Belvedere City Council
July 11, 2022

A meeting format determination under AB 361 is not a “project” under the California Environmental Quality Act, because it does not involve an activity that has the potential to cause a direct or reasonably foreseeable indirect physical change in the environment. (Pub. Res. Code § 21065).

CORRESPONDENCE
As of the writing of this report, no correspondence has been received regarding this agenda item.

RECOMMENDED ACTION
That the City Council adopt the Resolution authorizing the continued use of remote meetings pursuant to Assembly Bill 361 and give direction to staff as necessary.

ATTACHMENT

1. Resolution.

CITY OF BELVEDERE
RESOLUTION NO. 2022-XX

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF BELVEDERE

AUTHORIZING THE CONTINUATION OF VIRTUAL PUBLIC CITY MEETINGS DURING THE CONTINUING STATE OF EMERGENCY RELATING TO THE COVID19 PANDEMIC PURSUANT TO ASSEMBLY BILL 361 ______________________________________________________________________ WHEREAS, on March 4, 2020 Governor Newsom declared a State of Emergency pursuant to Government Code section 8625 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which State of Emergency remains in effect; and
WHEREAS, State Executive Orders N-25-20 and N-29-20, suspended certain provisions of the Brown Act (Gov. Code, §§ 54950 et seq.) to allow public meetings to be held virtually without opening a physical space to the public, which provisions expired September 30, 2021; and WHEREAS, effective September 16, 2021, Assembly Bill 361 allows local agencies to continue to hold remote public meetings through December 31, 2023 when there is a State-declared emergency, and when state or local officials have imposed or recommended measures to promote social distancing or as a result of the declared emergency, meeting in-person would result in an imminent risk to the health or safety of attendees; and WHEREAS, the Government Code section 8625 State of Emergency remains in effect; and WHEREAS, state and local officials continue to impose and recommend measures to promote social distancing due to the continued rates of transmission of the COVID-19 virus and variants as follows:

a. The Marin County Public Health Department continues to recommend the use of masking indoors.
b. On September 22, 2021, the Marin County Director of Health and Human Services, Benita McLarin, issued a letter recommending continued social distancing for governmental meetings, including the use of video and teleconference meetings.

WHEREAS, public meetings involve many people in shared indoor spaces, in close proximity for hours, and City meetings rooms have limited mechanical and natural ventilation, creating a health risk for members of the public at this time; and
WHEREAS, as a result of the continuing declared emergency, public meetings in-person would result in an imminent risk to the health or safety of attendees.

WHEREAS, a meeting format determination under AB 361 is not a “project” under the California Environmental Quality Act, because it does not involve an activity that has the potential to cause Resolution No. 2022-xx
Belvedere City Council

a direct or reasonably foreseeable indirect physical change in the environment. (Pub. Res. Code § 21065.)
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, by the City Council of the City of Belvedere, based on the findings set forth above and incorporated herein, that public meetings of the City’s legislative bodies shall be held using remote technology in compliance with the requirements of Government Code section 54953(e) and all other applicable laws for thirty (30) days following the date of adoption of this Resolution.

PASSED AND ADOPTED at a regular meeting of the City Council of the City of Belvedere on July 11, 2022, by the following vote:

AYES:

NOES:

ABSENT:

ABSTAIN:

APPROVED:___________________________
Sally Wilkinson, Mayor
ATTEST:_______________________________
Beth Haener, City Clerk
AGENDA ITEM NO. : 14

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
July 11, 2022
To:

From:

Mayor and City Council
Brian Van Son, Building Official
Reviewed By: Robert Zadnik, City Manager
Irene Borba, Director of Planning & Building
Amy Ackerman, City Attorney
Subject: Appeal of Construction Time Limit (CTL) Penalties Assessed to 339 Golden Gate Avenue under Building Permit #2017-173.

Recommended Motion/Item Description
1) Open and conduct a public hearing for the appeal of Construction Time Limit penalties assessed to the property owners of 339 Golden Gate Avenue. 2) Conclude the public hearing and affirm, deny, or modify the appeal and assessed penalties.

Background/Timeline
On February 15, 2017, an application for Design Review was submitted to the Planning Department for the remodel of an existing 8,894 square foot residence, demolition and reconstruction of an existing garage, and subsequent landscape improvements throughout the property. The proposed project valuation was submitted as $4,000,000. Based on the date of the Design Review Application, the project was governed by the Belvedere Municipal Code CTL ordinance in effect at that time. This Code established fees at:
• $600/day for the first 60 days for the unfinished project • $900/day for days 61-120
• $1,200/day for every day after day 120 until a maximum penalty of $300,000 is reached (Attachment 1).

The application was reviewed by staff through the Design Review process and brought to the May 16, 2017, Planning Commission Meeting. The project was heard and approved during that Planning Commission Meeting, with an added Condition of Approval stating that the final landscape/lighting plan was to be reviewed and approved by the Planning Commission.

Staff report - http://www.cityofbelvedere.org/DocumentCenter/View/3398/Item-7-web?bidId= Plans - http://www.cityofbelvedere.org/DocumentCenter/View/3412/Item-7--plans---full?bidId=

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
July 11, 2022

This approval by the Planning Commission was appealed by the neighbors to the City Council, and the appeal hearing was held on June 12, 2017. The Council ultimately denied the appeal and upheld the decision of the Commission.

Staff Report - https://www.cityofbelvedere.org/DocumentCenter/View/3416/Item-10?bidId= On August 15, 2017, a Planning Commission meeting was held for consideration of the final landscaping, lighting, and wall and fencing plan.

Staff Report - https://www.cityofbelvedere.org/DocumentCenter/View/3507/Item-4-web?bidId= Plans - https://www.cityofbelvedere.org/DocumentCenter/View/3509/Item-4-Plans?bidId= Planning Commission Resolution No. 2017-059, adopted by the Planning Commission on August 15, 2017, included additional conditions pertaining to the final lighting and landscaping:
a) Plans submitted for building permit shall include all exterior lighting, including landscape lighting for review by the Chair of the Planning Commission and Planning Staff to ensure that all exterior lighting shall be directed downward. Upon planning final, planning shall inspect said exterior lighting to ensure it is appropriately installed. b) Prior to the issuance of a Building Permit, a final landscape plan shall be submitted for the review and approval by the Planning Commission Chair and Staff. The final landscape plan shall identify, but not be limited to, such criteria as the type of plants and trees and quantities of each.

The final landscaping, lighting, and wall and fencing plan approved by the Planning Commission was appealed to the City Council. The appeal hearing was held by the Council on September 11, 2017.

Staff Report - http://www.cityofbelvedere.org/DocumentCenter/View/3550/Item-9?bidId= The Council ultimately denied the appeal and upheld the decision of the Planning Commission, with additional conditions requiring the removal of a fence and gate across Eucalyptus Lane and ensuring the brownstone wall proposed for the berm along the front of the property did not encroach further into the Golden Gate Avenue public right-of-way.

Per a condition from Planning Commission Resolution No. 2017-059, the final landscaping and lighting was to be reviewed by the Commission Chair and staff. The Planning Commission Chair and planning staff reviewed & approved the final landscape and lighting plan on November 3, 2017.

In May of 2018, an Exemption from Design Review was approved for modifications to approved plans for landscaping and other site improvements. The modifications included changes to the approved plans for landscaping for new site retaining walls (at rear of property), stairs and walkways, and other site improvements.

Additional application requests reviewed/approved include:
• 3/19/2019 – Exemption for retaining wall behind and to the side of the garage.

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
July 11, 2022

• 5/2/2019 – Exemption from design review for minor modifications to approved plans --- approved to add columns to a retaining wall.
• 5/13/2019 – Design Review Exception for the installation of a flagpole. • 9/11/2019 – Exemption from design review for revisions to retaining wall layout at patio in area of arbor to accommodate existing grades.
• 9/26/2019 – Exemption from design review for addition of a cap detail to the privacy wall at front of property.
• 11/1/2019 – Exemption from design review for the extension of brick area at front of residence.
• 1/16/2020 – Exemption to remove an arbor (left side of residence adjacent to hot tub area) from scope of work.
• 7/21/2020 – Design Review application as submitted by the property owner was reviewed for retroactive design review for landscaping and exterior lighting, as well as other site improvements such as an arbor, guard railing, and trellis improvements to the existing residence. Portions of the proposal included retroactive design review approval for the landscaping and lighting that had already been planted or installed without prior planning review/approval. The staff report and associated documents are public record and can be viewed through the following links:
https://www.cityofbelvedere.org/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Item/330?fileID=652 https://www.cityofbelvedere.org/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Item/330?fileID=651 https://www.cityofbelvedere.org/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Item/330?fileID=656 The meeting minutes from the July Commission meeting can be located here:
https://www.cityofbelvedere.org/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Item/342?fileID=659 At the July 2020 Planning Commission meeting, the Commission heard from staff, the property owner, and the neighbors. The project proposal was discussed; however, the Commission continued the item and requested additional information & clarification. The meeting was continued to the August 18, 2020, Planning Commission meeting.

Staff Report - https://www.cityofbelvedere.org/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Item/344?fileID=668 Attachments - https://www.cityofbelvedere.org/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Item/344?fileID=669 Meeting Minutes - https://www.cityofbelvedere.org/AgendaCenter/ViewFile/Item/358?fileID=696 The Commission ultimately approved, via Resolution No. 2020-029, the proposed project with additional/specific conditions of approval including the following:
 All exterior lights on all sides of the tower shall be permanently disconnected including the foot/step lights.
 The two alcove lights at the second floor west facing covered balcony shall be permanently disconnected.
 The eight door alcove lights at the rear deck shall be permanently disconnected.

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
July 11, 2022

 The four (4) mushroom lights in the revocable license area in the vicinity of the pedestrian gate shall be removed or replaced with more appropriate ground level lighting.
 Electrical connectivity shall be completely and permanently removed from each of the above noted lights, subject to the inspection and approval of the Building Official in his direction.
 All light dimming described in the narrative as submitted by the property owner and dated Received by the City of Belvedere on August 9, 2020, shall be maintained with no future alteration. Additionally, the property owner shall create a dimming schedule to be reviewed/approved by the Commission Chair and Staff. This is to include on/off times and light reduction percentage commitments for landscape lighting, path and step lighting, and garage lighting subject to the approval of the Director of Planning and Building and the Planning Commission Chair.
 No additional exterior lighting shall be installed beyond the approved Planning Commission plans and narrative as submitted by the property owner and dated Received by the City of Belvedere on August 9, 2020, and approved in the August 18, 2020, Planning Meeting.
 The Olive trees flanking the driveway entrance shall be removed. The property owner may relocate these Olive trees elsewhere on the property, subject to the approval of the Director of Planning and Building and the Planning Commission Chair. Alternatively, the property may adhere to the approved landscaping plan for this area.
 Pursuant to the Belvedere Municipal Code, a hedge, as defined in Section

8.28.020, may exceed the height limit for fences where the extra height is agreed upon in writing by all immediately adjacent neighbors. Therefore, prior to planning final, the property owner shall obtain and provide to the planning department the signatures/approvals from the appropriate neighboring property owners indicating their approval/support for the height of hedge planted along the property boundary. If said written neighbor approval is not received, then plantings shall be installed in the same area that do not constitute a hedge, subject to the approval of the Planning and Building Director.

Additional application requests reviewed/approved included:
• August 31, 2020 – an Exemption from design review was submitted to modify the approved metal railings/gates around the property to wood & some to wood and wire.
• February 1, 2021 – an Exemption form design review was submitted to remove from the scope of work, a metal trellis that was to be installed on the residence, a wooden planter box in the tower deck area. The Exemption also included a request to install three (3) Olive trees on the lower part of the property. Note: The three (3) Olive trees requested as part of this Exemption were not approved by staff.

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
July 11, 2022

• In 2021, the property owner applied for Design Review for landscaping improvements. The proposal pertained to the two existing Olive trees at the driveway entrance. This item was to be heard at the March 16, 2021, Planning Commission meeting but was pulled off the agenda prior to the meeting.

On July 27, 2017, a Building Permit Application and related construction documentation was subsequently submitted. The initial submittal consisted of the remodel of the existing SingleFamily Dwelling (SFD) along with the demolition and reconstruction of the existing garage. The landscape and site improvements were to be a deferred submittal associated with Building Permit # 2017-173.

The project was routed to the applicable departments and other outside jurisdictional authorities for review of local and state code compliance. Once deemed complete, the building permit application was approved and set for permit issuance. Prior to the issuance of the building permit, a Pre-Construction Meeting was held and attended by representatives from the City’s Building, Planning, Public Works, and Police Departments, the Tiburon Fire Protection District, and the property owner and contractor. The building permit was issued on November 28, 2017, and, per Belvedere Municipal Code (BMC) section 20.04.035; table C1, established an eighteen (18) month timeline for project completion. This permit issue date established a CTL sunset date of May 28, 2019.

On August 30, 2018, the landscape & site improvement plans were submitted to the Building Department. The submitted plans and construction documents were then routed to the applicable departments for review. The initial landscape plans required some revision and, after a resubmittal, were approved on February 6, 2019, as a deferred submittal to the SFD remodel project under building permit #2017-173. Once the submittal was deemed complete and approved by the Building Department, the landscape and site improvement construction could commence. In compliance with BMC section 20.04.035, the scope of the landscape work was required to be completed by the CTL sunset date established by the issuance of building permit # 2017-173.

Following the issuance of the building permit, construction commenced, and regular inspections were conducted in order to verify compliance with applicable codes and approved plans. The CTL sunset date was reached without the project being finalized. The following day, May 29, 2019, the Building Department sent the 30-day CTL notification letter (grace period letter) to the property owner, notifying the property owners that the project was to be completed by June 29, 2019, or fines would begin to be assessed (Attachment 2).

On August 23, 2019, the SFD was inspected and deemed safe for habitation. A Temporary Certificate of Occupancy (TCO) was issued for the residence at 339 Golden Gate Ave. (Attachment 3). Per Belvedere Administrative Policy Manual (APM) number 14.4 (Attachment 4), the issuance of the TCO in a remodel does not constitute a final approval.

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
July 11, 2022

On March 31, 2020, the County of Marin issued a pandemic-related health order revision. In addition to the State Health Order enacted on March 4, 2020, this Order restricted all construction activity within the County unless such activity was necessary to safely secure a job site or to ensure the existing habitability of an occupied residence. This order was in effect for a total of 34 days.

Effective September 28, 2020, the State Legislature passed AB 1561, providing a “uniform statewide entitlement extension”. This statute required municipalities to grant a maximum eighteen (18) month extension to some “housing entitlements”. It was preliminarily determined by staff and the City Attorney that the project at 339 Golden Gate Avenue complied with parameters set forth in the Assembly Bill and that the project would receive the automatic 18- month extension. Following further review and analysis of the bill, it was determined that construction projects, for which the CTL timeline had expired prior to the start of the COVID Pandemic, would not qualify for the COVID CTL relief as established by AB 1561. Once this determination was made, the property owner was sent an official City letter notifying them of the City’s decision. This letter was sent on August 17, 2021 (Attachment 5).

Construction on the site improvements continued as the CTL fines accrued. As the project neared completion, the Building Department conducted numerous pre-final inspections in an attempt to provide clear and concise instruction to the contractor and property owner on how to obtain a final approval for the permitted project. On December 2, 2020, the Building Department conducted a final inspection, and the project was deemed safe and complete in the context of Building Department authority and requirements.

Following the Building Department’s finalization of the building permit, only minor landscape aspects of the permit remained to be completed. This included the planting of trees, bushes, and various plants, along with the installation of the irrigation system and placement of ground cover.

On March 21, 2022, this remaining work was completed, inspected, and approved by the Planning Department, ultimately ending the CTL timeline.

Once the project was finalized, a CTL penalty letter was sent to the property owner on April 28, 2022, notifying them of the imposed CTL penalties (Attachment 6). The property owners subsequently submitted their appeal of the penalties on May 9, 2022, in compliance with BMC section 20.04.035:F:1 (Attachment 7).

Applicant’s Reasons for Appeal
In the letter referenced above, the property owners and their attorney provided a number of reasons why they believe the project penalties should be waved or decreased. Those reasons consist of:
1) Reasons for delay beyond the control of the Applicant, including; A) Lack of an issuance of a CTL compliance order for the landscape scope of work; B) Effects on construction due to the 2017 Tubbs Fire;
C) Unusually heavy precipitation during the 2018 winter; D) An unusually high number of complaints and appeals on the project;

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
July 11, 2022

E) Work by City Contractors on the adjacent lane and the elect. undergrounding district delaying the private construction;
F) Denial of olive tree determination appeal by the Planning Commission; G) COVID; and
H) Repairing a failed underground retaining wall unknown to the contractor and owner. 2) Legal impediments to assessing CTL fines, including; A) Not being awarded the timeline extension provided in AB 1561; B) City staff notifying the property owner the project would be awarded the extension provided in AB 1561;
C) Project stoppage from Marin County Health Services Order on March 31, 2020; and D) The City’s April 13, 2022 Urgency Ordinance for CTL Relief 3) Prevention and Interference by a sitting Planning Commissioner regarding administrative approvals and/or a Planning Commission Hearing; and 4) Equitable Considerations.

Appeal Analysis
1) Reasons for delay beyond the control of the Applicant:
1A) Lack of an issuance of a CTL compliance order for the landscape scope of work:

Building Department policy number BD-7 (Attachment 8) identifies the process/procedure for assessing a CTL timeline for a project with deferred submittals and/or multiple building permits. This policy and historical past City practice has been to establish a CTL sunset date based upon the issuance date of the main project building permit. In this case, that would be the issuance of the residential remodel permit, # 2017- 173. Therefore, all subsequent ancillary building permits and/or deferred submittals for the project are subject to the CTL sunset date established by the issuance of the initial building permit. Furthermore, an additional Compliance Order is not required to be issued regardless of the landscape project being a deferred submittal or issued as a secondary building permit.
1B) Effects on construction due to the 2017 Tubbs Fire (North Bay Fires):

Large significant fires in Napa and Sonoma County ignited on October 8th and 9th, 2017.

These fires burned thousands of acres of land and destroyed over 7,800 properties before being contained on October 31, 2017. At the time, Belvedere City Council approved Ordinance No. 2018-2, providing eight (8) weeks of CTL relief for construction projects with an open building permit during October/November 2017. The initial remodel permit for 339 Golden Gate Avenue (BP# 2017-173) was issued on November 28, 2017. While qualifying for the relief based on the issuance date of the permit, it is unreasonable to apply this benefit to a project that had yet to commence construction or receive an active building permit until the end of the Ordinance timeframe. Should relief be given under this Ordinance, the amount of relief time given should correspond with the issuance of

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
July 11, 2022

the building permit. Therefore, the amount of CTL time relief given would be three (3) days.
1C) Unusually heavy precipitation during the 2018 winter:

The 2018 winter did have unusually heavy precipitation. However, at this time, only the residential remodel scope of work had been approved. A majority of this work was in the structure’s interior, and the heavy rains would have had a minimal effect on the project.

Additionally, the deferred submittal of the proposed site improvements had yet to be approved (approved 2/6/2019), and the extent of the exterior improvements was minor.

Therefore, the condition of the soil would have had minimal impact on the overall project. 1D) An unusually high number of complaints and appeals on the project:

It is not unusual in Belvedere to receive complaints from neighbors or citizens for construction projects. Throughout the course of this project, City staff did receive numerous complaints. Most consisted of construction worker parking exceeding the allowable limit, parking in areas not approved for vehicle parking, and violation of work hours. While many of these complaints were frivolous, some were determined to be valid and resulted in immediate corrective action. All time spent conducting corrective actions should not be awarded, as the corrective action was warranted and caused by the ongoing construction project. Should the complaint be determined to be invalid or involve a separate project, there would have been no impact on the project besides a brief conversation with the contractor/foreman/property owner, as no corrective action would have been required.

With regard to specific complaints concerning the lighting and front wall, the complaints about the project were valid and the corrective actions were warranted. CTL credit should not be given for the time taken to make corrective measures while enforcing valid Code/ Policy violations. Concerning the surveying of the frontage walls, it is not unusual for the Building or Planning Departments to require a survey in order to verify the location of the construction of the wall(s), in compliance with the approved site plan and survey.

The scope of the work for this project included the construction of a three (3) foot tall garden wall immediately adjacent the Golden Gate Avenue roadway in addition to a larger wall set back from the roadway, running the entire length of the property. The locations and heights of these walls were required to be surveyed by the Building Department in order to verify the approved height and location. 1E) Work by City Contractors on the adjacent lane and the elect. underground district delaying the private construction:

These adjacent projects took place in the public Right of Way with scheduling overlaps for the 339 Golden Gate Avenue project. All contractors are required to apply for encroachment permits and road closure permits. These are issued on a first come, first served basis, excluding emergencies. Delivery and access routes for surrounding projects may change as a result of road closures or encroachment permits; however, the city was not made aware of any instance where the Golden Gate Lane or Golden Gate/Belvedere

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
July 11, 2022

Utility Undergrounding District projects delayed construction for the 339 Golden Gate Avenue project.

1F) Denial of olive tree determination appeal by the Planning Commission:

As noted above, in 2020, the property owner applied for retroactive design review for landscaping and exterior lighting as well as other improvements such as an arbor, guard rails, and trellis improvements. Portions of the proposal included design review approval for the landscaping and lighting that had already been planted or installed (retroactive).

In August of 2020, the Planning Commission approved the proposed project revisions (via Resolution No. 2020-029) with several conditions including the following one pertaining to the two Olive trees at the drive entrance:
“The Olive trees flanking the driveway entrance shall be removed. The property owner may relocate these Olive trees elsewhere on the property, subject to the approval of the Director of Planning and Building and the Planning Commission Chair. Alternatively, the property may adhere to the approved landscaping plan for this area.”

Staff notes that the property owner did not appeal the decision of the Planning Commission.

Additionally, in January 2021, the property owner applied for Design Review for three Olives trees proposed to be installed at the rear of the property. The application included the two existing Olive trees at the front of the property flanking the driveway entrance which had been denied by the Planning Commission in August of 2020. As noted above, the property owner did not appeal the August 2020 decision of the Planning Commission.

This was initially scheduled for the March 16, 2021, Planning Commission meeting but the item was pulled from the agenda based on the absence of significant new information related to an item previously denied by the Planning Commission.

The requested applications were processed in accordance with the Belvedere Municipal Code.
1G) COVID:

The project had been ongoing for over two years prior to the worldwide outbreak of COVID-19. The project was already nine (9) months past the CTL expiration date, including the 30-day grace period. Should the North Bay Fire time relief be given, the project would have been seven (7) months past due. Had the project complied with the original requirement of being completed by 6/28/19, the COVID pandemic would have had no bearing on the project. The project had well surpassed the CTL sunset date long before the pandemic.

