Item A-6 — Beverly Hills City Council, March 24, 2026 (part 2 of 2)

Originally created to defend the community,
Haganah evolved into a permanent
underground reserve army fully integratedinto the Jewish political structure.

Although the British authorities
disapproved of the Flaganah, particularly
its method of stealing arms from Britishbases, they did not disband it.{{sfn ICleveland I 20101 p=252}} The Histadrut operated as a completely independent
entity, without interference from the
British mandate authorities. Ben-Gurion saw
the Histadrut’s detachment from socialist
ideology to be one of its key strengths;indeed it was the General Organization of Workers in Israel. In particular, the
Histadrut worked towards national unity and
aimed to dominate the capitalist system en
route to gaining political power, not tocreate a socialist utopia.{{sfnlSternhellll999lloc=Ends and Means:

The Labor Ideology and the Histadrut}}
As secretary general of the Histadrut and
leader of the Zionist labor movement, Ben
Gurion adopted similar strategies andobjectives as Weizmann during this period, 1920 as an independent social, politicaland economic institution. {{sfn I Sternhell 119991 loc=Introduction}}
{{efnl”The Histadrut is not a trade union,not a political party, not acooperative society, nor is it a mutual aid
association, although it doesengage in
trade union activity, in politics,
cooperative organizationand mutual aid. But
it is much more than that. The Histadrut is
a covenant 0-F builders o-F a homeland,
founders of a state, renewers of anation,
builders of an economy, creators of
culture, reformers of a society.’{{sfnlShimonill995lp=201}}}} The Histadrut also exercised significant control over the
[[Haganah]], a Jewish defense force formed
in 1920 in reaction to Arab riots.

Originally created to defend the community,
Haganah evolved into a permanent
underground reserve army fully integrated
into the Jewish political structure.

Although the British authorities
disapproved of the Haganah, particularly
its method of stealing arms from British
bases, they did not disband it.
{{sfn I Cleveland 120101 p=252}} The Histadrut
operated as a completely independent
entity, without interference from theBritish mandate authorities. Ben-Gurion saw the Histadrut’s detachment from socialist
ideology to be one of its key strengths;
indeed it was the General Organization of
Workers in Israel. In particular, the
Histadrut worked towards national unity and
aimed to dominate the capitalist system en
route to gaining political power, not to
create a socialist utopia.
{{sfnlSternhellll999lloc=Ends and Means:

The Labor Ideology and the Histadrut}}
As secretary general of the Histadrut and
leader of the Zionist labor movement, Ben
Gurion adopted similar strategies and
objectives as Weizmann during this period,
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diffr1340608433&oldid=1296492217 110/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia disagreeing primarily on issues of specific
tactical moves up until 1939.
{{sfnlFlapanhl979lp=131}} The middle class
grew dramatically in size with the arrival
of the fourth aliyah in 1924, motivating a
political shift within the labor movement.
{{sfnlDieckhoffl2eO3lp=91}} It was during
this period that the political strategy ofthe labor movement would solidify. {{sfn Sternhell I 19991 p=219}} The founding
of the Mapai party unified the labormovement, making it the dominant force. The party saw economic control as essential to
facilitating Zionist settlement and
achieving political power: “the economicquestion is not one of class; it is a national question”.{{sfnISternhellIlgg9}}
For Ben-Gurion, the transformation from
“working class to nation” was intertwined
with his rejection of diaspora life, as hewould declare: the “weak, unproductive, parasitical Jewish masses” must beconverted “to productive labor” in service of the nation.{{sfnlDieckhoffl2eO3lpp=89—95))
Line 296:

For the Zionist movement, economic
development and policies were a mechanism
by which political aims could be achieved.
{{sfnISternhellIl999}} A new economicsector exclusively for Jews, controlled by the Labor Zionist movement, was establishedwith support from the Jewish National Fund and the agricultural workers’ Histadrut.

Despite the universalist ideals of Zionist
pioneering, this new Jewish economic sector
was fundamentally based on exclusionary
practices.{{sfnlShafirllgg6}} The goal ofachieving “100 percent of Hebrew labour” was the primary driver of the territorial,
economic and social separation between Jews
and Arabs.{{sfnIFlapanIl979Iloc=The Policy
of Economic and Social Separation}}
disagreeing primarily on issues of specific
tactical moves up until 1939.
{{sfnlFlapanhl979lp=l3l}} The middle class
grew dramatically in size with the arrival
of the fourth aliyah in 1924, motivating a
political shift within the labor movement.{{sfnlDieckhoffl2003lp=91}} It was during this period that the political strategy of
the labor movement would solidify.
{{sfnlSternhellll999lp=219}} The founding
of the Mapai party unified the labor
movement, making it the dominant force. The
party saw economic control as essential to
facilitating Zionist settlement and
achieving political power: “the economicquestion is not one of class; it is a national question” . {{sfn I Sternhell I 1999))
For Ben-Gurion, the transformation from
“working class to nation” was intertwined
with his rejection of diaspora life, as hewould declare: the “weak, unproductive, parasitical Jewish masses” must beconverted “to productive labor” in service of the nation.{{sfnlDieckhoffl2003lpp=89—95) }
Line 311:

For the Zionist movement, economic
development and policies were a mechanism
by which political aims could be achieved.
{{sfnlSternhellll999}} A new economic
sector exclusively for Jews, controlled by
the Labor Zionist movement, was established
with support from the Jewish National Fund
and the agricultural workers’ Histadrut.

For the Zionist leadership, the economic
status and development of the Arabs ofPalestine should be compared with Arabs of other countries, rather than with the Jewsof Palestine. Accordingly, disproportionategains in Jewish development were acceptable as long as the status of the Arab sector
did not worsen. While British support forZionist aspirations in Palestine established the parameters within which the
Arab economy could develop, Zionist
policies reinforced these limitations. Most
notable are the exclusion of Arab labor
from Jewish enterprise and the expulsion of
Arab peasants from Jewish-owned land. Both
of these had limited impact in scope but
reinforced the structural limitations putin place by British policies. {{sfnlRoyI2Ol6Iloc=The Economic
Transformation of Palestine: Key British
and Zionst Policies}}
With the rise to power of the Nazis in
1933, the Jewish community was increasinglypersecuted and driven out. The discriminatory immigration laws of the US,UK and other countries preferable to German Jews, led to in 1935 alone more than 60,000Jews arriving in Palestine (more than the total number of Jews in Palestine as of the
establishment of the Balfour declaration in
1917). Ben-Gurion would subsequently
declare that immigration at this rate would
allow for the maximalist Zionist goal of a
Jewish state in all of Palestine.{{sfn I Pappé I 2004}}{{pageneededldate=November 2024}} The Arabcommunity openly pressured the mandatory With the rise to power of the Nazis in
1933, the Jewish community was increasinglypersecuted and driven out. The discriminatory immigration laws of the US,UK and other countries preferable to German Jews, led to in 1935 alone more than 60,000Jews arriving in Palestine (more than the total number of Jews in Palestine as of the
establishment of the Balfour declaration in
1917). Ben-Gurion would subsequently
declare that immigration at this rate would
allow for the maximalist Zionist goal of a
Jewish state in all of Palestine.{{sfn I Pappé I 2004}}{{pageneededldate=November 2024}} The Arabcommunity openly pressured the mandatory +
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 112/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM
government to restrict Jewish immigration
and land purchases.{{sfnIRoyl2Ol6lp=33}}
Line 302:

Sporadic attacks in the countryside
(described by Zionists and the British as
“banditry’) reflected widespread anger over
the Zionist land purchases that displaced
local peasants. Meanwhile, in urban areas,protests against British rule and theincreasing influence of the Zionist movement intensified and became moremilitant in the early 1930s. {{sfn I Khalidi 120201 p=44}}
Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia
government to restrict Jewish immigration
and land purchases.{{sfnlRoyl2Ol6lp=33}}
Line 317:

Sporadic attacks in the countryside
(described by Zionists and the British as
“banditry”) reflected widespread anger over
the Zionist land purchases that displaced
local peasants. Meanwhile, in urban areas,
protests against British rule and the
increasing influence of the Zionist
movement intensified and became moremilitant in the early 1930s. {{sfn I Khalidi 120201 p=44}}
The outbreak of violence in the course of
the 1936 Arab Revolt was a turning point in
Jewish-Arab relations, unifying previously
divided factions within the Zionist
movement and leading them to view the use
of force as a necessary means of defense
and deterrence,{{sfn IGornyl 19871 pp=243, 231}} Moreover,some, like Beilinson, viewed the Jewishstruggic for Palcstinc as a mattcr ofsurvival, whereas they argued that for the Arabs it was not an existential issue.

Consequently, they believcd thrit 1tr multi
.
- -.
and that Arab motives — whether noble orI_____ ..,,.4. ii.. -.. .7
significant. ((sfn IGornyl 19071 p.251))During the revolt, the [[Irgun Zvai Leumi]]engaged in the use of terror attacksagainst the Arabs of Palestine. Similarly, for the labor Zionist [[Palmah]], the lines
delineating what was acceptable and
unacceptable while dealing with Arab
villagers were “vague and intentionally
blurred”, These ambiguous limitspractically did not differ from those of the self-described “terrorist” group,
Irgun. According to Anita Shapira,
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 During the revolt, the [[Irgun Zvai Leumi]]
engaged in the use of terror attacksagainst the Arabs of Palestine. Similarly, for the labor Zionist [[Palmah]], the lines
delineating what was acceptable and
unacceptable while dealing with Arabvillagers were “vague and intentionally blurred”. These ambiguous limitspractically did not differ from those of the self-described “terrorist” group,
Irgun. According to Anita Shapira,
The outbreak of violence in the course ofthe 1936 Arab Revolt was a turning point in Jewish-Arab relations, unifying previously
divided factions within the Zionistmovement and leading them to view the use of force as a necessary means of defenseand deterrence.{{sfnlGornyll987lpp=243,251}} +
113/341
2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia beginning in this period, Labor Zionism’suse of violence against Palestinians for political means was essentially the same as
that of radical conservative Zionist groups
{{sfn Shapira 11992 I pp=247, 249, 251—252,350, 365}}
Line 308:
beginning in this period, Labor Zionism’suse of violence against Palestinians forpolitical means was essentially the same as that of radical conservative Zionist groups.
{{sfnlShapirall992lpp=247, 249, 251—252,350, 365}}
Line 323:
[[File: PeelMap. pngthumb I right I Provisional
frontiers of the Palestine partition fromthe Peel Commission]] — In response to the revolt the British
appointed in 1937 a [[Peel
Commissionicommission of inquiry]] that
eventually recommended the partition of the
land. The proposal included creating asmall Jewish state occupying 17 percent of Mandatory Palestine’s territory,
{{sfnlKhalidil2006lp=45}} while Jerusalem
and a corridor to the sea would remain
under British control, and the remaining 75percent of the territory would form aPalestinian state connected to Transjordanunder King Abdullah’s rule.<ref>{{Cite news Idate=February 1, 2024 Ititle=The Road to
1948, and the Roots of a Perpetual Conflict
I url=https : //www. nytimes . com/interactive/202
4/02/01/magazine! israel-founding
palestinian-conflict.html laccess
date=January 7, 2025 Iwork=[[The New York
Times]] I language=en-US I issn=0362-4331
I archive
url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/20250207025354/https : //www. nytimes . com/interactive/2024/ 02/01/magazine/israel-founding-palestinianconflict.html Iarchive-date=February 7, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web I last=Morris
Ifirst=Benny Iauthor-link=Benny MorrisIdate=April 3, 2020 Ititle=The War on History
I url=https : //jewishreviewofbooks .corn/article
5/7210/the-war-on-history! Iaccess
date=January 7, 2025 Iwebsite=Jewish Review
The Peel Commission partition proposal
[[File: PeelMap. png Ithumbi right I Provisional
frontiers of the Palestine partition fromthe Peel Commission]] In response to the revolt, the British
appointed in 1937 a [[Peel
Commission Icommission of inquiry]] that
eventually recommended the partition of the
land. The proposal included creating a
small Jewish state occupying 17 percent of
Mandatory Palestine’s territory,
{{sfnIKhalidiI2006Ip=45}} while Jerusalem
and a corridor to the sea would remain
under British control, and the remaining 75percent of the territory would form aPalestinian state connected to Transjordanunder King Abdullah’s rule.<ref>{{Cite news Idate=February 1, 2024 Ititle=The Road to
1948, and the Roots of a Perpetual Conflict
I url=https: //www. nytimes . com/interactive/202
4/02/01/magazine/israel-foundingpalestinian-conflict.html laccess date=January 7, 2025 Iwork=[[The New YorkTimes]] I language=en-US I issn=0362-4331 I archive
url=https : //web .archive. org/web/202502070253
54/https : //www. nytirnes. com/interactive/2024/
02/01/magazine/israel -founding-palestinianconflict .html I archive-date=February 7, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web Ilast=Morris
Ifirst=Benny iauthor-link=Benny MorrisIdate=April 3, 2020 Ititle=The War on History
I url=https: //jewishreviewofbooks .com/article
s/7210/the-war-on-history/ laccess
date=January 7, 2025 Iwebsite=Jewish Review
The Peel Commission partition proposal
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 114/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia its
+
as
its
was
of Books Ilanguage=en-us larchive
url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/202412291148
44/https : //jewishreviewofbooks .com/articles!
7210/the-war-on-history! I archivedate=December 29, 2024}}</ref> At this point, Jews owned 5.6% of the land inPalestine; the land allocated to the Jewishstate would contain 40 percent of thecountry’s fertile land.{{sfnIRoyI2Ol6Ip=33}} of Books Ilanguage=en-us larchive
url=https: f/web. archive. org/web/202412291148
44!https : //jewishreviewofbooks .com/articles!
7210/the-war-on-history! larchivedate=December 29, 2024}}</ref> At this point, Jews owned 5.6% of the land inPalestine; the land allocated to the Jewishstate would contain 40 percent of the countrys fertile land.{{sfnlRoyl2Ol6Ip=33}}
— The commission also proposed a [[population
transfer]] of the Palestinian Arabs fromthe areas designated for the Jewish state, based on the precedent of the [[Population
exchange between Greece and Turkeyll923
Greek-Turkish population exchange]] . <ref>
{{Cite book Ilast=Robson Ifirst=Laura
I url=https : f/books. google .corn/books?
id=cOInDgAAQBAJ ltitle=States of
Separation: Transfer, Partition, and the
Making of the Modern Middle East
lpublisher=University of California PressI year=2017 I isbn=978-0-520-29215-4I pages=115—116 I language=en iquote=The members cited the Greek-Turkish exchange as
a model for population exchange: ‘The
courage of the Greek and Turkish statesmenhas been justified by the result. Before the operation the Greek and Turkishminorities had been a constant irritant.

