Acoustical Assessment
Bellflower Convenience Center Project
City of Bellflower , California
Prepared by:
Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
1100 W. Town and Country Road, Suite 700
Orange, CA 92868
Contact: Mr. Ryan Chiene
714.705.1343
November 2025
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Location ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Project Description ............................................................................................................................ 1
2 ACOUSTIC FUNDAMENTALS
2.1 Sound and Environmental Noise ........................................................................................................ 6
2.2 Groundborne Vibration .................................................................................................................... 10
3 REGULATORY SETTING
3.1 State of California ............................................................................................................................ 12
3.2 Local ................................................................................................................................................ 12
4 EXISTING CONDITIONS
4.1 Existing Noise Sources ...................................................................................................................... 15
4.2 Noise Measurements ....................................................................................................................... 16
4.3 Sensitive Receptors .......................................................................................................................... 18
5 SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY
5.1 CEQA Threshsolds ............................................................................................................................ 19
5.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 19
6 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
6.1 Acoustical Impacts ........................................................................................................................... 21
6.2 Cumulative Noise Impacts ................................................................................................................ 29
7 REFERENCES
References ....................................................................................................................................... 32
TABLES
Table 1 Typical Noise Levels ........................................................................................................................... 6 Table 2 Definitions of Acoustical Terms .......................................................................................................... 7 Table 3 Human Reaction and Damage to Buildings for Continuous or Frequent I ntermittent Vibrations ........ 10 Table 4 Use Sensivity Noise Standards .......................................................................................................... 13 Table 5 Guidelines for Noise Compatible Uses .............................................................................................. 14 Table 6 Existing Traffic Noise Levels .............................................................................................................. 15 Table 7 Existing Noise Measurements .......................................................................................................... 16 Table 8 Sensitive Receptors .......................................................................................................................... 18 Table 9 Typical Construction Noise Levels ..................................................................................................... 21 Table 10 Project Construction Noise Levels .................................................................................................... 23 Table 11 Opening Year and Opening Year Plus Project Traffic Noise Levels...................................................... 26 Table 12 Typical Construction Equipment Vibration Levels ............................................................................. 28 Table 13 Cumulative Traffic Noise Levels ........................................................................................................ 30
EXHIBITS
Exhibit 1 Regional Vicinity ................................................................................................................................ 3 Exhibit 2 Site Vicinity ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Exhibit 3 Conceptual Site Plan .......................................................................................................................... 5 Exhibit 4 Noise Measurement Locations ......................................................................................................... 17
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | iii
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Noise Measurements
Appendix B: Noise Data
LIST OF ABBREVIATED TERMS
APN Assessor’s Parcel Number
ADT average daily traffic
dBA A-weighted sound level
CBC California Building Code
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
CLSP California Landings Specific Plan
CSMA California Subdivision Map Act
CNEL community equivalent noise level
Ldn day-night noise level
dB decibel
du/ac dwelling units per acre
Leq equivalent noise level
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
FTA Federal Transit Administration
HVAC heating ventilation and air conditioning
Hz hertz
in/sec inches per second
Lmax maximum noise level
µPa micropascals
Lmin minimum noise level
PPV peak particle velocity
RMS root mean square
sf Square foot
VdB vibration velocity level
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 1
1 INTRODUCTION
This report documents the results of an Acoustical Assessment completed for the Bellflower Convenience Center Project (“Project” or “Proposed Project”). The purpose of this Acoustical Assessment is to evaluate the potential construction and operational noise and vibration levels associated with the Project and determine the level of impact the Project would have on the environment.
1.1 Project Location and Setting
The Project site is located in southern Bellflower, in Los Angeles County (County), California; refer to Exhibit 1: Regional Vicinity. The proposed Project site is located at 17617 Bellflower Boulevard, on the west side of Bellflower Boulevard, between Cedar Street and Ramona Street, in the City of Bellflower. The Project site is bounded by Ramona Street and commercial uses to the north, Cedar Street, commercial uses, and residential uses to the south, Bellflower Boulevard and commercial uses to the east, and residential and commercial uses to the west; see Exhibit 2: Site Vicinity.
The Project site is a vacant rectangular-shaped site on 3.63 acres. Previously, there was an automotive dealership, a restaurant, and other commercial/retails buildings on the Project Site. These buildings were demolished at the end of 2017. The Project site is currently vacant and shows signs of ruderal grasses, but no native habitat remains on-site. The Project site has a General Plan land use designation of Commercial (C) and is zoned DFD (Design for Development).
1.2 Project Description
The proposed Project is a commercial development comprised of a shopping center. The Project would include two drive-thru quick-serve restaurants (Building 1 and Building 2), one retail building for multiple tenants with a drive-thru lane (Building 3), a convenience store and automotive fueling station (Building 4), and 143 parking stalls, including 24 electric vehicle (EV) charging stations; refer to Exhibit 3: Conceptual Site Plan. The Project components are described further below:
Building 1: Restaurant
Building 1 would consist of a new one-story drive-thru restaurant totaling approximately 1,025-square feet (sf). The restaurant would be located on the southern portion of the overall Project site. The main entrance for guests would be provided on the north side of the building via an entrance to the building.
The drive-thru portion would have an entrance on the western side of the building and exit on the eastern side of the building. There would also be an outdoor seating area of approximately 336 sf on the western side of the building.
Building 2: Restaurant
Building 2 would consist of a new one-story drive-thru restaurant totaling approximately 2,568 sf. The restaurant would be located on the southern portion of the overall Project site. The main entrance for guests would be provided on northern side of the building. The drive-thru would have an entrance on the western side of the building and exit on the southeastern side of the building. There would also be an outdoor seating area of approximately 510 sf on the northeastern side of the building.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 2
Building 3: Restaurant
Building 3 would consist of a new one-story building with multiple restaurants totaling approximately 5,728 sf including one restaurant with a drive-thru. The restaurant building would be located in the central portion of the overall Project site. The main entrance for guests would be provided on the northern side of the building via an entrance to the building. The drive -thru portion would have an entrance on the western side of the building and exit on the northeastern side of the building. There would also be an outdoor seating area of approximately 748 sf on the northern side of the building.
Building 4: Retail
Building 4 would consist of a one-story, approximately 3,062 sf, gas station convenience store with eight fueling pumps. The proposed building would be generally located on the northern portion of the Project site. The main entrance would be located on the eastern side of the building and the fueling pumps would be located to the east of the convenience store.
Electric Vehicle Charging Station
The Project proposes an EV Charging Station with 24 EV charging stalls. The proposed EV charging station would include two stalls designated for accessible and van use. The proposed charging station is located on the northwestern portion of the site adjacent to Building 4.
Project Circulation
The Project site’s ingress and egress would be provided via five driveways with three located on Bellflower Boulevard, one located on Cedars Streets, and one located on Ramona Street. Two of the three driveways on Bellflower Boulevard would be 30’ feet and the driveway closest to the proposed gas station would be 35’feet. A 26’ foot driveway would be on Cedar Street and another 35’ foot driveway would be on Ramona Street, directly to the northwest of the proposed gas station. All driveways would allow acces s to all buildings throughout the Project site.
Parking
The Project would provide 143 parking stalls, with vehicle parking located throughout the site and between the various establishments.
Project Phasing and Construction
The Project is anticipated to be constructed in one phase. Should the Project be approved, construction is anticipated to occur for approximately 11 months, beginning in September 2026 and completing in July 2027.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 3
Exhibit 1: Regional Vicinity
Source: Google Maps, 2022
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 4
Exhibit 2: Site Vicinity
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 5
Exhibit 3: Conceptual Site Plan
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 6
2 ACOUSTIC FUNDAMENTALS
2.1 Sound and Environmental Noise
Acoustics is the science of sound. Sound can be described as the mechanical energy of a vibrating object transmitted by pressure waves through a medium (e.g., air) to human (or animal) ear. If the pressure variations occur frequently enough (at least 20 times per second), they can be heard and are called sound.
The number of pressure variations per second is called the frequency of sound and is expressed as cycles per second, or hertz (Hz).1
Noise is defined as loud, unexpected, or annoying sound.2 In acoustics, the fundamental model consists of a noise source, a receptor, and the propagation path between the two.3 The loudness of the noise source, obstructions, or atmospheric factors affecting the propagation path, determine the perceived sound level and noise characteristics at the receptor. Acoustics deal primarily with the propagation and control of sound.4 A typical noise environment consists of a base of steady background noise that is the sum of many distant and indistinguishable noise sources. Superimposed on this background noise is the sound from individual local sources. These sources can vary from an occasional aircraft or train passing by to continuous noise from traffic on a major highway. Perceptions of sound and noise are highly subjective from person to person.
Measuring sound directly in terms of pressure would require a large range of numbers. To avoid this, the decibel (dB) scale was devised. The dB scale uses the hearing threshold of 20 micropascals (µPa) as a point of reference, defined as 0 dB.5 Other sound pressures are then compared to this reference pressure, and the logarithm is taken to keep the numbers in a practical range. The dB scale allows a million-fold increase in pressure to be expressed as 120 dB, and changes in levels correspond closely to human perception of relative loudness. Table 1: Typical Noise Levels provides typical noise levels.
Table 1: Typical Noise Levels
Common Outdoor Activities Noise Level (dBA) Common Indoor Activities – 110 – Rock Band
Jet fly-over at 1,000 feet
– 100 –
Gas lawnmower at 3 feet
– 90 –
Diesel truck at 50 feet at 50 miles per hour Food blender at 3 feet – 80 – Garbage disposal at 3 feet
Noisy urban area, daytime
Gas lawnmower, 100 feet – 70 – Vacuum cleaner at 10 feet Commercial area Normal Speech at 3 feet
Heavy traffic at 300 feet – 60 –
Large business office
Quiet urban daytime – 50 – Dishwasher in next room
Quiet urban nighttime – 40 – Theater, large conference room (background)
1 California Department of Transportation, Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol , September 2013.
Available at https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/environmental-analysis/documents/env/tens-sep2013- a11y.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2025.
2 Cyril M. Harris, Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers, 1994. 3 California Department of Transportation, Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol, September 2013. 4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 7
Quiet suburban nighttime
– 30 – Library
Quiet rural nighttime Bedroom at night, concert hall (background) – 20 –
Broadcast/recording studio
– 10 –
Lowest threshold of human hearing – 0 – Lowest threshold of human hearing Source: California Department of Transportation, Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol , September 2013.
Noise Descriptors
The dB scale alone does not adequately characterize how humans perceive noise. The dominant frequencies of a sound have a substantial effect on the human response to that sound. Several rating scales have been developed to analyze the adverse effect of community noise on people. Because environmental noise fluctuates over time, these scales consider that the effect of noise on people is largely dependent on the total acoustical energy content of the noise, as well as the time of day when the noise occurs.6 The equivalent noise level (Leq) represents the continuous sound pressure level over the measurement period, while the day-night noise level (Ldn) and Community Equivalent Noise Level (CNEL) are measures of energy average during a 24-hour period, with dB weighted sound levels from 7:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. Most commonly, environmental sounds are described in terms of Leq that has the same acoustical energy as the summation of all the time-varying events. Each is applicable to this analysis and defined in Table 2: Definitions of Acoustical Terms.
Table 2: Definitions of Acoustical Terms
Term Definitions
Decibel (dB) A unit describing the amplitude of sound, equal to 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the pressure of the sound measured to the reference pressure. The reference pressure for air is 20.
