Beverly Hills City Council
February 20, 2024

1 STAFF REPORT
Meeting Date: February 20, 2024
To: Honorable Mayor & City Council
From: Shana Epstein, Director of Public Works
Audrey Wright, Management Analyst
Subject: City of Beverly Hills Electrical Resilience Action Plan Attachments: 1. City of Beverly Hills Electrical Resilience Action Plan

INTRODUCTION
This report outlines the City of Beverly Hills Electrical Resilience Action Plan, developed through the collaborative efforts of the Mayor's Citywide Electrical Resilience (MCER) Ad Hoc Committee. The Committee is composed of Mayor Julian A. Gold, M.D., Vice Mayor Lester Friedman, and members Jeff Wolfe, Mark Nehoray, Linda Spiegel, Ethan Bearman, alongside Consultant Mariko Geronimo from Lumen Energy Strategy, LLC. Staff requests City Council guidance on advancing with the proposed plan.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The formation of the Mayor's Citywide Electrical Resilience Ad Hoc Committee stemmed from concerns over frequent power outages and the City's dependency on Southern California Edison (SCE). The Committee's mandate focused on exploring avenues to bolster electrical resilience in Beverly Hills, with objectives including minimizing and swiftly recovering from grid power outages, devising emergency electrical plans, and pursuing alternatives to ensure a secure and resilient electrical future.

Central to the Committee’s topics were electrical reliability, dependence on SCE, power outages, grid performance, and enhancing the City's outage recovery capabilities. The Committee aimed to provide the City, its residents, and businesses with alternative electricity options and solutions for power outage mitigation.

SCE was invited to share insights at a meeting on November 1, 2023, offering explanations for outages related to maintenance, unknown causes, Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS), grid load, and system upgrades. Although SCE's feedback did not yield immediate solutions, it contributed to understanding mitigation strategies during outages.

The Committee's investigations concluded that power outages primarily result from equipment failure, aging systems, weather conditions, maintenance, and unidentified causes. Without clear patterns or reasons for these outages, the focus shifted to Meeting Date: February 20, 2024
2 developing strategies for mitigating their impact and advancing towards electrical resilience.

Improving electrical resilience, independence, protections from private sector behavior, access to better information on SCE circuit performance, investment and maintenance needs in the City, identification of funding sources for development and renewable energy, and reliability were the Committee’s highest priorities, followed by greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction and clean energy, and cost savings. No single resource solution will provide full energy resilience for the City. A multi-layered approach aimed at achieving levels of backup energy is the optimal path toward electrical resiliency.

DISCUSSION
The Committee’s path began with a brief overview of the City’s current infrastructure and innovations to date, including solar panels on City buildings, the City’s participation in the Clean Power Alliance (CPA) Power Ready Program, completed Energy Efficiency Investments such as the replacement of older electrical equipment, the replacement of the streetlight system to LED with smart controllers, installation of solar panels on City-owned facilities, the City’s participation in a Community Choice Aggregation (CPA), which provides Beverly Hills with renewable electricity, and the City’s draft Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) containing goals of making the City resilient from the effects of climate change and reducing GHG emissions. An understanding of energy and electricity issues facing the City and community was necessary to further develop and narrow Committee goals.

To understand power outage patterns and problem areas, a range of publicly available reports and data were reviewed, including SCE’s Annual Electricity Reliability Reports and periodic Circuit Reliability Reviews presented to the City, detailed circuit-level outage data for the five-year period of 2015-2019 provided by SCE in its Wildfire Mitigation Plans, additional information on circuit characteristics provided as part of SCE’s Wildfire Mitigation Plans and its distributed energy resources planning studies. Next steps centered on uncovering potential technologies and options to help the City become electrically resilient, increasingly self-reliant, and less subject to SCE outages.

Expectations of 100% electricity service beyond critical loads in the event of an outage, and expectations of 100% electricity service under any outage situation, are not realistic.

The main goal is to incorporate workable mechanisms to allow businesses and residents to continue to have critical power needs met during an outage or emergency.

With an understanding of the City’s electrical position, the Committee brainstormed emerging technologies and options potentially feasible to create resiliency. Topics covered undergrounding electrical wires; critical City electrical functions in an emergency or power outage; determining critical business and residential power needs; how the City could potentially provide a general survivable level of electrical independence during an emergency; electricity infrastructure maintenance; oversight of SCE; power outage mitigation; working within SCE’s construct; determining realistic goals; building resources close to customers; identifying customers and customer segments; providing electricity alternatives during an emergency; and a clear statement of what level of electricity is feasible to provide for during an outage. Under the guidance of the City’s consultant, options to mitigate power outage failures were analyzed.

Meeting Date: February 20, 2024
3 The Committee analyzed continuity of operations and services, disaster recovery, and organizational strategies for power outage response. These strategies included additional backup diesel generators to power City-owned facilities and services; neighborhood and City facility microgrids; power generation built into new developments and incorporated into existing schools and City facilities; solar plus storage on existing homes and City community centers, Fire Stations, and the Library; additional EV chargers and phone charging stations; federal and state funding to mitigate costs; standalone storage; mobile backup solutions at critical sites and in neighborhoods for emergencies and power outages; and bulk solar and battery equipment purchases. Research and discussions centered on deciphering the feasibility of implementation relative to cost, potential savings, and based on community interest. Based on this information, the City’s consultant developed a plan.

Potential City Action Plan Strategies
The City of Beverly Hills Electrical Resilience Action Plan (Action Plan) is a strategic plan aimed at enhancing the City’s electrical resilience to help ensure future improvements and investments in infrastructure, both public and private, address electrical resiliency through the planning and implementation of energy and electrical upgrades, and set a framework for moving forward. The Action Plan is a guide the City may incorporate to form a multilayered approach to resilience resource measures addressing the City’s resilience and reliability needs. Drawing from the Action Plan, the Committee delineated short-term objectives for staff.

At the Committee’s request, staff’s current focus is on residential and small business commercial building resiliency / energy audits, a dedicated electrical resiliency ombudsperson, a subscription to Poweroutage.US, and California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) Engagement.

Residential and Small Business Commercial Building Resilience Energy Audits The Committee recommends resiliency energy audits for residential and small business commercial buildings. These audits will assess energy consumption patterns, identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvements, and evaluate the potential for incorporating renewable energy and energy storage solutions. The feasibility of coordinating wholesale bulk purchases of solar photovoltaics and energy storage systems may be explored pending community interest as revealed by audits. City Council will be given options to subsidize or pass through to residents and businesses the costs of the audits.

Dedicated Ombudsperson for Electrical Resiliency
The Committee recommends establishment of an ombudsperson dedicated to electrical resiliency. This role will serve as a liaison between the City, its residents, and utility providers, addressing inquiries, facilitating access to resilience programs and incentives.

City Council approved a new position for this budget year, Sustainability Administrator.

Staff recommends these duties be incorporated into this position and the team that will work with that individual.

Subscription to Poweroutage.US
The Committee recommends the City subscribe to Poweroutage.US to enhance its capabilities in monitoring, responding to, and communicating about power outages.

Access to real-time outage data will improve the City's emergency preparedness and resilience, enabling more effective management of power disruptions.

Meeting Date: February 20, 2024
4 Enhanced Engagement with the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) The Committee recommends active participation in CPUC proceedings to advocate for the City's interests in regulatory discussions affecting electrical resilience.

Next Steps
In alignment with the goals outlined by the Committee, the City has initiated a proactive step by issuing a Request for Proposals (RFP) for Resiliency / Energy Auditing Services, designated as RFP No. 24-350-29, dated February 2, 2024. This RFP is targeted at attracting firms with expertise in energy efficiency evaluations and electricity resilience assessments with the deadline for proposal submissions set for February 26, 2024.

A selection committee, comprising representatives from the Public Works Department, Community Development, and Finance, will review proposals. Candidates that meet the City's stringent criteria will be shortlisted for interviews with the evaluation focusing on the comprehensiveness of their written proposals, competitive pricing offers, and overall score across all service and support categories specified in the RFP.

Upon identifying the most suitable proposer, the City intends to enter into an agreement.

This agreement will encompass a robust marketing and outreach strategy, mechanisms for City reporting, and the establishment of a specialized website. This online platform will be designed to facilitate residents and business owners in conducting their own resiliency and energy self-assessments, as well as scheduling residential and small business commercial building audits, on a cost-recovery basis.

This strategic approach not only signifies the City's commitment to advancing its electrical resilience but also emphasizes the importance of community involvement and empowerment in achieving sustainability and energy resilience objectives. Through these concerted efforts, Beverly Hills is poised to enhance its electrical infrastructure, ensuring a resilient, efficient, and sustainable energy future for all its residents and businesses.

FISCAL IMPACT
The financial implications of the Action Plan will be clarified following the evaluation of proposals for RFP services. Funding for initial costs are being proposed as a one-time budget enhancement for the upcoming Fiscal Year 2024/25 Operating Budget, which will be reviewed by City Council during the annual budget process.

RECOMMENDATION
Staff recommends City Council provide direction on adopting the Action Plan in part, with feedback, or in its entirety as presented. The Action Plan is a framework of how the City can move toward greater electrical resilience.

