.39228 1.85356 13.4453 0.04076 0.03196 3.40818 3.44014 0.03020 0.86609 0.89629 — 4,173.46 4,173.46 0.11517 0.21658 9.46672 4,250.35 Area 2.26164 2.24921 0.02385 2.56169 0.00011 0.00117 — 0.00117 0.00088 — 0.00088 0.00000 37.1443 37.1443 0.00519 0.00065 — 37.4681 Energy 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 36.8742 36.8742 0.00597 0.00072 — 37.2388 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847 Total 3.77503 3.64149 1.87741 16.0070 0.04087 0.03313 3.40818 3.44131 0.03108 0.86609 0.89717 25.3402 4,265.71 4,291.05 2.67099 0.22683 10.0952 4,435.51 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.36727 1.24334 2.08419 10.6681 0.03740 0.03198 3.40818 3.44016 0.03022 0.86609 0.89631 — 3,833.74 3,833.74 0.12693 0.22723 0.24548 3,904.87 Area 2.02832 2.02832 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 30.3183 30.3183 0.00490 0.00059 — 30.6181 Energy 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 36.8742 36.8742 0.00597 0.00072 — 37.2388 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847 Total 3.39559 3.27166 2.08419 10.6681 0.03740 0.03198 3.40818 3.44016 0.03022 0.86609 0.89631 25.3402 3,919.16 3,944.50 2.68247 0.23743 0.87395 4,083.19 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
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Mobile 1.38281 1.26113 1.98044 11.0387 0.03833 0.03197 3.36909 3.40106 0.03021 0.85632 0.88653 — 3,927.73 3,927.73 0.12031 0.22165 4.08766 4,000.88 Area 2.14338 2.13725 0.01176 1.26330 0.00005 0.00057 — 0.00057 0.00043 — 0.00043 0.00000 10.1775 10.1775 0.00124 0.00016 — 10.2566 Energy 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 36.8742 36.8742 0.00597 0.00072 — 37.2388 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847 Total 3.52620 3.39838 1.99220 12.3020 0.03838 0.03255 3.36909 3.40164 0.03065 0.85632 0.88696 25.3402 3,993.01 4,018.35 2.67219 0.23141 4.71613 4,158.83 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 0.25236 0.23016 0.36143 2.01457 0.00699 0.00583 0.61486 0.62069 0.00551 0.15628 0.16179 — 650.281 650.281 0.01992 0.03670 0.67676 662.391 Area 0.39117 0.39005 0.00215 0.23055 0.00001 0.00010 — 0.00010 0.00008 — 0.00008 0.00000 1.68499 1.68499 0.00021 0.00003 — 1.69810 Energy 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 6.10494 6.10494 0.00099 0.00012 — 6.16531 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.57888 3.01736 3.59624 0.05985 0.00147 — 5.53028 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 3.61647 0.00000 3.61647 0.36145 0.00000 — 12.6528 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.10405 0.10405 Total 0.64353 0.62020 0.36358 2.24512 0.00700 0.00594 0.61486 0.62080 0.00559 0.15628 0.16187 4.19535 661.088 665.283 0.44241 0.03831 0.78081 688.541

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2029) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 17 / 69
Off-Roa 3.53388 2.96944 25.9333 28.0793 0.04889 1.08794 — 1.08794 1.00091 — 1.00091 — 5,296.00 5,296.00 0.21483 0.04297 — 5,314.17 d
Equipm
Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 19.6570 19.6570 — 10.1024 10.1024 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.12586 0.10576 0.92365 1.00008 0.00174 0.03875 — 0.03875 0.03565 — 0.03565 — 188.625 188.625 0.00765 0.00153 — 189.272 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.70011 0.70011 — 0.35981 0.35981 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02297 0.01930 0.16857 0.18252 0.00032 0.00707 — 0.00707 0.00651 — 0.00651 — 31.2290 31.2290 0.00127 0.00025 — 31.3361 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.12777 0.12777 — 0.06567 0.06567 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 18 / 69
Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Winter
(Max)
Worker 0.05926 0.05104 0.05830 0.65800 0.00000 0.00000 0.21390 0.21390 0.00000 0.05014 0.05014 — 191.265 191.265 0.00309 0.00783 0.01403 193.690 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00212 0.00185 0.00180 0.02571 0.00000 0.00000 0.00753 0.00753 0.00000 0.00176 0.00176 — 7.07480 7.07480 0.00010 0.00028 0.00833 7.16866 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00039 0.00034 0.00033 0.00469 0.00000 0.00000 0.00137 0.00137 0.00000 0.00032 0.00032 — 1.17131 1.17131 0.00002 0.00005 0.00138 1.18685 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.2. Site Preparation (2029) - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

3.53388 2.96944 25.9333 28.0793 0.04889 1.08794 — 1.08794 1.00091 — 1.00091 — 5,296.00 5,296.00 0.21483 0.04297 — 5,314.17 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 19 / 69
Dust — — — — — — 5.11082 5.11082 — 2.62664 2.62664 — — — — — — — From
Material
Movement
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.12586 0.10576 0.92365 1.00008 0.00174 0.03875 — 0.03875 0.03565 — 0.03565 — 188.625 188.625 0.00765 0.00153 — 189.272 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.18203 0.18203 — 0.09355 0.09355 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02297 0.01930 0.16857 0.18252 0.00032 0.00707 — 0.00707 0.00651 — 0.00651 — 31.2290 31.2290 0.00127 0.00025 — 31.3361 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.03322 0.03322 — 0.01707 0.01707 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05926 0.05104 0.05830 0.65800 0.00000 0.00000 0.21390 0.21390 0.00000 0.05014 0.05014 — 191.265 191.265 0.00309 0.00783 0.01403 193.690 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 20 / 69
Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00212 0.00185 0.00180 0.02571 0.00000 0.00000 0.00753 0.00753 0.00000 0.00176 0.00176 — 7.07480 7.07480 0.00010 0.00028 0.00833 7.16866 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00039 0.00034 0.00033 0.00469 0.00000 0.00000 0.00137 0.00137 0.00000 0.00032 0.00032 — 1.17131 1.17131 0.00002 0.00005 0.00138 1.18685 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.3. Grading (2029) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.80482 1.51655 13.0273 17.2441 0.02732 0.53083 — 0.53083 0.48836 — 0.48836 — 2,959.08 2,959.08 0.12003 0.02401 — 2,969.24 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 7.08259 7.08259 — 3.42474 3.42474 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 21 / 69
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.12856 0.10803 0.92797 1.22835 0.00195 0.03781 — 0.03781 0.03479 — 0.03479 — 210.784 210.784 0.00855 0.00171 — 211.507 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.50451 0.50451 — 0.24395 0.24395 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02346 0.01972 0.16935 0.22417 0.00036 0.00690 — 0.00690 0.00635 — 0.00635 — 34.8977 34.8977 0.00142 0.00028 — 35.0175 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.09207 0.09207 — 0.04452 0.04452 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05079 0.04375 0.04997 0.56400 0.00000 0.00000 0.18335 0.18335 0.00000 0.04298 0.04298 — 163.942 163.942 0.00265 0.00671 0.01203 166.020 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00364 0.00316 0.00308 0.04407 0.00000 0.00000 0.01291 0.01291 0.00000 0.00302 0.00302 — 12.1282 12.1282 0.00016 0.00048 0.01428 12.2891 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 22 / 69
Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00066 0.00058 0.00056 0.00804 0.00000 0.00000 0.00236 0.00236 0.00000 0.00055 0.00055 — 2.00797 2.00797 0.00003 0.00008 0.00236 2.03461 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.4. Grading (2029) - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.80482 1.51655 13.0273 17.2441 0.02732 0.53083 — 0.53083 0.48836 — 0.48836 — 2,959.08 2,959.08 0.12003 0.02401 — 2,969.24 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 1.84147 1.84147 — 0.89043 0.89043 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.12856 0.10803 0.92797 1.22835 0.00195 0.03781 — 0.03781 0.03479 — 0.03479 — 210.784 210.784 0.00855 0.00171 — 211.507 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 23 / 69
Dust — — — — — — 0.13117 0.13117 — 0.06343 0.06343 — — — — — — — From
Material
Movement
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02346 0.01972 0.16935 0.22417 0.00036 0.00690 — 0.00690 0.00635 — 0.00635 — 34.8977 34.8977 0.00142 0.00028 — 35.0175 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.02394 0.02394 — 0.01158 0.01158 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05079 0.04375 0.04997 0.56400 0.00000 0.00000 0.18335 0.18335 0.00000 0.04298 0.04298 — 163.942 163.942 0.00265 0.00671 0.01203 166.020 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00364 0.00316 0.00308 0.04407 0.00000 0.00000 0.01291 0.01291 0.00000 0.00302 0.00302 — 12.1282 12.1282 0.00016 0.00048 0.01428 12.2891 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00066 0.00058 0.00056 0.00804 0.00000 0.00000 0.00236 0.00236 0.00000 0.00055 0.00055 — 2.00797 2.00797 0.00003 0.00008 0.00236 2.03461 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 24 / 69
Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.5. Building Construction (2029) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.15336 0.96514 8.58166 12.9012 0.02340 0.27564 — 0.27564 0.25359 — 0.25359 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.15336 0.96514 8.58166 12.9012 0.02340 0.27564 — 0.27564 0.25359 — 0.25359 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.69743 0.58362 5.18930 7.80133 0.01415 0.16668 — 0.16668 0.15335 — 0.15335 — 1,449.36 1,449.36 0.05879 0.01176 — 1,454.33 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 25 / 69
Off-Roa
Equipment

0.12728 0.10651 0.94705 1.42374 0.00258 0.03042 — 0.03042 0.02799 — 0.02799 — 239.958 239.958 0.00973 0.00195 — 240.781 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.06093 0.05368 0.04636 0.89669 0.00000 0.00000 0.19801 0.19801 0.00000 0.04641 0.04641 — 201.630 201.630 0.00214 0.00725 0.50186 204.346 Vendor 0.00532 0.00356 0.15238 0.04887 0.00112 0.00225 0.04277 0.04502 0.00225 0.01182 0.01407 — 143.094 143.094 0.00165 0.02108 0.28132 149.699 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05486 0.04725 0.05397 0.60912 0.00000 0.00000 0.19801 0.19801 0.00000 0.04641 0.04641 — 177.057 177.057 0.00286 0.00725 0.01299 179.302 Vendor 0.00511 0.00325 0.16322 0.05067 0.00112 0.00225 0.04277 0.04502 0.00225 0.01182 0.01407 — 143.232 143.232 0.00165 0.02108 0.00730 149.564 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.03339 0.02900 0.02825 0.40401 0.00000 0.00000 0.11835 0.11835 0.00000 0.02772 0.02772 — 111.193 111.193 0.00151 0.00438 0.13090 112.668 Vendor 0.00316 0.00209 0.09631 0.03006 0.00068 0.00136 0.02561 0.02697 0.00136 0.00708 0.00844 — 86.5635 86.5635 0.00100 0.01275 0.07349 90.4612 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00609 0.00529 0.00516 0.07373 0.00000 0.00000 0.02160 0.02160 0.00000 0.00506 0.00506 — 18.4093 18.4093 0.00025 0.00073 0.02167 18.6535 Vendor 0.00058 0.00038 0.01758 0.00549 0.00012 0.00025 0.00467 0.00492 0.00025 0.00129 0.00154 — 14.3316 14.3316 0.00017 0.00211 0.01217 14.9769 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.6. Building Construction (2029) - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 26 / 69
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.15336 0.96514 8.58166 12.9012 0.02340 0.27564 — 0.27564 0.25359 — 0.25359 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.15336 0.96514 8.58166 12.9012 0.02340 0.27564 — 0.27564 0.25359 — 0.25359 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.69743 0.58362 5.18930 7.80133 0.01415 0.16668 — 0.16668 0.15335 — 0.15335 — 1,449.36 1,449.36 0.05879 0.01176 — 1,454.33 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.12728 0.10651 0.94705 1.42374 0.00258 0.03042 — 0.03042 0.02799 — 0.02799 — 239.958 239.958 0.00973 0.00195 — 240.781 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 27 / 69
Worker 0.06093 0.05368 0.04636 0.89669 0.00000 0.00000 0.19801 0.19801 0.00000 0.04641 0.04641 — 201.630 201.630 0.00214 0.00725 0.50186 204.346 Vendor 0.00532 0.00356 0.15238 0.04887 0.00112 0.00225 0.04277 0.04502 0.00225 0.01182 0.01407 — 143.094 143.094 0.00165 0.02108 0.28132 149.699 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05486 0.04725 0.05397 0.60912 0.00000 0.00000 0.19801 0.19801 0.00000 0.04641 0.04641 — 177.057 177.057 0.00286 0.00725 0.01299 179.302 Vendor 0.00511 0.00325 0.16322 0.05067 0.00112 0.00225 0.04277 0.04502 0.00225 0.01182 0.01407 — 143.232 143.232 0.00165 0.02108 0.00730 149.564 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.03339 0.02900 0.02825 0.40401 0.00000 0.00000 0.11835 0.11835 0.00000 0.02772 0.02772 — 111.193 111.193 0.00151 0.00438 0.13090 112.668 Vendor 0.00316 0.00209 0.09631 0.03006 0.00068 0.00136 0.02561 0.02697 0.00136 0.00708 0.00844 — 86.5635 86.5635 0.00100 0.01275 0.07349 90.4612 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00609 0.00529 0.00516 0.07373 0.00000 0.00000 0.02160 0.02160 0.00000 0.00506 0.00506 — 18.4093 18.4093 0.00025 0.00073 0.02167 18.6535 Vendor 0.00058 0.00038 0.01758 0.00549 0.00012 0.00025 0.00467 0.00492 0.00025 0.00129 0.00154 — 14.3316 14.3316 0.00017 0.00211 0.01217 14.9769 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.7. Building Construction (2030) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 28 / 69
Onsite 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 truck
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.23530 0.19690 1.75722 2.69798 0.00490 0.05447 — 0.05447 0.05011 — 0.05011 — 501.881 501.881 0.02036 0.00407 — 503.603 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.04294 0.03593 0.32069 0.49238 0.00089 0.00994 — 0.00994 0.00914 — 0.00914 — 83.0921 83.0921 0.00337 0.00067 — 83.3773 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05736 0.05047 0.03946 0.83466 0.00000 0.00000 0.19801 0.19801 0.00000 0.04641 0.04641 — 197.882 197.882 0.00214 0.00107 0.44354 198.698 Vendor 0.00532 0.00356 0.14714 0.04764 0.00112 0.00225 0.04277 0.04502 0.00225 0.01182 0.01407 — 138.633 138.633 0.00165 0.02098 0.24435 145.170 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 29 / 69
Worker 0.05236 0.04475 0.04707 0.56822 0.00000 0.00000 0.19801 0.19801 0.00000 0.04641 0.04641 — 173.816 173.816 0.00286 0.00725 0.01149 176.059 Vendor 0.00501 0.00325 0.15798 0.04923 0.00112 0.00225 0.04277 0.04502 0.00225 0.01182 0.01407 — 138.771 138.771 0.00165 0.02108 0.00633 145.102 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01104 0.00952 0.00971 0.13049 0.00000 0.00000 0.04098 0.04098 0.00000 0.00960 0.00960 — 37.7962 37.7962 0.00052 0.00152 0.04015 38.3018 Vendor 0.00109 0.00072 0.03225 0.01013 0.00024 0.00047 0.00887 0.00934 0.00047 0.00245 0.00292 — 29.0411 29.0411 0.00035 0.00441 0.02205 30.3874 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00201 0.00174 0.00177 0.02381 0.00000 0.00000 0.00748 0.00748 0.00000 0.00175 0.00175 — 6.25759 6.25759 0.00009 0.00025 0.00665 6.34130 Vendor 0.00020 0.00013 0.00589 0.00185 0.00004 0.00009 0.00162 0.00170 0.00009 0.00045 0.00053 — 4.80809 4.80809 0.00006 0.00073 0.00365 5.03099 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.8. Building Construction (2030) - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 30 / 69
Off-Roa 1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 d
Equipm
ent
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.23530 0.19690 1.75722 2.69798 0.00490 0.05447 — 0.05447 0.05011 — 0.05011 — 501.881 501.881 0.02036 0.00407 — 503.603 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.04294 0.03593 0.32069 0.49238 0.00089 0.00994 — 0.00994 0.00914 — 0.00914 — 83.0921 83.0921 0.00337 0.00067 — 83.3773 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05736 0.05047 0.03946 0.83466 0.00000 0.00000 0.19801 0.19801 0.00000 0.04641 0.04641 — 197.882 197.882 0.00214 0.00107 0.44354 198.698 Vendor 0.00532 0.00356 0.14714 0.04764 0.00112 0.00225 0.04277 0.04502 0.00225 0.01182 0.01407 — 138.633 138.633 0.00165 0.02098 0.24435 145.170 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05236 0.04475 0.04707 0.56822 0.00000 0.00000 0.19801 0.19801 0.00000 0.04641 0.04641 — 173.816 173.816 0.00286 0.00725 0.01149 176.059 Vendor 0.00501 0.00325 0.15798 0.04923 0.00112 0.00225 0.04277 0.04502 0.00225 0.01182 0.01407 — 138.771 138.771 0.00165 0.02108 0.00633 145.102 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 31 / 69
Average — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily
Worker 0.01104 0.00952 0.00971 0.13049 0.00000 0.00000 0.04098 0.04098 0.00000 0.00960 0.00960 — 37.7962 37.7962 0.00052 0.00152 0.04015 38.3018 Vendor 0.00109 0.00072 0.03225 0.01013 0.00024 0.00047 0.00887 0.00934 0.00047 0.00245 0.00292 — 29.0411 29.0411 0.00035 0.00441 0.02205 30.3874 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00201 0.00174 0.00177 0.02381 0.00000 0.00000 0.00748 0.00748 0.00000 0.00175 0.00175 — 6.25759 6.25759 0.00009 0.00025 0.00665 6.34130 Vendor 0.00020 0.00013 0.00589 0.00185 0.00004 0.00009 0.00162 0.00170 0.00009 0.00045 0.00053 — 4.80809 4.80809 0.00006 0.00073 0.00365 5.03099 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.9. Paving (2030) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.76655 0.64411 6.28020 9.89564 0.01395 0.22035 — 0.22035 0.20272 — 0.20272 — 1,510.63 1,510.63 0.06128 0.01226 — 1,515.81 Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.05460 0.04588 0.44736 0.70489 0.00099 0.01570 — 0.01570 0.01444 — 0.01444 — 107.606 107.606 0.00436 0.00087 — 107.975 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 32 / 69
Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00997 0.00837 0.08164 0.12864 0.00018 0.00286 — 0.00286 0.00264 — 0.00264 — 17.8154 17.8154 0.00072 0.00014 — 17.8766 Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05311 0.04673 0.03654 0.77283 0.00000 0.00000 0.18335 0.18335 0.00000 0.04298 0.04298 — 183.224 183.224 0.00198 0.00099 0.41069 183.980 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00348 0.00300 0.00306 0.04110 0.00000 0.00000 0.01291 0.01291 0.00000 0.00302 0.00302 — 11.9053 11.9053 0.00016 0.00048 0.01265 12.0646 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00063 0.00055 0.00056 0.00750 0.00000 0.00000 0.00236 0.00236 0.00000 0.00055 0.00055 — 1.97106 1.97106 0.00003 0.00008 0.00209 1.99743 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.10. Paving (2030) - Mitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 33 / 69
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.76655 0.64411 6.28020 9.89564 0.01395 0.22035 — 0.22035 0.20272 — 0.20272 — 1,510.63 1,510.63 0.06128 0.01226 — 1,515.81 Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.05460 0.04588 0.44736 0.70489 0.00099 0.01570 — 0.01570 0.01444 — 0.01444 — 107.606 107.606 0.00436 0.00087 — 107.975 Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00997 0.00837 0.08164 0.12864 0.00018 0.00286 — 0.00286 0.00264 — 0.00264 — 17.8154 17.8154 0.00072 0.00014 — 17.8766 Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 34 / 69
Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Summer
(Max)
Worker 0.05311 0.04673 0.03654 0.77283 0.00000 0.00000 0.18335 0.18335 0.00000 0.04298 0.04298 — 183.224 183.224 0.00198 0.00099 0.41069 183.980 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00348 0.00300 0.00306 0.04110 0.00000 0.00000 0.01291 0.01291 0.00000 0.00302 0.00302 — 11.9053 11.9053 0.00016 0.00048 0.01265 12.0646 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00063 0.00055 0.00056 0.00750 0.00000 0.00000 0.00236 0.00236 0.00000 0.00055 0.00055 — 1.97106 1.97106 0.00003 0.00008 0.00209 1.99743 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.11. Architectural Coating (2030) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11905 0.09839 0.78473 1.10719 0.00173 0.01097 — 0.01097 0.01009 — 0.01009 — 133.513 133.513 0.00542 0.00108 — 133.971 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 35 / 69
Architect 21.1243 21.1243 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — ural
Coating
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00848 0.00701 0.05590 0.07887 0.00012 0.00078 — 0.00078 0.00072 — 0.00072 — 9.51051 9.51051 0.00039 0.00008 — 9.54314 Architect
ural
Coating
s

1.50474 1.50474 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00155 0.00128 0.01020 0.01439 0.00002 0.00014 — 0.00014 0.00013 — 0.00013 — 1.57457 1.57457 0.00006 0.00001 — 1.57998 Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.27462 0.27462 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01147 0.01009 0.00789 0.16693 0.00000 0.00000 0.03960 0.03960 0.00000 0.00928 0.00928 — 39.5764 39.5764 0.00043 0.00021 0.08871 39.7397 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 36 / 69
Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00075 0.00065 0.00066 0.00888 0.00000 0.00000 0.00279 0.00279 0.00000 0.00065 0.00065 — 2.57155 2.57155 0.00004 0.00010 0.00273 2.60595 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00014 0.00012 0.00012 0.00162 0.00000 0.00000 0.00051 0.00051 0.00000 0.00012 0.00012 — 0.42575 0.42575 0.00001 0.00002 0.00045 0.43145 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.12. Architectural Coating (2030) - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11905 0.09839 0.78473 1.10719 0.00173 0.01097 — 0.01097 0.01009 — 0.01009 — 133.513 133.513 0.00542 0.00108 — 133.971 Architect
ural
Coating
s

21.1243 21.1243 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 37 / 69
Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Winter
(Max)
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00848 0.00701 0.05590 0.07887 0.00012 0.00078 — 0.00078 0.00072 — 0.00072 — 9.51051 9.51051 0.00039 0.00008 — 9.54314 Architect
ural
Coating
s

1.50474 1.50474 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00155 0.00128 0.01020 0.01439 0.00002 0.00014 — 0.00014 0.00013 — 0.00013 — 1.57457 1.57457 0.00006 0.00001 — 1.57998 Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.27462 0.27462 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01147 0.01009 0.00789 0.16693 0.00000 0.00000 0.03960 0.03960 0.00000 0.00928 0.00928 — 39.5764 39.5764 0.00043 0.00021 0.08871 39.7397 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 38 / 69
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00075 0.00065 0.00066 0.00888 0.00000 0.00000 0.00279 0.00279 0.00000 0.00065 0.00065 — 2.57155 2.57155 0.00004 0.00010 0.00273 2.60595 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00014 0.00012 0.00012 0.00162 0.00000 0.00000 0.00051 0.00051 0.00000 0.00012 0.00012 — 0.42575 0.42575 0.00001 0.00002 0.00045 0.43145 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use

4.1.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

1.51339 1.39228 1.85356 13.4453 0.04076 0.03196 3.40818 3.44014 0.03020 0.86609 0.89629 — 4,173.46 4,173.46 0.11517 0.21658 9.46672 4,250.35 Total 1.51339 1.39228 1.85356 13.4453 0.04076 0.03196 3.40818 3.44014 0.03020 0.86609 0.89629 — 4,173.46 4,173.46 0.11517 0.21658 9.46672 4,250.35 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

1.36727 1.24334 2.08419 10.6681 0.03740 0.03198 3.40818 3.44016 0.03022 0.86609 0.89631 — 3,833.74 3,833.74 0.12693 0.22723 0.24548 3,904.87 Total 1.36727 1.24334 2.08419 10.6681 0.03740 0.03198 3.40818 3.44016 0.03022 0.86609 0.89631 — 3,833.74 3,833.74 0.12693 0.22723 0.24548 3,904.87 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 39 / 69
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.25236 0.23016 0.36143 2.01457 0.00699 0.00583 0.61486 0.62069 0.00551 0.15628 0.16179 — 650.281 650.281 0.01992 0.03670 0.67676 662.391 Total 0.25236 0.23016 0.36143 2.01457 0.00699 0.00583 0.61486 0.62069 0.00551 0.15628 0.16179 — 650.281 650.281 0.01992 0.03670 0.67676 662.391