Sound Pressure Level Sound pressure is the sound force per unit area, usually expressed in µPa (or 20 micronewtons per square meter), where 1 pascals is the pressure resulting from a force of 1 newton exerted over an area of 1 square meter. The sound pressure level is expressed in dB as 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio between the pressures exerted by the sound to a reference sound pressure (e.g., 20 µPa). Sound pressure level is the quantity that is directly measured by a sound level meter.
Frequency (Hz) The number of complete pressure fluctuations per second above and below atmospheric pressure. Normal human hearing is between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. Infrasonic sound are below 20 Hz and ultrasonic sounds are above 20,000 Hz.
A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA) The sound pressure level in dB as measured on a sound level meter using the A-weighting filter network. The A-weighting filter de-emphasizes the very low and very high frequency components of the sound in a manner similar to the frequency response of the human ear and correlates well with subjective reactions to noise.
Equivalent Noise Level (Leq) The average acoustic energy content of noise for a stated period of time. Thus, the Leq of a time-varying noise and that of a steady noise are the same if they deliver the same acoustic energy to the ear during exposure. For evaluating community impacts, this rating scale does not vary, regardless of whether the noise occurs during the day or the night.
Maximum Noise Level (Lmax)
Minimum Noise Level (Lmin)
The maximum and minimum dBA during the measurement period.
Exceeded Noise Levels
(L01, L10, L50, L90)
The dBA values that are exceeded 1%, 10%, 50%, and 90% of the time during the measurement period.
Day-Night Noise Level (Ldn) A 24-hour average Leq with a 10 dBA weighting added to noise during the hours of 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. to account for noise sensitivity at nighttime. The logarithmic effect of these additions is that a 60 dBA 24-hour Leq would result in a measurement of 66.4 dBA Ldn.
6 Ibid.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 8
Community Noise Equivalent
Level (CNEL)
A 24-hour average Leq with a 5 dBA weighting during the hours of 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. and a 10 dBA weighting added to noise during the hours of 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. to account for noise sensitivity in the evening and nighttime, respectively. The logarithmic effect of these additions is that a 60 dBA 24-hour Leq would result in a measurement of 66.7 dBA CNEL.
Ambient Noise Level The composite of noise from all sources near and far. The normal or existing level of environmental noise at a given location.
Intrusive That noise which intrudes over and above the existing ambient noise at a given location.
The relative intrusiveness of a sound depends on its amplitude, duration, frequency, and time of occurrence and tonal or informational content as well as the prevailing ambient noise level.
Source: California Department of Transportation, Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol, September 2013. Available at https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/environmental-analysis/documents/env/tens-sep2013- a11y.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2025.
The A-weighted decibel (dBA) sound level scale gives greater weight to the frequencies of sound to which the human ear is most sensitive. Because sound levels can vary markedly over a short period of time, a method for describing either the average character of the sound or the stati stical behavior of the variations must be utilized. Most commonly, environmental sounds are described in terms of an average level that has the same acoustical energy as the summation of all the time-varying events.
The scientific instrument used to measure noise is the sound level meter. Sound level meters can accurately measure environmental noise levels to within about plus or minus 1 dBA.7 Various computer models are used to predict environmental noise levels from sources, such as roadways and airports. The accuracy of the predicted models depends on the distance between the receptor and the noise source, the character of the ground surface (e.g., hard or soft), and the presence or absence of structures (e.g., walls or buildings) or topography, and how well model inputs reflect these conditions.
A-Weighted Decibels
The perceived loudness of sounds is dependent on many factors, including sound pressure level and frequency content.8 However, within the usual range of environmental noise levels, perception of loudness is relatively predictable and can be approximated by dBA values. There is a strong correlation between dBA and the way the human ear perceives sound. For this reason, the dBA has become the standard tool of environmental noise assessment. All noise levels reported in this document are in terms of dBA, but are expressed as dB, unless otherwise noted.
Addition of Decibels
The dB scale is logarithmic, not linear, and therefore sound levels cannot be added or subtracted through ordinary arithmetic. Two sound levels 10 dB apart differ in acoustic energy by a factor of 10.9 When the standard logarithmic dB is A-weighted, an increase of 10 dBA is generally perceived as a doubling in loudness. For example, a 70-dBA sound is half as loud as an 80-dBA sound and twice as loud as a 60-dBA
7 Ibid.
8 Cyril M. Harris, Noise Control in Buildings: A Practical Guide for Architects and Engineers, 1994. 9 California Department of Transportation, Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol, September 2013.
Available at https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/environmental-analysis/documents/env/tens-sep2013- a11y.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2025.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 9
sound.10 When two identical sources are each producing sound of the same loudness, the resulting sound level at a given distance would be 3 dBA higher than one source under the same conditions.11 Under the dB scale, three sources of equal loudness together would produce an increase of 5 dBA.12
Sound Propagation and Attenuation
Sound spreads (propagates) uniformly outward in a spherical pattern, and the sound level decreases (attenuates) at a rate of approximately 6 dB for each doubling of distance from a stationary or point source. Sound from a line source, such as a highway, propagates outward in a cylindrical pattern. Sound levels attenuate at a rate of approximately 3 dB for each doubling of distance from a line source, such as a roadway, depending on ground surface characteristics.13 No excess attenuation is assumed for hard surfaces like a parking lot or a body of water. Soft surfaces, such as soft dirt or grass, can absorb sound, so an excess ground-attenuation value of 1.5 dB per doubling of distance is normally assumed when soft ground conditions exist between the source and receptor locations.14 For line sources, an overall attenuation rate of 3 dB per doubling of distance is assumed in this report.
Noise levels may also be reduced by intervening structures; generally, a single row of buildings between the receptor and the noise source reduces the noise level by about 5 dBA, while a solid wall or berm reduces noise levels by 5 to 10 dBA.15 The way older homes in California were constructed generally provides a reduction of exterior-to-interior noise levels of about 20 to 25 dBA with closed windows. The exterior-to-interior reduction of newer residential units is generally 30 dBA or more.
Human Response to Noise
The human response to environmental noise is subjective and varies considerably from individual to individual. Noise in the community has often been cited as a health problem, not in terms of actual physiological damage, such as hearing impairment, but in terms of inhibiting general well-being and contributing to undue stress and annoyance. The health effects of noise in the community arise from interference with human activities, including sleep, speech, recreation, and tasks that demand concentration or coordination. Hearing loss can occur at the highest noise intensity levels.
Noise environments and consequences of human activities are usually well represented by median noise levels during the day or night or over a 24-hour period. Environmental noise levels are generally considered low when the CNEL is below 60 dBA, moderate in the 60 to 70 dBA range, and high above 70 dBA.16 Examples of low daytime levels are isolated, natural settings with noise levels as low as 20 dBA and
10 Federal Highway Administration, Noise Fundamentals, 2017. Available at:
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environMent/noise/regulations_and_guidance/polguide/polguide02.cfm . Accessed November 17, 2025.
11 Ibid.
12 California Department of Transportation, Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol, September 2013.
Available at https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/environmental-analysis/documents/env/tens-sep2013- a11y.pdf. Accessed November 17, 2025.
13 Ibid.
14 Federal Highway Administration, FHWA Traffic Noise Model User’s Guide, January 1998. 15 Federal Highway Administration, Highway Traffic and Construction Noise - Problem and Response, April 2006.
16 Compiled from James P. Cowan, Handbook of Environmental Acoustics, 1994, and Cyril M. Harris, Handbook of Noise Control, 1979.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 10
quiet, suburban, residential streets with noise levels around 40 dBA.17 Noise levels above 45 dBA at night can disrupt sleep. Examples of moderate-level noise environments are urban residential or semi- commercial areas (typically 55 to 60 dBA) and commercial locations (typically 60 dBA). People may consider louder environments adverse, but most will accept the higher levels associated with noisier urban residential or residential-commercial areas (60 to 75 dBA) or dense urban or industrial areas (65 to 80 dBA). Regarding increases in dBA, the following relationships should be noted:18
• Except in carefully controlled laboratory experiments, a 1-dBA change cannot be perceived by humans.
• Outside of the laboratory, a 3-dBA change is considered a just-perceivable difference. • A minimum 5-dBA change is required before any noticeable change in community response would be expected. A 5-dBA increase is typically considered substantial. • A 10-dBA change is subjectively heard as an approximate doubling in loudness and would almost certainly cause an adverse change in community response.
Effects of Noise on People
Hearing Loss. While physical damage to the ear from an intense noise impulse is rare, a degradation of auditory acuity can occur even within a community noise environment. Hearing loss occurs mainly due to chronic exposure to excessive noise but may be due to a single event such as an explosion. Natural hearing loss associated with aging may also be accelerated from chronic exposure to loud noise. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has a noise exposure standard that is set at the noise threshold where hearing loss may occur from long-term exposures. The maximum allowable level is 90 dBA averaged over 8 hours. If the noise is above 90 dBA, the allowable exposure time is correspondingly shorter.19 Annoyance. Attitude surveys are used for measuring the annoyance felt in a community for noises intruding into homes or affecting outdoor activity areas. In these surveys, it was determined that causes for annoyance include interference with speech, radio and television, house vibrations, and interference with sleep and rest. The Ldn as a measure of noise has been found to provide a valid correlation of noise level and the percentage of people annoyed. People have been asked to judge the annoyance caused by aircraft noise and ground transportation noise. There continues to be disagreement about the relative annoyance of these different sources. A noise level of about 55 dBA Ldn is the threshold at which a substantial percentage of people begin to report annoyance.20
2.2 Groundborne Vibration
Sources of groundborne vibrations include natural phenomena (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, sea waves, landslides, etc.) or man-made causes (explosions, machinery, traffic, trains, construction equipment, etc.). Vibration sources may be continuous (e.g., factory machinery) or transient (e.g., explosions). Ground vibration consists of rapidly fluctuating motions or waves with an average motion of zero.21 Several different methods are typically used to quantify vibration amplitude. One is the peak
17 Ibid.
18 Compiled from California Department of Transportation, Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol, September 2013, and Federal Highway Administration, Noise Fundamentals, 2017. 19 U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Standards, 29 CFR 1910 (Occupational Noise Exposure). 20 Federal Interagency Committee on Noise, Federal Agency Review of Selected Airport Noise Analysis Issues, August 1992. 21 Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual, September 2018.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 11
particle velocity (PPV); another is the root mean square (RMS) velocity. The PPV is defined as the maximum instantaneous positive or negative peak of the vibration wave. The RMS velocity is defined as the average of the squared amplitude of the signal and is expressed in terms of vibration velocity level (VdB).22 The PPV and RMS vibration velocity amplitudes are used to evaluate human response to vibration.
Table 3: Human Reaction and Damage to Buildings for Continuous or Frequent Intermittent Vibrations displays the reactions of people and the effects on buildings produced by continuous vibration levels. The annoyance levels shown in the table should be interpreted with care since vibration may be found to be annoying at much lower levels than those listed, depending on the level of activity or the sensitivity of the individual. To sensitive individuals, vibrations approaching the threshold of perception can be annoyi ng.
Low-level vibrations frequently cause irritating secondary vibration, such as a slight rattling of windows, doors, or stacked dishes. The rattling sound can give rise to exaggerated vibration complaints, even though there is very little risk of actual structural damage. In high noise environments, which are more prevalent where groundborne vibration approaches perceptible levels, this rattling phenomenon may also be produced by loud airborne environmental noise causing induced vibration in exterior doors and windows.