Shana Epstein,
Director of Public Works
Approved By
Attachment 1
City of Beverly Hills
Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan
Prepared for the
Mayor’s Citywide Electrical Resilience (MCER) Ad Hoc CommiƩee February 2024
[this page is intenƟonally blank]
City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan A report prepared for the Mayor’s Citywide Electrical Resilience (MCER) Ad Hoc CommiƩee CommiƩee Members:

Julian A. Gold, M.D., Mayor
Lester Friedman, Vice Mayor
Jeff Wolfe, Planning Commissioner
Homayoon "Mark" Nehoray, Public Works Commissioner
Ethan Bearman, Resident At-Large
Linda Spiegel, Resident At-Large
Report prepared by and special thanks to:

Ryan Gohlich, Assistant City Manager
Shana Epstein, Director of Public Works
Audrey Wright, Management Analyst
Mariko Geronimo Aydin, consultant, Lumen Energy Strategy, LLC For access to MCER meeƟng materials please see:
hƩps://www.beverlyhills.org/citymanager/commiƩees/electricalresilienceadhoccommiƩee/ Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
INTRODUCTION 2
OVERVIEW OF THE MCER AD HOC COMMITTEE 2
DEFINITION OF ELECTRICAL RESILIENCE 2
COMMITTEE GOALS AND PRIORITIES 2
APPROACH TO ACTION PLAN DEVELOPMENT 3
ELECTRICITY SERVICE IN THE CITY 5
THE CITY’S ELECTRICITY GRID 5
OBSERVED OUTAGE PROBLEM AND GRID FAILURE POINTS 7
KEY HAZARDS TO ELECTRICITY AND OTHER ESSENTIAL SERVICES 9 RESILIENCE RESOURCES, EXAMPLES, AND OPPORTUNITIES 11
PRIOR INITIATIVES AND EXISTING RESOURCES IN THE CITY 11 ADDITIONAL POTENTIAL RESILIENCE RESOURCES AND STRATEGIES 11 FEDERAL, STATE, AND UTILITY FUNDING SOURCES 16
RESILIENCE ACTION PLAN 22
ACTIONS TO IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE CITY’S GRID CONDITION, RISKS, AND OUTAGES 22 ACTIONS TO REDUCE ELECTRICITY RESILIENCE NEEDS AND OUTAGE EXPOSURES 23 ACTIONS TO SECURE ACCESS TO ESSENTIAL SERVICES IN THE EVENT OF AN OUTAGE 25 SELECTED REFERENCES 27
City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 1 ExecuƟve Summary
The Mayor’s Citywide Electrical Resilience Ad Hoc CommiƩee was formed in August 2023 with the purpose to examine and idenƟfy potenƟal electricity resilience improvements in the City. This report has been prepared in response to the CommiƩee’s desire to develop an acƟon plan by February 2024 that includes near-term acƟons implementable in 1–2 years.

The acƟon plan is tailored to the CommiƩee’s stated goals and prioriƟes to (1) most importantly, improve electricity resilience and reliability in the City, then (2) promote renewable energy and reduce the City’s carbon footprint. Other goals of importance to the CommiƩee include (a) electricity independence and protecƟons from private sector behavior, (b) access to beƩer informaƟon on circuit performance and investment and maintenance needs in the City, and (c) funding sources for development and renewable energy.

Electricity customers in the City, overall, experience a higher frequency of outages compared to the responsible uƟlity’s system-wide average (SCE 2023a). Outages in the City are caused by failures on Southern California Edison’s (SCE) distribuƟon system. During the 2015–2019 Ɵme period, the worst outages occurred in the Santa Monica foothills, even absent any actual Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) events. In these areas, many customers experienced mulƟple mulƟ-hour outages per year, with the longest outages being 1–1.5 days. DistribuƟon system performance in other parts of the City is mixed. Some customers, parƟcularly those northeast of Santa Monica Boulevard, experience a relaƟvely high level of outages. Outages occur at any, and in all, Ɵmes of the year with no discernable seasonal paƩern, and specific outage causes are largely unexplained by SCE.

The City’s ability to improve resilience and reliability is complicated by growing demand for electricity, and how that strains a system of poor electricity service and aging infrastructure. Improvements to distribuƟon infrastructure and related customer service would directly address the outage problems and risks faced by the City, but this soluƟon is enƟrely within the purview of SCE. So the City needs to implement a strategy that provides key ingredients needed to (a) reduce residents’ resilience need and outage exposures and (b) secure residents’ access to essenƟal services in the event of an outage. This strategy can lead to less outages experienced by customers, reduced outage impacts when outages do happen, and, ulƟmately, more energy independence and local control over the City’s electricity infrastructure.

Near-term acƟons include iniƟaƟves by the City to support rapid development of energy efficiency, solar, and energy storage resources at homes and businesses, while invesƟng in emergency backup power soluƟons at the neighborhood level to support residents for which an onsite soluƟon is not immediately feasible. Medium-term acƟons include support for development of onsite microgrids at community faciliƟes providing criƟcal services (such as schools and other designated emergency shelters), and investments in onsite microgrids to secure clean, reliable power for essenƟal City services (such as water treatment and other public faciliƟes). In the long term, this new infrastructure, and the City’s experience with building and operaƟng it, will serve as a gateway to the not-so-distant future of neighborhood-level microgrids and even targeted public power.

City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 2 IntroducƟon
Overview of the MCER Ad Hoc CommiƩee
The Mayor’s Citywide Electrical Resilience Ad Hoc CommiƩee (MCER Ad Hoc CommiƩee, or CommiƩee) was formed in August 2023 with the purpose to examine and idenƟfy potenƟal electricity resilience improvements. A key moƟvaƟon for CommiƩee formaƟon stems from widespread dissaƟsfacƟon with the quality of electricity service in the City, and, as electricity demand grows, concerns over ongoing and growing dependence on poorly-performing distribuƟon infrastructure. The CommiƩee’s term is expected to extend through at least summer 2025 or unƟl near-term acƟons can be implemented.

DefiniƟon of Electrical Resilience
The power industry has no standard definiƟon of resilience, but themes include:
 The hazard/event is disƟnguished from the system that needs to be resilient against it;  The resilience hazard/event is uncontrollable and disrupƟve to the system in quesƟon;  A resilient system withstands, absorbs, recovers from, and adapts to disrupƟons;  The system provides some criƟcal funcƟon that must be defined and prioriƟzed; o What are the criƟcal faciliƟes, other sites providing criƟcal services, high-priority loads?  Each community has its own unique risks, risk tolerances, and risk management preferences; defining the following is a key step to effecƟve resilience planning:
o What are the drivers (hazards) of service interrupƟons; where are the failure points? o What types of faciliƟes, sites, and/or loads must be prioriƟzed and protected? o Given costs of soluƟons, how much resilience or outage protecƟon is opƟmal? As the City considers its opƟons to improve electricity resilience, to minimize confusion and misunderstanding, the establishment of clear, precise and effecƟve definiƟons for key terms is essenƟal.

For the purposes of the MCER Ad Hoc CommiƩee, electricity resilience is defined as the ability to withstand, reduce, and recover from electricity service interrupƟons during a major event that leads to significant or cascading failures of the grid.

This is disƟnct from, but related to, electricity reliability, which we define as the ability of the grid to deliver electricity within certain criteria and on average considering a range of possible grid condiƟons and conƟngencies.

CommiƩee Goals and PrioriƟes
The CommiƩee aims to develop a resilience acƟon plan by February 2024 and to implement near-term acƟons by summer 2025.

The CommiƩee also emphasized the need to expedite selecƟon of a subset of resource soluƟons that can be implemented as quickly as possible to build a record of success and build momentum towards addiƟonal future resilience investments. This report includes recommendaƟons on specific resource soluƟons that can be implemented relaƟvely quickly.

City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 3 As part of the inaugural CommiƩee meeƟng, on August 30, 2023, commiƩee members discussed the need to establish clear goals and prioriƟes. In follow-up to that meeƟng each CommiƩee member completed a survey indicaƟng their preferences. Results are shown in Figure 1.

Electricity resilience and reliability are the highest prioriƟes to the CommiƩee, with renewable energy and reducƟon of carbon footprint also very important. Bill savings and various types of power sales to the broader grid are ranked lower, as “somewhat important.” Results confirm that clean energy development is a high priority for the City, but not at the expense of resilience and reliability. This indicates that non-renewable energy sources such as diesel backup generaƟon could be an opƟon, perhaps in emergency situaƟons or for sites where residences and businesses are parƟcularly vulnerable in an outage situaƟon and where installaƟon of solar and/or storage is not feasible.

Figure 1: CommiƩee Goals and PrioriƟes, as Share of CommiƩee Members Lower priority rankings on bill savings and power sales to the grid indicate that the City’s target resource sizes and configuraƟons should be tailored to the level of outage miƟgaƟon needed. For example, this suggests that it would not be a priority for the City to target onsite solar plus storage in a microgrid configuraƟon at sites where 10-hour backup power is sufficient.

Other goals of importance to the CommiƩee include (a) electricity independence and protecƟons from private sector behavior, (b) access to beƩer informaƟon on circuit performance and investment and maintenance needs in the City, and (c) funding sources for development and renewable energy.

Approach to AcƟon Plan Development
The CommiƩee held three meeƟngs in 2023 to guide development of a resilience acƟon plan.