4.1.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

1.51339 1.39228 1.85356 13.4453 0.04076 0.03196 3.40818 3.44014 0.03020 0.86609 0.89629 — 4,173.46 4,173.46 0.11517 0.21658 9.46672 4,250.35 Total 1.51339 1.39228 1.85356 13.4453 0.04076 0.03196 3.40818 3.44014 0.03020 0.86609 0.89629 — 4,173.46 4,173.46 0.11517 0.21658 9.46672 4,250.35 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

1.36727 1.24334 2.08419 10.6681 0.03740 0.03198 3.40818 3.44016 0.03022 0.86609 0.89631 — 3,833.74 3,833.74 0.12693 0.22723 0.24548 3,904.87 Total 1.36727 1.24334 2.08419 10.6681 0.03740 0.03198 3.40818 3.44016 0.03022 0.86609 0.89631 — 3,833.74 3,833.74 0.12693 0.22723 0.24548 3,904.87 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.25236 0.23016 0.36143 2.01457 0.00699 0.00583 0.61486 0.62069 0.00551 0.15628 0.16179 — 650.281 650.281 0.01992 0.03670 0.67676 662.391 Total 0.25236 0.23016 0.36143 2.01457 0.00699 0.00583 0.61486 0.62069 0.00551 0.15628 0.16179 — 650.281 650.281 0.01992 0.03670 0.67676 662.391

4.2. Energy

4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 40 / 69
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 235.053 235.053 0.03803 0.00461 — 237.378 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 235.053 235.053 0.03803 0.00461 — 237.378 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 235.053 235.053 0.03803 0.00461 — 237.378 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 235.053 235.053 0.03803 0.00461 — 237.378 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 38.9158 38.9158 0.00630 0.00076 — 39.3006 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 38.9158 38.9158 0.00630 0.00076 — 39.3006

4.2.2. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 36.8742 36.8742 0.00597 0.00072 — 37.2388 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 36.8742 36.8742 0.00597 0.00072 — 37.2388 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 41 / 69
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 36.8742 36.8742 0.00597 0.00072 — 37.2388 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 36.8742 36.8742 0.00597 0.00072 — 37.2388 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 6.10494 6.10494 0.00099 0.00012 — 6.16531 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 6.10494 6.10494 0.00099 0.00012 — 6.16531

4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 561.187 561.187 0.04966 0.00106 — 562.744 Total 0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 561.187 561.187 0.04966 0.00106 — 562.744 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 561.187 561.187 0.04966 0.00106 — 562.744 Total 0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 561.187 561.187 0.04966 0.00106 — 562.744 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 42 / 69
Single 0.00944 0.00472 0.08069 0.03433 0.00052 0.00652 — 0.00652 0.00652 — 0.00652 — 92.9109 92.9109 0.00822 0.00017 — 93.1686 Family
Housing
Total 0.00944 0.00472 0.08069 0.03433 0.00052 0.00652 — 0.00652 0.00652 — 0.00652 — 92.9109 92.9109 0.00822 0.00017 — 93.1686

4.2.4. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 Total 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 Total 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 Total 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000

4.3. Area Emissions by Source

4.3.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 43 / 69
Source TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 30.3183 30.3183 0.00490 0.00059 — 30.6181 Consum
er
Product
s

1.87785 1.87785 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.15047 0.15047 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent

0.23331 0.22088 0.02385 2.56169 0.00011 0.00117 — 0.00117 0.00088 — 0.00088 — 6.82593 6.82593 0.00029 0.00006 — 6.84994 Total 2.26164 2.24921 0.02385 2.56169 0.00011 0.00117 — 0.00117 0.00088 — 0.00088 0.00000 37.1443 37.1443 0.00519 0.00065 — 37.4681 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 30.3183 30.3183 0.00490 0.00059 — 30.6181 Consum
er
Product
s

1.87785 1.87785 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.15047 0.15047 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total 2.02832 2.02832 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 30.3183 30.3183 0.00490 0.00059 — 30.6181 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 1.12768 1.12768 0.00018 0.00002 — 1.13883 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 44 / 69
Consum 0.34271 0.34271 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
er
Product
s
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.02746 0.02746 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent

0.02100 0.01988 0.00215 0.23055 0.00001 0.00010 — 0.00010 0.00008 — 0.00008 — 0.55731 0.55731 0.00002 <

0.000005
— 0.55928
Total 0.39117 0.39005 0.00215 0.23055 0.00001 0.00010 — 0.00010 0.00008 — 0.00008 0.00000 1.68499 1.68499 0.00021 0.00003 — 1.69810

4.3.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Source TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 30.3183 30.3183 0.00490 0.00059 — 30.6181 Consum
er
Product
s

1.87785 1.87785 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.15047 0.15047 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent

0.23331 0.22088 0.02385 2.56169 0.00011 0.00117 — 0.00117 0.00088 — 0.00088 — 6.82593 6.82593 0.00029 0.00006 — 6.84994 Total 2.26164 2.24921 0.02385 2.56169 0.00011 0.00117 — 0.00117 0.00088 — 0.00088 0.00000 37.1443 37.1443 0.00519 0.00065 — 37.4681 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 45 / 69
Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Winter
(Max)
Hearths 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 30.3183 30.3183 0.00490 0.00059 — 30.6181 Consum
er
Product
s

1.87785 1.87785 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.15047 0.15047 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total 2.02832 2.02832 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 30.3183 30.3183 0.00490 0.00059 — 30.6181 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 1.12768 1.12768 0.00018 0.00002 — 1.13883 Consum
er
Product
s

0.34271 0.34271 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.02746 0.02746 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent

0.02100 0.01988 0.00215 0.23055 0.00001 0.00010 — 0.00010 0.00008 — 0.00008 — 0.55731 0.55731 0.00002 <

0.000005
— 0.55928
Total 0.39117 0.39005 0.00215 0.23055 0.00001 0.00010 — 0.00010 0.00008 — 0.00008 0.00000 1.68499 1.68499 0.00021 0.00003 — 1.69810

4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use

4.4.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 46 / 69
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.57888 3.01736 3.59624 0.05985 0.00147 — 5.53028 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.57888 3.01736 3.59624 0.05985 0.00147 — 5.53028

4.4.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 47 / 69
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.57888 3.01736 3.59624 0.05985 0.00147 — 5.53028 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.57888 3.01736 3.59624 0.05985 0.00147 — 5.53028

4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use

4.5.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.61647 0.00000 3.61647 0.36145 0.00000 — 12.6528 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 48 / 69
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.61647 0.00000 3.61647 0.36145 0.00000 — 12.6528

4.5.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.61647 0.00000 3.61647 0.36145 0.00000 — 12.6528 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.61647 0.00000 3.61647 0.36145 0.00000 — 12.6528

4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use

4.6.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 49 / 69
Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Summer
(Max)
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.10405 0.10405
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.10405 0.10405

4.6.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 50 / 69
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.10405 0.10405
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.10405 0.10405

4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type

4.7.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.7.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 51 / 69
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.8. Stationary Emissions By Equipment Type

4.8.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.8.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 52 / 69
Equipm TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e ent
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.9. User Defined Emissions By Equipment Type

4.9.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.9.2. Mitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 53 / 69
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type

4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Vegetati
on
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 54 / 69

4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Species TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 55 / 69
Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Winter
(Max)
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.4. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Mitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Vegetati
on
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 56 / 69
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.5. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Mitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.6. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Mitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Species TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 57 / 69
Subtotal——————————————————
Remove d——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
———————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Avoided——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
Remove d——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
———————————————————
Annual——————————————————
Avoided——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
Remove d——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
———————————————————

5. Activity Data
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 58 / 69

5.1. Construction Schedule
Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Days Per Week Work Days per Phase Phase Description Site Preparation Site Preparation 1/2/2029 1/18/2029 5.00000 13.0000 — Grading Grading 1/19/2029 2/23/2029 5.00000 26.0000 —
Building Construction Building Construction 2/26/2029 4/17/2030 5.00000 298.000 — Paving Paving 4/18/2030 5/23/2030 5.00000 26.0000 —
Architectural Coating Architectural Coating 5/24/2030 6/28/2030 5.00000 26.0000 —

5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 367.000 0.40000 Site Preparation Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 4.00000 8.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Grading Excavators Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 36.0000 0.38000 Grading Graders Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 148.000 0.41000 Grading Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 367.000 0.40000 Grading Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Building Construction Cranes Diesel Average 1.000000 7.00000 367.000 0.29000 Building Construction Forklifts Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 82.0000 0.20000 Building Construction Generator Sets Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 14.0000 0.74000 Building Construction Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 3.00000 7.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Building Construction Welders Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 46.0000 0.45000 Paving Pavers Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 81.0000 0.42000 Paving Paving Equipment Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 89.0000 0.36000 Paving Rollers Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 36.0000 0.38000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 59 / 69
Architectural Coating Air Compressors Diesel Average 1.000000 6.00000 37.0000 0.48000

5.2.2. Mitigated
Phase Name Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 367.000 0.40000 Site Preparation Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 4.00000 8.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Grading Excavators Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 36.0000 0.38000 Grading Graders Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 148.000 0.41000 Grading Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 367.000 0.40000 Grading Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Building Construction Cranes Diesel Average 1.000000 7.00000 367.000 0.29000 Building Construction Forklifts Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 82.0000 0.20000 Building Construction Generator Sets Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 14.0000 0.74000 Building Construction Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 3.00000 7.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Building Construction Welders Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 46.0000 0.45000 Paving Pavers Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 81.0000 0.42000 Paving Paving Equipment Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 89.0000 0.36000 Paving Rollers Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 36.0000 0.38000 Architectural Coating Air Compressors Diesel Average 1.000000 6.00000 37.0000 0.48000

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Trip Type One-Way Trips per Day Miles per Trip Vehicle Mix Site Preparation Worker 17.5000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Site Preparation Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 60 / 69
Site Preparation Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Site Preparation Onsite truck — — HHDT
Grading Worker 15.0000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Grading Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Grading Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Grading Onsite truck — — HHDT
Building Construction Worker 16.2000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2 Building Construction Vendor 4.81050 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Building Construction Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Building Construction Onsite truck — — HHDT
Paving Worker 15.0000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Paving Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Paving Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Paving Onsite truck — — HHDT
Architectural Coating Worker 3.24000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2 Architectural Coating Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Architectural Coating Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Architectural Coating Onsite truck — — HHDT

5.3.2. Mitigated
Phase Name Trip Type One-Way Trips per Day Miles per Trip Vehicle Mix Site Preparation Worker 17.5000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Site Preparation Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Site Preparation Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Site Preparation Onsite truck — — HHDT
Grading Worker 15.0000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Grading Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Grading Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 61 / 69
Grading Onsite truck — — HHDT
Building Construction Worker 16.2000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2 Building Construction Vendor 4.81050 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Building Construction Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Building Construction Onsite truck — — HHDT
Paving Worker 15.0000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Paving Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Paving Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Paving Onsite truck — — HHDT
Architectural Coating Worker 3.24000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2 Architectural Coating Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Architectural Coating Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Architectural Coating Onsite truck — — HHDT

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies
Non-applicable. No control strategies activated by user.

5.5. Architectural Coatings
Phase Name Residential Interior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
Architectural Coating 177,694 59,231.3 0.00000 0.00000 —

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities
Phase Name Material Imported (cy) Material Exported (cy) Acres Graded (acres) Material Demolished (sq. ft.) Acres Paved (acres) Site Preparation — — 19.5000 0.00000 0.00000
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Grading — — 26.0000 0.00000 0.00000
Paving 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.49587

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies
Non-applicable. No control strategies activated by user.

5.7. Construction Paving
Phase Name Land Use Area Paved (acres) % Asphalt
Paving Single Family Housing 0.49587 0%

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors kWh per Year and Emission Factor (lb/MWh)
Year kWh per Year CO2 CH4 N2O
2029 0.00000 203.983 0.03300 0.00400
2030 0.00000 203.983 0.03300 0.00400

5.9. Operational Mobile Sources

5.9.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Type Trips/Weekday Trips/Saturday Trips/Sunday Trips/Year VMT/Weekday VMT/Saturday VMT/Sunday VMT/Year Single Family
Housing
420.570 420.570 420.570 153,508 4,786.03 4,786.03 4,786.03 1,746,900

5.9.2. Mitigated
Land Use Type Trips/Weekday Trips/Saturday Trips/Sunday Trips/Year VMT/Weekday VMT/Saturday VMT/Sunday VMT/Year Single Family
Housing
420.570 420.570 420.570 153,508 4,786.03 4,786.03 4,786.03 1,746,900 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 63 / 69

5.10. Operational Area Sources

5.10.1. Hearths
Land Use Hearth Type Unmitigated (number) Mitigated (number) Single Family Housing Wood Fireplaces 0 0
Single Family Housing Gas Fireplaces 0 0
Single Family Housing Propane Fireplaces 0 0
Single Family Housing Electric Fireplaces 45 45
Single Family Housing No Fireplaces 0 0
Single Family Housing Conventional Wood Stoves 0 0
Single Family Housing Catalytic Wood Stoves 0 0
Single Family Housing Non-Catalytic Wood Stoves 0 0
Single Family Housing Pellet Wood Stoves 0 0

5.10.2. Architectural Coatings
Residential Interior Area Coated (sq
ft)
Residential Exterior Area Coated (sq
ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area Coated
(sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
177,694 59,231.3 0.00000 0.00000 —

5.10.3. Landscape Equipment
Season Unit Value
Snow Days day/yr 0.00000
Summer Days day/yr 180.000

5.10.4. Landscape Equipment - Mitigated
Season Unit Value
Snow Days day/yr 0.00000
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 64 / 69
Summer Days day/yr 180.000

5.11. Operational Energy Consumption

5.11.1. Unmitigated
Electricity (kWh/yr) and CO2 and CH4 and N2O and Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Land Use Electricity (kWh/yr) CO2 CH4 N2O Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Single Family Housing 420,596 203.983 0.0330 0.0040 1,751,054

5.11.2. Mitigated
Electricity (kWh/yr) and CO2 and CH4 and N2O and Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Land Use Electricity (kWh/yr) CO2 CH4 N2O Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Single Family Housing 65,981.4 203.983 0.0330 0.0040 0.00000

5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption

5.12.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Indoor Water (gal/year) Outdoor Water (gal/year) Single Family Housing 1,824,653 10,506,811

5.12.2. Mitigated
Land Use Indoor Water (gal/year) Outdoor Water (gal/year) Single Family Housing 1,824,653 10,506,811

5.13. Operational Waste Generation

5.13.1. Unmitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 65 / 69
Land Use Waste (ton/year) Cogeneration (kWh/year)
Single Family Housing 40.5309 0.00000

5.13.2. Mitigated
Land Use Waste (ton/year) Cogeneration (kWh/year)
Single Family Housing 40.5309 0.00000

5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

5.14.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Equipment Type Refrigerant GWP Quantity (kg) Operations Leak Rate Service Leak Rate Times Serviced Single Family Housing Average room A/C &
Other residential A/C
and heat pumps
R-410A 2,088.00 0.00225 2.50000 2.50000 10.00000
Single Family Housing Household
refrigerators and/or
freezers
R-134a 1,430.00 0.11538 0.60000 0.00000 1.000000

5.14.2. Mitigated
Land Use Equipment Type Refrigerant GWP Quantity (kg) Operations Leak Rate Service Leak Rate Times Serviced Single Family Housing Average room A/C &
Other residential A/C
and heat pumps
R-410A 2,088.00 0.00225 2.50000 2.50000 10.00000
Single Family Housing Household
refrigerators and/or
freezers
R-134a 1,430.00 0.11538 0.60000 0.00000 1.000000

5.15. Operational Off-Road Equipment

5.15.1. Unmitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 66 / 69

5.15.2. Mitigated

5.16. Stationary Sources

5.16.1. Emergency Generators and Fire Pumps

5.16.2. Process Boilers

5.17. User Defined

5.18. Vegetation

5.18.1. Land Use Change

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Vegetation Land Use Type Vegetation Soil Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.1.2. Mitigated
Vegetation Land Use Type Vegetation Soil Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Biomass Cover Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.1.2. Mitigated
Biomass Cover Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.2. Sequestration
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 67 / 69

5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
Tree Type Number Electricity Saved (kWh/year) Natural Gas Saved (btu/year)

5.18.2.2. Mitigated
Tree Type Number Electricity Saved (kWh/year) Natural Gas Saved (btu/year)

8. User Changes to Default Data

8.1. Justifications
Screen Justification
Land Use Note 1.

Construction: Construction Phases Note 2.

Operations: Vehicle Data Note 3.

Operations: Hearths Note 4.

8.3. Land Use
Model Parameter Units Default Value New Value
Lot Area acre 14.6104 8.64000

8.4. Construction

8.4.1. Construction Phases
Phase Type Phase Name Model Parameter Default Value New Value Site Preparation Site Preparation Start Date 1/31/2029 1/2/2029 Site Preparation Site Preparation End Date 2/14/2029 1/18/2029 Site Preparation Site Preparation Work Days per Phase 10.00000 13.0000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 68 / 69
Grading Grading Start Date 2/15/2029 1/19/2029
Grading Grading End Date 3/15/2029 2/23/2029
Grading Grading Work Days per Phase 20.0000 26.0000
Building Construction Building Construction Start Date 3/16/2029 2/26/2029 Building Construction Building Construction End Date 2/1/2030 4/17/2030 Building Construction Building Construction Work Days per Phase 230.000 298.000 Paving Paving Start Date 2/2/2030 4/18/2030
Paving Paving End Date 3/2/2030 5/23/2030
Paving Paving Work Days per Phase 20.0000 26.0000
Architectural Coating Architectural Coating Start Date 3/3/2030 5/24/2030 Architectural Coating Architectural Coating End Date 3/31/2030 6/28/2030 Architectural Coating Architectural Coating Work Days per Phase 20.0000 26.0000

8.5. Operations

8.5.1. Mobile Sources

8.5.1.1. Vehicle Data
Land Use Model Parameter Units Default Value New Value
Single Family Housing Weekday Trip Rate size/day 9.44000 9.34600 Single Family Housing Saturday Trip Rate size/day 9.54000 9.34600 Single Family Housing Sunday Trip Rate size/day 8.55000 9.34600

8.5.2. Area Sources

8.5.2.1. Hearths
Land Use Model Parameter Default Value New Value
Single Family Housing Gas Fireplaces 23 0
Single Family Housing Electric Fireplaces 0 45
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 69 / 69
Single Family Housing No Fireplaces 23 0
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 1 / 39
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report
Table of Contents

1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information

1.2. Land Use Types

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.2. Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated

2.4. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2029) - Unmitigated

3.3. Grading (2029) - Unmitigated

3.5. Building Construction (2029) - Unmitigated

3.7. Building Construction (2030) - Unmitigated

3.9. Paving (2030) - Unmitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 2 / 39

3.11. Architectural Coating (2030) - Unmitigated

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use

4.1.1. Unmitigated

4.2. Energy

4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.3. Area Emissions by Source

4.3.1. Unmitigated

4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use

4.4.1. Unmitigated

4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use

4.5.1. Unmitigated

4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use

4.6.1. Unmitigated

4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type

4.7.1. Unmitigated

4.8. Stationary Emissions By Equipment Type
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 3 / 39

4.8.1. Unmitigated

4.9. User Defined Emissions By Equipment Type

4.9.1. Unmitigated

4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type

4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated

4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated

4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule

5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies

5.5. Architectural Coatings

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 4 / 39

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies

5.7. Construction Paving

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors

5.9. Operational Mobile Sources

5.9.1. Unmitigated

5.10. Operational Area Sources

5.10.1. Hearths

5.10.2. Architectural Coatings

5.10.3. Landscape Equipment

5.11. Operational Energy Consumption

5.11.1. Unmitigated

5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption

5.12.1. Unmitigated

5.13. Operational Waste Generation

5.13.1. Unmitigated

5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

5.14.1. Unmitigated

5.15. Operational Off-Road Equipment
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 5 / 39

5.15.1. Unmitigated

5.16. Stationary Sources

5.16.1. Emergency Generators and Fire Pumps

5.16.2. Process Boilers

5.17. User Defined

5.18. Vegetation

5.18.1. Land Use Change

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.2. Sequestration

5.18.2.1. Unmitigated

8. User Changes to Default Data

8.1. Justifications

8.3. Land Use

8.4. Construction

8.4.1. Construction Phases

8.5. Operations
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8.5.1. Mobile Sources

8.5.1.1. Vehicle Data
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 7 / 39

1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information
Data Field Value
Project Name VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated
Construction Start Date 1/2/2029
Operational Year 2030
Lead Agency —
Land Use Scale Project/site
Analysis Level for Defaults County
Windspeed (m/s) 2.70000
Precipitation (days) 18.0000
Location 35.2835062911507, -119.10760614061
County Kern-San Joaquin
City Bakersfield
Air District San Joaquin Valley APCD
Air Basin San Joaquin Valley
TAZ 2892
EDFZ 5
Electric Utility Pacific Gas & Electric Company
Gas Utility Southern California Gas
App Version 2022.1.1.37

1.2. Land Use Types
Land Use Subtype Size Unit Lot Acreage Building Area (sq ft) Landscape Area (sq ft)
Special Landscape
Area (sq ft)
Population Description
Single Family
Housing

45.0000 Dwelling Unit 8.60000 87,750.0 527,079 — 145.000 — VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 8 / 39

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector No measures selected

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 21.2548 21.2328 8.78039 13.8468 0.02452 0.27789 0.24079 0.51868 0.25584 0.05823 0.31407 — 2,741.56 2,741.56 0.10102 0.04778 0.78318 2,759.10 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 3.59314 3.02048 25.9916 28.7373 0.04889 1.08794 19.8709 20.9589 1.00091 10.1526 11.1535 — 5,487.26 5,487.26 0.21792 0.05080 0.02029 5,507.86 Average
Daily
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 1.81949 1.76843 7.17036 10.5336 0.01851 0.24460 1.36903 1.61363 0.22514 0.64336 0.86850 — 2,065.73 2,065.73 0.07777 0.03289 0.22699 2,077.70 Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 0.33206 0.32274 1.30859 1.92238 0.00338 0.04464 0.24985 0.29449 0.04109 0.11741 0.15850 — 342.004 342.004 0.01288 0.00545 0.03758 343.987

2.2. Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2029 1.21962 1.02238 8.78039 13.8468 0.02452 0.27789 0.24079 0.51868 0.25584 0.05823 0.31407 — 2,741.56 2,741.56 0.10102 0.04778 0.78318 2,759.10 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 9 / 39
2030 21.2548 21.2328 8.57856 13.7671 0.02452 0.26237 0.24079 0.50315 0.24156 0.05823 0.29979 — 2,733.35 2,733.35 0.10102 0.04149 0.68789 2,748.93 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2029 3.59314 3.02048 25.9916 28.7373 0.04889 1.08794 19.8709 20.9589 1.00091 10.1526 11.1535 — 5,487.26 5,487.26 0.21792 0.05080 0.02029 5,507.86 2030 1.18109 0.98833 8.59701 13.5022 0.02452 0.26237 0.24079 0.50315 0.24156 0.05823 0.29979 — 2,709.42 2,709.42 0.10174 0.04778 0.01782 2,726.22 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2029 0.99417 0.83351 7.17036 10.5336 0.01851 0.24460 1.36903 1.61363 0.22514 0.64336 0.86850 — 2,065.73 2,065.73 0.07777 0.03289 0.22699 2,077.70 2030 1.81949 1.76843 2.30615 3.67235 0.00625 0.07142 0.06555 0.13697 0.06574 0.01573 0.08147 — 700.312 700.312 0.02618 0.01154 0.07757 704.482 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2029 0.18144 0.15212 1.30859 1.92238 0.00338 0.04464 0.24985 0.29449 0.04109 0.11741 0.15850 — 342.004 342.004 0.01288 0.00545 0.03758 343.987 2030 0.33206 0.32274 0.42087 0.67020 0.00114 0.01303 0.01196 0.02500 0.01200 0.00287 0.01487 — 115.945 115.945 0.00433 0.00191 0.01284 116.635