Now Greco-Turkish relations are friendlier
than they have ever been before. “}}</ref>
<ref>{{harvnblKatzll992lp=59}}: “The
Commission, however, believed that a secure
peace could not be achieved solely bypartition and the establishment of aboundary between the two countries. In opinion, the attainment of peace would
necessitate the implementation ofpopulation exchanges and land transfers between the Jewish and Arab states on the
model of the Greco-Turkish precedent”</ref>
For Ben-Gurion, the transfer proposal was
the most appealing recommendation put
forward by the commission.{{sfnlBen
AmiI2007Ip=25}} Indeed, this sentiment was
deeply ingrained to the extent that Ben
The commission also proposed a [[populationtransfer]] of the Palestinian Arabs from the areas designated for the Jewish state,
based on the precedent of the [[1923 GreekTurkish population exchange]] .<ref>{{Citebook Ilast=Robson Ifirst=Laura I url=https : f/books. google.com/books?
id=c0InDgAAQBAJ Ititle=States of
Separation: Transfer, Partition, and the
Making of the Modern Middle East
Ipublisher=University of California PressIyear=2017 Iisbn=978-0-520-29215-4I pages=115—116 I language=en I quote=The members cited the Greek-Turkish exchange
a model for population exchange: “The
courage of the Greek and Turkish statesmen
has been justified by the result. Before
the operation the Greek and Turkishminorities had been a constant irritant.

Now Greco-Turkish relations are friendlier
than they have ever been before. “}}</ref>
<ref>{{harvnb I Katz 119921 p=59}}: “The
Commission, however, believed that a secure
peace could not be achieved solely bypartition and the establishment of aboundary between the two countries. In opinion, the attainment of peace would
necessitate the implementation ofpopulation exchanges and land transfersbetween the Jewish and Arab states on the model of the Greco-Turkish precedent” <!ref>
For Ben-Gurion, the transfer proposal was
the most appealing recommendation putforward by the commission.{{sfnlBen AmiI2087Ip=25}} Indeed, this sentiment
deeply ingrained to the extent that Ben
Gurion’s acceptance of partition was
https://en.wikipedia.org/wlindex.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 115/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM
Gurion’s acceptance of partition was
contingent upon the removal of thePalestinian population. <ref>{{harvnblFlapanhl979lp=261}}: “Ben-Gurion declared unequivocally that sovereignty of
the Jewish state, especially in matters of
immigration and transfer of Arabs, were the
two conditions sine qua non for his
agreement to partition. “</ref>
Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia
contingent upon the removal of thePalestinian population. <ref> {{harvnblFlapanhl979lp=261}}: “Ben-Gurion
declared unequivocally that sovereignty of
the Jewish state, especially in matters of
immigration and transfer of Arabs, were the
two conditions sine qua non for his
agreement to partition. “</ref>
— The Zionist leadership viewed the mass
transfer of the Arabs as morally
permissible, but were unsure of itspolitical effectiveness.<ref>{{harvnblGornyll987}}: “In any event, theidea of a mass transfer did not strike them as morally deplorable at any time, and
their hesitations related only to its
political effectiveness. “</ref>{{pageneededldate=December 2024}} Much of the Zionist leadership spoke in strong supportof the transfer plan, asserting that there is nothing immoral about it.{{efnlVariousleaders spoke strongly in favor of transfer. Ussishkin said, •‘We cannot startthe Jewish state with ... half the population being Arab ... Such a statecannot survive even half an hour.” There was nothing immoral about transferring
sixty thousand Arab families: “It is most
moral.... I am ready to come and defend
it before the Almighty.” Ruppin said: “I do
not believe in the transfer of individuals.

I believe in the transfer of entire
villages.” Ben Katznelson, coleader with
Ben-Gurion of Mapai, said the transfer
would have to be by agreement with Britain
and the Arab states: “But the principle
should be that there must be a large agreed
transfer.” Ben-Gurion summed up: “With
compulsory transfer we [would] have a vast
area [for settlement] .... I support
compulsory transfer. I don’t see anythingimmoral in it.”{{sfnlMorrisll9gglp=144}}}} Within the Zionist movement, two
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 16/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia perspectives developed with respect to thepartition proposal; the first was a complete rejection of partition, the second
was acceptance of the idea of partition on
the basis that it would eventually allowfor expansion to all territories within “the boundaries of Zionist aspirations.”.
{{sfnlChomskyllgg9lloc=”The Boundaries of
Zionist Aspirations”}} It was the right
wing of the Zionist movement that put
forward the main arguments against
transfer, with Jabotinsky stronglyobjecting it on moral grounds,<ref> {{harvnblRubinl2Ol9lp=12}}: “. . .Jabotinskyalso rejected the [partition] plan on moral grounds, fiercely opposing the idea of
transferring the Arab population from
Palestine. Jabotinsky underscored thispoint in several letters and speeches from 1937, and expanded on it in an article
published in the Revisionist Zionistpublication Hayarden.. . Jabotinskycould not have been more clear about his opposition to transferring a single Arabfrom Palestine. He also argued that the Peel Commission drew the wrong lesson from
the Greek—Turkish case. It was not a great
precedent, as the commission noted in its
report, but a tragedy that involved the
expulsion of one million Greeks fromTurkey. “</ref> and others mainly focusingon its impracticality. {{sfnIFlapanIl979Ip=264}} However, in his
last book “The Jewish War Front’ published
in 1940, after the outbreak of WWII,Jabotinsky no longer ruled out the possibility of voluntary population
transfer, though he still didn’t view it as
a necessary solution.<ref>{{harvnblRubinl2ol9lp=15}}: “...in early1940. . . Jabotinsky for the first timepublicly proposed expelling Arabs fromPalestine, even as he still noted thatpopulation transfers was by no means a necessary solution and repeated his promise
for minority rights in the future Jewish
state. “</ref><ref>
https://en.wikipedia.orgiw/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 117/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia {{harvnb I Schechtman 119561 p=}}:
{{pnldate=March 2025}} “In his last book...he fully endorsed the idea of a voluntary Arab transfer from Palestine, though still
insisting that it was not mandatory since,
objectively, “Palestine, astride the
Jordan, has room for the million of Arabs,room for another million of their eventual progeny, for several million Jews, and forpeace. “</ref><ref>{{harvnb IShilon 2021}}:
in his last book, The Jewish War Front,
Jabotinsky did not rule out the possibility
of population transfer—that is, expulsionof Arabs. The book was published in 1940, shortly before his death, and was writtenin the gloomy context of World War II: 11 see no need for this exodus, and it would be undesirable from many
perspectives. But if it becomes clear that
the Arabs prefer to emigrate, this may be
discussed without a trace of sorrow in the
heart.’ “</ref>{{sfniSegevl200lipp=486—407}}
Some leaders, such as Ruppin, [[Leo
MotzkinlMotzkin]], and writers such as
[[Israel Zangwill]], also referred to
transfer as a “voluntary” action that would
include some form of compensation.{{sfn IMorris 12009 Ipp=349—360}} However, “Palestine’s Arabs did not wish to evacuate
the land of their ancestors... The matter
raised ethical questions that troubled the
Yishuv” .{{sfnlMorrisl200llp=140}} The
revolt was inflamed by the partition
proposal and continued until 1939 when it
was forcefully suppressed by the British.
{{sfnlKhalidil2O2Olloc=Chapter 1}}
Later, Vladimir Jabotinsky, the right-wing
Zionist leader, drew inspiration from theNazi demographic policies that resulted in — the expulsion of 1.5 million Poles and
Jews, in whose place Germans resettled.{{sfnlFinkelsteinl2Ol6}} In Jabotinsky’sassessment:
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 118/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia <blockquote>The world has become accustomed
to the idea of mass migrations and has
almost become fond 0-f them. Hitler{{--}}as
odious as he is to us{{- -}}has given this
idea a good name in the world.{{sfn I Finkelstein I 2016}}</blockquote> The Zionist leadership viewed the masstransfer of the Arabs as morally permissible, but were unsure of itspolitical effectiveness.<ref> {{harvnbGornyl987Ip=3e5}}: “In any event,
the idea of a mass transfer did not strikethem as morally deplorable at any time, andtheir hesitations related only to ‘its political effectiveness. “</ref> Much of the
Zionist leadership spoke in strong supportof the transfer plan, asserting that there is nothing immoral about it.{{efnlVariousleaders spoke strongly in favor of transfer. Ussishkin said, “We cannot start
the Jewish state with ... half the
population being Arab ... Such a state
cannot survive even half an hour.” There
was nothing immoral about transferring
sixty thousand Arab families: “It is most
moral.... I am ready to come and defend
it before the Almighty.” Ruppin said: “I do
not believe in the transfer of individuals.

Jabotinsky also rejected the
[partition] plan on moral grounds, fiercely
opposing the idea of transferring the Arabpopulation from Palestine. Jabotinsky underscored this point in several letters
and speeches from 1937, and expanded on it
in an article published in the Revisionist
Zionist publication Hayarden. . . Jabotinsky could not have been more clear
about his opposition to transferring a
single Arab from Palestine. He also argued
that the Peel Commission drew the wrong
lesson from the Greek—Turkish case. It was
not a ‘great precedent’, as the commissionnoted in its report, but a tragedy that involved the expulsion of one million
Greeks from Turkey. “</ref> and others
mainly focusing on its impracticality.
{{sfnlFlapanllg79lp=264}} However, in hislast book “The Jewish War Front” publishedin 1940, after the outbreak of WWII,Jabotinsky no longer ruled out thepossibility of voluntary population transfer, though he still didn’t view it as
a necessary solution.<ref>
{{harvnblRubinl2Olglp=15}}: “. . .in early1940. ,.Jabotinsky for the first timepublicly proposed expelling Arabs fromPalestine, even as he still noted thatpopulation transfers was by no means anecessary solution and repeated his promise for minority rights in the future Jewish
state. “</ref><ref>
{{harvnb I Schechtman I 1956 p=}}: {{pageneededldate=March 2025}} “In his lastbook... he fully endorsed the idea of a voluntary Arab transfer from Palestine,though still insisting that it was not mandatory since, objectively, “Palestine,
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=129649221 7 120/34 1 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia astride the Jordan, has room for the
million of Arabs, room for another million
of their eventual progeny, for several
million Jews, and for peace. ““</ref><ref>
{{harvnblShilonl2o2l}}: . . .in his last
book, The Jewish War Front, Jabotinsky did
not rule out the possibility of population
transfer—that is, expulsion of Arabs. The
book was published in 1940, shortly beforehis death, and was written in the gloomycontext of World War II: ‘I see noneed for this exodus, and it would be undesirable from many perspectives. But if
it becomes clear that the Arabs prefer to
emigrate, this may be discussed without a
trace of sorrow in the heart. ‘“</ref>
{{sfnISegev2eO1Ipp=406—407}} Some leaders,such as Ruppin, [[Leo MotzkinlMotzkin]], and writers such as [[Israel Zangwill]],
• also referred to transfer as a “voluntary’
action that would include some form of
compensation. {{sfn I Morris I 2009 I pp=349—360}}
V However, ‘Palestine’s Arabs did not wish to
evacuate the land of their ancestors... Thematter raised ethical questions that V
V troubled the Yishuv”.

V {{sfnlMorrisl200llp=140}} The revolt was
V
V
V inflamed by the partition proposal and
V
V
V
VV : continued until 1939 when it was forcefully
V
V
V’
V
•V V suppressed by the British.

V
V
V
VV
V {{sfnlKhalidil2O2Olloc=Chapter l}}
I
V Later, Vladimir Jabotinsky, the right-wing
V Zionist leader, drew inspiration from the
Nazi demographic policies that resulted in
V the expulsion of 1.5 million Poles and
Jews, in whose place Germans resettled.
+
In Jabotinsky’s
assessment:<blockquote>The world has become
• accustomed to the idea of mass migrations
and has almost become fond of them.

Hitler{{- -}}as odious as he is to us{{
V
V -}}has given this idea a good name in the
world.{{sfnlFinkelsteini2ol6}}</blockquote>
https:llen.wfldpedia.orglwlindex.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=129649221 7 121/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia By the time of the [[1936 Arab revolt]],
almost all groups within the Zionist
movement wanted a Jewish state in
Palestine, “whether they declared their
intent or preferred to camouflage it,
whether or not they perceived it as a
political instrument, whether they sawsovereign independence as the prime aim, or accorded priority to the task of social
construction” . {{sfn I Gorny I 1987 I p=243-245}}
The main debates within the movement at
this time were concerning partition of
Palestine and the nature of the
relationship with the British. The
intensity of the revolt, Britain’s
ambiguous support for the movement and the
increasing threat against European Jewry
during this period motivated the Zionist
leadership to prioritize immediateconsiderations. The movement ultimately favored the notion of partition, primarilyout of practical considerations and partially out of a belief that establishinga Jewish state over all of Palestine would remain an option.<re-F>{{harvnbiGornyil987ip=323}}: “In the end, all of them accepted partition, less out ofinner conviction than because of international pressure and force ofnational discipline, and in some cases werecomforted by the thought that the path to a greater Palestine was still open. “</ref> At
the 1937 Zionist congress, the Zionist
leadership adopted the stance that the land
allocated to the Jewish state by thepartition plan was inadequate—effectively rejecting the partition plan that faded
away in the face of both Arab and Zionist
opposition.
{{sfn I Cleveland I 2@1O I loc=Communal Conflict
and the British Response}}
Line 323:

By the time of the [[1936 Arab revolt]],
almost all groups within the Zionistmovement wanted a Jewish state in Palestine, “whether they declared theirintent or preferred to camouflage it, whether or not they perceived it as a
political instrument, whether they saw
sovereign independence as the prime aim, or
accorded priority to the task of social
construction”.{{s-fnIGornyIl987Ip=243-245}}
The main debates within the movement at
this time were concerning partition of
Palestine and the nature o-F the
relationship with the British. Theintensity of the revolt, Britain’s ambiguous support for the movement and the
increasing threat against European Jewry
during this period motivated the Zionist
leadership to prioritize immediate
considerations. The movement ultimately
favored the notion of partition, primarily
out of practical considerations and
partially out of a belief that establishinga Jewish state over all of Palestine would remain an option.<re-f>
{{harvnbIGornyI1987Ip323}}: “In the end,
all of them accepted partition, less out of
inner conviction than because ofinternational pressure and force of national discipline, and in some cases werecomforted by the thought that the path to a greater Palestine was still open. “</ref> Atthe 1937 Zionist congress, the Zionist leadership adopted the stance that the land
allocated to the Jewish state by the
partition plan was inadequate—effectively
rejecting the partition plan that faded
away in the face of both Arab and Zionist
opposition.
{{sfnlClevelandl2elelloc=Communal Conflict
and the British Response}}
Line 335:
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 22/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia Nazism, World War II and the Holocaust Nazism, World War II and the Holocaust — In 1939, a [[White Paper of 1f33fIBritish
White Paper]] would rccommend limiting
Jewish immigration and land purchase with
the objective of maintaining the status quo
while the threat of war loomed in Europe.
{{sfn IMorrisi 19991 p=162}}<ref>
{{harvnblPappel2004}}: “A British White
Paper of 1939 tried to make provision for
Palestinian sensibilities. It repeated thepromises made in 1930 of withdrawal from the Balfour Declaration and limits to
Jewish immigration and land purchase. The
objective was to maintain the status quo
until the situation in Europe was clear.