In the first meeƟng, held on August 30, 2023, the CommiƩee reviewed key informaƟon on the City’s distribuƟon grid and outage paƩerns, relaƟonship to the broader bulk grid, microgrid aƩributes, and resilience concepts. CommiƩee members discussed their concerns and perspecƟves on the City’s resilience problem, and their goals and prioriƟes.
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City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 4 In the second meeƟng, held on September 27, 2023, the CommiƩee established its goals and prioriƟes, reviewed detailed data on historical distribuƟon circuit-level outages, discussed the interdependence of resilience soluƟons with the City’s emergency management acƟviƟes, and further discussed a plan to iniƟate an onsite resilience audit program.

In the third meeƟng, held on November 1, 2023, the CommiƩee reviewed industry informaƟon and lessons learned on resilience strategies and resource soluƟons applicable to the City, heard from SCE on their available funding and tariff opƟons for resilience soluƟons, and heard from a representaƟve of the Pali Microgrid on their experiences. Discussion focused on idenƟfying resilience soluƟons realisƟcally implementable in the near term versus longer-term, and what uƟlity, state, and federal support is available.

City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 5 Electricity Service in the City
In the electricity grid electricity flows from generators “upstream” to customers “downstream.” The U.S. grid is designed such that electricity mostly follows a path of least resistance. The transmission system, which is the bulk “highway” delivery system, is built as a mesh for redundancy. So, if a transmission wire is out of service, then electricity can usually find another way to its desƟnaƟon. The distribuƟon system, however, is built radially, like local roads. So if a distribuƟon wire is out of service, then usually electricity service to all downstream customers is interrupted.

The City’s Electricity Grid
As of 2023, 48 distribuƟon circuits serve the City of Beverly Hills, shown in Figure 2. These circuits connect to 5 substaƟons upstream, towards the transmission system, with most circuits connecƟng to the Beverly substaƟon in the downtown area. SCE esƟmates 2023 peak demand at the Beverly substaƟon at 166 MW (SCE 2023b). Through the Flats northwest of Santa Monica Boulevard and into the Santa Monica foothills (“Hills”), 11 circuits are located in a Tier 2 High Fire Threat District (HFTD) and designated as Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) circuits. This is the second-highest type of wildfire threat area in the state, with Tier 3 being the highest. No actual outages due to PSPS have been implemented on these circuits to date.

Figure 2: The City’s Electricity Grid
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City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 6 Individual circuits tend to serve either areas with mostly single-family homes; mostly commercial buildings; or some mix of single-family homes, mulƟ-family homes, and commercial buildings. Circuits serving the Flats and Hills serve mostly single-family homes, as shown in Figure 3. Several circuits serve mostly commercial buildings in the downtown area. Most of the rest of circuits southeast of Santa Monica Boulevard serve some mix of single-family homes, mulƟ-family homes, and commercial buildings.

Figure 3: The City’s General Land Use
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To beƩer understand the City’s outage paƩerns and problem areas a range of publicly available reports and data were reviewed, including SCE’s Annual Electricity Reliability Reports, the uƟlity’s periodic Circuit Reliability Reviews presented to the City, detailed circuit-level outage data for the five-year period 2015– 2019 provided by SCE in its Wildfire MiƟgaƟon Plans, and informaƟon on circuit characterisƟcs provided as part of SCE’s Wildfire MiƟgaƟon Plans and its distributed energy resources planning studies.

Overall, outages occur at all Ɵmes of the year, mostly with no discernable seasonal paƩern. 70–80% of outages are driven by equipment failures or causes unknown to SCE.

Circuit locaƟons and total daily circuit-outage hours for a subset of 35 circuits serving the City indicate that, during the 2015–2019 Ɵme period, the worst outages occurred in the Hills even absent any actual Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) events—and even for circuits that are not PSPS circuits. Most circuits in the Hills are parƟally overhead, connect to the Beverly substaƟon, and are located in the elevated wildfire risk area. Many customers in the Hills experienced mulƟple mulƟ-hour outages per year, with the longest outages being 1–1.5 days. Outages occur at any, and in all, Ɵmes of the year with no discernable seasonal paƩern, with some excepƟons as the CommiƩee has indicated SCE’s more recent work on the Playboy circuit in the northeast corner of the City revealed water intrusion issues from rain and flooding.

Figure 4 provides an example of the outage Ɵme profile in the Hills, using outage data for the Hilton circuit.

Figure 4: Example of Outage Time Profile in the Hills (Hilton Circuit 16 kV) Total Daily Circuit-Hours on Outage Hilton circuit locaƟon (blue) Sources: (leŌ) Analysis of SCE-reported circuit-level distribuƟon outages; (right) SCE DistribuƟon Resources Plan External Portal, see hƩps://drpep.sce.com/drpep/.

In its quarterly Wildfire MiƟgaƟon Plan report for Q2 2023, SCE indicates that customers on the Hilton (Figure 4) and Coldwater circuits have relaƟvely higher vulnerability to both wildfires and PSPS due to customers designated as (but not limited to) CriƟcal Care, Disabled, Medical Baseline, Low Income, Limited English, Pregnant, and Children. This relaƟvely high vulnerability is in comparison to other PSPS circuits in the City and compared to average vulnerabiliƟes across all PSPS circuits in the SCE system. As of Q2 2023, 40 ■ 2015 ■ 2016 ■ 2017 ■ 2018 ■ 2019
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City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 8 SCE data indicate the Playboy circuit has the highest PSPS risk in the City, with risk defined as a funcƟon of PSPS likelihood and consequence. The Playboy circuit’s PSPS risk is driven by the relaƟvely high number of customers on that circuit, and despite the circuit being largely undergrounded.

According to SCE data, some circuits located parƟally or enƟrely in the Hills, apparently do not currently face PSPS risk, but customers sƟll may face the elevated risk of wildfires coming to these porƟons of the grid and to their properƟes. The HarraƩ circuit, for example, is not subject to PSPS because that line is 100% undergrounded, but it is fully located in the Trousdale area of the Hills and so both the line and its residenƟal customers are sƟll at an elevated risk for wildfire spread and associated damage. SCE upgraded the circuit to 16 kv in March of 2023.

The best-performing circuits in the 2015–2019 period are four circuits located in the Flats with no circuit porƟons in the Hills. It should be noted that most of the circuits in the Hills described above are connected to the Beverly substaƟon in the downtown area and so have porƟons coming up through the Flats to the Hills. This means that, aside from the four relaƟvely well-performing circuits, many customers in the Flats, such as those served by the Hilton circuit, suffer from the same relaƟvely poor circuit performance as customers in the Hills although they do not face the same wildfire risks.

Several circuits are clustered in the downtown area, serving commercial customers. Most are 100% undergrounded and all connect to the nearby Beverly substaƟon. Many of these customers experience a 1–2 mulƟ-hour (1–4 hour) and/or 1 extended (10-20 hour) outage every other year.

Circuit performance in other parts of the city southeast of Santa Monica Boulevard is mixed. Customers experience relaƟvely low, moderate, elevated, or high outages depending on the circuit and with no clear geographic paƩern or relaƟonship to building types. Most customers experience relaƟvely low or moderate outages, similar to downtown customers: 1–2 mulƟ-hour (1–4 hour) and/or 1 extended (10-20 hour) outage every other year.

Resilience Planning Areas
It is clear that not all residents and businesses in the City have the same outage experiences, vulnerabiliƟes, and resilience needs, and consequently that there is unlikely to be a one-size-fits-all soluƟon.

Building type presents both constraints and opportuniƟes for resilience soluƟons. High-rise and many types of commercial buildings, for example, are typically not well suited for solar panels due to small rooŌop or other space to host photovoltaic (PV) panels relaƟve to the building’s electricity demand levels—but they may be able to install a significant amount of energy storage. As shown in the City’s Safety Element (Figure 3, above), buildings in the Flats and Hills are primarily single-family homes; commercial buildings are concentrated downtown and along major roadways, and homes southeast of Santa Monica Boulevard are a mix of mulƟ-family homes and single-family homes.

City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 9 Looking at outage characterisƟcs and building types, the City’s electricity resilience strategies should consider the five disƟnct resilience planning areas and target populaƟons as outlined in Figure 5. The figure shows a summary of the different parts of the City and their building types, circuit characterisƟcs, relaƟve outage problem, and outage miƟgaƟon needs.

Figure 5: Resilience Planning Areas of the City
Planning
Area
Building
Types
Circuit
Characteristics
Relative Outage
Problem*
Needs
Downtown Commercial Most are 100%
undergrounded
Low/Moderate
Multi-hour
Multi-hour
outage
mitigation
Southeast
of Santa
Monica
Blvd.

Commercial Each circuit
serves a mix of
customer types
Low/Elevated
Multi-hour, multiple
per year
Multi-hour
outage
mitigation
Single Fam
Multi Fam
Flats Only
(no PSPS)
Single Fam Rel. low wildfire
risk to/from circuits
+ circuits have
performed well
Low Moderate
demand
growth
Flats/Hills
(PSPS
circuits)
Single Fam Even with no
PSPS, worstperforming circuits
in the City
Elevated/High
Multi-day, multi-hour,
frequent
Multi-day
outage
mitigation
Flats/Hills
(no PSPS)
Single Fam Moderate/Elevated
Multi-day, multi-hour,
frequent
Sources and notes: Based on analysis of SCE-reported circuit-level distribuƟon outages. *RelaƟve outage problems: Low, Moderate, Elevated, High **Also supported by neighborhood-level soluƟons
PSPS: Public Safety Power Shutoffs
Key Hazards to Electricity and Other EssenƟal Services
As described above, actual outages in the City are driven by failures on the distribuƟon system, with the underlying cause or hazard unexplained. To achieve resilience to a range of potenƟal future hazards, it is essenƟal that the City’s electrical resilience strategy is integrated with the City’s Safety Element and Emergency OperaƟons Plan.