Table 3: Human Reaction and Damage to Buildings for Continuous or Frequent Intermittent Vibrations Maximum
PPV (in/sec)
Vibration Annoyance
Potential Criteria
Vibration Damage Potential
Threshold Criteria FTA Vibration Damage Criteria
0.008 -- Extremely fragile historic buildings,
ruins, ancient monuments --
0.01 Barely Perceptible -- --
0.04 Distinctly Perceptible -- --
0.1 Strongly Perceptible Fragile buildings --
0.12 -- -- Buildings extremely susceptible to
vibration damage
0.2 -- -- Non-engineered timber and masonry
buildings
0.25 -- Historic and some old buildings --
0.3 -- Older residential structures Engineered concrete and masonry (no plaster)
0.4 Severe -- --
0.5 -- New residential structures, Modern
industrial/commercial buildings
Reinforced-concrete, steel or timber (no
plaster)
PPV = peak particle velocity; in/sec = inches per second; FTA = Federal Transit Administration Source: California Department of Transportation, Transportation and Construction Vibration Guidance Manual , 2020 and Federal Transit administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Assessment Manual, 2018.
Ground vibration can be a concern in instances where buildings shake, and substantial rumblings occur.
However, it is unusual for vibration from typical urban sources such as buses and heavy trucks to be perceptible.23 Common sources for groundborne vibration are planes, trains, and construction activities such as earth-moving which requires the use of heavy-duty earth moving equipment.24 For the purposes of this analysis, a PPV descriptor with units of inches per second (in/sec) is used to evaluate construction- generated vibration for building damage and human complaints.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 12
3 REGULATORY SETTING
To limit population exposure to physically or psychologically damaging as well as intrusive noise levels, the Federal government, the State of California, various county governments, and most municipalities in the state have established standards and ordinances to control noise.
3.1 State of California
California Government Code
California Government Code Section 65302(f) mandates that the legislative body of each county and city adopt a noise element as part of its comprehensive general plan. The local noise element must recognize the land use compatibility guidelines established by the State Department of Health Services. The guidelines rank noise land use compatibility in terms of “normally acceptable”, “conditionally acceptable”, “normally unacceptable”, and “clearly unacceptable” noise levels for various land use types. Single-family homes are “normally acceptable” in exterior noise environments up to 60 CNEL and “conditionally acceptable” up to 70 CNEL. Multiple-family residential uses are “normally acceptable” up to 65 CNEL and “conditionally acceptable” up to 70 CNEL. Schools, libraries, and churches are “normally acceptable” up to 70 CNEL, as are office buildings and business, commercial, and professional uses.
Title 24 – Building Code
The State’s noise insulation standards are codified in the California Code of Regulations, Title 24: Part 1, Building Standards Administrative Code, and Part 2, California Building Code. These noise standards are applied to new construction in California for interior noise compatibility from exterior noise sources. The regulations specify that acoustical studies must be prepared when noise-sensitive structures, such as residential buildings, schools, or hospitals, are located near major transportation noise sources, and where such noise sources create an exterior noise level of 65 dBA CNEL or higher. Acoustical studies that accompany building plans must demonstrate that the structure has been designed to limit interior noise in habitable rooms to acceptable noise levels. For new multi-family residential buildings, the acceptable interior noise limit for new construction is 45 dBA CNEL.
3.2 Local
City of Bellflower General Plan
Adopted in 1994, the Bellflower General Plan 1995 – 2010 (Bellflower General Plan) identifies noise sources and goals and polices related to noise. The Bellflower General Plan identifies automobiles as the majority of noise in the City. Other significant sources of noise come from incompatible land uses.
Land uses near these significant noise‐producers can incorporate buffers and noise control techniques including setbacks, landscaping, building transitions, site design, and building construction techniques to reduce the impact of excessive noise. Selection of the appropriate noise control technique would vary depending on the level of noise that needs to be reduced as well as the location and intended land use.
Additionally, the Noise Element identifies transportation noise policies designed to protect, create, and maintain an environment free of harmful noise that could impact the health and welfare of sensitive
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 13
receptors. The following Bellflower General Plan goals, policies, and actions for addressing noise are applicable to the Project:
Goal 1: Maintain or reduce noise levels throughout the City .
Policy 1.4: Limit construction activities which impact adjacent residential uses to the hours of 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. during weekdays and Saturdays.
Policy 1.5: Require construction activities to incorporate feasible and practical techniques which minimize noise impacts on adjacent areas.
Policy 1.7: Ensure the outdoor noise limits for residential uses do no exceed 60 dB CNEL for single family uses and 65 dB Ldn for multiple family uses.
Goal 2: Protect residential and other sensitive land uses from the exposure of commercial and industrially-generated noise.
Policy 2.2: Use design standards and other mechanisms to contain noise generated by commercial and industrial land uses on site.
Table 4: Use Sensitivity Noise Standards below shows the City of Bellflower Use Sensitivity Noise Standards.
Table 4: Use Sensitivity Noise Standards
Land Use Sensitivity Classification Exterior Noise
Standard (CNEL)
Interior Noise
Standard (CNEL)
Sensitive 65 55
Conditionally Sensitive 75 55
Non-Sensitive 75 75
Source: City of Bellflower General Plan, Noise Element, 1994.
The Bellflower General Plan also employs land use compatibility guidelines for noise and are used for planning purposes. These guidelines are based in part on the community noise compatibility guidelines established by the California State Governor’s Office of Planning and Research and are intended for use in assessing the compatibility of various land use types with a range of noise levels. Table 5: Guidelines for Noise Compatible Uses provides the guidelines of land use compatibility for community noise sources.
The CNEL noise levels for specific land uses are classified into four categories: (1) “normally acceptable” (2) “conditionally acceptable” (3) “normally unacceptable” and (4) “clearly unacceptable.” A CNEL value of 70 dBA is considered the dividing line between a “conditionally acceptable” and “normally unacceptable” noise environment for noise sensitive land uses, including residences, transient lodgings, schools, and library.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 14
Table 5: Guidelines for Noise Compatible Uses
Land Use Sensitivity Classification Day-Night Average Exterior Sound Level (CNEL, dB) 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
Residential Single-Family, Duplex, Mobile Homes A A A/C C N U U Residential Multi-Family A A A/C C N U U
Transient Lodging, Hotel, Motel A A A/C C N U U
School, Library, Church, Hospital, Nursing Home A A A/C A/C C/N N U Auditorium, Concert Hall, Amphitheater C C C C/N U U U
Sports Arena, Outdoor Spectator Sports C C C C C/N U U
Playground, Neighborhood Park A A A A A/U N/U U
Golf Course, Riding Stable, Water Recreation,
Cemetery A A A A A/N A/N U
Office Building, Business, Commercial,
Professional A A A A A/C C/N N
Agriculture, Industrial, Manufacturing, Utilities A A A A A/C C/N N Notes:
Based on the Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, “General Plan Guidelines,” 1990. To help guide determination of appropriate land use and mitigation measures vis-a-vis existing or anticipated ambient noise levels.
A = Normally Acceptable: Specified land use is satisfactory, based upon the assumption buildings involved are conventional construction without any special noise insulation.
C = Conditionally Acceptable: New construction or development only after a detailed analysis of noise mitigation is made and needed noise insulation features are included in project design. Conventional construction, but with closed windows and fresh air supply systems or air conditioning would suffice.
N – Normally Unacceptable: New construction or development generally should be discouraged. A detailed analysis of the noise reduction requirements must be made and noise insulation features included in the design of a project.
U – Clearly Unacceptable: New construction or development should generally not be undertaken.
Source: City of Bellflower General Plan, Noise Element, 1994.
City of Bellflower Municipal Code
Standards established under the City of Bellflower Municipal Code (Bellflower Municipal Code) are used to analyze noise impacts originating from the Project. Operational noise impacts are typically governed by Bellflower Municipal Code Sections 8.32.010 through 8.32.020. Applicable guidelines indicate that no person shall create or cause unreasonable noise level within 200 feet from the property line of a noise source in a residential area or zone, or within 500 feet of any residential zone.
The City of Bellflower has also adopted the California Building Code (CBC) in Chapter 15.04 of the Bellflower Municipal Code, which limits construction activities to the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m.
Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on Saturdays; construction is prohibited on Sundays and City holidays.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 15
4 EXISTING CONDITIONS
4.1 Existing Noise Sources
The City is impacted by various noise sources. Mobile sources of noise, especially cars, trucks, and trains are the most common and significant sources of noise. Other noise sources are the various land uses (i.e., residential, commercial, institutional, and recreational and parks activities) throughout the City that generate stationary-source noise.
Mobile Sources
Existing roadway noise levels were calculated for the roadway segments in the Project vicinity. This task was accomplished using the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Highway Traffic Noise Prediction Model (FHWA-RD-77-108) and traffic data from the Project’s Traffic Impact Analysis (Kimley-Horn and Associates, February 2022). The noise prediction model calculates the average noise level at specific locations based on traffic volumes, average speeds, roadway geometry, and site environmental conditions. The average vehicle noise rates (also referred to as energy rates) used in the FHWA model have been modified to reflect average vehicle noise rates identified for California by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). The Caltrans data indicates that California automobile noise is
0.8 to 1.0 dBA higher than national levels and that medium and heavy truck noise is 0.3 to 3.0 dBA lower than national levels. The average daily noise levels along roadway segments in proximity to the Project site are included in Table 6: Existing Traffic Noise Levels. As shown in Table 6, existing traffic noise levels in the Project vicinity range between 66.7 dBA CNEL and 68.3 dBA CNEL.
Stationary Sources
The primary sources of stationary noise in the Project vicinity are those associated with the restaurant and retail uses to the north and east, and residential properties to the northwest, west and southwest of the Project site. The noise associated with these sources may represent a single-event noise occurrence Table 6: Existing Traffic Noise Levels
Roadway Segment ADT dBA CNEL1
Bellflower Boulevard
SR-91 WB Ramps to Artesia Boulevard 22,800 67.9
Artesia Boulevard to Ramona Street 18,400 66.9
Ramona Street to Cedar Street 17,900 66.8
Cedar Street to Rose Street 17,800 66.7
Artesia Boulevard
Ardmore Avenue to Bellflower Boulevard 16,700 67.6
Bellflower Boulevard to Artesia Court 19,900 68.3
ADT = average daily trips; dBA = A -weighted decibels; CNEL= Community Equivalent Noise Level Notes:
1. Traffic noise levels are at 100 feet from the roadway centerline.
Source: Based on traffic data provided by Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc., February 2022. Refer to Appendix B for traffic noise modeling results.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 16
or short-term noise. Other noises include mechanical equipment (e.g., heating ventilation and air conditioning [HVAC] equipment), parking lot activities, dogs barking, idling vehicles, and residents talking.
4.2 Noise Measurements
The Project site is currently vacant with adjacent residential uses to the northwest, west, and southwest.
To quantify existing ambient noise levels in the Project area, Kimley-Horn conducted four short-term noise measurements on February 2, 2022; see Appendix A: Existing Ambient Noise Measurements. The noise measurement sites were representative of typical existing noise exposure within and immediately adjacent to the Project site. The 10-minute measurements were taken between 8:55 a.m. and 9:43 a.m.
Measurements of Leq are considered representative of the noise levels throughout the day. The average noise levels and sources of noise measured at each location are listed in Table 7: Existing Noise Measurements and shown on Exhibit 4: Noise Measurement Locations.
Table 7: Existing Noise Measurements
Site Location Measurement Period Lmin
(dBA)
Lmax
(dBA)
Leq
(dBA)
ST-1 Near residential uses at 9730 Ramona Street,
immediately west of the Project site. 8:55 a.m. – 9:05 a.m. 49.1 73.3 59.5 ST-2
Near residential uses at 9842 Ramona Street,
adjacent to residential uses to the northeast of
the Project site.