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
July 11, 2022

1H) Repairing a failed underground retaining wall unknown to the contractor and owner:

Once the landscape/site work began, an unknown, deteriorated retaining wall was discovered at the south side of the property. This work did have an impact on the overall project timeline. It took additional time to redesign, submit revisions for approval, and construct the new wall. Additionally, as part of this work, the property owner was required to replace/repair Marin Municipal Water District waterlines into the roadway. It was unclear to staff how long the project was delayed due to this additional work. It should also be noted that this work commenced without the proper City approvals and much of the delay may have been avoided had the scope of work had been submitted to the City for review prior to initiating the work.
2) Legal impediments to assessing CTL fines:
2A) Not being awarded the timeline extension provided in AB 1561:

This Assembly Bill was enacted on September 28, 2020, with the intent of providing a uniform statewide entitlement extension for all housing developments impacted by pandemic related issues. The Bill provided an eighteen (18) month extension for housing entitlements for qualifying housing development projects. The Bill did not define “housing development projects”. The entitlements had to be open/ongoing prior to March 4, 2020, and the entitlements had to expire prior to December 31, 2021. City staff reviewed the Bill with the City Attorney and determined that the 339 Golden Gate Avenue project met these parameters. The property owner was contacted and notified that their project would qualify for this relief. After further discussion, it was determined that the project did not qualify for the extension, due to the fact that the CTL entitlement expired prior to the March 4, 2020, date. Additionally, the Bill limited the total extension time to eighteen months, inclusive of all other local and/or State extensions. Lastly, should the extension provided in AB 1561 be awarded to the project, the project would still go into penalty, and the maximum penalty of $300,000 would have been reached on February 19, 2021. This can be seen in the calculation below titled, “CTL Timeline with AB 1561 Extension”.
2B) City staff notifying the property owner the project would be awarded the extension provided in AB 1561:

As discussed in the paragraph above, City staff did notify the property owner that the project would be awarded the extension provided by AB 1561. However, it was later determined that the project would not receive the extension. As stated above and documented in the calculation below, the project would have reached the maximum CTL penalty on February 19, 2021.
2C) Project stoppage from Marin County Health Services Order on March 31, 2020:

Like all open construction projects in Marin County, the 339 Golden Gate Avenue project was paused by the County Health Services Order enacted on March 31, 2020. The Order paused all non-essential construction projects for 34 days. In response, Belvedere City Council held a duly noticed meeting on April 13, 2020 and passed an urgency ordinance

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
July 11, 2022

to provide relief for affected construction projects. The intent of the ordinance was to provide CTL relief for the 34 days of inactivity with an additional 30 days awarded for the remobilization of the construction crews. As stated previously, had the project been completed in the timeframe originally provided, the pandemic stoppages would have had no impact on the project. Furthermore, should the project be awarded the CTL urgency ordinance, in conjunction with the North Bay Fires CTL urgency ordinance and the landscape extension, the maximum CTL penalty of $300,000 would have been reached on November 24, 2020. This can be seen in the calculation titled, “CTL Timeline w/o AB 1561 Extension”, provided below.
2D) The City’s April 13, 2022, Urgency Ordinance for CTL Relief:

An explanation was provided in the previous paragraph (2C). 3) Prevention and Interference by a sitting Planning Commissioner regarding administrative approvals and/or a Planning Commission Hearing:

The Design Review applications were processed in accordance with the Belvedere Municipal Code, Title 20. The code specifically states that administrative approvals (Design Review Exceptions) are to be reviewed and approved by the Director of Planning & Building, the Chair of the Planning Commission, and the City Manager. The code further states that should any of the City representatives determine that an application is not minor in scope, the design review exception shall not be granted and shall be considered as a regular design review application before the Planning Commission. (Section 20.02.020 (3)).
4) Equitable Considerations:

The contributions by the property owners to the City of Belvedere are not in question— neither is the quality of the construction or the finished product. Section 20.04.035 of the BMC does not list exceptions to the assessment of CTL fines based on the contributions of a property owner to the City. The section clearly delineates reasons beyond the control of the applicant that would provide for CTL relief, and contributions to the City is not a cited reason. At no time was the property owner notified that contributing funds, work, workers, or any other claimed contributions to the City of Belvedere would impact the overall assessment of CTL fines.

CTL Timeline Penalty Analysis
CTL Timeline with AB 1561 Extension:

Building permit issuance - 11/28/17 + 18-month CTL - 05/28/19 + 18-month AB 1561 – 11/28/20 + 30-day grace period – 12/28/20 + 1st 60 days @ $600/day – 02/28/20 ($36,000) + 2nd 60 days @ $900/day – 04/28/20 ($54,000 + $36,000 = $90,000) + next 175 days @ $1200/day –

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
July 11, 2022

02/19/21 ($210,000 + $90,000 = $300,000). Maximum penalty of $300,000 reached on February 19, 2021.

CTL Timeline w/o AB 1561 Extension:

Building permit issuance – 11/28/17 + 18-month CTL – 05/28/19 + 2-month North Bay Fire CTL Extension – 07/28/19 + 64-day COVID CTL Extension – 10/02/19 + 90-day Landscape Extension – 01/02/20 + 30-day grace period – 02/02/20 + 1st 60 days @ $600/day – ($36,000) – 04/02/20 + 2nd 60 days @ $900/day – 06/02/20 ($54,000 + $36,000 = $90,000) – next 175 days @ $1200/day – 11/24/20 ($210,000 + $90,000 + $300,000). Maximum penalty of $300,000 reached on November 24, 2020.

Conclusion
The ultimate goal of the CTL Code is to limit/prevent large scale construction projects from continuing for years at a time consistently disrupting the surrounding neighborhood and monopolizing the City’s roadways for private improvements. The 339 Golden Gate Avenue project took nearly four and half years to complete. Even with the application of CTL extensions to the project, the maximum penalty has been reached. Applying the extensions is inconsequential to the overall total fine amount for the project. The maximum penalty was reached due to the overall length of the project of four and a half years.

Recommendation
Staff recommends that the City Council:
1) Open and conduct a public hearing for the appeal of Construction Time Limit penalties assessed to the property owners of 339 Golden Gate Avenue 2) Conclude the public hearing and affirm, deny, or modify the appeal and assessed penalties.

Attachments
1) BMC Municipal Code section 20.04.035
2) 30-day Grace Period Letter
3) Temporary Certificate of Occupancy
4) APM Policy No. 14.4
5) AB 1561/CTL Letter
6) CTL Penalty Letter
7) CTL Penalty Appeal Letter
8) Building Policy BD-7
9) Resolution for Consideration
Attachment 1

Attachment 2

Attachment 3

Attachment 4

Attachment 5

Attachment 6

Attachment 7

Attachment 8

CITY OF BELVEDERE
RESOLUTION NO. 2022-XX

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF BELVEDERE

AFFIRMING CONSTRUCTION TIME LIMIT SUBCOMMITEE
PENALTY RECOMMENDATION FOR 339 GOLDEN GATE AVE.
______________________________________________________________________ WHEREAS, Golden Gate Belvedere LLC are the owners of real property located at 339 Golden Gate Ave. in Belvedere; and
WHEREAS, in 2017 the Planning Commission approved a remodel project for 339 Golden Gate Ave. with an 18 month Construction Time Limit (“CTL”), which expired May 28, 2019; and WHEREAS, on January 8, 2019, the City Council approved an 8 week CTL Extension based on construction related delays from the effects of the Santa Rosa fire, setting a new CTL date of July 28, 2019; and
WHEREAS, on April 13, 2020, the City Council approved CTL relief based on construction related delays from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, setting a new CTL date of October 2, 2019 ; and
WHEREAS, at the time of building permit issuance, a 90-day landscape extension was approved, setting a new CTL date of January 2, 2020; and
WHEREAS, the applicant appealed the CTL penalty that was heard by the CTL Appeal Committee on June 21, 2022; and
WHEREAS, the CTL Appeal Committee recommended that the $300,000 CTL penalty be upheld because the time lost due to construction delays did not effectively address the length of time needed to complete the project; and
WHEREAS, Belvedere Municipal Code section 20.04.035(F)(4) provides that the City Council may uphold or reduce a CTL penalty if the time limit was exceeded for reasons beyond the applicant’s control which include, but are not limited to, factors such as unusual obstacles of the site topography, limited site access, and neighborhood considerations; and WHEREAS, on July 11, 2022 the City Council held a duly noticed public hearing regarding the CTL penalty and determined that, while some of the construction delay was due to reasons beyond the applicant’s control, it did not effectively address the length of time needed to complete the project; and
WHEREAS, based on substantial evidence in the record including testimony presented at the hearing, the City Council therefore voted to affirm the CTL Appeal Committee’s recommendation to uphold the CTL penalty of $300,000.

WHEREAS, the City Council’s decision is excepted from the California Environmental Quality Act (“CEQA”) as the CTL penalty reduction does not constitute a “project” subject to CEQA analysis.

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that:

1. Pursuant to Belvedere Municipal Code section 20.04.035(F), and based on substantial evidence in the record and based on the findings set forth above incorporated herein, the Attachment 9
Resolution No. 2022-xx
Belvedere City Council

City Council of the City of Belvedere affirms and adopts the recommendation of the CTL Appeal Committee to uphold the CTL penalty of $300,000.

2. The property owner shall hold the City of Belvedere and its officers, employees, volunteers, and any similarly situated persons, harmless in the event of any legal action, claim, or dispute related to or arising from this Resolution, shall cooperate with the City in the defense of any such action with counsel selected by the City in its sole discretion, and shall fully indemnify the City for any award of damages and/or attorneys’ fees and associated costs that may result.

PASSED AND ADOPTED at a regular meeting of the Belvedere City Council on July 11, 2022, by the following vote:

AYES:

NOES:

RECUSED:

APPROVED:_____________________________
Sally Wilkinson, Mayor
ATTEST: _______________________________
Beth Haener, City Clerk
AGENDA ITEM NO. :15

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
JULY 11, 2022
To: Mayor and City Council
From: Irene Borba, Director of Planning & Building
Reviewed By: Robert Zadnik, City Manager
Subject: Planning Commission Reorganization
Recommended Motion/Item Description
• That the City Council conduct the public hearing.
• Consider recommendations from the Ad Hoc Committee relating to adjustments to the Belvedere Municipal Code and Administrative Policy Manual to better define roles and responsibilities of the Planning Commission.
• Motion to approve the first reading of the Ordinance and waive future readings of the Ordinance in its entirety.
• Consider attached resolution and adopt as appropriate.

Background
The Belvedere Planning Commission plays a critical role in interpreting the City’s codes and ordinances related to development. Last year, the Mayor appointed an ad hoc committee of two Councilmembers for the purpose of reviewing Belvedere’s various committees. The ad hoc group has recommended that each committee be provided a charter that describes its roles and operations and that each charter be incorporated into the City’s Administrative Policy Manual (APM). In March of 2022, the Belvedere City Council adopted a resolution amending the APM to establish rules and regulations for committees and commissions. This resolution can be viewed as attachment “A” in the following link:
https://www.cityofbelvedere.org/DocumentCenter/View/7976/Item-5 To date, the City Council has approved resolutions establishing charters, within the APM, for the following committees:

• Finance
• Historic Preservation
• Parks, Open Spaces and Lanes
• Traffic Safety and Circulation

PUBLIC HEARING BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
JULY 11, 2022

A draft resolution and ordinance that would amend the Administrative Policy Manual regarding the Planning Commission are also included in the packet for Council consideration tonight.

Unlike other committees, the Planning Commission’s operation is established in the City’s Municipal Code. Therefore, amendments to the Code are also required. A draft ordinance making these changes is included on tonight’s agenda as a separate item.

Fiscal Impact
There is no anticipated fiscal impact associated with the committee adjustments that have been recommended by the ad hoc committee.

Attachments:

A. Draft Resolution Amending the Administrative Policy Manual regarding Planning Commission operations
B. Draft Ordinance Amending the Belvedere Municipal Code regarding Planning Commission operations

CITY OF BELVEDERE
RESOLUTION NO. 2022-XX

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF BELVEDERE AMMENDING SECTION 6.3 OF THE BELVEDERE ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY MANUAL

REGARDING PLANNING COMMISSION OPERATIONS
______________________________________________________________________ WHEREAS, the Belvedere City Council and the staff of the City of Belvedere (“Staff”) have engaged in a review of the laws and regulations of the City of Belvedere; and WHEREAS, the Belvedere City Council find it is in the best interests of the City of Belvedere to update the regulations set forth in the Belvedere Administrative Policy Manual (the “APM”) for the smoother and more effective governance of the City of Belvedere.

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City Council of the City of Belvedere hereby resolves that the provisions of Section 6.3 of the APM shall be deleted in their entirety and shall be replaced with the provisions set forth in Exhibit A annexed hereto.

PASSED AND ADOPTED at a regular meeting of the City Council of the City of Belvedere on July 11, 2022, by the following vote:

AYES:

NOES:

ABSENT:

ABSTAIN:

APPROVED:___________________________
Sally Wilkinson, Mayor
ATTEST:_______________________________
Beth Haener, City Clerk
Attachment A
Resolution No. 2022-xx
Belvedere City Council

EXHBIT A
Section 6.3
Planning Commission Operations
6/8/2009 Adopted by: City Council Motion
3/11/2019 Revised by: City Council Resolution No. 2019-04 7/11/2022 Revised by: City Council Resolution No. 2022-xx

6.3.1 PROCEDURE
The Planning Commission shall follow Rosenberg Rules of Order except as provided by this Chapter. The Planning Commission may make additional rules and regulations for their own organization and proceedings consistent with this Chapter and the laws of the City and of the State.

6.3.2 Sub-Committees. The Chair of the Committee may appoint, upon prior notice to and consultation with the Mayor, ad hoc sub-committees to assist in the Committee’s deliberations.

6.3.Consultation with the Parks, Open Spaces and Lanes Committee.

In addition to such notice to the public generally as may be required in order to comply with the open meeting laws of the State of California, the staff of the City of Belvedere shall provide to the Chair of the Parks, Open Spaces and Lanes Committee notice of any Application before the Planning Commission touching about the Open Lands of Belvedere (as described in Section __ of this Administrative Policy Manual, hereafter and “Application”) not less than two weeks prior to the time the Planning Commission is scheduled to consider said Application. The Chair of the Parks and Open Space Committee may at his or her discretion (1) meet and confer with the Chair of the Planning Commission to express concerns about the Application or (2) call a special meeting of the Parks, Open Spaces and Lanes Committee in order to consider a formal recommendation to the Planning Commission objecting to the Application. Such recommendation shall be made, if at all, not less than 72 hours before the time at which the matter is set to be heard and the City shall publish such recommendation together with the agenda containing the matter to be heard.

CITY OF BELVEDERE
ORINANCE N0. 2022-XX
AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF BELVEDERE AMENDING TITLE 2 OF THE BELVEDERE MUNICIPAL CODE BY AMENDING CHAPTER 2.28, “PLANNING COMMISSION.”
WHEREAS, an ad hoc subcommittee, consisting of less than a quorum of the members of the City Council, recently reviewed the operations of the city’s commissions, boards, and committees;
WHEREAS, the subcommittee recommended amending the Municipal Code and Administrative Policy Manual provisions related to commissions and committees to be compliant with changes in state and local law and to be consistent with current practices and procedures; WHEREAS, the City Council desires to adopt an ordinance amending Chapter 2.28 related to the Planning Commission;
WHEREAS, on July 11, 2022, the City Council held a duly noticed public hearing to consider the ordinance; and

NOW, THEREFORE, THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF BELVEDERE DOES ORDAIN AS FOLLOWS:

SECTION 1. Findings. The above recitals are true and correct and are incorporated as findings herein.

SECTION 2. Amendment. Belvedere Municipal Code Title 2, Chapter 2.28 is amended as follows:

Note: Additions to the Code text are in underlined text.

Deletions to Code text are in strikethrough text.

Chapter 2.28

PLANNING COMMISSION
Sections:

2.28.010 Established—Purpose.

2.28.020 Composition—Appointment—Term of office—Vacancy filling.

2.28.030 Quorum—Rules and regulations—Compensation—Reports to City Council.

2.28.040 Powers and Duties. Consideration of ordinances on public property reports.

2.28.050 Map creation and recommendation authority.

2.28.060 Consideration of building lot plots and street plans.

Attachment B

2.28.070 Proposed subdivision design and improvements-Investigation and report duty.

2.28.080 Recommendations on location of buildings or structures.

2.28.050. 2.28.090 Time and place of meeting.

2.28.010 Established—Purpose. In order to make adequate provision for and guide the future growth, development, beautification and efficient planning of the City, a City Planning Commission is established.

2.28.020 Composition—Appointment—Term of office—Vacancy filling. The City Planning Commission shall consist of seven persons to be appointed by the Mayor, with the approval of the City Council. The building inspector and the City Manager shall be ex officio members of the Planning Commission. Each of the seven appointed members shall normally serve a term of four years or fraction thereof, and the terms of the members shall be staggered so that no more than four members' terms shall expire at one time and the terms of the remaining members shall expire two years hence. Members shall serve at the pleasure of the Council. Vacancies shall be filled by the Mayor with the approval of the City Council for the unexpired portion of the term of a retiring member.

2.28.030 Quorum—Rules and regulations—Compensation—Reports to City Council.

Four members of the Planning Commission shall constitute a quorum. They may make and alter rules and regulations for their own organization and proceeding consistent with the ordinances of the City and the laws of the State. Members They shall receive no compensation for their services., and shall report their transactions and recommendations to the City Council at least once in every year.

2.28.040. Powers and Duties.
(a) The Planning Commission shall have such powers and carry out such duties as granted under state law and Titles 18, 19, and as otherwise provided in this Municipal Code. (b) The Clerk shall forward the following matters to the Planning Commission, for its consideration and advice to Council, such ordinances, resolutions, and documents, as required by state law and this Municipal Code, including, but not limited to:
(1) Zoning ordinances or amendments of zoning ordinances and maps; (2) The General Plan, or amendments to the General Plan or any of its elements; (3) Projects for the construction or improvement of public buildings or instructions with the City;
(4) Ordinances relating to housing or building codes; and (5) Any such other matters as may be prescribed by ordinance or as requested by Council.

2.28.040 Consideration of ordinances on public property—Reports. The City Clerk shall, upon introduction, furnish to the City Planning Commission for its consideration a copy of all ordinances relating to the location of any public building of the City; to the location, extension, widening and enlargement of any street, parkway, park, playground or other public grounds, and to the vacating of any street or other alteration of the City plan of the streets and highways; and all ordinances relating to housing or building codes, zones or districts for the City. The Commission may make a report or suggestion in relation thereto if it deems a report necessary or advisable for the consideration of the City Council. All such reports when delivered to the City Clerk shall be for the information of the public as well as of the City Council and shall be open to inspection.

2.28.050 Map creation and recommendation authority. The City Planning Commission may make or cause to be made, and submit to the City Council, a map or maps dividing the City into districts of such number, shape and area as they may deem best suited to carry out the purpose of the zoning law of 1917 (Stats. 1917, P. 1149); and it may make recommendations to the City Council from time to time concerning any such matter and things aforesaid for action by the City Council, and in so doing have regard for the present conditions and future needs and growth of the City.

2.28.060 Consideration of building lot plots and street plans. All plans, plots or replots of lands laid out in building lots, and the streets, lanes or other portions of the same intended to be dedicated for public use or for the use of purchasers or owners of lots fronting thereon or adjacent thereto, shall be submitted to the City Planning Commission, which shall report upon them to the City Council.

2.28.070 Proposed subdivision design and improvement—Investigation and report duty.

The City Planning Commission is hereby charged with the duty of making investigations and reports on the design and improvements of proposed subdivisions in the City. The Commission's report shall approve, conditionally approve or disapprove the map or maps of the subdivision. It shall make its report thereon directly to the subdivider as promptly as possible.

2.28.080 Recommendations on location of buildings or structures. The City Planning Commission may make recommendations to any public authority or any corporation or individual, with reference to the location of any buildings, structures or works to be erected or constructed by them.

2.28.050.2.28.090 Time and place of meeting. The regular meeting of the Planning Commission shall be held on the third Tuesday of each calendar month, or on such day as is hereafter fixed by City Council resolution, in the City Hall, 450 San Rafael Avenue, at the hour of six-thirty p.m. The meetings of the Commission shall at all times be open to the public.

SECTION 3. Severability. If any section, subsection, subdivision, paragraph, sentence, clause or phrase of this Ordinance, or any part thereof, is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid or ineffective by any court of competent jurisdiction, such decision shall not affect the validity or effectiveness of the remaining portions of this Ordinance. The City Council hereby declares that it would have passed each section, subsection, subdivision, paragraph, sentence, clause or phrase of this Ordinance irrespective of the fact that one or more sections, subsections, subdivisions, paragraphs, sentences, clauses or phrases be declared unconstitutional or invalid or effective. To this end the provisions of this Ordinance are declared to be severable.

SECTION 4. Effective Date, Regular Ordinance. This Ordinance shall take effect and be in force thirty (30) days after the date of its passage. Within fifteen (15) days following its passage, a summary of the Ordinance shall be published with the names of those City Council members voting for and against the Ordinance and the City Clerk shall post in the office of the City Clerk a certified copy of the full text of the adopted Ordinance along with the names of the members voting for and against the Ordinance.

INTRODUCED AT A PUBLIC HEARING at a regular meeting of the Belvedere City Council on July 11, 2022, by the following vote
AYES:

NOES:

ABSENT:

RECUSED:

APPROVED:___________________________
Sally Wilkinson, Mayor
ATTEST:_______________________________
Beth Haener, City Clerk
Agenda Item No.:16

OTHER SCHEDULED ITEMS BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
JULY 11, 2022
To:

From:

Subject:

Mayor and City Council
Robert Zadnik, City Manager
Consider Adoption of a Climate Emergency Resolution
Recommended Action
That Council consider adoption of a Climate Emergency Resolution.

Background
Since the adoption of the City’s first Climate Action Plan in 2010, the City of Belvedere has committed to a wide range of measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (see Attachment “B” 2030 Climate Action Plan). In addition to implementing specific projects and programs, many cities and organizations around the world have signed petitions and adopted resolutions supporting a declaration of climate emergency. Today, Council is discussing the City taking similar action. A Climate Emergency Resolution (CER) will reinforce the City’s commitment to reduce GHG emissions and to educate the community about a climate emergency. A CER may reinforce the City’s own adopted GHG reduction goals included in the City’s recently updated 2030 Climate Action Plan (CAP).

A CER may also commit the City to provide the community and Council with information as well as directing funds toward climate mitigation work, such as policies, projects, and programs that promote community sustainability.

A group of advocates for a Belvedere CER has provided staff with a draft resolution for the Council’s consideration. The version before you tonight (Attachment A) has been amended to be consistent with the city’s short and long-term goals found in the 2030 Climate Action Plan.

Fiscal Impact
Staff anticipates no direct fiscal impact to the City by adopting the draft resolution in its current form.

Recommended Action
Consider adoption of a Climate Emergency Resolution

OTHER SCHEDULED ITEMS BELVEDERE CITY COUNCIL
July 11, 2022

Attachments:

A. DRAFT Climate Emergency Resolution
B. City of Belvedere 2030 Climate Action Plan

CITY OF BELVEDERE
RESOLUTION NO. 2022-XX

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF BELVEDERE

DECLARING A CLIMATE EMERGENCY
__________________________________________________________________________________ WHEREAS, the City Council is devoted to protecting and promoting the health, safety, and welfare of Belvedere’s residents; and
WHEREAS, Belvedere’s General Plan and Climate Action Plan seek to improve, enhance, and preserve the environment and to promote Belvedere’s long-term environmental sustainability and livability; and
WHEREAS, in 2016 California enacted SB 32, setting greenhouse gas reduction targets of at least 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 and on September 10, 2018, California Governor Brown signed Executive Order B-55-18 setting a statewide goal of carbon neutrality (net zero greenhouse gas emissions) on or before 2045; and
WHEREAS, the City Council agrees with the consensus among climate scientists that climate and ecological crises threaten the Earth’s climate balance and acknowledges that climate change impacts virtually every aspect of our lives; and
WHEREAS, in 2018, the 4th National and California Climate Change Assessments warned that extreme weather and climate-related events in the United States are worsening, predicting increased droughts and heat waves in the western U.S. resulting in increased intensity and frequency of wildfires, declining water supply, catastrophic flooding, as well as substantial damage to the economy and human health, unless greenhouse gas emissions are immediately and dramatically curbed; and
WHEREAS, atmospheric CO2 is now 50 percent higher than at any time in human history and global average temperatures are at their highest level since measurements commenced, and both trends are increasing; and
WHEREAS, humanity can no longer safely emit greenhouse gases and must undertake an emergency mobilization effort across all sectors to: (1) safely reduce and remove excess greenhouse gases from the atmosphere; (2) preserve and restore the Earth’s biodiversity; (3) implement safety measures to protect all people and species from the consequences of abrupt warming in the near-term; and (4) cultivate a just transition toward climate resiliency; and WHEREAS, Belvedere has taken a number of important actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance the quality of life in our community including, among other things, (1) sustainable land use planning; (2) adopting its first Climate Action Plan in 2010; (3) participating Attachment A
in MCE’s Deep Green Energy Program for City facilities; and (4) developing a revised and updated Climate Action Plan 2030; and
WHEREAS, despite significant actions by Belvedere and other governmental entities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, we are currently facing an increasingly urgent climate crisis that demands accelerated action by all levels of government including Federal, State, County, and local municipalities to avoid the worst consequences of climate change; NOW THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, the City Council joins the growing number of jurisdictions in Marin County, the Bay Area and California to declare that a climate emergency impacts our city, region, state, nation, humanity, and the natural world, requiring urgent action; and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, the City Council affirms the need for the understanding, active participation, and collaboration of the broader Belvedere community for all actions and initiatives Belvedere may adopt in response to the climate emergency and commits to: (1) provide outreach, information and education for Belvedere residents, businesses, and City staff on the urgency of climate responses and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, as well as policies and strategies to advance sustainability and resilience; and (2) regularly assess Belvedere’s greenhouse gas reduction goals and provide public-facing progress reports and metrics on a regular basis; and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, the City Council affirms the State of California’s goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality (net zero greenhouse gas emissions) as soon as possible and no later than 2045, including potential acceleration of these dates by the State, and directs the City Manager to continue to work with staff on climate actions by the City of Belvedere, its residents and jointly with others, including the actions identified in Belvedere’s Climate Action Plan 2030, to meet or exceed these goals; and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, the City Council, in response to the urgent need for dramatic and accelerated action, supports the aspirational goal of achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 while recognizing this may not be achievable given the limited authority and resources available to Belvedere for this purpose; and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, the City Council directs the City Manager to work with staff to include consideration of climate impacts in all relevant staff reports, just as it currently considers fiscal impact, General Plan consistency and the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA); and
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, the City Council will elevate climate issues to be a priority in its bi-annual goal-setting process and directs the City Manager to seek financial and regulatory assistance as appropriate to support Belvedere’s climate actions and to allocate specific funds for greenhouse gas and climate change mitigation and adaptation measures; and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, the City of Belvedere joins in a nationwide call for regional, state, national, and international climate emergency mobilization efforts at all levels of government to reverse global warming and the resulting ecological crisis.