The City’s Safety Element, Emergency OperaƟons Plan, and Hazard MiƟgaƟon Plan all describe a number of potenƟal hazards to the City and its communiƟes, shown in Figure 6. Geological fault lines run roughly East-West through the middle of the City. Areas along the northern (upper Hills), southern, and eastern perimeter of the city are in liquefacƟon zones, and many parts of the Hills are in landslide zones. Most of the City downslope from the Hills lies within an extremely high inundaƟon hazard area. In the event of a natural disaster, enƟre neighborhoods may need to evacuate or may be displaced.

City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 10 Figure 6: Natural Hazards to the City
Geological Faults Landslide (yellow) and
LiquefacƟon (blue) Zones
InundaƟon Hazard
Source: (City of Beverly Hills 2022) “Adopted Safety Element.” It is also essenƟal to develop an electricity resilience strategy that integrates insights from the City’s Safety Element and Emergency OperaƟons Plan by considering how backup power, solar plus storage installaƟons, onsite microgrids, and other local electricity resources would perform and support community needs in the event of a natural disaster or other emergency situaƟon.

The City has idenƟfied a number of criƟcal faciliƟes located at the neighborhood level that will likely play a criƟcal role in providing services and resources during emergencies. Securing power at sites that provide criƟcal services to the community in the event of an emergency can also support community members who are vulnerable during less extreme or day-to-day “blue sky” outages. A comprehensive resilience strategy will integrate these two levels of resilience soluƟons, with the understanding that installaƟon of solar, storage, or solar plus storage on every home is not the goal and not realisƟc—nor would it be sufficient to ensure people have access to criƟcal services in an emergency.

Examples from the State’s Self-GeneraƟon IncenƟve program of mostly non-residenƟal sites providing criƟcal services include: police staƟons; fire staƟons; emergency response providers; emergency operaƟons centers; 9-1-1 call centers; medical faciliƟes including hospitals, skilled nursing faciliƟes, nursing homes, blood banks, health care faciliƟes, dialysis centers and hospice faciliƟes; public and private gas, electric, water, wastewater or flood control faciliƟes; jails and prisons; cooling centers; homeless shelters; neighborhood grocery stores, corner stores, markets and supermarkets; independent living centers; and food banks.

Other types of faciliƟes that provide criƟcal services to consider include schools, gas staƟons and electric vehicle chargers.

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City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 11 Resilience Resources, Examples, and OpportuniƟes
Prior IniƟaƟves and ExisƟng Resources in the City
Since 2008 the City of Beverly Hills has developed several iniƟaƟves to reduce the City’s energy burden, promote clean and sustainable energy, and improve energy independence and local control.

The City has supported homes and businesses by making improvements to solar permiƫng and developing solar installaƟon guidelines. The City also invested in solar rooŌops on several City-owned properƟes, including the Foothill Road office building, library, police facility, and Civic Center garage.

In around 2012, the City made a number of investments in HVAC and lighƟng energy efficiency that leveraged financing from SCE’s former Special Benefit Management Affiliates (MAP) program. Through that program, the City was able to improve energy efficiency across 21 City faciliƟes, including garages, parks, City Hall, a police facility, the library, and the Public Works building.

In 2019 the City joined the Clean Power Alliance in order to give residents and businesses more opƟons to secure clean, renewable power at compeƟƟve rates. Although full electricity municipalizaƟon is not achievable at this Ɵme, the City conƟnues to seek opportuniƟes for more opƟons and independence in its electricity supply.

AddiƟonal PotenƟal Resilience Resources and Strategies
What is the “Ideal” Resource SoluƟon?
For the City of Beverly Hills, specifically, upgrades to the distribuƟon circuits and beƩer tracking and communicaƟon of outage causes and remedies would go a long way to address resilience and reliability concerns in the City. Absent these acƟons by SCE, resources at the building, neighborhood, and city level will need to be carefully considered.

Industry examples of the ideal energy-resilient communiƟes oŌen point to new housing developments, where a comprehensive resilience strategy can be fully integrated with the design of the built environment and community infrastructure from day one. Although it is unrealisƟc for an exisƟng community like Beverly Hills to retrofit its core architecture to mimic a new-build community, these case studies provide a good benchmark for the key elements of a good resilience strategy.

Shadow Mountain, shown in Figure 7, is a new housing development located in Menifee, California. Two communiƟes within Shadow Mountain (Durango and Oak Shade communiƟes), including over 200 homes, are developed specifically to enhance electricity service reliability and resilience. The development is SCE grid-connected, and it includes a community-level microgrid, a community baƩery energy storage system (BESS), home efficiency and smart home advancements, rooŌop solar installaƟons, and individual home baƩery energy storage systems.

CommuniƟes like this illustrate the need for a mulƟ-layered resilience acƟon plan, which targets resilience improvements in homes and individual buildings and at the neighborhood level. This approach builds mulƟple layers of redundancy to protect against outages, which is especially important for the most vulnerable customers.

City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 12 Figure 7: Example of Resilient New Housing Developments (Shadow Mountain) Shadow Mountain Resilient Community SchemaƟc
Source: (KB Home 2021) “Microgrid Connected CommuniƟes.” Common industry soluƟons, currently in-pracƟce and relevant to the City include:
 Storage and other backup power soluƟons for areas experiencing relaƟvely moderate or elevated outages and needing improved year-round reliability;
 ConƟnued solar and efficiency iniƟaƟves to moderate demand growth even in areas with relaƟvely good circuit performance;
 Solar plus storage onsite microgrid soluƟons in areas of elevated wildfire risk and relaƟvely poor circuit performance; and
 Mobile emergency backup power and/or microgrid opƟons at the neighborhood level to secure power at criƟcal sites or clusters of criƟcal sites during both outages and greater emergencies.

Energy Efficiency
Through reducƟon in energy use, energy efficiency (EE) can yield benefits of avoided energy costs and any associated pollutant emissions, and reduced energy needs and impacts during power system interrupƟons and emergencies. Even as we electrify heaƟng, cooking, transportaƟon, and other daily funcƟons, energy efficiency remains as a powerful tool to manage energy costs and outage impacts in homes and businesses.

Prior City efforts include idenƟficaƟon of HVAC, lighƟng, and equipment efficiency upgrades at several City faciliƟes and parking structures. The costs of incremental energy efficiency can be highly building-specific, depending on building type and how efficient the building already is. Cost-effecƟve energy efficiency can be idenƟfied through an energy audit or EE potenƟal study. ( Hierarchical (
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City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 13 Geothermal
The prospect of new geothermal energy was raised in an earlier CommiƩee meeƟng. New geothermal power plants were recently procured in California, for the first Ɵme in a decade (Roth 2020). LocaƟons with the most geothermal potenƟal include The Geysers area (Sonoma, Lake, and Mendocino counƟes), Salton Sea (Imperial County), Coso Hot Springs (Inyo County), and Mammoth Lakes (Mono County) (CEC 2023).

Another type of geothermal resource—geothermal, or ground-source, heat pump—is a mature technology more widely available to homes and businesses across the state. Heat pumps are someƟmes described as a type of energy efficiency. Ground-source heat pumps use subsurface ground temperatures to provide high-efficiency heaƟng and cooling to buildings. They significantly reduce building energy consumpƟon. In the case of a grid outage heat pumps must be paired with backup power or in a microgrid configuraƟon in order to funcƟon. Due to its efficiency benefit, and to the extent the heat pump uses clean electricity or onsite clean energy, heat pumps can also promote the use of clean energy.

Ground-source heat pumps are more expensive than air-source heat pumps, but they may be installed as hybrid ground/air systems for cost savings while retaining much of the efficiency advantages.

The key feature is a series of buried pipes filled with water or coolant. These are needed for temperature exchange with the ground. If installed horizontal to the ground, a mid-sized home installaƟon would require burying pipes about 10 feet deep across a 7,500 square foot area. VerƟcal installaƟons use less land but are more costly. They require drilling boreholes several hundred feet into the ground and a geological survey.

Geothermal heat pump installaƟons on an exisƟng home have a relaƟvely high up-front cost, on the order of $30,000 for a mid-sized home, followed by significant energy savings. The DOE esƟmates the payback period at 5–10 years. Home installaƟons of geothermal heat pumps are eligible through 2032 for the Federal ResidenƟal Clean Energy Credit and may qualify for other state or uƟlity rebates.

Onsite Solar PV
Solar PV panels are a mature technology that is widely used by homes and businesses in California. As of the end of 2023, Los Angeles County includes about 118,000 customer-sited installaƟons, mostly on residenƟal buildings (both in terms of total MW and number of installaƟons) (Energy SoluƟons 2023).

Solar PV installaƟons promote direct self-consumpƟon of renewable energy, and, depending on sizing and site condiƟons, may also send clean electricity into the broader grid.

Solar PV panels alone cannot miƟgate electricity service interrupƟons to customers. To do so, they must be paired with energy storage and configured to electrically island a home in the case of a grid outage.