2.4. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 3.87044 3.68919 2.69276 16.3540 0.04607 0.09905 3.40818 3.50723 0.09700 0.86609 0.96309 25.3402 5,468.51 5,493.85 2.75673 0.23207 10.0952 5,642.02 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 3.49100 3.31937 2.89954 11.0151 0.04260 0.09791 3.40818 3.50608 0.09615 0.86609 0.96224 25.3402 5,121.96 5,147.30 2.76821 0.24267 0.87395 5,289.70 Average
Daily
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 3.58774 3.42916 2.51816 12.5259 0.04174 0.07507 3.36909 3.44416 0.07317 0.85632 0.92949 25.3402 4,852.00 4,877.34 2.75482 0.23642 4.71613 5,021.37 Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 0.65476 0.62582 0.45956 2.28597 0.00762 0.01370 0.61486 0.62856 0.01335 0.15628 0.16963 4.19535 803.303 807.499 0.45609 0.03914 0.78081 831.346 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 10 / 39

2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Sector TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.51339 1.39228 1.85356 13.4453 0.04076 0.03196 3.40818 3.44014 0.03020 0.86609 0.89629 — 4,173.46 4,173.46 0.11517 0.21658 9.46672 4,250.35 Area 2.30532 2.27105 0.39709 2.72051 0.00249 0.03134 — 0.03134 0.03105 — 0.03105 0.00000 480.583 480.583 0.00921 0.00095 — 481.096 Energy 0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 796.241 796.241 0.08769 0.00567 — 800.121 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847 Total 3.87044 3.68919 2.69276 16.3540 0.04607 0.09905 3.40818 3.50723 0.09700 0.86609 0.96309 25.3402 5,468.51 5,493.85 2.75673 0.23207 10.0952 5,642.02 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.36727 1.24334 2.08419 10.6681 0.03740 0.03198 3.40818 3.44016 0.03022 0.86609 0.89631 — 3,833.74 3,833.74 0.12693 0.22723 0.24548 3,904.87 Area 2.07200 2.05016 0.37324 0.15882 0.00238 0.03018 — 0.03018 0.03018 — 0.03018 0.00000 473.757 473.757 0.00892 0.00089 — 474.246 Energy 0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 796.241 796.241 0.08769 0.00567 — 800.121 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847 Total 3.49100 3.31937 2.89954 11.0151 0.04260 0.09791 3.40818 3.50608 0.09615 0.86609 0.96224 25.3402 5,121.96 5,147.30 2.76821 0.24267 0.87395 5,289.70 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.38281 1.26113 1.98044 11.0387 0.03833 0.03197 3.36909 3.40106 0.03021 0.85632 0.88653 — 3,927.73 3,927.73 0.12031 0.22165 4.08766 4,000.88 Area 2.15320 2.14216 0.09561 1.29898 0.00059 0.00735 — 0.00735 0.00721 — 0.00721 0.00000 109.799 109.799 0.00214 0.00023 — 109.921 Energy 0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 796.241 796.241 0.08769 0.00567 — 800.121 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 11 / 39
Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847 Total 3.58774 3.42916 2.51816 12.5259 0.04174 0.07507 3.36909 3.44416 0.07317 0.85632 0.92949 25.3402 4,852.00 4,877.34 2.75482 0.23642 4.71613 5,021.37 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 0.25236 0.23016 0.36143 2.01457 0.00699 0.00583 0.61486 0.62069 0.00551 0.15628 0.16179 — 650.281 650.281 0.01992 0.03670 0.67676 662.391 Area 0.39296 0.39094 0.01745 0.23706 0.00011 0.00134 — 0.00134 0.00132 — 0.00132 0.00000 18.1785 18.1785 0.00036 0.00004 — 18.1987 Energy 0.00944 0.00472 0.08069 0.03433 0.00052 0.00652 — 0.00652 0.00652 — 0.00652 — 131.827 131.827 0.01452 0.00094 — 132.469 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.57888 3.01736 3.59624 0.05985 0.00147 — 5.53028 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 3.61647 0.00000 3.61647 0.36145 0.00000 — 12.6528 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.10405 0.10405 Total 0.65476 0.62582 0.45956 2.28597 0.00762 0.01370 0.61486 0.62856 0.01335 0.15628 0.16963 4.19535 803.303 807.499 0.45609 0.03914 0.78081 831.346

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2029) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

3.53388 2.96944 25.9333 28.0793 0.04889 1.08794 — 1.08794 1.00091 — 1.00091 — 5,296.00 5,296.00 0.21483 0.04297 — 5,314.17 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 19.6570 19.6570 — 10.1024 10.1024 — — — — — — — VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 12 / 39
Onsite 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 truck
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.12586 0.10576 0.92365 1.00008 0.00174 0.03875 — 0.03875 0.03565 — 0.03565 — 188.625 188.625 0.00765 0.00153 — 189.272 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.70011 0.70011 — 0.35981 0.35981 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02297 0.01930 0.16857 0.18252 0.00032 0.00707 — 0.00707 0.00651 — 0.00651 — 31.2290 31.2290 0.00127 0.00025 — 31.3361 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.12777 0.12777 — 0.06567 0.06567 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05926 0.05104 0.05830 0.65800 0.00000 0.00000 0.21390 0.21390 0.00000 0.05014 0.05014 — 191.265 191.265 0.00309 0.00783 0.01403 193.690 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 13 / 39
Average — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily
Worker 0.00212 0.00185 0.00180 0.02571 0.00000 0.00000 0.00753 0.00753 0.00000 0.00176 0.00176 — 7.07480 7.07480 0.00010 0.00028 0.00833 7.16866 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00039 0.00034 0.00033 0.00469 0.00000 0.00000 0.00137 0.00137 0.00000 0.00032 0.00032 — 1.17131 1.17131 0.00002 0.00005 0.00138 1.18685 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.3. Grading (2029) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.80482 1.51655 13.0273 17.2441 0.02732 0.53083 — 0.53083 0.48836 — 0.48836 — 2,959.08 2,959.08 0.12003 0.02401 — 2,969.24 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 7.08259 7.08259 — 3.42474 3.42474 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 14 / 39
Off-Roa 0.12856 0.10803 0.92797 1.22835 0.00195 0.03781 — 0.03781 0.03479 — 0.03479 — 210.784 210.784 0.00855 0.00171 — 211.507 d
Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.50451 0.50451 — 0.24395 0.24395 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02346 0.01972 0.16935 0.22417 0.00036 0.00690 — 0.00690 0.00635 — 0.00635 — 34.8977 34.8977 0.00142 0.00028 — 35.0175 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.09207 0.09207 — 0.04452 0.04452 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05079 0.04375 0.04997 0.56400 0.00000 0.00000 0.18335 0.18335 0.00000 0.04298 0.04298 — 163.942 163.942 0.00265 0.00671 0.01203 166.020 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00364 0.00316 0.00308 0.04407 0.00000 0.00000 0.01291 0.01291 0.00000 0.00302 0.00302 — 12.1282 12.1282 0.00016 0.00048 0.01428 12.2891 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 15 / 39
Worker 0.00066 0.00058 0.00056 0.00804 0.00000 0.00000 0.00236 0.00236 0.00000 0.00055 0.00055 — 2.00797 2.00797 0.00003 0.00008 0.00236 2.03461 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.5. Building Construction (2029) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.15336 0.96514 8.58166 12.9012 0.02340 0.27564 — 0.27564 0.25359 — 0.25359 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.15336 0.96514 8.58166 12.9012 0.02340 0.27564 — 0.27564 0.25359 — 0.25359 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.69743 0.58362 5.18930 7.80133 0.01415 0.16668 — 0.16668 0.15335 — 0.15335 — 1,449.36 1,449.36 0.05879 0.01176 — 1,454.33 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 16 / 39
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.12728 0.10651 0.94705 1.42374 0.00258 0.03042 — 0.03042 0.02799 — 0.02799 — 239.958 239.958 0.00973 0.00195 — 240.781 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.06093 0.05368 0.04636 0.89669 0.00000 0.00000 0.19801 0.19801 0.00000 0.04641 0.04641 — 201.630 201.630 0.00214 0.00725 0.50186 204.346 Vendor 0.00532 0.00356 0.15238 0.04887 0.00112 0.00225 0.04277 0.04502 0.00225 0.01182 0.01407 — 143.094 143.094 0.00165 0.02108 0.28132 149.699 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05486 0.04725 0.05397 0.60912 0.00000 0.00000 0.19801 0.19801 0.00000 0.04641 0.04641 — 177.057 177.057 0.00286 0.00725 0.01299 179.302 Vendor 0.00511 0.00325 0.16322 0.05067 0.00112 0.00225 0.04277 0.04502 0.00225 0.01182 0.01407 — 143.232 143.232 0.00165 0.02108 0.00730 149.564 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.03339 0.02900 0.02825 0.40401 0.00000 0.00000 0.11835 0.11835 0.00000 0.02772 0.02772 — 111.193 111.193 0.00151 0.00438 0.13090 112.668 Vendor 0.00316 0.00209 0.09631 0.03006 0.00068 0.00136 0.02561 0.02697 0.00136 0.00708 0.00844 — 86.5635 86.5635 0.00100 0.01275 0.07349 90.4612 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00609 0.00529 0.00516 0.07373 0.00000 0.00000 0.02160 0.02160 0.00000 0.00506 0.00506 — 18.4093 18.4093 0.00025 0.00073 0.02167 18.6535 Vendor 0.00058 0.00038 0.01758 0.00549 0.00012 0.00025 0.00467 0.00492 0.00025 0.00129 0.00154 — 14.3316 14.3316 0.00017 0.00211 0.01217 14.9769 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.7. Building Construction (2030) - Unmitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 17 / 39
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.23530 0.19690 1.75722 2.69798 0.00490 0.05447 — 0.05447 0.05011 — 0.05011 — 501.881 501.881 0.02036 0.00407 — 503.603 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.04294 0.03593 0.32069 0.49238 0.00089 0.00994 — 0.00994 0.00914 — 0.00914 — 83.0921 83.0921 0.00337 0.00067 — 83.3773 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 18 / 39
Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05736 0.05047 0.03946 0.83466 0.00000 0.00000 0.19801 0.19801 0.00000 0.04641 0.04641 — 197.882 197.882 0.00214 0.00107 0.44354 198.698 Vendor 0.00532 0.00356 0.14714 0.04764 0.00112 0.00225 0.04277 0.04502 0.00225 0.01182 0.01407 — 138.633 138.633 0.00165 0.02098 0.24435 145.170 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05236 0.04475 0.04707 0.56822 0.00000 0.00000 0.19801 0.19801 0.00000 0.04641 0.04641 — 173.816 173.816 0.00286 0.00725 0.01149 176.059 Vendor 0.00501 0.00325 0.15798 0.04923 0.00112 0.00225 0.04277 0.04502 0.00225 0.01182 0.01407 — 138.771 138.771 0.00165 0.02108 0.00633 145.102 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01104 0.00952 0.00971 0.13049 0.00000 0.00000 0.04098 0.04098 0.00000 0.00960 0.00960 — 37.7962 37.7962 0.00052 0.00152 0.04015 38.3018 Vendor 0.00109 0.00072 0.03225 0.01013 0.00024 0.00047 0.00887 0.00934 0.00047 0.00245 0.00292 — 29.0411 29.0411 0.00035 0.00441 0.02205 30.3874 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00201 0.00174 0.00177 0.02381 0.00000 0.00000 0.00748 0.00748 0.00000 0.00175 0.00175 — 6.25759 6.25759 0.00009 0.00025 0.00665 6.34130 Vendor 0.00020 0.00013 0.00589 0.00185 0.00004 0.00009 0.00162 0.00170 0.00009 0.00045 0.00053 — 4.80809 4.80809 0.00006 0.00073 0.00365 5.03099 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.9. Paving (2030) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 19 / 39
Off-Roa 0.76655 0.64411 6.28020 9.89564 0.01395 0.22035 — 0.22035 0.20272 — 0.20272 — 1,510.63 1,510.63 0.06128 0.01226 — 1,515.81 d
Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.05460 0.04588 0.44736 0.70489 0.00099 0.01570 — 0.01570 0.01444 — 0.01444 — 107.606 107.606 0.00436 0.00087 — 107.975 Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00997 0.00837 0.08164 0.12864 0.00018 0.00286 — 0.00286 0.00264 — 0.00264 — 17.8154 17.8154 0.00072 0.00014 — 17.8766 Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05311 0.04673 0.03654 0.77283 0.00000 0.00000 0.18335 0.18335 0.00000 0.04298 0.04298 — 183.224 183.224 0.00198 0.00099 0.41069 183.980 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 20 / 39
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00348 0.00300 0.00306 0.04110 0.00000 0.00000 0.01291 0.01291 0.00000 0.00302 0.00302 — 11.9053 11.9053 0.00016 0.00048 0.01265 12.0646 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00063 0.00055 0.00056 0.00750 0.00000 0.00000 0.00236 0.00236 0.00000 0.00055 0.00055 — 1.97106 1.97106 0.00003 0.00008 0.00209 1.99743 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.11. Architectural Coating (2030) - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Onsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11905 0.09839 0.78473 1.10719 0.00173 0.01097 — 0.01097 0.01009 — 0.01009 — 133.513 133.513 0.00542 0.00108 — 133.971 Architect
ural
Coating
s

21.1243 21.1243 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 21 / 39
Off-Roa 0.00848 0.00701 0.05590 0.07887 0.00012 0.00078 — 0.00078 0.00072 — 0.00072 — 9.51051 9.51051 0.00039 0.00008 — 9.54314 d
Architect
ural
Coating
s

1.50474 1.50474 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00155 0.00128 0.01020 0.01439 0.00002 0.00014 — 0.00014 0.00013 — 0.00013 — 1.57457 1.57457 0.00006 0.00001 — 1.57998 Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.27462 0.27462 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Offsite — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01147 0.01009 0.00789 0.16693 0.00000 0.00000 0.03960 0.03960 0.00000 0.00928 0.00928 — 39.5764 39.5764 0.00043 0.00021 0.08871 39.7397 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00075 0.00065 0.00066 0.00888 0.00000 0.00000 0.00279 0.00279 0.00000 0.00065 0.00065 — 2.57155 2.57155 0.00004 0.00010 0.00273 2.60595 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 22 / 39
Worker 0.00014 0.00012 0.00012 0.00162 0.00000 0.00000 0.00051 0.00051 0.00000 0.00012 0.00012 — 0.42575 0.42575 0.00001 0.00002 0.00045 0.43145 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use

4.1.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

1.51339 1.39228 1.85356 13.4453 0.04076 0.03196 3.40818 3.44014 0.03020 0.86609 0.89629 — 4,173.46 4,173.46 0.11517 0.21658 9.46672 4,250.35 Total 1.51339 1.39228 1.85356 13.4453 0.04076 0.03196 3.40818 3.44014 0.03020 0.86609 0.89629 — 4,173.46 4,173.46 0.11517 0.21658 9.46672 4,250.35 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

1.36727 1.24334 2.08419 10.6681 0.03740 0.03198 3.40818 3.44016 0.03022 0.86609 0.89631 — 3,833.74 3,833.74 0.12693 0.22723 0.24548 3,904.87 Total 1.36727 1.24334 2.08419 10.6681 0.03740 0.03198 3.40818 3.44016 0.03022 0.86609 0.89631 — 3,833.74 3,833.74 0.12693 0.22723 0.24548 3,904.87 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.25236 0.23016 0.36143 2.01457 0.00699 0.00583 0.61486 0.62069 0.00551 0.15628 0.16179 — 650.281 650.281 0.01992 0.03670 0.67676 662.391 Total 0.25236 0.23016 0.36143 2.01457 0.00699 0.00583 0.61486 0.62069 0.00551 0.15628 0.16179 — 650.281 650.281 0.01992 0.03670 0.67676 662.391 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 23 / 39

4.2. Energy

4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 235.053 235.053 0.03803 0.00461 — 237.378 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 235.053 235.053 0.03803 0.00461 — 237.378 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 235.053 235.053 0.03803 0.00461 — 237.378 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 235.053 235.053 0.03803 0.00461 — 237.378 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 38.9158 38.9158 0.00630 0.00076 — 39.3006 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 38.9158 38.9158 0.00630 0.00076 — 39.3006

4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 24 / 39
Single
Family
Housing

0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 561.187 561.187 0.04966 0.00106 — 562.744 Total 0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 561.187 561.187 0.04966 0.00106 — 562.744 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 561.187 561.187 0.04966 0.00106 — 562.744 Total 0.05174 0.02587 0.44211 0.18813 0.00282 0.03575 — 0.03575 0.03575 — 0.03575 — 561.187 561.187 0.04966 0.00106 — 562.744 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.00944 0.00472 0.08069 0.03433 0.00052 0.00652 — 0.00652 0.00652 — 0.00652 — 92.9109 92.9109 0.00822 0.00017 — 93.1686 Total 0.00944 0.00472 0.08069 0.03433 0.00052 0.00652 — 0.00652 0.00652 — 0.00652 — 92.9109 92.9109 0.00822 0.00017 — 93.1686

4.3. Area Emissions by Source

4.3.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Source TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.04368 0.02184 0.37324 0.15882 0.00238 0.03018 — 0.03018 0.03018 — 0.03018 0.00000 473.757 473.757 0.00892 0.00089 — 474.246 Consum
er
Product
s

1.87785 1.87785 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.15047 0.15047 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 25 / 39
Landsca
Equipment

0.23331 0.22088 0.02385 2.56169 0.00011 0.00117 — 0.00117 0.00088 — 0.00088 — 6.82593 6.82593 0.00029 0.00006 — 6.84994 Total 2.30532 2.27105 0.39709 2.72051 0.00249 0.03134 — 0.03134 0.03105 — 0.03105 0.00000 480.583 480.583 0.00921 0.00095 — 481.096 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.04368 0.02184 0.37324 0.15882 0.00238 0.03018 — 0.03018 0.03018 — 0.03018 0.00000 473.757 473.757 0.00892 0.00089 — 474.246 Consum
er
Product
s

1.87785 1.87785 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.15047 0.15047 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total 2.07200 2.05016 0.37324 0.15882 0.00238 0.03018 — 0.03018 0.03018 — 0.03018 0.00000 473.757 473.757 0.00892 0.00089 — 474.246 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.00179 0.00090 0.01530 0.00651 0.00010 0.00124 — 0.00124 0.00124 — 0.00124 0.00000 17.6212 17.6212 0.00033 0.00003 — 17.6394 Consum
er
Product
s

0.34271 0.34271 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.02746 0.02746 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent

0.02100 0.01988 0.00215 0.23055 0.00001 0.00010 — 0.00010 0.00008 — 0.00008 — 0.55731 0.55731 0.00002 <

0.000005
— 0.55928
Total 0.39296 0.39094 0.01745 0.23706 0.00011 0.00134 — 0.00134 0.00132 — 0.00132 0.00000 18.1785 18.1785 0.00036 0.00004 — 18.1987

4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use

4.4.1. Unmitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 26 / 39
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.49647 18.2250 21.7215 0.36147 0.00888 — 33.4032 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.57888 3.01736 3.59624 0.05985 0.00147 — 5.53028 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.57888 3.01736 3.59624 0.05985 0.00147 — 5.53028

4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use

4.5.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 27 / 39
Single — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Family
Housing
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 21.8437 0.00000 21.8437 2.18320 0.00000 — 76.4236 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.61647 0.00000 3.61647 0.36145 0.00000 — 12.6528 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.61647 0.00000 3.61647 0.36145 0.00000 — 12.6528

4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use

4.6.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 28 / 39
Single — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847
Family
Housing
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.62847 0.62847
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.10405 0.10405
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.10405 0.10405

4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type

4.7.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.8. Stationary Emissions By Equipment Type

4.8.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 29 / 39
Equipm
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.9. User Defined Emissions By Equipment Type

4.9.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 30 / 39

4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Vegetati
on
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 31 / 39
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Species TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 32 / 39
Remove — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule
Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Days Per Week Work Days per Phase Phase Description Site Preparation Site Preparation 1/2/2029 1/18/2029 5.00000 13.0000 — Grading Grading 1/19/2029 2/23/2029 5.00000 26.0000 —
Building Construction Building Construction 2/26/2029 4/17/2030 5.00000 298.000 — Paving Paving 4/18/2030 5/23/2030 5.00000 26.0000 —
Architectural Coating Architectural Coating 5/24/2030 6/28/2030 5.00000 26.0000 —

5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 367.000 0.40000 Site Preparation Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 4.00000 8.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Grading Graders Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 148.000 0.41000 Grading Excavators Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 36.0000 0.38000 Grading Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Grading Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 367.000 0.40000 Building Construction Forklifts Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 82.0000 0.20000 Building Construction Generator Sets Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 14.0000 0.74000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 33 / 39
Building Construction Cranes Diesel Average 1.000000 7.00000 367.000 0.29000 Building Construction Welders Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 46.0000 0.45000 Building Construction Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 3.00000 7.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Paving Pavers Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 81.0000 0.42000 Paving Paving Equipment Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 89.0000 0.36000 Paving Rollers Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 36.0000 0.38000 Architectural Coating Air Compressors Diesel Average 1.000000 6.00000 37.0000 0.48000

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Trip Type One-Way Trips per Day Miles per Trip Vehicle Mix Site Preparation Worker 17.5000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Site Preparation Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Site Preparation Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Site Preparation Onsite truck — — HHDT
Grading Worker 15.0000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Grading Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Grading Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Grading Onsite truck — — HHDT
Building Construction Worker 16.2000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2 Building Construction Vendor 4.81050 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Building Construction Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Building Construction Onsite truck — — HHDT
Paving Worker 15.0000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Paving Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Paving Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Paving Onsite truck — — HHDT
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 34 / 39
Architectural Coating Worker 3.24000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2 Architectural Coating Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Architectural Coating Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Architectural Coating Onsite truck — — HHDT

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies
Non-applicable. No control strategies activated by user.

5.5. Architectural Coatings
Phase Name Residential Interior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
Architectural Coating 177,694 59,231.3 0.00000 0.00000 —

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities
Phase Name Material Imported (cy) Material Exported (cy) Acres Graded (acres) Material Demolished (sq. ft.) Acres Paved (acres) Site Preparation — — 19.5000 0.00000 0.00000
Grading — — 26.0000 0.00000 0.00000
Paving 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.49587

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies
Non-applicable. No control strategies activated by user.

5.7. Construction Paving
Phase Name Land Use Area Paved (acres) % Asphalt
Paving Single Family Housing 0.49587 0%
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 35 / 39

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors kWh per Year and Emission Factor (lb/MWh)
Year kWh per Year CO2 CH4 N2O
2029 0.00000 203.983 0.03300 0.00400
2030 0.00000 203.983 0.03300 0.00400

5.9. Operational Mobile Sources

5.9.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Type Trips/Weekday Trips/Saturday Trips/Sunday Trips/Year VMT/Weekday VMT/Saturday VMT/Sunday VMT/Year Single Family
Housing
420.570 420.570 420.570 153,508 4,786.03 4,786.03 4,786.03 1,746,900

5.10. Operational Area Sources

5.10.1. Hearths
Land Use Hearth Type Unmitigated (number) Mitigated (number) Single Family Housing Wood Fireplaces 0 0
Single Family Housing Gas Fireplaces 23 23
Single Family Housing Propane Fireplaces 0 0
Single Family Housing Electric Fireplaces 0 0
Single Family Housing No Fireplaces 23 23
Single Family Housing Conventional Wood Stoves 0 0
Single Family Housing Catalytic Wood Stoves 0 0
Single Family Housing Non-Catalytic Wood Stoves 0 0
Single Family Housing Pellet Wood Stoves 0 0
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 36 / 39

5.10.2. Architectural Coatings
Residential Interior Area Coated (sq
ft)
Residential Exterior Area Coated (sq
ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area Coated
(sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
177,694 59,231.3 0.00000 0.00000 —

5.10.3. Landscape Equipment
Season Unit Value
Snow Days day/yr 0.00000
Summer Days day/yr 180.000

5.11. Operational Energy Consumption

5.11.1. Unmitigated
Electricity (kWh/yr) and CO2 and CH4 and N2O and Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Land Use Electricity (kWh/yr) CO2 CH4 N2O Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Single Family Housing 420,596 203.983 0.0330 0.0040 1,751,054

5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption

5.12.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Indoor Water (gal/year) Outdoor Water (gal/year) Single Family Housing 1,824,653 10,506,811

5.13. Operational Waste Generation

5.13.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Waste (ton/year) Cogeneration (kWh/year)
VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 37 / 39
Single Family Housing 40.5309 0.00000

5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

5.14.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Equipment Type Refrigerant GWP Quantity (kg) Operations Leak Rate Service Leak Rate Times Serviced Single Family Housing Average room A/C &
Other residential A/C
and heat pumps
R-410A 2,088.00 0.00225 2.50000 2.50000 10.00000
Single Family Housing Household
refrigerators and/or
freezers
R-134a 1,430.00 0.11538 0.60000 0.00000 1.000000

5.15. Operational Off-Road Equipment

5.15.1. Unmitigated

5.16. Stationary Sources

5.16.1. Emergency Generators and Fire Pumps

5.16.2. Process Boilers

5.17. User Defined

5.18. Vegetation

5.18.1. Land Use Change

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Vegetation Land Use Type Vegetation Soil Type Initial Acres Final Acres VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 38 / 39

5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Biomass Cover Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.2. Sequestration

5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
Tree Type Number Electricity Saved (kWh/year) Natural Gas Saved (btu/year)

8. User Changes to Default Data

8.1. Justifications
Screen Justification
Land Use Note 1.

Construction: Construction Phases Note 2.