The limitation on immigration came at a
time when Nazi expansion in Europe wasmaking life for Jews there unbearable and impossible. The Yishuv now waged its own
kind of rebellion, a clandestine operation
of illegal immigration, land takeover, and
formation of a paramilitary organization,
helped by sympathetic British officers suchas the legendary Orde Wingate. “</ref> The immigration was to be limited to no more
than 75,000 people over the next fiveyears. With Nazi expansionism in Europe,the limits on immigration prompted further militarization, land takeover and illegal
immigration efforts by the Zionist
movement. World War II broke out as the
Zionists were developing their campaignagainst the White Paper—unable to accept the White Paper or to side against the
British, the Zionist movement would
ultimately support the British war effort
while working to upend the White Paper.
{{sfn I Cleveland 120101 loc=Communal Conflictand the British Response}}{{efnlDavid Ben Gurion famously would say: we shall “fight
the White Paper as if there were no Hitler
and fight Hitler as if there were no White
Paper. “}} From the start of the second
world war, the Zionists pressured the
British to organize and train a Jewish
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 123/34 1 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia “army”, culminating in the establishment of
a Jewish Brigade and accompanying blue and
white flag. {{sfn IMorris 119991 p=167}}
{{sfnIGornyIl987Ip=277}} The development of
this force would further train and enable
the already substantial Zionist military
capacity. {{sfn I Khalidi 20201 loc=Chapter 1}}{{sfn IMorris 119991 p=167}}{{sfn I Pappé I 2004}}{{page neededldate=November 2024}} The Haganah was allowed by the British toopenly acquire weapons and worked with the British to prepare for a possible Axisinvasion.{{sfnIClevelandI2elOIloc=World WarII and the Birth of the State of Israel}} “army”, culminating in the establishment of
a Jewish Brigade and accompanying blue and
white flag.{{sfniMorrisil999ip=167}}
{{s-fnIGornyIl987Ip=277}} The development of
this force would further train and enablethe already substantial Zionist military capacity.{{sfnIKhalidiI2O2eIloc=Chapter 1}}{{sfn I Morris 11999 I p=167}}{{sfn I Pappé I 2004}}{{page neededldate=November 2024}} The Haganah was allowed by the British toopenly acquire weapons and worked with the British to prepare for a possible Axis
invasion.{{sfnlClevelandl2elelloc=World WarII and the Birth of the State of Israel}} — Despite the White Paper, Zionist
immigration and settlement effortscontinued during the war period. Whileimmigration had previously been selective, once the details of the holocaust reached
Palestine in 1942, selectivity wasabandoned. The official Zionist movement’s war effort focused on the survival and
development of the Yishuv; Pappe argues
that scarce Zionist energy was deployed in
support of European Jews.<ref>{{harvnb I Pappé I 20041 loc=Palestine in World War II}}: “This was selective, in which the
physically fit and those with the rightideological bent were given priority and, at times, exclusivity. This mode of
selection was abandoned for a while when
the horrific news of Nazi exterminations
reached Palestine around 1942. The news
even prompted the symbolic act of sendingZionist parachutists into Nazi Europe as a gesture o-F support to the Jews dying in the
death camps rather than as a real attempt
to save them. Little Zionist energy was
invested in saving Jews, as the priority in
those difficult days remained the survival
of the Jewish community in Palestine.”
</ref> Many of those fleeing Nazi terror inEurope preferred to leave for the United States, however, strict American
+ Despite the White Paper, Zionist
immigration and settlement efforts
continued during the war period. While
immigration had previously been selective,
once the details of the Holocaust reached
Palestine in 1942, selectivity wasabandoned. The official Zionist movement’s war effort focused on the survival and
development of the Yishuv; Pappe argues
that scarce Zionist energy was deployed in
support of European Jews.<ref>
{{harvnb I Pappé I 20041 loc=Palestine in World
War II}}: “This was selective, in which the
physically fit and those with the right
ideological bent were given priority and,
at times, exclusivity. This mode of
selection was abandoned for a while when
the horrific news of Nazi exterminations
reached Palestine around 1942. The news
even prompted the symbolic act of sendingZionist parachutists into Nazi Europe as agesture of support to the Jews dying in thedeath camps rather than as a real attemptto save them. Little Zionist energy was invested in saving Jews, as the priority in
those difficult days remained the survival
of the Jewish community in Palestine.”
</ref> Many of those fleeing Nazi terror in
Europe preferred to leave for the United
States, however, strict American
https:Hen.wikipediaorg/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 124/341 immigration policies and Zionist efforts
led to 10% of the 3 million Jews leavingEurope to settle in Palestine.{{sfnIPappeI2004Iloc=Palestine in World WarII}} Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia
immigration policies and Zionist
led to 10% of the 3 million Jews
Europe to settle in Palestine.
{{sfnPappé2004Iloc=Palestine in World WarII}}
In the [[Biltmore Program]] of 1942, the
Zionist movement would openly declare for
the first time its goal of establishing a
Jewish state in all of Palestine.{{sfn IMorris I 19991p=169}}<ref>{{harvnblShlaiml200l}}: “With thisresolution the Zionist movement for the first time openly staked a claim to the
whole of mandatory Palestine. ‘</ref> At
this point, the United States, with its
growing economy and unprecedented militaryforce, became a focal point of Zionist political activity that engaged with the
American electorate and politicians.
[[Harry 5. Trumanlus President Truman]]
supported the Biltmore program for the
duration of his time in office, largely
motivated by humanitarian concerns and thegrowing influence of the Zionist lobby. {{sfn ICleveland I 2010}}
In the [[Biltmore Program]] of 1942, the
Zionist movement would openly declare forthe first time its goal of establishing a Jewish state in all of Palestine.{{sfn IMorris I 1999 I p=169}}<ref>{{harvnblShlaiml200l}}: “With this resolution the Zionist movement for the
first time openly staked a claim to the
whole of mandatory Palestine. ‘</ref> At
this point, the United States, with its
growing economy and unprecedented militaryforce, became a focal point of Zionist political activity that engaged with the
American electorate and politicians._
American [[President Truman]] supported the
Biltmore program for the duration of his
time in office, largely motivated by
humanitarian concerns and the growing
influence of the Zionist lobby.
{{sfn I Cleveland I 2010}}
{ I class=”wikitable” style=”float: right;
margin-left: l6px;”
Line 368:

I}
{ I class=”wikitable” style=”float : right;
margin-left: l6px;”
Line 380:

I}
— During World War II, as the horrors of
[[the Holocaust]] became known, the Zionist
leadership formulated the [[One MillionPlan]], a reduction from Ben-Gurion’sprevious target of two million immigrants.

Following the end of the war, many
[[Sh’erit ha-Pletahistateless refugees]],
mainly [[Holocaust survivors]], began
[[Aliyah Betimigrating to Palestine]] in
During World War II, as the horrors of
[[the Holocaust]] became known, the Zionist
leadership formulated the [[One Million
Plan]], a reduction from Ben-Gurion’sprevious target of two million immigrants.

Following the end of the war, many
[[Sh’erit ha-Pletahistateless refugees]],
mainly [[Holocaust survivors]], began
[[Aliyah Betlmigrating to Palestine]] in
2/26/26, 1:04 PM
efforts
leaving
+
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 125/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia small boats in defiance of British rules.

The Holocaust united much of the rest of
world Jewry behind the Zionist project.
{{sfnlJohnsonhl998lpp=21—28}} The British
either [[Cyprus internment campslimprisoned
these Jews in Cyprus]] or [[SS Exodusisentthem]] to the British-controlled [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany]]. The British,
having faced Arab revolts, were now facing
opposition by [[British—Zionist
con-FlictiZionist groups in Palestine]] forsubsequent restrictions on Jewishimmigration. In January 1946 the AngloAmerican Committee of Inquiry, a joint [[United Kingdom—United States
relationsiBritish and American]] committee,
was tasked to examine political, economic
and social conditions in MandatoryPalestine and the well-being of the peoplesnow living there; to consult representatives of Arabs and Jews, and to
make other recommendations ‘as necessary’for an interim handling of these problems as well as for their eventual solution.<ref>{{Cite web Ititle=Avalon Project — AngloAmerican Committee of Inquiry — Preface I url=https : //avalon . law.yale . edu/2Othcentur
y/angpre.asp laccess-date=March 10, 2023
I website=avalon . law. yale. edu I publisher=
[[Yale Law School]] Iarchive-date=August 7,
2018 Iarchiveurl=https :1/web, archive. org/web/20180807185116/http: //avalon. law.yale . edu/2Oth century/angpre.asp lurl-status=live}}</ref> Following the failure of the [[London
Conference of 1946—4711946—47 LondonConference on Palestine]], at which theUnited States refused to support the British, leading to both the [[Morrison—
Grady Plan]] and the [[Bevin Plan]] being
rejected by all parties, the British
decided to refer the question to the UN on
February 14, 1947. {{s-Fn I Ravndal 120101 p=}}{{“ldate=March 2025}}{{e-Fnlgroup=fnlThe reasons for this decision were explained by
His Majesty’s Principal Secretary of Statefor Foreign Affairs in a speech to the small boats in defiance of British rules.

The Holocaust united much of the rest of
world Jewry behind the Zionist project.
{{sfnlJohnsonll998lpp=21—28}} The British
either [[Cyprus internment campslimprisoned
these Jews in Cyprus]] or [[SS Exoduslsentthem]] to the British-controlled [[AlliedOccupation Zones in Germany]]. The British, having faced Arab revolts, were now facing
opposition by [[British—Zionist
conflictlZionist groups in Palestine]] for
subsequent restrictions on Jewishimmigration. In January 1946 the AngloAmerican Committee of Inquiry, a joint [[United Kingdom—United States
relationsiBritish and American]] committee,
was tasked to examine political, economic
and social conditions in Mandatory
Palestine and the well-being of the peoplesnow living there; to consult representatives of Arabs and Jews, and to
make other recommendations ‘as necessary’for an interim handling of these problems as well as for their eventual solution.<ref>
{{Cite web Ititle=Avalon Project — AngloAmerican Committee of Inquiry — Preface I url=https: //avalon . law.yale . edu/2Oth_centur
y/angpre.asp Iaccess-date=March 10, 2023
Iwebsite=avalon .law.yale.edu I publisher=
[[Yale Law School]] Iarchive-date=August 7,
2018 larchiveurl=https ://web.archive.org/web/20180807185116/http : //avalon . law. yale. edu/2Oth_century/angpre.asp Iurl-status=live}}</ref> Following the failure of the [[London
Conference of 1946—4711946—47 LondonConference on Palestine]], at which theUnited States refused to support the British, leading to both the [[Morrison—
Grady Plan]] and the [[Bevin Plan]] being
rejected by all parties, the British
decided to refer the question to the UN on
February 14, 1947.{{sfnlRavndall2ololp=}}
{{pge_neededldate=March 2025}}{{efnlgroup=fnlThe reasons for this decision were explained by His Majesty’s
Principal Secretary of State for Foreign
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1 340608433&oldid=1 296492217 126/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia House of Commons on February 18, 1947, in
which he said: 
“His Majestys Government have been faced
with an irreconcilable conflict of
principles. There are in Palestine about1,200,000 Arabs and 600,000 Jews. For theJews the essential point of principle is the creation of a sovereign Jewish State.