Solar PV panels require ample space, are typically installed on rooŌops, and perform best when they are angled to capture as much solar insolaƟon as possible, unobstructed by trees, adjacent buildings, and sediment.

Recent self-reported costs to install solar PV in Los Angeles County homes are about $5 per waƩ (AC) (Energy SoluƟons 2023), or about $35,000 for a 7 kW system. Solar PV installaƟons are incenƟvized through several mechanisms, including retail electricity tariffs that pay customers for excess generaƟon exported to the grid, the State’s Self-GeneraƟon IncenƟve Program, and federal tax credits.

City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 14 Onsite Energy Storage
Lithium-ion baƩery energy storage is now a mature technology that is widely available for installaƟon at homes and businesses. Los Angeles County includes about 7,600 customer-sited installaƟons, mostly on residenƟal buildings (both in terms of total MW and number of installaƟons) (Energy SoluƟons 2023).

Depending on configuraƟon and sizing relaƟve to customer electricity demands, the ability of energy storage to miƟgate electricity service interrupƟons can range from a few hours of backup power (typically as standalone storage) to mulƟple days of support (typically in a microgrid configuraƟon with solar PV).

Nearly all energy storage installed in homes is paired with solar PV where it can help manage electricity bills by charging during the day when solar generaƟon is abundant and retail rates are low, and by discharging in the evening as solar generaƟon declines and retail rates peak. Standalone energy storage is not currently economical for most homes and is not widely in use compared to solar plus storage installaƟons. For electric vehicle (EV) owners, one excepƟon may be use of EV baƩeries as “vehicle to home” backup power, but this is an emerging use case that is not yet widely available. For commercial buildings subject to peak demand charges, however, standalone energy storage can be economical to manage those charges by discharging to miƟgate peak demand during the day, then charging slowly in the evening or nighƫme. The use of thermal energy storage in commercial buildings subject to demand charges is also in pracƟce since they can be connected directly to HVAC systems and help reduce HVAC peak demands during the day.

Lithium-ion baƩeries require relaƟvely small installaƟon space, but there are many important safety consideraƟons to placement, installaƟon, and use. Thermal energy storage systems do not have the same safety risk profile, but they require more space to accommodate equipment such as tanks or tubes.

Recent self-reported costs to install baƩeries in Los Angeles County homes are about $6 per waƩ (AC) (Energy SoluƟons 2023), or about $30,000 for a 5 kW system. InstallaƟon of solar plus storage can realize several thousand dollars in cost savings through shared inverters and synergies in “soŌ” (non-hardware) costs. As with solar PV, energy storage is incenƟvized through several mechanisms, including retail electricity tariffs that compensate a storage charge/discharge schedule that is advantageous to the grid, the state’s Self-GeneraƟon IncenƟve Program, and federal tax credits.

Microgrids
A microgrid is a system of local electricity loads (demand), resources, wires, control equipment, and other elements, that work together as a mini-grid. Grid-Ɵed microgrids can toggle between (macro) grid mode and (isolated) island mode seamlessly while serving its loads.

Microgrids are capable of miƟgaƟng (macro) grid outages for long periods of Ɵme. Resources may include fossil-fired resources (e.g., diesel generators) and/or renewable resources paired with baƩeries.

Microgrids require special equipment to detect grid outages, seamlessly transiƟon in and out of island mode, form a grid, and reliably meet internal loads. The electrical scope of a microgrid is customizable and can be developed to support a single building, a group of buildings, a neighborhood, or an enƟre distribuƟon circuit. However, a microgrid’s ability to miƟgate outages depends on the condiƟon and configuraƟon of equipment (including wires) within the microgrid’s scope, both of which can be major cost and logisƟcal barriers to microgrid development beyond single buildings and campuses. Examples of actual City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 15 installed larger-scale microgrids are either serving “grid-edge” communiƟes for which the primary moƟvaƟon for the microgrid is service interrupƟon upstream from the distribuƟon substaƟon, serving other similar unique community situaƟons, or new housing developments for which the microgrid can be included in land and building development plans—none of which are applicable to the City.

Other Power Backup SoluƟons
StaƟonary and mobile diesel backup generators are crucial resources needed to support local resilience and to secure power supply at criƟcal sites such as hospitals. They are a mature technology, relaƟvely low iniƟal investment cost, flexible, and scalable. Key tradeoffs include polluƟng emissions impacts and uncertainƟes in fuel supply or fuel costs during an emergency.

Mobile storage and solar plus storage soluƟons have also emerged in the industry. One example is a set of mobile solar plus storage trailers used for emergency services aŌer 2021 Hurricane Ida and to power crisis response centers (St. John 2023).

Notable Resource Strategies Relevant to the City
Resilience resource strategies at the city level are mulƟ-layered and must include a porƞolio of different types of resources that work together to address the City’s many dimensions of resilience and reliability needs. Examples of new development resilient communiƟes, in which resilience can be built directly into the community design, provide some indicaƟon of the complexity of resilience infrastructure and acƟviƟes. These types of communiƟes are designed to withstand electricity service at mulƟple failure points, for example, by being grid-connected, with a backstop of community-level microgrid capability including solar and storage resources, and another backstop with individual homes and buildings equipped with solar and storage resources.

In an already-built environment like the City, resilience planning and investments must be retrofit to exisƟng structures to the extent feasible and cost-effecƟve. With this in mind, and with a layered approach, several industry examples of the above-described resources in use may be relevant to the City and its resilience and reliability needs.

Energy efficiency, where cost-effecƟve across the City, will not fully miƟgate outage impacts but will reduce energy and resilience needs and, in doing so, provide opportuniƟes for cost savings. Beyond lighƟng and equipment efficiency upgrades, heat pumps (whether ground-source or air-source) may be of interest to people in the City as another efficiency opportunity.

ResidenƟal standalone solar, in areas where circuit reliability is good with relaƟvely low outage risk, promotes clean energy and energy independence, and banks for a future in which neighborhood microgrids are possible. The Pali Microgrid currently in early development in the Pacific Palisades, for example, follows a strategy to negoƟate bulk purchases of rooŌop solar and energy storage that would then be connected into a larger microgrid system. This microgrid is “expected to be one of the first community microgrids in the US installed in an established residenƟal community” (Wood 2022).

ResidenƟal solar plus storage, parƟcularly in the Hills and on circuits with an elevated level of outages southeast of Santa Monica Boulevard, in emergencies, helps households withstand longer-duraƟon outages lasƟng days, and promotes clean energy and energy independence. Solar plus storage can also serve criƟcal loads in people’s homes over a long Ɵme period during an emergency, reducing burden on City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 16 the City’s emergency response teams. In the example of Babcock Ranch in Florida, the community was not only able to maintain its own criƟcal services, but it provided relief to surrounding communiƟes destroyed by Hurricane Ian in 2022 (Dean 2022).

Commercial standalone storage, where space for solar PV panels may not be available, can help miƟgate the relaƟvely short-duraƟon outages experienced by those customers (if backup power is provided by baƩeries). It can also help customers manage day-to-day peak demands on the distribuƟon system moneƟzable as reducƟon in demand charges, and this helps to defer needs for SCE to upgrade the distribuƟon system. As an example, the Beverly Hilton and Waldorf Astoria Beverly Hills hotels recently announced procurements of thermal energy storage systems that would significantly reduce the buildings’ air condiƟoning loads (Richardson 2023).

Single-site microgrids, at criƟcal faciliƟes and community centers can provide support for people experiencing outages at their homes. In addiƟon to City faciliƟes such as fire staƟons and the library, schools and colleges are trusted community hubs that can help provide basic services during an extended outage or emergency. As an example (though it is a mulƟ-building example), Santa Rosa Junior College in Sonoma County developed a microgrid that improves resilience to PSPS and emergencies, reduces peak demand charges, and synergizes EE investments and migraƟon to solar power and away from backup diesel generators (Liebman et al. 2023).

Federal, State, and UƟlity Funding Sources
Federal, state, and local governments offer funding in the form of grants, tax credits and other incenƟves to eligible parƟes meeƟng certain criteria. The federal government provides individuals several tax credits and incenƟves for energy efficiency upgrades. UƟlity companies offer incenƟves and rebates to their customers. For example, Southern California Edison (SCE) offers online guided home efficiency tools and rebates for installing qualified energy-efficient products, as well as informaƟon regarding third-party programs and how they may be able to assist in energy conservaƟon and lowering energy costs. The federal government allows for tax credits that reduce tax liability. Tax credits, rebates and incenƟves are available for individuals and government enƟƟes. While not an exhausƟve list, some general sources are listed in the following secƟons.

Tax IncenƟves
ResidenƟal Federal IncenƟves
As part of the InflaƟon ReducƟon Act Tax Credits, the ResidenƟal Clean Energy Credit and the Federal Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit cover improvements to the main home of homeowners and renters (certain improvements only) of 30% of the cost for qualified energy efficiency improvements, residenƟal energy property expenses and home energy audits, available unƟl 2035. Individuals can claim either the ResidenƟal Clean Energy Credit or the Federal Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit. A few examples of credits include:
 Expenses covering solar panels, solar water heaters, fuel cells, and baƩery storage.  The home energy audit tax credit allows a tax credit of $150 for a home energy audit for an audit conducted by a home energy auditor resulƟng in a wriƩen report and inspecƟon, among other qualifiers (addiƟonal requirements for 2024).