Operations: Vehicle Data Note 4.

Operations: Hearths Note 4.

8.3. Land Use
Model Parameter Units Default Value New Value
Lot Area acre 14.6104 8.60000

8.4. Construction

8.4.1. Construction Phases
Phase Type Phase Name Model Parameter Default Value New Value VTTM 7500 - Phase 1 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/3/2026 39 / 39
Site Preparation Site Preparation Start Date 1/31/2029 1/2/2029 Site Preparation Site Preparation End Date 2/14/2029 1/18/2029 Site Preparation Site Preparation Work Days per Phase 10.00000 13.0000 Grading Grading Start Date 2/15/2029 1/19/2029
Grading Grading End Date 3/15/2029 2/23/2029
Grading Grading Work Days per Phase 20.0000 26.0000
Building Construction Building Construction Start Date 3/16/2029 2/26/2029 Building Construction Building Construction End Date 2/1/2030 4/17/2030 Building Construction Building Construction Work Days per Phase 230.000 298.000 Paving Paving Start Date 2/2/2030 4/18/2030
Paving Paving End Date 3/2/2030 5/23/2030
Paving Paving Work Days per Phase 20.0000 26.0000
Architectural Coating Architectural Coating Start Date 3/3/2030 5/24/2030 Architectural Coating Architectural Coating End Date 3/31/2030 6/28/2030 Architectural Coating Architectural Coating Work Days per Phase 20.0000 26.0000

8.5. Operations

8.5.1. Mobile Sources

8.5.1.1. Vehicle Data
Land Use Model Parameter Units Default Value New Value
Single Family Housing Weekday Trip Rate size/day 9.44000 9.34600 Single Family Housing Saturday Trip Rate size/day 9.54000 9.34600 Single Family Housing Sunday Trip Rate size/day 8.55000 9.34600 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 1 / 78
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report
Table of Contents

1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information

1.2. Land Use Types

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.2. Construction Emissions by Year

2.2.1. Total Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated

2.2.2. Onsite Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated

2.2.3. Offsite Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated

2.2.4. Total Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated

2.2.5. Onsite Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated

2.2.6. Offsite Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated

2.3. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.4. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 2 / 78

2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Mitigated

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2030)

3.1.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.1.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.1.3. Onsite - Mitigated

3.1.4. Offsite - Mitigated

3.2. Grading (2030)

3.2.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.2.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.2.3. Onsite - Mitigated

3.2.4. Offsite - Mitigated

3.3. Building Construction (2030)

3.3.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.3.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.3.3. Onsite - Mitigated

3.3.4. Offsite - Mitigated

3.4. Building Construction (2031)
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 3 / 78

3.4.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.4.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.4.3. Onsite - Mitigated

3.4.4. Offsite - Mitigated

3.5. Paving (2031)

3.5.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.5.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.5.3. Onsite - Mitigated

3.5.4. Offsite - Mitigated

3.6. Architectural Coating (2031)

3.6.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.6.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.6.3. Onsite - Mitigated

3.6.4. Offsite - Mitigated

3.7. Architectural Coating (2032)

3.7.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.7.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.7.3. Onsite - Mitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 4 / 78

3.7.4. Offsite - Mitigated

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use

4.1.1. Unmitigated

4.1.2. Mitigated

4.2. Energy

4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.2.2. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated

4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.2.4. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated

4.3. Area Emissions by Source

4.3.1. Unmitigated

4.3.2. Mitigated

4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use

4.4.1. Unmitigated

4.4.2. Mitigated

4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use

4.5.1. Unmitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 5 / 78

4.5.2. Mitigated

4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use

4.6.1. Unmitigated

4.6.2. Mitigated

4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type

4.7.1. Unmitigated

4.7.2. Mitigated

4.8. Stationary Emissions By Equipment Type

4.8.1. Unmitigated

4.8.2. Mitigated

4.9. User Defined Emissions By Equipment Type

4.9.1. Unmitigated

4.9.2. Mitigated

4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type

4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated

4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated

4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated

4.10.4. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Mitigated VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 6 / 78

4.10.5. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Mitigated

4.10.6. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Mitigated

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule

5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated

5.2.2. Mitigated

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated

5.3.2. Mitigated

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies

5.5. Architectural Coatings

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies

5.7. Construction Paving

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 7 / 78

5.9. Operational Mobile Sources

5.9.1. Unmitigated

5.9.2. Mitigated

5.10. Operational Area Sources

5.10.1. Hearths

5.10.2. Architectural Coatings

5.10.3. Landscape Equipment

5.10.4. Landscape Equipment - Mitigated

5.11. Operational Energy Consumption

5.11.1. Unmitigated

5.11.2. Mitigated

5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption

5.12.1. Unmitigated

5.12.2. Mitigated

5.13. Operational Waste Generation

5.13.1. Unmitigated

5.13.2. Mitigated

5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 8 / 78

5.14.1. Unmitigated

5.14.2. Mitigated

5.15. Operational Off-Road Equipment

5.15.1. Unmitigated

5.15.2. Mitigated

5.16. Stationary Sources

5.16.1. Emergency Generators and Fire Pumps

5.16.2. Process Boilers

5.17. User Defined

5.18. Vegetation

5.18.1. Land Use Change

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.1.2. Mitigated

5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.1.2. Mitigated

5.18.2. Sequestration

5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 9 / 78

5.18.2.2. Mitigated

8. User Changes to Default Data

8.1. Justifications

8.3. Land Use

8.4. Construction

8.4.1. Construction Phases

8.5. Operations

8.5.1. Mobile Sources

8.5.1.1. Vehicle Data

8.5.2. Area Sources

8.5.2.1. Hearths
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 10 / 78

1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information
Data Field Value
Project Name VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated
Construction Start Date 7/1/2030
Operational Year 2032
Lead Agency —
Land Use Scale Project/site
Analysis Level for Defaults County
Windspeed (m/s) 2.70000
Precipitation (days) 18.0000
Location 35.2835062911507, -119.10760614061
County Kern-San Joaquin
City Bakersfield
Air District San Joaquin Valley APCD
Air Basin San Joaquin Valley
TAZ 2892
EDFZ 5
Electric Utility Pacific Gas & Electric Company
Gas Utility Southern California Gas
App Version 2022.1.1.38

1.2. Land Use Types
Land Use Subtype Size Unit Lot Acreage Building Area (sq ft) Landscape Area (sq ft)
Special Landscape
Area (sq ft)
Population Description
Single Family
Housing

39.0000 Dwelling Unit 7.49000 76,050.0 462,323 — 126.000 — VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 11 / 78

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector Sector # Measure Title
Construction C-10-A Water Exposed Surfaces
Construction C-10-C Water Unpaved Construction Roads
Construction C-11 Limit Vehicle Speeds on Unpaved Roads Energy E-2 Require Energy Efficient Appliances
Energy E-10-B Establish Onsite Renewable Energy Systems: Solar Power Energy E-15 Require All-Electric Development

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 3.53546 2.97322 25.2518 29.3335 0.04889 1.06629 19.8709 20.9372 0.98098 10.1526 11.1336 — 5,509.43 5,509.43 0.21713 0.04412 0.59617 5,528.48 Mit. 3.53546 2.97322 25.2518 29.3335 0.04889 1.06629 5.32473 6.39101 0.98098 2.67677 3.65776 — 5,509.43 5,509.43 0.21713 0.04412 0.59617 5,528.48 %
Reduced
— — — — — — 73% 69% — 74% 67% — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 17.7527 17.7324 8.56967 13.4199 0.02437 0.26207 0.20868 0.47075 0.24126 0.05047 0.29172 — 2,667.74 2,667.74 0.10114 0.04400 0.01544 2,683.40 Mit. 17.7527 17.7324 8.56967 13.4199 0.02437 0.26207 0.20868 0.47075 0.24126 0.05047 0.29172 — 2,667.74 2,667.74 0.10114 0.04400 0.01544 2,683.40 %
Reduced
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 12 / 78
Average — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily
(Max)
Unmit. 1.50088 1.38310 5.41650 8.78695 0.01560 0.16179 1.29665 1.43820 0.14836 0.63055 0.76081 — 1,717.55 1,717.55 0.06473 0.02339 0.14649 1,726.28 Mit. 1.50088 1.38310 5.41650 8.78695 0.01560 0.16179 0.39087 0.53242 0.14836 0.17682 0.30708 — 1,717.55 1,717.55 0.06473 0.02339 0.14649 1,726.28 %
Reduced
— — — — — — 70% 63% — 72% 60% — — — — — — —
Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 0.27391 0.25242 0.98851 1.60362 0.00285 0.02953 0.23664 0.26247 0.02708 0.11508 0.13885 — 284.359 284.359 0.01072 0.00387 0.02425 285.806 Mit. 0.27391 0.25242 0.98851 1.60362 0.00285 0.02953 0.07133 0.09717 0.02708 0.03227 0.05604 — 284.359 284.359 0.01072 0.00387 0.02425 285.806 %
Reduced
— — — — — — 70% 63% — 72% 60% — — — — — — —

2.2. Construction Emissions by Year

2.2.1. Total Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated Includes both onsite and offsite emissions.

Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 3.53546 2.97322 25.2518 29.3335 0.04889 1.06629 19.8709 20.9372 0.98098 10.1526 11.1336 — 5,509.43 5,509.43 0.21713 0.04412 0.59617 5,528.48 2031 1.14935 0.96274 8.27017 13.5608 0.02437 0.24518 0.20868 0.45386 0.22475 0.05047 0.27521 — 2,681.63 2,681.63 0.10021 0.03758 0.51958 2,695.86 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 1.17344 0.98193 8.56967 13.4199 0.02437 0.26207 0.20868 0.47075 0.24126 0.05047 0.29172 — 2,667.74 2,667.74 0.10114 0.04400 0.01544 2,683.40 2031 17.7527 17.7324 8.29053 13.3498 0.02437 0.24518 0.20868 0.45386 0.22475 0.05047 0.27521 — 2,661.28 2,661.28 0.10073 0.04303 0.01344 2,676.63 2032 17.7494 17.7297 0.77701 1.18764 0.00173 0.00813 0.03432 0.04245 0.00748 0.00805 0.01552 — 162.682 162.682 0.00585 0.00234 0.00153 163.527 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 13 / 78
Average — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily
2030 0.55343 0.46424 3.98165 5.73559 0.00987 0.14155 1.29665 1.43820 0.13026 0.63055 0.76081 — 1,096.48 1,096.48 0.04205 0.01510 0.08499 1,102.12 2031 1.50088 1.38310 5.41650 8.78695 0.01560 0.16179 0.13762 0.29941 0.14836 0.03316 0.18151 — 1,717.55 1,717.55 0.06473 0.02339 0.14649 1,726.28 2032 0.52102 0.52044 0.02277 0.03510 0.00005 0.00024 0.00100 0.00123 0.00022 0.00023 0.00045 — 4.80823 4.80823 0.00017 0.00004 0.00075 4.82432 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.10100 0.08472 0.72665 1.04675 0.00180 0.02583 0.23664 0.26247 0.02377 0.11508 0.13885 — 181.535 181.535 0.00696 0.00250 0.01407 182.468 2031 0.27391 0.25242 0.98851 1.60362 0.00285 0.02953 0.02512 0.05464 0.02708 0.00605 0.03313 — 284.359 284.359 0.01072 0.00387 0.02425 285.806 2032 0.09509 0.09498 0.00416 0.00640 0.00001 0.00004 0.00018 0.00023 0.00004 0.00004 0.00008 — 0.79606 0.79606 0.00003 0.00001 0.00012 0.79872

2.2.2. Onsite Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 3.47350 2.91871 25.2092 28.4319 0.04889 1.06629 19.6570 20.7233 0.98098 10.1024 11.0834 — 5,295.67 5,295.67 0.21482 0.04296 0.00000 5,313.84 2031 1.09751 0.91839 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 0.00000 0.24323 0.22377 0.00000 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 0.00000 2,405.06 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 0.00000 0.26012 0.23931 0.00000 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 0.00000 2,405.06 2031 17.7451 17.7251 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 0.00000 0.24323 0.22377 0.00000 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 0.00000 2,405.06 2032 17.7423 17.7227 0.77005 1.10069 0.00173 0.00813 0.00000 0.00813 0.00748 0.00000 0.00748 — 133.504 133.504 0.00542 0.00108 0.00000 133.962 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.53521 0.44875 3.93319 5.52314 0.00962 0.14106 1.22403 1.36509 0.12978 0.61315 0.74293 — 1,007.88 1,007.88 0.04088 0.00818 0.00000 1,011.34 2031 1.47214 1.35590 5.31639 8.42047 0.01502 0.16063 0.00000 0.16063 0.14778 0.00000 0.14778 — 1,543.40 1,543.40 0.06261 0.01252 0.00000 1,548.69 2032 0.52081 0.52024 0.02260 0.03231 0.00005 0.00024 0.00000 0.00024 0.00022 0.00000 0.00022 — 3.91889 3.91889 0.00016 0.00003 0.00000 3.93234 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 14 / 78
2030 0.09768 0.08190 0.71781 1.00797 0.00176 0.02574 0.22339 0.24913 0.02368 0.11190 0.13558 — 166.865 166.865 0.00677 0.00135 0.00000 167.438 2031 0.26867 0.24745 0.97024 1.53674 0.00274 0.02931 0.00000 0.02931 0.02697 0.00000 0.02697 — 255.527 255.527 0.01037 0.00207 0.00000 256.404 2032 0.09505 0.09494 0.00413 0.00590 0.00001 0.00004 0.00000 0.00004 0.00004 0.00000 0.00004 — 0.64882 0.64882 0.00003 0.00001 0.00000 0.65104

2.2.3. Offsite Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.06196 0.05451 0.16172 0.90164 0.00097 0.00195 0.21390 0.21390 0.00195 0.05047 0.05242 — 291.647 291.647 0.00329 0.01911 0.59617 298.020 2031 0.05185 0.04435 0.15161 0.71540 0.00097 0.00195 0.20868 0.21063 0.00097 0.05047 0.05144 — 284.800 284.800 0.00298 0.01813 0.51958 290.798 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.04972 0.04160 0.17771 0.53513 0.00097 0.00195 0.20868 0.21063 0.00195 0.05047 0.05242 — 270.909 270.909 0.00391 0.02456 0.01544 278.340 2031 0.04219 0.03974 0.17198 0.50441 0.00097 0.00195 0.20868 0.21063 0.00097 0.05047 0.05144 — 264.444 264.444 0.00351 0.02358 0.01344 271.572 2032 0.00714 0.00695 0.00696 0.08695 0.00000 0.00000 0.03432 0.03432 0.00000 0.00805 0.00805 — 29.1781 29.1781 0.00043 0.00126 0.00153 29.5650 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.01822 0.01548 0.04846 0.21245 0.00024 0.00049 0.07262 0.07311 0.00049 0.01740 0.01789 — 88.6023 88.6023 0.00117 0.00693 0.08499 90.7806 2031 0.02874 0.02720 0.10012 0.36648 0.00058 0.00116 0.13762 0.13878 0.00058 0.03316 0.03374 — 174.149 174.149 0.00212 0.01087 0.14649 177.588 2032 0.00021 0.00021 0.00017 0.00279 0.00000 0.00000 0.00100 0.00100 0.00000 0.00023 0.00023 — 0.88933 0.88933 0.00001 0.00001 0.00075 0.89198 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.00332 0.00283 0.00884 0.03877 0.00004 0.00009 0.01325 0.01334 0.00009 0.00318 0.00326 — 14.6691 14.6691 0.00019 0.00115 0.01407 15.0298 2031 0.00525 0.00496 0.01827 0.06688 0.00011 0.00021 0.02512 0.02533 0.00011 0.00605 0.00616 — 28.8324 28.8324 0.00035 0.00180 0.02425 29.4018 2032 0.00004 0.00004 0.00003 0.00051 0.00000 0.00000 0.00018 0.00018 0.00000 0.00004 0.00004 — 0.14724 0.14724 <

0.000005
<

0.000005

0.00012 0.14768

2.2.4. Total Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 15 / 78
Includes both onsite and offsite emissions.

Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 3.53546 2.97322 25.2518 29.3335 0.04889 1.06629 5.32473 6.39101 0.98098 2.67677 3.65776 — 5,509.43 5,509.43 0.21713 0.04412 0.59617 5,528.48 2031 1.14935 0.96274 8.27017 13.5608 0.02437 0.24518 0.20868 0.45386 0.22475 0.05047 0.27521 — 2,681.63 2,681.63 0.10021 0.03758 0.51958 2,695.86 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 1.17344 0.98193 8.56967 13.4199 0.02437 0.26207 0.20868 0.47075 0.24126 0.05047 0.29172 — 2,667.74 2,667.74 0.10114 0.04400 0.01544 2,683.40 2031 17.7527 17.7324 8.29053 13.3498 0.02437 0.24518 0.20868 0.45386 0.22475 0.05047 0.27521 — 2,661.28 2,661.28 0.10073 0.04303 0.01344 2,676.63 2032 17.7494 17.7297 0.77701 1.18764 0.00173 0.00813 0.03432 0.04245 0.00748 0.00805 0.01552 — 162.682 162.682 0.00585 0.00234 0.00153 163.527 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.55343 0.46424 3.98165 5.73559 0.00987 0.14155 0.39087 0.53242 0.13026 0.17682 0.30708 — 1,096.48 1,096.48 0.04205 0.01510 0.08499 1,102.12 2031 1.50088 1.38310 5.41650 8.78695 0.01560 0.16179 0.13762 0.29941 0.14836 0.03316 0.18151 — 1,717.55 1,717.55 0.06473 0.02339 0.14649 1,726.28 2032 0.52102 0.52044 0.02277 0.03510 0.00005 0.00024 0.00100 0.00123 0.00022 0.00023 0.00045 — 4.80823 4.80823 0.00017 0.00004 0.00075 4.82432 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.10100 0.08472 0.72665 1.04675 0.00180 0.02583 0.07133 0.09717 0.02377 0.03227 0.05604 — 181.535 181.535 0.00696 0.00250 0.01407 182.468 2031 0.27391 0.25242 0.98851 1.60362 0.00285 0.02953 0.02512 0.05464 0.02708 0.00605 0.03313 — 284.359 284.359 0.01072 0.00387 0.02425 285.806 2032 0.09509 0.09498 0.00416 0.00640 0.00001 0.00004 0.00018 0.00023 0.00004 0.00004 0.00008 — 0.79606 0.79606 0.00003 0.00001 0.00012 0.79872

2.2.5. Onsite Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 3.47350 2.91871 25.2092 28.4319 0.04889 1.06629 5.11082 6.17711 0.98098 2.62664 3.60762 — 5,295.67 5,295.67 0.21482 0.04296 0.00000 5,313.84 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 16 / 78
2031 1.09751 0.91839 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 0.00000 0.24323 0.22377 0.00000 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 0.00000 2,405.06 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 0.00000 0.26012 0.23931 0.00000 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 0.00000 2,405.06 2031 17.7451 17.7251 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 0.00000 0.24323 0.22377 0.00000 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 0.00000 2,405.06 2032 17.7423 17.7227 0.77005 1.10069 0.00173 0.00813 0.00000 0.00813 0.00748 0.00000 0.00748 — 133.504 133.504 0.00542 0.00108 0.00000 133.962 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.53521 0.44875 3.93319 5.52314 0.00962 0.14106 0.31825 0.45931 0.12978 0.15942 0.28920 — 1,007.88 1,007.88 0.04088 0.00818 0.00000 1,011.34 2031 1.47214 1.35590 5.31639 8.42047 0.01502 0.16063 0.00000 0.16063 0.14778 0.00000 0.14778 — 1,543.40 1,543.40 0.06261 0.01252 0.00000 1,548.69 2032 0.52081 0.52024 0.02260 0.03231 0.00005 0.00024 0.00000 0.00024 0.00022 0.00000 0.00022 — 3.91889 3.91889 0.00016 0.00003 0.00000 3.93234 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.09768 0.08190 0.71781 1.00797 0.00176 0.02574 0.05808 0.08382 0.02368 0.02909 0.05278 — 166.865 166.865 0.00677 0.00135 0.00000 167.438 2031 0.26867 0.24745 0.97024 1.53674 0.00274 0.02931 0.00000 0.02931 0.02697 0.00000 0.02697 — 255.527 255.527 0.01037 0.00207 0.00000 256.404 2032 0.09505 0.09494 0.00413 0.00590 0.00001 0.00004 0.00000 0.00004 0.00004 0.00000 0.00004 — 0.64882 0.64882 0.00003 0.00001 0.00000 0.65104

2.2.6. Offsite Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.06196 0.05451 0.16172 0.90164 0.00097 0.00195 0.21390 0.21390 0.00195 0.05047 0.05242 — 291.647 291.647 0.00329 0.01911 0.59617 298.020 2031 0.05185 0.04435 0.15161 0.71540 0.00097 0.00195 0.20868 0.21063 0.00097 0.05047 0.05144 — 284.800 284.800 0.00298 0.01813 0.51958 290.798 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.04972 0.04160 0.17771 0.53513 0.00097 0.00195 0.20868 0.21063 0.00195 0.05047 0.05242 — 270.909 270.909 0.00391 0.02456 0.01544 278.340 2031 0.04219 0.03974 0.17198 0.50441 0.00097 0.00195 0.20868 0.21063 0.00097 0.05047 0.05144 — 264.444 264.444 0.00351 0.02358 0.01344 271.572 2032 0.00714 0.00695 0.00696 0.08695 0.00000 0.00000 0.03432 0.03432 0.00000 0.00805 0.00805 — 29.1781 29.1781 0.00043 0.00126 0.00153 29.5650 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 17 / 78
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.01822 0.01548 0.04846 0.21245 0.00024 0.00049 0.07262 0.07311 0.00049 0.01740 0.01789 — 88.6023 88.6023 0.00117 0.00693 0.08499 90.7806 2031 0.02874 0.02720 0.10012 0.36648 0.00058 0.00116 0.13762 0.13878 0.00058 0.03316 0.03374 — 174.149 174.149 0.00212 0.01087 0.14649 177.588 2032 0.00021 0.00021 0.00017 0.00279 0.00000 0.00000 0.00100 0.00100 0.00000 0.00023 0.00023 — 0.88933 0.88933 0.00001 0.00001 0.00075 0.89198 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.00332 0.00283 0.00884 0.03877 0.00004 0.00009 0.01325 0.01334 0.00009 0.00318 0.00326 — 14.6691 14.6691 0.00019 0.00115 0.01407 15.0298 2031 0.00525 0.00496 0.01827 0.06688 0.00011 0.00021 0.02512 0.02533 0.00011 0.00605 0.00616 — 28.8324 28.8324 0.00035 0.00180 0.02425 29.4018 2032 0.00004 0.00004 0.00003 0.00051 0.00000 0.00000 0.00018 0.00018 0.00000 0.00004 0.00004 — 0.14724 0.14724 <