9:10 a.m. – 9:20 a.m. 53.0 73.0 60.3
ST-3 Near residential uses at 9821 Cedar Street, to
the east of the Project site. 9:26 a.m. – 9:36 a.m. 50.0 75.9 59.8 ST-4 Near residential uses at 9727 Cedar Street,
immediately west of the Project site. 9:43 a.m. – 10:43 a.m. 47.5 68.6 56.3 Source: Noise measurements taken by Kimley -Horn and Associates, February 2, 2022. See Appendix A for noise measurement results.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 17
Exhibit 4: Noise Measurement Locations
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 18
4.3 Sensitive Receptors
Sensitive populations are more susceptible to the effects of air pollution than is the general population.
Noise sensitive uses typically include residences, hospitals, schools, childcare facilities, and places of assembly. Sensitive land uses surrounding the Project consist mostly of residential communities. Table 8:
Sensitive Receptors lists the distances and locations of nearby sensitive receptors.
Table 8: Sensitive Receptors
Receptor Description Distance and Direction from the Project Site Multi-family residential Adjacent to the west
Multi-family residential 55 feet south
Single-family residential 90 feet northwest
Ramona Senior Center 480 feet northeast
Grace Filipino Christian Church 700 feet west
BellOne Christian Reformed Church 850 feet east
Bellflower Senior Center 885 feet east
Kingdom Hall of Jehovah’s Witnesses 960 feet east
Thomas Jefferson Elementary School 1300 feet southeast
1. Distance measured from the Project site property line to the nearest sensitive receptor property line.
Source: Google Earth, 2025.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 19
5 SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY
5.1 CEQA Thresholds
Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines contains analysis guidelines related to noise impacts. These guidelines have been used by the City to develop thresholds of significance for this analysis. A project would create a significant environmental impact if it would:
• Generate a substantial temporary or permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the vicinity of the project in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies;
• Generate excessive groundborne vibration or groundborne noise levels; and • For a project located within the vicinity of a private airstrip or an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, expose people residing or working in the Project area to excessive noise levels.
5.2 Methodology
Construction
Construction noise levels were based on typical noise levels generated by construction equipment published by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) and FHWA. Construction noise is assessed in dBA Leq. This unit is appropriate because L eq can be used to describe noise level from operation of each piece of equipment separately, and levels can be combined to represent the noise level from all equipment operating during a given period.
FHWA’s Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM) was used to estimate construction noise at nearby sensitive receptors. For modeling purposes, construction equipment has been distributed evenly between the center of the construction site and the nearest receptor. To be conservative, the loudest and most used equipment was placed nearest the sensitive receptor. Noise level estimates do not account for the presence of intervening structures or topography, which may reduce noise levels at receptor locations.
Therefore, the noise levels presented herein represent a conservative, reasonable worst-case estimate of actual temporary construction noise.
Operations
The analysis of the Without Project and With Project noise environments is based on noise prediction modeling and empirical observations. Reference noise level data are used to estimate the Project operational noise impacts from stationary sources. Noise l evels are collected from field noise measurements and other published sources from similar types of activities are used to estimate noise levels expected with the Project’s stationary sources. The reference noise levels are used to represent a worst-case noise environment as noise level from stationary sources can vary throughout the day.
Operational noise is evaluated based on the standards within the Bellflower Municipal Code and General Plan. The Without Project and With Project traffic noise levels in the Project vicinity were calculated using the FHWA Highway Noise Prediction Model (FHWA-RD-77-108).
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 20
Vibration
Ground-borne vibration levels associated with construction-related activities for the Project were evaluated utilizing typical ground-borne vibration levels associated with construction equipment, obtained from FTA published data for construction equipment. Potential ground-borne vibration impacts related to building/structure damage and interference with sensitive existing operations were evaluated, considering the distance from construction activities to nearby land uses and typically applied criteria for structural damage and human annoyance.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 21
6 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
6.1 Acoustical Impacts
Threshold 6.1 Would the project generate a substantial temporary or permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the vicinity of the project in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies?
Construction
Construction noise typically occurs intermittently and varies depending on the nature or phase of construction (e.g., land clearing, grading, excavation, paving). Noise generated by construction equipment, including earth movers, material handlers, and portable generators, can reach high levels.
During construction, exterior noise levels could affect the residential neighborhoods surrounding the construction site. However, it is acknowledged that construction activities would occur throughout the Project site and would not be concentrated at a single point near sensitive receptors.
Construction activities would include grading, building construction, paving, and architectural coating..
Such activities would require excavators, graders, dozers, and tractors during grading; cranes, forklifts, generator sets, tractors, and welders during building construction; cement and mortar mixers, pavers, paving equipment, rollers, and tractors during paving ; and air compressor during architectural coating.
Typical operating cycles for these types of construction equipment may involve 1 or 2 minutes of full power operation followed by 3 to 4 minutes at lower power settings. Other primary sources of acoustical disturbance would be random incidents, which would last less than one minute (such as dropping large pieces of equipment or the hydraulic movement of machinery lifts). Noise generated by construction equipment, including earth movers, material handlers, and portable generators, can reach high levels.
Typical noise levels associated with individual construction equipment are listed in Table 9: Typical Construction Noise Levels.
Table 9: Typical Construction Noise Levels
Equipment Typical Noise Level (dBA) at 50 feet from Source Air Compressor 80
Backhoe 80
Compactor 82
Concrete Mixer 85
Concrete Pump 82
Concrete Vibrator 76
Crane, Derrick 88
Crane, Mobile 83
Dozer 85
Generator 82
Grader 85
Impact Wrench 85
Jack Hammer 88
Loader 80
Paver 85
Pneumatic Tool 85
Pump 77
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 22
Table 9: Typical Construction Noise Levels
Equipment Typical Noise Level (dBA) at 50 feet from Source Roller 85
Saw 76
Scraper 85
Shovel 82
Truck 84
Source: Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual, September 2018.
Following the methodology for quantitative construction noise assessments in the FTA’s Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual (September 2018) (FTA Noise and Vibration Manual), the FHWA Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM) was used to predict construction noise at the nearest off-site receptors. RCNM is a computer program used to assess construction noise impacts and allows for user- defined construction equipment and user-defined noise limit criteria. Noise levels were calculated for each construction phase and are based on the equipment used, distance to the nearest property/receptor, and acoustical use factor for equipment.
Following FTA methodology, when calculating construction noise, all equipment is assumed to operate at the centroid of the active construction zone because equipment would operate throughout the Project site and not at a fixed location for extended periods of time. Therefore, the distances used in the RCNM model were approximately 170 feet to the nearest residential receptor property line to the west, and 100 feet to the nearest commercial property line to the west; refer to Appendix B: Noise Data for RCNM modeling results. Table 10: Project Construction Noise Levels, show estimated exterior construction noise levels at the nearest receptors without accounting for attenuation from physical barriers or topography.
The City of Bellflower does not have construction noise standards. Thus, the FTA’s noise standards of 80 dBA Leq (8-hour) for residential uses and 85 dBA Leq (8-hour) for commercial uses were utilized to analyze the Project’s construction noise impacts. As indicated in Table 10, the highest anticipated construction noise levels of 74.7 dBA at the nearest residential uses, and 79.4 dBA at the nearest commercial uses would not exceed the FTA’s applicable construction noise thresholds. In addition, compliance with the Bellflower Municipal Code and Noise Element would minimize impacts from construction noise, as construction would be limited to the hours of 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. on weekdays, and 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. on Saturdays; construction is prohibited on Sundays and City holidays. Therefore, because Project construction noise levels would not exceed FTA noise standards and construction activities would be required to comply with the allowable construction hours in the Bellflower Municipal Code, noise impacts would be less than significant in this regard.
Although construction noise impacts are anticipated to be less than significant, Project construction activities could temporarily increase ambient noise levels in the area and result in a noticeable noise increase at the residential uses immediately to the west. Therefore, it is recommended the Project contractor implement the best management practices set forth in Standard Condition (SC) NOI -1 to minimize potential construction noise conflicts at nearby sensitive uses.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 23
Table 10: Project Construction Noise Levels
Construction
Phase
Receptor Location Modeled
Exterior
Noise Level
(dBA Leq) 2
Noise
Threshold
(dBA Leq (8-hour)) 3
Exceeded? Land Use Direction Distance
(feet) 1
Grading Residential West 170 73.9 80 No
Commercial West 100 78.5 85 No
Building
Construction
Residential West 170 74.7 80 No
Commercial West 100 79.4 85 No
Paving Residential West 170 74.6 80 No
Commercial West 100 79.2 85 No
Architectural
Coating
Residential West 170 63.1 80 No
Commercial West 100 67.6 85 No
Notes:
1. Distance is from the nearest receptor to the centroid of the construction activity area on the Project site. Not all equipment would operate at the closest distance to the receptor.
2. Modeled noise levels conservatively assume the simultaneous operation of all pieces of equipment.
3. The FTA Noise and Vibration Manual establishes construction noise standards of 80 dBA L eq (8-hour) for residential uses and 85 dBA Leq (8-hour) for commercial uses.
Source: Federal Highway Administration, Roadway Construction Noise Model, 2006. Refer to Appendix B for noise modeling results.
Operations
Implementation of the proposed Project would create new sources of noise in the Project vicinity. The major noise sources associated with the Project that would potentially impact existing nearby residences include stationary noise equipment (i.e., trash compactors, air conditioners, etc.); parking areas (i.e., car door slamming, car radios, engine start-up, and car pass-by); truck deliveries and trash/recycling pickups; drive-thru operations; and off-site traffic noise.
Mechanical Equipment. The nearest sensitive receptors to the Project site are the residences adjacent to the Project site to the west. Potential stationary noise sources related to long-term operation of the Project would include mechanical equipment. Mechanical equipment (e.g., heating ventilation and air conditioning [HVAC] equipment) typically generates noise levels of approximately 52 dBA at 50 feet.25 According to Project site plans, the nearest potential location for a HVAC unit would be located approximately 130 feet from the nearest residential property. Based upon the Inverse Square Law, sound levels decrease by 6 dBA for each doubling of distance from the source. As a result, HVAC noise levels would attenuate by the distance to approximately 55.7 dBA, which is well below the City’s 65 dBA CNEL noise standard for residential uses. Additionally, the Project would include backup generators, which would be used in emergencies and for testing purposes only. Since backup generators would operate infrequently, they are not anticipated to contribute significantly to operational noise. Operation of mechanical equipment would not increase ambient noise levels beyond the acceptable compatible land use noise levels. Therefore, the proposed Project would result in a less than significant impact related to mechanical equipment noise levels.
Parking Noise. The Project would provide 143 parking stalls, located throughout the Project site. Traffic associated with parking lots is typically not of sufficient volume to exceed community noise standards,
25 Elliott H. Berger, Rick Neitzel, and Cynthia A. Kladden, Noise Navigator Sound Level Database with Over 1700 Measurement Values, 2015.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 24
which are based on a time-averaged scale such as the CNEL scale. The instantaneous maximum sound levels generated by a car door slamming, engine starting up, and car pass-bys range from 53 to 61 dBA.26 Conversations in parking areas may also be an annoyance to adjacent sensitive receptors. Sound levels of speech typically range from 33 dBA at 50 feet for normal speech to 50 dBA at 50 feet for very loud speech.27 It should be noted that parking lot noises are instantaneous noise levels compared to noise standards in the hourly Leq or 24-hour CNEL metrics, which are averaged over the entire duration of a time period. As a result, actual noise levels over time resulting from parking lot activities would be far lower than the reference levels identified above.