PASSED AND ADOPTED at a regular meeting of the City Council of the City of Belvedere on July 11, 2022, by the following vote:

AYES:

NOES:

ABSENT:

ABSTAIN:

APPROVED:___________________________
Sally Wilkinson, Mayor
ATTEST:_______________________________
Beth Haener, City Clerk
City of Belvedere
CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2030
Adopted
June 13, 2022
Attachment B
Table of Contents
Section 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 What is a Climate Action Plan? ................................................................................................................. 1 Background ............................................................................................................................................... 1 What are Greenhouse Gas Emissions and How Do They Contribute to Climate Change?....................... 3 How will Climate Change Impact California and Marin? .......................................................................... 5 What Role Does Government Play?.......................................................................................................... 0 Belvedere’s Actions to Date...................................................................................................................... 1 Belvedere’s Current Emissions and Trend ................................................................................................ 1 Consumption-Based Inventory ................................................................................................................. 4 Emissions Forecast and Reduction Targets............................................................................................... 6 State Pillars ............................................................................................................................................... 7 Actions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions......................................................................................... 8 Summary of State Actions......................................................................................................................... 8 Summary of Local Strategies..................................................................................................................... 9 Social Equity ............................................................................................................................................10 Section 2: Measures....................................................................................................................................11 Local Measures to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions..........................................................................11 Low Carbon Transportation ................................................................................................................12 Renewable Energy and Electrification ................................................................................................17 Energy Efficiency ................................................................................................................................. 20 Waste Reduction................................................................................................................................. 23 Water Conservation............................................................................................................................28 Sequestration and Adaptation............................................................................................................30 Community Engagement ....................................................................................................................33 Implementation and Monitoring ........................................................................................................36 Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................................37 Appendix A: Program Calcuations............................................................................................................. A-1 Appendix B: 2019 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report for Communitywide Emissions ............................. B-1

WHAT YOU CAN DO

LOW CARBON TRANSPORTATION
• Drive an all-electric or plug-in hybrid vehicle.
• Bike, walk, or take transit whenever possible.
• Shut your car off when you are sitting idle.
• Use electric tools, including leaf blowers and lawn mowers, wherever possible.

RENEWABLE ENERGY & ELECTRIFICATION
• Switch to MCE Deep Green or PG&E Solar Choice 100% renewable electricity. • Install a solar energy system on your home or business and consider battery storage. • Replace appliances that use natural gas for ones that use electricity. • Investigate heat pump technology so you can swap out water heaters and furnaces that use natural gas when it is time to replace them.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• Replace indoor and outdoor lights with LED bulbs and turn them off when not in use. • Have an energy assessment done for your home or business. • Upgrade insulation, seal leaks, and install a programmable thermostat. • Purchase Energy Star appliances and equipment.
• Unplug electronic appliances when not in use and set the thermostat to use less heat and air conditioning.

WASTE REDUCTION
• Buy only as much as you need.
• Buy locally grown food and eat less meat.
• Put your food scraps in the green can and/or compost them at home. • Donate extra food and used clothing and housewares.
• Consult the waste hauler’s website to understand what to recycle and compost.

WATER CONSERVATION
• Replace your lawn with a drought-tolerant garden.
• Install a drip irrigation system and check it regularly for leaks. • Install low water flow faucets, showerheads, and toilets. • Buy water-efficient dishwashers and clothes washers when it is time to replace them.

SEQUESTRATION AND ADAPTATION
• Plant trees appropriate to you situation.
• Add compost to your soil
• Purchase carbon offsets for airplane flights and other emissions that are difficult to mitigate. • Find out if your home or business is vulnerable to sea level rise at Our Coast Our Future. • Prepare for more wildfires. Join a Firewise Community, create a defensible space, harden your home, and have an emergency evacuation plan. Learn how at www.firesafemarin.org • Install solar with battery storage to get through power outages.

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
• Sign up for Resilient Neighborhoods and join a Climate Action Team. • Commit to reducing your carbon footprint by taking the actions identified in this Plan. • Spread the word – advocate to your neighbors, employees, co-workers, etc.

IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
• Get involved! Attend City Council meetings, Climate Action Plan implementation forums, and other public forums to voice your support for actions contained in this Plan. 1 SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
What is a Climate Action Plan?
A Climate Action Plan (CAP) is a tool that any organization can use to develop the programs and actions needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), which are the pollutants that cause climate change, and other negative impacts to the environment. Generally, these CAPs are focused on this ‘mitigation’ aspect of climate change, but some also lay out a strategy for ‘adaptation’, or how the organization will plan to deal with the effects of climate change such as sea level rise, or increased flooding, heat waves, and wildfires. Belvedere’s CAP is primarily focused on mitigation measures, but in addition it sets out a proposed adaptation plan for improvement of levees that house critical infrastructure, ingress and egress routes for the entire City while protecting houses located in the flood plain.

Background
The City of Belvedere understands that climate change has the potential to significantly affect Belvedere’s residents and businesses, as well as other communities around the world. The City also recognizes that local governments play a strong role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the potential impacts of climate change.

The purpose of this Climate Action Plan (CAP) is to update the Belvedere Climate Action Plan 2011, report on existing actions, and recommend future potential strategies that the City take to address the local consequences of climate change. The CAP briefly defines climate change and its potential impacts.

It focuses on policies and practices Belvedere can employ to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions and locally mitigate detrimental impacts of climate change. Through actions described in this Plan, the community can experience lower energy bills, improved air quality, reduced emissions, less risk of flooding, greater resiliency, and an enhanced quality of life. This updated plan acknowledges that climate action planning is an ongoing planning process that includes assessing, planning, mitigating, and adapting to climate change.

In 2021, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a scientific body convened by the Unite Nations, released a major new report concluding that the world cannot avoid some devastating impacts of climate change, but there is still a narrow window to keep the devastation from getting even worse.

There is broad scientific agreement that to stave off the worst effects of climate change, communities will need to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions 80% below 1990 levels by the year 2050. We are already seeing the effects of climate change locally and throughout the world with record-breaking heat, rising tides, more frequent catastrophic storms, and more unpredictable weather.

Since the City’s initial preparation of the 2005 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and the 2011 Climate Action Plan, Belvedere has met its 2020 emissions reduction goal. Belvedere’s emissions primarily come from residential use of energy and transportation, with approximately 1% coming from 2 government operations and facilities. In 2016, the State of California adopted an interim reduction target of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 to stay on track. This updated plan sets out a road map to do just that.

Belvedere works with the Marin Climate & Energy Partnership (MCEP) to build upon best practices learned from other similar communities in the region. Belvedere publishes annual community greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions estimates through the MCEP. Annual inventories help the City to monitor its progress more closely in meeting its local goal to reduce community emissions 15% below 2005 emissions by 2020 and to meet the statewide goal to reduce emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. In addition to the community inventories, MCEP periodically prepares inventories for government operations emissions.

This plan reviews emissions generated from the community from 2005 through 2019. The inventory shows that the Belvedere community has reduced emissions 26% since 2005, meeting its 2020 goal five years early, in 2015. Emissions dropped from about 14,855 metric tons carbon dioxide equivalents (MTCO2e) in 2005 to 10,935 MTCO2e in 2019. The community emissions trend and targets are shown in Figure 1. Belvedere needs to reduce emissions another 3,360 MTCO2e to meet the State target for 2030 and another 8,410 MTCO2e to meet the State target for 2050, which is 80% below 1990 levels.

FIGURE 1: BELVEDERE COMMUNITY EMISSIONS TREND, 2005-2019 0 2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
MTCO2e
2020 Local and
State Goal
2030 State Goal
2050 State Goal
3 What are Greenhouse Gas Emissions and How Do They Contribute to Climate Change?
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gases in Earth’s atmosphere that allow the sun’s rays to enter our atmosphere and trap the resulting heat generated by the rays. These gases are naturally occurring and make Earth suitable for life. While we depend a certain level on these gases to keep our earth habitable, certain human activities have been shown to emit GHGs, increasing their concentration in the atmosphere to unsustainable levels and trapping more heat, resulting in an increase in Earth’s average temperature (Figure 2). This intensification of the natural greenhouse effect affects local and global climate patterns, and which in turn amplifies many hazards including flooding, wildfire, drought, and storms.

FIGURE 1: THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Source: California Waterboard/Marion Koshland Science Museum Of The National Academy Of Sciences 4 These GHGs include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perflurocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride (Table 1) 1
. Each one has a different degree of impact on climate change. To facilitate comparison across different emission sources with mixed and varied compositions of several GHGs, the term “carbon dioxide equivalent” or CO2e is used across this CAP. One metric ton of CO2e may consist of any combination of GHGs and has the equivalent Global Warming Potential (GWP) as one metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2). As gathering data and quantifying emissions can be quite difficult for some sources, community inventories at the local government level typically concentrate on the three primary GHGs: CO2, CH4, and N20.

TABLE 1: GREENHOUSE GASES
Gas
Chemical
Formula
Emission Source
Global Warming
Potential
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
Combustion of natural gas, gasoline,
diesel, and other fuels
1 Methane CH4 Combustion, anaerobic decomposition
of organic waste in landfills, wastewater,
and livestock
28 Nitrous Oxide N2O Combustion, wastewater treatment 265 Hydrofluorocarbons Various Leaked refrigerants, fire suppressants 4 to 12,400 Perfluorocarbons
Various
Aluminum production, semiconductor
manufacturing, HVAC equipment
manufacturing
6,630 to 11,100
Sulfur Hexafluoride SF6 Transmission and distribution of power 23,500 Source: International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report, 100-year values, 2014 According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s 2019 “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2018,” the majority of GHG emissions comes from fossil fuel combustion which in turn is used for electricity, transportation, industry, heating, etc. The burning of fossil fuels occurs across nearly every sector of the global economy, in ways that have become foundational to the ways that most people move, eat, and live.

It is the charge of this plan to diminish our community’s dependence on fossil fuels and drastically decrease our associated GHG emissions.
1 Water vapor is the most dominant greenhouse gas, but it is not measured as a part of a greenhouse gas inventory and for that reason is not included in this discussion. 5 How will Climate Change Impact California and Marin?
As described above, the Earth’s climate is warming, mostly due to human activities such as changes in land cover and emissions of certain pollutants. GHGs are the major human-induced drivers of climate change. These gases warm the Earth’s surface by trapping heat in the atmosphere.

California is already experiencing climate change impacts. Sea levels along the coast of southern and central California have risen about 6 inches over the past century and even moderate tides and storms are now producing extremely high sea levels. 2 Since 1950, the areas burned by wildfire each year has been increasing, as warming temperatures extend the fire season and low precipitation and snowpack create conditions for extreme, high severity wildfires to spread rapidly. Seventeen of the state’s twenty largest fires have occurred since 2003, and the five largest fires have occurred since 2017. 3 The megafires of 2020, sparked in many cases by lightning strikes, have so far burned over 3.75 million acres across California.

As temperatures continue to rise, California faces serious climate impacts, including:
• More intense and frequent heat waves
• More intense and frequent drought
• More severe and frequent wildfires
• More severe storms and extreme weather
events
• Greater riverine flows
• Shrinking snowpack and less overall
precipitation
• Accelerating sea level rise
• Ocean acidification, hypoxia, and warming
• Increase in vector-borne diseases and heatrelated deaths and illnesses • Increase in harmful impacts to vegetation
and wildlife, including algal blooms in
marine and freshwater environments,
spread of disease-causing pathogens and
insects in forests, and invasive agricultural
pests.
2 Louise Bedsworth, Dan Cayan, Guido Franco, Leah Fisher, Sonya Ziaja, “Statewide Summary Report,” in California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment, publication number: SUMCCCA4-2018-013, 2018, p. 31. 3 Cal Fire, “Top 20 Largest Wildfires,” 9/4/2020. 0 Overall temperatures are projected to rise substantially throughout this century. In Marin County, temperatures are expected to rise about 4°F by 2100 if global emissions peak around 2040 and then decline, the so-called “low emissions” scenario. If the world fails to act and we continue the path we are on, temperatures are projected to rise 10°F by the end of the century (the “high emissions” scenario).

As the climate changes, some of the more serious threats to public health will stem from more frequent and intense extreme heat days and longer heat waves. Extreme heat events are likely to increase the risk of heat-related illness, such as heat stroke and dehydration, and exacerbate existing chronic health conditions. Extreme heat days in Marin are expected to increase from 4 days to 9 days under the low emissions scenario and to as many as 25 days under the high emissions scenario.

Higher temperatures will make Marin more vulnerable to wildfire and sea level rise. By the end of the century, sea level is projected to rise 2.4 to 3.4 feet, and possibly as much as 10 feet. At 5 feet of sea level rise, flooding may inundate downtown San Rafael, Redwood High School in Larkspur, Town Center in Corte Madera, Mill Valley Middle School, the Cove Shopping Center in Tiburon, and thousands of homes and businesses located near Marin’s shorelines and creeks. Flooding will be even worse during storms, which are expected to increase in frequency and intensity.

What Role Does Government Play?
International, national, and statewide GHG reduction goals and policies affect the County’s own goals and policies. Whether trying to meet or exceed those goals, California and Marin are known for their environmental stewardship and willingness to be leaders on the international and national stage.

International • The United Nations coordinates global commitments and targets to reduce emissions (such as the Paris Climate Accord) .
• The United Nations also supports the advancement of climate science through the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC coordinates the work of scientists across the world to continually update models and assess the science related to climate change. This work in turn informs the way that national, state, and local governments understand and address the human activities that contribute to climate change and the ways that climate change might impact earth’s environment.

National • Currently, there is no federal legislation mandating comprehensive GHG emissions reporting or reduction in the United States.

State • California first established statewide GHG emission reduction targets in 2005. • California has used its climate goals to develop regulations to reduce emissions across a variety of sectors, including:
o Setting more strict fuel economy standards for vehicle manufacturers that would like to sell cars in the state.
o Establishing zero-net energy building targets for new development. o Direct management of emissions from power plants and other stationary sources.
1 • California has also used SB 375, which was passed in 2008, to reduce emissions from cars and light trucks by promoting compact mixed-use, commercial, and residential development. SB 375 required local governments in California to consider GHG emissions, leading to successful proliferation of climate action plan development throughout the state.

Local • Looks at GHG emissions generated by their communities. • Sets long term GHG emission reduction targets that align meet or exceed statewide goals through local Climate Action Plans.
• Develops policies and programs to achieve CAP GHG emission reduction goals.

Belvedere’s Actions to Date
Belvedere is a small city with a land area of 0.54 square miles and a population of 2,089. The city is in Marin County at the tip of the Tiburon Peninsula, surrounded by water on three sides. Most of its residents live on two former islands connected by two levees that enclose a residential lagoon. It is served by a single public bus stop and a ferry terminal in the adjacent town of Tiburon. Belvedere is primarily residential, with little commercial activity.

Belvedere city staff, agencies, government, and residents have been at the forefront of mitigation efforts such as renewable energy, low-carbon transportation, and water conservation. In 2010, Marin Clean Energy was adopted by the City of Belvedere and most electricity users went immediately to purchasing 50% carbon-free electricity for their homes and businesses. Belvedere was one of the first communities to participate in curbside recycling thanks to Mill Valley Refuse vendor agreements, moving to dual-stream recycling in 2019 at the insistence of the City Council. By 2019, Belvedere water users reduced their water consumption by an average of approximately 25% (based on Marin Municipal Water District district-wide data). And in 2017, Marin Municipal Water District began purchasing 100% renewable Deep Green electricity from MCE Clean Energy, which reduced Belvedere resident and businesses’ water-related greenhouse gas emissions dramatically. Most significantly, Belvedere obtained a 55%/45% matching grant in the amount of $1.1 million from the California Department of Water Resources to study and design improvements to the two levees which provide all ingress and egress to most of the city, while housing nearly all utility infrastructure required by the community. The project is currently going through environmental review and a period of public engagement regarding funding possibilities.

Belvedere’s Current Emissions and Trend
Understanding the nature of harmful emissions, identifying their sources, and establishing local baseline measurement constitute the first step toward developing a climate action plan. Belvedere’s 2011 Climate Action Plan aptly recognized that this information can then inform the selection of a reduction target and action measures. Since then, staff has updated the City’s emission status to the City Council and public on a regular basis.

Residential emissions come primarily from the on-site combustion of natural gas and the off-site generation of electricity for heating, cooling, lighting, cooking, and the operation of appliances and 2 electrical devices. Transportation emissions result from the combustion of gasoline and diesel from trips generated from and to the city. Waste emissions come from the decomposition of organic wasted generated within the city but subsequently located in landfills outside city limits.

In January 2022, the Marin Climate & Energy Partnership prepared an updated Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for community emissions for the years 2005 through 2019. The inventory quantifies GHG emissions from a wide variety of sources, from the energy used to power, heat, and cool buildings, to the fuel used to move vehicles and power off-road equipment, to the decomposition of solid waste and treatment of wastewater. Emissions are quantified according to methodologies established by the U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (v. 1.2). The inventory provides a detailed understanding of where the highest emissions are coming from, and, therefore, where the greatest opportunities for emissions reductions lie. The inventory also establishes a baseline emission inventory against which to measure future progress.

Community emissions are quantified according to these seven sectors:
• The Built Environment – Electricity sector represents emissions generated from the use of electricity in Belvedere homes and commercial and governmental buildings and facilities. • The Built Environment – Natural Gas sector represents emissions generated from the use of natural gas in Belvedere homes and commercial and governmental buildings and facilities.

Propane used as a primary heating source is also included, although it represents less than 1% of emissions in this sector.
• The Transportation sector includes tailpipe emissions from passenger vehicle trips originating and ending in Belvedere, as well as a share of tailpipe emissions generated by medium and heavy-duty vehicles travelling on Marin County roads. The sector also includes emissions from Marin Transit buses as these vehicles travel within Belvedere’s boundaries. Electricity used to power electric vehicles is embedded in electricity consumption reported in the Built Environment - Electricity sector.
• The Waste sector represents fugitive methane emissions that are generated over time as organic material decomposes in the landfill. Although most methane is captured or flared off at the landfill, approximately 25% escapes into the atmosphere. • The Off-Road sector represents emissions from the combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel from the operation of off-road vehicles and equipment used for construction and landscape maintenance.
• The Water sector represents emissions from energy used to pump, treat, and convey potable water from the water source to Belvedere water users.
• The Wastewater sector represents greenhouse gases that are created during the treatment of wastewater generated by the community as well as emissions created from electricity used to convey and treat wastewater.

Community emissions totaled 14,855 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (MTCO2e) in 2005. By 2019, emissions had dropped to 10,935 MTCO2e, a 26% reduction. This is well below the State target for Belvedere, which is 15% below baseline (2005) emissions by 2020. While emissions declined in almost all sectors, the largest reductions were due to reduction in the carbon intensity of electricity, 3 improvements in energy conservation and efficiency, and improvements to vehicle fuel efficiency.

Emissions from City operations, which make up approximately 1% of community-wide emissions, fell 27% between 2005 and 2015. For more details, see the City’s most recent Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory (Appendix B).

TABLE 2: EMISSIONS SUMMARY BY SECTOR (MTCO2e)
Year
Built Environment - ElectricityBuilt Environment– Natural Gas TransportationWasteOff-RoadWaterWastewaterTotal
% Change
from 2005
1990 (est.)1 12,627
2005 2,512 5,559 5,707 699 212 87 79 14,855
2006 2,388 5,787 5,877 689 220 76 77 15,114 2%
2007 3,204 5,440 5,922 617 259 101 89 15,631 5%
2008 3,235 5,450 5,792 512 212 93 90 15,383 4%
2009 3,033 5,425 5,509 440 178 93 83 14,762 -1%
2010 2,133 5,518 5,315 430 159 53 73 13,681 -8%
2011 1,975 5,573 5,186 420 154 38 70 13,416 -10%
2012 2,083 5,204 5,178 435 151 40 75 13,167 -11%
2013 2,012 5,161 5,095 441 148 47 77 12,981 -13%
2014 1,830 4,412 4,877 440 147 42 72 11,821 -20%
2015 1,776 4,614 5,068 461 145 33 71 12,168 -18%
2016 1,449 4,839 4,657 536 143 24 63 11,711 -21%
2017 649 4,824 4,630 559 140 7 59 10,868 -27%
2018 701 4,883 4,543 494 136 3 59 10,817 -27%
2019 817 4,987 4,480 469 131 3 48 10,935 -26%
Change
from 2005 -1,696 -572 -1,226 -230 -80 -84 -31 -3,920
% Change
from 2005 -68% -10% -21% -33% -38% -97% -39% -26%
4 As shown in Figure 3, most emissions come from
natural gas used in Belvedere homes and
non-residential buildings and facilities. The
second greatest source of emissions is
from passenger vehicle trips generated by
Belvedere residents, employees, and
visitors.

Consumption-Based Inventory
In addition to the sectors outlined above,
which measures the emissions that are
generated within the City’s borders, there are
also emissions associated with the goods and
services that residents in Marin consume.

These are referred to as “consumption-based
emissions” or “embodied emissions” (both
terms are used interchangeably in this
document). Rather than assessing emissions
that are generated within a jurisdictional
boundary, consumption-based inventories
estimate the emissions based on the goods and
services consumed within a place. This includes
emissions from raw material extraction,
manufacturing, distribution, retail, and
disposal. Historically, local governments have
only included emissions that occur within their
boundaries, including emissions associated
with goods that will eventually be exported.

However, in communities like Marin County (as
in many other communities in the United
States) where goods are more often imported
than exported, consumption emissions can be
up to 800% higher than their sector-based emissions inventory. Consumption emissions are harder to track and have fewer defined pathways for policy intervention from local governments, so the City continues to follow ICLEI’s Community Protocol and focus on actionable programs and policies to address local emissions. This CAP, wherever possible, seeks to take into account the whole picture of FIGURE 4: SECTOR-BASED VS. CONSUMPTION-BASED GHG EMISSIONS Source: C40 Cities, “Consumption-Based GHG Emissions of the C40 Cities” Built Environment - Electricity
7%
Waste
4%
Transportation
41%
Water & Wastewater
<1%
Off-Road
1%
Built
Environment -
Natural Gas
46%
FIGURE 3: COMMUNITY EMISSIONS BY SOURCE, 2019
5 local contributions to climate change and includes measures to address these emissions in the built environment.

In 2016, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) and U.C. Berkeley developed a Consumption-Based Inventory to better understand how purchasing habits contribute to global climate change. This consumption-based inventory includes emission sources that do not get counted in the typical “sector-based” GHG inventory, as well as other items that are difficult to quantify like airplane travel and upstream emissions from the production, transport and distribution of food and household goods. Figure 5 shows the results of the consumption-based inventory for Belvedere households.

According to this inventory, the average Belvedere household generates 55.6 MTCO2e per year. As a comparison, the City’s community-wide emissions of 10,935 MTCO2e works out to about 11.9 MTCO2e per household.

FIGURE 5: AVERAGE BELVEDERE HOUSEHOLD CARBON FOOTPRINT
This graph shows the relative impact of all the sources of emissions that make up a household carbon footprint. Source: CoolClimate Network

TRANSPORTATION

BUILDINGS FOOD

CONSUMER

PRODUCTS SERVICES

RECYCLING
6 Emissions Forecast and Reduction Targets
The Climate Action Plan includes a “business-as-usual” (BAU) forecast in which emissions are projected in the absence of any policies or actions that would occur beyond the base year to reduce emissions.