0.000005
<

0.000005

0.00012 0.14768

2.3. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 3.20337 3.07406 1.88879 13.2457 0.03657 0.05740 2.95283 3.01023 0.05576 0.75025 0.80602 22.0117 4,223.40 4,245.41 2.38288 0.19317 6.89441 4,369.44 Mit. 3.15853 3.05164 1.50563 13.0827 0.03413 0.02642 2.95283 2.97925 0.02478 0.75025 0.77504 22.0117 3,565.57 3,587.59 2.31210 0.18890 6.89441 3,708.57 %
Reduced
1% 1% 20% 1% 7% 54% — 1% 56% — 4% — 16% 15% 3% 2% — 15% Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 2.89236 2.77190 2.04987 8.75003 0.03366 0.05642 2.95283 3.00925 0.05503 0.75025 0.80528 22.0117 3,932.88 3,954.89 2.39165 0.20176 0.70933 4,075.51 Mit. 2.84752 2.74948 1.66670 8.58698 0.03122 0.02544 2.95283 2.97827 0.02405 0.75025 0.77430 22.0117 3,275.06 3,297.07 2.32087 0.19748 0.70933 3,414.65 %
Reduced
2% 1% 19% 2% 7% 55% — 1% 56% — 4% — 17% 17% 3% 2% — 16% Average
Daily
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 3.00327 2.87906 1.97815 10.1662 0.03449 0.05690 2.91896 2.97586 0.05539 0.74178 0.79717 22.0117 3,994.18 4,016.19 2.38342 0.19684 3.28645 4,137.72 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 18 / 78
Mit. 2.95843 2.85664 1.59498 10.0031 0.03204 0.02592 2.91896 2.94488 0.02441 0.74178 0.76619 22.0117 3,336.36 3,358.37 2.31264 0.19257 3.28645 3,476.86 %
Reduced
1% 1% 19% 2% 7% 54% — 1% 56% — 4% — 16% 16% 3% 2% — 16% Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 0.54810 0.52543 0.36101 1.85532 0.00629 0.01038 0.53271 0.54309 0.01011 0.13538 0.14548 3.64428 661.282 664.926 0.39460 0.03259 0.54411 685.047 Mit. 0.53991 0.52134 0.29108 1.82557 0.00585 0.00473 0.53271 0.53744 0.00445 0.13538 0.13983 3.64428 552.372 556.017 0.38288 0.03188 0.54411 575.633 %
Reduced
1% 1% 19% 2% 7% 54% — 1% 56% — 4% — 16% 16% 3% 2% — 16%

2.4. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Sector TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.19877 1.10264 1.48511 10.8604 0.03403 0.02542 2.95283 2.97825 0.02403 0.75025 0.77429 — 3,485.18 3,485.18 0.09196 0.18000 6.34974 3,547.47 Area 1.95976 1.94900 0.02052 2.22228 0.00010 0.00100 — 0.00100 0.00075 — 0.00075 0.00000 32.1917 32.1917 0.00450 0.00056 — 32.4723 Energy 0.04484 0.02242 0.38317 0.16305 0.00245 0.03098 — 0.03098 0.03098 — 0.03098 — 690.075 690.075 0.07600 0.00491 — 693.438 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467 Total 3.20337 3.07406 1.88879 13.2457 0.03657 0.05740 2.95283 3.01023 0.05576 0.75025 0.80602 22.0117 4,223.40 4,245.41 2.38288 0.19317 6.89441 4,369.44 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.08964 0.99160 1.66670 8.58698 0.03122 0.02544 2.95283 2.97827 0.02405 0.75025 0.77430 — 3,200.58 3,200.58 0.10098 0.18864 0.16466 3,259.48 Area 1.75788 1.75788 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 26.2759 26.2759 0.00425 0.00052 — 26.5357 Energy 0.04484 0.02242 0.38317 0.16305 0.00245 0.03098 — 0.03098 0.03098 — 0.03098 — 690.075 690.075 0.07600 0.00491 — 693.438 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 19 / 78
Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467 Total 2.89236 2.77190 2.04987 8.75003 0.03366 0.05642 2.95283 3.00925 0.05503 0.75025 0.80528 22.0117 3,932.88 3,954.89 2.39165 0.20176 0.70933 4,075.51 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.10099 1.00451 1.58486 8.90718 0.03200 0.02543 2.91896 2.94438 0.02404 0.74178 0.76582 — 3,279.34 3,279.34 0.09593 0.18410 2.74178 3,339.34 Area 1.85744 1.85213 0.01012 1.09592 0.00005 0.00049 — 0.00049 0.00037 — 0.00037 0.00000 8.82046 8.82046 0.00108 0.00014 — 8.88909 Energy 0.04484 0.02242 0.38317 0.16305 0.00245 0.03098 — 0.03098 0.03098 — 0.03098 — 690.075 690.075 0.07600 0.00491 — 693.438 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467 Total 3.00327 2.87906 1.97815 10.1662 0.03449 0.05690 2.91896 2.97586 0.05539 0.74178 0.79717 22.0117 3,994.18 4,016.19 2.38342 0.19684 3.28645 4,137.72 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 0.20093 0.18332 0.28924 1.62556 0.00584 0.00464 0.53271 0.53735 0.00439 0.13538 0.13976 — 542.932 542.932 0.01588 0.03048 0.45393 552.866 Area 0.33898 0.33801 0.00185 0.20001 0.00001 0.00009 — 0.00009 0.00007 — 0.00007 0.00000 1.46033 1.46033 0.00018 0.00002 — 1.47169 Energy 0.00818 0.00409 0.06993 0.02976 0.00045 0.00565 — 0.00565 0.00565 — 0.00565 — 114.250 114.250 0.01258 0.00081 — 114.807 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.50170 2.63968 3.14138 0.05187 0.00127 — 4.81780 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 3.14259 0.00000 3.14259 0.31409 0.00000 — 10.9949 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.09018 0.09018 Total 0.54810 0.52543 0.36101 1.85532 0.00629 0.01038 0.53271 0.54309 0.01011 0.13538 0.14548 3.64428 661.282 664.926 0.39460 0.03259 0.54411 685.047

2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Sector TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.19877 1.10264 1.48511 10.8604 0.03403 0.02542 2.95283 2.97825 0.02403 0.75025 0.77429 — 3,485.18 3,485.18 0.09196 0.18000 6.34974 3,547.47 Area 1.95976 1.94900 0.02052 2.22228 0.00010 0.00100 — 0.00100 0.00075 — 0.00075 0.00000 32.1917 32.1917 0.00450 0.00056 — 32.4723 Energy 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 32.2542 32.2542 0.00522 0.00063 — 32.5731 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 20 / 78
Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467 Total 3.15853 3.05164 1.50563 13.0827 0.03413 0.02642 2.95283 2.97925 0.02478 0.75025 0.77504 22.0117 3,565.57 3,587.59 2.31210 0.18890 6.89441 3,708.57 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.08964 0.99160 1.66670 8.58698 0.03122 0.02544 2.95283 2.97827 0.02405 0.75025 0.77430 — 3,200.58 3,200.58 0.10098 0.18864 0.16466 3,259.48 Area 1.75788 1.75788 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 26.2759 26.2759 0.00425 0.00052 — 26.5357 Energy 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 32.2542 32.2542 0.00522 0.00063 — 32.5731 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467 Total 2.84752 2.74948 1.66670 8.58698 0.03122 0.02544 2.95283 2.97827 0.02405 0.75025 0.77430 22.0117 3,275.06 3,297.07 2.32087 0.19748 0.70933 3,414.65 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.10099 1.00451 1.58486 8.90718 0.03200 0.02543 2.91896 2.94438 0.02404 0.74178 0.76582 — 3,279.34 3,279.34 0.09593 0.18410 2.74178 3,339.34 Area 1.85744 1.85213 0.01012 1.09592 0.00005 0.00049 — 0.00049 0.00037 — 0.00037 0.00000 8.82046 8.82046 0.00108 0.00014 — 8.88909 Energy 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 32.2542 32.2542 0.00522 0.00063 — 32.5731 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467 Total 2.95843 2.85664 1.59498 10.0031 0.03204 0.02592 2.91896 2.94488 0.02441 0.74178 0.76619 22.0117 3,336.36 3,358.37 2.31264 0.19257 3.28645 3,476.86 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 0.20093 0.18332 0.28924 1.62556 0.00584 0.00464 0.53271 0.53735 0.00439 0.13538 0.13976 — 542.932 542.932 0.01588 0.03048 0.45393 552.866 Area 0.33898 0.33801 0.00185 0.20001 0.00001 0.00009 — 0.00009 0.00007 — 0.00007 0.00000 1.46033 1.46033 0.00018 0.00002 — 1.47169 Energy 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 5.34005 5.34005 0.00086 0.00010 — 5.39285 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.50170 2.63968 3.14138 0.05187 0.00127 — 4.81780 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 3.14259 0.00000 3.14259 0.31409 0.00000 — 10.9949 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 21 / 78
Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.09018 0.09018 Total 0.53991 0.52134 0.29108 1.82557 0.00585 0.00473 0.53271 0.53744 0.00445 0.13538 0.13983 3.64428 552.372 556.017 0.38288 0.03188 0.54411 575.633

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2030)

3.1.1. Onsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

3.47350 2.91871 25.2092 28.4319 0.04889 1.06629 — 1.06629 0.98098 — 0.98098 — 5,295.67 5,295.67 0.21482 0.04296 — 5,313.84 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 19.6570 19.6570 — 10.1024 10.1024 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.12371 0.10395 0.89786 1.01264 0.00174 0.03798 — 0.03798 0.03494 — 0.03494 — 188.613 188.613 0.00765 0.00153 — 189.260 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 22 / 78
Dust — — — — — — 0.70011 0.70011 — 0.35981 0.35981 — — — — — — — From
Material
Movement
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02258 0.01897 0.16386 0.18481 0.00032 0.00693 — 0.00693 0.00638 — 0.00638 — 31.2270 31.2270 0.00127 0.00025 — 31.3342 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.12777 0.12777 — 0.06567 0.06567 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.1.2. Offsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.06196 0.05451 0.04263 0.90164 0.00000 0.00000 0.21390 0.21390 0.00000 0.05014 0.05014 — 213.761 213.761 0.00231 0.00116 0.47914 214.643 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00203 0.00175 0.00178 0.02398 0.00000 0.00000 0.00753 0.00753 0.00000 0.00176 0.00176 — 6.94478 6.94478 0.00010 0.00028 0.00738 7.03769 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 23 / 78
Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00037 0.00032 0.00033 0.00438 0.00000 0.00000 0.00137 0.00137 0.00000 0.00032 0.00032 — 1.14979 1.14979 0.00002 0.00005 0.00122 1.16517 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.1.3. Onsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

3.47350 2.91871 25.2092 28.4319 0.04889 1.06629 — 1.06629 0.98098 — 0.98098 — 5,295.67 5,295.67 0.21482 0.04296 — 5,313.84 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 5.11082 5.11082 — 2.62664 2.62664 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.12371 0.10395 0.89786 1.01264 0.00174 0.03798 — 0.03798 0.03494 — 0.03494 — 188.613 188.613 0.00765 0.00153 — 189.260 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.18203 0.18203 — 0.09355 0.09355 — — — — — — — VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 24 / 78
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02258 0.01897 0.16386 0.18481 0.00032 0.00693 — 0.00693 0.00638 — 0.00638 — 31.2270 31.2270 0.00127 0.00025 — 31.3342 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.03322 0.03322 — 0.01707 0.01707 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.1.4. Offsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.06196 0.05451 0.04263 0.90164 0.00000 0.00000 0.21390 0.21390 0.00000 0.05014 0.05014 — 213.761 213.761 0.00231 0.00116 0.47914 214.643 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00203 0.00175 0.00178 0.02398 0.00000 0.00000 0.00753 0.00753 0.00000 0.00176 0.00176 — 6.94478 6.94478 0.00010 0.00028 0.00738 7.03769 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00037 0.00032 0.00033 0.00438 0.00000 0.00000 0.00137 0.00137 0.00000 0.00032 0.00032 — 1.14979 1.14979 0.00002 0.00005 0.00122 1.16517 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 25 / 78
Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.2. Grading (2030)

3.2.1. Onsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.75769 1.47695 12.6160 17.3443 0.02732 0.51272 — 0.51272 0.47171 — 0.47171 — 2,958.97 2,958.97 0.12003 0.02401 — 2,969.13 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 7.08259 7.08259 — 3.42474 3.42474 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.13002 0.10925 0.93324 1.28301 0.00202 0.03793 — 0.03793 0.03489 — 0.03489 — 218.883 218.883 0.00888 0.00178 — 219.634 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.52392 0.52392 — 0.25334 0.25334 — — — — — — — VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 26 / 78
Onsite 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 truck
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02373 0.01994 0.17032 0.23415 0.00037 0.00692 — 0.00692 0.00637 — 0.00637 — 36.2386 36.2386 0.00147 0.00029 — 36.3629 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.09561 0.09561 — 0.04623 0.04623 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.2.2. Offsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05311 0.04673 0.03654 0.77283 0.00000 0.00000 0.18335 0.18335 0.00000 0.04298 0.04298 — 183.224 183.224 0.00198 0.00099 0.41069 183.980 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00361 0.00311 0.00318 0.04268 0.00000 0.00000 0.01341 0.01341 0.00000 0.00314 0.00314 — 12.3632 12.3632 0.00017 0.00050 0.01313 12.5286 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00066 0.00057 0.00058 0.00779 0.00000 0.00000 0.00245 0.00245 0.00000 0.00057 0.00057 — 2.04687 2.04687 0.00003 0.00008 0.00217 2.07426 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 27 / 78
Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.2.3. Onsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.75769 1.47695 12.6160 17.3443 0.02732 0.51272 — 0.51272 0.47171 — 0.47171 — 2,958.97 2,958.97 0.12003 0.02401 — 2,969.13 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 1.84147 1.84147 — 0.89043 0.89043 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.13002 0.10925 0.93324 1.28301 0.00202 0.03793 — 0.03793 0.03489 — 0.03489 — 218.883 218.883 0.00888 0.00178 — 219.634 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.13622 0.13622 — 0.06587 0.06587 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 28 / 78
Off-Roa
Equipment

0.02373 0.01994 0.17032 0.23415 0.00037 0.00692 — 0.00692 0.00637 — 0.00637 — 36.2386 36.2386 0.00147 0.00029 — 36.3629 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.02486 0.02486 — 0.01202 0.01202 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.2.4. Offsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05311 0.04673 0.03654 0.77283 0.00000 0.00000 0.18335 0.18335 0.00000 0.04298 0.04298 — 183.224 183.224 0.00198 0.00099 0.41069 183.980 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00361 0.00311 0.00318 0.04268 0.00000 0.00000 0.01341 0.01341 0.00000 0.00314 0.00314 — 12.3632 12.3632 0.00017 0.00050 0.01313 12.5286 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00066 0.00057 0.00058 0.00779 0.00000 0.00000 0.00245 0.00245 0.00000 0.00057 0.00057 — 2.04687 2.04687 0.00003 0.00008 0.00217 2.07426 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 29 / 78

3.3. Building Construction (2030)

3.3.1. Onsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.28148 0.23554 2.10210 3.22749 0.00586 0.06516 — 0.06516 0.05994 — 0.05994 — 600.381 600.381 0.02435 0.00487 — 602.441 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.05137 0.04299 0.38363 0.58902 0.00107 0.01189 — 0.01189 0.01094 — 0.01094 — 99.3999 99.3999 0.00403 0.00081 — 99.7410 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 30 / 78
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.3.2. Offsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04971 0.04374 0.03420 0.72337 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 171.498 171.498 0.00186 0.00093 0.38440 172.205 Vendor 0.00461 0.00309 0.12752 0.04129 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00195 0.01024 0.01219 — 120.149 120.149 0.00143 0.01818 0.21177 125.814 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04538 0.03878 0.04080 0.49246 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 150.640 150.640 0.00248 0.00628 0.00995 152.585 Vendor 0.00434 0.00281 0.13691 0.04267 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00195 0.01024 0.01219 — 120.269 120.269 0.00143 0.01827 0.00549 125.755 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01144 0.00987 0.01006 0.13529 0.00000 0.00000 0.04249 0.04249 0.00000 0.00995 0.00995 — 39.1856 39.1856 0.00054 0.00157 0.04162 39.7098 Vendor 0.00113 0.00075 0.03344 0.01050 0.00024 0.00049 0.00920 0.00968 0.00049 0.00254 0.00303 — 30.1087 30.1087 0.00036 0.00458 0.02286 31.5045 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00209 0.00180 0.00184 0.02469 0.00000 0.00000 0.00775 0.00775 0.00000 0.00182 0.00182 — 6.48762 6.48762 0.00009 0.00026 0.00689 6.57441 Vendor 0.00021 0.00014 0.00610 0.00192 0.00004 0.00009 0.00168 0.00177 0.00009 0.00046 0.00055 — 4.98484 4.98484 0.00006 0.00076 0.00378 5.21593 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.3.3. Onsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 31 / 78
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.28148 0.23554 2.10210 3.22749 0.00586 0.06516 — 0.06516 0.05994 — 0.05994 — 600.381 600.381 0.02435 0.00487 — 602.441 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.05137 0.04299 0.38363 0.58902 0.00107 0.01189 — 0.01189 0.01094 — 0.01094 — 99.3999 99.3999 0.00403 0.00081 — 99.7410 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.3.4. Offsite - Mitigated
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 32 / 78
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04971 0.04374 0.03420 0.72337 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 171.498 171.498 0.00186 0.00093 0.38440 172.205 Vendor 0.00461 0.00309 0.12752 0.04129 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00195 0.01024 0.01219 — 120.149 120.149 0.00143 0.01818 0.21177 125.814 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04538 0.03878 0.04080 0.49246 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 150.640 150.640 0.00248 0.00628 0.00995 152.585 Vendor 0.00434 0.00281 0.13691 0.04267 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00195 0.01024 0.01219 — 120.269 120.269 0.00143 0.01827 0.00549 125.755 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01144 0.00987 0.01006 0.13529 0.00000 0.00000 0.04249 0.04249 0.00000 0.00995 0.00995 — 39.1856 39.1856 0.00054 0.00157 0.04162 39.7098 Vendor 0.00113 0.00075 0.03344 0.01050 0.00024 0.00049 0.00920 0.00968 0.00049 0.00254 0.00303 — 30.1087 30.1087 0.00036 0.00458 0.02286 31.5045 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00209 0.00180 0.00184 0.02469 0.00000 0.00000 0.00775 0.00775 0.00000 0.00182 0.00182 — 6.48762 6.48762 0.00009 0.00026 0.00689 6.57441 Vendor 0.00021 0.00014 0.00610 0.00192 0.00004 0.00009 0.00168 0.00177 0.00009 0.00046 0.00055 — 4.98484 4.98484 0.00006 0.00076 0.00378 5.21593 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.4. Building Construction (2031)

3.4.1. Onsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 33 / 78
Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Summer
(Max)
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.09751 0.91839 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 — 0.24323 0.22377 — 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.09751 0.91839 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 — 0.24323 0.22377 — 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.65292 0.54636 4.82983 7.64187 0.01392 0.14470 — 0.14470 0.13313 — 0.13313 — 1,425.90 1,425.90 0.05784 0.01157 — 1,430.80 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11916 0.09971 0.88144 1.39464 0.00254 0.02641 — 0.02641 0.02430 — 0.02430 — 236.075 236.075 0.00958 0.00192 — 236.885 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.4.2. Offsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 34 / 78
Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04723 0.04126 0.02854 0.67527 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 168.644 168.644 0.00155 0.00093 0.33846 169.297 Vendor 0.00461 0.00309 0.12307 0.04013 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00097 0.01024 0.01122 — 116.156 116.156 0.00143 0.01721 0.18112 121.501 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.03786 0.03693 0.04049 0.46299 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 148.167 148.167 0.00217 0.00628 0.00873 150.102 Vendor 0.00434 0.00281 0.13149 0.04142 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00097 0.01024 0.01122 — 116.277 116.277 0.00134 0.01730 0.00471 121.470 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.02270 0.02215 0.02035 0.29833 0.00000 0.00000 0.10091 0.10091 0.00000 0.02364 0.02364 — 91.5322 91.5322 0.00110 0.00055 0.08701 91.8114 Vendor 0.00269 0.00178 0.07677 0.02420 0.00058 0.00116 0.02184 0.02300 0.00058 0.00604 0.00662 — 69.1330 69.1330 0.00085 0.01024 0.04666 72.2513 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00414 0.00404 0.00371 0.05445 0.00000 0.00000 0.01842 0.01842 0.00000 0.00431 0.00431 — 15.1542 15.1542 0.00018 0.00009 0.01441 15.2004 Vendor 0.00049 0.00033 0.01401 0.00442 0.00011 0.00021 0.00399 0.00420 0.00011 0.00110 0.00121 — 11.4457 11.4457 0.00014 0.00169 0.00773 11.9620 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.4.3. Onsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 35 / 78
Off-Roa 1.09751 0.91839 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 — 0.24323 0.22377 — 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 d
Equipm
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.09751 0.91839 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 — 0.24323 0.22377 — 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.65292 0.54636 4.82983 7.64187 0.01392 0.14470 — 0.14470 0.13313 — 0.13313 — 1,425.90 1,425.90 0.05784 0.01157 — 1,430.80 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11916 0.09971 0.88144 1.39464 0.00254 0.02641 — 0.02641 0.02430 — 0.02430 — 236.075 236.075 0.00958 0.00192 — 236.885 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.4.4. Offsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 36 / 78
Worker 0.04723 0.04126 0.02854 0.67527 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 168.644 168.644 0.00155 0.00093 0.33846 169.297 Vendor 0.00461 0.00309 0.12307 0.04013 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00097 0.01024 0.01122 — 116.156 116.156 0.00143 0.01721 0.18112 121.501 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.03786 0.03693 0.04049 0.46299 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 148.167 148.167 0.00217 0.00628 0.00873 150.102 Vendor 0.00434 0.00281 0.13149 0.04142 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00097 0.01024 0.01122 — 116.277 116.277 0.00134 0.01730 0.00471 121.470 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.02270 0.02215 0.02035 0.29833 0.00000 0.00000 0.10091 0.10091 0.00000 0.02364 0.02364 — 91.5322 91.5322 0.00110 0.00055 0.08701 91.8114 Vendor 0.00269 0.00178 0.07677 0.02420 0.00058 0.00116 0.02184 0.02300 0.00058 0.00604 0.00662 — 69.1330 69.1330 0.00085 0.01024 0.04666 72.2513 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00414 0.00404 0.00371 0.05445 0.00000 0.00000 0.01842 0.01842 0.00000 0.00431 0.00431 — 15.1542 15.1542 0.00018 0.00009 0.01441 15.2004 Vendor 0.00049 0.00033 0.01401 0.00442 0.00011 0.00021 0.00399 0.00420 0.00011 0.00110 0.00121 — 11.4457 11.4457 0.00014 0.00169 0.00773 11.9620 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.5. Paving (2031)

3.5.1. Onsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 37 / 78
Off-Roa 0.74689 0.62759 6.12541 9.88333 0.01395 0.20981 — 0.20981 0.19303 — 0.19303 — 1,510.63 1,510.63 0.06128 0.01226 — 1,515.81 d
Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.05525 0.04642 0.45311 0.73110 0.00103 0.01552 — 0.01552 0.01428 — 0.01428 — 111.745 111.745 0.00453 0.00091 — 112.129 Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.01008 0.00847 0.08269 0.13342 0.00019 0.00283 — 0.00283 0.00261 — 0.00261 — 18.5007 18.5007 0.00075 0.00015 — 18.5642 Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.5.2. Offsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04044 0.03945 0.04325 0.49465 0.00000 0.00000 0.18335 0.18335 0.00000 0.04298 0.04298 — 158.298 158.298 0.00231 0.00671 0.00933 160.366 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 38 / 78
Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00302 0.00294 0.00270 0.03963 0.00000 0.00000 0.01341 0.01341 0.00000 0.00314 0.00314 — 12.1595 12.1595 0.00015 0.00007 0.01156 12.1966 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00055 0.00054 0.00049 0.00723 0.00000 0.00000 0.00245 0.00245 0.00000 0.00057 0.00057 — 2.01315 2.01315 0.00002 0.00001 0.00191 2.01929 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.5.3. Onsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.74689 0.62759 6.12541 9.88333 0.01395 0.20981 — 0.20981 0.19303 — 0.19303 — 1,510.63 1,510.63 0.06128 0.01226 — 1,515.81 Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.05525 0.04642 0.45311 0.73110 0.00103 0.01552 — 0.01552 0.01428 — 0.01428 — 111.745 111.745 0.00453 0.00091 — 112.129 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 39 / 78
Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.01008 0.00847 0.08269 0.13342 0.00019 0.00283 — 0.00283 0.00261 — 0.00261 — 18.5007 18.5007 0.00075 0.00015 — 18.5642 Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.5.4. Offsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04044 0.03945 0.04325 0.49465 0.00000 0.00000 0.18335 0.18335 0.00000 0.04298 0.04298 — 158.298 158.298 0.00231 0.00671 0.00933 160.366 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00302 0.00294 0.00270 0.03963 0.00000 0.00000 0.01341 0.01341 0.00000 0.00314 0.00314 — 12.1595 12.1595 0.00015 0.00007 0.01156 12.1966 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00055 0.00054 0.00049 0.00723 0.00000 0.00000 0.00245 0.00245 0.00000 0.00057 0.00057 — 2.01315 2.01315 0.00002 0.00001 0.00191 2.01929 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 40 / 78
Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.6. Architectural Coating (2031)