For the purpose of providing a conservative, quantitative estimate of the noise levels that would be generated from the vehicles entering and exiting the parking lot, the methodology recommended by FTA for the general assessment of stationary transit noise sources is used. Using the methodology, the Project’s peak hourly noise level that would be generated by the on-site parking levels was estimated using the following FTA equation for a parking lot:
Leq(h) = SELref + 10 log (NA/1,000) – 35.6
Where:
Leq(h) = hourly Leq noise level at 50 feet
SELref = reference noise level for stationary noise source represented in sound exposure level (SEL) at 50 feet
NA = number of automobiles per hour
35.6 is a constant in the formula, calculated as 10 times the logarithm of the number of seconds in an hour
Based on the peak hour trip generation rates in the Project Trip Generation Forecast (Linscott, Law & Greenspan, Engineers, 2025), approximately 241 trips during peak hours would be made to the Project site each day. Using the FTA’s reference noise level of 92 dBA SEL28 at 50 feet from the noise source, the Project’s highest peak hour vehicle trips would generate noise levels of approximately 50.2 dBA Leq at 50 feet from the parking lot. The nearest sensitive receptors (residential use to the west) would be located approximately 30 feet from the nearest parking lot on the Project site. Based strictly on distance attenuation, parking lot noise at the nearest sensitive receptor (residential uses to the west) would be approximately 54.7 dBA which is below the City’s 65 dBA CNEL residential noise standard. Therefore, noise impacts from parking lots would be less than significant.
EV Charging Station Noise. The Project would provide 24 EV charging stations. Noise from EV charging stations typically originates from cooling systems. When charging an EV battery, about 5% of the power is lost as heat by alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) power electronic converters. For high - power DC charging stations, this heat needs to be effectively cooled to operate the equipment, which requires using forced air cooling. EV cooling systems typically generate noise levels of approximately 65 dBA at 3 feet.29 The nearest noise-sensitive receptor (residential property to the west) is approximately
26 Kariel, H. G., Noise in Rural Recreational Environments, Canadian Acoustics 19(5), 3-10, 1991. 27 Elliott H. Berger, Rick Neitzel, and Cynthia A. Kladden. Noise Navigator Sound Level Database with Over 1700 Measurement Values, 2015.
28 Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual, September 2018. 29 Marcin Jarnut, Jacek Kaniewski, and Mariusz Buciakowski, Review on Noise Generation Issues and Noise Mitigation Methods in Electric Vehicle Charging Stations, 2025.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 25
30 feet west of the EV charging station. At this distance, noise level would be approximately 45.0 dBA, which is well below the City’s 65 dBA CNEL noise standard for residential uses. As such, noise levels from the EV charging station would be less than significant.
Truck Deliveries and Trash/Recycling Collection. The proposed Project would involve occasional deliveries and weekly trash/recycling collection from slow-moving trucks during normal daytime hours. Low speed truck noise results from a combination of engine, exhaust, and tire noise as well as the intermittent sounds of back-up alarms and releases of compressed air associated with truck air-brakes. Medium-sized delivery trucks and trash collection trucks typically generate noise levels of 75 dBA at distance of 50 feet.30 The nearest noise-sensitive receptors (residential uses to the west of the Project site) would be located approximately 90 feet west of the trash/recycling area in the northwestern portion of the Project site. At this distance and accounting for existing/intervening perimeter walls, noise levels from truck deliveries and trash/recycling collection trucks would be approximately 69.9 dBA.31 It is noted, however, that noise events from trash/recycling truck pickups and truck deliveries would be infrequent and instantaneous, and therefore, would result in much lower noise levels when averaged over a 24-hour time period (i.e., the CNEL scale, which the City utilizes for their noise standards). Therefore, noise levels from truck deliveries and trash/recycling collection are not expected to exceed the City’s 65 dBA CNEL residential noise standard during operations. A less than significant impact would occur in this regard.
Drive-Thru Operations. Drive-thru operations at the three proposed restaurants on-site would include several noise sources, including amplified speech from the intercoms, idling vehicles, and vehicles circulating along the drive-thru lanes. The measured noise level associated with active drive-thru operations is 64 dBA at a distance of 20 feet.32 The residential properties to the west would be located as close as approximately 145 feet from the nearest menu board/intercom and drive-thru lane/queuing area.
At this distance, drive-thru operational noise levels would be approximately 46.5 dBA and would not exceed the City’s 65 dBA CNEL residential noise standard. As such, noise impacts from drive-thru operations at the Project site would be less than significant.
Combined Noise Levels. Conservatively assuming a worst-case scenario where all noise sources identified above are simultaneously and continuously generating noise (except for truck delivery and trash/recycling collection activities, which would be sporadic and short in duration), the composite noise level at the nearest residential uses to the west would be approximately 58.6 dBA33 and would not exceed the City’s 65 dBA CNEL residential noise standard. In addition, the Project’s operational noise level of 58.6 dBA would not exceed the measured ambient noise level of 59.5 dBA at the residential uses to the west; see Table 7. Therefore, noise levels from on-site Project operations would be less than significant.
Off-Site Traffic Noise. Implementation of the Project would generate increased traffic volumes along nearby roadway segments. According to the Project Trip Generation Forecast, the proposed Project would generate 3,080 daily trips which would result in noise increases on Project area roadways. In general, a traffic noise increase of less than 3 dBA is barely perceptible to people, while a 5 -dBA increase is readily
30 Elliott H. Berger, Rick Neitzel, and Cynthia A. Kladden, Noise Navigator Sound Level Database with Over 1700 Measurement Values, 2015.
31 Federal Highway Administration, Roadway Construction Noise Model User’s Guide Final Report, January 2006. 32 Drive-thru reference noise level collected at Raising Cane’s drive-thru restaurant by Kimley-Horn on August 17, 2018. 33 Based on the logarithmic addition of sound energy.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 26
noticeable.34 Generally, traffic volumes on Project area roadways would have to approximately double for the resulting traffic noise levels to increase by 3 dBA. Therefore, permanent increases in ambient noise levels of less than 3 dBA are considered to be less than significant.
Traffic noise levels for roadways primarily affected by the Project were calculated using the FHWA’s Highway Noise Prediction Model (FHWA-RD-77-108). Traffic noise modeling was conducted for conditions with and without the Project, based on traffic volumes from the Traffic Impact Analysis. As indicated in Table 11: Opening Year and Opening Year Plus Project Traffic Noise Levels, Opening Year Plus Project traffic-generated noise levels on Project area roadways would range between 67.9 dBA CNEL and 69.1 dBA CNEL at 100 feet from the centerline, and the Project would result in a maximum increase of 1.3 dBA CNEL along Artesia Boulevard. As the Project would not result in a noticeable increase in traffic noise levels (i.e., an increase of 3 dBA or more) a less than significant would occur in this regard.
Table 11: Opening Year and Opening Year Plus Project Traffic Noise Levels Roadway Segment
Opening Year Opening Year
Plus Project
Project
Change from
No Build
Conditions
Significant
Impact? ADT dBA
CNEL1 ADT dBA
CNEL1
Bellflower Boulevard
SR-91 WB Ramps to Artesia Boulevard 23,256 67.9 24,552 68.9 1.0 No Artesia Boulevard to Ramona Street 18,768 66.9 20,980 68.2 1.3 No Ramona Street to Cedar Street 18,258 66.8 19,712 67.9 1.1 No Cedar Street to Rose Street 18,156 66.8 19,552 67.9 1.1 No Artesia Boulevard
Ardmore Avenue to Bellflower Boulevard 17,034 67.6 17,646 68.4 0.8 No Bellflower Boulevard to Artesia Court 20,298 68.4 20,874 69.1 0.7 No ADT = average daily trips; dBA = A -weighted decibels; CNEL= Community Equivalent Noise Level Notes:
1. Traffic noise levels are at 100 feet from the roadway centerline.
Source: Based on traffic data provided by Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc., February 2022. Refer to Appendix B for traffic noise modeling results.
Standard Conditions and Requirements:
SC NOI-1 Prior to construction or grading activities, the applicant shall demonstrate, to the satisfaction of the City Planning and Building Services Director that the Project complies with the following:
• Construction contracts specify that all construction equipment, fixed or mobile, shall be equipped with properly operating and maintained mufflers and other State required noise attenuation devices.
• A sign, legible at 50 feet shall be posted at the Project construction site. The sign(s) shall be reviewed and approved by the Building Official and City Planning Department, prior to posting and shall indicate the dates and duration of construction activities, as
34 Federal Highway Administration, Highway Traffic Noise Analysis and Abatement Policy and Guidance, Noise Fundamentals, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environMent/noise/regulations_and_guidance/polguide/polguide02.cfm , accessed November 17, 2025.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 27
well as provide a contact name and a telephone number where residents can inquire about the construction process and register complaints.
• Prior to construction or grading activities, the Contractor shall provide evidence that a construction staff member will be designated as a Noise Disturbance Coordinator and will be present on-site during construction activities. The Noise Disturbance Coordinator is responsible for responding to local complaints about construction noise. When a complaint is received, the Noise Disturbance Coordinator shall notify the County within 24-hours of the complaint, determine the cause (e.g., starting too early, bad muffler, etc.), and implement reasonable measures to resolve the complaint as deemed acceptable by the City Planning and Building Services Director.
• Prior to construction or grading activities, the Project Applicant shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of the City Planning and Building Services Director that construction noise reduction methods shall be used where feasible. These reduction methods include shutting off idling equipment, maximizing the distance between construction equipment staging areas and occupied residential areas, and electric air compressors and similar power tools.
• Construction haul routes shall be designed to avoid noise-sensitive uses (e.g., residences, convalescent homes, etc.) to the extent feasible.
• During construction, stationary construction equipment shall be placed such that emitted noise is directed away from sensitive noise receivers.
• Project construction activities that generate noise shall be limited to the hours between 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on Saturdays, and shall be prohibited on Sundays and City holidays.
Mitigation Measures: No mitigation is required.
Level of Significance: Less than significant impact.
Threshold 6.2 Would the Project generate excessive groundborne vibration or ground borne noise levels?
Increases in groundborne vibration levels attributable to the proposed Project would be primarily associated with short‐term construction‐related activities. The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) has published standard vibration velocities for construction equipment operations in their 2018 Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual. The types of construction vibration impacts include human annoyance and building damage.
The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) has published standard vibration velocities for construction equipment operations. In general, the FTA architectural damage criterion for continuous vibrations (i.e.,
0.2 in/sec) appears to be conservative. The types of construction vibration impacts include human annoyance and building damage. Human annoyance occurs when construction vibration rises significantly above the threshold of human perception for extended periods of time. Building damage can be cosmetic or structural. Ordinary buildings that are not particularly fragile would not experience any cosmetic
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 28
damage (e.g., plaster cracks) at distances beyond 30 feet. This distance can vary substantially depending on the soil composition and underground geological layer between vibration source and receiver. In addition, not all buildings respond similarly to vi bration generated by construction equipment. For example, for a building that is constructed with reinforced concrete with no plaster, the FTA guidelines show that a vibration level of up to 0.20 in/sec is considered safe and would not result in any construction vibration damage.
Table 12: Typical Construction Equipment Vibration Levels, lists vibration levels at 25 feet for typical construction equipment. Ground-borne vibration generated by construction equipment spreads through the ground and diminishes in magnitude with increases in distance. As indicated in Table 12, based on FTA data, vibration velocities from typical heavy construction equipment operations that would be used during Project construction range from 0.003 to 0.089 in/sec PPV at 25 feet from the source of activity.