The forecasts are derived by “growing” (increasing) 2019 emissions using forecasted changes in population, number of households, and jobs according to projections developed by the Association of Bay Area Governments. Transportation emissions are projected utilizing data provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission, which incorporate the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) reductions expected from the implementation of Plan Bay Area 2040. Emissions are expected to rise about 2.3% by 2030 and 0.3% by 2040. Because ABAG and MTC have not developed projections for 2050, the rate of population growth forecasted by the California Department of Finance for Marin County was used to project population, household, jobs, and VMT for 2050. The Department of Finance projects that Marin’s population will decrease 3.8% between 2040 and 2050. As a result, emissions would be approximately 11,011 MTCO2e by 2050 under the BAU forecast, a decrease of 1.8% from 2019 levels. The Climate Action Plan establishes targets that meet the State’s goals to reduce emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. In Belvedere, that means emissions would need to drop to 7,576 MTCO2e by 2030 and 2,525 MTCO2e by 2050. The Plan lays out measures that will meet the 2030 target and put the City on a trajectory to meet the 2050 goal. The community emissions trend, forecast and targets are shown in Figure 6 below. While State actions will secure to meet a significant portion of reductions, continued reductions through community efforts are needed to meet these goals.

FIGURE 6: EMISSIONS TREND, FORECAST AND TARGETS

0 2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Annual GHG Emissions (MTCO2e)
Year

ACTUAL EMISSIONS

BUSINESS-AS-USUAL FORECAST
2030 Target
40% below 1990 levels
2050 Target
80% below 1990 levels
7 State Pillars
Belvedere does not exist in a vacuum, and we are leveraging or trying to combat regional, state-wide, national, and even international actions and trends, we also have the ability and responsibility to collaborate with other efforts and campaigns. Belvedere is already working collaboratively with other local agencies (through MCEP) and building upon best practices learned from other similar communities in the region.

To meet greenhouse gas reduction and climate change goals, the State of California established the Six Pillars framework in 2015 when Governor Jerry Brown was inaugurated for his second term as governor.

These include (1) reducing today’s petroleum use in cars and trucks by up to 50%; (2) increasing from one-third to 50% our electricity derived from renewable sources; (3) doubling the energy efficiency savings achieved at existing buildings and making heating fuels cleaner; (4) reducing the release of methane, black carbon, and other short-lived climate pollutants; (5) managing farm and rangelands, forests and wetlands so they can store carbon; and (6) periodically updating the state's climate adaptation strategy. The measures contained in this Climate Change Action Plan are designed to support and implement the Six Pillars and the goals of California’s 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan on a local level.

FIGURE 7: CALIFORNIA’S 6 PILLARS CLIMATE STRATEGY
8 Actions to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The Climate Action Plan includes a variety of regulatory, incentive-based, and voluntary strategies that are expected to reduce emissions from both existing and new development in Belvedere. Several of the strategies build on existing programs while others provide new opportunities to address climate change.

State actions will have a substantial impact on future emissions. Local strategies will supplement these State actions and achieve additional GHG emissions reductions. Successful implementation will rely largely on the combined participation of Belvedere residents, city staff, and community leaders.

The following sections identify the State and local strategies included in the Climate Action Plan to reduce emissions in community and government operations. Emissions reductions are estimated for each strategy; combined, they show that the City could reduce emissions 41% below 1990 levels by 2030, which is enough to meet the State goal. Community emissions are projected to be 7,444 MTCO2e in 2030 with all State and local actions implemented, while the reduction target is 7,576 MTCO2e. As shown in Figure 8, State actions represent about 26% of the reduction expected through implementation of the Climate Action Plan while local actions represent about 74%.

FIGURE 8: CUMULATIVE IMPACT OF REDUCTION STRATEGIES
Summary of State Actions
The Climate Action Plan incorporates State reduction strategies that have been approved, programmed and/or adopted and will reduce local community emissions from 2019 levels. These programs require no local actions. As such, the State actions are first quantified and deducted from projected community 0 2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Annual GHG Emissions (MTCO
2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2e)
Year
Business as Usual (BAU) State Actions Local Actions

BUSINESS-AS-USUAL SCENARIO

PROJECTED EMISSIONS WITH STATE ACTIONS

PROJECTED EMISSIONS WITH
STATE AND LOCAL ACTIONS 40% BELOW
1990 LEVELS
9 emissions to provide a better picture of what still needs to be reduced at the local level to get to the overall reduction targets. State actions and emissions reductions are shown in Table 3 and detailed in the appendix.

TABLE 3: EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS FROM STATE ACTIONS
State Action Emissions Reductions by 2030
(MTO2e)
Light and Heavy-Duty Vehicle Regulations 699
Renewable Portfolio Standard 36
Title 24 Energy Efficiency Standards 228
Small Off-Road Equipment 58
Total 963
Note: Numbers may not total due to rounding.

Summary of Local Strategies
The local mitigation measures presented in the following sections, and as summarized in Table 4 below, achieve greenhouse gas emissions reductions in the community of approximately and 18,770 MTCO2e by 2030.

TABLE 4: LOCAL EMISSIONS REDUCTION STRATEGIES
Strategy GHG Reductions by 2030
(MTCO2e)
Percent of Reductions
Low Carbon Transportation 923 33%
Renewable Energy and Electrification 1,100 40%
Energy Efficiency 399 13%
Waste Reduction 359 13%
Water Conservation 4 >1 0%
Sequestration and Adaptation n/a -
Community Engagement n/a -
Implementation and Monitoring n/a -
Total 2,780 100%
Note: Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding.
4 Actions that reduce emissions from energy used to heat water are reflected in the Renewable Energy and Electrification and Energy Efficiency sections. See the Water Conservation section beginning on page 34 for more information.
10 These local strategies will be detailed in the following sections. Together, the projected reductions from State and local actions total 3,743 MTCO2e by 2030. Community emissions are projected to be 7,444 MTCO2e in 2030 with the full implementation of the CCAP. This is 41% below estimated 1990 levels and meets the reduction target set by the State.

Social Equity
Climate change and equity are interconnected. Often, the communities who have contributed the least to global warming, including low-income communities, communities of color, indigenous peoples, and developing nations, suffer first and most from climate change. The City acknowledges disadvantaged communities have existed and still exist in Marin County and seeks to design and implement solutions with them. This requires internal and external on-going work to normalize, organize, and internalize equity principles and approaches.

One definition of social equity is the “just and fair inclusion into a society in which all can participate, prosper, and reach their full potential.” 5 Equity is the means to ensure equality for all. An example of how that might work with climate action measures is with energy efficiency. Giving rebates to homeowners to swap out natural gas appliances helps reduce to GHG emissions by switching to low carbon electricity. But if financial incentives are only available to those with means to purchase new appliances it leaves out a section of the community without means. Programs that acknowledge this disparity might offer bigger discounts to low-income households. Additionally, the City acknowledges that appliance upgrades may not be a high priority for all residents. Part of the City’s on-going work is to build and nurture relationships with diverse community groups so that they can share what are their priorities and the City can attempt to integrate those priorities into its climate action efforts. 5 PolicyLink, “The Equity Manifesto.”
11 SECTION 2: MEASURES
Local Measures to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Each of the following sections provide a summary table of local measures and associated GHG reductions, followed by a description of the specific actions the City of Belvedere will undertake to implement each measure. The methodologies and implementation targets used to calculate emissions reductions are described in the appendix. Sometimes, there is no direct or reliable way to estimate GHG savings for a particular measure or the savings are embedded in another measure. In this case, the GHG reduction is identified as “not applicable” or “n/a.” For example: Community Engagement is essential for success in many of the measures set forth throughout the Plan but counting savings in this section would then be double-counting savings from other measures such as those in Low Carbon Transportation or Energy Efficiency. People need to know about a program to take advantage of it, but the actual emissions reductions will come from participating in the program itself. Therefore, the savings are counted for that program.
12 LOW CARBON TRANSPORTATION
33% of potential reductions
Over 40% of Belvedere community emissions comes from transportation, and until the recent commercial success of electric vehicles, it has been hard to see how we were going to reduce transportation emissions. Improvements in fuel efficiency have driven emissions down – the passenger vehicle fleet in Marin County is about 14% more fuel-efficient than it was ten years ago. Miles traveled by passenger vehicle trips starting and/or ending in Belvedere have gone down 5% over the same period. Surveys show that “green” transportation rates have improved over the years, from about 33% to 40% of workers between 2010 and 2019, thanks in part to improvements in the bicycle and pedestrian network and public information campaigns to get people to carpool, bicycle, walk and take transit. But we will not reduce emissions significantly more at this rate.

All of that is now changing with the viability of zero emission vehicles (ZEVs), especially here in Belvedere where electricity is fairly clean and expected to get cleaner. ZEVs include all-battery as well as plug-in hybrid vehicles. Marin County is a leader in ZEV adoption rates – second only to Santa Clara County – and ZEVs already comprise about 4.7% of all registered light-duty vehicles in Marin and an estimated 8.3% in Belvedere. Our plan is to increase that rate to 35% by 2030 by building out the EV charging infrastructure and encouraging ZEV ownership through incentives, public education, and development requirements.

This is an aggressive target, but one that complements the State’s goal to put 5 million ZEVs on the road by 2030. Improvements in battery and charging technology, expected cost reductions, and automakers’ commitments to significantly expand ZEV offerings point to an allelectric future.

That said, we cannot rely on ZEVs alone to meet our transportation reductions; reducing congestion, enhancing biking and walking opportunities, and incentivizing public transit carry co-benefits and can be enjoyed by all. To ensure Belvedere is a safe and walkable community for all ages, the City can prioritize sidewalk maintenance and mark crosswalks near bus stops and intersections.

The City will take the following actions to reduce emissions from transportation sources.

Things You Can Do
#1 Drive an all-electric or
plug-in hybrid vehicle.
#2 Bike, walk or take
transit whenever possible.
#3 Shut your car off when
you are sitting idle.
#4 Walk or bike to school.
#5 Use electric tools,
including leaf blowers and
lawn mowers, wherever
possible.
13 TABLE 5: LOW CARBON TRANSPORTATION MEASURES
ID Measure GHG Reduction by 2030
(MTCO2e)
Share of
Reductions
LCT-1 Zero Emission Vehicles 837 91%
LCT-2 Bicycling and Micromobility n/a -
LCT-3 Walking <1 <1%
LCT-4 Safe Routes to School 8 1%
LCT-5 Public Transit 3 0%
LCT-6 Employee Trip Reduction 30 3%
LCT-7 Vehicle Idling n/a -
LCT-8 Smart Growth Development n/a* -
LCT-9 Electric Landscape Equipment 8 1%
LCT-10 Zero and Low Emission City Vehicles 30 1%
LCT-11 Low Carbon Fuels for City Vehicles 3 <1%
LCT-12 City Employee Commute 4 <1%
TOTAL 923 100%
*Emissions reductions due to smart growth development are embedded in vehicle miles traveled projections utilized in the development of the emissions forecast. To avoid double-counting, they are not included here.

LCT-1: Zero Emission Vehicles
Develop a Zero Emission Vehicle Plan that will result in at least 35% of passenger vehicles in Belvedere to be zero emission vehicles (ZEVs), including plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles, by 2030. Incorporate the following actions in the plan as feasible:
a. Work with MCE, PG&E and other entities to identify multifamily and workplace charging sites appropriate for available incentive programs.
b. Participate in a countywide effort by MCE, PG&E, and others to provide rebates for new or used electric vehicles and/or charging stations.
c. Pursue opportunities to expand the City’s EV charging network through innovative programs. d. Require new and remodeled commercial and multifamily projects to install a minimum number of electric vehicle chargers for use by employees and residents. e. Require new and remodeled single-family and multifamily projects to install electrical service, conduit and wiring for potential electric vehicle use, taking into consideration the cost to property owners.
f. Participate in regional efforts and grant programs to encourage widespread availability of EV charging stations.
g. Participate in programs to promote EV adoption, including media and outreach campaigns. h. Encourage or require, as practicable, ride hailing and delivery service companies to utilize zero emission vehicles.
i. Promote adoption of electric bicycles, scooters, and motorcycles. 14 LCT-2: Bicycling and Micromobility
a. Encourage bicycling and micromobility as an alternative to vehicular travel for recreational and non-recreational travel. Promote safe bicycling, including e-bikes, through outreach channels and partner agencies.
b. Establish and maintain a system of bicycle facilities that are consistent with the Transportation and Circulation Element of the City’s General Plan and Complete Streets policies. c. Encourage the local police force to use e-bikes where and when appropriate. d. Implement the policies and programs of the Transportation and Circulation Element of the City’s General Plan that support and expand bicycling and micromobility. e. Update the Capital Improvement Program to maintain and improve the system of multiuse pathways and bicycling facilities that are consistent with the Transportation and Circulation Element of the City’s General Plan.
f. Support regional efforts to establish a bike and/or scooter share program. g. Create walking paths where feasible that are directed at destination points.

LCT-3: Walking
Encourage walking as an alternative to vehicular travel through outreach channels and partner agencies. a. Establish and maintain a system of pedestrian facilities that are consistent with the Transportation and Circulation Element of the City’s General Plan and Complete Streets policies to facilitate pedestrian access throughout the City and particularly to and from transportation facilities. b. Update and implement the Capital Improvement Program as necessary to construct and maintain this pedestrian system.
c. Encourage pedestrian activity and reduction in auto use by further improving the public steps and lanes for safe pedestrian use. Protect and, when possible, expand the locations of lanes.

LCT-4: Safe Routes to School
Continue to support the Safe Routes to School Program and strive to increase bicycling, walking, carpooling, and taking public transit to school.
a. Work with school districts, the Transportation Authority of Marin (TAM) and other organizations to promote school and student participation.
b. Identify issues associated with unsafe bicycle and pedestrian facilities between neighborhoods and schools, apply for Safe Routes to School grants, and execute plans to improve pedestrian and bicycle facilities.

Micromobility
Micromobility refers to forms of transportation, human-powered or electric, that can occupy space alongside bicycles. It includes electric scooters and skateboards, docked and dockless shared bikes, and other forms of small, lightweight devices operating at speeds typically below 20 mph.

Micromobility devices do not have an internal combustion engine. 15 c. Encourage residents to participate in the “Yellow School Bus” program and student use of regular transit to reduce school traffic.

LCT-5: Public Transit
Support and promote public transit by taking the following actions:
a. Work with Marin Transit and Golden Gate Transit to maximize ridership through expansion and/or improvement of transit routes, schedules, and bus shelters. b. Work with TAM, employers, and others to provide first and last mile programs to maximize utilization of public transit.
c. Provide safe routes to the ferry landing and other transit facilities that encourage bicycle and pedestrian connections.
d. Encourage transit providers, including school buses, to use renewable diesel as a transition fuel and to purchase electric buses whenever replacing existing buses.

LCT-6: Employee and Construction Trip Reduction
Reduce vehicle miles traveled commuting to work through the following actions:
a. Work with the Transportation Authority of Marin (TAM), the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC), and the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) to promote transportation demand programs to local employers, including rideshare matching programs, vanpool incentive programs, emergency ride home programs, telecommuting, transit use discounts and subsidies, showers and changing facilities, bicycle racks and lockers, and other incentives to use transportation other than single occupant vehicles. b. Work with MTC to identify and notify non-compliant businesses in Belvedere and encourage their participation in providing transportation demand management programs. c. Work with TAM on developing a countywide Transportation Demand Management Program to encourage trip reduction throughout County.
d. Encourage large construction projects to provide off-site parking and vanpool incentives as part of the building process to reduce congestion on roadways.

LCT-8: Vehicle Idling
a. Encourage drivers and autonomous vehicles to limit vehicle idling through public outreach and engagement campaigns.
b. Investigate adopting policies for public employees to minimize idling.

LCT-9: Smart Growth Development
Promote land use and development policies that prioritize infill housing and mixed-use development near commercial services and transit facilities, as opposed to development in peripheral areas that require use of vehicles to access transit and services.

LCT-10: Electric Landscape Equipment. Encourage the use of electric landscape equipment instead of gasoline-powered equipment through engagement campaigns and strict enforcement of local ordinances. Advocate for a countywide ban on gas-powered equipment. 16 LCT-11: Zero and Low Emission City Vehicles
Purchase or lease zero-emission vehicles for the City fleet whenever feasible, and when not, the most fuel-efficient models available. Promote City adoption and procurement of zero-emission vehicles and electric vehicles charging infrastructure.

LCT-12: Low Carbon Fuels for City Vehicles
Use low-carbon fuel such as renewable diesel as a transition fuel in the City's fleet and encourage the City's service providers and joint powers agencies to do the same, until vehicles are replaced with zeroemissions vehicles.

LCT-13: City Employee Commute
Continue to provide City employees with incentives and/or reduce barriers to use alternatives to single occupant auto commuting, such as transit use discounts and subsidies, bicycle facilities, showers and changing facilities, ridesharing services, vanpools, emergency ride home service, flexible schedules, and remote working when practicable.
17 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ELECTRIFICATION
40% of potential reductions
Energy that comes from renewable sources, including solar, wind, geothermal, and small hydroelectric, are the cleanest and most-environmentally friendly energy sources. Here in Belvedere, where there is an abundance of sunny days, solar energy is a particularly good energy source. According to Project Sunroof, 82% of Belvedere buildings have roofs that are solar-viable6. These 800 roofs could generate over 14 million kWh per year, which is more than the total electricity usage in Belvedere in 2019. Our Climate Action Plan projects that we can get about 24% of our electricity from locally produced solar energy systems by 2030, up from about 7% currently, just by maintaining the current growth rate.

When transitioning to solar or when solar is not an option due to a shady roof or a reluctant landlord, residents and business owners can purchase 100% renewable electricity from MCE Clean Energy and PG&E.

MCE and PG&E electricity have a high percentage of renewable and GHG-free content, which means it is some of the cleanest electricity in the country. MCE’s goal is to provide a minimum 95% GHG-free electricity to all its customers by 2022. Considering that MCE currently carries about two-thirds of the total electricity load in Belvedere, that action will significantly reduce emissions.

Since Marin’s electricity is very clean, and getting cleaner, swapping out appliances and heating and cooling systems that use natural gas for ones that use electricity is ultimately cleaner than relying on natural gas. Rebates are currently available from Electrify Marin and BayREN and TECH Clean California. If you are constructing a new home or building, consider going all-electric. Battery prices are falling, and will soon be a cost-effective option, too. Eventually, we will need to replace the majority of natural gas appliances and equipment if we are going to hit our long-term goals. Utilities will need to expand grid capacity, develop electricity storage, and ensure system reliability. Fortunately, ongoing research and development of energy storage 6 Project Sunroof data explorer (January 2022). Technical potential is based on electricity generation by the rooftop area suitable for solar panels assuming economics and grid integration are not a constraint. Every included panel receives at least 75% of the maximum annual sun in the county. Every included roof has a total potential installation size of at least 2kW. Only areas of the roof with enough space to install four adjacent solar panels are included.

Things You Can Do
#1 Switch to MCE Deep
Green or PG&E Solar
Choice 100% renewable
electricity option.
#2 Install a solar energy
system on your home or
business and consider
battery storage.
#3 Replace appliances that
use natural gas for ones
that use electricity.
#4 Investigate heat pump
technology so you can
swap out hot water and
space heaters that use
natural gas when it is time
to replace them.
18 systems are creating new business opportunities and making an all-electric, 100% renewable future possible.

The City will take the following actions to reduce emissions from energy use.

TABLE 6: RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ELECTRIFICATION MEASURES
ID Measure GHG Reduction by 2030
(MTCO2e)
Share of
Reductions
RE-1 Renewable Energy Generation and Storage 157 14%
RE-2 MCE Electricity 374 34%
RE-3 Building and Appliance Electrification 568 52%
RE-4 Innovative Technologies n/a n/a
RE-5 Solar Energy Systems for Municipal Buildings n/a n/a RE-6 Deep Green Electricity n/a n/a
TOTAL 1,100 100%
Note: There are no GHG savings attributed to measures RE-5 and RE-6 because the City was purchasing 100% renewable electricity in 2019.

RE-1: Renewable Energy Generation and Storage
Accelerate installation of residential and commercial solar and energy storage systems. a. Provide permit streamlining and reduce or eliminate fees, as feasible. b. Update building codes, development codes, design guidelines, and zoning ordinances, as necessary, to further facilitate small, medium, and large-scale installations, where appropriate. c. Encourage installation of solar panels over parking areas on commercial projects and large-scale residential developments through ordinance, engagement campaigns, or agency incentives. d. Identify and promote financing and loan programs for residential and non-residential projects. e. Encourage battery storage in conjunction with renewable energy generation projects through engagement campaigns and partner agency incentives.

RE-2: GHG-Free Electricity
Encourage residents and businesses to switch to 100 percent renewable electricity (MCE Deep Green, MCE Local Sol, and PG&E Solar Choice) through engagement campaigns and partner agency incentives and work with MCE Clean Energy to assure that it reaches its goal to provide electricity that is 95 percent GHG-free by 2022.

RE-3: Building and Appliance Electrification
Accelerate electrification of building systems and appliances that currently use natural gas, including heating systems, hot water heaters, stoves, and clothes dryers. 19 a. Promote available rebate programs such as Electrify Marin, BayRen, and TECH Clean California. b. Consider adopting an ordinance that requires homeowners to replace natural gas appliances, such as water heaters, stoves, cooktops, clothes dryers, and heating systems with high-efficiency electric appliances and heat pumps at time of replacement, where feasible. c. Prohibit the use of natural gas end uses in new residential, multifamily, and buildings in the City’s green building ordinance that aligns with the 2022 California Building Standards code update.

Extend the same prohibition to new nonresidential buildings in the 2025 code cycle, if not sooner.

RE-4: Innovative Technologies
Investigate and pursue innovative technologies such as micro-grids, battery storage, and demandresponse programs that will improve the electric grid’s resiliency and help to balance demand and renewable energy production.

RE-5: Solar Energy Systems for Municipal Buildings
Install solar energy systems at municipal buildings and facilities where feasible and investigate and pursue innovative technologies such as battery storage and demand response programs.

RE-6: Municipal Deep Green Electricity
Continue to purchase 100% renewable energy through programs such as MCE Deep Green. 20 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
14% of potential reductions
Increasing the efficiency of buildings is often the most cost-effective approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Energy efficiency upgrades, such as adding insulation and sealing heating ducts, have demonstrated energy savings of up to 20 percent, while more aggressive “whole house” retrofits can result in even greater energy savings. Many “low-hanging fruit” improvements can be made inexpensively and without remodeling yet can be extremely cost-efficient, such as swapping out incandescent bulbs to LED bulbs, sealing air leaks, and installing a programmable thermostat. Energy Star-certified appliances and office equipment, high-efficiency heating and air conditioning systems, and high-efficiency windows not only save energy but reduce operating costs in the long run.

New construction techniques and building materials, known collectively as “green building,” can significantly reduce the use of resources and energy in homes and commercial buildings. Green construction methods can be integrated into buildings at any stage, from design and construction to renovation and deconstruction. The State of California requires green building energy-efficiency through the Title 24 Building codes. The State updates these codes approximately every three years, with increasing energy efficiency requirements since 2001. The State’s energy efficiency goals are to have all new residential and commercial construction to be zero net energy by 2030. Local governments can accelerate this target by adopting energy efficiency standards for new construction and remodels that exceed existing State mandates, or by providing incentives, technical assistance, and streamlined permit processes to enable quicker adoption.

The City will take the following actions to reduce emissions in the built environment.

Things You Can Do
#1 Replace indoor and
outdoor lights with LED
bulbs and turn them off
when not in use.
#2 Have an energy
assessment done for your
home or business.
#3 Upgrade insulation,
seal leaks, and install a
programmable
thermostat.
#4 Purchase Energy Star
appliances and
equipment.
#5 Unplug electronic
appliances when not in
use and set the
thermostat to use less
heat and air conditioning.
21 TABLE 7: ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES
ID Measure GHG Reduction by 2030
(MTCO2e)
Share of
Reductions
EE-1 Energy Efficiency Programs 382 96%
EE-2 Energy Audits 16 4%
EE-3 Green Building Reach Code n/a n/a
EE-4 Streamline Permit Process and Provide
Technical Assistance n/a n/a
EE-5 Municipal Energy Efficiency Audit and
Retrofits n/a n/a
EE-6 Municipal Energy Conservation 0.03 <1%
TOTAL 399 100%
Notes: Emissions reductions from a Green Building Reach Code are included in Measure RE-C3.