For the Arabs, the essential point of
principle is to resist to the lastestablishment of Jewish sovereignty in anypart of Palestine. The discussions of the last month have quite clearly shown that
there is no prospect of resolving this
conflict by any settlement negotiatedbetween the parties. But if the conflicthas to be resolved by an arbitrary decision, that is not a decision that His
Majesty’s Government are empowered, as
Mandatory, to take. His Majesty’s
Government have of themselves no power,
under the terms of the Mandate, to award
the country either to the Arabs or to the
Jews, or even to partition it between
them. “}}
End of the Mandate and expulsion of the
Palestinians
Towards the end of the war, the Zionist
leadership was motivated more than ever to
establish a Jewish state. Since the British
were no longer sponsoring its development,
many Zionists considered it would be
necessary to [[Zionist political
violence lestablish the state by force]] by
upending the British position in Palestine,
In this the [[Irish Republican ArmylIRA’s
tactics]] against Britain in the [[Irish
War of Independence]] served as a both a
model and source of inspiration.{{efnl”that
a small, determined group of
revolutionaries representing a minority
view within the wider population could
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 127/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia achieve some success against the British
Empire helped to convince Zionist radicals
that they could be successful. Members of
Jewish underground groups . . studied Irishrebels’ victory over the superior might of Britain. Ze’ev Jabotinsky, leader of theIrgun, had travelled to ireland, meetingIrish Volunteer and IRA gunrunner [[Robert Briscoe (politician)IRobert Briscoe]], to
discuss drilling, training and strategy in
fighting the British and to ‘learn all he
could in order to form a physical force
movement in Palestine on the same lines as
the IRA’ .“{{s-FnIMcConaghyI2O2lIp=482}}}}
The [[Irgun]], the military arm of the
revisionist Zionists, and [[Lehi (militant
group)ILehi]], who at one point sought an
alliance with the Nazis,{{sfnlMorrisll999lp=174}} would lead aseries 0-f terrorist attacks against theBritish starting in 1944. This included the [[King David Hotel bombing]], British
immigration and tax offices and police
stations. It was only by the war’s end that
the Haganah joined in the sabotage againstthe British. The combined impact of USopinion and the attacks on British presence eventually led the British to refer the
situation to the United Nations in 1947.{{sfnIClevelandI2OlOlloc=World War II and the Birth o-f the State of Israel}} In
response to a United Kingdom government
request that the General Assembly “makerecommendations under article 10 of the Charter, concerning the future governmentof Palestine”, the [[United Nations SpecialCommittee on Palestine]] (UNSCOP) was created on—45 May 1947.<ref>{{cite web
Ititle=Establishment of UN Special
Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP)
I url=https : //www. un . org/unispal/document/aut
o-insert-l83472/ Ipublisher=[[United
Nations]] idate=May 15, 1947 faccessdate=February 18, 2023 archive url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/20240527151638/https : //www, un . org/unispal/document/auto achieve some success against the British
Empire helped to convince Zionist radicals
that they could be successful. Members of
Jewish underground groups . . studied Irishrebels’ victory over the superior might of Britain. Ze’ev Jabotinsky, leader of theIrgun, had travelled to ireland, meetingIrish Volunteer and IRA gunrunner [[Robert Briscoe (politician)IRobert Briscoe]], to
discuss drilling, training and strategy infighting the British and to ‘learn all he could in order to form a physical force
movement in Palestine on the same lines as
the IRA’. “{{sfnlMcConaghyl2O2llp=482}}}}
The [[Irgun]], the military arm of the
revisionist Zionists, and [[Lehi (militant
group)fLehi]], who at one point sought an
alliance with the Nazis,
{{sfnlMorrisll999lp=174}} would lead aseries of terrorist attacks against the British starting in 1944. This included the
[[King David Hotel bombing]], British
immigration and tax offices and policestations. It was only by the war’s end that the Haganah joined in the sabotage againstthe British. The combined impact of US opinion and the attacks on British presence
eventually led the British to refer the
situation to the United Nations in 1947.{{sfnIClevelandf2OlOIloc=World War II and the Birth of the State of Israel}} In
response to a United Kingdom governmentrequest that the General Assembly “makerecommendations under article 10 of the Charter, concerning the future governmentof Palestine”, the [[United Nations SpecialCommittee on Palestine]] (UNSCOP) was created on Mayj,. 1947.<ref>{{cite web
ftitle=Establishment of UN Special
Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP)
I url=https: //www. un . org/unispal/document/aut
o-insert-183472/ Ipublisher=[[UnitedNations]] Idate=May 15, 1947 laccessdate=February 18, 2025 larchive url=https ://web.archive.org/web/202405271516
38/https : //www. un .org/unispalldocument/auto
https:/ien.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=129649221 7 128/341 The urgency of the condition of the Jewish
refugees in Europe motivated the committee
to unanimously vote in favor of terminatingthe British mandate in Palestine. The disagreement came with regards to whether
Palestine should be partitioned or if itshould constitute a federal state. American — lobbying efforts, pressuring UN delegates
with the threat of withdrawal of US aid,
eventually secured the General Assembly
votes in favor of the partition of
Palestine into separate Jewish and Arabstates, which was passed—29 November 1947.{{sfnlClevelandl2OlOlloc=World War II and the Birth of the State of Israel}}
The urgency of the condition of the Jewish
refugees in Europe motivated the committee
to unanimously vote in favor of terminating
the British mandate in Palestine. The
disagreement came with regards to whether
Palestine should be partitioned or if it
should constitute a federal state. Americanlobbying efforts, pressuring UN delegates with the threat of withdrawal of US aid,
eventually secured the General Assembly
votes in favor of the partition of
Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab
states, which was passed November, 1947.
{{sfnlClevelandl2OlOlloc=World War II and
the Birth of the State of Israel}}
Outbursts of violence slowly grew into awider civil war between the Arabs and Zionist militias.{{sfnlPappel2004Ip=118-
119}} By mid-December, the Haganah had
shifted to a more “aggressive defense”,
{{sfn IMorris 119991p=148}} abandoning
notions of restraint it had espoused from
1936 to 1939. The Haganah reprisal raids
were often disproportionate to the initialArab offenses,{{sfn IMorris 119991 pp=196— 197}} which led to the spread of violence
to previously unaffected areas. The Zionistmilitias, employed terror attacks against Arab civilian and militia centers and many
Palestinians were evicted from theirhouses. In response, Arabs planted bombs inJewish civilian areas, particularly inJerusalem. {{sfn IMorris I 19991 pp=196—197}}{{sfn I Pappei 20041 p=127}} L
I
— The first expulsion of Palestinians began
12 days after the adoption of the UN
resolution, and the first Palestinian
+
Outbursts of violence slowly grew into awider civil war between the Arabs and Zionist militias.{{sfnIPappeI2004Ip=1l8-
119}} By mid-December, the Haganah hadshifted to a more “aggressive defense”,{{sfn IMorris I 1999 I p=148}} abandoningnotions of restraint it had espoused from1936 to 1939. The Haganah reprisal raids were often disproportionate to the initialArab offenses, {{sfn IMorris I 19991 pp=196— 197}} which led to the spread of violence
to previously unaffected areas. The Zionist
militias, employed terror attacks against
Arab civilian and militia centers and many
Palestinians were evicted from theirhouses. In response, Arabs planted bombs in Jewish civilian areas, particularly inJerusalem. {{sfn IMorris 119991 pp=196—197}} {{sfn Pappé 120041 p=127}}The first expulsion of Palestinians began 12 days after the adoption of the UN
resolution, and the first Palestinian
2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia insert-l83472/ Iarchive-date=May 27, 2024}} j insert-183472/ Iarchive-date=May 27, 2024}} </ref>
F
+
https://enwikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 129/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia village was eliminated a month later, in
retaliation for Palestinian attacks onconvoys and Jewish settlements. {{sfnIPappeI2004lpp=118—119}} In March1948, Zionist forces began implementingPlan D, an ethnic cleansing operation that involved the expulsion of civilians and the
destruction of Arab towns and villages in
pursuit of eliminating Palestinians seen as
potentially hostile, resulting in the loss
of Palestine to much of its indigenous
population. {{sfn I Pappé I 20041 p=l20}}
{{sfn Shlaim 120011 loc=Introduction}}<ref>{{harvnblMorrisl2004}}: “The prospect and need to prepare for the invasion gave birth
to Plan D, prepared in early March. It gavethe Haganah brigade and battalion-level commanders carte blanche to completelyclear vital areas; it allowed the expulsion of hostile or potentially hostile Arabvillages. Many villages were bases for bands of irregulars; most villages hadarmed militias and could serve as bases for hostile bands. During April and May, thelocal Haganah units, sometimes withspecific instruction from the Haganah General Staff, carried out elements of Plan
D, each interpreting and implementing the
plan in his area as he saw fit and inrelation to the prevailing localcircumstances. In general, the commanderssaw fit to completely clear the vital roads and border areas of Arab communities -Allon
in Eastern Galilee, Carmel around Haifa and
Western Galilee, Avidan in the south. Most
of the villagers fled before or during thefighting. Those who stayed put were almost invariably expelled. “</ref> According to
[[Benny Morris]] Zionist forces committed
24 massacres of Palestinians in the ensuing
war, {{sfn IMorris 120081 pp=404—406}}{{ Failed
verification I date=February 2025 I reason=The
referenced pages don’t seem to include the
claimed number of massacres}} in part as a
form of psychological warfare,<re-f>
{{harvnblMorrisl2004}}: “Jewish tactics in
the battle were designed to stun and
village was
eliminated.{.{Clarifyj reason=Unclepr what the
meaning of this euphemism is: ethnic
cleansing? A massacre? A political
disestablishment? Idate=September 2025}}. a
month later, in retaliation for Palestinianattacks on convoys and Jewish settlements. {{sfnlPappel2004lpp=118—119}} In March1948, Zionist forces began implementing Plan D, an ethnic cleansing operation that
involved the expulsion of civilians and the
destruction of Arab towns and villages in
pursuit of eliminating Palestinians seen aspotentially hostile, resulting in the loss of Palestine to much of its indigenous
population. {{sfn I Pappel 20041 p=120}}{{sfn I Shlaiml 20011 loc=Introduction}}<ref> {{harvnblMorrisl2004}}: “The prospect and
need to prepare for the invasion gave birth
to Plan D, prepared in early March. It gavethe Haganah brigade and battalion-level commanders carte blanche to completelyclear vital areas; it allowed the expulsion of hostile or potentially hostile Arab
villages. Many villages were bases for
bands of irregulars; most villages hadarmed militias and could serve as bases for hostile bands. During April and May, the
local Haganah units, sometimes withspecific instruction from the Haganah General Staff, carried out elements of Plan
D, each interpreting and implementing theplan in his area as he saw fit and in relation to the prevailing local
circumstances. In general, the commanders
saw fit to completely clear the vital roads
and border areas of Arab communities -Allon
in Eastern Galilee, Carmel around Haifa and
Western Galilee, Avidan in the south. Most
of the villagers fled before or during thefighting. Those who stayed put were almost invariably expelled. </ref> According to
[[Benny Morris]] Zionist forces committed
24 massacres of Palestinians in the ensuing
war, {{sfn IMorris 120081 pp=404—406}}{{ Failed
verification I date=February 2025 I reason—The
referenced pages don’t seem to include the
https://en.wikipediaorg/w/index.php?t!tle=Zionism&diff=1 340608433&oldid=1296492217 130/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia quickly overpower opposition.

Demoralisation of the enemy was a primary
aim; it was seen to be as important to the
outcome of the battle as the physicaldestruction of the armed Arab units. The mortar barrages and the psychological
warfare broadcasts and announcements, andthe tactics employed by the Haganah infantry companies, advancing from house tohouse, were all geared to this goal. The 22nd Battalion (Carmeli Brigade) orders to
its troops were “to kill every [adult male]
Arab encountered” and to set alight with
firebombs “all objectives that can be set
alight. I am sending you posters in Arabic;
disperse on route. “</ref> the most
notorious of which is the [[Deir Yassin
massacre]]. The [[United NationsConciliation Commission for Palestine]] estimated that between 1948 and 1949,710,000 Palestinians were driven out of the country and another 40,000 were [[presentabsenteeslinternally displaced]], primarily as a result of these expulsions and
massacres.<ref name=”unccp”/>
{{sfn I Pappé I 2004}}{{pageneeded I date=October 2024}} claimed number of massacres}} in part as a
form of psychological warfare,<ref>
{{harvnblMorrisl2004}}: “Jewish tactics in
the battle were designed to stun andquickly overpower opposition.Demoralisation of the enemy was a primary aim; it was seen to be as important to the
outcome of the battle as the physicaldestruction of the armed Arab units. Themortar barrages and the psychological warfare broadcasts and announcements, and
the tactics employed by the Haganah
infantry companies, advancing from house to
house, were all geared to this goal. The22nd Battalion (Carmeli Brigade) orders to its troops were “to kill every [adult male]
Arab encountered” and to set alight with
firebombs “all objectives that can be set
alight. I am sending you posters in Arabic;
disperse on route. “</ref> the most
notorious of which is the [[Deir Yassin
massacre]]. The [[United NationsConciliation Commission for Palestine]] estimated that between 1948 and 1949,710,000 Palestinians were driven out of the country and another 40,000 were [[presentabsentees I internally displaced]], primarilyas a result of these expulsions and massacres.<ref name=”unccp”_/>
{{sfn I Pappé I 2004}}{{page
needed I date=October 2024}}
— The British left Palestine (having done
little to maintain order) on May 14 asplanned. The British did not facilitate a formal transfer of power;
{{sfnlClevelandl2olo}} a fully functioningJewish quasi-state had already been operating under the British for the past
several decades.<ref>”When the British left
Palestine in 1948, there was no need tocreate the apparatus of a Jewish state abnovo, That apparatus had in fact been functioning under the British aegis for
decades, All that remained to make Herzl’s
+ The British left Palestine (having done
little to maintain order) on May 14 asplanned. The British did not facilitate a formal transfer of power;
{{sfnIClevelandI2elO}} a fully functioning
Jewish quasi-state had already been
operating under the British for the past
several decades.<re-F>{{harvnblKhalidil2e2elloc=Chapter_1}}j “When the British left Palestine in 1948,
there was no need to create the apparatus
of a Jewish state ab novo. That apparatus
had in fact been functioning under the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wlindex.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 131/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism:
prescient dream a reality was for this
existing para-state to flex its military
muscle against the weakened Palestinians
while obtaining formal sovereignty, which
it did in May 1948. The fate of Palestine
had thus been decided thirty years earlier,although the denouement did not come until the very end of the Mandate, when its Arabmajority was finally dispossessed byforce.” {{harvnbl Khalidi I 20201 bc—Chapter 1-}-}</ref> The same day, Ben-Gurion declared
the establishment of the state of Israel.
{{sfnlClevelandl2olOlloc=Terror andIntercommunal War}} The [[Declaration ofIndependence of Israel]] described a democracy with equality of social and
political rights for all citizens, and
extended a peace offering to neighboring
states and their Arab citizens.
{{sfnlShapiral2Ol2lp=180}} Masalha notes
that the declaration states equality on the
basis of citizenship but not nationality.{{efnl”In Israel, ‘“nationality” (Hebrew:
“le’um”) and “citizenship” (Hebrew:“ezrahut”) are two separate, distinct statuses, conveying different rights and
responsibilities’. Palestinians in Israel,
as non-Jews, can be citizens, but nevernationals, and are thus denied ‘rights andprivileges’ enjoyed by those ‘who would qualify -for Israeli citizenship under the
1950 Law of Return’,”{{harvnb IWhite 120121 loc=Spot the Difference}}}}{{Clarifylreason=The sentence
is not clear and the quoted source is by
White, not Masalhaldate=February 2025}}
— The ensuing war led to the State of Israel
establishing control over 78% of Mandatory
Palestine, instead of the 55% outlined in
the UN partition plan, and resulted in the
destruction of much of Palestinian society
and the Arab landscape.<re-f>
{{harvnblMasalhal2ol2}}: “The ‘War of
Difference between revisions -Wikipedia
British aegis for decades. All that
remained to make Herzl’s prescient dream areality was for this existing para-state to flex its military muscle against the
weakened Palestinians while obtainingformal sovereignty, which it did in May 1948. The fate of Palestine had thus been
decided thirty years earlier, although thedenouement did not come until the very endof the Mandate, when its Arab majority wasfinally dispossessed by force. “</ref> The same day, Ben-Gurion declared the
establishment of the state of Israel.{{sfn I Cleveland I 20101 loc=Terror and Intercommunal War}} The [[Declaration ofIndependence of Israel]] described a democracy with equality of social and
political rights for all citizens, andextended a peace offering to neighboring states and their Arab citizens.{{sfn IShapira I 20121 p=180}} Masalha notes that the declaration states equality on the
basis of citizenship but not nationality.{{efnl”In Israel, ‘“nationality” (Hebrew:
“le’um”) and “citizenship” (Hebrew:“ezrahut”) are two separate, distinct statuses, conveying different rights andresponsibilities’. Palestinians in Israel, as non-Jews, can be citizens, but nevernationals, and are thus denied ‘rights andprivileges’ enjoyed by those ‘who would qualify for Israeli citizenship under the
1950 Law of Return’.”{{harvnb I White I 20121 loc=Spot the Difference}}}}{{Clarify I reason=The sentence
is not clear and the quoted source is by
White, not Masalhaldate=February 2025}}
The ensuing war led to the State of Israel
establishing control over 78% of Mandatory
Palestine, instead of the 55% outlined in
the UN partition plan, and resulted in the
destruction of much of Palestinian society
and the Arab landscape.<ref>{{harvnblMasalhal2el2}}: “The ‘War of +
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 132/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia Liberation’, which led to the creation of
the State of Israel on 78 per cent o-F
historic Palestine (not the 55 per cent
according to the UN partition resolution),
resulted not in ‘equality for all citizens’
‘as taught by the Hebrew prophets’ but in
the destruction of much of Palestinian
society, and much of the Arab landscape, in
the name of the Bible, by the Zionist
Yishuv, a European settler community that
emigrated to Palestine in the period
between 1882 and 1948. “</ref> This war, ledby the Zionist Yishuv was framed by itsleaders in biblical and messianic terms asa ‘miraculous clearing of the land,’ akin to the biblical War of Joshua. Masalha
writes that it is not clear who the Yishuvwas declaring independence from, as it was neither from the British colonial rule,
which facilitated Jewish settlement against
Palestinian wishes, nor from the land’sindigenous inhabitants, who had longcultivated and owned it.{{sfnIMasalhaI2Ol2Iloc=Chapter 1}} After the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]], [[Land
and Property laws in Israel#The ‘Absentees
Property Law’a series of laws]] passed by
the first Israeli government prevented
[[Palestinian refugees I displaced
Palestinians]] from claiming privateproperty or returning on the state’s territories. They and many of their
descendants remain [[Palestinian
refugeeslrefugees]] supported by [[UNRWA]].<ref>Kodmani-Darwish, p. 126</ref>{{fullcitation neededldate=March 2025}}<ref>Féron, Féron, p. 94.</ref>{{fullcitation needed Idate=March 2025}}<ref>{{cite web Iurl=http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?
id=87Ititle=United Nations Relief and Works
Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near
East Ipublisher=E[UNRWA]] idate=January 7,2815 Iaccess-date=January 22, 2016 larchiveurl=https :1/web, archive. org/web/20130906121016/http:!/www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=87 Liberation’, which led to the creation of
the State of Israel on 78 per cent of
historic Palestine (not the 55 per cent
according to the UN partition resolution),
resulted not in ‘equality for all citizens
‘as taught by the Hebrew prophets’ but in
the destruction of much of Palestinian
society, and much of the Arab landscape, in
the name of the Bible, by the Zionist
Yishuv, a European settler community that
emigrated to Palestine in the period
between 1882 and 1948. “</ref> This war, ledby the Zionist Yishuv was framed by its leaders in biblical and messianic terms as
a ‘miraculous clearing of the land,’ akin
to the biblical War of Joshua. Masalha
writes that it is not clear who the Yishuv
was declaring independence from, as it was
neither from the British colonial rule,
which facilitated Jewish settlement against
Palestinian wishes, nor from the land’s
indigenous inhabitants, who had longcultivated and owned it.{{sfnlMasalhal28l2lloc=Chapter l}} After the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]], [[Land
and Property laws in Israel#The ‘Absentees
Property Law’ Ia series of laws]] passed by
the first Israeli government prevented
[[Palestinian refugees I displaced
Palestinians]] from claiming privateproperty or returning on the state’s territories. They and many of their
descendants remain [[Palestinian
refugeesirefugees]] supported by [[UNRWA]].<ref>Kodmani-Darwish, p. 126</ref>{{full citation neededldate=March 2025}}
<ref>Féron, Féron, p. 94.</ref>{{-Fullcitation needed date=March 2025}}<re-f> {{cite web
I url=http : //www. unrwa . org/etemplate. php?
id=87_Ititle=United Nations Relief and
Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the
Near East Ipublisher=[[UNRWA]]
I date=January 7, 2015 Iaccess-date=January
22, 2816 larchiveurl=https :1/web, archive. org/web/20130986121016/http : //www. unrwa .org/etemplate. php?id=87 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1 296492217 133/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia larchive-date=September 6, 2013 lurl- larchive-date=September 6, 2013 lurl status=live}}</ref> status=live}}</ref>
*
==== Hebraization of names ==== ==== Hebraization of names ==== {{meii,IHebraization of surname}} {{MajnjHebraization of Palestinian place +4
names}}
As part of the effort to consolidate its
new ownership over the land it had taken
over in the 1948 war, the Israeli state
worked towards “erasing all traces of its
former owners”.{{sfnlShapiral2el4lp=248}}The project of •‘Hebraization” of the map,for which the JNF Naming Committee was established, {{sfn IMasalha 120121 loc=The
Zionist Superimposing of Hebrew Toponymy}}
aimed to replace what remained of the Arab
towns and villages with newly named Israeli
settlements. These names were often based
on the Arab names but with a “Hebrew
pronunciation” or based on old Hebrewbiblical names.{{sfnlShapiral2ol4lp=248}} This effort also sought to demonstrate
continuous Jewish ownership over the land
to ancient times.{{s-fnlShapiral2ol4lp=248}}
+ As part of the effort to consolidate its
new ownership over the land it had taken
over in the 1948 war, the Israeli state
worked towards “erasing all traces of its
former owners”.{{sfnlShapiral2el4lp=248}}The project of “Hebraization” of the map,for which the JNF Naming Committee was established, {{sfn IMasalha I 2012 loc=The
Zionist Superimposing of Hebrew Toponymy}}
aimed to replace what remained of the Arab
towns and villages with newly named Israeli
settlements. These names were often based
on the Arab names but with a ‘Hebrew
pronunciation” or based on old Hebrewbiblical names.{{sfnlShapiral2ol4lp=248}} This effort also sought to demonstrate
https://en.wikipedia.orglwlindex.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1 296492217 134/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia Prior to 1948, the Zionist movement hadlimited authority over the use of placenames in Palestine. After 1948, the Zionist movement systematically eliminated mentionof “Palestine’ from the names of itsorganizations; for example, the [[Jewish Agency for Palestine]], which played a
critical role in the founding of theIsraeli state in 1948 was renamed to the “Jewish Agency for Israel”,
{{sfn IMasalha I 2012}}{{pageneeded I date=October 2024}} continuous Jewish ownership over the land
to ancient times.{{sfnlShapiral2Ol4lp=248}}
1 Post-World War II
[[File:1948 Arab Israeli War - May 15-June
1e.svgthumbArab offensive at thebeginning of the [[1948 Arab-Israeli war]]]] [[File:Declaration of State of Israel 1948
2,jpgithumb[[David Ben-Gurion]]proclaiming Israel’s establishment beneatha large portrait of Theodor Herzl]] [[File:Op Magic Carpet
(Yemenites) .jpgithumbivemenite Jews on
— their way to Israel during [[Operation
Magic Carpet (Yemen) Operation Magic
Carpet]]]]
Jr
[r== Post-World War II
[[File:Declaration of State of Israel 1948