Table 12: Typical Construction Equipment Vibration Levels Equipment Peak Particle Velocity
at 25 Feet (in/sec)1
Large Bulldozer 0.089
Caisson Drilling 0.089
Loaded Trucks 0.076
Jackhammer 0.035
Small Bulldozer/Tractors 0.003
Notes:
1. Calculated using the following formula: PPVequip = PPVref x (25/D)1.5, where: PPVequip = the peak particle velocity in in/sec of the equipment adjusted for the distance; PPVref = the reference vibration level in in/sec from Table 7-4 of the Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual, 2018; D = the distance from the equipment to the receiver.
Source: Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual, 2018.
The nearest off-site structures (a residence and an auto repair shop building) would be located as close as approximately 25 feet west of the active construction zone. As shown in Table 12, at 25 feet the vibration velocities from construction equipment would not exceed 0.089 in/sec PPV, which is below the FTA’s 0.20 in/sec PPV threshold for building damage and Caltrans’ 0.4 in/sec PPV threshold for human annoyance. It is also acknowledged that construction activities would occur throughout the Project site and would not be concentrated at the point closest to the nearest structure. Therefore, vibration impacts associated with the proposed Project would be less than significant.
Once operational, the Project would not be a significant source of groundborne vibration. Groundborne vibration surrounding the Project currently result from heavy-duty vehicular travel (e.g., trash/recycling trucks, heavy duty trucks, and delivery trucks, etc.) on the nearby local roadways. Due to the rapid drop- off rate of ground-borne vibration and the short duration of the associated events, vehicular traffic- induced ground-borne vibration is rarely perceptible beyond the roadway right-of-way, and rarely results in vibration levels that cause damage to buildings in the vicinity. Impacts would be less than significant in this regard.
Mitigation Measures: No mitigation is required.
Level of Significance: Less than significant impact.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 29
Threshold 6.3 For a Project located within the vicinity of a private airstrip or an airport land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the Project expose people residing or working in the P roject area to excessive noise levels?
The nearest airport to the Project site is the Long Beach Airport located approximately 3.35 miles to the southwest. The Project is not within 2.0 miles of a public airport or within an airport land use plan.
Additionally, there are no private airstrips located within the Project vicinity. Therefore, the Project would not expose people residing or working in the Project area to excessive airport- or airstrip-related noise levels and no mitigation is required.
Mitigation Measures: No mitigation is required.
Level of Significance: Less than significant impact.
6.2 Cumulative Noise Impacts
Cumulative Construction Noise
The Project’s construction activities would not result in a substantial temporary increase in ambient noise levels. Construction noise would be periodic and temporary noise impacts that would cease upon completion of construction activities. The Project would contribute to other proximate construction project noise impacts if construction activities were conducted concurrently. However, based on the noise analysis above, the Project’s construction-related noise impacts would be less than significant followi ng the Bellflower Municipal Code and Noise Element and would implement SC NOI-1 to minimize construction noise levels at nearby sensitive uses.
Construction activities at other planned and approved projects near the Project site would be required to comply with applicable City rules related to noise and would take place during daytime hours on the days permitted by the applicable Municipal Code, and projects requiring discretionary City approvals would be required to evaluate construction noise impacts, comply with the City’s standard conditions of approval, and implement mitigation, if necessary, to minimize noise impacts. Construction noise impac ts are by nature localized. Based on the fact that noise dissipates as it travels away from its source, noise impacts would be limited to the Project site and vicinity. Therefore, Project construction would not result in a cumulatively considerable contribution to significant cumulative impacts, assuming such a cumulative impact existed, and impacts in this regard are not cumulatively considerable.
Cumulative Operational Noise
Cumulative Off-Site Traffic Noise
Cumulative noise impacts describe how much noise levels are projected to increase over existing conditions with the development of the proposed Project and other foreseeable projects. Cumulative noise impacts would occur primarily as a result of increased traffic on local roadways due to buildout of the proposed Project and other projects in the vicinity. Cumulative increases in traffic noise levels were estimated by comparing the Existing and Opening Year Without Project scenarios to the Opening Year Plus Project scenario. The traffic analysis considers cumulative traffic from future growth assumed in the transportation model, as well as cumulative projects.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 30
A project’s contribution to a cumulative traffic noise increase would be considered significant when the combined effect exceeds perception level (i.e., auditory level increase) threshold. The following criteria is used to evaluate the combined and incremental effects of the cumulative noise increase.
• Combined Effect. The cumulative with Project noise level (“Opening Year With Project”) would cause a significant cumulative impact if a 3.0 dB increase over “Existing” conditions occurs and the resulting noise level exceeds the applicable exterior standard at a sensitive use. Although there may be a significant noise increase due to the proposed Project in combination with other related projects (combined effects), it must also be demonstrated that the Project has an incremental effect. In other words, a significant portion of the noise increase must be due to the proposed Project.
• Incremental Effects. The “Opening Year With Project” causes a 1.0 dBA increase in noise over the “Opening Year Without Project” noise level.
A significant impact would result only if both the combined and incremental effects criteria have been exceeded. Noise by definition is a localized phenomenon and reduces as distance from the source increases. Consequently, only the proposed Project and growth due to occur in the general area would contribute to cumulative noise impacts.
Table 13: Cumulative Traffic Noise Levels identifies the traffic noise effects along roadway segments in the Project vicinity for “Existing,” “Opening Year Without Project,” and “Opening Year With Project,” conditions, including incremental and net cumulative impacts. Table 13 shows the increase for combined effects and incremental effects and none of the segments meet the criteria for cumulative noise increase.
The proposed Project would not result in long-term mobile noise impacts based on project-generated traffic as well as cumulative and incremental noise levels. Therefore, the proposed Project, in combination with cumulative background traffic noise levels, would result in a less than significant cumulative impact.
The proposed Project’s contribution would not be cumulatively considerable.
Table 13: Cumulative Traffic Noise Levels
Roadway Segment Existing
(dBA CNEL)
Opening Year
Without
Project
(dBA CNEL)
Opening
Year With
Project
(dBA CNEL)
Combined
Effects
Incremental
Effects
Cumulatively
Significant
Impact?
Difference In
dBA Between
Existing and
Opening Year
With Project
Difference In dBA
Between Opening
Year Without
Project and
Opening Year
With Project
Bellflower Boulevard
SR-91 WB Ramos to Artesia Boulevard 67.9 67.9 68.9 1.0 1.0 No Artesia Boulevard to Ramona Street 66.9 66.9 68.2 1.3 1.3 No Ramona Street to Cedar Street 66.8 66.8 67.9 1.1 1.1 No Cedar Street to Rose Street 66.7 66.8 67.9 1.1 1.2 No
Artesia Boulevard
Ardmore Avenue to Bellflower Boulevard 67.6 67.6 68.4 0.8 0.8 No Bellflower Boulevard to Artesia Court 68.3 68.4 69.1 0.8 0.7 No ADT = average daily trips; dBA = A -weighted decibels; CNEL= Community Equivalent Noise Level Source: Based on traffic data provided by Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc., February 2022. Refer to Appendix B for traffic noise modeling results.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 31
Cumulative Stationary Noise
Stationary noise sources of the proposed Project would result in an incremental increase in non- transportation noise sources in the Project vicinity. However, as discussed above, operational noise caused by the proposed Project would be less than significant. Similar to the proposed Project, other planned and approved projects would be required to mitigate for stationary noise impacts at nearby sensitive receptors, if necessary. As stationary noise sources are generally localized, there is a limited potential for other projects to contribute to cumulative noise impacts.
No known past, present, or reasonably foreseeable projects would combine with the operational noise levels generated by the Project to increase noise levels above acceptable standards because each project must comply with applicable City regulations that limit operational noise. Therefore, the Project, together with other projects, would not create a significant cumulative impact, and even if there was such a significant cumulative impact, the Project would not make a cumulatively considerable contribution to significant cumulative operational noises.
Given that noise dissipates as it travels away from its source, operational noise impacts from on -site activities and other stationary sources would be limited to the Project site and vicinity. Thus, cumulative operational noise impacts from related projects, in conjunction with Project specific noise impacts, would not be cumulatively significant.
Mitigation Measures: No mitigation is required.
Level of Significance: Less than significant impact.
City of Bellflower Bellflower Convenience Center
Acoustical Assessment
November 2025
Page | 32
7 REFERENCES
1. California Department of Transportation, California Vehicle Noise Emission Levels, 1987.
2. California Department of Transportation, Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol, 2011.
3. California Department of Transportation, Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol, 2013.
4. California Department of Transportation, Transportation and Construction Vibration Guidance Manual, 2020.
5. City of Bellflower, City of Bellflower General Plan, 1994.
6. City of Bellflower, Municipal Code, 2025.
7. Elliott H. Berger, Rick Neitzel, and Cynthia A. Kladden, Noise Navigator Sound Level Database with Over 1700 Measurement Values, June 2015.
8. Federal Highway Administration, Highway Traffic Noise Analysis and Abatement Policy and Guidance, Noise Fundamentals,
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environMent/noise/regulations_and_guidance/polguide/polguide02.cf m, accessed November 20, 2025.
9. Federal Highway Administration, Roadway Construction Noise Model, 2006.
10. Federal Highway Administration, Roadway Construction Noise Model User’s Guide Final Report, 2006.
11. Federal Interagency Committee on Noise, Federal Agency Review of Selected Airport Noise Analysis Issues, 1992.
12. Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual, 2018.
13. Kariel, H. G., Noise in Rural Recreational Environments, Canadian Acoustics 19(5), 3-10, 1991.
14. Linscott, Law & Greenspan, Engineers, Project Trip Generation Forecast, 2025.
15. Marcin Jarnut, Jacek Kaniewski, and Mariusz Buciakowski, Review on Noise Generation Issues and Noise Mitigation Methods in Electric Vehicle Charging Stations , 2025
16. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Protective Noise Levels (EPA 550/9-79-100), 1979.
Appendix A
NOISE MEASUREMENTS
Appendix B
NOISE DATA
Noise Measurement Field Data
Project: Job Number:195306001
Site No.: Date:2/2/2022
Analyst: Time:8:55AM
Location:
Noise Sources:
Results (dBA):
Leq: Lmin: Lmax: Peak:
59.5 49.1 73.3 91.4
Sound Level Meter:LD SoundExpert LxT Temp. (degrees F):56 Calibrator:CAL200 Wind (mph):< 5
Response Time:Slow Sky:Clear
Weighting:A Bar. Pressure:30.01
Microphone Height:5 feet Humidity:37%
Photo:
Equipment Weather
17671 Bellflower Convenience Center
1 Kiana Graham/Jackie Tran
Near 9730 Ramona Street
Cars on Bellflower Blvd. and Ramona St., pedestrians on sidewalk
Measurement Report
Report Summary
Meter's File Name BEL.001.s Computer's File Name LxTse_0005586-20220202 085456-BEL.001.ldbin Meter LxT SE 0005586
Firmware 2.404
User Location
Job Description
Note
Start Time 2022-02-02 08:54:56 Duration 0:10:00.0
End Time 2022-02-02 09:04:56 Run Time 0:10:00.0 Pause Time 0:00:00.0 Results
Overall Metrics
LAeq 59.5 dB
LAE 87.3 dB SEA --- dB
EA 59.6 µPa²h
LApeak 91.4 dB 2022-02-02 09:01:56
LASmax 73.3 dB 2022-02-02 09:02:40
LASmin 49.1 dB 2022-02-02 09:03:56
LAeq 59.5 dB
LCeq 70.8 dB LCeq - LA eq 11.3 dB
LAIeq 61.7 dB LAIeq - LA eq 2.2 dB
Exceedances Count Duration
LAS > 85.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LAS > 115.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LApeak > 135.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LApeak > 137.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LApeak > 140.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
Community Noise LDN LDay LNight
59.5 dB 59.5 dB 0.0 dB
LDEN LDay LEve LNight
59.5 dB 59.5 dB --- dB --- dB
Any Data A C Z
Level Time Stamp Level Time Stamp Level Time Stamp
Leq 59.5 dB 70.8 dB --- dB
Ls(max)73.3 dB 2022-02-02 09:02:40 --- dB --- dB
LS(min)49.1 dB 2022-02-02 09:03:56 --- dB --- dB
LPeak(max)91.4 dB 2022-02-02 09:01:56 --- dB --- dB
Overloads Count Duration OBA Count OBA Duration
0 0:00:00.0 0 0:00:00.0
Statistics
LAS 5.0 66.1 dB
LAS 10.0 64.1 dB
LAS 33.3 56.4 dB
LAS 50.0 54.6 dB
LAS 66.6 53.3 dB
LAS 90.0 51.9 dB
Time History
140
120
100 -
80 a)
. 60
40 20
0 09:03 09:04
08:55 08:56 08:57 08:58 08:59 09:00 09:01
09:02
— LApeak: 0.0 dB
Noise Measurement Field Data
Project: Job Number:195306001
Site No.: Date:2/2/2022
Analyst: Time:9:10 AM
Location:
Noise Sources:
Results (dBA):
Leq: Lmin: Lmax: Peak:
60.3 53.0 73.0 91.3
Sound Level Meter:LD SoundExpert LxT Temp. (degrees F):56 Calibrator:CAL200 Wind (mph):< 5
Response Time:Slow Sky:Clear
Weighting:A Bar. Pressure:30.01
Microphone Height:5 feet Humidity:37%
Photo:
Equipment Weather
17671 Bellflower Convenience Center
2 Kiana Graham/Jackie Tran
Near 9842 Ramona St.