There are no GHG savings attributed to measures EE-5 and EE-6 reducing electricity consumption because the City was purchasing 100% renewable electricity in 2019.

EE-1: Energy Efficiency Programs
Promote and expand participation in residential and commercial energy efficiency programs. a. Work with organizations and agencies such as the Marin Energy Watch Partnership, the Bay Area Regional Network, Resilient Neighborhoods, and the Marin Climate & Energy Partnership to promote and implement energy efficiency programs and actions. b. Continue and expand participation in energy efficiency programs such as Energy Upgrade California, California Energy Youth Services, and Smart Lights. c. Promote utility, state, and federal rebate and incentive programs. d. Participate and promote financing and loan programs for residential and non-residential projects such as Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) programs, PG&E on-bill repayment, and California Hub for Energy Efficiency Financing (CHEEF) programs.

EE-2: Energy Audits
Investigate requiring energy audits for residential and commercial buildings prior to completion of sale, including identification of cost savings from energy efficiency measures and potential rebates and financing options.

EE-3: Green Building Reach Code
a. Adopt green building requirements for new and remodeled commercial and residential projects above the State building code.
b. Consider adopting low embodied-carbon concrete standards similar to those adopted by the County of Marin.

EE-4: Streamline Permit Process and Provide Technical Assistance Analyze current green building permit and inspection process to eliminate barriers and provide technical assistance to ensure successful implementation of green building requirements. Coordinate with other 22 Marin County agencies to adopt consistent application requirements, where practicable. Work countywide to identify incentives and make it easier for contractors and building counter staff to expedite.

EE-5: Municipal Energy Efficiency Audit and Retrofits
Work with the Marin Energy Management Team to identify and implement energy efficiency projects in municipal buildings and facilities and electrification of existing building systems and equipment that use natural gas.

EE-6: Municipal Energy Conservation
Reduce energy consumption through behavioral and operational changes. a. Establish energy efficiency protocols for building custodial and cleaning services and other employees, including efficient use of facilities, such as turning off lights and computers, thermostat use, etc.
b. Incorporate energy management software, electricity monitors, or other methods to monitor energy use in municipal buildings, where feasible.
23 WASTE REDUCTION
13% of potential reductions
The things we buy, consume, and throw away generate a lot of greenhouse gas emissions during manufacturing, transport, distribution, and disposal. The best way to reduce emissions is to purchase and consume less in the first place and attempt to gift or donate items to someone who can reuse whatever you no longer need before considering recycling or disposal.

Due to the way we account for community emissions, our Climate Change Action Plan does not take credit for reducing upstream emissions. Instead, our GHG accounting is directly concerned with emissions that are created from the anaerobic
decomposition of organic waste in the landfill. The decomposition process creates methane, which is 28 times more potent as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. 7 Some landfills such as Redwood Landfill capture the methane use it to create biogas or electricity. However, about one-quarter of it escapes into the atmosphere.

Diverting organic material from the landfill is a clear and viable option for reducing these emissions. Paper and cardboard can be recycled. Food scraps, some paper (like napkins, paper towels, and greasy pizza boxes), and yard waste can be composted, either at home or by putting it in the green bin, which is then taken to s composting facility. Surplus food can be donated to non-profits that distribute it to those in need.

The measures below are designed to maximize diversion of organic waste from the landfill by 2025 and further conform with the letter and intent of SB 1383 discussed below. Such measures include encouraging residents and businesses to recycle and compost organic waste. To meet our diversion target, the City will favor trash collection practices that make recycling and composting cost-effective and efficient. The City will also work 7 Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/lmop/basic-information-about-landfill-gas, accessed January 13, 2022.

Things You Can Do
#1 Buy only as much as you
need.
#2 Buy locally grown food and
eat less meat.
#3 Put your food scraps in the
green can and/or compost
them at home.
#4 Donate extra food and used
clothing and housewares.
#5 Consult the waste hauler’s
website to understand what to
recycle and compost.
#6 Conserve paper by
implementing digital practices
at home such as paperless
billing, online banking, an
online document storage and
remove yourself from junk
mailing lists.
#7 Use refillable water bottles
and coffee cups and take your
reusable bags to the store.
#8 Avoid single-use plastics,
utensil, and straws and
products that contain
bioplastics.
#9 Dispose of electronics at
locations where they can be
refurbished.
24 with the local waste hauler to develop programs that incentivize residents and businesses about these practices.

These local measures also support state legislation to significantly reduce emissions from organic waste disposal. Senate Bill (SB) 1383 establishes targets to achieve a 50% reduction statewide in organic waste disposal from the 2014 level by 2020 and a 75% reduction by 2025. The law also establishes a target for at least 20% of currently disposed edible food to be recovered for human consumption by 2025. In 2022, CalRecycle may begin to issue penalties for non-compliance. On January 1, 2024, the regulations may require local jurisdictions to impose penalties for non-compliance on regulated entities subject to their authority.

In addition, Assembly Bill (AB) 1826 requires businesses to recycle their organic waste, depending on the amount of waste they generate per week. The law phases in mandatory recycling of commercial organics over time. As of January 2019, businesses that generate 4 or more cubic yards of commercial solid waste per week are required to arrange for organic waste recycling services. In 2020, the law was extended to cover businesses that generate 2 cubic yards or more of commercial solid waste.8 Belvedere supports the Waste Hierarchy, as set of practices that should be the basis of all waste management. Waste prevention through buying less is the most preferred method waste management and offers the greatest environmental benefits. This is followed by the reuse of products, which prolongs the life of the materials; donations are a great way to reuse products. Recycling and composting are next in the hierarchy as their processes turn waste material into new products, thereby conserving virgin resources. Safe disposal should be the last choice as it is typically landfilled or incinerate, releasing greenhouse gasses and harmful pollutants into the atmosphere. 9 FIGURE 8 : THE WASTE HEIRARCHY
8 CalRecycle, https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/recycle/commercial/organics, accessed January 13, 2022. 9 Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/smm/sustainable-materials-management-nonhazardous-materials-and-waste-management-hierarchy, accessed January 13, 2022. 25 Plastics are one of the materials that can often be recycled, but single use plastics such as such as straws and cutlery, end up in the landfill because their small size allows them to fall through the machinery openings. Many products are labeled as compostable, but also end up in the landfill because their materials contain bioplastics. Plastics are harmful to our marine life, fish, and birds, and they release greenhouse gas emissions during their manufacturing process. Belvedere supports Marin County’s proposed Reusable Foodware Ordinance for the local food service industry that prioritizes the use of reusables, prohibits the use of single use plastics, and encourages residents not to purchase single use plastics or products made with bioplastics. 10
The City will take the following actions to reduce emissions from waste.

TABLE 8: WASTE REDUCTION MEASURES
ID Measure GHG Reduction by
2030 (MTCO2e)
Share of
Reductions
WR-1 Commercial Organic Waste
345 96% WR-2 Residential Organic Waste
WR-3 C&D Debris and Self-Haul Waste
WR-5 Waste Hauler Agreement
WR-6 Extended Producer Responsibility n/a n/a
WR-7 Inorganic Waste n/a n/a
WR-8 Waste from Public Containers and City Operations 14 4% TOTAL 359 100%
WR-1: Commercial Organic Waste
Work with Zero Waste Marin, the local waste hauler, and non-profits such as Extra Food to divert commercial organic waste from the landfill through recycling, composting, and participation in waste-toenergy and food recovery programs. a. In compliance with SB 1383, adopt an ordinance requiring mandatory subscription to organics collection provided by the local waste hauler for all business, including multifamily residential dwellings, that produce 2 cubic yards or more of organic waste. b. Conduct outreach and education to businesses and private social clubs subject to State organic waste recycling mandates (AB 1826 and SB 1383) and encourage and enforce compliance with the law.
c. Refer new and major remodel commercial and multi-family residential project proposals to the City's waste hauler for review and comment and require projects to provide adequate waste and recycling facilities and access as feasible.
10 County of Marin, https://www.marincounty.org/depts/cd/divisions/environmental-health-services/reusablefoodware-ordinanc, accessed January 13, 2022. 26 d. Encourage and facilitate commercial and multi-family property owners to require responsible use of on-site recycling facilities in lease and rental agreements and to train and regularly evaluate janitorial, landscape, and other property management services. e. Assess capacity of existing food recovery programs, expand existing food recovery infrastructure if needed, monitor commercial generators for compliance, and conduct education and outreach.

WR-2: Residential Organic Waste
a. Work with Zero Waste Marin, the local waste hauler, and other organizations to provide free educational resources that motivate residents to utilize curbside collection services (green bins) and home composting for food waste.

WR-3: Construction & Demolition Debris and Self-Haul Waste a. Require all loads of construction & demolition debris and self-haul waste to be processed for recovery of materials as feasible.
b. Investigate creation of an ordinance requiring deconstruction of buildings proposed for demolition or remodeling to salvage materials of significant historical, cultural, aesthetic, functional or reuse value.
c. Wherever feasible, keep soil on site and discourage “cut and fill.” WR-4: Waste Hauler Services
a. Review and revise the City’s franchise agreement with the waste hauler to ensure waste reduction and diversion targets are met.
b. Ensure organic waste collection service (including green waste, food waste, fibers, and manure) that complies with SB 1383 regulations is provided to all residents and businesses. c. Conduct a feasibility study and encourage the waste hauler to consider investing in new solid waste processing infrastructure to remove recoverable materials (recycling and organics) from the waste stream and reduce contamination.
d. Require regular residential and commercial waste audits and waste characterization studies to identify opportunities for increased diversion and to track progress in meeting targets. e. Embark on an education and social marketing campaign to increase waste reduction, reuse, recycling, and composting by residents and businesses.

WR-5: Extended Producer Responsibility
a. Encourage the State to regulate the production and packaging of consumer goods and take-back programs.
b. Encourage on-demand product and food delivery services to reduce packaging waste and investigate requirements and incentives for the same through ordinance and/or engagement campaigns.

WR-6: Inorganic Waste
a. Promote reuse, repair, and recycling of inorganic materials, and encourage reduced use of packaging and single use items, including plastics and products with bioplastics, through engagement campaigns.
b. Establish best practices to dispose of paint, electronics, and other hazardous waste materials in a socially responsible manner.
c. Consider adopting a Reusable Foodware Ordinance for local businesses. 27 WR-7: Waste from Public Containers and City Operations a. Embark on an educational and social marketing-based campaign to increase waste reduction, reuse, recycling, and composting within municipal operations at public facilities. b. Conduct periodic waste audits of City facilities to understand where opportunities for increased diversion lie and to track progress.
c. Provide attractively designed containers in public areas for food waste collection. 28 WATER CONSERVATION
<1% of potential reductions
Belvedere is no stranger to periodic droughts and the need to conserve water, and the community has responded by reducing per capita water use by about 25%, from 142 gallons per person per day (gpcd) in 2005 to 107 gpcd in 2019 (based on district-wide data). In addition to installing low-flow fixtures (showerheads, faucets, and toilets) and water-efficient appliances (clothes washers and dishwashers), residents and businesses are planting native, drought-tolerant species and even replacing lawns with attractive, low-water use gardens. Good thing, because as temperatures continue to rise, we will experience more droughts and more intense heat waves than before.

Our Greenhouse Gas Inventory counts emissions that are generated from the energy used to pump, treat, and convey water from the water source to Belvedere water users. Far more emissions are created from the energy that is used to heat water, but those emissions are counted in the Built Environment sectors. Therefore, the water sector comprises a much smaller share of community emissions than one might expect.

The water agencies that supply Belvedere’s water are committed to using 100% renewable energy in their operations. Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD) began purchasing Deep Green electricity from MCE in 2017, and Sonoma County Water Agency, which provides 20- 25% of MMWD’s water, started purchasing 100% renewable electricity in 2015. As a result, emissions from the water sector are very small.

It is important to remember, however, that energy used to heat water contributes significantly to a household’s carbon footprint, especially if the hot water heater uses natural gas. A hot water heater using natural gas generates approximately 1.5 MTCO2e per year, or about onequarter of the average household’s energy emissions in Belvedere.

Switching to an electric heat pump water heater can reduce emissions from heating water up to 90%.

In addition, water conservation reduces the amount of wastewater and the greenhouse gas emissions that are created from the wastewater treatment process.

The City will take the following actions to reduce emissions from water use.

Things You Can Do
#1 Replace your lawn with
a drought-tolerant garden.
#2 Install a drip irrigation
system and check it
regularly for leaks.
#3 Install low water flow
faucets, showerheads, and
toilets.
#4 Buy water-efficient
dishwashers and clothes
washers when it is time to
replace them.
#5 Replace your natural
gas hot water heater with
an electric heat pump
water heater.
29 TABLE 9: WATER CONSERVATION MEASURES
ID Measure GHG Reduction by 2030
(MTCO2e)
Share of
Reductions
WC-1 Community Water Use 0.3 100%
WC-2 Municipal Water Use Included in WC-1
WC-C1: Community Water Use
Reduce indoor and outdoor water use in residential and commercial buildings and landscaping. a. Work with Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD) and other organizations to promote water conservation programs and incentives.
b. Educate residents and businesses about local and State laws requiring retrofit of non-compliant plumbing fixtures during remodeling and at resale.
c. Ensure all projects requiring building permits, plan check, or design review use water-efficient landscaping in compliance with State and MMWD regulations. d. Encourage the installation of greywater and rainwater collection systems and the use of recycled water where available through ordinance or engagement campaigns.

WC-2: Municipal Water Use
Reduce indoor and outdoor water use in municipal facilities and operations. a. Replace high water use plants and inefficient irrigation systems with water-efficient landscaping. b. Replace inefficient plumbing fixtures with high-efficiency fixtures. c. Use recycled water as available and practicable for parks and outdoor landscaping. 30 SEQUESTRATION AND ADAPTATION

California is already experiencing the effects of climate change. Every year, it seems like the news gets grimmer: more wildfires, more heat waves, longer droughts, more intense storms, less snowpack, and less fresh water. Annual average air temperatures have already increased by about 1.8 °F in California, and that number will likely double even if the world can reduce emissions 80% by 2050. Belvedere needs to be prepared for the likely impacts of climate change, including flooding from more intense storms and sea level rise, health impacts from heat exposure and poor air quality, and safety risks from the increased likelihood of wildfires and landslides.

Sea level rise is a particular concern to Belvedere, where many homes, businesses, and industrial and recreational facilities are at risk for flooding. Sea level has already risen 8” in San Francisco Bay and is expected to rise another 10 inches by 2040. Within this short period, homes in the flat areas and around the lagoon could be flooded if levees are overtopped and would be vulnerable to worsening subsidence. Shoreline homes West Shore and Beach Roads would be vulnerable, especially during storms.

By the end of the century, sea level is projected to rise 2.4 to 3.4 feet, and possibly as much as 5 feet. At the higher end, 470 buildings, or 27% of all Belvedere’s buildings, could face some level of tidal flooding. A comprehensive assessment of Belvedere’s vulnerable assets was completed in 2017. For more information, see the Marin Shoreline Sea Level Rise Assessment. While the Climate Action Plan contains some measures that address adaptation, a more complete set of goals, policies and programs are contained in the 2018 Marin County MultiJurisdictional Local Hazard Mitigation Plan.

In addition to adaptation strategies, this section contains measures to sequester carbon dioxide through planting and preservation of trees and other vegetation and the development of carbon-rich soils.

Carbon offsets are often used to fund these types of carbon sequestration projects and can be purchased to offset emissions that are difficult to otherwise mitigate, such as airplane flights. We have not credited emission reductions for these actions because we do not count sequestered carbon in the community greenhouse gas inventory, but we recognize that sequestration is a critical component to meeting our carbon reduction goals.

The City will take the following actions to sequester carbon dioxide and adapt to climate change.

What You Can Do
#1 Plant trees appropriate
to your situation.
#2 Add compost to your
soil.
#3 Purchase carbon
offsets for airplane flights
and other emissions that
are difficult to mitigate.
#4 Find out if your home
or business is vulnerable
to sea level rise at Our
Coast Our Future.
31 TABLE 10: SEQUESTRATION AND ADAPTATION MEASURES TO REDUCE COMMUNITY EMISSIONS ID Measure
SA-1 Urban Forest
SA-2 Carbon Sequestration
SA-3 Carbon Offsets
SA-4 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Adaptation
SA-1: Urban Forest
Increase carbon sequestration and improve air quality and natural cooling through increasing tree cover in Belvedere. Preserving Belvedere’s vegetation is an essential adaptation to climate change, even as we balance these assets against the desire to protect view corridors, both public and private, which are important characteristics of the aesthetic life in Belvedere. a. Plant additional trees on City-owned land, including public parks and open space, where feasible.
b. Review parking lot landscape standards to maximize tree cover, size, growth, and sequestration potential.
c. Continue to regulate and minimize removal of large (heritage) trees and require planting of replacement trees and/or fees to support mitigation planting in Belvedere parks and open space areas.
d. Require that the site planning, construction, and maintenance of new development preserve existing healthy trees and native vegetation on site to the maximum extent feasible. Replace trees and vegetation not able to be saved per subsection (c) above. e. Encourage community members to plant trees on private land. f. Permit reasonable maintenance of bees on private land. g. Require permeable pavement to capture surface run-off to support landscaping in all parks, open space, and common areas.
h. Provide information to the public, including landscape companies, gardeners, and nurseries, on carbon sequestration rates, drought tolerance, and fire resistance of different tree species. i. Collaborate with fire agencies and Marin County Open Space District, Marin Municipal Water District, and private property owners, to manage fire-prone trees and invasive species in the open space for forest health and reduction of fuel load. j. Require new development, redevelopment, and infrastructure projects to implement best management practices, e.g., promoting low-impact construction and development techniques, avoiding non-pervious surfaces in landscape design, and integrating natural features into the project design, to naturally filter and biodegrade contaminants and to minimize surface runoff. k. Remove redwood trees from the City’s list of undesirable trees due to their extremely high sequestration rate.

SA-2: Carbon Sequestration
Increase carbon sequestration in the built environment, developed landscapes, and natural areas. 32 a. Where appropriate, encourage the use of building materials that store carbon through agency partnerships and engagement campaigns.
b. Encourage and support composting to develop healthy, carbon-rich soils. c. Manage parks and open spaces to steadily increase carbon in vegetation and soil.

SA-3: Carbon Offsets
Reduce the impact of greenhouse gas emissions through the purchase of carbon offsets. a. Encourage community members to purchase carbon offsets to reduce their carbon footprint through engagement campaigns.
b. Consider partnering with a local non-profit organization to promote an effective carbon offset program.
c. Educate community members as to means for offsetting emissions that are difficult to mitigate otherwise, such as airplane travel.

SA-4: Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Adaptation
Prepare for and adapt to a rising sea level.
a. Support and integrate Climate Action Planning and implementation with the ongoing adaptation efforts of BayWAVE.
b. Coordinate and integrate climate adaptation planning consistently throughout related City plans, including but not limited to the General Plan and its Safety Element, Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP), sea level rise adaptation plans, Community Wildfire Protection Plan, and emergency and capital improvement plans.
c. Promote fair and robust inclusion of lower-income households, regardless of home ownership, in the planning and response to climate change impacts, including sea level rise, flood risk, fire, public health, and emergency preparedness.
d. Collaborate with Marin cities and towns, the County of Marin, special districts, JPAs, and regional bodies to coordinate and integrate planning.
33 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

The Climate Action Plan contains actions that the City can undertake to reduce its own emissions by about 51 MTCO2e, bringing the emissions from municipal operations down to 50% below 2005 levels.

However, since emissions from governmental operations make up only about 1% of community-wide emissions, that is just a drop in the bucket.

Our residents, businesses, workers, and visitors will have to do their part to ensure we meet our reduction targets. The City can compel some of these actions by adopting ordinances and building regulations, but much of the success of our plan will depend on informing our community members and encouraging them to act on their own. This section details the ways in which the City will seek public engagement and work with local businesses and community groups to achieve the emissions reductions identified for measures in other sections of the Plan.

The City promotes Resilient Neighborhoods to educate Belvedere residents on ways they can reduce their carbon footprint. The program organizes Climate Action Teams that meet five times over two months to learn about strategies and resources to improve home energy efficiency, shift to renewable energy, use low-carbon transportation, conserve water, reduce waste, and adapt to a changing climate. To start, participants calculate their household carbon footprint and then take actions to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5,000 pounds or 25%. Studies show that Resilient Neighborhoods’ graduates not only continue to fulfill pledges and further reduce household emissions after the program ends, they also inspire friends and families to take action.

The City will take the following actions to engage the community to reduce emissions.

TABLE 11: COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT MEASURES TO REDUCE COMMUNITY EMISSIONS ID Measure
CE-1 Community Education
CE-2 Community Engagement
CE-3 Advocacy
CE-4 Green Businesses
Things You Can Do
#1 Sign up for Resilient
Neighborhoods and join a
Climate Action Team.
#2 Commit to reducing your
carbon footprint by taking the
actions identified in this Plan.
#3. Spread the word -
advocate to your neighbors,
employees, co-workers, etc.
34 CE-1: Community Education
Work with community-based outreach organizations, such as Resilient Neighborhoods, to educate and motivate community members on ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in their homes, businesses, transportation modes, and other activities.

CE-2: Community Engagement
Implement a communitywide public outreach and behavior change campaign to engage residents, businesses, and consumers around the impacts of climate change and the ways individuals and organizations can reduce their GHG emissions and create a more sustainable, resilient, and healthier community. Create an overarching theme to articulate a long-term goal, motivate community members, and brand a comprehensive suite of GHG-reduction programs. Prioritize promotion of programs that have the greatest greenhouse gas reduction potential while utilizing the best practices for public outreach and education. Emphasize and encourage citizens' involvement in reaching the community's climate goals, including innovative means of tracking milestones and comparing Belvedere's performance with other communities and with state, national and global benchmarks. a. Conduct outreach to a wide variety of neighborhood, business, educational, faith, service, and social organizations.
b. Inform the public about the benefits of installing energy and water-efficient appliances and fixtures, electrifying their homes and commercial buildings, installing solar energy systems, and purchasing 100% renewable electricity.
c. Inform the public about the benefits of using carbon-free and low-carbon transportation modes, such as driving electric vehicles, walking, bicycling, taking public transportation, and ridesharing. d. Utilize and tailor existing marketing materials when available. e. Work with Marin County health and environmental services and other Marin agencies to promote the environmental (and health) benefits of a more plant-based diet, including growing food at home and purchasing locally produced food.
f. Partner with MCE, PG&E, MMWD, Marin Sanitary Service, Transportation Authority of Marin, Marin Transit, Golden Gate Transit, SMART, and other entities to provide and promote equitable financing, audits, rebates, incentives, and services to the Belvedere community. g. Utilize the City's website, newsletters, social media, bill inserts, public service announcements and advertisements, recognition programs, and other forms of public outreach. h. Create stories and “shareable content” that can be used by residents, businesses, non-profits, in both the social media and the traditional media context. i. Use creative methods to engage the public, such as games, giveaways, prizes, contests, simple surveys, digital tools, and “pop-up” events.
j. Develop pilot programs using community-based social marketing and other community outreach and incentive programs to encourage positive changes in local consumer habits. k. Participate in countywide outreach and education efforts.

CE-3: Advocacy
Advocate at the regional, state, and federal levels for policies and actions that support the rapid transition to GHG-free energy sources, electrification of buildings and the transportation fleet, and other impactful measures to rapidly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. 35 CE-4: Green Businesses
Encourage local businesses to participate in the Marin County Green Business Program through partnerships with the County, Chamber, and other business groups. 36 IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
Plans are only effective if they are implemented, and results are carefully evaluated. The City will prepare an annual assessment of the progress it is making on implementing the measures contained in this Climate Action Plan and continue to quantify community and greenhouse gas emissions to determine if we are on track to meet our reduction targets.

The City will take the following actions to implement and monitor the Climate Action Plan.

TABLE 12: IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING MEASURES TO REDUCE COMMUNITY EMISSIONS ID Measure
IM-1 Annual Monitoring
IM-2 Update GHG Emissions Inventories
IM-3 Funding Sources
IM-4 Update the Climate Change Action Plan
IM-1: Annual Monitoring
Monitor and report on the City’s progress annually. Track and report on key metrics such as number of ZEV registrations, natural gas appliance conversions, and EV chargers installed. Create an annual priorities list for implementation.