City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 17  The Building Envelope Components credit covers energy-efficient improvements and is available for door and window replacements and equals $250 per door, for a total of $500 and $600 for exterior windows and skylights meeƟng efficiency standards.  Home improvements including doors, insulaƟon, windows and skylights.  The Heat Pumps and Biomass Stoves and Boilers (up to $2,000 per year, exclusive of other credits) tax credit is available for individuals purchasing and installing qualified energy-efficient stoves or biomass heaƟng systems equal to 30% of purchase and installaƟon.

The amount of credit for ResidenƟal Clean Energy Credit through 2032 is 30% of the costs of new, qualified clean energy property, such as solar panels and baƩery storage technology, installed from 2022 through 2032. There is no annual or lifeƟme dollar limit; however, the credit phases out beginning in 2033.

RestricƟons apply – some public uƟlity subsidies, rebates and state incenƟves may need to be subtracted if they are deemed purchase-price adjustments and use of dwelling is a factor (main home, business use of home, landlord, etc.).

The amount of credit for Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit through 2032 is 30% of the total improvement expenses in the year of installaƟon of certain qualified expenses. From 2023 through 2032, the credit is 30% of qualified expenses with a maximum of $1,200.

The U.S. Department of Energy, Office of State and Community Energy Programs (SCEP) ElecƟve Pay – Cash for Clean Energy: This program gives local governments the opportunity to receive cash payments from the federal government for eligible clean energy investments following the compleƟon of certain projects.

A 30% tax credit allows enƟƟes to receive 30% of the project investment cost back in a cash payment.

Projects could include solar, EV chargers, clean electricity, storage, microgrids, and other energy projects covered under the InflaƟon ReducƟon Act clean energy tax credits. The City could benefit from this credit, aŌer compleƟng pre-filing registraƟon, by compleƟng a federal tax return and making an elecƟve payment elecƟon on qualifying clean energy investments.

ResidenƟal State IncenƟves
California state property tax exempƟons for qualifying solar energy systems will exempt the added value of a solar system from property taxes through January 1, 2025.

Rebate IncenƟves
Rebate incenƟves are generally in the form of a parƟal return of a payment or credit on a purchase, given to encourage purchase of a product or service. Rebate incenƟves can be a factor in terms of funding to reduce the cost for individuals and businesses to use alternaƟve energy resources. Examples of these types of rebates are below.

ResidenƟal Federal Rebates
The U.S. Department of Energy has a number of offerings. Among several programs available, funding is set aside for home energy efficiency and electrificaƟon projects to encourage clean energy, decrease greenhouse gases, and increase energy efficiency. The Office of State and Community Energy Programs (SCEP) works with state and local organizaƟons to significantly accelerate the deployment of clean energy technologies, through strategies involving a wide range of stakeholders. Administered by the states, the City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 18 Home Efficiency Rebates Program will offer $4.3 billion in grants to reduce the upfront cost of whole-home energy efficiency upgrades in single-family and mulƟ-family homes, and the Home ElectrificaƟon and Appliance Rebates Program will offer $4.5 billion in grants to state energy offices to reduce the upfront cost of efficient electric technologies in single-family and mulƟ-family homes. California is allocated $290 million and $292 million, respecƟvely. While the states will run the programs, the City can elect to play an important role by communicaƟng how residents and businesses can improve their energy efficiency, lower future energy costs, reduce carbon emissions, and get a tax rebate for invesƟng in qualifying energy property.

Municipal Federal Rebates
The U.S. Department of Energy Grid Resilience and InnovaƟon Partnerships (GRIP) Program for Fiscal Years 2022 through 2026 provides funding to modernize the grid for extreme weather and natural disasters (Grid Resilience UƟlity and Industry Grants), to improve the performance of the electric power system (Smart Grid Grants), and to deploy innovaƟve infrastructure (Grid InnovaƟon Program) (DOE n.d.). The City may qualify as a storage operator or generator (Grid Resilience UƟlity and Industry Grants) or as a city (Smart Grid Grants & Grid InnovaƟon Program) and the program covers a wide variety of technologies. The second of three funding cycles, for Fiscal Year 2024–2025, launched in early 2024 with concept papers due on January 12, 2024 (DOE n.d.). The schedule for the final funding cycle for Fiscal Year 2026 has not yet been announced at the Ɵme of this report.

UƟlity Provider ResidenƟal Rebates
California’s SGIP – Self GeneraƟon IncenƟve Program, operated by the California Public UƟliƟes Commission and administered by uƟlity companies, provides rebates for residenƟal and non-residenƟal customers who install and use energy storage systems. The SGIP rebate works as a reimbursement aŌer the project is installed and applies to both the equipment and installaƟon cost of a baƩery storage project.

As customers of Southern California Edison (SCE), Beverly Hills residents in Tier 2 or 3 High Fire Threat Districts (north of Sunset) or those who have experienced two or more uƟlity Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS’s), and are medically vulnerable (enrolled in/eligible for a Medical Baseline Program or provided SCE noƟce of a serious illness/life-threatening condiƟon in the event of a power failure) can parƟcipate in SCE’s self-generaƟon incenƟve program, potenƟally covering a significant porƟon of the cost to install selfgeneraƟng energy storage systems. For those who do not qualify for the higher rebates, a General Market Rebate for approximately 25% of the cost of an average system is available through solar providers.

Net Energy Metering (NEM) Credit incenƟves for solar energy allow homeowners on the Time-of-Use rate to receive Ɵme-of-use credits for the excess electricity their solar panels generate and export to the grid.

SCE’s NEM program allows grid-connected customers to receive a credit for surplus electricity their system sends to the grid.

Administered by various enƟƟes, Golden State Rebates are available to SCE customers. These rebates (instore/online redeemable coupons) cover energy efficient products such as room air condiƟoners ($15 rebate), smart thermostats ($75 rebate) and water heaters (up to $900 rebate for heat pump water heaters and up to $75 rebate for gas tank water heaters).

City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 19 Electric Vehicle Tax IncenƟves
Electric vehicle incenƟves have become increasingly important as the world aƩempts to move away from fossil fuels. As purchase prices for EV’s and EV chargers can be a deterrent, up front tax incenƟves can assist in lowering iniƟal costs. Both state and federal incenƟves are available to potenƟal EV users.

ResidenƟal Federal Tax IncenƟves
These incenƟves include the Electric Vehicle Chargers Federal Tax IncenƟve and the Electric Vehicle Federal Tax IncenƟve:
 Electric Vehicle Chargers Federal Tax IncenƟve: Provides a 30% tax credit, up to $1,000 per site rebate on Levels 1, 2, and 3 chargers and installaƟon costs for units purchased and installed by December 31, 2032. The tax credit is retroacƟve, which means individuals can apply for the credit for chargers installed daƟng back to 2018.
 Electric Vehicle Federal Tax IncenƟve: Year 2022 and prior purchasers of qualified EV’s could be eligible for a tax credit (to reduce tax liability) of up to $7,500 (addiƟonal requirement of final North America assembly if purchased aŌer August 16, 2022). For new plug-in EV’s or fuel cell vehicles (FCV) in service in 2023 or aŌer, a Clean Vehicle Tax Credit ($2,500 base amount plus $417 for 7 kW hours of baƩery capacity and an addiƟonal $417 for each kW hours of capacity beyond 5, up to $7,500; minimum credit will be $3,751 [$2,500 + 3 Ɵmes $417] for a minimum baƩery capacity of 7 kW) may be available if AGI limits are met. The U.S. Department of the Treasury has a rule that would make it easier for consumers to receive up to a $7,500 tax credit for new electric vehicles and a $4,000 credit for used EVs. The ruling is effecƟve January 1, 2024. The ruling would allow buyers, regardless of federal tax liability, to get a full tax break which would be a point-ofsale purchase discount from car dealers.  In considering an electric vehicle, emerging technology will allow EV’s to provide power for crucial home needs in an emergency if the power goes out. However, specific equipment and compaƟbility are necessary. Vehicle to Home (V2H) charging is currently limited to EV’s and home chargers both with bidirecƟonal charging capability. BaƩery size and power output figure determines how long and to the extent an EV can charge a home. In general, a charged EV baƩery should supply energy needs to a home for roughly two days.

ResidenƟal State Tax IncenƟves
AddiƟonally, incenƟves are available for electric vehicle owners in California. Among the more than fiŌy incenƟves potenƟally available, included are the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project, UƟlity Bill Discounts, State Tax DeducƟon, and Charging StaƟon IncenƟves.

Other Funding OpportuniƟes
New capital projects such as new systems, faciliƟes or structures require significant funding. As the City seeks to move forward in the pursuit of electrical resiliency, sources are available to offset a porƟon of the costs. Some potenƟal opportuniƟes are briefly outlined below.

City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 20 Clean Power Alliance Funding
The Clean Power Alliance (CPA) provides funding to local, member agencies to assist in efforts to move toward resiliency. A potenƟal opportunity of interest is grant funding from the Local Government Sustainability Assistance Program from the CPA. The program’s goal is to support member agencies to advance resiliency, grid management, electrificaƟon and local procurement within their operaƟons. Under the Power Ready program, funding is available for the installaƟon of clean energy generaƟon and storage at criƟcal community faciliƟes to implement community resiliency while the CPA benefits from shaving-off costs from purchasing during peak Ɵmes during normal operaƟng days.