Cars on Ramona St. and Bellflower Blvd., Delivery truck
Measurement Report
Report Summary
Meter's File Name BEL.002.s Computer's File Name LxTse_0005586-20220202 091020-BEL.002.ldbin Meter LxT SE 0005586
Firmware 2.404
User Location
Job Description
Note
Start Time 2022-02-02 09:10:20 Duration 0:10:00.0
End Time 2022-02-02 09:20:20 Run Time 0:10:00.0 Pause Time 0:00:00.0 Results
Overall Metrics
LAeq 60.3 dB
LAE 88.1 dB SEA --- dB
EA 71.6 µPa²h
LApeak 91.3 dB 2022-02-02 09:15:14
LASmax 73.0 dB 2022-02-02 09:15:14
LASmin 53.0 dB 2022-02-02 09:19:58
LAeq 60.3 dB
LCeq 70.4 dB LCeq - LA eq 10.1 dB
LAIeq 63.0 dB LAIeq - LA eq 2.7 dB
Exceedances Count Duration
LAS > 85.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LAS > 115.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LApeak > 135.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LApeak > 137.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LApeak > 140.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
Community Noise LDN LDay LNight
60.3 dB 60.3 dB 0.0 dB
LDEN LDay LEve LNight
60.3 dB 60.3 dB --- dB --- dB
Any Data A C Z
Level Time Stamp Level Time Stamp Level Time Stamp
Leq 60.3 dB 70.4 dB --- dB
Ls(max)73.0 dB 2022-02-02 09:15:14 --- dB --- dB
LS(min)53.0 dB 2022-02-02 09:19:58 --- dB --- dB
LPeak(max)91.3 dB 2022-02-02 09:15:14 --- dB --- dB
Overloads Count Duration OBA Count OBA Duration
0 0:00:00.0 0 0:00:00.0
Statistics
LAS 5.0 65.3 dB
LAS 10.0 63.4 dB
LAS 33.3 59.4 dB
LAS 50.0 57.4 dB
LAS 66.6 56.4 dB
LAS 90.0 54.9 dB
Time History
140
120
100 -
40 20
0 09:11 09:12
09:13 09:14
0915 09:16 09:17 09:18 09:19 09:20
— LApeak: 0.0 dB
Noise Measurement Field Data
Project: Job Number:195306001
Site No.: Date:2/2/2022
Analyst: Time:9:26 AM
Location:
Noise Sources:
Results (dBA):
Leq:Lmin:Lmax:Peak:
59.8 50.0 75.9 88.9
Sound Level Meter:LD SoundExpert LxT Temp. (degrees F):56 Calibrator:CAL200 Wind (mph):< 5
Response Time:Slow Sky:Clear
Weighting:A Bar. Pressure:30.01
Microphone Height:5 feet Humidity:37%
Photo:
Equipment Weather
17671 Bellflower Convenience Center
3 Kiana Graham/Jackie Tran
Near 9821 Cedar St.
Cars on Cedar St. and Bellflower Blvd.
Measurement Report
Report Summary
Meter's File Name BEL.003.s Computer's File Name LxTse_0005586-20220202 092619-BEL.003.ldbin Meter LxT SE 0005586
Firmware 2.404
User Location
Job Description
Note
Start Time 2022-02-02 09:26:19 Duration 0:10:00.0
End Time 2022-02-02 09:36:19 Run Time 0:10:00.0 Pause Time 0:00:00.0 Results
Overall Metrics
LAeq 59.8 dB
LAE 87.6 dB SEA --- dB
EA 63.7 µPa²h
LApeak 88.9 dB 2022-02-02 09:33:04
LASmax 75.9 dB 2022-02-02 09:33:04
LASmin 50.0 dB 2022-02-02 09:32:24
LAeq 59.8 dB
LCeq 69.7 dB LCeq - LA eq 9.9 dB
LAIeq 61.5 dB LAIeq - LA eq 1.7 dB
Exceedances Count Duration
LAS > 85.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LAS > 115.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LApeak > 135.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LApeak > 137.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LApeak > 140.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
Community Noise LDN LDay LNight
59.8 dB 59.8 dB 0.0 dB
LDEN LDay LEve LNight
59.8 dB 59.8 dB --- dB --- dB
Any Data A C Z
Level Time Stamp Level Time Stamp Level Time Stamp
Leq 59.8 dB 69.7 dB --- dB
Ls(max)75.9 dB 2022-02-02 09:33:04 --- dB --- dB
LS(min)50.0 dB 2022-02-02 09:32:24 --- dB --- dB
LPeak(max)88.9 dB 2022-02-02 09:33:04 --- dB --- dB
Overloads Count Duration OBA Count OBA Duration
0 0:00:00.0 0 0:00:00.0
Statistics
LAS 5.0 65.1 dB
LAS 10.0 62.2 dB
LAS 33.3 57.0 dB
LAS 50.0 55.5 dB
LAS 66.6 54.4 dB
LAS 90.0 52.6 dB
Time History
140
120
100 -
• 80
. • 60
40 20
0 A a.4 k
A
n nA
09:27 09:28
09:29 09:30
09:31 09:32 09:33 09:34 09:35 09:36
— LApeak: 0.0 dB
s
Noise Measurement Field Data
Project: Job Number:195306001
Site No.: Date:2/2/2022
Analyst: Time:9:43AM
Location:
Noise Sources:
Results (dBA):
Leq:Lmin:Lmax:Peak:
56.3 47.5 68.6 87.6
Sound Level Meter:LD SoundExpert LxT Temp. (degrees F):56 Calibrator:CAL200 Wind (mph):< 5
Response Time:Slow Sky:Clear
Weighting:A Bar. Pressure:30.01
Microphone Height:5 feet Humidity:37%
Photo:
Equipment Weather
17671 Bellflower Convenience Center
4 Kiana Graham/Jackie Tran
Near 9727 Cedar St
Cars on Cedar St. and Bellflower Blvd., residential activity
Measurement Report
Report Summary
Meter's File Name BEL.004.s Computer's File Name LxTse_0005586-20220202 094234-BEL.004.ldbin Meter LxT SE 0005586
Firmware 2.404
User Location
Job Description
Note
Start Time 2022-02-02 09:42:34 Duration 0:10:00.0
End Time 2022-02-02 09:52:34 Run Time 0:10:00.0 Pause Time 0:00:00.0 Results
Overall Metrics
LAeq 56.3 dB
LAE 84.1 dB SEA --- dB
EA 28.3 µPa²h
LApeak 87.6 dB 2022-02-02 09:42:52
LASmax 68.6 dB 2022-02-02 09:48:44
LASmin 47.5 dB 2022-02-02 09:45:08
LAeq 56.3 dB
LCeq 69.3 dB LCeq - LA eq 13.0 dB
LAIeq 58.1 dB LAIeq - LA eq 1.8 dB
Exceedances Count Duration
LAS > 85.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LAS > 115.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LApeak > 135.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LApeak > 137.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
LApeak > 140.0 dB 0 0:00:00.0
Community Noise LDN LDay LNight
56.3 dB 56.3 dB 0.0 dB
LDEN LDay LEve LNight
56.3 dB 56.3 dB --- dB --- dB
Any Data A C Z
Level Time Stamp Level Time Stamp Level Time Stamp
Leq 56.3 dB 69.3 dB --- dB
Ls(max)68.6 dB 2022-02-02 09:48:44 --- dB --- dB
LS(min)47.5 dB 2022-02-02 09:45:08 --- dB --- dB
LPeak(max)87.6 dB 2022-02-02 09:42:52 --- dB --- dB
Overloads Count Duration OBA Count OBA Duration
0 0:00:00.0 0 0:00:00.0
Statistics
LAS 5.0 62.5 dB
LAS 10.0 60.4 dB
LAS 33.3 53.5 dB
LAS 50.0 52.2 dB
LAS 66.6 51.1 dB
LAS 90.0 49.4 dB
Time History
140
120
100
40 20
0 09:43 09:44 09:45 09:46 09:47 09:48 09:49 09:50 09:51 09:52 LApeak: 0.0 dB
FHWA Highway Noise Prediction Model (FHWA-RD-77-108) with California Vehicle Noise (CALVENO) Emission Levels Project Name: Bellflower Convenience Center
Project Number: 195306001
Scenario:Existing
Ldn/CNEL:CNEL
Assumed 24-Hour Traffic Distribution: Day Evening Night Total ADT Volumes 77.70% 12.70% 9.60%
Medium-Duty Trucks 87.43% 5.05% 7.52%
Heavy-Duty Trucks 89.10% 2.84% 8.06%
Vehicle Mix Distance from Centerline of Roadway
Median ADT Speed Alpha Medium Heavy CNEL at Distance to Contour #Roadway Segment Lanes Width Volume (mph)Factor Trucks Trucks 100 Feet 70 CNEL 65 CNEL 60 CNEL 55 CNEL 1 SR-10 WB Ramps to Artesia Boulevard 5 6
22,800 30 0 5.7% 4.4% 67.9 61 193 610 1,930
2 Artesia Boulevard to Ramona Street 4 12
18,400 30 0 5.7% 4.4% 66.9 - 154 489 1,545
3 Ramona Street to Cedar Street 4 10
17,900 30 0 5.7% 4.4% 66.8 - 150 474 1,499
4 Cedar Street to Rose Street 4 11
17,800 30 0 5.7% 4.4% 66.7 - 149 472 1,493
5 Ardmore Avenue to Bellflower Boulevard 4 12
16,700 40 0 5.7% 4.4% 67.6 57 181 573 1,811
6 Bellflower Boulevard to Artesia Court 4 11
19,900 40 0 5.7% 4.4% 68.3 68 215 681 2,155
1 Distance is from the centerline of the roadway segment to the receptor location. "-" = contour is located within the roadway right-of-way.