IM-2: Update GHG Emissions Inventories
Update and report the greenhouse gas emissions inventory for community emissions annually and every five years for government operations.

IM-3: Funding Sources
Identify funding sources for recommended actions, and pursue local, regional, State, and federal grants as appropriate. Investigate creation of a local carbon fund or other permanent source of revenue to implement the Climate Action Plan.

IM-4: Update the Climate Action Plan
Update the Climate Action Plan regularly to incorporate new long-term reduction targets and strategies to meet those targets.

Things You Can Do
#1 Get involved! Attend City
Council meetings, Climate
Action Plan implementation
forums, and other public
forums to voice your
support for actions
contained in this Plan.
37 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
City Council
Sally Wilkinson, Mayor
Steve Block, Vice Mayor
James Campbell
Nancy Kemnitzer
James Lynch
City Staff
Irene Borba, Director of Planning & Building
Rebecca Markwick, Senior Planner
Marin Climate & Energy Partnership
Christine O’Rourke, Sustainability Coordinator
Funded by the Marin Climate & Energy Partnership and the Marin Energy Watch Partnership.

A-1
Appendix A: Program Calculations

GHG EMISSIONS REDUCTION SUMMARY
City of Belvedere
Measure 2030 GHG Emissions
Reductions (MTCO2e/yr)
Local Actions
LCT-1 Zero Emission Vehicles -837
LCT-3 Walking -0.5
LCT-4 Safe Routes to School -8
LCT-5 Public Transit -3
LCT-6 Employee Trip Reduction -30
LCT-10 Electric Landscape Equipment -8
LCT-11 Zero and Low Emission City Vehicles -30
LCT-12 Low Carbon Fuels for City Vehicles -3
LCT-13 City Employee Commute -4
RE-1 Renewable Energy Generation and Storage -157
RE-2 MCE Electricity -374
RE-3 Building and Appliance Electrification -568
EE-1 Energy Efficiency Programs -382
EE-2 Energy Audits -16
EE-4 Municipal Energy Conservation -0.3
WR 1-5 Waste Diversion Measures -345
WR-8 Municipal Waste Diversion -14
WC-1 Community Water Use 0
WC-2 Municipal Water Use 0
TOTAL - LOCAL ACTIONS -2,780
State Actions
RPS -36
TITLE 24 -228
Light and Heavy-Duty Fleet Regulations -699
Small Off-Road Equipment -58
TOTAL - STATE ACTIONS -963
A-2
Projected Emissions
Projected BAU Community GHG Emissions 11,186
Emissions Reduction from Local and State Actions -3,743 Projected Community Emissions with Local and State Actions Implemented 7,444 2030 GHG Target to Meet State Goals 7,576
Reduction from 2005 Baseline Emissions
2005 Community GHG Emissions 14,855
Community Emissions with Local and State Actions Implemented 7,444 % Reduction from 2005 Emissions 50%
Reduction from Estimated 1990 Emissions
Estimated 1990 GHG Level 12,627
% Below 1990 Levels 41%
A-3

ZERO EMISSION VEHICLES
LCT-1
Reductions
(MTCO2e)
-837 2030
Targets 35% of passenger vehicles in Marin are ZEVs in 2030 (approximately 70,000 ZEVs). 21% annual growth rate of registered ZEVs in Marin.

Methodology
and
Assumptions
Marin has approximately 1.5% of all ZEVs in California (DMV, 1-1-19) and 197,609 automobiles registered in the County (DMV, 2019). CARB's proposed strategy is to put

4.2 million ZEVs on the road by 2030, which is approximately 14% of light duty vehicles in California in 2030. In January 2018, Governor Jerry Brown issued Executive Order B48-18 set a new goal of having a total of 5 million ZEVs in California in 2030. In September 2020, Governor Gavin Newsom issued Executive Order N-79-20 which sets a goal for 100 percent of in-state sales of new passenger cars and light trucks to be zeroemission by 2035.

By the end of 2019, the CEC reports there were 5,362 battery EVs (BEV), 3,076 Plug-in hybrids (PHEV), and 60 fuel cell vehicles, for a total of 8,498 ZEVs. By the end of 2020, the CEC reports there were 6,377 BEVs, 3,280 PHEVs, and 52 fuel cell vehicles, for a total of 9,709 ZEVs. This represents an annual growth rate of 14.25%. We conservatively assume the same percentage of EVs in 2030 as in 2020: 66% battery EVs and 34% plug-in hybrids.
74% of the distance PHEVs drive is electric (Smart et al, 2014).

EV kWh/mile is 0.32 (US Dept of Energy).

Assuming the same share of ZEV ownership in 2030 as in 2019 (1.5%) means there would be approximately 75,000 ZEVs registered in Marin by 2030, or approximately 37% of existing automobile registrations. We assume 69,699 ZEVs in Marin in 2030, or 35% of ZEVs registered in Marin. This would require an average annual growth rate of 21%. Electric vehicle sales in Marin grew by 26% in 2018 and 28% in 2019 (ICCT, 2018).

This data suggests that an annual growth rate of 21% is reasonable, especially as the number of models expands and battery technology and charging improves.

Passenger VMT is adjusted to reflect the fact that approximately 35% of countywide commute VMT originates from workers who live outside Marin County (TAM). Measure does not apply to VMT generated by Belvedere workers and visitors who do not live in Marin.

According to the Department of Energy, towns (population 2,500 to 50,000) need 54 public EV plugs per 1,000 PEVs, which would equal about 3,549 public EV plugs countywide for 65,717 ZEVs. The analysis assumes 88% of EV charging is done at home.

A-4
Sources California Air Resources Board, 2017 Scoping Plan.

Smart, J., Bradley, T., and Salisbury, S., "Actual Versus Estimated Utility Factor of a Large Set of Privately Owned Chevrolet Volts," SAE Int. J. Alt. Power. 3(1):2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-1803.

U.S, Department of Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, https://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_emissions_sources.html. Sales weighted average of 2016 model year vehicles with sales in 2015: 2015 sales from "U.S. Plug-in Electric Vehicle Sales by Model"
(https://www.afdc.energy.gov/data/vehicles.html); MPGs from 2016 Fuel Economy Guide (https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/)
The International Council on Clean Transportation, "California's continued electric vehicle market development," May 2018,
https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/CA-cityEV-Briefing20180507.pdf.

US Department of Energy, "National Plug-In Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Analysis," September 2017. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/69031.pdf Bay Area Air Quality Management District, Vehicle Miles Dataportal, http://capvmt.uswest-2.elasticbeanstalk.com/, accessed 1/19/22.

California Department of Transportation, "California County-Level Economic Forecast 2018-2050," September 2018.

California Energy Commission, "Zero Emission Vehicle and Infrastructure Statistics," https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/energy-insights/zero-emission-vehicle-andcharger-statistics, accessed January 19, 2022.

Personal communication with Derek McGill, Planning Manager, Transportation Authority of Marin, [email protected], August 22, 2018.

Calculation
2030
Number of registered Marin ZEVs by end of 2019 8,498
% of total light-duty vehicles in 2019 4.2%
Projected number of registered passenger vehicles in Marin in 2030 199,141 Percent of Marin ZEVs in target year 35%
Number of Marin ZEVs in target year 69,699
Percent of ZEVs in Marin assumed by EMFAC2021 8.2%
Increase in ZEVs 61,201
Additional ZEVs as a percent of Marin vehicles from this measure 26.8% Belvedere passenger VMT 11,592,967 miles
VMT from non-Marin workers and visitors 1,099,191 miles Belvedere passenger VMT from Marin-based vehicles 10,493,776 miles VMT from additional ZEVs 2,815,062 miles
VMT driven with electricity 2,566,210 miles
Emissions without EV program 991 MTCO2e
A-5
Tailpipe emissions reduction with EV program 903 MTCO2e Electricity used by ZEVs 821,187 kWh
Electricity emissions from ZEVs 66 MTCO2e
Emissions reduction 837 MTCO2e
A-6

WALKING
LCT-3
Reductions
(MTCO2e)

0.5 2030
Targets 2% reduction in VMT for vehicle trips that start and end in Belvedere by 2030 Methodology and
Assumptions
Studies cited by CAPCOA show pedestrian network improvements can reduce VMT 1-2% (CAPCOA SDT-1). We apply this to passenger vehicle trips that start and end Belvedere and assume a 1% reduction for 2030.

Sources California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, "Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resource for Local Government to Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures," August, 2010.

Bay Area Air Quality Management District Vehicle Miles Traveled Data Portal, http://capvmt.us-west-2.elasticbeanstalk.com/data
Calculation
2030
Passenger vehicle trips starting and ending in Belvedere 67,149 VMT % decrease in VMT due to pedestrian improvements 2.0%
Annual decrease in VMT 1,343 VMT
GHG emissions reductions 0.5 MTCO2e
A-7

SAFE ROUTES TO SCHOOL
LCT-4
Reductions
(MTCO2e)
-8 2030
Targets Reduce school trips in family vehicle by 29%, from an average of 45% to 32%.

Methodology and
Assumptions
To demonstrate the benefits of providing Safe Routes to Schools, the Marin County Bicycle Coalition recruited nine pilot schools in four different geographic locations. Initial surveys reported that 62% of the students were arriving by car, with only 14% walking, 7% biking to school, 11% carpool, and 6% arriving by bus.

Every school in the pilot program held periodic Walk and Bike to School Days and participated in the Frequent Rider Miles contest, which rewarded children who came to school walking, biking, by carpool or bus.

At the end of the pilot program, the participating schools experienced a 57% increase in the number of children walking and biking and a 29% decrease in the number of children arriving alone in a car.

We assume an elementary school and middle school population (K-8) population of 301 with an average trip length of 1.7 mile, 180 school days, and an existing share of school trips completed in a family vehicle of 41% according to recent Safe Routes to School surveys taken at participating schools in Tiburon serving the Belvedere community.

Sources US Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates 2019, Table B14001.

Safe Routes to School Marin County,
http://www.saferoutestoschools.org/sr2s_reed_union.html Safe Routes to School Marin County,
http://www.saferoutestoschools.org/history.html#success Calculation
2030
School population miles travelled 191,485 miles
Percent of miles driven in a family vehicle 41%
Potential percent decrease in students driving to school 29 % VMT avoided 22,768 VMT
Emissions reductions 8 MTCO2e
A-8

PUBLIC TRANSIT
LCT-5
GHG Reductions
(MTCO2e)
-3 2030
Targets 33% of Marin Transit and Golden Gate Transit buses will be electric by 2030 and the remaining use renewable diesel.

Methodology and
Assumptions
Marin Transit reports 3,674,440 revenue miles in FY 2019 and 0.1% of those ae within Belvedere for a total of 4,757 revenue miles attributed to Belvedere. Marin Transit's Draft Fixed Route Vehicle Replacement Plan indicates 33% of its fleet will be zero emission by 2030. In 2019, 72% of its buses were using renewable diesel and 3% of the fixed route buses were zero emission. Marin Transit has been using renewable diesel since 2016. We assume 33% will be driven by electric buses utilizing MCE electricity by 2030.

CARB adopted the Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) Rule in December 2018. This rule outlines a transition of California transit agencies to a zero emission fleet by 2040. 100% of transit agencies' bus purchases must be zero emission beginning in 2029. Marin Transit's Draft Fixed Route Vehicle Replacement Plan (2019) identifies purchases that will achieve the ICT zero emission fleet mandate in 2040.

Sources Marin Transit Board of Directors Staff Report, April 1, 2019 Personal communication with Keith Nunn, Director of Maintenance, Golden Gate Transit, Oct. 22, 2019.

Personal communication with Anna Penoyar, Senior Capital Analyst, Marin Transit, Oct. 22, 2019.

Calculation
2030
Belvedere's share of passenger revenue miles 4,757 miles Emissions, BAU 6 MTCO2e
Renewable diesel VMT 67%
Electric bus VMT 33%
Emissions 3 MTCO2e
GHG emissions reductions 3 MTCO2e
A-9

EMPLOYEE TRIP REDUCTION
LCT-6
Reductions (MTCO2e)
-30 2030
Targets
100% of covered employers provide an employee trip reduction program.

Methodology and Assumptions CAPCOA TRT-1 indicates VMT reduction of 5.4% for suburban center location. Employer programs include: carpooling, ride matching, preferential carpool parking, flexible work schedules for carpools, a half-time transportation coordinator, vanpool assistance, bicycle parking, showers, and locker facilities. This measure assumes voluntary employee participation.

BAAQMD Transportation Fund for Clean Air guidance indicates a reduction of 0.2% of commute VMT for Guaranteed Ride Home Programs.

MTC identifies 11 unregistered businesses with 50 or more employees in Belvedere with a total of 474 employees. We assume all participate by 2030. We assume 240 workdays per year.

Sources California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, "Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resource for Local Government to Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures," August 2010.

BAAQMD Transportation Fund for Clean Air Guidance FYE 2018.

Personal communication with Corey Dodge, Program Coordinator, Bay Area Metro, [email protected], 10/2/19.

Calculation
2020 2030
Number of unregistered employees working in companies with 50 or more employees 474 Number of employees targeted for program 474
Average daily VMT for Belvedere worker 13.3
Estimated annual VMT 1,513,527
VMT reduction 5.6%
Annual decrease in VMT 84,758
GHG emissions reductions 30
A-10

ELECTRIC LANDSCAPE EQUIPMENT
LCT-10
Reductions (MTCO2e)
-8 2030
Target 80% of landscape equipment is electric by 2030.

Methodology and Assumptions In October 2021, the state passed AB 1346, which states, “By July 1, 2022, the state board shall, consistent with federal law, adopt cost-effective and technologically
feasible regulations to prohibit engine exhaust and
evaporative emissions from new small off-road engines, as defined by the state board. Those regulations shall apply to engines produced on or after January 1, 2024.”
In December 2021, CARB adopted small off-road engines
(SORE) regulations that require most newly manufactured small off-road engines to be zero emission starting in 2024.

SORE are spark-ignition engines rated at or below 19
kilowatts. Engines in this category are primarily used for lawn, garden, and other outdoor power equipment. An
emissions reduction 0f 70% due to the implementation of AB 1346 is quantified separately as a State Action.

For this action SORE subject to the 2024 ban includes lawn mowers, leaf blowers, trimmers, edgers, chainsaws <45 cc, riding mowers, and log splitters. This equipment consumed 1,171,773 gallons of gasoline in 2019 (OFFROAD 2021).

Similar to the off-road emissions inventory, we assume

0.8% of emissions are attributable to Belvedere based on its share of countywide households in 2019. We assume an additional 10% reduction in emissions due to City action.

Sources OFFROAD2021 (v1.0.1) Emissions Inventory
Calculation
2030
Portable landscape equipment gasoline consumption, BAU 9,375 gallons Emissions from potable landscape equipment, BAU 83 MTCO2e Reduction due to City action 10%
Emissions reductions 8 MTCO2e
A-11

ZERO AND LOW EMMISION CITY VEHICLES
LCT-11
Reductions
(MTCO2e)
-30 2030
Targets 50% improvement in fuel efficiency of City vehicles that use gasoline by 2030.

Methodology and
Assumptions
As vehicles are replaced, there will be opportunities to purchase/lease electric vehicles or improve vehicle fuel efficiency with similar models.

For City electric vehicles, we assume EVs are replacing vehicles with an average 22 MPG, and .32 kWh/mile and that the City continues to purchase 100% GHG-free electricity for municipal operations.

Sources City of Belvedere 2015 Greenhouse Gas Inventory for Government Operations Calculation
2030
City vehicle fleet tailpipe emissions, 2016 (gasoline) 60 MTCO2e Fuel efficiency improvement for fleet 50 %
Electricity for EVs 23,806 kWh
Electricity emissions 0 MTCO2e
Emissions reductions 30 MTCO2e
A-12

LOW CARBON FUELS FOR CITY VEHICLES
LCT-12
Reductions
(MTCO2e)
-3 2030
Targets 100% of diesel use is replaced with renewable diesel by 2030.

Methodology and
Assumptions
Emission factor for renewable diesel derived from data from Nexgen Fuel.

Sources City of Belvedere 2015 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for Government Operations
http://www.nexgenfuel.com/fleets-commercial-use/
Calculation
2030
Diesel use, BAU 497 gallons
Renewable diesel percentage 100%
Emissions from diesel fuel 5 MTCO2e
Emissions from renewable diesel fuel 2 MTCO2e
Emissions reductions 3 MTCO2e
A-13

CITY EMPLOYEE COMMUTE
LCT-13
Reductions (MTCO2e)
-4 2030
Targets 5.6% reduction in employee commute VMT by 2030.

Methodology and
Assumptions
CAPCOA Measure TRT-1. VMT reduction is 5.4% for a suburban center location.

BAAQMD Transportation Fund for Clean Air guidance indicates a reduction of 0.2% of commute VMT for Guaranteed Ride Home Programs.

Sources California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, "Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resource for Local Government to Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures," August 2010.

BAAQMD Transportation Fund for Clean Air Guidance FYE 2018.

Calculation
2020 2030
Employee commute VMT, BAU 191,309 VMT
Reduction in VMT 5.6%
VMT avoided 10,713 VMT
Emissions reduction 4 MTCO2e
A-14

RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION AND STORAGE
RE-1
Reductions
(MTCO2e)
-157 2030
Targets Solar energy installations continue to grow by an average of 108 KW DC each year through 2030.

Methodology and
Assumptions
According to Project Sunroof, 82% of Belvedere buildings have roofs that are solarviable. These 813 roofs have the capacity for 10.8 MW DC and could generate 14,800,000 kWh per year, which is more than the 10,121,000 kWh consumed in Belvedere in 2019. Project Sunroof estimates there are 92 existing solar installations in Belvedere.

By 2019, approximately 550 KW of solar capacity had been installed in Belvedere, producing an estimated 797,000 kWh of electricity. 86 KW was installed in 2020 and 108 KW had been installed in 2021.

The analysis assumes new distributed solar capacity will be added at annual rate of rate of 108 KW DC each year, similar to the amount installed in 2021.

Sources Project Sunroof, https://www.google.com/get/sunroof/dataexplorer/place/ChIJRf47R3CahYARV2ndbPAFwMk/, accessed January 28, 2022.

California Distributed Generation Statistics, "NEM Currently Interconnected Data Set," https://www.californiadgstats.ca.gov/downloads/, November 2021.

Calculation
2030
Solar capacity added 2019 within City limits 550 KW DC
Estimated solar capacity added each year 108 KW DC
Additional solar through 2030 1,279 KW DC
kWh generated by 1 KW solar energy system 1,450 kWh
Additional electricity produced by distributed PV 1,854,889 kWh GHG emissions reductions, inc. grid loss 157 MTCO2e
A-15

MCE ELECTRICITY
RE-2
Reductions
(MTCO2e)
-374 2030
Targets MCE Light Green electricity is 95% GHG-free by 2030 and MCE continues to provide a Deep Green 100% GHG-free alternative.

Methodology and
Assumptions
The MCE Operational Integrated Resource Plan 2021-2030 states that MCE Light Green electricity is projected to be 95% GHG-free by 2022 and beyond. We have conservatively estimated a future GHG emission factor by assuming the remainder will be system power using the current emission factor set by CARB of 967.6 lbs CO2/MWh (eGrid 2019).

72.3% of the community electricity load was supplied with MCE Light Green electricity in 2019 and 2.72% with Deep Green electricity. The analysis assumes same percentage of Deep Green and Light Green electricity as in 2019.

Sources MCE Operational Integrated Resource Plan 2021-2030 (October 5, 2020), p.21. https://www.mcecleanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/MCEOperational-Integrated-Resource-Plan_2021.pdf Personal communication, Justin Kudo, MCE Manager of Account Services, [email protected], July 14 and 15, 2016.

Calculation
2030
Electricity use, BAU 10,489,877 kWh
Electricity saved through State actions 197,973 kWh
Less electricity saved through energy efficiency and renewable energy actions 2,609,921 kWh Net electricity use 7,681,983 kWh
Projected MCE Light Green electricity use (72.31% of total) 5,554,989 kWh Projected MCE Deep Green electricity use (2.72% of total) 208,800 kWh Electricity emissions w/MCE BAU 496 MTCO2e
Electricity emissions w/MCE 122 MTCO2e
GHG emission reductions 374 MTCO2e
A-16

BUILDING AND APPLIANCE ELECTRIFICATION
RE-3.a
Reductions
(MTCO2e)
-19.5 2030
Targets 3 cooktops, 5 water heaters and 10 heating systems are replaced with electric versions by 2030 through a Building Decarbonization incentive program.

Methodology and
Assumptions
Potential number of appliance replacements is based on the County's Electrify Marin program which provides cash rebates for natural gas appliance swap-outs. During the first three years of the program (January 2019 - January 2022), the program has provided rebates for 39 stoves cooktops/ranges, 67 water heaters, and 141 heating systems. We assume 0.8% of the replacements will take place in Belvedere homes based on Belvedere's share of countywide households in 2019. With continued funding, outreach, and education, we assume a Building Decarbonization incentive program can produce these results on an annual basis. As of January 2022, no rebates had been issued to Belvedere residents.

Sources 2019 California Residential Appliance Saturation Study, Volume 2. https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/surveys/2019-residential-appliancesaturation-study Personal communication with Dana Armanino, County of Marin, January 31, 2022.

Calculation
2030
Estimated annual natural gas use for stoves and cooktops 25 therms Estimated annual natural gas use for water heaters 278 therms Estimated annual natural gas use for space heating and cooling 261 therms Estimated annual electricity use for stoves and cooktops 71 kWh Estimated annual electricity use for water heaters 1,794 kWh Estimated annual electricity use for space heating and cooling 1,589 kWh Number of cooktops/ranges replaced countywide, annually 39 units Number of units water heaters replaced countywide, annually 67 units Number of heating systems replaced countywide, annually 141 units % share of county-wide replacements 0.8%
Number of cooktops/ranges replaced 2.8 units
Number of units water heaters replaced 4.8 units
Number of heating systems replaced 10.2 units
Natural gas savings 4,061 therms
Electricity consumption 24,985 kWh
GHG emissions reduction 19.5
MTCO2
e
A-17

BUILDING AND APPLIANCE ELECTRIFICATION
RE-3.b
Targets 24% of residential water heaters, 19% of residential cooktops, and 12% of residential dryers are replaced
with high efficiency electric appliances.

Reductions (MTCO2e)
-312 2030
Methodology and Assumptions We assume the ordinance applies to water heaters, stoves, cooktops, and clothes dryers in January 2025. We assume the high end of average life expectancies for
these appliances. We further assume one-third of
potential water heater replacements will be deemed
infeasible due to interior location of the water heater.

Sources 2019 California Residential Appliance Saturation Study, Volume 2, Table 11 (single family for dryer) and Table 33 (single family for water heater, dryer, and range/oven). https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/surveys/2019-
residential-appliance-saturation-study
California Department of Finance, E-5 Population and
Housing Estimates for 2010-2020 with 2010 Census
Benchmark
Calculation
2030
Number of single-family homes in Belvedere in 2020 881 units Estimated annual natural gas use for stove or cooktop 25 therms Estimated annual electricity use for induction stove or cooktop 71 kWh % stoves and cooktops replaced 19%
Estimated annual natural gas use for water heater 278 therms Estimated annual electricity use for heat pump water heater 1,441 kWh % water heaters replaced 24%
Estimated natural gas use for clothes dryer 12 therms
Estimated electricity use for clothes dryer 552 kWh
% clothes dryers replaced 12%
Natural gas use eliminated 64,707 therms
Additional electricity use 376,877 kWh
GHG emissions reductions 312 MTCO2e
A-18
Action
Reductions (MTCO2e)
-237
Sources
Methodology and
Assumptions
We assume adoption of an ordinance in that bans natural gas use in new residential buildings beginning in 2023 and new non-residential buildings in 2026.

Replacing residential space heating systems in Climate Forecast Zone 2 that use natural gas with systems that use heat pumps and electricity reduces emissions by an average of approximately 91% (derived from CRASS). We assume the same emissions reduction for electrifying non-residential space heating systems.

An estimated 91% of new homes use natural gas for ranges and ovens and 48% use natural gas for dryers (CRASS, Table 34). We assume the ordinance reduces these numbers 100%.

We assume all new homes use natural gas for primary space heating and water heating. We assume the ordinance reduces these numbers by 100%. Electricity used to power these systems is regulated under Title 24, which requires solar energy to supply energy requirements.