Under the CPA’s Power Ready program, the City is scheduled to install solar plus baƩery at Roxbury Park.

Roxbury Park will receive solar plus baƩery infrastructure to support power during power outages. CPA offered the Power Ready Program to provide back-up power to the facility during a power outage. The quanƟty of solar and baƩery for Roxbury Park or any facility in this program is only intended to provide back-up power to criƟcal funcƟons of the facility. Roxbury Park solar plus baƩery infrastructure will also serve as an off-grid solar plus baƩery benefit to the CPA during normal operaƟons. That benefit will help the CPA with local energy producƟon and shave off costs during peak demands during the day. The Ɵmeline is below:
 The City of Beverly Hills and CPA completed feasibility and site assessment.  The CPA paused the implementaƟon for the current program and expanded it by having an addiƟonal cohort of parƟcipants to broaden the reach of the program. This expansion will allow for the inclusion of external funding from state and federal grant opportuniƟes that will increase the number of faciliƟes for consideraƟon (The City of Beverly Hills may or may not be allowed to submit addiƟonal sites for consideraƟon; that has yet to be determined by the CPA.). The CPA plans to complete this expansion of the program in Fiscal Year 2023/24.  City staff is waiƟng for next steps from the CPA.

California Energy Commission
The California Energy Commission (CEC) provides grants, loans, and financing programs for various energy sectors, including energy efficiency, renewable energy, and grid resilience. The CEC offers the Energy ConservaƟon Assistance Act, which provides 1% interest loans to public enƟƟes to finance energy efficiency and energy generaƟon projects, storage and electric vehicle charging infrastructure.

SCE’s Microgrid IncenƟve Program
A microgrid is an electric system that can operate independently from the central energy grid. In 2018, Senate Bill 1339 directed the California Public UƟliƟes Commission (CPUC) to further develop policies related to microgrids guided by the California Energy Commission and California Independent System Operator. In 2021, the CPUC authorized the Microgrid IncenƟve Program to fund clean energy microgrids and delve further into growing technologies. SoCal Edison’s Microgrid IncenƟve Program (MIP) provides a grant to communiƟes facing power outages. While the City of Beverly Hills is unlikely to be eligible for this Program, informaƟon is included for review purposes. In order to quality for funding, a potenƟal community must meet specific requirements, outlined below. A porƟon of an eligible MIP community microgrid is required to be geographically located in an area at a higher risk of electrical outages, and:

City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 21  Meet at least one requirement in SecƟon A: Vulnerable to Outages o Tier 2 or 3 High Fire Threat District (HFTD);
o LocaƟon with a prior public safety power shutoff (PSPS) event; o LocaƟon prone to strong, damaging earthquakes; or locaƟon with lower historical levels of electricity reliability, defined as one of the top 1%  Meet at least one requirement in SecƟon B: Disadvantaged and Vulnerable Community o Census tracts with median household incomes less than 60% of state median; o California NaƟve American Tribal Community;
o Community in the top 25% most disadvantaged census tracts; o A rural area
 Meet all requirements in SecƟon C: Technical Eligibility o Project Must
 Be a Community Microgrid;
 Be able to serve a minimum of 24 consecuƟve hours of energy in island mode o Project Resources Must
 Interconnect on a distribuƟon line that is at 50kV or below;  Comply with the emissions standards of the State Air Resources Board;  Have aggregate emissions no greater than equivalent grid power when in island mode
.

Figure 8: SoCal Edison’s Microgrid Program Schedule
October 2023 Publish ApplicaƟon Handbook and Program Overview November 2023 ConsultaƟons With PotenƟal Applicants Begin Mid 2024 MIP ApplicaƟons Submission
City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 22 Resilience AcƟon Plan
Through the MCER Ad Hoc CommiƩee’s exploraƟon of electrical resilience problems and potenƟal soluƟons, the benefits of three types of acƟons have become apparent:

1. AcƟons to improve our understanding of the City’s grid condiƟon, risks and outages;

2. AcƟons to reduce electricity resilience needs and outage exposures; and

3. AcƟons to secure access to essenƟal services in the event of an outage.

Each of these are described in further detail below and illustrated in Figure 9. The acƟons are grouped in terms of acƟons which can be implemented in less than 3 years (near term), acƟons which can be implemented in 3–5 years (mid-term), and acƟons which require a longer planning horizon (long term, 5+ years).

Figure 9: AcƟon Plan Elements and Timeline
Source: Lumen Energy Strategy, LLC
AcƟons to Improve Our Understanding of the City’s Grid CondiƟon, Risks, and Outages InformaƟon on the City’s outage characterisƟcs, causes and grid failure points, and underlying hazards provides situaƟonal awareness of the City’s specific needs, and it helps to idenƟfy what types of resource soluƟons might best address those needs. Outage risks may worsen, improve, or change in characterisƟcs over Ɵme, and it is important that the City tracks and anƟcipates those changes for its emergency preparedness and its ability to support residents and businesses.

NEAR TERM (1-3 years)
Actions to Improve
Our Understanding of the Track outages, outage causes,
City's Grid Condition, and underlying hazards
Risks & Outages
Actions to Reduce
Electricity Resilience Needs
& Outage Exposures
Actions to Secure
Access to Essential Services
in the Event of an Outage
Expand energy efficiency,
solar PV, energy storage at
homes and businesses
• Resilience energy audits
• City knowledge hub
• Permitting support
Based on aud,t results·
• Negotiate bulk purchase5
• Add'l lncentoves, support

LONGTERM
(5+ years)
Neighborhood micrognd pilot
✓ Resilience and reliability
✓ Clean and sustainable
✓ Energy independence and choice
City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 23 AcƟon (NEAR TERM): Track outages, outage causes, and underlying hazards on an ongoing basis.

Several channels are within the City’s reach to collect detailed circuit and/or customer outage data from SCE. Pursuant to CPUC Decision 16-01-008, the uƟliƟes are “required… to make reliability data available to the public upon request” (CPUC n.d.). Detailed outage data and informaƟon on wildfire-related are available to stakeholders through California Wildfire Safety Advisory Board proceedings, with publiclyavailable informaƟon posted on the uƟliƟes’ websites. California Public UƟliƟes Commission (CPUC) proceedings related to climate adaptaƟon and distribuƟon system planning also contain detailed data and informaƟon from the uƟliƟes on grid vulnerabiliƟes and planned investments—oŌen at the distribuƟon circuit and substaƟon level. AlternaƟvely, third party vendors like Poweroutage.US may provide a data collecƟon and data processing service.

AcƟon (NEAR TERM): Increase regulatory pressure to SCE to significantly improve its invesƟgaƟons and reporƟng of outage causes.

A large share of distribuƟon outages are driven by equipment failures or causes unknown to SCE. This creates a major knowledge gap as the City seeks to improve the resilience and reliability of its electricity supply. City representaƟon as a stakeholder in CPUC proceedings related to distribuƟon reliability and planning provides a channel for the City to submit formal stakeholder comments, data requests, and protests.

AcƟons to Reduce Electricity Resilience Needs and Outage Exposures Through a variety of knowledge-building iniƟaƟves and conƟnued permiƫng improvements, the City has an important role in facilitaƟng development of onsite energy efficiency and outage miƟgaƟon resources on homes and businesses. These private investments can help reduce onsite electricity resilience needs and outage exposures, but, as with many types of building upgrades, interested (or potenƟally interested) electricity customers may face a variety of informaƟon and logisƟcal barriers.

AcƟon (NEAR TERM): Facilitate onsite energy resilience audits for interested residents and small businesses.

As with a tradiƟonal home energy audit, resilience-focused audit can help electricity customers beƩer understand their building-specific vulnerabiliƟes and realisƟc investment opportuniƟes for energy efficiency, solar PV, energy storage, microgrid configuraƟons, and backup power from other sources such as electric vehicles, diesel, or natural gas. They can get advice from a qualified professional without sales pressure from developers. At the same Ɵme, the City can collect valuable informaƟon on customer concerns, interests, and most suitable resource soluƟons, which can be used to further refine and direct the City’s resilience strategy.

City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 24 AcƟon (NEAR TERM): Build a resilience knowledge center on the City’s website, updated regularly.

This knowledge center can help residents and small businesses beƩer understand the suite of resource opƟons available to them, the pros and cons of each, and available funding sources. InformaƟon-sharing can also be triggered by certain types of permit applicaƟons, such as a fact sheet about the pros and cons of rooŌop solar when a resident applies for a roofing permit.

AcƟon (NEAR TERM): Provide addiƟonal permiƫng support for residents and businesses who seek or may be interested in installing resilience resources such as solar, energy storage, and energy efficiency.

InformaƟon-sharing can also be triggered by certain types of permit applicaƟons, such as a fact sheet about the pros and cons of rooŌop solar when a resident applies for a roofing permit. Expedited electrical and solar permits and inspecƟons, along with clear guidelines on safe installaƟon, can also facilitate more rapid development of resilient energy infrastructure.

AcƟon (MID TERM): NegoƟate bulk customer-sited solar and/or energy storage purchases for interested residents and small businesses.