Artesia Boulevard
Bellflower Boulevard
FHWA Highway Noise Prediction Model (FHWA-RD-77-108) with California Vehicle Noise (CALVENO) Emission Levels Project Name: Bellflower Convenience Center
Project Number: 195306001
Scenario:Opening Year
Ldn/CNEL:CNEL
Assumed 24-Hour Traffic Distribution: Day Evening Night Total ADT Volumes 77.70% 12.70% 9.60%
Medium-Duty Trucks 87.43% 5.05% 7.52%
Heavy-Duty Trucks 89.10% 2.84% 8.06%
Vehicle Mix Distance from Centerline of Roadway
Median ADT Speed Alpha Medium Heavy CNEL at Distance to Contour # Roadway Segment Lanes Width Volume (mph) Factor Trucks Trucks 100 Feet 70 CNEL 65 CNEL 60 CNEL 55 CNEL 1 SR-10 WB Ramps to Artesia Boulevard 5 6
23,256 30 0 5.7% 4.4% 67.9 62 195 618 1,955
2 Artesia Boulevard to Ramona Street 4 12
18,768 30 0 5.7% 4.4% 66.9 - 156 495 1,564
3 Ramona Street to Cedar Street 4 10
18,258 30 0 5.7% 4.4% 66.8 - 152 480 1,518
4 Cedar Street to Rose Street 4 11
18,156 30 0 5.7% 4.4% 66.8 - 151 478 1,512
5 Ardmore Avenue to Bellflower Boulevard 4 12
17,034 40 0 5.7% 4.4% 67.6 58 184 581 1,836
6 Bellflower Boulevard to Artesia Court 4 11
20,298 40 0 5.7% 4.4% 68.4 69 218 691 2,185
1 Distance is from the centerline of the roadway segment to the receptor location. "-" = contour is located within the roadway right-of-way.
Bellflower Boulevard
Artesia Boulevard
FHWA Highway Noise Prediction Model (FHWA-RD-77-108) with California Vehicle Noise (CALVENO) Emission Levels Project Name: Bellflower Convenience Center
Project Number: 195306001
Scenario:Opening Year Plus Project
Ldn/CNEL:CNEL
Assumed 24-Hour Traffic Distribution: Day Evening Night Total ADT Volumes 77.70% 12.70% 9.60%
Medium-Duty Trucks 87.43% 5.05% 7.52%
Heavy-Duty Trucks 89.10% 2.84% 8.06%
Vehicle Mix Distance from Centerline of Roadway
Median ADT Speed Alpha Medium Heavy CNEL at Distance to Contour # Roadway Segment Lanes Width Volume (mph) Factor Trucks Trucks 100 Feet 70 CNEL 65 CNEL 60 CNEL 55 CNEL 1 SR-10 WB Ramps to Artesia Boulevard 5 6
24,552 30 0 6.1% 5.7% 68.9 78 248 785 2,481
2 Artesia Boulevard to Ramona Street 4 12
20,980 30 0 6.1% 5.7% 68.2 66 210 665 2,103
3 Ramona Street to Cedar Street 4 10
19,712 30 0 6.1% 5.7% 67.9 62 197 623 1,971
4 Cedar Street to Rose Street 4 11
19,552 30 0 6.1% 5.7% 67.9 62 196 619 1,957
5 Ardmore Avenue to Bellflower Boulevard 4 12
17,646 40 0 6.1% 5.7% 68.4 69 219 692 2,188
6 Bellflower Boulevard to Artesia Court 4 11
20,874 40 0 6.1% 5.7% 69.1 82 259 818 2,585
1 Distance is from the centerline of the roadway segment to the receptor location. "-" = contour is located within the roadway right-of-way.
Bellflower Boulevard
Artesia Boulevard
Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM),Version 1.1
Report date: 2/25/2022
Case Description: Grading
---- Receptor #1 ----
Baselines (dBA)
Description Land Use Daytime Evening Night
Residential Residential 60.3 60.3 60.3
Equipment
Spec Actual Receptor Estimated
Impact Lmax Lmax Distance Shielding
Description Device Usage(%) (dBA) (dBA) (feet) (dBA)
Grader No 40 85 170 0
Dozer No 40 81.7 170 0
Tractor No 40 84 170 0
Results
Calculated (dBA) Noise Limits (dBA) Noise Limit Exceedance (dBA) Day Evening Night Day Evening Night
Equipment *Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Grader 74.4 70.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Dozer 71 67.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Tractor 73.4 69.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total 74.4 73.9 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A *Calculated Lmax is the Loudest value.
---- Receptor #2 ----
Baselines (dBA)
Description Land Use Daytime Evening Night
Commercial Commercial 59.8 59.8 59.8
Equipment
Spec Actual Receptor Estimated
Impact Lmax Lmax Distance Shielding
Description Device Usage(%) (dBA) (dBA) (feet) (dBA)
Grader No 40 85 100 0
Dozer No 40 81.7 100 0
Tractor No 40 84 100 0
Results
Calculated (dBA) Noise Limits (dBA) Noise Limit Exceedance (dBA) Day Evening Night Day Evening Night
Equipment *Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Grader 79 75 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Dozer 75.6 71.7 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Tractor 78 74 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total 79 78.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A *Calculated Lmax is the Loudest value.
Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM),Version 1.1
Report date: 2/25/2022
Case Description: Building Construction
---- Receptor #1 ----
Baselines (dBA)
Description Land Use Daytime Evening Night
Residential Residential 60.3 60.3 60.3
Equipment
Spec Actual Receptor Estimated
Impact Lmax Lmax Distance Shielding
Description Device Usage(%) (dBA) (dBA) (feet) (dBA)
Crane No 16 80.6 170 0
All Other Equipment > 5 HP No 50 85 170 0
Generator No 50 80.6 170 0
Tractor No 40 84 170 0
Welder / Torch No 40 74 170 0
Results
Calculated (dBA) Noise Limits (dBA) Noise Limit Exceedance (dBA) Day Evening Night Day Evening Night
Equipment *Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Crane 69.9 62 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A All Other Equipment > 5 HP 74.4 71.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Generator 70 67 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Tractor 73.4 69.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Welder / Torch 63.4 59.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total 74.4 74.7 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A *Calculated Lmax is the Loudest value.
---- Receptor #2 ----
Baselines (dBA)
Description Land Use Daytime Evening Night
Commercial Commercial 59.8 59.8 59.8
Equipment
Spec Actual Receptor Estimated
Impact Lmax Lmax Distance Shielding
Description Device Usage(%) (dBA) (dBA) (feet) (dBA)
Crane No 16 80.6 100 0
All Other Equipment > 5 HP No 50 85 100 0
Generator No 50 80.6 100 0
Tractor No 40 84 100 0
Welder / Torch No 40 74 100 0
Results
Calculated (dBA) Noise Limits (dBA) Noise Limit Exceedance (dBA) Day Evening Night Day Evening Night
Equipment *Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Crane 74.5 66.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A All Other Equipment > 5 HP 79 76 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Generator 74.6 71.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Tractor 78 74 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Welder / Torch 68 64 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total 79 79.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A *Calculated Lmax is the Loudest value.
Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM),Version 1.1
Report date: 2/25/2022
Case Description: Paving
---- Receptor #1 ----
Baselines (dBA)
Description Land Use Daytime Evening Night
Residential Residential 60.3 60.3 60.3
Equipment
Spec Actual Receptor Estimated
Impact Lmax Lmax Distance Shielding
Description Device Usage(%) (dBA) (dBA) (feet) (dBA)
Concrete Mixer Truck No 40 78.8 170 0
Paver No 50 77.2 170 0
All Other Equipment > 5 HP No 50 85 170 0
Roller No 20 80 170 0
Tractor No 40 84 170 0
Results
Calculated (dBA) Noise Limits (dBA) Noise Limit Exceedance (dBA) Day Evening Night Day Evening Night
Equipment *Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Concrete Mixer Truck 68.2 64.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Paver 66.6 63.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A All Other Equipment > 5 HP 74.4 71.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Roller 69.4 62.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Tractor 73.4 69.4 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total 74.4 74.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A *Calculated Lmax is the Loudest value.
---- Receptor #2 ----
Baselines (dBA)
Description Land Use Daytime Evening Night
Commercial Commercial 59.8 59.8 59.8
Equipment
Spec Actual Receptor Estimated
Impact Lmax Lmax Distance Shielding
Description Device Usage(%) (dBA) (dBA) (feet) (dBA)
Concrete Mixer Truck No 40 78.8 100 0
Paver No 50 77.2 100 0
All Other Equipment > 5 HP No 50 85 100 0
Roller No 20 80 100 0
Tractor No 40 84 100 0
Results
Calculated (dBA) Noise Limits (dBA) Noise Limit Exceedance (dBA) Day Evening Night Day Evening Night
Equipment *Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Concrete Mixer Truck 72.8 68.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Paver 71.2 68.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A All Other Equipment > 5 HP 79 76 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Roller 74 67 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Tractor 78 74 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total 79 79.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A *Calculated Lmax is the Loudest value.
Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM),Version 1.1
Report date:2/25/2022
Case Description:Architectural Coating
---- Receptor #1 ----
Baselines (dBA)
Description Land Use Daytime Evening Night
Residential Residential 60.3 60.3 60.3
Equipment
Spec Actual Receptor Estimated
Impact Lmax Lmax Distance Shielding
Description Device Usage(%)(dBA)(dBA)(feet)(dBA)
Compressor (air)No 40 77.7 170 0
Results
Calculated (dBA)Noise Limits (dBA)Noise Limit Exceedance (dBA) Day Evening Night Day Evening Night
Equipment *Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Compressor (air)67 63.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total 67 63.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A *Calculated Lmax is the Loudest value.
---- Receptor #2 ----
Baselines (dBA)
Description Land Use Daytime Evening Night
Commercial Commercial 59.8 59.8 59.8
Equipment
Spec Actual Receptor Estimated
Impact Lmax Lmax Distance Shielding
Description Device Usage(%)(dBA)(dBA)(feet)(dBA)
Compressor (air)No 40 77.7 100 0
Results
Calculated (dBA)Noise Limits (dBA)Noise Limit Exceedance (dBA) Day Evening Night Day Evening Night
Equipment *Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Lmax Leq Compressor (air)71.6 67.7 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Total 71.6 67.7 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A *Calculated Lmax is the Loudest value.
Noise Source Reference Level
(dBA)
Reference
Distance (feet)
Distance to
Receptor (feet)
Level at
Receptor (dBA)6 Noise Standard Significant?
Mechanical Equipment1 64 50 130 55.7 65 No
Truck Delivery and Trash Collection2 75 50 90 69.9 65 No Parking3 50.2 50 30 54.7 65 No
EV Charging Station4 65.0 3 30 45.0 65 No
Drive Thru5 63.7 20 145 46.5 65 No
1. Source for reference level: Elliott H. Berger, Rick Neitzel, and Cynthia A. Kladden, Noise Navigator Sound Level Database with Over 1700 Measurement Values , July 6, 2010.
2. Kariel, H. G., Noise in Rural Recreational Environments, Canadian Acoustics 19(5), 3-10, 1991.
3. Source for reference level: Kariel, H. G., Noise in Rural Recreational Environments , Canadian Acoustics 19(5), 3-10, 1991.
4. Marcin Jarnut, Jacek Kaniewski, and Mariusz Buciakowski, Review on Noise Generation Issues and Noise Mitigation Methods in Electric Vehicle Charging Stations , 2025
5. Drive-thru reference noise level measurement conducted by Kimley-Horn on August 17, 2018.
6. Calculated using the inverse square law formula for sound attenuation: dBA2 = dBA1+20Log(d1/d2), where dBA2 = estimated noise level at receptor; dBA1 = reference noise level; d1 = reference distance; d2 = receptor location distance.