2.jpgthumbI [[David Ben-Gurion]]proclaiming Israel’s establishment beneatha large portrait of Theodor Herzl]] [[File:Op Magic Carpet(Yemenites).jpglthumbiYemenite Jews on their way to Israel during [[Operation
Magic Carpet (Yemen)IOperation Magic
Carpet]]_]]
+
Prior to 1948, the Zionist movement had
limited authority over the use of place
names in Palestine. After 1948, the name
“Palestine” was removed from Zionist
organizations; for example, the [[Jewish
Agency for Palestine]], which played a
critical role in the founding of theIsraeli state in 1948 was renamed to the “Jewish Agency for Israel”.
{{sfn IMasalha I 2012}}{{pageneeded I date=October 2024}} [[File:1948 Arab Israeli War - May 15-June
1e.svgithumblArab offensive at thebeginning of the [[1948 Arab—Israeli war]]_ ]]
+
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 135/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia Since the creation of the State of Israel,
the World Zionist Organization has
functioned mainly as an organizationdedicated to assisting and encouraging Jews to migrate to Israel. It has provided
political support for Israel in othercountries but plays little role in internalIsraeli politics. The movement’s majorsuccess since 1948 was in providinglogistical support for Jewish migrants andrefugees and, most importantly, in assisting [[Soviet Jews]] in their struggle
with the authorities over the right to
leave the USSR and to practice theirreligion in freedom, and the [[Jewish exodus from Arab landsiexodus of 850,000
Jews]] from the Arab world, mostly toIsrael. In 1944—45, Ben-Gurion described the [[One Million Plan]] to foreignofficials as being the “primary goal and top priority of the Zionist movement.’
{{sfnlHacohenll99llp=262 #2Ips=: “In
meetings with foreign officials at the endof 1944 and during 1945, Ben-Gurion cited the plan to enable one million refugees to
enter Palestine immediately as the primary
goal and top priority of the Zionistmovement.}} The immigration restrictions of the British White Paper of 1939 meant that
such a plan could not be put into largescale effect until the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948. The new
country’s immigration policy had some
opposition within the new Israeligovernment, such as those who argued that there was “no justification for organizing
large-scale emigration among Jews whoselives were not in danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were not their
own”{{sfnlHakohenl2003lp=461ps=: “After
independence, the government presented the
Knesset with a plan to double the Jewish
population within four years. This meantbringing in 600,000 immigrants in a fouryear period, or 150,000 per year. Absorbing150,000 newcomers annually under the trying Since the creation of the State of Israel,the World Zionist Organization has functioned mainly as an organization
dedicated to assisting and encouraging Jews
to migrate to Israel. It has provided
political support for Israel in othercountries but plays little role in internal Israeli politics. The movement’s majorsuccess since 1948 was in providinglogistical support for Jewish migrants and refugees and, most importantly, in
assisting [[Soviet Jews]] in their struggle
with the authorities over the right to
leave the USSR and to practice theirreligion in freedom, and the [[Jewish exodus from Arab landsiexodus of 850,000
Jews]] from the Arab world, mostly toIsrael. In 1944—45, Ben-Gurion described the [[One Million Plan]] to foreign
officials as being the “primary goal and
top priority of the Zionist movement.”
{{sfnlHacohenhlg9llp=262 #2Ips=:”In
meetings with foreign officials at the endof 1944 and during 1945, Ben-Gurion citedthe plan to enable one million refugees to enter Palestine immediately as the primarygoal and top priority of the Zionistmovement.}} The immigration restrictions of the British White Paper of 1939 meant that
such a plan could not be put into largescale effect until the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948. The new
country’s immigration policy had some
opposition within the new Israeligovernment, such as those who argued that there was “no justification for organizing
large-scale emigration among Jews whoselives were not in danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were not their
own”{{sfnlHakohenl2003lp=461ps=: “After
independence, the government presented theKnesset with a plan to double the Jewishpopulation within four years. This meantbringing in 600,000 immigrants in a four year period, or 150,000 per year. Absorbing
150,000 newcomers annually under the trying
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 136/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia conditions facing the new state was a heavy
burden indeed. Opponents in the Jewish
Agency and the government of mass
immigration argued that there was no
justification for organizing large-scaleemigration among Jews whose lives were notin danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were not their own. “}} as well
as those who argued that the absorption
process caused “undue hardship”.{{sfnlHakohenl2ee3lp=246—2471ps=: “Both the immigrants’ dependence and thecircumstances of their arrival shaped the attitude of the host society. The great
wave of immigration in 1948 did not occur
spontaneously: it was the result of a clearcut foreign policy decision that taxed the country financially and necessitated a
major organizational effort. Many
absorption activists, Jewish Agencyexecutives, and government officials opposed unlimited, nonselective
immigration; they favored a gradual process
geared to the country’s absorptive
capacity. Throughout this period, twocharges resurfaced at every public debate:
one, that the absorption process caused
undue hardship; two, that Israel’simmigration policy was misguided. “}} However, the force of Ben-Gurion’s
influence and insistence ensured that hisimmigration policy was carried out. {{sfnlHakohenl2øO3lp=471ps=: “But as head
of the government, entrusted with choosing
the cabinet and steering its activities,
Ben-Gurion had tremendous power over thecountry’s social development. His prestigesoared to new heights after the founding of the state and the impressive victory of the
IDF in the War of Independence. As prime
minister and minister of defense in
Israel’s first administration, as well as
the uncontested leader of the country’s
largest political party, his opinionscarried enormous weight. Thus, despite resistance from some of his cabinet
members, he remained unflagging in his
conditions facing the new state was a heavy
burden indeed. Opponents in the Jewish
Agency and the government of mass
immigration argued that there was no
justification for organizing large-scaleemigration among Jews whose lives were notin danger, particularly when the desire and motivation were not their own. “}} as well
as those who argued that the absorption
process caused “undue hardship”.
{{sfnlHakohenl2øO3lp=246—2471ps=: “Both the
immigrants’ dependence and the
circumstances of their arrival shaped theattitude of the host society. The great wave of immigration in 1948 did not occur
spontaneously: it was the result of a clearcut foreign policy decision that taxed the country financially and necessitated a
major organizational effort. Many
absorption activists, Jewish Agency
executives, and government officialsopposed unlimited, nonselective immigration; they favored a gradual process
geared to the country’s absorptive
capacity. Throughout this period, two
charges resurfaced at every public debate:
one, that the absorption process caused
undue hardship; two, that Israel’s
immigration policy was misguided. “}}
However, the force of Ben-Gurion’s
influence and insistence ensured that hisimmigration policy was carried out. {{sfnlHakohenl2øG3lp=471ps=: “But as head
of the government, entrusted with choosingthe cabinet and steering its activities, Ben-Gurion had tremendous power over the
country’s social development. His prestigesoared to new heights after the founding of the state and the impressive victory of the
IDF in the War of Independence. As prime
minister and minister of defense in
Israel’s first administration, as well as
the uncontested leader of the country’s
largest political party, his opinions
carried enormous weight. Thus, despite
resistance from some of his cabinet
members, he remained unflagging in his
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 137/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia enthusiasm for unrestricted mass
immigration and resolved to put this policyinto effect. “}}{{sfnIHakohenI2003Ip=2471ps=: “On several occasions, resolutions were passed to limit
immigration from European and Arab
countries alike. However, these limits were
never put into practice, mainly due to the
opposition of Ben-Gurion. As a drivingforce in the emergency of the state, BenGurion—both prime minister and minister of defense—carried enormous weight with his
veto. His insistence on the right of every
Jew to immigrate proved victorious. He
would not allow himself to be swayed by
financial or other considerations. It was
he who orchestrated the large-scale action
that enabled the Jews to leave Eastern
Europe and Islamic countries, and it was he
who effectively forged Israel’s foreign
policy. Through a series of clandestine
activities carried out overseas by the
Foreign Office, the Jewish Agency, the
Mossad le-Aliyah, and the Joint
Distribution Committee, the road was pavedfor mass immigration. “}} Religious Zionism and the Six-Day War
— {{meiiINeo-Zionism}}
— Prior to the 1967 [[Six-Day War]],
[[religious Zionism]] mostly described
support for political Zionism among
Orthodox Jews.{{sfnlRavitzkyll996lpp=32—34}}
 However, the war
and the Israeli conquest of the [[West
Bank]], invigorated and popularized areligious Zionist ideology associated with the Rabbi [[Abraham Isaac Kook]] and the
[[Mercaz HaRav]] yeshiva, which believes
that Zionism is a part of the historical
process that will bring about the
[[messianic age]].
{{sfnlRavitzkyll996lpp=102—109, 122—131}}{{sfnIShlaiml200ll loc=Chapter 14}} Thisideology considered secular Zionism and secular state policies to be holy and part
God’s divine plan: “The spirit of Israel...
is so closely linked to the spirit of God
that a Jewish nationalist, no matter how
secularist his intention may be, is,
despite himself, imbued with the divine
spirit even against his own will.”{{sfnGoldbergI2009}}{{pnIdate=March 2025}} + Prior to the 1967 [[Six-Day War]],
[[religious Zionism]] mostly described
support for political Zionism among
i Orthodox Jews.{{sfnlRavitzkyll996lpp=32—34}}
 However, the war
and the Israeli conquest of the [[WestBank]], invigorated and popularized a religious Zionist ideology associated with
the Rabbi [[Abraham Isaac Kook]] and the
[[Mercaz HaRav]] yeshiva, which believes
that Zionism is a part of the historical
process that will bring about the
[[messianic age]].
{{sfn I Ravitzky 119961 pp=102—109, 122—131}}
{{sfnlShlaiml200llloc=Chapter 14}} This
ideology considered secular Zionism and
secular state policies to be holy and part
God’s divine plan: “The spirit of Israel,.,
https://en.wikipedia.orglw/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1 296492217 139/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia According to followers of the Mercaz HaRav
ideology, the Six Day War was a
demonstration of the work of the Divine
Hand and the •‘beginning of redemption”.
{{sfn I Ravitzky I 19961 loc=Chapter 3}}Proponents of this ideology venerate theland as sacred, and consider its sanctity acore principle of religious Zionism.Religious Zionists view the settlement of the West Bank as a commandment of God,
necessary for the redemption of the Jewishpeople.{{sfnlBen-Ami12007}} Rabbi [[Zvi Yehuda Kook]], a major religious Zionist
leader and thinker, would declare in 1967
following the Six Day War in the presenceof Israeli leadership including the president, ministers, members of the
[[Knesset]], judges, chief rabbis and
senior civil servants:

Line 409
== Types of Zionism =={{mainlTypes of Zionism}}{{see alsolPost-Zionism}} — From the turn of the century until the Arab
revolt of 1936, there was room forpolitical flexibility within the Zionist movement, many scholars argue thatdifferent currents of Zionism have had a shared core framework.{{sfnIGornyIl987}}<ref>{{harvnblDubnovl 20111 p=}}:{{pnldate=March 2025}} “Relatively recent examples of the search for this “core” idea
is so closely linked to the spirit of God
that a Jewish nationalist, no matter how
secularist his intention may be, is,
despite himself, imbued with the divine
spirit even against his own will.”
{{sfnlGoldbergl2009}}{{pageneeded Idate=March 2025}}
According to followers of the Mercaz HaRav
ideology, the Six Day War was a
demonstration of the work of the DivineHand and the “beginning of redemption”. {{sfnlRavitzkyllgg6lloc=Chapter 3}}Proponents of this ideology venerate the land as sacred, and consider its sanctity a
core principle of religious Zionism.