3.6.1. Onsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11542 0.09539 0.77690 1.10346 0.00173 0.00943 — 0.00943 0.00867 — 0.00867 — 133.518 133.518 0.00542 0.00108 — 133.976 Architect
ural
Coating
s

17.6297 17.6297 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00497 0.00411 0.03345 0.04751 0.00007 0.00041 — 0.00041 0.00037 — 0.00037 — 5.74831 5.74831 0.00023 0.00005 — 5.76804 Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.75901 0.75901 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 41 / 78
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00091 0.00075 0.00610 0.00867 0.00001 0.00007 — 0.00007 0.00007 — 0.00007 — 0.95170 0.95170 0.00004 0.00001 — 0.95496 Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.13852 0.13852 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.6.2. Offsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00757 0.00739 0.00810 0.09260 0.00000 0.00000 0.03432 0.03432 0.00000 0.00805 0.00805 — 29.6334 29.6334 0.00043 0.00126 0.00175 30.0204 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00033 0.00032 0.00029 0.00432 0.00000 0.00000 0.00146 0.00146 0.00000 0.00034 0.00034 — 1.32481 1.32481 0.00002 0.00001 0.00126 1.32885 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00006 0.00006 0.00005 0.00079 0.00000 0.00000 0.00027 0.00027 0.00000 0.00006 0.00006 — 0.21934 0.21934 <

0.000005
<

0.000005

0.00021 0.22001
Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 42 / 78
Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.6.3. Onsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11542 0.09539 0.77690 1.10346 0.00173 0.00943 — 0.00943 0.00867 — 0.00867 — 133.518 133.518 0.00542 0.00108 — 133.976 Architect
ural
Coating
s

17.6297 17.6297 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00497 0.00411 0.03345 0.04751 0.00007 0.00041 — 0.00041 0.00037 — 0.00037 — 5.74831 5.74831 0.00023 0.00005 — 5.76804 Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.75901 0.75901 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 43 / 78
Off-Roa 0.00091 0.00075 0.00610 0.00867 0.00001 0.00007 — 0.00007 0.00007 — 0.00007 — 0.95170 0.95170 0.00004 0.00001 — 0.95496 d
Equipm
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.13852 0.13852 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.6.4. Offsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00757 0.00739 0.00810 0.09260 0.00000 0.00000 0.03432 0.03432 0.00000 0.00805 0.00805 — 29.6334 29.6334 0.00043 0.00126 0.00175 30.0204 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00033 0.00032 0.00029 0.00432 0.00000 0.00000 0.00146 0.00146 0.00000 0.00034 0.00034 — 1.32481 1.32481 0.00002 0.00001 0.00126 1.32885 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00006 0.00006 0.00005 0.00079 0.00000 0.00000 0.00027 0.00027 0.00000 0.00006 0.00006 — 0.21934 0.21934 <

0.000005
<

0.000005

0.00021 0.22001
Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 44 / 78

3.7. Architectural Coating (2032)

3.7.1. Onsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11264 0.09309 0.77005 1.10069 0.00173 0.00813 — 0.00813 0.00748 — 0.00748 — 133.504 133.504 0.00542 0.00108 — 133.962 Architect
ural
Coating
s

17.6297 17.6297 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00331 0.00273 0.02260 0.03231 0.00005 0.00024 — 0.00024 0.00022 — 0.00022 — 3.91889 3.91889 0.00016 0.00003 — 3.93234 Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.51750 0.51750 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 45 / 78
Off-Roa 0.00060 0.00050 0.00413 0.00590 0.00001 0.00004 — 0.00004 0.00004 — 0.00004 — 0.64882 0.64882 0.00003 0.00001 — 0.65104 d
Equipm
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.09444 0.09444 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.7.2. Offsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00714 0.00695 0.00696 0.08695 0.00000 0.00000 0.03432 0.03432 0.00000 0.00805 0.00805 — 29.1781 29.1781 0.00043 0.00126 0.00153 29.5650 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00021 0.00021 0.00017 0.00279 0.00000 0.00000 0.00100 0.00100 0.00000 0.00023 0.00023 — 0.88933 0.88933 0.00001 0.00001 0.00075 0.89198 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00004 0.00004 0.00003 0.00051 0.00000 0.00000 0.00018 0.00018 0.00000 0.00004 0.00004 — 0.14724 0.14724 <

0.000005
<

0.000005

0.00012 0.14768
Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 46 / 78

3.7.3. Onsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11264 0.09309 0.77005 1.10069 0.00173 0.00813 — 0.00813 0.00748 — 0.00748 — 133.504 133.504 0.00542 0.00108 — 133.962 Architect
ural
Coating
s

17.6297 17.6297 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00331 0.00273 0.02260 0.03231 0.00005 0.00024 — 0.00024 0.00022 — 0.00022 — 3.91889 3.91889 0.00016 0.00003 — 3.93234 Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.51750 0.51750 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.00060 0.00050 0.00413 0.00590 0.00001 0.00004 — 0.00004 0.00004 — 0.00004 — 0.64882 0.64882 0.00003 0.00001 — 0.65104 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 47 / 78
Architect
Coatings

0.09444 0.09444 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.7.4. Offsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00714 0.00695 0.00696 0.08695 0.00000 0.00000 0.03432 0.03432 0.00000 0.00805 0.00805 — 29.1781 29.1781 0.00043 0.00126 0.00153 29.5650 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00021 0.00021 0.00017 0.00279 0.00000 0.00000 0.00100 0.00100 0.00000 0.00023 0.00023 — 0.88933 0.88933 0.00001 0.00001 0.00075 0.89198 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00004 0.00004 0.00003 0.00051 0.00000 0.00000 0.00018 0.00018 0.00000 0.00004 0.00004 — 0.14724 0.14724 <

0.000005
<

0.000005

0.00012 0.14768
Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 48 / 78

4.1.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

1.19877 1.10264 1.48511 10.8604 0.03403 0.02542 2.95283 2.97825 0.02403 0.75025 0.77429 — 3,485.18 3,485.18 0.09196 0.18000 6.34974 3,547.47 Total 1.19877 1.10264 1.48511 10.8604 0.03403 0.02542 2.95283 2.97825 0.02403 0.75025 0.77429 — 3,485.18 3,485.18 0.09196 0.18000 6.34974 3,547.47 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

1.08964 0.99160 1.66670 8.58698 0.03122 0.02544 2.95283 2.97827 0.02405 0.75025 0.77430 — 3,200.58 3,200.58 0.10098 0.18864 0.16466 3,259.48 Total 1.08964 0.99160 1.66670 8.58698 0.03122 0.02544 2.95283 2.97827 0.02405 0.75025 0.77430 — 3,200.58 3,200.58 0.10098 0.18864 0.16466 3,259.48 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.20093 0.18332 0.28924 1.62556 0.00584 0.00464 0.53271 0.53735 0.00439 0.13538 0.13976 — 542.932 542.932 0.01588 0.03048 0.45393 552.866 Total 0.20093 0.18332 0.28924 1.62556 0.00584 0.00464 0.53271 0.53735 0.00439 0.13538 0.13976 — 542.932 542.932 0.01588 0.03048 0.45393 552.866

4.1.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

1.19877 1.10264 1.48511 10.8604 0.03403 0.02542 2.95283 2.97825 0.02403 0.75025 0.77429 — 3,485.18 3,485.18 0.09196 0.18000 6.34974 3,547.47 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 49 / 78
Total 1.19877 1.10264 1.48511 10.8604 0.03403 0.02542 2.95283 2.97825 0.02403 0.75025 0.77429 — 3,485.18 3,485.18 0.09196 0.18000 6.34974 3,547.47 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

1.08964 0.99160 1.66670 8.58698 0.03122 0.02544 2.95283 2.97827 0.02405 0.75025 0.77430 — 3,200.58 3,200.58 0.10098 0.18864 0.16466 3,259.48 Total 1.08964 0.99160 1.66670 8.58698 0.03122 0.02544 2.95283 2.97827 0.02405 0.75025 0.77430 — 3,200.58 3,200.58 0.10098 0.18864 0.16466 3,259.48 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.20093 0.18332 0.28924 1.62556 0.00584 0.00464 0.53271 0.53735 0.00439 0.13538 0.13976 — 542.932 542.932 0.01588 0.03048 0.45393 552.866 Total 0.20093 0.18332 0.28924 1.62556 0.00584 0.00464 0.53271 0.53735 0.00439 0.13538 0.13976 — 542.932 542.932 0.01588 0.03048 0.45393 552.866

4.2. Energy

4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 203.713 203.713 0.03296 0.00399 — 205.727 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 203.713 203.713 0.03296 0.00399 — 205.727 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 203.713 203.713 0.03296 0.00399 — 205.727 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 203.713 203.713 0.03296 0.00399 — 205.727 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 50 / 78
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 33.7270 33.7270 0.00546 0.00066 — 34.0605 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 33.7270 33.7270 0.00546 0.00066 — 34.0605

4.2.2. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 32.2542 32.2542 0.00522 0.00063 — 32.5731 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 32.2542 32.2542 0.00522 0.00063 — 32.5731 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 32.2542 32.2542 0.00522 0.00063 — 32.5731 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 32.2542 32.2542 0.00522 0.00063 — 32.5731 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — 5.34005 5.34005 0.00086 0.00010 — 5.39285 Total — — — — — — — — — — — — 5.34005 5.34005 0.00086 0.00010 — 5.39285

4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 51 / 78
Land TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Use
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.04484 0.02242 0.38317 0.16305 0.00245 0.03098 — 0.03098 0.03098 — 0.03098 — 486.362 486.362 0.04304 0.00092 — 487.711 Total 0.04484 0.02242 0.38317 0.16305 0.00245 0.03098 — 0.03098 0.03098 — 0.03098 — 486.362 486.362 0.04304 0.00092 — 487.711 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.04484 0.02242 0.38317 0.16305 0.00245 0.03098 — 0.03098 0.03098 — 0.03098 — 486.362 486.362 0.04304 0.00092 — 487.711 Total 0.04484 0.02242 0.38317 0.16305 0.00245 0.03098 — 0.03098 0.03098 — 0.03098 — 486.362 486.362 0.04304 0.00092 — 487.711 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.00818 0.00409 0.06993 0.02976 0.00045 0.00565 — 0.00565 0.00565 — 0.00565 — 80.5228 80.5228 0.00713 0.00015 — 80.7462 Total 0.00818 0.00409 0.06993 0.02976 0.00045 0.00565 — 0.00565 0.00565 — 0.00565 — 80.5228 80.5228 0.00713 0.00015 — 80.7462

4.2.4. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 Total 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 52 / 78
Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Winter
(Max)
Single
Family
Housing

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 Total 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 Total 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000

4.3. Area Emissions by Source

4.3.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Source TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 26.2759 26.2759 0.00425 0.00052 — 26.5357 Consum
er
Product
s

1.62747 1.62747 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.13041 0.13041 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent

0.20188 0.19112 0.02052 2.22228 0.00010 0.00100 — 0.00100 0.00075 — 0.00075 — 5.91580 5.91580 0.00025 0.00005 — 5.93661 Total 1.95976 1.94900 0.02052 2.22228 0.00010 0.00100 — 0.00100 0.00075 — 0.00075 0.00000 32.1917 32.1917 0.00450 0.00056 — 32.4723 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 53 / 78
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 26.2759 26.2759 0.00425 0.00052 — 26.5357 Consum
er
Product
s

1.62747 1.62747 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.13041 0.13041 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total 1.75788 1.75788 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 26.2759 26.2759 0.00425 0.00052 — 26.5357 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.97732 0.97732 0.00016 0.00002 — 0.98699 Consum
er
Product
s

0.29701 0.29701 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.02380 0.02380 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent

0.01817 0.01720 0.00185 0.20001 0.00001 0.00009 — 0.00009 0.00007 — 0.00007 — 0.48301 0.48301 0.00002 <

0.000005
— 0.48471
Total 0.33898 0.33801 0.00185 0.20001 0.00001 0.00009 — 0.00009 0.00007 — 0.00007 0.00000 1.46033 1.46033 0.00018 0.00002 — 1.47169

4.3.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Source TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 54 / 78
Hearths 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 26.2759 26.2759 0.00425 0.00052 — 26.5357 Consum
er
Product
s

1.62747 1.62747 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.13041 0.13041 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Landsca
pe
Equipm
ent

0.20188 0.19112 0.02052 2.22228 0.00010 0.00100 — 0.00100 0.00075 — 0.00075 — 5.91580 5.91580 0.00025 0.00005 — 5.93661 Total 1.95976 1.94900 0.02052 2.22228 0.00010 0.00100 — 0.00100 0.00075 — 0.00075 0.00000 32.1917 32.1917 0.00450 0.00056 — 32.4723 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 26.2759 26.2759 0.00425 0.00052 — 26.5357 Consum
er
Product
s

1.62747 1.62747 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.13041 0.13041 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total 1.75788 1.75788 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 26.2759 26.2759 0.00425 0.00052 — 26.5357 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Hearths 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.97732 0.97732 0.00016 0.00002 — 0.98699 Consum
er
Product
s

0.29701 0.29701 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Architect
ural
Coating
s

0.02380 0.02380 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 55 / 78
Landsca
Equipment

0.01817 0.01720 0.00185 0.20001 0.00001 0.00009 — 0.00009 0.00007 — 0.00007 — 0.48301 0.48301 0.00002 <

0.000005
— 0.48471
Total 0.33898 0.33801 0.00185 0.20001 0.00001 0.00009 — 0.00009 0.00007 — 0.00007 0.00000 1.46033 1.46033 0.00018 0.00002 — 1.47169

4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use

4.4.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.50170 2.63968 3.14138 0.05187 0.00127 — 4.81780 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.50170 2.63968 3.14138 0.05187 0.00127 — 4.81780

4.4.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 56 / 78
Land TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Use
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 0.50170 2.63968 3.14138 0.05187 0.00127 — 4.81780 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 0.50170 2.63968 3.14138 0.05187 0.00127 — 4.81780

4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use

4.5.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 57 / 78
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 3.14259 0.00000 3.14259 0.31409 0.00000 — 10.9949 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.14259 0.00000 3.14259 0.31409 0.00000 — 10.9949

4.5.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Total — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 58 / 78
Single — — — — — — — — — — — 3.14259 0.00000 3.14259 0.31409 0.00000 — 10.9949 Family
Housing
Total — — — — — — — — — — — 3.14259 0.00000 3.14259 0.31409 0.00000 — 10.9949

4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use

4.6.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.09018 0.09018
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.09018 0.09018

4.6.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 59 / 78
Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Single
Family
Housing
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.09018 0.09018
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.09018 0.09018

4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type

4.7.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 60 / 78
Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Winter
(Max)
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.7.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.8. Stationary Emissions By Equipment Type

4.8.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 61 / 78
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.8.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.9. User Defined Emissions By Equipment Type

4.9.1. Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 62 / 78
Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Summer
(Max)
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.9.2. Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Equipm
ent
Type
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type

4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 63 / 78
Vegetati TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e on
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Species TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 64 / 78
Daily,——————————————————
Summer
(Max)
Avoided——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
Remove d——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
———————————————————
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
——————————————————
Avoided——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
Remove d——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
———————————————————
Annual——————————————————
Avoided——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
Sequest
ered
——————————————————
Subtotal——————————————————
Remove d——————————————————
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Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.4. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Mitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Vegetati
on
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

4.10.5. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Mitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Land
Use
TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Total — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
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4.10.6. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Mitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Species TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Sequest
ered
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Avoided — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
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Sequest — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
ered
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Remove
d
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Subtotal — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule
Phase Name Phase Type Start Date End Date Days Per Week Work Days per Phase Phase Description Site Preparation Site Preparation 7/1/2030 7/17/2030 5.00000 13.0000 — Grading Grading 7/18/2030 8/23/2030 5.00000 27.0000 —
Building Construction Building Construction 8/26/2030 10/31/2031 5.00000 310.000 — Paving Paving 11/3/2031 12/9/2031 5.00000 27.0000 —
Architectural Coating Architectural Coating 12/10/2031 1/15/2032 5.00000 27.0000 —

5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 367.000 0.40000 Site Preparation Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 4.00000 8.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Grading Excavators Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 36.0000 0.38000 Grading Graders Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 148.000 0.41000 Grading Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 367.000 0.40000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 68 / 78
Grading Tractors/Loaders/Back Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 84.0000 0.37000 hoes
Building Construction Cranes Diesel Average 1.000000 7.00000 367.000 0.29000 Building Construction Forklifts Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 82.0000 0.20000 Building Construction Generator Sets Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 14.0000 0.74000 Building Construction Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 3.00000 7.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Building Construction Welders Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 46.0000 0.45000 Paving Pavers Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 81.0000 0.42000 Paving Paving Equipment Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 89.0000 0.36000 Paving Rollers Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 36.0000 0.38000 Architectural Coating Air Compressors Diesel Average 1.000000 6.00000 37.0000 0.48000

5.2.2. Mitigated
Phase Name Equipment Type Fuel Type Engine Tier Number per Day Hours Per Day Horsepower Load Factor Site Preparation Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 367.000 0.40000 Site Preparation Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 4.00000 8.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Grading Excavators Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 36.0000 0.38000 Grading Graders Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 148.000 0.41000 Grading Rubber Tired Dozers Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 367.000 0.40000 Grading Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Building Construction Cranes Diesel Average 1.000000 7.00000 367.000 0.29000 Building Construction Forklifts Diesel Average 3.00000 8.00000 82.0000 0.20000 Building Construction Generator Sets Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 14.0000 0.74000 Building Construction Tractors/Loaders/Back
hoes
Diesel Average 3.00000 7.00000 84.0000 0.37000
Building Construction Welders Diesel Average 1.000000 8.00000 46.0000 0.45000 Paving Pavers Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 81.0000 0.42000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Mitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 69 / 78
Paving Paving Equipment Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 89.0000 0.36000 Paving Rollers Diesel Average 2.00000 8.00000 36.0000 0.38000 Architectural Coating Air Compressors Diesel Average 1.000000 6.00000 37.0000 0.48000

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated
Phase Name Trip Type One-Way Trips per Day Miles per Trip Vehicle Mix Site Preparation Worker 17.5000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Site Preparation Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Site Preparation Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Site Preparation Onsite truck — — HHDT
Grading Worker 15.0000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Grading Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Grading Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Grading Onsite truck — — HHDT
Building Construction Worker 14.0400 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2 Building Construction Vendor 4.16910 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Building Construction Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Building Construction Onsite truck — — HHDT
Paving Worker 15.0000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Paving Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Paving Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Paving Onsite truck — — HHDT
Architectural Coating Worker 2.80800 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2 Architectural Coating Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Architectural Coating Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Architectural Coating Onsite truck — — HHDT
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5.3.2. Mitigated
Phase Name Trip Type One-Way Trips per Day Miles per Trip Vehicle Mix Site Preparation Worker 17.5000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Site Preparation Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Site Preparation Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Site Preparation Onsite truck — — HHDT
Grading Worker 15.0000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Grading Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Grading Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Grading Onsite truck — — HHDT
Building Construction Worker 14.0400 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2 Building Construction Vendor 4.16910 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Building Construction Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Building Construction Onsite truck — — HHDT
Paving Worker 15.0000 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2
Paving Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Paving Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Paving Onsite truck — — HHDT
Architectural Coating Worker 2.80800 17.3000 LDA,LDT1,LDT2 Architectural Coating Vendor — 10.6000 HHDT,MHDT
Architectural Coating Hauling 0.00000 20.0000 HHDT
Architectural Coating Onsite truck — — HHDT

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies
Non-applicable. No control strategies activated by user.

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5.5. Architectural Coatings
Phase Name Residential Interior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
Parking Area Coated (sq ft)
Architectural Coating 154,001 51,333.8 0.00000 0.00000 —

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities
Phase Name Material Imported (cy) Material Exported (cy) Acres Graded (acres) Material Demolished (sq. ft.) Acres Paved (acres) Site Preparation — — 19.5000 0.00000 0.00000
Grading — — 27.0000 0.00000 0.00000
Paving 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.42975

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies
Non-applicable. No control strategies activated by user.

5.7. Construction Paving
Phase Name Land Use Area Paved (acres) % Asphalt
Paving Single Family Housing 0.42975 0%

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors kWh per Year and Emission Factor (lb/MWh)
Year kWh per Year CO2 CH4 N2O
2030 0.00000 203.983 0.03300 0.00400
2031 0.00000 203.983 0.03300 0.00400
2032 0.00000 203.983 0.03300 0.00400
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5.9. Operational Mobile Sources

5.9.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Type Trips/Weekday Trips/Saturday Trips/Sunday Trips/Year VMT/Weekday VMT/Saturday VMT/Sunday VMT/Year Single Family
Housing
364.494 364.494 364.494 133,040 4,147.89 4,147.89 4,147.89 1,513,980

5.9.2. Mitigated
Land Use Type Trips/Weekday Trips/Saturday Trips/Sunday Trips/Year VMT/Weekday VMT/Saturday VMT/Sunday VMT/Year Single Family
Housing
364.494 364.494 364.494 133,040 4,147.89 4,147.89 4,147.89 1,513,980

5.10. Operational Area Sources

5.10.1. Hearths
Land Use Hearth Type Unmitigated (number) Mitigated (number) Single Family Housing Wood Fireplaces 0 0
Single Family Housing Gas Fireplaces 0 0
Single Family Housing Propane Fireplaces 0 0
Single Family Housing Electric Fireplaces 39 39
Single Family Housing No Fireplaces 0 0
Single Family Housing Conventional Wood Stoves 0 0
Single Family Housing Catalytic Wood Stoves 0 0
Single Family Housing Non-Catalytic Wood Stoves 0 0
Single Family Housing Pellet Wood Stoves 0 0

5.10.2. Architectural Coatings
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Residential Interior Area Coated (sq Parking Area Coated (sq ft) ft)
Residential Exterior Area Coated (sq
ft)
Non-Residential Interior Area Coated
(sq ft)
Non-Residential Exterior Area
Coated (sq ft)
154,001 51,333.8 0.00000 0.00000 —

5.10.3. Landscape Equipment
Season Unit Value
Snow Days day/yr 0.00000
Summer Days day/yr 180.000

5.10.4. Landscape Equipment - Mitigated
Season Unit Value
Snow Days day/yr 0.00000
Summer Days day/yr 180.000

5.11. Operational Energy Consumption

5.11.1. Unmitigated
Electricity (kWh/yr) and CO2 and CH4 and N2O and Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Land Use Electricity (kWh/yr) CO2 CH4 N2O Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Single Family Housing 364,517 203.983 0.0330 0.0040 1,517,580

5.11.2. Mitigated
Electricity (kWh/yr) and CO2 and CH4 and N2O and Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Land Use Electricity (kWh/yr) CO2 CH4 N2O Natural Gas (kBTU/yr) Single Family Housing 57,714.5 203.983 0.0330 0.0040 0.00000

5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption
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5.12.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Indoor Water (gal/year) Outdoor Water (gal/year) Single Family Housing 1,581,366 9,215,963

5.12.2. Mitigated
Land Use Indoor Water (gal/year) Outdoor Water (gal/year) Single Family Housing 1,581,366 9,215,963

5.13. Operational Waste Generation

5.13.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Waste (ton/year) Cogeneration (kWh/year)
Single Family Housing 35.2200 0.00000

5.13.2. Mitigated
Land Use Waste (ton/year) Cogeneration (kWh/year)
Single Family Housing 35.2200 0.00000

5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment

5.14.1. Unmitigated
Land Use Equipment Type Refrigerant GWP Quantity (kg) Operations Leak Rate Service Leak Rate Times Serviced Single Family Housing Average room A/C &
Other residential A/C
and heat pumps
R-410A 2,088.00 0.00225 2.50000 2.50000 10.00000
Single Family Housing Household
refrigerators and/or
freezers
R-134a 1,430.00 0.11538 0.60000 0.00000 1.000000
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5.14.2. Mitigated
Land Use Equipment Type Refrigerant GWP Quantity (kg) Operations Leak Rate Service Leak Rate Times Serviced Single Family Housing Average room A/C &
Other residential A/C
and heat pumps
R-410A 2,088.00 0.00225 2.50000 2.50000 10.00000
Single Family Housing Household
refrigerators and/or
freezers
R-134a 1,430.00 0.11538 0.60000 0.00000 1.000000

5.15. Operational Off-Road Equipment

5.15.1. Unmitigated

5.15.2. Mitigated

5.16. Stationary Sources

5.16.1. Emergency Generators and Fire Pumps

5.16.2. Process Boilers

5.17. User Defined

5.18. Vegetation

5.18.1. Land Use Change

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Vegetation Land Use Type Vegetation Soil Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.1.2. Mitigated
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Vegetation Land Use Type Vegetation Soil Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated
Biomass Cover Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.1.2. Mitigated
Biomass Cover Type Initial Acres Final Acres

5.18.2. Sequestration

5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
Tree Type Number Electricity Saved (kWh/year) Natural Gas Saved (btu/year)

5.18.2.2. Mitigated
Tree Type Number Electricity Saved (kWh/year) Natural Gas Saved (btu/year)

8. User Changes to Default Data

8.1. Justifications
Screen Justification
Land Use Note 1.

Construction: Construction Phases Note 2.