BUILDING AND APPLIANCE ELECTRIFICATION
RE-3.c
Prohibit the use of natural gas end uses in new residential buildings in the City’s green building ordinance that aligns with the 2022 California Building Standards code update. Extend the same prohibition to new nonresidential buildings in the 2025 code cycle.
2030
We assume a total of 112 new housing units between 2023 and 2030. 2019 California Residential Appliance Saturation Study, Volume 2, Table 11 (single family for dryer and range/oven), Table 15 (Forecast Zone 2 for water heating), Table 18 (Forecast Zone 2 for heat pump space conditioning), Table 33 (single family for water heater, dryer, and range/oven), and Table 37 (Forecast Zone 2 for primary heat and hot water heating).
https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/surveys/2019-residential-appliancesaturation-study California Energy Commission, California Commercial End-Use Survey (March 2006), https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-400-2006-005/CEC-400-2006- 005.PDF
California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, "Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resource for Local Government to Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures," August 2010.

A-19
Calculation
Residential 2030
New housing units, 2023-2030 158 units
Estimated natural gas use for space heating, per housing unit 261 therms Estimated natural gas use for water heating, per housing unit 278 therms Natural gas reduced beyond Title 24 requirements for heating systems 37,051 therms Estimated annual natural gas use for range/oven 25 therms Estimated natural gas use for clothes dryer 12 therms
Total natural gas reduced for appliances 4,505 therms
Estimated electricity use for range/oven 404 kWh
Estimated electricity use for clothes dryer 552 kWh
Total electricity used for electrified appliances 99,951 kWh GHG emissions reductions 229 MTCO2e
Commercial 2030
Natural gas reduced beyond Title 24 requirements 1,468 therms GHG emissions reductions 7 MTCO2e
A-20

ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMS
EE-1
Reductions
(MTCO2e)
-382 2030
Targets Natural gas consumption is reduced an average of 0.7% per year between 2020 and 2030.

Methodology and
Assumptions
We are forecasting an annual natural gas savings of 0.7% based on the following:

The National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency states among its key findings "consistently funded, well-designed programs are cutting annual savings for a given program year of 0.15 to 1 percent of energy sales." The American Council for an Energy-Efficiency Economy (ACEE) reports for states already operating substantial energy efficiency programs, energy efficiency goals of one percent, as a percentage of energy sales, is a reasonable level to target.

Natural gas consumption in Belvedere declined an average of 0.7% per year between 2005 and 2019. Although electricity use declined an average of 0.3% per year in Belvedere between 2005 and 2019, this was offset by solar production. Therefore, there were no net electricity consumption savings, and no electricity reductions are forecasted.

Sources National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency, July 2006, Section 6: Energy Efficiency Program Best Practices (pages 5-6).

Energy Efficiency Resource Standards: Experience and Recommendations, Steve Nadel, March 2006 ACEEE Report E063 (pages 28-30).

Calculation
2030
Community natural gas use, 2019 933,420 therms
Natural gas savings 71,873 therms
GHG emissions reductions 382 MTCO2e
A-21

ENERGY AUDITS
EE-C2
Reductions
(MTCO2e)
-16 2030
Targets 9 housing units implement energy efficiency projects between 2025 and 2030 due to ordinance requiring energy audits at time of sale.

Methodolog
y and
Assumption
s
Assumes program will be implemented in 2025 and program will require audits at time of sale but energy efficiency projects will be voluntary. Assumes 5% of audited housing units will implement energy efficiency upgrades based on findings from the City of Berkeley's Building Energy Saving Ordinance. Assume 31% Btu energy use reduction based on demonstrated Energy Upgrade California projects completed in Marin County between June 2010 and May 2012.
36 housing units sold annually, based on 2005-2020 average (Marin County Assessor).

Sources Marin County Assessor, http://www.marincounty.org/depts/ar/divisions/assessor/sales City of Berkeley, "Building Energy Savings Ordinance (BESO) Findings through Nov. 2016," December 7, 2016,
https://www.cityofberkeley.info/uploadedFiles/Planning_and_Development/Level_3_- _Energy_and_Sustainable_Development/Energy%20Commission%20Presentation%20Berkele y.pdf
Marin County Energy Watch Partnership, Dana Armanino, Sustainability Planner, County of Marin, [email protected]
Calculation
2030
Average household electricity use, 2019 9,037 kWh
Average household natural gas use, 2019 938 therms
Number of housing units sold annually 36 units
Number of housing units provided energy audits 180 units Percent of participating housing units 5%
Number of housing units implementing energy efficiency projects 9 units Electricity reduction 31%
Natural gas reduction 31%
Annual electricity savings 25,170 kWh
Natural gas savings 2,612 therms
Electricity emissions reduction, inc. grid loss 2 MTCO2e Natural gas emissions reduction 14 MTCO2e
Total GHG emissions reduction 16 MTCO2e
A-22

MUNICIPAL ENERGY CONSERVATION
EE-6
Reductions (MTCO2e)
-0.3 2030
Targets Reduce energy use in municipal buildings by 5%.

Methodology and Assumptions Energy management software is proven to reduce energy consumption by 10% through identifying inefficiencies within operations. A 5% reduction in energy use for miscellaneous behavioral changes by staff and mechanical operations and upgrading to Energy Star equipment were assumed.

There are no GHG savings attributed to electricity savings in this measure because the City was purchasing 100% renewable
electricity in 2018.

Sources Belvedere 2015 GHG Inventory for Government Operations Calculation
2030
Electricity consumption in municipal buildings 84,364 kWh Electricity emissions from municipal buildings 0 MTCO2e Natural gas emissions from municipal buildings 7 MTCO2e Percent reduction in energy use 5%
Reduction in electricity consumption 4,218 kWh
GHG emissions reductions 0.3 MTCO2e
A-23

WASTE DIVERSION MEASURES
WR-1 THROUGH 5
Reductions
(MTCO2e)
-345 2030
Targets A 75% reduction in organic waste from 2014 level by 2030 Methodology and
Assumptions
Passed in 2014, AB 1826 requires businesses to recycle their organic waste, depending on the amount of waste they generate per week. Organic waste means food waste, green waste, landscape and pruning waste, nonhazardous wood waste, and food-soiled paper waste that is mixed in with food waste. The law phases in mandatory recycling of commercial organics over time. In 2017, businesses that generate 4 cubic yards of organic waste per week were required to arrange for organic waste recycling services and divert all organic waste they produce. In 2019, the law extended to businesses that generate 4 cubic yards or more of commercial solid waste. The State law is intended to reduce statewide disposal of organic waste by 50% by 2020. If that target is not met, the law will be extended to cover businesses that generate 2 cubic yards or more of commercial solid waste.

Passed in 2016, SB 1383 establishes targets to achieve a 50% reduction in the level of the statewide disposal of organic waste from the 2014 level by 2020 and a 75% reduction by 2025. The law grants CalRecycle the regulatory authority required to achieve the organic waste disposal reduction targets and establishes an additional target that not less than 20% of currently disposed edible food is recovered for human consumption by 2025. In 2022, CalRecycle may begin to issue penalties for non-compliance. On January 1, 2024, the regulations may require local jurisdictions to impose penalties for noncompliance on regulated entities subject to their authority.

The State's Green Building Code (CALGreen) requires residential and non-residential development projects to recycle and/or salvage for reuse a minimum of 65% of the nonhazardous construction and demolition waste
Sources City of Belvedere 2019 Communitywide GHG Inventory Calculation
2030
Waste emissions less government operations, 2014 421.5 MTCO2e Reduction in waste emissions 75%
Targeted GHG emissions 105 MTCO2e
Waste emissions less government operations, 2019 451 MTCO2e GHG emissions reduction 345 MTCO2e
A-24

MUNICIPAL WASTE DIVERSION
WR-8
Reductions
(MTCO2e)
-14 2030
Targets A 75% reduction in organic waste from 2014 level by 2030 Methodology and
Assumptions
Passed in 2014, AB 1826 requires businesses to recycle their organic waste, depending on the amount of waste they generate per week. Organic waste means food waste, green waste, landscape and pruning waste, nonhazardous wood waste, and food-soiled paper waste that is mixed in with food waste. The law phases in mandatory recycling of commercial organics over time. In 2017, businesses that generate 4 cubic yards of organic waste per week were required to arrange for organic waste recycling services and divert all organic waste they produce. In 2019, the law extended to businesses that generate 4 cubic yards or more of commercial solid waste. The State law is intended to reduce statewide disposal of organic waste by 50% by 2020. If that target is not met, the law will be extended to cover businesses that generate 2 cubic yards or more of commercial solid waste.

Passed in 2016, SB 1383 establishes targets to achieve a 50% reduction in the level of the statewide disposal of organic waste from the 2014 level by 2020 and a 75% reduction by 2025. The law grants CalRecycle the regulatory authority required to achieve the organic waste disposal reduction targets and establishes an additional target that not less than 20% of currently disposed edible food is recovered for human consumption by 2025. In 2022, CalRecycle may begin to issue penalties for non-compliance. On January 1, 2024, the regulations may require local jurisdictions to impose penalties for noncompliance on regulated entities subject to their authority.

The State's Green Building Code (CALGreen) requires residential and non-residential development projects to recycle and/or salvage for reuse a minimum of 65% of the nonhazardous construction and demolition waste
Sources City of Belvedere 2015 Local Government Operations GHG Inventory Calculation
2030
Waste emissions, 2014 18.5 MTCO2e
Reduction in waste emissions 75%
Targeted GHG emissions 5 MTCO2e
Waste emissions, 2019 18 MTCO2e
GHG emissions reduction 14 MTCO2e
A-25
Reductions (MTCO2e)
0 2030
Targets
Methodology and
Assumptions
Sources

COMMUNITY WATER USE
WC-1
Water consumption in Belvedere fell 24% between 2005 and 2019, or approximately 1.7% per year. We conservatively assume water consumption will continue to fall an average of 1% per year based on the following legislation and water conservation programs:
-MMWD's regulations meet or exceed State law that requires single family homes and commercial and multi-family buildings to replace all non-compliant plumbing fixtures when remodeling and upon resale (resale requirement for commercial and multi-family buildings will be in effect on January 1, 2019).
1% annual water consumption reduction.
-MMWD began purchasing 100% renewable electricity in 2017 and Sonoma County Water agency, which provides approximately 25% of water, began purchasing 100% renewable electricity in 2015. We assume the water agencies will continue this practice.

Personal communication with Carrie Pollard, Sonoma Marin Water Saving Partnership Refining Estimates of Water-Related Energy Use in California, California Energy Commission, Dec. 2006
The Climate Registry for Sonoma County Water Agency emission factors -The California Energy Commission estimates that it takes 3,500 kWh of electricity per million gallons to convey, treat and distribute water from the water source to the customer in northern California.
-MMWD has adopted a Water Waste Ordinance and requires drinking water and linen washing upon request at restaurants and hotels.
-MMWD has adopted a landscape water conservation ordinance which applies to all new construction and rehabilitated landscape projects requiring a building permit, plan check, or design review. Irrigation controllers are required under CALGreen. -MMWD provides rebates for water-efficient toilets, clothes washers, hot water recirculation systems, turf replacement, pool covers, mulch, graywater systems, and rain barrels.
-MMWD provides residential and commercial building and landscape water audits and free-water saving devices (faucet aerators, showerheads, toilet leak test dye tablets, hose nozzles, etc.).
-MMWD provides residential and commercial building and landscape water audits and free-water saving devices (faucet aerators, showerheads, toilet leak test dye tablets, hose nozzles, etc.).
-New commercial and multi-family construction is required to meet CALGreen code.

MMWD requires all plumbing installed, replaced, or moved on any new or existing service to have high efficiency fixtures and meet minimum requirements. -MMWD requires applicants for new water service and applicants requesting an enlarged water service for substantial residential or commercial remodels to install a graywater recycling system to reuse the maximum practicable amount of graywater on site.

GHG reduction calculations are based upon the following:
-MMWD provides virtual water-friendly garden tours on its website. -MMWD conducts outreach and provides water conservation information to water users on its website.

A-26
Calculation

2030
Water consumption, BAU 85 MG
Annual water consumption reduction 1 %
Potential annual water savings 9 MG
GHG emissions reduction 0.3 MTCO2e
A-27
Program Description
Reductions (MTCO2e)
-699 2030
Methodology and
Assumptions
Sources
Passenger VMT BAU 11,592,967 VMT
8,658,324 VMT
Commercial VMT BAU 346,303 VMT
Emissions, BAU 3,457 MTCO2e
Emissions with regulations 2,759 MTCO2e
Reduction in emissions 699 MTCO2e
California Air Resources Board, EMFAC2021 v.1.0.1.

LIGHT AND HEAVY DUTY FLEET REGULATIONS
State Action
Transportation emissions estimated using EMFAC 2021.

Current federal and State regulations and standards will reduce transportation emissions from the light and heavy duty fleet. Regulations and policies covered in EMFAC 2021 are identIfied in the EMFAC 2021 Technical Document.

Calculation
2030
Passenger VMT, net reductions from other measures
California Air Resources Board, EMFAC2021 Volume III Technical Document v.1.0.1, April 2021. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2021- 08/emfac2021_technical_documentation_april2021.pdf
A-28
State Action
Program Description
Reductions (MTCO2e)
-36 2030
Methodology and
Assumptions
10,489,877 kWh
197,973 kWh
2,411,948 kWh
1,519,647 kWh
447,981 kWh
101 MTCO2e
65 MTCO2e
GHG emission reductions 36 MTCO2e
Electricity use, BAU
Net electricity use (PG&E)
Electricity emissions, BAU
Electricity emissions w/RPS
Electricity saved through local actions
Net electricity use (DA)
Electricity saved through other State actions
2030
This State Action assumes PG&E and Direct Access entities will meet the Renewable Portfolio Standard requirements and that these entities will carry the same share of the community's electricity load as in 2019. GHG reductions related to MCE's GHG reduction policies are quantified separately as a local action.

Calculation

RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARD
For 2030, the CPUC has set electric sector GHG reductions at a level that represents a 50% reduction from 2015 levels. We therefore apply a 50% reduction the DA 2015 CO2 emission factor to forecast the 2030 emission factor. Since the PG&E 2019 emission factor was lower than the legislated threshold, we assume the 2019 emission factor for 2030. CH4 and N2O factors are kept constant at 2019 levels.

PG&E, "Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors: Guidance for PG&E Customers," November 2015,
https://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/shared/environment/calculator/pge_gh g_emission_factor_info_sheet.pdf
Established in 2002 in Senate Bill 1078, the Renewable Portfolio Standard program requires electricity providers to increase the portion of energy that comes from eligible renewable sources, including solar, wind, small hydroelectric, geothermal, biomass and biowaste, to 20 percent by 2010 and to 33 percent by 2020. Senate Bill 350, passed in September of 2015, increases the renewable requirement to 50 percent by the end of 2030. Senate Bill 100, passed in September 2018, accelerated the RPS standard to 60 percent by 2030 and zerocarbon by 2045.

California Public Utilities Code Section 454.52 requires each load-serving entity to procure at least 50 percent eligible renewable energy resources by 2030 and to meet the economywide reductions of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030.

Sources
California Public Utilities Commission "CPUC Adopts Groundbreaking Path to Reduce Greenhouse Gases in Electric Sector," Press Release Docket #: R.16-02-007, Feb. 8, 2018.

A-29
Program Description
Reductions (MTCO2e)
-228
Methodology
Sources
Estimated energy reductions for the 2019 building codes based on information provided by the California Energy Commission. CAPCOA Measure BE-1 used for estimating building energy savings. The analysis assumes all residential electricity use subject to Title 24 is offset by mandatory solar installation beginning with the 2019 building code.

California Air Pollution Control Officers Association, "Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resource for Local Government to Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures," August, 2010.

California Energy Commission, California Commercial End-Use Survey (March 2006), https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-400-2006-005/CEC400-2006-005.PDF California Energy Commission,
https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/title24/2019standards/documents/2018_Title_24_2 019_Building_Standards_FAQ.pdf
2009 California Residential Appliance Saturation Study (CRASS), Volume 2. http://www.energy.ca.gov/2010publications/CEC-200-2010-004/CEC-200-2010- 004-V2.PDF
Personal communication with Rebecca Markwick, Senior Planner, City of Belvedere.

The 2022 Building Code increases establishes an energy budget based on efficient heat pumps or water heaters to encourage installation of heat pumps over gas-fueled HVAC units and requires homes to be electric-ready, with dedicated 240-volt outlets and space so electric appliances can eventually replace installed gas appliances. We assume the State Building Code will require net zero energy residential buildings beginning in 2026 and net zero energy non-residential beginning in 2029.

TITLE 24 ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS
State Action
Estimated residential energy use assumes homes use natural gas for primary space heating and water heating. The analysis assumes all new homes install central air conditioning and outdoor lighting. Only end uses covered by Title 24 are included in the analysis. Housing development projections provided by Belvedere staff. New units include teardown/rebuilds and major remodels that trigger an equivalent new construction requirement.
2030
The California Energy Commission (CEC) promotes energy efficiency and conservation by setting the State’s building efficiency standards. Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations consists of regulations that cover the structural, electrical, mechanical, and plumbing system of every building constructed or altered after 1978. The building energy efficiency standards are updated on an approximate three-year cycle, and each cycle imposes increasingly higher demands on energy efficiency and decarbonization.

A-30
Calculation
Energy Savings for 2019 Code
(assumed for development
2020-2022)
Projected average
reduction 2023-2030
from 2019 baseline
Reductions from Title 24 Upgrades Electricity
Savings
Natural
Gas
Savings
Electricity
Savings
Natural
Gas
Savings
Residential New Construction 100.00% 7% 100% 50%
Non-residential New Construction 30% 30% 50% 50%
Projected Residential Development with Title 24 Energy Reductions 2020-
2022 2023-2030
TOTAL
through
2030
GHG
Reductions
through
2030
New Residential (units) 2 158 160
Electricity Use BAU, subject to Title 24 1,902 1,427,892 1,429,794 Electricity Use Savings 1,902 99,952 101,854 9
Natural Gas Use BAU 938 74,102 75,040
Natural Gas Use Savings 66 37,051 37,117 197
Projected Non-Residential Development with Title 24 Energy Reductions 2020-
2022 2023-2030
TOTAL
through
2030
GHG
Reductions
through
2030
New/remodeled commercial sq. ft. 0 24,120 24,120
Electricity Use BAU, subject to Title 24 0 192,236 192,236 Electricity Use Savings 0 96,118 96,118 8
Natural Gas Use BAU 0 5,138 5,138
Natural Gas Use Savings 0 2,569 2,569 14
A-31
Reductions (MTCO2e)
-58 2030
Action
Methodology and
Assumptions
Sources
9,375 gallons
83 MTCO2e
70%
58 MTCO2e
Calculation
2030
Regulated SORE gasoline consumption subject to 2024 ban Emissions from regulated SORE, BAU
Reduction (7 years at 10% each year)
Emissions reductions

SMALL OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT
State Action
Implementation of AB 1346
In October 2021, the state passed AB 1346, which states, “By July 1, 2022, the state board shall, consistent with federal law, adopt cost-effective and technologically feasible regulations to prohibit engine exhaust and evaporative emissions from new small off-road engines, as defined by the state board. Those regulations shall apply to engines produced on or after January 1, 2024.” In December 2021, CARB adopted small off-road engines (SORE) regulations that require most newly manufactured small off-road engines to be zero emission starting in 2024. Portable generators, including those in recreational vehicles, and large pressure washers will be required to meet more stringent standards in 2024 and meet zero-emission standards starting in 2028.

OFFROAD 2021 (v1.0.1)
SORE are spark-ignition engines rated at or below 19 kilowatts. Engines in this category are primarily used for lawn, garden, and other outdoor power equipment. Engines that use diesel fuel and engines that are used in stationary equipment, including standby generators, are not subject to the SORE regulations. Federal law also preempts states from regulating new engines which are used in construction equipment or vehicles or used in farm equipment or vehicles, and which are smaller than 175 horsepower.

For this action SORE subject to the 2024 ban includes lawn mowers, leaf blowers, trimmers, edgers, chainsaws <45 cc, riding mowers, and log splitters. This equipment consumed 1,171,773 gallons of gasoline in 2019 (OFFROAD 2021).

Similar to the off-road emissions inventory, we assume 0.8% of emissions are attributable to Belvedere based on its share of countywide households in 2019.

Generators and pressure washers are not included because they are not included in the City's GHG inventory. We assume an average lifespan of 10 years.

B-1
Appendix B: 2019 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report for
Communitywide Emissions

CITY OF BELVEDERE

COMMUNITY GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
INVENTORY FOR THE YEAR 2019
January 2022
Prepared by the
Marin Climate & Energy Partnership

TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
INTRODUCTION 2
PURPOSE OF INVENTORY 2
GENERAL METHODOLOGY 2
COMMUNITY INVENTORY 4
COMMUNITY INVENTORY SUMMARY 4
PER CAPITA EMISSIONS 6
MAJOR SOURCES OF EMISSIONS 7
BUILT ENVIRONMENT - ELECTRICITY 7
BULT ENVIRONMENT - NATURAL GAS 8
TRANSPORTATION 9
WASTE DISPOSAL 9
WATER USE 10

APPENDIX A-1
Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Belvedere publishes annual community greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions estimates through the Marin Climate & Energy Partnership (MCEP). Annual inventories help the City to more closely monitor its progress in meeting its goal to reduce community emissions. The City also publishes GHG emissions inventories for municipal operations approximately every five years.

Municipal emissions accounted for approximately 1% of community emissions when the municipal inventory was last conducted for year 2015.

This report reviews emissions generated from the community from 2005 through 2019, the most recent year data is available. The inventory shows that the Belvedere community has reduced emissions 26% since 2005. Emissions dropped from about 14,855 metric tons carbon dioxide equivalents (MTCO2e) in 2005 to 10,935 MTCO2e in 2019.

The community emissions trend and targets are shown below. Belvedere has met its goal to reduce emissions 15% below 2005 levels by 2020. The community needs to reduce emissions another 3,360 MTCO2e to meet the statewide target for 2030, which is 40% below 1990 levels, and another 8,410 MTCO2e to meet the statewide target for 2050, which is 80% below 1990 levels.

FIGURE 1: BELVEDERE GHG EMISSIONS AND TARGETS
Recognizing the need for a collaborative approach to greenhouse gas reductions, city, town, and county leaders launched the Marin Climate and Energy Partnership (MCEP) in 2007. The City of Belvedere is a member of MCEP and works with representatives from the County of Marin and the other Marin cities and townsto address and streamline the implementation of a variety of greenhouse gas reduction measures. Funding for this inventory was provided by the Marin County Energy Watch Partnership, which administers public goods charges collected by PG&E. Community inventories are available on the MCEP website at marinclimate.org and are used to update the Marin Sustainability Tracker.
0 2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
1990
(est.)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 MTCO2e
2020 Goal
2030 Goal
2050 Goal
THE TAKEAWAY:

COMMUNITY EMISSIONS ARE
DOWN 26% SINCE 2005
Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 2

INTRODUCTION

PURPOSE OF INVENTORY
The objective of this greenhouse gas emissions inventory is to identify the sources and quantify the amounts of greenhouse gas emissions generated by the activities of the Belvedere community in 2019. This inventory provides a comparison to 2005 and estimated 1990 emissions and identifies the sectors where significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions have occurred. In some instances, previous year emissions were updated with new data and/or recalculated to ensure the same methodology was employed for all inventory years.

GENERAL METHODOLOGY
This inventory uses the national standard for the accounting and reporting of community-wide greenhouse gas emissions, the U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, version 1.2 (July 2019). Quantification methodologies, emission factors, and activity and source data are detailed in the appendix.

Community emissions are categorized according to seven sectors:
 Built Environment - Electricity
 Built Environment – Natural Gas
 Transportation
 Off-Road Vehicles and Equipment
 Waste
 Water
 Wastewater

CALCULATING EMISSIONS
Emissions are quantified by multiplying the measurable activity data – e.g., kilowatt hours of electricity, therms of natural gas, gallons of diesel or gasoline, etc. – by emissions factors specific to the greenhouse gas-generating source.

Most emissions factors are the same from year to year. Emission factors for electricity, however, change from year to year due to the specific sources that are used to produce electricity. For example, electricity that is produced from coal generates more greenhouse gases than electricity that is generated from natural gas and therefore has a higher emissions factor. Electricity that is produced solely from renewable energy sources such as solar and wind has an emissions factor of zero.