Religious Zionists view the settlement of
the West Bank as a commandment of God,
necessary for the redemption of the Jewishpeople,{{sfnlBen-AmiI2007}} Rabbi [[Zvi Yehuda Kook]], a major religious Zionist
leader and thinker, would declare in 1967
following the Six Day War in the presence
of Israeli leadership including the
president, ministers, members of the
[[Knesset]], judges, chief rabbis and
senior civil servants:

Line 423:
== Types of Zionism ==
{{mainlTypes of Zionism}}
{{see alsolPost-Zionism}}
From the turn of the century until the Arabrevolt of 1936, there was room for political flexibility within the Zionist
movement, many scholars argue thatdifferent currents of Zionism have had a shared core framework.{{sfnlGornyl 1987}}<ref>{{harvnb IDubnov 120111 p=}}:{{pg..needed Idate=March 2025}} “Relatively recentexamples of the search for this “core” idea ++
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?titIe=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oIdid1296492217 140/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia in Zionism (which tends to labelideological diversity as “heresy” or “deviation”) can be found in Gorny and
Netzer, “‘Avodat ha-hoveh ha-murhevet’”;Halpern and Reinharz, ‘‘Zionism and theCreation of a New Society’’; and Shimoni, ‘‘The Zionist Ideology’’. Older studies
that are based on a similar presupposition
include Heller, ‘‘The Zionist Idea’ ‘, and
most famously Hertzberg, ‘‘The Zionist
Idea’ ‘.“</ref> Most mainstream histories of
the movement delineate a few key strains,
many following a taxonomy introduced during
the period starting in the late 19th
century and continuing into the 1930s:
political, practical, socialist, culturaland revisionist. <ref>{{bulleted list I I {{harvnblYadgarl2el7lloc=”Main Zionist
Streams and Jewish Traditions” Ipp=119—160}}
I {{harvnblStanislawskil2Ol7}}{{page
needed Idate=January 2025}}
Line 416:
}}</ref><ref name=”Shoham-2013”/> Some
scholars emphasise the heterogeneity of
these strains of Zionism.<re-f>
{{harvnblSeidlerl2Ol2lp=176}}: “conflicting
founding designs.. .express the formative
ideological background underlying the veryidea of the State of Israel. “</ref><re-f>{{harvnblBoyarinl2O25lpp=137—160}}}: “What we call Zionism, despite the existence of aWorld Zionist Organization and then a Zionist state, is in fact a catchall for
numerous, often contradictory currents of
thought. “<Iref><ref>
{{harvnb I Shindler 120151 p=}} : {{pageneededldate=January 2025}} “Zionism was never a monolithic movement. It would be
more correct to speak of a range of
different varieties of Zionism. Herzl’s
General Zionism immediately began to flow
into different ideological streams. “</ref>
in Zionism (which tends to labelideological diversity as “heresy” or “deviation”) can be found in Gorny and
Netzer, “‘Avodat ha-hoveh ha-murhevet’”;
Halpern and Reinharz, ‘‘Zionism and theCreation of a New Society’’; and Shimoni, ‘The Zionist Ideology’ ‘. Older studies
that are based on a similar presupposition
include Heller, ‘‘The Zionist Idea’ ‘, and
most famously Hertzberg, ‘‘The Zionist
Idea’ ‘.“</ref> Most mainstream histories 0-F
the movement delineate a few key strains,many following a taxonomy introduced duringthe period starting in the late 19th century and continuing into the 1930s:political, practical, socialist, cultural and revisionist.<ref>{{bulleted listi
I {{harvnblYadgarl2Ol7lloc=”Main Zionist
Streams and Jewish Traditions” Ipp=119—160}}
I {{harvnblStanislawskii2Ol7}}{{page
needed I date=January 2025}}
Line 431:
}}</ref><ref name=”Shoham-2013”/> Some
scholars emphasise the heterogeneity of
these strains of Zionism.<ref>
{{harvnb I Seidler 120121 p=176}}: “conflicting
founding designs. . .express the formative
ideological background underlying the veryidea of the State of Israel. “</ref><ref> {{harvnblBoyarini2O25lpp=137—160}}}: “What
we call Zionism, despite the existence of aWorld Zionist Organization and then a Zionist state, is in fact a catchall for
numerous, often contradictory currents of
thought. “</ref><ref>
{{harvnb I Shindler 120151 p=}} : {{pageneededldate=January 2025}} “Zionism wasnever a monolithic movement, It would be more correct to speak of a range ofdifferent varieties of Zionism. Herzl’sGeneral Zionism immediately began to flow into different ideological streams. “</ref> L
[
httpsl/en.wikipedia.orglw/index.php?title=Zionism&difl=1340608433&oldid=129649221 7 141/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia _n
—
=== Early Zionist Strains: Political and
+
=== Early Zionism
practical Zionism
Early Zionism consisted of two dominant
types, [[Political Zionism]] and
+ [[Practical Zionism]], which faded after
[[World War I]] and the [[Balfour
Declaration]].{{sfnlPenslarl2O23lpp=36-39}}
Political Zionism was led by [[Theodor
Herzl]] and [[Max Nordau]]. This approach
was espoused at the [[World ZionistOrganization I Zionist Organization]] ‘s [[First Zionist Congress]]. It focused on a
Jewish home as a solution to the “[[Jewish
question]]” and antisemitism in Europe,
centred on gaining Jewish sovereignty
— (probably within the Ottoman or later
British or French empire), and was opposed
to mass migration until after sovereignty
was granted. It initially considered
locations other than Palestine (e.g. in
Africa) and did not foresee migration by
many Western Jews to the new homeland.
{{sfnlBerentl2Ol9lp=}}{{pnldate=March 2025}}
<ref name=”Shoham-2813”/>
ii
Political Zionism was led by [[Theodor
Herzl]] and [[Max Nordau]]. This approach
was espoused at the [[ZionistOrganization]]’s [[First Zionist Congress]]. It focused on a Jewish home as
a solution to the “[[Jewish question]]” andantisemitism in Europe, centered on gaining Jewish sovereignty (probably within the
+ Ottoman or later British or French empire),
and was opposed to mass migration untilafter sovereignty was granted. It initially considered locations other than Palestine
(e.g., in Africa) and did not foresee
migration by many Western Jews to the new
homeland. {{sfn Berent 128191 p=}}{{pageneededldate=March 2025}}<ref name=”Shoham 2813” I>
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 142/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia Known in Hebrew as {{langIhe-latnTzionut
Ma’asit}}, Practical Zionism was led by
[[Moshe Leib Lilienblum]] and [[Leon
Pinsker]] and molded by the [[Hovevei
Zion]] organization. {{citation
neededldate=January 2025}} It became
dominant after Herzl’s death, and differed
from Political Zionism in not seeing
Zionism as justified primarily by the
Jewish Question but rather as an end in
itself; it “aspired to the establishment of
an elite utopian community in Palestine”
through [[Aliyah]].{{sfnBerentI2O19Ip=}}
{{pnldate=March 2025}} It also differed
from Political Zionism in “distrust[ing]grand political actions” and preferring “an evolutionary incremental process toward theestablishment of the national home”, {{sfnlBerentl2øl9lp=}}{{pnldate=March 2025}}<ref name=”Shoham-2013”> {{harvnblShohaml2Ol3lp=31}}: “practical
Zionism, This designation referred to those
who supported the redemption of Palestine
by small-sized, but ideologically-driven,aliya and settlement, which would progress gradually and steadily, if slowly.

Political Zionism, its ideological rival,
disagreed. Its most prominent spokesman,
Theodor Herzl, feared that this unorganized
colonization of Palestine would jeopardizehis diplomatic negotiations with the greatpowers; and in his address to the first Zionist congress in 1897 he defined this
method as “infiltration”. “</ref>
+ Known in Hebrew as {{langIhe-latnTzionut
Ma’asit}}, Practical Zionism was led by
[[Moshe Leib Lilienbium]] and [[Leon
Pinsker]] and molded by the [[Hovevei
Zion]] organization. {{citation
neededldate=January 2025}} It became
dominant after Herzl’s death, and differed
from Political Zionism in not seeing
Zionism as justified primarily by the
Jewish Question but rather as an end in
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 143/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM
These initially dominant strains faded
— after the First World War and Balfour
Declaration. {{sfn I Penslarl 20231 pp=36—39}}
Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia
itself; it “aspired to the establishment of
an elite utopian community in Palestine”
through [{Aliyah]].{{sfnlBerentl2el9lp=}}
{{page needed Idate=March 2025}} It also
differed from Political Zionism in
‘distrust[ing] grand political actions” and
preferring ‘an evolutionary incrementalprocess toward the establishment of thenational home”.{{sfniBerenti2el9lp=}}{{pageneeded ldate=March 2025}}<ref name=’Shoham2013”>{{harvnblShohaml2el3lp=31}}:
“practical Zionism. This designation
referred to those who supported theredemption of Palestine by small-sized, butideologically-driven, aliya and settlement, which would progress gradually and
steadily, if slowly. Political Zionism, itsideological rival, disagreed. Its most prominent spokesman, Theodor Herzl, feared
that this unorganized colonization of
Palestine would jeopardize his diplomaticnegotiations with the great powers; and in his address to the first Zionist congressin 1897 he defined this method as “infiltration” . “</ref>
Labor Zionism
{{MainlLabor Zionism}}
[[File:Ber Borochov.jpgll2Opxlthumblrightl[[Ber BorochovlDov Ber Borochovi], one of the leaders of Labor Zionism]]Led by
socialists [[Nachman Syrkin]], [[Haim
Arlosoroff]], [[Ben Katznelson]], andMarxist [[Ber Borochov]],<ref>{{bulleted listi
I {{harvnblSchulmanll998}}I {{harvnblSternhellllg9glp=35}} Labor Zionism
{{Main I Labor Zionism}}
1 [[File:Ber Borochov.jpgI120pxIthumbIright[[Ber BorochovlDov Ber Borochov]], one of the leaders of Labor Zionism]]Led by
socialists [[Nachman Syrkin]], [[Haim
Arlosoroff]], [[Ben Katznelson]], andMarxist [[Ber Borochov]],<ref>{{bulleted listi
I {{harvnblSchulmanllgg8}}I {{harvnb I Sternhell 119991 p=35}} https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 144/34 1 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia I {{harvnb I Cohen I 1984}}{{page
needed I date=January 2025}}
— }}</ref>{{sfnlShafirll996}} Labor or
Socialist Zionism was a form of Zionism
that combined messianic tendencies and
[[socialismlsocialist]] or [[social
democracy I social democratic]] politics. <ref
name=”Perlmutter-1969”>{{harvnb IPerlmutterl 19691 p=}}:{{P4’,Idate=March 2025}} “The SocialistZionist movement played a key role in Zionist colonization of Palestine. Its
ideology became the most influential andpersistent in the Jewish community inPalestine (the Yishuv) before the establishment of the state of Israel in
1948. Socialist-Zionism has been associated
with most of the pioneer and colonizing
efforts, institutions and procedures since
the second Zionist immigration wave
(hadAliya ha-Shnia) to Palestine in 1904
05, and became the chief force in the
nation-building of Israel. It dominated
Zionist immigration, consolidated the
nationalist movement, and diffused theprinciples of an egalitarian social systeminto the Yishuv in Palestine... SocialistZionist ideology was not a unitary, totalitarian, and single ideology. It was
iconoclastic-as all ideologies are. Itblended messianic with programmist tendencies and integrated a variety oftrends, doctrines and formulations of socialism and Zionism. It contained
elements of the Russian Social Democratic
variety of Marxism, Bundism, the Austrian
and German Social Democracy, Russian
Anarchism, Bolshevism and even of utopian
pre-Marxian socialism. “</ref>
{{sfnlShafirll996}} The labor Zionists
promoted immigration and settlement,
establishing “facts on the ground” as the
main path towards statebuilding.<ref>
{{harvnblKimmerlingl2006}}: “The tactics
that Labor Zionists used to build the
Jewish community in Palestine were
I {{harvnbICohen1984}}{{page
needed I date=January 2025}}
}}</ref>{{sfnlShafirll996}} Labor or
Socialist Zionism was a form of Zionismthat combined messianic tendencies and [[socialist]] or [[social democratic]]
politics.<ref name=”Perlmutter-1969”>{{harvnb I Perimutter 119691 p=}} : {{pge.neededldate=March 2025}} “The SocialistZionist movement played a key role in Zionist colonization of Palestine. Its
ideology became the most influential and
persistent in the Jewish community inPalestine (the Yishuv) before the establishment of the state of Israel in
1948. Socialist-Zionism has been associated
with most of the pioneer and colonizing
efforts, institutions and procedures since
the second Zionist immigration wave
(hadAliya ha-Shnia) to Palestine in 1904—
05, and became the chief force in the
nation-building of Israel. It dominated
Zionist immigration, consolidated the
nationalist movement, and diffused theprinciples of an egalitarian social system into the Yishuv in Palestine.,. SocialistZionist ideology was not a unitary, totalitarian, and single ideology. It was
iconoclastic-as all ideologies are. Itblended messianic with programmist tendencies and integrated a variety oftrends, doctrines and formulations of socialism and Zionism. It contained
elements of the Russian Social Democratic
variety of Marxism, Bundism, the Austrian
and German Social Democracy, Russian
Anarchism, Bolshevism and even of utopian
pre-Marxian socialism. “</ref>
{{sfnlShafirll996}} The labor Zionistspromoted immigration and settlement, establishing “facts on the ground” as the
main path towards state-building.<ref>
{{harvnb I Kimmerling I 2006}}: “The tactics
that Labor Zionists used to build the
Jewish community in Palestine werecompletely different. They believed less in +
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 145/34 1 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia completely different. They believed less in
“rights” and more in incrementally
established facts on the ground” . </ref>—
— Labor Zionism became a mass movement with
the founding of [[Poale Zion]] (“Workers of
Zion”) groups in Eastern and Western Europeand North America in the 1900s. {{sfnlKelerl2Ol9}} Poale Zion splitbetween Left and Right after 1917. In 1919, the Right Poale Zion in Palestine disbandedto form the nationalist socialist [[Ahdut HaAvoda]], led by [[David Ben Gurion]];
{{sfn ITeveth 119851 pp=66—70}}{{sfn IGetzoffI2OlgI p=}}{{”I date=March 2025}}<ref>{{harvnb I Sternhell I 1999}}: “The
formal decision to found Ahdut Ha’avoda was
made at the Convention of Agricultural
Workers, held in February 1919. This was
the first country-wide gathering of all
regional agricultural workers’
organizations. The elections took place
according to the system of proportional
representation, with 1 representative for
every 25 people; small settlements wereallowed to send 1 representative for every12 people. Altogether, 58 representatives were elected to the convention, 28 of whomwere nonparty, 11 from Hapo’el Hatza’ir, and 19 from Po’alei Tzion. Thus, a clear
majority supported non-socialist, if not
antisocialist, principles. Prior to thisagricultural gathering, the two political parties also held conventions, and at the
Po’alei Tzion convention in Jaffa on 21—23
February, the party disbanded in order to
clear the way for the founding of Ahdut
Ha’avoda. “<Iref> in 1930, it merged with
[[Hapoel Hatzair]], founded by [[A. D.