Operations: Vehicle Data Note 3.

Operations: Hearths Note 4.

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8.3. Land Use
Model Parameter Units Default Value New Value
Lot Area acre 12.6623 7.49000
Landscape Area sq. ft 456,801 462,323

8.4. Construction

8.4.1. Construction Phases
Phase Type Phase Name Model Parameter Default Value New Value Site Preparation Site Preparation Start Date 7/30/2030 7/1/2030 Site Preparation Site Preparation End Date 8/13/2030 7/17/2030 Site Preparation Site Preparation Work Days per Phase 10.00000 13.0000 Grading Grading Start Date 8/14/2030 7/18/2030
Grading Grading End Date 9/11/2030 8/23/2030
Grading Grading Work Days per Phase 20.0000 27.0000
Building Construction Building Construction Start Date 9/12/2030 8/26/2030 Building Construction Building Construction End Date 7/31/2031 10/31/2031 Building Construction Building Construction Work Days per Phase 230.000 310.000 Paving Paving Start Date 8/1/2031 11/3/2031
Paving Paving End Date 8/29/2031 12/9/2031
Paving Paving Work Days per Phase 20.0000 27.0000
Architectural Coating Architectural Coating Start Date 8/30/2031 12/10/2031 Architectural Coating Architectural Coating End Date 9/27/2031 1/15/2032 Architectural Coating Architectural Coating Work Days per Phase 20.0000 27.0000

8.5. Operations
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8.5.1. Mobile Sources

8.5.1.1. Vehicle Data
Land Use Model Parameter Units Default Value New Value
Single Family Housing Weekday Trip Rate size/day 9.44000 9.34600 Single Family Housing Saturday Trip Rate size/day 9.54000 9.34600 Single Family Housing Sunday Trip Rate size/day 8.55000 9.34600

8.5.2. Area Sources

8.5.2.1. Hearths
Land Use Model Parameter Default Value New Value
Single Family Housing Gas Fireplaces 20 0
Single Family Housing Electric Fireplaces 0 39
Single Family Housing No Fireplaces 20 0
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VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report
Table of Contents

1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information

1.2. Land Use Types

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.2. Construction Emissions by Year

2.2.1. Total Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated

2.2.2. Onsite Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated

2.2.3. Offsite Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated

2.2.4. Total Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated

2.2.5. Onsite Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated

2.2.6. Offsite Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated

2.3. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds

2.4. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated
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2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Mitigated

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2030)

3.1.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.1.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.1.3. Onsite - Mitigated

3.1.4. Offsite - Mitigated

3.2. Grading (2030)

3.2.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.2.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.2.3. Onsite - Mitigated

3.2.4. Offsite - Mitigated

3.3. Building Construction (2030)

3.3.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.3.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.3.3. Onsite - Mitigated

3.3.4. Offsite - Mitigated

3.4. Building Construction (2031)
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3.4.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.4.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.4.3. Onsite - Mitigated

3.4.4. Offsite - Mitigated

3.5. Paving (2031)

3.5.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.5.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.5.3. Onsite - Mitigated

3.5.4. Offsite - Mitigated

3.6. Architectural Coating (2031)

3.6.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.6.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.6.3. Onsite - Mitigated

3.6.4. Offsite - Mitigated

3.7. Architectural Coating (2032)

3.7.1. Onsite - Unmitigated

3.7.2. Offsite - Unmitigated

3.7.3. Onsite - Mitigated
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3.7.4. Offsite - Mitigated

4. Operations Emissions Details

4.1. Mobile Emissions by Land Use

4.1.1. Unmitigated

4.1.2. Mitigated

4.2. Energy

4.2.1. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.2.2. Electricity Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated

4.2.3. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Unmitigated

4.2.4. Natural Gas Emissions By Land Use - Mitigated

4.3. Area Emissions by Source

4.3.1. Unmitigated

4.3.2. Mitigated

4.4. Water Emissions by Land Use

4.4.1. Unmitigated

4.4.2. Mitigated

4.5. Waste Emissions by Land Use

4.5.1. Unmitigated
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4.5.2. Mitigated

4.6. Refrigerant Emissions by Land Use

4.6.1. Unmitigated

4.6.2. Mitigated

4.7. Offroad Emissions By Equipment Type

4.7.1. Unmitigated

4.7.2. Mitigated

4.8. Stationary Emissions By Equipment Type

4.8.1. Unmitigated

4.8.2. Mitigated

4.9. User Defined Emissions By Equipment Type

4.9.1. Unmitigated

4.9.2. Mitigated

4.10. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type

4.10.1. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Unmitigated

4.10.2. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Unmitigated

4.10.3. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Unmitigated

4.10.4. Soil Carbon Accumulation By Vegetation Type - Mitigated VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 6 / 77

4.10.5. Above and Belowground Carbon Accumulation by Land Use Type - Mitigated

4.10.6. Avoided and Sequestered Emissions by Species - Mitigated

5. Activity Data

5.1. Construction Schedule

5.2. Off-Road Equipment

5.2.1. Unmitigated

5.2.2. Mitigated

5.3. Construction Vehicles

5.3.1. Unmitigated

5.3.2. Mitigated

5.4. Vehicles

5.4.1. Construction Vehicle Control Strategies

5.5. Architectural Coatings

5.6. Dust Mitigation

5.6.1. Construction Earthmoving Activities

5.6.2. Construction Earthmoving Control Strategies

5.7. Construction Paving

5.8. Construction Electricity Consumption and Emissions Factors VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 7 / 77

5.9. Operational Mobile Sources

5.9.1. Unmitigated

5.9.2. Mitigated

5.10. Operational Area Sources

5.10.1. Hearths

5.10.2. Architectural Coatings

5.10.3. Landscape Equipment

5.10.4. Landscape Equipment - Mitigated

5.11. Operational Energy Consumption

5.11.1. Unmitigated

5.11.2. Mitigated

5.12. Operational Water and Wastewater Consumption

5.12.1. Unmitigated

5.12.2. Mitigated

5.13. Operational Waste Generation

5.13.1. Unmitigated

5.13.2. Mitigated

5.14. Operational Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Equipment VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 8 / 77

5.14.1. Unmitigated

5.14.2. Mitigated

5.15. Operational Off-Road Equipment

5.15.1. Unmitigated

5.15.2. Mitigated

5.16. Stationary Sources

5.16.1. Emergency Generators and Fire Pumps

5.16.2. Process Boilers

5.17. User Defined

5.18. Vegetation

5.18.1. Land Use Change

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.1.2. Mitigated

5.18.1. Biomass Cover Type

5.18.1.1. Unmitigated

5.18.1.2. Mitigated

5.18.2. Sequestration

5.18.2.1. Unmitigated
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5.18.2.2. Mitigated

8. User Changes to Default Data

8.1. Justifications

8.3. Land Use

8.4. Construction

8.4.1. Construction Phases

8.5. Operations

8.5.1. Mobile Sources

8.5.1.1. Vehicle Data
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1. Basic Project Information

1.1. Basic Project Information
Data Field Value
Project Name VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated
Construction Start Date 7/1/2030
Operational Year 2032
Lead Agency —
Land Use Scale Project/site
Analysis Level for Defaults County
Windspeed (m/s) 2.70000
Precipitation (days) 18.0000
Location 35.2835062911507, -119.10760614061
County Kern-San Joaquin
City Bakersfield
Air District San Joaquin Valley APCD
Air Basin San Joaquin Valley
TAZ 2892
EDFZ 5
Electric Utility Pacific Gas & Electric Company
Gas Utility Southern California Gas
App Version 2022.1.1.38

1.2. Land Use Types
Land Use Subtype Size Unit Lot Acreage Building Area (sq ft) Landscape Area (sq ft)
Special Landscape
Area (sq ft)
Population Description
Single Family
Housing

39.0000 Dwelling Unit 7.49000 76,050.0 462,323 — 126.000 — VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 11 / 77

1.3. User-Selected Emission Reduction Measures by Emissions Sector Sector # Measure Title
Transportation T-1 Increase Residential Density

2. Emissions Summary

2.1. Construction Emissions Compared Against Thresholds Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 3.53546 2.97322 25.2518 29.3335 0.04889 1.06629 19.8709 20.9372 0.98098 10.1526 11.1336 — 5,509.43 5,509.43 0.21713 0.04412 0.59617 5,528.48 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 17.7527 17.7324 8.56967 13.4199 0.02437 0.26207 0.20868 0.47075 0.24126 0.05047 0.29172 — 2,667.74 2,667.74 0.10114 0.04400 0.01544 2,683.40 Average
Daily
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 1.50088 1.38310 5.41650 8.78695 0.01560 0.16179 1.29665 1.43820 0.14836 0.63055 0.76081 — 1,717.55 1,717.55 0.06473 0.02339 0.14649 1,726.28 Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 0.27391 0.25242 0.98851 1.60362 0.00285 0.02953 0.23664 0.26247 0.02708 0.11508 0.13885 — 284.359 284.359 0.01072 0.00387 0.02425 285.806

2.2. Construction Emissions by Year

2.2.1. Total Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated Includes both onsite and offsite emissions.

Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 12 / 77
Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 3.53546 2.97322 25.2518 29.3335 0.04889 1.06629 19.8709 20.9372 0.98098 10.1526 11.1336 — 5,509.43 5,509.43 0.21713 0.04412 0.59617 5,528.48 2031 1.14935 0.96274 8.27017 13.5608 0.02437 0.24518 0.20868 0.45386 0.22475 0.05047 0.27521 — 2,681.63 2,681.63 0.10021 0.03758 0.51958 2,695.86 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 1.17344 0.98193 8.56967 13.4199 0.02437 0.26207 0.20868 0.47075 0.24126 0.05047 0.29172 — 2,667.74 2,667.74 0.10114 0.04400 0.01544 2,683.40 2031 17.7527 17.7324 8.29053 13.3498 0.02437 0.24518 0.20868 0.45386 0.22475 0.05047 0.27521 — 2,661.28 2,661.28 0.10073 0.04303 0.01344 2,676.63 2032 17.7494 17.7297 0.77701 1.18764 0.00173 0.00813 0.03432 0.04245 0.00748 0.00805 0.01552 — 162.682 162.682 0.00585 0.00234 0.00153 163.527 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.55343 0.46424 3.98165 5.73559 0.00987 0.14155 1.29665 1.43820 0.13026 0.63055 0.76081 — 1,096.48 1,096.48 0.04205 0.01510 0.08499 1,102.12 2031 1.50088 1.38310 5.41650 8.78695 0.01560 0.16179 0.13762 0.29941 0.14836 0.03316 0.18151 — 1,717.55 1,717.55 0.06473 0.02339 0.14649 1,726.28 2032 0.52102 0.52044 0.02277 0.03510 0.00005 0.00024 0.00100 0.00123 0.00022 0.00023 0.00045 — 4.80823 4.80823 0.00017 0.00004 0.00075 4.82432 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.10100 0.08472 0.72665 1.04675 0.00180 0.02583 0.23664 0.26247 0.02377 0.11508 0.13885 — 181.535 181.535 0.00696 0.00250 0.01407 182.468 2031 0.27391 0.25242 0.98851 1.60362 0.00285 0.02953 0.02512 0.05464 0.02708 0.00605 0.03313 — 284.359 284.359 0.01072 0.00387 0.02425 285.806 2032 0.09509 0.09498 0.00416 0.00640 0.00001 0.00004 0.00018 0.00023 0.00004 0.00004 0.00008 — 0.79606 0.79606 0.00003 0.00001 0.00012 0.79872

2.2.2. Onsite Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 3.47350 2.91871 25.2092 28.4319 0.04889 1.06629 19.6570 20.7233 0.98098 10.1024 11.0834 — 5,295.67 5,295.67 0.21482 0.04296 0.00000 5,313.84 2031 1.09751 0.91839 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 0.00000 0.24323 0.22377 0.00000 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 0.00000 2,405.06 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 13 / 77
Daily - — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Winter
(Max)
2030 1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 0.00000 0.26012 0.23931 0.00000 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 0.00000 2,405.06 2031 17.7451 17.7251 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 0.00000 0.24323 0.22377 0.00000 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 0.00000 2,405.06 2032 17.7423 17.7227 0.77005 1.10069 0.00173 0.00813 0.00000 0.00813 0.00748 0.00000 0.00748 — 133.504 133.504 0.00542 0.00108 0.00000 133.962 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.53521 0.44875 3.93319 5.52314 0.00962 0.14106 1.22403 1.36509 0.12978 0.61315 0.74293 — 1,007.88 1,007.88 0.04088 0.00818 0.00000 1,011.34 2031 1.47214 1.35590 5.31639 8.42047 0.01502 0.16063 0.00000 0.16063 0.14778 0.00000 0.14778 — 1,543.40 1,543.40 0.06261 0.01252 0.00000 1,548.69 2032 0.52081 0.52024 0.02260 0.03231 0.00005 0.00024 0.00000 0.00024 0.00022 0.00000 0.00022 — 3.91889 3.91889 0.00016 0.00003 0.00000 3.93234 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.09768 0.08190 0.71781 1.00797 0.00176 0.02574 0.22339 0.24913 0.02368 0.11190 0.13558 — 166.865 166.865 0.00677 0.00135 0.00000 167.438 2031 0.26867 0.24745 0.97024 1.53674 0.00274 0.02931 0.00000 0.02931 0.02697 0.00000 0.02697 — 255.527 255.527 0.01037 0.00207 0.00000 256.404 2032 0.09505 0.09494 0.00413 0.00590 0.00001 0.00004 0.00000 0.00004 0.00004 0.00000 0.00004 — 0.64882 0.64882 0.00003 0.00001 0.00000 0.65104

2.2.3. Offsite Construction Emissions by Year, Unmitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.06196 0.05451 0.16172 0.90164 0.00097 0.00195 0.21390 0.21390 0.00195 0.05047 0.05242 — 291.647 291.647 0.00329 0.01911 0.59617 298.020 2031 0.05185 0.04435 0.15161 0.71540 0.00097 0.00195 0.20868 0.21063 0.00097 0.05047 0.05144 — 284.800 284.800 0.00298 0.01813 0.51958 290.798 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.04972 0.04160 0.17771 0.53513 0.00097 0.00195 0.20868 0.21063 0.00195 0.05047 0.05242 — 270.909 270.909 0.00391 0.02456 0.01544 278.340 2031 0.04219 0.03974 0.17198 0.50441 0.00097 0.00195 0.20868 0.21063 0.00097 0.05047 0.05144 — 264.444 264.444 0.00351 0.02358 0.01344 271.572 2032 0.00714 0.00695 0.00696 0.08695 0.00000 0.00000 0.03432 0.03432 0.00000 0.00805 0.00805 — 29.1781 29.1781 0.00043 0.00126 0.00153 29.5650 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 14 / 77
Average — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily
2030 0.01822 0.01548 0.04846 0.21245 0.00024 0.00049 0.07262 0.07311 0.00049 0.01740 0.01789 — 88.6023 88.6023 0.00117 0.00693 0.08499 90.7806 2031 0.02874 0.02720 0.10012 0.36648 0.00058 0.00116 0.13762 0.13878 0.00058 0.03316 0.03374 — 174.149 174.149 0.00212 0.01087 0.14649 177.588 2032 0.00021 0.00021 0.00017 0.00279 0.00000 0.00000 0.00100 0.00100 0.00000 0.00023 0.00023 — 0.88933 0.88933 0.00001 0.00001 0.00075 0.89198 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.00332 0.00283 0.00884 0.03877 0.00004 0.00009 0.01325 0.01334 0.00009 0.00318 0.00326 — 14.6691 14.6691 0.00019 0.00115 0.01407 15.0298 2031 0.00525 0.00496 0.01827 0.06688 0.00011 0.00021 0.02512 0.02533 0.00011 0.00605 0.00616 — 28.8324 28.8324 0.00035 0.00180 0.02425 29.4018 2032 0.00004 0.00004 0.00003 0.00051 0.00000 0.00000 0.00018 0.00018 0.00000 0.00004 0.00004 — 0.14724 0.14724 <

0.000005
<

0.000005

0.00012 0.14768

2.2.4. Total Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated
Includes both onsite and offsite emissions.

Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 3.53546 2.97322 25.2518 29.3335 0.04889 1.06629 19.8709 20.9372 0.98098 10.1526 11.1336 — 5,509.43 5,509.43 0.21713 0.04412 0.59617 5,528.48 2031 1.14935 0.96274 8.27017 13.5608 0.02437 0.24518 0.20868 0.45386 0.22475 0.05047 0.27521 — 2,681.63 2,681.63 0.10021 0.03758 0.51958 2,695.86 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 1.17344 0.98193 8.56967 13.4199 0.02437 0.26207 0.20868 0.47075 0.24126 0.05047 0.29172 — 2,667.74 2,667.74 0.10114 0.04400 0.01544 2,683.40 2031 17.7527 17.7324 8.29053 13.3498 0.02437 0.24518 0.20868 0.45386 0.22475 0.05047 0.27521 — 2,661.28 2,661.28 0.10073 0.04303 0.01344 2,676.63 2032 17.7494 17.7297 0.77701 1.18764 0.00173 0.00813 0.03432 0.04245 0.00748 0.00805 0.01552 — 162.682 162.682 0.00585 0.00234 0.00153 163.527 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.55343 0.46424 3.98165 5.73559 0.00987 0.14155 1.29665 1.43820 0.13026 0.63055 0.76081 — 1,096.48 1,096.48 0.04205 0.01510 0.08499 1,102.12 2031 1.50088 1.38310 5.41650 8.78695 0.01560 0.16179 0.13762 0.29941 0.14836 0.03316 0.18151 — 1,717.55 1,717.55 0.06473 0.02339 0.14649 1,726.28 2032 0.52102 0.52044 0.02277 0.03510 0.00005 0.00024 0.00100 0.00123 0.00022 0.00023 0.00045 — 4.80823 4.80823 0.00017 0.00004 0.00075 4.82432 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 15 / 77
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.10100 0.08472 0.72665 1.04675 0.00180 0.02583 0.23664 0.26247 0.02377 0.11508 0.13885 — 181.535 181.535 0.00696 0.00250 0.01407 182.468 2031 0.27391 0.25242 0.98851 1.60362 0.00285 0.02953 0.02512 0.05464 0.02708 0.00605 0.03313 — 284.359 284.359 0.01072 0.00387 0.02425 285.806 2032 0.09509 0.09498 0.00416 0.00640 0.00001 0.00004 0.00018 0.00023 0.00004 0.00004 0.00008 — 0.79606 0.79606 0.00003 0.00001 0.00012 0.79872

2.2.5. Onsite Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 3.47350 2.91871 25.2092 28.4319 0.04889 1.06629 19.6570 20.7233 0.98098 10.1024 11.0834 — 5,295.67 5,295.67 0.21482 0.04296 0.00000 5,313.84 2031 1.09751 0.91839 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 0.00000 0.24323 0.22377 0.00000 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 0.00000 2,405.06 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 0.00000 0.26012 0.23931 0.00000 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 0.00000 2,405.06 2031 17.7451 17.7251 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 0.00000 0.24323 0.22377 0.00000 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 0.00000 2,405.06 2032 17.7423 17.7227 0.77005 1.10069 0.00173 0.00813 0.00000 0.00813 0.00748 0.00000 0.00748 — 133.504 133.504 0.00542 0.00108 0.00000 133.962 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.53521 0.44875 3.93319 5.52314 0.00962 0.14106 1.22403 1.36509 0.12978 0.61315 0.74293 — 1,007.88 1,007.88 0.04088 0.00818 0.00000 1,011.34 2031 1.47214 1.35590 5.31639 8.42047 0.01502 0.16063 0.00000 0.16063 0.14778 0.00000 0.14778 — 1,543.40 1,543.40 0.06261 0.01252 0.00000 1,548.69 2032 0.52081 0.52024 0.02260 0.03231 0.00005 0.00024 0.00000 0.00024 0.00022 0.00000 0.00022 — 3.91889 3.91889 0.00016 0.00003 0.00000 3.93234 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.09768 0.08190 0.71781 1.00797 0.00176 0.02574 0.22339 0.24913 0.02368 0.11190 0.13558 — 166.865 166.865 0.00677 0.00135 0.00000 167.438 2031 0.26867 0.24745 0.97024 1.53674 0.00274 0.02931 0.00000 0.02931 0.02697 0.00000 0.02697 — 255.527 255.527 0.01037 0.00207 0.00000 256.404 2032 0.09505 0.09494 0.00413 0.00590 0.00001 0.00004 0.00000 0.00004 0.00004 0.00000 0.00004 — 0.64882 0.64882 0.00003 0.00001 0.00000 0.65104

2.2.6. Offsite Construction Emissions by Year, Mitigated VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 16 / 77
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Year TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily -
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.06196 0.05451 0.16172 0.90164 0.00097 0.00195 0.21390 0.21390 0.00195 0.05047 0.05242 — 291.647 291.647 0.00329 0.01911 0.59617 298.020 2031 0.05185 0.04435 0.15161 0.71540 0.00097 0.00195 0.20868 0.21063 0.00097 0.05047 0.05144 — 284.800 284.800 0.00298 0.01813 0.51958 290.798 Daily -
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.04972 0.04160 0.17771 0.53513 0.00097 0.00195 0.20868 0.21063 0.00195 0.05047 0.05242 — 270.909 270.909 0.00391 0.02456 0.01544 278.340 2031 0.04219 0.03974 0.17198 0.50441 0.00097 0.00195 0.20868 0.21063 0.00097 0.05047 0.05144 — 264.444 264.444 0.00351 0.02358 0.01344 271.572 2032 0.00714 0.00695 0.00696 0.08695 0.00000 0.00000 0.03432 0.03432 0.00000 0.00805 0.00805 — 29.1781 29.1781 0.00043 0.00126 0.00153 29.5650 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.01822 0.01548 0.04846 0.21245 0.00024 0.00049 0.07262 0.07311 0.00049 0.01740 0.01789 — 88.6023 88.6023 0.00117 0.00693 0.08499 90.7806 2031 0.02874 0.02720 0.10012 0.36648 0.00058 0.00116 0.13762 0.13878 0.00058 0.03316 0.03374 — 174.149 174.149 0.00212 0.01087 0.14649 177.588 2032 0.00021 0.00021 0.00017 0.00279 0.00000 0.00000 0.00100 0.00100 0.00000 0.00023 0.00023 — 0.88933 0.88933 0.00001 0.00001 0.00075 0.89198 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
2030 0.00332 0.00283 0.00884 0.03877 0.00004 0.00009 0.01325 0.01334 0.00009 0.00318 0.00326 — 14.6691 14.6691 0.00019 0.00115 0.01407 15.0298 2031 0.00525 0.00496 0.01827 0.06688 0.00011 0.00021 0.02512 0.02533 0.00011 0.00605 0.00616 — 28.8324 28.8324 0.00035 0.00180 0.02425 29.4018 2032 0.00004 0.00004 0.00003 0.00051 0.00000 0.00000 0.00018 0.00018 0.00000 0.00004 0.00004 — 0.14724 0.14724 <