This inventory calculates individual greenhouse gases – i.e., carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide – and converts each greenhouse gas emission to a standard metric, known as “carbon dioxide equivalents” or CO2e, to provide an apple-to-apples comparison among the various emissions. Table 1 shows the greenhouse gases identified in this inventory and their global warming potential (GWP), a measure of the amount of warming each gas causes when compared to a similar amount of carbon dioxide over 100 years. Methane, for example, is 28 times as potent as carbon dioxide over 100 years; therefore, one metric ton of methane is equivalent to 28 metric tons of carbon dioxide. Greenhouse gas emissions are reported in this inventory as metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents, or MTCO2e.

Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 3
TABLE 1: GREENHOUSE GASES
Gas Chemical
Formula Emission Source Global Warming Potential
Carbon Dioxide CO2
Combustion of natural gas, gasoline,
diesel, and other fuels 1
Methane CH4
Combustion, anaerobic decomposition
of organic waste in landfills and
wastewater
28 Nitrous Oxide N2O Combustion, wastewater treatment 265 Source: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (2014), 100-year values

TYPES OF EMISSIONS
Emissions from each of the greenhouse gases can come in a number of forms:
 Stationary or mobile combustion resulting from the on-site combustion of fuels (natural gas, diesel, gasoline, etc.) to generate heat or electricity, or to power vehicles and equipment.  Purchased electricity resulting from the generation of power from utilities outside the jurisdictional boundary.
 Fugitive emissions resulting from the unintentional release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, such as methane from waste decomposition.
 Process emissions from physical or chemical processing of a material, such as wastewater treatment.

UNDERSTANDING TOTALS
The totals listed in the tables and discussed in the report are a summation of emissions using available estimation methods. Each inventoried sector may have additional emissions sources associated with them that were unaccounted for due to a lack of data or robust quantification methods. For example, greenhouse gas emissions associated with air travel and the production of goods outside the community’s boundary are not included in the inventory. Additionally, the community inventory does not include refrigerants released into the atmosphere from the use of air conditioning in cars and buildings.

Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 4

COMMUNITY INVENTORY

COMMUNITY INVENTORY SUMMARY
In 2005, the activities taking place by the Belvedere community resulted in approximately 14,855 metric tons of CO2e. 1 In 2019, those activities resulted in approximately 10,935 metric tons of CO2e, a reduction of 26% from 2005 levels, which is equivalent to 13% below 1990 levels.

The community inventory tracks emissions in seven sectors:
• The Built Environment – Electricity sector represents emissions generated from the use of electricity in Belvedere homes and commercial and governmental buildings and facilities 2 .
• The Built Environment – Natural Gas sector represents emissions generated from the use of natural gas in Belvedere homes and commercial, industrial, and governmental buildings and facilities. Propane used as a primary heating source is also included, although it represents less than 1% of emissions in this sector. • The Transportation sector includes tailpipe emissions from passenger vehicle trips originating and ending in Belvedere, as well as a share of tailpipe emissions generated by medium and heavy-duty vehicles travelling on Marin County roads. The sector also includes emissions from Marin Transit buses as these vehicles travel within Belvedere’s boundaries. Electricity used to power electric vehicles is embedded in electricity consumption reported in the Built Environment - Electricity sector. • The Waste sector represents fugitive methane emissions that are generated over time as organic material decomposes in the landfill. Although most methane is captured or flared off at the landfill, approximately 25% escapes into the atmosphere.
• The Off-Road sector represents emissions from the combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel from the operation of off-road vehicles and equipment used for construction and landscape maintenance. • The Water sector represents emissions from energy used to pump, treat, and convey potable water from the water source to Belvedere water users.
• The Wastewater sector represents stationary, process and fugitive greenhouse gases that are created during the treatment of wastewater generated by the community as well as emissions created from electricity used to convey and treat wastewater.
1 Baseline and historical emissions are recalculated in the annual inventory to integrate new data and improved calculation methodologies and to ensure consistent comparison across each year. For this reason, emission levels may differ from levels reported in previous inventories. 2 Previous inventories categorized emissions from electricity, natural gas, and propane in the built environment according to the Residential and Non-Residential sectors. Beginning with this inventory, we are categorizing emissions in the built environment as Electricity and Natural Gas in order to align and better track with the Climate Action Plan’s goals to electrify the built environment.

Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 5
Figure 2 shows the relative contribution of emissions from these sectors in 2019. The use of natural gas and propane in the Built Environment represent the largest share of communitywide emissions (46%), while the Transportation sector accounts for 41% of emissions.

FIGURE 2: EMISSIONS BY SECTOR, 2019
Table 2 shows how emissions in each sector have changed since 2005. The greatest reductions have occurred in the Built Environment – Electricity sector (1,696 MTCO2e), followed by the Transportation sector (1,226 MTCO2e) and the Built Environment – Natural Gas sector (572 MTCO2e). The likely reasons for the largest emissions decreases are described in the remainder of this report.

Built Environment -
Electricity
7%
Waste
4%
Transportation
41%
Water & Wastewater
<1%
Off-Road
1%
Built
Environment -
Natural Gas
46%
Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 6
TABLE 2: EMISSIONS SUMMARY BY SECTOR (MTCO2E), 2005 THROUGH 2019 Year
Built Environment - ElectricityBuilt Environment– Natural Gas TransportationWasteOff-RoadWaterWastewaterTotal
% Change
from 2005
1990 (est.)1 12,627
2005 2,512 5,559 5,707 699 212 87 79 14,855
2006 2,388 5,787 5,877 689 220 76 77 15,114 2%
2007 3,204 5,440 5,922 617 259 101 89 15,631 5%
2008 3,235 5,450 5,792 512 212 93 90 15,383 4%
2009 3,033 5,425 5,509 440 178 93 83 14,762 -1%
2010 2,133 5,518 5,315 430 159 53 73 13,681 -8%
2011 1,975 5,573 5,186 420 154 38 70 13,416 -10%
2012 2,083 5,204 5,178 435 151 40 75 13,167 -11%
2013 2,012 5,161 5,095 441 148 47 77 12,981 -13%
2014 1,830 4,412 4,877 440 147 42 72 11,821 -20%
2015 1,776 4,614 5,068 461 145 33 71 12,168 -18%
2016 1,449 4,839 4,657 536 143 24 63 11,711 -21%
2017 649 4,824 4,630 559 140 7 59 10,868 -27%
2018 701 4,883 4,543 494 136 3 59 10,817 -27%
2019 817 4,987 4,480 469 131 3 48 10,935 -26%
Change
from 2005 -1,696 -572 -1,226 -230 -80 -84 -31 -3,920
% Change
from 2005 -68% -10% -21% -33% -38% -97% -39% -26%
1 Per California Air Resources Board guidance, 1990 levels are estimated at 15% below 2005 levels.

PER CAPITA EMISSIONS
Per capita emissions can be a useful metric for measuring progress in reducing greenhouse gases and for comparing one community’s emissions with neighboring cities and against regional and national averages. That said, due to differences in emission inventory methods, it can be difficult to produce directly comparable per capita emissions numbers. Per capita emission rates may be compared among Marin jurisdictions, although some jurisdictions may have higher rates due to the presence of commercial and industrial uses.

Dividing the total communitywide GHG emissions by residents yields a result of 7.2 metric tons CO2e per capita in 2005. Per capita emissions decreased 30% between 2005 and 2019, falling to 5.2 metric tons per person. Figure 3 shows the trend in per capita emissions over time. It is important to understand that this number is not the same as the carbon footprint of the average individual living in Belvedere, which would include lifecycle emissions, emissions resulting from air travel, etc.

Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 7
FIGURE 3: EMISSIONS PER CAPITA

MAJOR SOURCES OF EMISSIONS
The following sections provide a year-by-year analysis of the changes in source GHG emissions in the Built Environment, Transportation, Waste and Water sectors. Whenever possible, each section discusses the change in emissions from previous years and the likely influence of state and local programs or policies and external factors on reducing emissions.

BUILT ENVIRONMENT - ELECTRICITY
Electricity use in homes and businesses in Belvedere decreased about 5% between 2005 and 2019. Greenhouse gas emissions from electricity consumption decreased 68% since 2005, as shown in Figure 3. This is primarily due to the lower carbon intensity of electricity. PG&E has been steadily increasing the amount of renewable energy in its electricity mix. In 2019, PG&E electricity came from a mix of renewable (29%), large hydroelectric (27%), and nuclear (44%) energy sources and was virtually GHG-free. 3 The carbon intensity of MCE Light Green electricity was more carbon intensive in 2019 than the previous two years but was still below the 10-year average. In 2019, about 3.6% of MCE electricity purchased by Belvedere customers was 100% renewable Deep Green electricity, including electricty purchased by the City government.
3 PG&E, 2019 Power Mix, https://www.pge.com/pge_global/common/pdfs/your-account/your-bill/understandyour-bill/bill-inserts/2020/1220-PowerContent-ADA.pdf

7.2 7.4 7.6 7.5 7.2

6.6 6.5 6.3 6.1

5.6 5.7 5.5 5.1 5.1 5.2

0.0 1.0

2.0 3.0

4.0 5.0

6.0 7.0

8.0 9.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 MTCO2e Per Persoon
Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 8

BUILT ENVIRONMENT - NATURAL GAS
Natural gas is used in residential and commercial buildingsto provide space and water heating and power appliances.

Use of natural gas is highly variable depending on the weather conditions. This variability has led natural gas use consumption in Belvedere to fluctuate from year to year, from a high of 1.04 million therms in 2011 to a low of 0.83 million therms in 2014. Estimated natural gas consumption rose 2% between 2018 and 2019 and was 10% below the 2005 level.

FIGURE 5: NATURAL GAS USE AND EMISSIONS
Reduction in energy use may be attributed to energy efficiency programs and rebates, local green building ordinances, and State building codes. California’s goal is to require all new residential and commercial buildings to be zero net energy by 2030.
0 1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
0 200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
MTCO2e
Therms
Natural Gas Use Natural Gas Emissions
FIGURE 4: ELECTRICITY USE AND EMISSIONS
0 500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
0 2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
MTCO2e
kWh
Electricity Use Electricity Emissions
Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 9

TRANSPORTATION
Transportation activities accounted for approximately 41% of Belvedere’s emissions in 2019. Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) have decreased approximately 5% since 2005, and transportation emissions have decreased even more – by 21% – due to more fuel-efficient and alternatively fueled cars (Figure 6). As shown in Figure 7, most transportation emissions come from passenger vehicles, accounting for 91% of transportation emissions in 2019. Marin County continues to be a leader in zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) – second only to Santa Clara County – with 8,600 ZEVs in Marin at the end of 2019, or about 4% of registered automobiles. ZEVs include battery electric cars, plug-in hybrid electric cars, hydrogen fuel cell cars, and zero-emission motorcycles. Belvedere had over 140 ZEVs by the end of 2019, approximately one for every six households.

While it is difficult to pinpoint exactly how each land use and transportation policy affects emissions, the City has undertaken efforts to reduce transportation emissions. The City encourages workforce housing and has made it easier for residents to use carbon-free modes of transportation, such as bicycling and walking, through improvements to the transportation network. The City has also encouraged electric vehicle adoption by installing chargers at City Hall.

FIGURE 6: TRANSPORTATION VMT AND EMISSIONS
-500
500
1,500
2,500
3,500
4,500
5,500
6,500
0 2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
MTCO2e
VMT (Thousands)
VMT Transportation Emissions
Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 10
FIGURE 7: TRANSPORTATION EMISSIONS BY VEHICLE TYPE

WASTE DISPOSAL
Waste generated by the community hit a low in 2011 but has since increased as shown in Figure 8 (based on countywide disposal data). Total landfilled waste (including alternative daily cover) 4 decreased 6% between 2018 and 2019 and was 10% below the 2005 baseline. Emissions from waste disposal decreased 33% due to the lower organic content of material used for alternative daily cover.

FIGURE 8: DISPOSED WASTE AND EMISSIONS
4 Alternative daily cover is cover material other than earthen material placed on the surface of the active face of a municipal solid waste landfill at the end of each operating day to control vectors, fires, odors, blowing litter, and scavenging. 0 1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Passenger Comercial Buses
0 100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
MTCO2e
Tons
Waste (tons) Wate Emissions
Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 11

WATER USE
District-wide, per capita water use declined 25% since 2005. Emissions, which are based on an estimate of energy used to pump, treat, and convey water from the water source to the City limits, dropped 97% between 2005 and 2019. The reduction is primarily due to the lower carbon intensity of electricity. The Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD) began purchasing MCE Deep Green electricity in mid-2017. The Sonoma County Water Agency (SCWA), which supplies approximately 24% of MMWD’s water in 2019, uses renewable and carbon-free sources for its electricity needs; a small amount of emissions comes from stationary and mobile combustion of fuels used in SCWA’s operations.

FIGURE 9: WATER CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS
FIGURE 10: PER CAPITA WATER USE

MMWD provides rebates and programs to reduce water use. Rebates are available to replace fixtures with highefficiency clothes washers and to purchase cisterns and rain barrels. MMWD provides free home and landscape water-use evaluations as well as free high-efficiency showerheads and faucet aerators. 0 20
40 60
80 100
120
0 20
40 60
80 100
120
MTCO2e
Million Gallons
Water use MG Water Emissions
142 144 145 146
132 126 124 130
139
117 112
101 106 110 107
0 20
40 60
80 100
120
140
160
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Gallons per Capita per Day
Source: Marin Municipal Water District
Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix A-1 APPENDIX: COMMUNITY INVENTORY
Community GHG Emissions Summary Table
Jurisdiction: City of Belvedere Inventory Year: 2019
Population: 2,092 (CA Department of Finance, May 2021) Date Prepared: January 18, 2022 Number of Households: 919 (CA Department of Finance, May 2021) Reporting Framework: Communitywide Activities ID
Emissions Type
Source
or
Activity
Included,
Required
Activities
Included,
Optional
Activities
Excluded
(IE, NA,
NO or NE) Notes
Emissions
(MTCO2e)

1.0 Built Environment

1.1 Use of fuel in residential and commercial stationary combustion equipment Both ● 4,987

1.2 Industrial stationary sources Source NE

1.3 Power generation in the community Source NO

1.4 Use of electricity in the community Activity ● Includes transmission and distribution losses 817

1.5 District heating/cooling facilities in the community Source NE

1.6 Use of district heating/cooling facilities in the community Activity NE

1.7 Industrial process emissions in the community Source NO

1.8 Refrigerant leakage in the community Source NE

2.0 Transportation and Other Mobile Sources

2.1 On-road passenger vehicles operating within the community boundary Source IE Obtained data for preferred activitybased method instead

2.2 On-road passenger vehicles associated with community land uses Activity ● 4,062

2.3 On-road freight and service vehicles operating within the community boundary Source IE Obtained data for preferred activitybased method instead

2.4 On-road freight and service vehicles associated with community land uses Activity ● 413

2.5 On-road transit vehicles associated with community land uses Activity ● 6

2.6 Transit rail vehicles operating with the community boundary Source NO

2.7 Use of transit rail travel by the community Activity NE Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix A-2

2.8 Inter-city passenger rail vehicles operating within the community boundary Source NO

2.9 Freight rail vehicles operating within the community boundary Source NO

2.10 Marine vessels operating within the community boundary Source NE

2.11 Use of ferries by the community Activity NE

2.12 Off-road surface vehicles and other mobile equipment operating within the community boundary Source ● 131

2.13 Use of air travel by the community Activity NE

3.0 Solid Waste

3.1 Operation of solid waste disposal facilities in the community Source NE

3.2 Generation and disposal of solid waste by the community Activity ● Includes alternative daily cover 469

4.0 Water and Wastewater

4.1 Operation of water delivery facilities in the community Source IE Energy use is included in 1.1 and 1.4

4.2 Use of energy associated with use of potable water by the community Activity ● 3

4.3 Use of energy associated with generation of wastewater by the community Activity ● 0

4.4 Process emissions from operation of wastewater treatment facilities located in the community Source NO

4.5 Process emissions associated with generation of wastewater by the community Activity ● 48

4.6 Use of septic systems in the community Source NE

5.0 Agriculture

5.1 Domesticated animal production Source NE

5.2 Manure decomposition and treatment Source NE

6.0 Upstream Impacts of Communitywide Activities

6.1 Upstream impacts of fuels used in stationary applications by the community Activity NE

6.2 Upstream and transmission and distribution (T&D) impacts of purchased electricity used by the community Activity IE Transmission and distribution losses included in 1.4

6.3 Upstream impacts of fuels used by water and wastewater facilities for water used and wastewater generated within the community boundary
Activity IE

6.4 Upstream impacts of select materials (concrete, food, paper, carpets, etc.) sued by the whole community. Activity NE Legend
IE – Included Elsewhere: Emissions for this activity are estimated and presented in another category of the inventory. The category where these emissions are included should be noted in the explanation.

Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix A-3 NE – Not Estimated: Emissions occur but have not been estimate or reported (e.g., data unavailable, effort required not justifiable).

NA – Not Applicable: The activity occurs but does not cause emissions; explanation should be provided.

NO – Not Occurring: The source or activity does not occur or exist within the community.

Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix A-4 Community Emissions Data Sources and Calculation Methodologies Sector/ID Emissions Source Source and/or Activity Data Emission Factor and Methodology

1.0 Built Environment

1.1 Stationary
Combustion
Stationary Combustion
(CO2, CH4 & N2O)
Known fuel use (meter readings by PG&E) and estimated fuel use (American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, and U.S.

Energy Information Administration Household Site Fuel
Consumption data).

Default CO2, CH4 & N2O emission factors by fuel type (U.S.

Community Protocol v. 1.1 Tables B.1 and B.3). U.S. Community Protocol v. 1.1, Appendix C, Method BE.1.1 and BE.1.2.

1.4 Electricity Use
Electricity Use (CO2, CH4 &
N2O)
Known electricity use (meter readings by PG&E and MCE) and estimated direct access electricity consumption.

Verified utility-specific emission factors (PG&E and MCE) and eGrid subregion default emission factors. U.S. Community Protocol v. 1.1, Appendix C, Method BE.2.1.

Electric Power
Transmission and
Distribution Losses
(CO2, CH4 & N2O)
Estimated electricity grid loss for Western region from eGrid. U.S. Community Protocol v. 1.1, Appendix C, Method BE.4.1.

2.0 Transportation and Other Mobile Sources

2.2 On-Road
Passenger
Vehicle
Operation
On-Road Mobile
Combustion (CO2)
Estimated passenger vehicle miles traveled associated with origin and destination land uses (Metropolitan Transportation Commission, http://capvmt.us-west2.elasticbeanstalk.com/data).

CO2 for on-road passenger vehicles quantified in the
EMFAC2021 v.1.0.1 model. Passenger vehicle emissions
calculated according to U.S. Community Protocol v. 1.1, Appendix D, Method TR.1.A.

On-Road Mobile
Combustion
(CH4 & N2O)
Estimated vehicle miles traveled associated with origin and destination land uses (Metropolitan Transportation
Commission, http://capvmt.us-west2.elasticbeanstalk.com/data).

CH4 and N2O for on-road passenger vehicles quantified in the EMFAC2017 model and adjusted for IPCC AR5 100-year values.

Passenger vehicle emissions calculated according to U.S.

Community Protocol v. 1.1, Appendix D, Method TR.1.A.

2.4 On-Road
Freight and
Service Truck
Freight
Operation
On-Road Mobile
Combustion (CO2)
Estimated commercial vehicle miles traveled within the
boundary (Metropolitan Transportation Commission utilizing the 2017 Regional Transportation Plan).

CO2 for on-road commercial vehicles quantified in the
EMFAC2021 v.1.0.1 model. Emissions allocated utilizing LEHD data according to U.S. Community Protocol v. 1.1, Appendix D, Method TR.2.A.

On-Road Mobile
Combustion
(CH4 & N2O)
Estimated commercial vehicle miles traveled within the
boundary (Metropolitan Transportation Commission utilizing Plan Bay Area 2040 and the 2017 Regional Transportation Plan).

CH4 and N2O for on-road commercial vehicles quantified in the EMFAC2017 model and adjusted for IPCC AR5 100-year values.

Emissions allocated utilizing LEHD data according to U.S.

Community Protocol v. 1.1, Appendix D, Method TR.2.A.

2.5 On-Road
Transit
Operation
On-Road Mobile
Combustion (CO2)
Estimated vehicle miles traveled within the boundary (Marin Transit and Golden Gate Transit) and estimated diesel fuel efficiency for transit fleet (Golden Gate Transit). Fuel type provided by Marin Transit and Golden Gate Transit.

Renewable diesel emission factor provided by NEXGEN. U.S.

Community Protocol v. 1.1, Appendix D, Method TR.4.A.

On-Road Mobile
Combustion
(CH4 & N2O)
Estimated vehicle miles traveled within the boundary (Marin Transit and Golden Gate Transit) and estimated diesel fuel Renewable diesel emission factor provided by NEXGEN. U.S.

Community Protocol v. 1.1, Appendix D, Method TR.4.B.

Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix A-5 efficiency for transit fleet (Golden Gate Transit). Fuel type provided by Marin Transit and Golden Gate Transit.

2.12 Off-Road
Vehicles and
Equipment
Off-Road Mobile
Combustion (CO2)
Estimated fuel use from OFFROAD 2021 v.1.0.1 for Lawn and Garden and Construction categories. All categories are
allocated by share of countywide households.

CO2 emissions calculated according U.S. Community Protocol v.

1.1, Appendix D, Method TR.8. Emission factors provided in Table TR.1.6.

Off-Road Mobile
Combustion
(CH4 & N2O)
Estimated fuel use from OFFROAD 2021 v.1.0.1 for Lawn and Garden and from OFFROAD2017 for Construction equipment.

All categories are allocated by share of countywide
households.

CH4 and N2O emissions calculated according to U.S. Community Protocol v. 1.1, Appendix D, Method TR.8. Emission factors provided in the Local Government Operations Protocol Table G.11 and G.14.

3.0 Solid Waste

3.2 Solid Waste
Generation
and Disposal
Fugitive Emissions from
Landfilled Waste (CH4)
Estimated landfilled tons based on reporting to CalRecycle by Marin County Solid and Hazardous Waste JPA and allocated to jurisdiction based on share of countywide population. Waste characterization based on the Statewide Waste
Characterization Study (2008, 2014 and 2018) and Alternative Daily Cover by Jurisdiction of Origin and Material Type as reported to CalRecycle.

Emission factors calculated utilizing U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Report of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Version

1.1, July 2013, Appendix E, Method SW.4.

4.0 Water and Wastewater

4.2 Water Supply
&
Conveyance,
Treatment
and
Distribution
Electricity Use (CO2) Water consumption (district-wide gpcd) and electricity usage provided by Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD). Sonoma County Water Agency (SCWA) water delivery amount provided by SCWA.

Verified utility-specific emission factors (PG&E, MCE and SCWA).

Emissions calculated according to U.S. Community Protocol v.

1.1, Appendix F, Method WW.14.

Electricity Use
(CH4 & N2O)
Water consumption (district-wide gpcd) and electricity usage provided by Marin Municipal Water District (MMWD).
eGrid subregion default emission factors. Emissions calculated according to U.S. Community Protocol v. 1.1, Appendix F, Method WW.14.

4.5 Treatment of
Wastewater
Stationary Emissions from
Combustion of Digester
Gas
(CH4)
Estimated service population and percent of methane in
digester gas provided by Sanitary District No. 5.

Sanitary District No.5 emissions calculated according to U.S.

Community Protocol v. 1.1, Appendix F, Method WW.1.(alt).

Stationary Emissions from
Combustion of Digester
Gas
(N2O)
Estimated service population and percent of methane in
digester gas provided by Sanitary District No. 5.

Sanitary District No.5 emissions calculated according to U.S.

Community Protocol v. 1.1, Appendix F, Method WW.2.(alt).

Process Emissions from
Wastewater Treatment
Plant with Nitrification or
Denitrification
Estimated population served by wastewater treatment plant provided by Sanitary District No. 5.

Emissions calculated according to U.S. Community Protocol v.

1.1, Appendix F, Method WW.7.

Belvedere Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Appendix A-6 Fugitive Emissions from
Effluent Discharge
(N2O)
Estimated population served by wastewater treatment plant provided by Sanitary District No.5. Assumed significant industrial or commercial input.

Emissions calculated according to U.S. Community Protocol v.

1.1, Appendix F, Method WW.12(alt).