Gordon]], to form Mapai.<ref>
{{harvnblLaqueurl2009}}: “The two largest
of them, Ahdut Ha’avoda and Hapoel Hatzair,
merged in January 1930 to form Mapai. “<Ire-f>
{{sfn IGetzoffI2Ol9I p=)}{{piildate=March
2025}} Labor Zionism, represented by Mapai,
“rights” and more in incrementally
established facts on the ground” . <Ire-F>
Labor Zionism became a mass movement with
the founding of [[Poale Zion]] (“Workers ofZion”) groups in Eastern and Western Europe and North America in the 1900s.
{{sfnIKelerl2019}} Poale Zion splitbetween Left and Right after 1917. In 1919, the Right Poale Zion in Palestine disbandedto form the nationalist socialist [[AhdutHaAvoda]], led by [[David Ben Gurion]]; {{sfn I Teveth I 19851 pp=66—70}}{{sfn IGetzoff 120191needed I date=March 2025}}<ref>{{harvnblSternhellllg9g}}: “The formal decision to found Ahdut Ha’avoda was madeat the Convention of Agricultural Workers, held in February 1919. This was the firstcountry-wide gathering of all regional agricultural workers’ organizations. The
elections took place according to the
system of proportional representation, with
1 representative for every 25 people; small
settlements were allowed to send 1
representative for every 12 people.

Altogether, 58 representatives were elected
to the convention, 28 of whom were
nonparty, 11 from Hapo’el Hatza’ir, and 19
from Po’alei Tzion. Thus, a clear majority
supported non-socialist, if not
antisocialist, principles. Prior to thisagricultural gathering, the two politicalparties also held conventions, and at thePo’alei Tzion convention in Jaffa on 21—23 February, the party disbanded in order toclear the way for the founding of Ahdut Ha’avoda.”</ref> in 1930, it merged with
[[Hapoel Hatzair]], founded by [[A. D.

Gordon]], to form Mapai.<ref>
{{harvnblLaqueurl200g}}: “The two largest
of them, Ahdut Ha’avoda and Hapoel Hatzair,merged in January 1930 to form Mapai. “<Iref> {{sfn IGetzoff 120191
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 146/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia became the dominant force in the politicaland economic life of the [[Yishuv]] during the [[Mandatory PalestineiBritish Mandateof Palestine]]. It was the dominant ideology of the political establishment inIsrael until the [[1977 Israeli legislative electionll977 election]], when the
[[Israeli Labor Party]] was defeated.<ref
name=”Perlmutter-1969”/> During the early
twentieth century, the left wing of thistradition was represented by [[Hashomer Hatzair]], followed by [[Mapam]] in the
late twentieth century, and [[Meretz]]until 2022. {{citation needed I date=January2025}} neededldate=March 2025}} Labor Zionism,
represented by Mapai, became the dominant
force in the political and economic life of
the [[Yishuv]] during the [[Mandatory
PalestineiBritish Mandate of Palestine]].

It was the dominant ideology of the
political establishment in Israel until the
[[1977 Israeli legislative electionhl977
election]], when the [[Israeli LaborParty]] was defeated.<ref name=”Perlmutter 1969”!> During the early twentieth century,
the left wing of this tradition was
represented by [[Hashomer Hatzair]],
followed by [[Mapam]] in the late twentieth
century, and [[Meretz]] until 2022.{{citation neededldate=January 2025}} — [[File:Mishmar
HaEmek. JPG I thumb I Kibbutznikiyot (femaleKibbutz members) in [[Mishmar HaEmek]],during the [[1948 Arab—Israeli War]]. The [[Kibbutz]] is the historical heartland of
Labor Zionism.]] In Labor Zionist thought,
a revolution of the Jewish soul and society
was believed necessary and achievable in
part by Jews moving to [[Israel]] andbecoming farmers, workers, and soldiers in a country of their own. Labor Zionists
established rural communes in Israel called
“[[kibbutz]]im”,{{sfnlNearjl986lp=}}
{{nIdate=March 2025}} a form of
[[collective farming I cooperative
agriculture]] in which the [[Jewish
National Fund]] hired Jewish workers under
trained supervision. The kibbutzim were a
symbol of the [[Second Aliyah]] in that
they put great emphasis on communalism and
egalitarianism, representing [[Utopian
socialism]] to a certain extent.

Furthermore, they stressed selfsufficiency, which became an essential aspect o-f Labor Zionism.ref>{{Citc book
Ilastl—Sternhell—Ifirstl=Zeev Ititle=The
—— M..4.1. ...( 7....I . hI..4-.
[[File:Mishmar
HaEmek. JPG Ithumb I Kibbutznikiyot (female
Kibbutz members) in [[Mishmar HaEmek]],
during the [[1948 Arab—Israeli War]]. The
[[Kibbutz]] is the historical heartland of
Labor Zionism.]] In Labor Zionist thought,
a revolution of the Jewish soul and society
was believed necessary and achievable in
part by Jews moving to [[Israel]] andbecoming farmers, workers, and soldiers ina country of their own. Labor Zionistsestablished rural communes in Israel called “[[kibbutz]]im’,{{sfnINearIl986Ip=}}{{pg.
needed Idate=March 2025}} a form of
[[collective farming I cooperative
agriculture]] in which the [[JewishNational Fund]] hired Jewish workers undertrained supervision. The kibbutzim were a symbol of the [[Second Aliyah]] in that
they put great emphasis on communalism and
egalitarianism, representing [[Utopian
socialism]] to a certain extent.

Furthermore, they stressed selfsufficiency, which became an essential aspect of Labor Zionism.

I Sternhell I Maisel 119981
needed I La =AMgLLt }}<ref>{{Cite web
Ititle=Israel — Labor Zionism
+
4L. II-.I...
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 147/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM
State last2—Maisel—l first2-David
I datc.l998—I publihcr=[ [Princeton
Univcrity Prcss]] I jtor=j . ctt7sdts
lisbn—978 0 691 00967 4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite
web Ititle=Israel — Labor Zionism
I url=https : //countrystudies . us/israel/li. htm
I access-date=November 23, 2023
I website=countrystudies.us larchive
date=November 23, 2023 larchive
url=https : //web. archive. org/web/2023l123i845iO/https : //countrystudies . us/israel/li. htm I url-status=live}}</ref>
Synthetic and General Zionism
{{MainlGeneral Zionists}}
— Synthetic Zionism, led by [[Chaim
Weizmann]], [[Leo Motzkin]] and [[Nahum
Sokolow]], was an approach that advocated a
combination of practical and political
Zionism<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
I first=Evyatar I last=FrieselIentry=Weizmann, Chaim ltitle=The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
I url=https ://encyclopedia .yivo. org/article/2
150 Iaccess-date=January 3, 2025 larchiveurl=https : //web . archive. org/web/20250i22044638/https : //encyclopedia .yivo.org/article/215 0 Iarchive-date=January 22, 2025}}</re-f>
and distanced themselves from the growing
Labour, Religious and Revisionist Zionist
groups as the movement became polarised
between those.{{sfnlGoldsteinl2ol8lp=}}{{pnldate=March 2025}}{{sfn I Divine 11993 I pp=316—318}} General Zionists identified with the liberal
European middle class to which many Zionistleaders such as Herzl and [[Chaim Weizmann]] aspired. As head of the World
Zionist Organization, Weizmann’s policies
had a sustained impact on the Zionist
movement, with Abba Eban describing him as
Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia
I url=https : //countrystudies. us/israel/il. htm
access-date=November 23, 2023
I website=countrystudies.us larchive
date=November 23, 2023 larchive
url=https : //web . archive. org/web/2023 1123184510/https : //countrystudies. us/israel/il. htm I url-status=live}}</ref>
Synthetic and General Zionism
{{MainlGeneral Zionists}}
1 j
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 148/341 [[File:Zeev
Jabotinsky..pgIrightthumbIupright=0.75I
[[Ze’ev Jabotinsky]], founder of
Revisionist Zionism]]
Synthetic Zionism, led by [[Chaim
Weizmann]], [[Leo Motzkin]] and [[Nahum
Sokolow]], was an approach that advocated a
combination of practical and political
Zionism<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
Ifirst=Evyatar Ilast=FrieselIentry=Weizmann, Chaim Ititle=The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
I url=https :1/encyclopedia. yivo . org/a rticle/2
158 iaccess-date=January 3, 2025 larchiveurl=https ://web.archive.org/web/20250122044638/https : //encyclopedia . yivo . org/article/215 8 Iarchive-date=January 22, 2025}}</ref>
and distanced themselves from the growing
Labour, Religious and Revisionist Zionist
groups as the movement became polarised
between those.{{sfnlGoldsteinl2el8lp=}}{{page neededldate=March 2825}}{{sfnlDivinell993lpp=316—318}} General Zionists identified with the liberal
European middle class to which many Zionistleaders such as Herzl and [[Chaim Weizmann]] aspired. As head of the World
Zionist Organization, Weizmann’s policies
had a sustained impact on the Zionist
movement, with Abba Eban describing him as
a dominant figure in Jewish life during the
interwar period.{{citation
needed I date=February 2025}}
[[File:Zeev Jabotinsky_
portrait. pjg I right I thumb I upright=0.75 I
[[Ze’ev Jabotinskyj], founder of
Revisionist Zionism]]
{{Main I Revisionist Zionism}}
2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia a dominant figure in Jewish life during the
interwar period.{{cnidate=February 2025}}
Revisionist Zionism
+
+
+
Revisionist Zionism
{{Main I Revisionist Zionism}}
— Revisionist Zionism, developed by [[Zeev
Jabotinsky]] in the 1920s, was a right-wing
strain of Zionism. It initially believed
Revisionist Zionism, developed by [[Ze’ev
Jabotinsky]] in the 1920s, was a right-wingstrain of Zionism. It initially believed https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 149/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia that a Jewish state must expand to both
sides of the [[Jordan River]], i.e. taking
[[Transjordan (region)ITransjordan]] in
addition to all of Palestine.{{sfn lZouplna 120081 p=}}{{pnl date=March 2025}}{{sfn I Shlaiml 19961 p=}}{{pi’,ldate=March2025}} It broke with the WZO in 1935 because of the latter’s refusal to declare
the establishment o-f a Jewish state as its
immediate aim,{{sfnlShlaimll9g6lp=}}{{Idate=March 2025}} and had its own paramilitary organisation, [[Irgun]], from1931 to 1948.{{ffdate=February 2025}} that a Jewish state must expand to both
sides of the [[Jordan River]], i.e. taking
[[Transjordan (region) I Transjordan]] in
addition to all of Palestine.
{{sfn I Zoupina 120081 p=}}{{p.gLneeded I date=March 2025}}{{sfn I Shlaim 119961 p=}}{{pg. neededldate=March 2025}} It broke with the
WZO in 1935 because of the latter’s refusalto declare the establishment of a Jewish state as its immediate aim,
{{sfn I Shlaim 119961 p=}}{{pg.neededldate=March 2025}} and had its ownparamilitary organisation, [[Irgun]], from1931 to 1948.{{citationneededidate=February 2025}} Followers of Revisionist Zionism developed
the [[Likud]] Party in Israel, which has
dominated most governments since 1977. Itadvocates Israel’s maintaining control of the [[West Bank]], including [[East
Jerusalem]], and takes a hard-line approachin the Arab—Israeli conflict.{{sfn IVause I Raz IMeddingi 2005}} Line 449:
=== Religious Zionism
{{Main I Religious Zionism}}
— {{Conservatism in Israel}}
Followers of Revisionist Zionism developed
the [[Likud]] Party in Israel, which hasdominated most governments since 1977. It advocates Israel’s maintaining control of
the [[West Bank]], including [[East
Jerusalem]], and takes a hard-line approach
in the Arab—Israeli conflict.
{{sfn I Vause I Raz iMedding I 2085}}
Line 466:
1 Religious Zionism
{{Main I Religious Zionism}}
— Initially led by [[Yitzchak Yaacov Reines]]
and by [[Abraham Isaac Kook]], Religious
Zionism is a variant of Zionist ideology
that combines religious conservatism and
secular nationalism into a theology withpatriotism as its basis. {{sfnlYadgarl2el7Iloc=Main Zionist Streams
and Jewish Traciitions}} One of the core
ideas in Religious Zionism is the belief
{{Conservatism in Israellldeologies}}
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 150/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia that the ingathering of exiles in the Landof Israel and the establishment of Israel is [[Atchalta De’Geulahlthe beginning of
the redemption]], the initial stage of the
‘‘[[Jewish eschatologylgeula]]’ ‘.<ref>
{{harvnb lAsscherl 20211 p=}}: {{pn ldate=March
2025}} “Highlighting and infusing theunsolved tension between religion andnationality rooted in Israeli Jewishidentity, the father of religious ZionismRabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1865—1935), andhis son and most influential interpreter Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Kook (1891—1982), assigned
primary religious significance to settling
the (Greater) Land of Israel, sacralising
Israel’s national symbols, and, more
generally, perceiving the contemporary
historical period of statehood as Atchalta
De’Geulah [the beginning of the redemption]”
</ref>
+ Initially led by [[Yitzchak Yaacov Reines]]
and by [[Abraham Isaac Kook]], Religious
Zionism is a variant of Zionist ideology
that combines religious conservatism and
secular nationalism into a theology with
patriotism as its basis.
{{sfnlYadgarl2el7lloc=Main Zionist Streams
and Jewish Traditions}} One of the core
ideas in Religious Zionism is the belief
that the ingathering of exiles in the Land
of Israel and the establishment of Israel
is [[Atchalta De’Geulahlthe beginning of
the redemption]], the initial stage of the
‘‘[[Jewish eschatologylgeula]]’ ‘.<ref>
{{harvnb lAsscher 120211 p=}} : {{pageneededldate=March 2025}} “Highlighting and infusing the unsolved tension betweenreligion and nationality rooted in IsraeliJewish identity, the father of religious Zionism Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1865—
1935), and his son and most influential
interpreter Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Kook (1891—
1982), assigned primary religious
significance to settling the (Greater) Land
of Israel, sacralising Israel’s national
symbols, and, more generally, perceiving
https://en.wikipedia.orglwlindex.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 151/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia the contemporary historical period of
statehood as Atchalta De’Geulah [the
beinnin of the redemption]”</ref>
After the [[Six-Day War]] and the capture
of the [[West Bank]], a territory referred
to by the movement as [[Judea and
Samaria]], the movement turned right as it
integrated revanchist and irredentist forms
of nationalism; this right-wing form of
religious Zionism, powerful within the
settlement movement, is represented todayby [[Gush Emunim]] (founded by students of Abraham Kook’s son [[Zvi Yehuda Kook]] in
1974), [[Jewish Home]] (HaBayit HaYehudi,
formed in 2009), [[Tkuma (political
party)ITkuma]], and [[Meimad]].{{citationneeded I date=January 2025}} After the [[Six-Day War]] and the capture
of the [[West Bank]], a territory referred
to by the movement as [[Judea and
Samaria]], the movement turned right as it
integrated revanchist and irredentist forms
of nationalism; this right-wing form of
religious Zionism, powerful within thesettlement movement, is represented today by [[Gush Emunim]] (founded by students of
Abraham Kook’s son [[Zvi Yehuda Kook]] in
1974), [[Jewish Home]] (HaBayit HaYehudi,
formed in 2009), [[Tkuma (political
party) jjkuma]], and [[Meimad]].{{citationneeded I date=January 2025}} [[Kahanism]], a radical branch of religious
Zionism, was founded by Rabbi [[Meir
Kahane]], whose party, [[Kach and Kahane
— ChailKach]], was eventually banned from the
Knesset, but has been increasingly
influential on Israeli politics.{{citationneeded date=February 2025}} [[Kahanism]], a radical branch of religious
Zionism, was founded by Rabbi [[Meir
Kahane]], whose party, [[Kach]], waseventually banned from the Knesset, but hasbeen increasingly influential on Israelipolitics. {{citation needed I date=February 2025}}
Liberal Zionism
Line 461:

Liberal Zionism, although not associated
with any single party in modern Israel,
remains a strong trend in Israeli politics
advocating free market principles,
democracy and adherence to human rights.
{{citation needed Idate=November 2024}}
— Philosopher [[Carlo Strenger]] describes a
modern-day version of Liberal Zionism,
rooted in the original ideology of Herzl
and [[Ahad Ha’am]]. It is marked by a
Philosopher [[Carlo Strenger]] describes a
modern-day version of Liberal Zionism,
rooted in the original ideology of Herzl
and [[Ahad Ha’am]]. It is marked by a
+
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 152/341 2/26/26,1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia concern for democratic values and humanrights, freedom to criticize government policies without accusations of disloyalty,
and rejection of excessive religious
influence in public life.{{sfn I Strengeri 2010}}{{sfn I Strenger I 201Gb I p=}}{{p”I date=March 2025}} Liberal Zionists see that “Jewishhistory shows that Jews need and are entitled to a nation-state of their own.