If the resilience audits indicate sufficient interest, consider screening developers and negoƟaƟng a bulk discount rather than having each resident and small business go through this process individually. Bulk purchases can create true cost savings, for both customers and developers since developers can reduce markeƟng cost and coordinate mulƟple installaƟons at once. If, within a year or two, the resilience audits already indicate strong interest in investments, bulk purchases should be advanced to a NEAR TERM acƟon.

AcƟon (MID TERM): Design addiƟonal City incenƟves, guidance, and other support to residents and businesses for resilience investments, if needed.

As part of the resilience audits, informaƟon should be collected from audit parƟcipants on the financial, technical, and logisƟcal barriers they face to resilience investments. Depending on those results, the City may see a need to fine-tune its acƟon plan to include incenƟves, guidance, or other support to address those barriers.

AcƟon (LONG TERM): Pilot a neighborhood-level microgrid.

Neighborhood-level microgrids are installed on the distribuƟon system but much closer to the customer than a substaƟon-level microgrid. These types of microgrids have the advantage of miƟgaƟng distribuƟon- City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 25 level outages and economies of scale in neighborhood-level resources (e.g., neighborhood energy storage rather than at each individual home). Although technically feasible and demonstrated, neighborhood-level microgrids currently face several logisƟcal, legal, and policy challenges and very few have been developed in exisƟng communiƟes naƟonwide.

However, some policy advancements are currently in development (see the CPUC’s resiliency and microgrids Rulemaking 19-09-009), and the City’s proposed near term and mid-term acƟons to facilitate resilience investments provide an important real opƟon to take further acƟon as soon as barriers to neighborhood microgrids are cleared or materially reduced.

AcƟons to Secure Access to EssenƟal Services in the Event of an Outage For some residents and businesses, resilience investments may not be feasible, or they may not be desirable depending on their percepƟon of outage risks and risk tolerances. The City has a criƟcal role in ensuring that, in an emergency situaƟon, everyone has access to the essenƟal services they need.

AcƟon (NEAR TERM): Procure addiƟonal clean, mobile emergency backup soluƟons (if needed).

These soluƟons may include backup baƩeries, solar plus storage-powered trailers, or even diesel generators, if necessary, that can be delivered to neighborhoods across the City as needed during an extended outage or in an emergency. One example is a set of mobile solar plus storage trailers used for emergency services aŌer 2021 Hurricane Ida and to power crisis response centers (St. John 2023).

AcƟon (MID TERM): Develop one or more onsite school microgrids, in partnership with the Beverly Hills Unified School District, at a designated emergency shelter such as at Hawthorne Elementary School, Horace Mann Elementary School, and/or Beverly Vista Middle School.

These three schools are centrally-located in City neighborhoods, and they are designated as emergency shelters (City of Beverly Hills 2013). A school microgrid can serve two criƟcal funcƟons. One, it can ensure the emergency shelter has access to clean and conƟnuous power during an emergency. Two, even under blue sky condiƟons, the microgrid can ensure students and their families can rely on full school funcƟonality in the event of other brief or extended outages.

AcƟon (MID TERM): Develop one or more onsite City facility microgrids.

As with the school microgrid, a City facility microgrid would improve both onsite resilience in an emergency situaƟon, and onsite reliability during grid outages. The City facility microgrid will also build the City’s experience with microgrid planning, design, and operaƟons. The microgrid site should serve some criƟcal funcƟon, be a place where community members can gather during an outage event, and/or City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 26 already have energy efficiency upgrades or solar installed for ease of microgrid development. Examples include the City’s Foothill Water Treatment Plant, Fire StaƟon No. 2, Fire StaƟon No. 3, and the library.

AcƟon (LONG TERM): Pilot a clustered criƟcal services microgrid.

If the City’s experience with City facility microgrids is posiƟve, this larger-scale microgrid may offer a beƩer soluƟon than developing microgrids site-by-site. As with the neighborhood-level microgrid pilot, a clustered criƟcal services microgrid is installed on the distribuƟon system but much closer to the customer than a substaƟon-level microgrid, and it faces similar barriers. This is also referred to in the industry as a “town center” microgrid.

AcƟon (LONG TERM): Explore targeted public power.

This is an emerging type of municipalizaƟon that only serves new grid developments (Wood 2023) and may be of interest to the City in the future. The City’s experience with operaƟng the City facility and clustered criƟcal services microgrids will help to determine the feasibility and appeƟte to plan for and operate porƟons of the grid.

I’m a resident, employee, and/or business owner in Beverly Hills.

What can I do to improve electrical resilience in the City? The City is developing resources for you to beƩer understand your opƟons for resilience investments and funding opportuniƟes. Here’s what you can do:
 Visit our resilience knowledge hub; give us feedback on how to design it to beƩer suit your needs:
hƩps://www.beverlyhills.org/departments/publicworks/electricalresiliency/  Sign up to be noƟfied when the resilience audit program starts; then sign up for a resilience audit:
[In Development]
 Learn more about the City’s resilience risks and Emergency OperaƟons Plan:
hƩps://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/1717622267413601751/ADOPTEDSAFETYELEMENT-2022.pdf hƩps://www.beverlyhills.org/citymanager/emergencymanagement/emergencyoperaƟonsplan/  Sign up for emergency alerts and prepare your home or business for an emergency situaƟon:
hƩps://www.beverlyhills.org/citymanager/emergencymanagement/emergencypreparedness/ City of Beverly Hills: Electrical Resilience AcƟon Plan 27 Selected References
CEC (California Energy Commission). 2023. “Geothermal Energy.” accessed October 2023. hƩps://www.energy.ca.gov/datareports/california-power-generaƟon-and-power-sources/geothermal-energy.

City of Beverly Hills. 2022. “Adopted safety element.” Most recently amended on May 10, 2022 by ResoluƟon No. 22-R-13407. hƩps://www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/1717622267413601751/ADOPTEDSAFETYELEMENT-2022.pdf. ———. 2013. “City of Beverly Hills SEMS/NIMS emergency operaƟons plan.” Completed by the Office of Emergency Management. 2013. hƩps://www.beverlyhills.org/citymanager/emergencymanagement/emergencyoperaƟonsplan/. See operaƟons secƟon supporƟng documentaƟon, page OS-3, for a list of emergency shelters.

CPUC (California Public UƟliƟes Commission). n.d. “Electric system reliability annual reports.” Accessed January 2024. hƩps://www.cpuc.ca.gov/industries-and-topics/electrical-energy/infrastructure/electric-reliability/electric-systemreliability-annual-reports.

Dean, Evan. 2022. “Babcock Ranch weathers Ian, never losing electricity, internet or water.” NBC-2. October 15, 2022. hƩps://nbc-2.com/news/2022/10/13/babcock-ranch-weathers-ian-never-losing-electricity-internet-or-water/.

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). n.d. “Grid Resilience and InnovaƟon Partnerships (GRIP) Program.” Accessed January 17, 2024. hƩps://www.energy.gov/gdo/grid-resilience-and-innovaƟon-partnerships-grip-program.

Energy SoluƟons. 2023. “California Distributed GeneraƟon StaƟsƟcs.” Data current through August 31, 2023. hƩps://www.californiadgstats.ca.gov/charts/.

KB Home. 2021. “Enhancing homeowners’ electrical service reliability & resiliency: microgrid connected communiƟes.” March 2021.

Liebman, David, Demetra Tzamaras, and Christopher Vogel. 2023. “4-Pillar Methodology Use Cases.” October 19, 2023. hƩps://www.cpuc.ca.gov/-/media/cpuc-website/divisions/energy-division/documents/resiliency-and-microgrids/resiliencyand-microgrids-events-and-materials/finalslidedeckcpucsdgesrjc10192023.pdf.

Richardson, Jake. 2023. “Beverly Hilton & Waldorf Astoria Beverly Hills announce new thermal energy storage system.” CleanTechnica. June 14, 2023. hƩps://cleantechnica.com/2023/06/14/beverly-hilton-waldorf-astoria-beverly-hillsannounce-new-thermal-energy-storage-system/.

Roth, Sammy. 2020. “California needs clean energy aŌer sundown. Is the answer under our feet?” Los Angeles Times, January 22, 2020. hƩps://www.laƟmes.com/environment/story/2020-01-22/california-needs-clean-energy-aŌer-sundowngeothermal-could-be-the-answer.

SCE (Southern California Edison). 2023a. “Annual electric reliability report: for year 2022.” Prepared for the California Public UƟliƟes Commission. 2023.
———. 2023b. “GNA Planning AssumpƟons.xlsx.” Southern California Edison DRPEP. File created July 27, 2023. Accessed January 2024. hƩps://drpep.sce.com/drpep/.
———. 2023c. “Circuit reliability review: Beverly Hills.” 2023.

St. John, Jeff. 2023. “Can mobile baƩeries make dirty diesel generators obsolete?” Canary Media. July 12, 2023. hƩps://www.canarymedia.com/arƟcles/baƩeries/can-mobile-baƩeries-make-dirty-diesel-generators-obsolete.

Wood, Elisa. 2023. “Is there an easier way to create public power uƟliƟes?” Energy Changemakers. December 7, 2023. hƩps://energychangemakers.com/targeted-public-power/.
———. 2022. “22 intriguing microgrid projects to watch in 2022.” Microgrid Knowledge. January 11, 2022, hƩps://www.microgridknowledge.com/editors-choice/arƟcle/11427497/22-intriguing-microgrid-projects-to-watch-in-2022.