0.000005
<

0.000005

0.00012 0.14768

2.3. Operations Emissions Compared Against Thresholds
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Un/Mit. TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 3.24122 3.09299 2.21226 13.3834 0.03864 0.08355 2.95283 3.03638 0.08192 0.75025 0.83217 22.0117 4,607.71 4,629.72 2.38636 0.19343 6.89441 4,753.92 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 17 / 77
Mit. 3.24122 3.09299 2.21226 13.3834 0.03864 0.08355 2.95283 3.03638 0.08192 0.75025 0.83217 22.0117 4,607.71 4,629.72 2.38636 0.19343 6.89441 4,753.92 %
Reduced
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 2.93021 2.79082 2.37334 8.88768 0.03573 0.08257 2.95283 3.03540 0.08118 0.75025 0.83143 22.0117 4,317.19 4,339.20 2.39513 0.20202 0.70933 4,459.99 Mit. 2.93021 2.79082 2.37334 8.88768 0.03573 0.08257 2.95283 3.03540 0.08118 0.75025 0.83143 22.0117 4,317.19 4,339.20 2.39513 0.20202 0.70933 4,459.99 %
Reduced
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 3.01177 2.88331 2.05082 10.1971 0.03495 0.06278 2.91896 2.98173 0.06127 0.74178 0.80305 22.0117 4,080.52 4,102.53 2.38421 0.19690 3.28645 4,224.10 Mit. 3.01177 2.88331 2.05082 10.1971 0.03495 0.06278 2.91896 2.98173 0.06127 0.74178 0.80305 22.0117 4,080.52 4,102.53 2.38421 0.19690 3.28645 4,224.10 %
Reduced
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Annual
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Unmit. 0.54965 0.52620 0.37427 1.86097 0.00638 0.01146 0.53271 0.54417 0.01118 0.13538 0.14656 3.64428 675.576 679.221 0.39473 0.03260 0.54411 699.348 Mit. 0.54965 0.52620 0.37427 1.86097 0.00638 0.01146 0.53271 0.54417 0.01118 0.13538 0.14656 3.64428 675.576 679.221 0.39473 0.03260 0.54411 699.348 %
Reduced
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

2.4. Operations Emissions by Sector, Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Sector TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.19877 1.10264 1.48511 10.8604 0.03403 0.02542 2.95283 2.97825 0.02403 0.75025 0.77429 — 3,485.18 3,485.18 0.09196 0.18000 6.34974 3,547.47 Area 1.99762 1.96793 0.34399 2.35993 0.00216 0.02715 — 0.02715 0.02690 — 0.02690 0.00000 416.506 416.506 0.00798 0.00082 — 416.950 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 18 / 77
Energy 0.04484 0.02242 0.38317 0.16305 0.00245 0.03098 — 0.03098 0.03098 — 0.03098 — 690.075 690.075 0.07600 0.00491 — 693.438 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467 Total 3.24122 3.09299 2.21226 13.3834 0.03864 0.08355 2.95283 3.03638 0.08192 0.75025 0.83217 22.0117 4,607.71 4,629.72 2.38636 0.19343 6.89441 4,753.92 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.08964 0.99160 1.66670 8.58698 0.03122 0.02544 2.95283 2.97827 0.02405 0.75025 0.77430 — 3,200.58 3,200.58 0.10098 0.18864 0.16466 3,259.48 Area 1.79573 1.77681 0.32347 0.13765 0.00206 0.02615 — 0.02615 0.02615 — 0.02615 0.00000 410.590 410.590 0.00773 0.00077 — 411.013 Energy 0.04484 0.02242 0.38317 0.16305 0.00245 0.03098 — 0.03098 0.03098 — 0.03098 — 690.075 690.075 0.07600 0.00491 — 693.438 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467 Total 2.93021 2.79082 2.37334 8.88768 0.03573 0.08257 2.95283 3.03540 0.08118 0.75025 0.83143 22.0117 4,317.19 4,339.20 2.39513 0.20202 0.70933 4,459.99 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.10099 1.00451 1.58486 8.90718 0.03200 0.02543 2.91896 2.94438 0.02404 0.74178 0.76582 — 3,279.34 3,279.34 0.09593 0.18410 2.74178 3,339.34 Area 1.86594 1.85638 0.08279 1.12684 0.00051 0.00637 — 0.00637 0.00625 — 0.00625 0.00000 95.1595 95.1595 0.00186 0.00020 — 95.2649 Energy 0.04484 0.02242 0.38317 0.16305 0.00245 0.03098 — 0.03098 0.03098 — 0.03098 — 690.075 690.075 0.07600 0.00491 — 693.438 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467 Total 3.01177 2.88331 2.05082 10.1971 0.03495 0.06278 2.91896 2.98173 0.06127 0.74178 0.80305 22.0117 4,080.52 4,102.53 2.38421 0.19690 3.28645 4,224.10 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 0.20093 0.18332 0.28924 1.62556 0.00584 0.00464 0.53271 0.53735 0.00439 0.13538 0.13976 — 542.932 542.932 0.01588 0.03048 0.45393 552.866 Area 0.34053 0.33879 0.01511 0.20565 0.00009 0.00116 — 0.00116 0.00114 — 0.00114 0.00000 15.7547 15.7547 0.00031 0.00003 — 15.7722 Energy 0.00818 0.00409 0.06993 0.02976 0.00045 0.00565 — 0.00565 0.00565 — 0.00565 — 114.250 114.250 0.01258 0.00081 — 114.807 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.50170 2.63968 3.14138 0.05187 0.00127 — 4.81780 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 19 / 77
Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 3.14259 0.00000 3.14259 0.31409 0.00000 — 10.9949 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.09018 0.09018 Total 0.54965 0.52620 0.37427 1.86097 0.00638 0.01146 0.53271 0.54417 0.01118 0.13538 0.14656 3.64428 675.576 679.221 0.39473 0.03260 0.54411 699.348

2.5. Operations Emissions by Sector, Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Sector TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.19877 1.10264 1.48511 10.8604 0.03403 0.02542 2.95283 2.97825 0.02403 0.75025 0.77429 — 3,485.18 3,485.18 0.09196 0.18000 6.34974 3,547.47 Area 1.99762 1.96793 0.34399 2.35993 0.00216 0.02715 — 0.02715 0.02690 — 0.02690 0.00000 416.506 416.506 0.00798 0.00082 — 416.950 Energy 0.04484 0.02242 0.38317 0.16305 0.00245 0.03098 — 0.03098 0.03098 — 0.03098 — 690.075 690.075 0.07600 0.00491 — 693.438 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467 Total 3.24122 3.09299 2.21226 13.3834 0.03864 0.08355 2.95283 3.03638 0.08192 0.75025 0.83217 22.0117 4,607.71 4,629.72 2.38636 0.19343 6.89441 4,753.92 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.08964 0.99160 1.66670 8.58698 0.03122 0.02544 2.95283 2.97827 0.02405 0.75025 0.77430 — 3,200.58 3,200.58 0.10098 0.18864 0.16466 3,259.48 Area 1.79573 1.77681 0.32347 0.13765 0.00206 0.02615 — 0.02615 0.02615 — 0.02615 0.00000 410.590 410.590 0.00773 0.00077 — 411.013 Energy 0.04484 0.02242 0.38317 0.16305 0.00245 0.03098 — 0.03098 0.03098 — 0.03098 — 690.075 690.075 0.07600 0.00491 — 693.438 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467 Total 2.93021 2.79082 2.37334 8.88768 0.03573 0.08257 2.95283 3.03540 0.08118 0.75025 0.83143 22.0117 4,317.19 4,339.20 2.39513 0.20202 0.70933 4,459.99 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 1.10099 1.00451 1.58486 8.90718 0.03200 0.02543 2.91896 2.94438 0.02404 0.74178 0.76582 — 3,279.34 3,279.34 0.09593 0.18410 2.74178 3,339.34 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 20 / 77
Area 1.86594 1.85638 0.08279 1.12684 0.00051 0.00637 — 0.00637 0.00625 — 0.00625 0.00000 95.1595 95.1595 0.00186 0.00020 — 95.2649 Energy 0.04484 0.02242 0.38317 0.16305 0.00245 0.03098 — 0.03098 0.03098 — 0.03098 — 690.075 690.075 0.07600 0.00491 — 693.438 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 3.03027 15.9438 18.9741 0.31330 0.00770 — 29.0998 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 18.9814 0.00000 18.9814 1.89712 0.00000 — 66.4095 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.54467 0.54467 Total 3.01177 2.88331 2.05082 10.1971 0.03495 0.06278 2.91896 2.98173 0.06127 0.74178 0.80305 22.0117 4,080.52 4,102.53 2.38421 0.19690 3.28645 4,224.10 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Mobile 0.20093 0.18332 0.28924 1.62556 0.00584 0.00464 0.53271 0.53735 0.00439 0.13538 0.13976 — 542.932 542.932 0.01588 0.03048 0.45393 552.866 Area 0.34053 0.33879 0.01511 0.20565 0.00009 0.00116 — 0.00116 0.00114 — 0.00114 0.00000 15.7547 15.7547 0.00031 0.00003 — 15.7722 Energy 0.00818 0.00409 0.06993 0.02976 0.00045 0.00565 — 0.00565 0.00565 — 0.00565 — 114.250 114.250 0.01258 0.00081 — 114.807 Water — — — — — — — — — — — 0.50170 2.63968 3.14138 0.05187 0.00127 — 4.81780 Waste — — — — — — — — — — — 3.14259 0.00000 3.14259 0.31409 0.00000 — 10.9949 Refrig. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 0.09018 0.09018 Total 0.54965 0.52620 0.37427 1.86097 0.00638 0.01146 0.53271 0.54417 0.01118 0.13538 0.14656 3.64428 675.576 679.221 0.39473 0.03260 0.54411 699.348

3. Construction Emissions Details

3.1. Site Preparation (2030)

3.1.1. Onsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

3.47350 2.91871 25.2092 28.4319 0.04889 1.06629 — 1.06629 0.98098 — 0.98098 — 5,295.67 5,295.67 0.21482 0.04296 — 5,313.84 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 21 / 77
Dust — — — — — — 19.6570 19.6570 — 10.1024 10.1024 — — — — — — — From
Material
Movement
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.12371 0.10395 0.89786 1.01264 0.00174 0.03798 — 0.03798 0.03494 — 0.03494 — 188.613 188.613 0.00765 0.00153 — 189.260 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.70011 0.70011 — 0.35981 0.35981 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02258 0.01897 0.16386 0.18481 0.00032 0.00693 — 0.00693 0.00638 — 0.00638 — 31.2270 31.2270 0.00127 0.00025 — 31.3342 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.12777 0.12777 — 0.06567 0.06567 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.1.2. Offsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 22 / 77
Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.06196 0.05451 0.04263 0.90164 0.00000 0.00000 0.21390 0.21390 0.00000 0.05014 0.05014 — 213.761 213.761 0.00231 0.00116 0.47914 214.643 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00203 0.00175 0.00178 0.02398 0.00000 0.00000 0.00753 0.00753 0.00000 0.00176 0.00176 — 6.94478 6.94478 0.00010 0.00028 0.00738 7.03769 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00037 0.00032 0.00033 0.00438 0.00000 0.00000 0.00137 0.00137 0.00000 0.00032 0.00032 — 1.14979 1.14979 0.00002 0.00005 0.00122 1.16517 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.1.3. Onsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

3.47350 2.91871 25.2092 28.4319 0.04889 1.06629 — 1.06629 0.98098 — 0.98098 — 5,295.67 5,295.67 0.21482 0.04296 — 5,313.84 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 19.6570 19.6570 — 10.1024 10.1024 — — — — — — — VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 23 / 77
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.12371 0.10395 0.89786 1.01264 0.00174 0.03798 — 0.03798 0.03494 — 0.03494 — 188.613 188.613 0.00765 0.00153 — 189.260 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.70011 0.70011 — 0.35981 0.35981 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02258 0.01897 0.16386 0.18481 0.00032 0.00693 — 0.00693 0.00638 — 0.00638 — 31.2270 31.2270 0.00127 0.00025 — 31.3342 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.12777 0.12777 — 0.06567 0.06567 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.1.4. Offsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.06196 0.05451 0.04263 0.90164 0.00000 0.00000 0.21390 0.21390 0.00000 0.05014 0.05014 — 213.761 213.761 0.00231 0.00116 0.47914 214.643 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 24 / 77
Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00203 0.00175 0.00178 0.02398 0.00000 0.00000 0.00753 0.00753 0.00000 0.00176 0.00176 — 6.94478 6.94478 0.00010 0.00028 0.00738 7.03769 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00037 0.00032 0.00033 0.00438 0.00000 0.00000 0.00137 0.00137 0.00000 0.00032 0.00032 — 1.14979 1.14979 0.00002 0.00005 0.00122 1.16517 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.2. Grading (2030)

3.2.1. Onsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.75769 1.47695 12.6160 17.3443 0.02732 0.51272 — 0.51272 0.47171 — 0.47171 — 2,958.97 2,958.97 0.12003 0.02401 — 2,969.13 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 7.08259 7.08259 — 3.42474 3.42474 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 25 / 77
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.13002 0.10925 0.93324 1.28301 0.00202 0.03793 — 0.03793 0.03489 — 0.03489 — 218.883 218.883 0.00888 0.00178 — 219.634 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.52392 0.52392 — 0.25334 0.25334 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02373 0.01994 0.17032 0.23415 0.00037 0.00692 — 0.00692 0.00637 — 0.00637 — 36.2386 36.2386 0.00147 0.00029 — 36.3629 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.09561 0.09561 — 0.04623 0.04623 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.2.2. Offsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05311 0.04673 0.03654 0.77283 0.00000 0.00000 0.18335 0.18335 0.00000 0.04298 0.04298 — 183.224 183.224 0.00198 0.00099 0.41069 183.980 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 26 / 77
Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00361 0.00311 0.00318 0.04268 0.00000 0.00000 0.01341 0.01341 0.00000 0.00314 0.00314 — 12.3632 12.3632 0.00017 0.00050 0.01313 12.5286 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00066 0.00057 0.00058 0.00779 0.00000 0.00000 0.00245 0.00245 0.00000 0.00057 0.00057 — 2.04687 2.04687 0.00003 0.00008 0.00217 2.07426 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.2.3. Onsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.75769 1.47695 12.6160 17.3443 0.02732 0.51272 — 0.51272 0.47171 — 0.47171 — 2,958.97 2,958.97 0.12003 0.02401 — 2,969.13 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 7.08259 7.08259 — 3.42474 3.42474 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 27 / 77
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.13002 0.10925 0.93324 1.28301 0.00202 0.03793 — 0.03793 0.03489 — 0.03489 — 218.883 218.883 0.00888 0.00178 — 219.634 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.52392 0.52392 — 0.25334 0.25334 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.02373 0.01994 0.17032 0.23415 0.00037 0.00692 — 0.00692 0.00637 — 0.00637 — 36.2386 36.2386 0.00147 0.00029 — 36.3629 Dust
From
Material
Movement
— — — — — — 0.09561 0.09561 — 0.04623 0.04623 — — — — — — — Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.2.4. Offsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.05311 0.04673 0.03654 0.77283 0.00000 0.00000 0.18335 0.18335 0.00000 0.04298 0.04298 — 183.224 183.224 0.00198 0.00099 0.41069 183.980 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 28 / 77
Daily, — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Winter
(Max)
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00361 0.00311 0.00318 0.04268 0.00000 0.00000 0.01341 0.01341 0.00000 0.00314 0.00314 — 12.3632 12.3632 0.00017 0.00050 0.01313 12.5286 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00066 0.00057 0.00058 0.00779 0.00000 0.00000 0.00245 0.00245 0.00000 0.00057 0.00057 — 2.04687 2.04687 0.00003 0.00008 0.00217 2.07426 Vendor 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.3. Building Construction (2030)

3.3.1. Onsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 29 / 77
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.28148 0.23554 2.10210 3.22749 0.00586 0.06516 — 0.06516 0.05994 — 0.05994 — 600.381 600.381 0.02435 0.00487 — 602.441 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.05137 0.04299 0.38363 0.58902 0.00107 0.01189 — 0.01189 0.01094 — 0.01094 — 99.3999 99.3999 0.00403 0.00081 — 99.7410 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.3.2. Offsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04971 0.04374 0.03420 0.72337 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 171.498 171.498 0.00186 0.00093 0.38440 172.205 Vendor 0.00461 0.00309 0.12752 0.04129 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00195 0.01024 0.01219 — 120.149 120.149 0.00143 0.01818 0.21177 125.814 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04538 0.03878 0.04080 0.49246 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 150.640 150.640 0.00248 0.00628 0.00995 152.585 Vendor 0.00434 0.00281 0.13691 0.04267 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00195 0.01024 0.01219 — 120.269 120.269 0.00143 0.01827 0.00549 125.755 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 30 / 77
Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01144 0.00987 0.01006 0.13529 0.00000 0.00000 0.04249 0.04249 0.00000 0.00995 0.00995 — 39.1856 39.1856 0.00054 0.00157 0.04162 39.7098 Vendor 0.00113 0.00075 0.03344 0.01050 0.00024 0.00049 0.00920 0.00968 0.00049 0.00254 0.00303 — 30.1087 30.1087 0.00036 0.00458 0.02286 31.5045 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00209 0.00180 0.00184 0.02469 0.00000 0.00000 0.00775 0.00775 0.00000 0.00182 0.00182 — 6.48762 6.48762 0.00009 0.00026 0.00689 6.57441 Vendor 0.00021 0.00014 0.00610 0.00192 0.00004 0.00009 0.00168 0.00177 0.00009 0.00046 0.00055 — 4.98484 4.98484 0.00006 0.00076 0.00378 5.21593 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.3.3. Onsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.12372 0.94034 8.39196 12.8848 0.02340 0.26012 — 0.26012 0.23931 — 0.23931 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 31 / 77
Off-Roa
Equipment

0.28148 0.23554 2.10210 3.22749 0.00586 0.06516 — 0.06516 0.05994 — 0.05994 — 600.381 600.381 0.02435 0.00487 — 602.441 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.05137 0.04299 0.38363 0.58902 0.00107 0.01189 — 0.01189 0.01094 — 0.01094 — 99.3999 99.3999 0.00403 0.00081 — 99.7410 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.3.4. Offsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04971 0.04374 0.03420 0.72337 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 171.498 171.498 0.00186 0.00093 0.38440 172.205 Vendor 0.00461 0.00309 0.12752 0.04129 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00195 0.01024 0.01219 — 120.149 120.149 0.00143 0.01818 0.21177 125.814 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04538 0.03878 0.04080 0.49246 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 150.640 150.640 0.00248 0.00628 0.00995 152.585 Vendor 0.00434 0.00281 0.13691 0.04267 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00195 0.01024 0.01219 — 120.269 120.269 0.00143 0.01827 0.00549 125.755 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.01144 0.00987 0.01006 0.13529 0.00000 0.00000 0.04249 0.04249 0.00000 0.00995 0.00995 — 39.1856 39.1856 0.00054 0.00157 0.04162 39.7098 Vendor 0.00113 0.00075 0.03344 0.01050 0.00024 0.00049 0.00920 0.00968 0.00049 0.00254 0.00303 — 30.1087 30.1087 0.00036 0.00458 0.02286 31.5045 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 32 / 77
Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00209 0.00180 0.00184 0.02469 0.00000 0.00000 0.00775 0.00775 0.00000 0.00182 0.00182 — 6.48762 6.48762 0.00009 0.00026 0.00689 6.57441 Vendor 0.00021 0.00014 0.00610 0.00192 0.00004 0.00009 0.00168 0.00177 0.00009 0.00046 0.00055 — 4.98484 4.98484 0.00006 0.00076 0.00378 5.21593 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.4. Building Construction (2031)

3.4.1. Onsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.09751 0.91839 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 — 0.24323 0.22377 — 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.09751 0.91839 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 — 0.24323 0.22377 — 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.65292 0.54636 4.82983 7.64187 0.01392 0.14470 — 0.14470 0.13313 — 0.13313 — 1,425.90 1,425.90 0.05784 0.01157 — 1,430.80 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 33 / 77
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.11916 0.09971 0.88144 1.39464 0.00254 0.02641 — 0.02641 0.02430 — 0.02430 — 236.075 236.075 0.00958 0.00192 — 236.885 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.4.2. Offsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04723 0.04126 0.02854 0.67527 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 168.644 168.644 0.00155 0.00093 0.33846 169.297 Vendor 0.00461 0.00309 0.12307 0.04013 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00097 0.01024 0.01122 — 116.156 116.156 0.00143 0.01721 0.18112 121.501 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.03786 0.03693 0.04049 0.46299 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 148.167 148.167 0.00217 0.00628 0.00873 150.102 Vendor 0.00434 0.00281 0.13149 0.04142 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00097 0.01024 0.01122 — 116.277 116.277 0.00134 0.01730 0.00471 121.470 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.02270 0.02215 0.02035 0.29833 0.00000 0.00000 0.10091 0.10091 0.00000 0.02364 0.02364 — 91.5322 91.5322 0.00110 0.00055 0.08701 91.8114 Vendor 0.00269 0.00178 0.07677 0.02420 0.00058 0.00116 0.02184 0.02300 0.00058 0.00604 0.00662 — 69.1330 69.1330 0.00085 0.01024 0.04666 72.2513 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00414 0.00404 0.00371 0.05445 0.00000 0.00000 0.01842 0.01842 0.00000 0.00431 0.00431 — 15.1542 15.1542 0.00018 0.00009 0.01441 15.2004 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 34 / 77
Vendor 0.00049 0.00033 0.01401 0.00442 0.00011 0.00021 0.00399 0.00420 0.00011 0.00110 0.00121 — 11.4457 11.4457 0.00014 0.00169 0.00773 11.9620 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.4.3. Onsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.09751 0.91839 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 — 0.24323 0.22377 — 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

1.09751 0.91839 8.11856 12.8454 0.02340 0.24323 — 0.24323 0.22377 — 0.22377 — 2,396.83 2,396.83 0.09723 0.01945 — 2,405.06 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.65292 0.54636 4.82983 7.64187 0.01392 0.14470 — 0.14470 0.13313 — 0.13313 — 1,425.90 1,425.90 0.05784 0.01157 — 1,430.80 Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 35 / 77
Off-Roa 0.11916 0.09971 0.88144 1.39464 0.00254 0.02641 — 0.02641 0.02430 — 0.02430 — 236.075 236.075 0.00958 0.00192 — 236.885 d
Equipm
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000

3.4.4. Offsite - Mitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.04723 0.04126 0.02854 0.67527 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 168.644 168.644 0.00155 0.00093 0.33846 169.297 Vendor 0.00461 0.00309 0.12307 0.04013 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00097 0.01024 0.01122 — 116.156 116.156 0.00143 0.01721 0.18112 121.501 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.03786 0.03693 0.04049 0.46299 0.00000 0.00000 0.17161 0.17161 0.00000 0.04023 0.04023 — 148.167 148.167 0.00217 0.00628 0.00873 150.102 Vendor 0.00434 0.00281 0.13149 0.04142 0.00097 0.00195 0.03707 0.03902 0.00097 0.01024 0.01122 — 116.277 116.277 0.00134 0.01730 0.00471 121.470 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.02270 0.02215 0.02035 0.29833 0.00000 0.00000 0.10091 0.10091 0.00000 0.02364 0.02364 — 91.5322 91.5322 0.00110 0.00055 0.08701 91.8114 Vendor 0.00269 0.00178 0.07677 0.02420 0.00058 0.00116 0.02184 0.02300 0.00058 0.00604 0.00662 — 69.1330 69.1330 0.00085 0.01024 0.04666 72.2513 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Annual — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Worker 0.00414 0.00404 0.00371 0.05445 0.00000 0.00000 0.01842 0.01842 0.00000 0.00431 0.00431 — 15.1542 15.1542 0.00018 0.00009 0.01441 15.2004 Vendor 0.00049 0.00033 0.01401 0.00442 0.00011 0.00021 0.00399 0.00420 0.00011 0.00110 0.00121 — 11.4457 11.4457 0.00014 0.00169 0.00773 11.9620 Hauling 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 VTTM 7500 - Phase 2 - Unmitigated Custom Report, 2/26/2026 36 / 77

3.5. Paving (2031)

3.5.1. Onsite - Unmitigated
Criteria Pollutants (lb/day for daily, ton/yr for annual) and GHGs (lb/day for daily, MT/yr for annual) Location TOG ROG NOx CO SO2 PM10E PM10D PM10T PM2.5E PM2.5D PM2.5T BCO2 NBCO2 CO2T CH4 N2O R CO2e Daily,
Summer
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Daily,
Winter
(Max)
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent

0.74689 0.62759 6.12541 9.88333 0.01395 0.20981 — 0.20981 0.19303 — 0.19303 — 1,510.63 1,510.63 0.06128 0.01226 — 1,515.81 Paving 0.00000 0.00000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onsite
truck

0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 — 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 Average
Daily
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Off-Roa
d
Equipm
ent