But they also think that this state must bea [[liberal democracy]], which means that there must be strict equality before the
law independent of religion, ethnicity or
gender. “{{sfniStrengeri2el4}}
concern for democratic values and human
rights, freedom to criticize government
policies without accusations of disloyalty,
and rejection of excessive religious
influence in public life.
{{sfn I Strenger I 2010}}{{sfn Istrengerl 201Gb I p=}needed I date=March 2025}} see that “Jewish history
need and are entitled to
their own. But they also
state must be a [[liberal democracy]],
which means that there must be strict
equality before the law independent of
religion, ethnicity or gender.”
{{sfn IStrengerl 2014}}
Cultural Zionism
{{Main I Cultural Zionism}}
Cultural Zionism or Spiritual Zionism is a
strain of Zionism that focused on creatinga center in historic Palestine with its ownsecular{{citation needed I date=January2025}} [[Jewish culture]] and nationalhistory, including language and historical roots, rather than on mass migration or
state-building. The founder of Cultural
Zionism was Asher Ginsberg, better known as
[[Ahad Ha’am]]. Like Hibbat Zion and unlike
Herzl, Ha’am saw Palestine as the spiritual
centre of Jewish life. Ha’am inaugurated
the movement in his 1880 essay “This is notthe way”, which called for the cultivation of a qualitative Jewish presence in the
land over [the] quantitative one” pursuedby Hibbat Zion.{{sfnIKatzI2O24Ip=}}{{pnldate=March 2025}} Ha’am was also asharp critic of Herzl; spiritual Zionismbelieved that the [[realpolitik]] engagedin by Political Zionism corrupted Jewry,and opposed any political solutions that victimised non-Jewish people in the land.
{{sfnIBerentI2OlgIp=}}{{pnldate=March 2025}}
Cultural Zionism
{{MainlCultural Zionism}}
}{ { pg_
Liberal Zionists
shows that Jews
a nation-state of
think that this
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 53/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia Cultural Zionism or Spiritual Zionism is a
strain of Zionism that focused on creating
a center in historic Palestine with its own
secular{{citation needed I date=January
2025}} [[Jewish culture]] and nationalhistory, including language and historical roots, rather than on mass migration orstate-building. The founder of Cultural Zionism was Asher Ginsberg, better known as
[[Ahad Ha’am]]. Like Hibbat Zion and unlike
Herzl, Ha’am saw Palestine as the spiritual
centre of Jewish life. Ha’am inaugurated
+ the movement in his 1880 essay “This is not
the way”, which called for the cultivationof a qualitative Jewish presence in the land over [the] quantitative one” pursued
by Hibbat Zion.{{sfnIKatzI2O24lp=}}{{page
neededldate=March 2025}} Ha’am was also asharp critic of Herzl; spiritual Zionismbelieved that the [[realpolitik]] engagedin by Political Zionism corrupted Jewry, and opposed any political solutions thatvictimised non-Jewish people in the land. {{sfn I Berent 120191 p=}}{{pageneeded I date=March 2025}} [[Brit Shalom (political organization)IBrit
Shalom]], which promoted Arab-Jewish
cooperation, was established in 1925 bysupporters of Ahad Ha’am’s Spiritual Zionism, including [[Martin Buber]],
[[Gershom Scholem]], [[Hans Kohn]], “and
other important figures of the intellectualelite of the pre-independence ‘ ‘yishuv’ ‘, {{sfn I Berent 120191 p=}}{{pn I date=March
2025}} Gorny describes it as an ultimately
marginal group. {{sfn IGornyl 19871 p=}}
{{pnldate=March 2025}}
1+ [[Brit Shalom (political organization)IBrit
Shalom]], which promoted Arab-Jewish
cooperation, was established in 1925 by
supporters of Ahad Ha am s Spiritual
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 154/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia Zionism, including [[Martin Buber]],
[[Gershom Scholem]], [[Hans Kohn]], “and
other important figures of the intellectualelite of the pre-independence ‘‘yishuv’’, {{sfn I Berent 120191 p=}}{{pageneededldate=March 2025}} Gorny describes itas an ultimately marginal group.{{sfnIGornyIlg87Ip=}}{{pageneededldate=March 2025}} == Non-Jewish support == == Non-Jewish support ==
Line 473: Line 492:

Christian support === === Christian support
{{MainlChristian Zionism}} {{MainlChristian Zionism}}
— From the beginning of the Zionist
movement’s development, it was dependent on
support from the Christian world.<ref>{{harvnblPenslarl2O23lp=27}}: “The Zionist movement was created by Jews, but from the
start it was dependent on support from the
Christian world. “</ref> The Christian
restorationist movement held the belief
that the “return” of Jews to Palestine
would trigger the second coming of theMessiah, the resurrection of the dead, and ultimately lead to the conversion of the
Jews to Christianity.<ref>{{harvnblPappel2004}}: “Zionism in many ways began as a Christian project, as part
of a restorationist movement believing that
the ‘return’ of the Jews to Palestine would
precipitate the second coming of the
Messiah, the resurrection of the dead and
eventually the conversion of the Jews to
Christianity. These ideas influenced Jews
looking for a haven when it was clear thatanti-Semitic Europe will not allow them tobe assimilated or integrate. “</ref> In this sense, Christian ideas of “restoration”
were a prerequisite for Zionism.<ref>
{{harvnb IPenslarl 20231 p=27}}:
“Restorationism was therefore a
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 155/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia prerequisite for the success of Zionism.’</ref>
Th
Zionism has depended on support from
Christians since its inception.<ref>
{{harvnb Penslar 2023 lp=27}}: “The Zionist
movement was created by Jews, but from the
start it was dependent on support from the
Christian world.”</ref> [[ChristianZionism]], also known as the Christian restorationist movement, has held the
belief that the “return” of Jews to
[[Palestine (region)IPalestine]] will
result in the [[second coming of Jesus]],
[[Universal resurrectionluniversal
resurrection of the dead]], and the
[[Conversion of the Jews (future
event)lconversion of the Jews to
Christianity]] . <ref >{{harvnb I Pappé I 2004}}:
+
“Zionism in many ways began as a Christian
project, as part of a restorationist
movement believing that the ‘return’ of the
Jews to Palestine would precipitate thesecond coming of the Messiah, the resurrection of the dead and eventually the
conversion of the Jews to Christianity.

These ideas influenced Jews looking for ahaven when it was clear that anti-Semitic Europe will not allow them to be
assimilated or integrate. “</ref> In thissense, according to Penslar, Christianideas of “restoration” were a prerequisite for the success of Zionism.<ref>
{{harvnbl Penslar 120231 p=27}}:
“Restorationism was therefore a
prerequisite for the success of Zionism.”
</ref>
— Christian Zionism is primarily driven by
the belief that the return of Jews to the
Holy Land will either lead to theirconversion to Christianity or their destruction. This belief is criticized by
Gershom Gorenberg in his book “The End of
Days,” where he highlights the troubling
aspect of this messianic scenario—the
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 156/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia disappearance of Jews. Evangelical figures
like Jerry Falwell believe the
establishment of Israel is a pivotal event
signaling the Second Coming of Christ and
the eventual End of the World. As a result,Christian Zionists have significantly contributed politically and financially toIsraeli nationalist forces, with theunderstanding that Israel’s role is to facilitate the Second Coming of Christ andthe elimination of Judaism.<ref>”Themassive support extended to the State of Israel by the millions of Christiansupporters of Zionism is overtly motivatedby a single consideration: that the return of the Jews to the Holy Land will be a
prelude to their acceptance of Christ or,
for those who fail to do so, to their
physical destruction. In his book, The End
of Days, Gershom Gorenberg, a religious
Jewish author, deplores the messianicscenario dear to many Christian Zionists, which includes the conversion to
Christianity of great numbers of Jews andthe destruction of those who refuse. In hisview, ‘the evangelical scenario is a drama in five acts, where the Jews disappear in
the fourth” (Cypel).For the evangelical
preacher Jerry Falwell, the founding of the
State of Israel in 1948 has been the most
crucial event in history since the
ascension of Jesus to heaven, and ‘proof
that the second coming of Jesus Christ is
nigh.... Without a State of Israel in the
Holy Land, there cannot be the second
coming of Jesus Christ, nor can there be a
Last Judgement, nor the End of the World’
(Tremblay, 118).These groups have provided
massive political and financial assistanceto the most resolute nationalist forces in Israeli society. In their view, theprincipal function of the State of Israelis to prepare for the Second Coming of Christ and to eliminate Judaism and thosewho profess it. This would explain why Christian Zionists have come to play an
increasingly significant role in the
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 157/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia financial and political support of the
State of Israel.” {{harvnblRabkinl2ee6}}

Christian Zionism is primarily driven by
the belief that the return of Jews to theHoly Land will either lead to their conversion to Christianity or their
destruction. This belief is criticized by
[[Gershom Gorenberg]] in his book “The End
of Days,” where he highlights the troubling
aspect of this messianic scenario—the
disappearance of Jews. Evangelical figures
such as [[Jerry Falwell]] believe the
establishment of Israel is a pivotal event
signaling the [[Second Coming of Christ]]
and the eventual [[End times]]. As a
result, Christian Zionists have
significantly contributed politically and
financially to Israeli nationalist forces,
with the understanding that Israel’s role
is to facilitate the Second Coming of
Christ and the elimination of Judaism.<ref>
{{harvnbIRabkin28e6}}:{{page
neededdate=August 2025}} “The massive
support extended to the State of Israel by
the millions of Christian supporters ofZionism is overtly motivated by a single consideration: that the return of the Jews
to the Holy Land will be a prelude to their
acceptance of Christ or, for those who fail
to do so, to their physical destruction. In
his book, The End of Days, Gershom
Gorenberg, a religious Jewish author,
deplores the messianic scenario dear to
many Christian Zionists, which includes the
conversion to Christianity of great numbers
of Jews and the destruction of those who
refuse. In his view, “the evangelical
scenario is a drama in five acts, where theJews disappear in the fourth” (Cypel).For the evangelical preacher Jerry Faiwell, the
founding of the State of Israel in 1948 has
been the most crucial event in historysince the ascension of Jesus to heaven, and https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 158/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia “proof that the second coming of Jesus
Christ is nigh.... Without a State 0-F
Israel in the Holy Land, there cannot be
the second coming of Jesus Christ, nor canthere be a Last Judgement, nor the End ofthe World” (Tremblay, 118).These groups have provided massive political and
financial assistance to the most resolute
nationalist forces in Israeli society, In
their view, the principal function of the
State of Israel is to prepare for the
Second Coming of Christ and to eliminate
Judaism and those who profess it. This
would explain why Christian Zionists have
come to play an increasingly significant
role in the financial and political support
of the State of Israel. “</ref>
— One of the principal
[[Protestantism I Protestant]] teachers who
promoted the biblical doctrine that the
Jews would return to their nationalhomeland was [[John Nelson Darby]]. His doctrine of [[dispensationalism]] is
credited with promoting Zionism, followinghis 11 lectures on the hopes of the church, the Jew and the [[gentile]] given in Geneva
in 1840.<ref>{{cite book Ilast=Sizer
I -First=Stephen I title=Christian Zionism:

Road-map to Armageddon? Ipublisher=IVP
I date=Dec 2005 I location=NottinghamI page=298 I isbn=978-0-8308-5368-7}}</ref> However, others like [[Charles SpurgeonlC HSpurgeon]],<ref>Sermon preached in June 1864 to the British Society for the
Propagation of the Gospel among theJews</re-f> [[Horatius Bonariboth Horatius]]<re-F>The Jew’, July 1870, The Quarterly Journal of Prophecy</ref> and [[AndrewBonar]], [[Robert Murray M’CheynelRobert Murray M’Chyene]],<ref>Sermon preached
November 17, 1839, after returning from a
“Mission of Inquiry into the State of the
Jewish People”</ref> and [[J. C. RyleIJ CRyle]]<ref>Sermon preached June 1864 to London Society for promoting Christianity
among the Jews</ref> were among a number of
https://en.wikipediaorg/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 159/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia prominent proponents of both the importance
and significance of a Jewish return, who
were not dispensationalist. Pro-Zionistviews were embraced by many [[Evangelicalismevangelicals]] and also
affected international foreign policy.

1. One of the principal [[Protestant]]
teachers who promoted the biblical doctrinethat the Jews would return to their national homeland was [[John Nelson
Darby]]. His doctrine of
[[dispensationalism]] is credited with
promoting Zionism, following his 11lectures on the hopes of the church, the Jew and the [[gentile]] given in Geneva in1840.{{sfnlSpectorl2009lp=lSIps=: “The timing was propitious. Liberal theologians
in America and Higher Criticism scholars in
Europe were challenging the idea that the
Bible is the literal word of God, causing
great distress to Bible-believingChristians. Embattled American evangelicals welcomed Darby’s emphasis on biblical
literalism and prophecy. Darby’s focus on
the Jews’ return to Palestine, their
centrality in the unfolding of divinehistory, and their expected finalacceptance of their messiah has had a profound impact on generations 0-F devout
Protestants, particularly in the United
States.”}}{{sfnlWilkinsonl2el3lp=2Ips=: “In
a 2003 article for the Internet magazine,
the Globalist, Michael Lind introduced
readers to John Nelson Darby, claiming that
“Mr Darby’s peculiar version o-F
Christianity has shaped the American Southfor generations. And now, through conservative Southern Republicans like
George W. Bush, it is shaping the Middle
East and the world.” Darby has been
described by one critic as “the most
influential figure in the development o-F
Christian Zionism,” and “its greatest
apostle and missionary.” John Nelson Darby,
+
+
https:llen.wikipedia.org!wlindex.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=129649221 7 160/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia the founder of Plymouth Brethrenism, did
indeed make a pivotal contribution to the
development of Christian Zionism, but I
will demonstrate how his doctrines have
been misrepresented and misused by Brethren
and non-Brethren scholars alike. “}}{{sfn IGoidman 120181 p=41 ps=: “Mearsheimer and Walt join a considerable number of
scholars who derive Christian Zionism from
the theological movement known as
premillennial dispensationalism. The basicidea of premillennial dispensationalism is that history is composed of stages that
culminate in the return of Jesus Christ to
establish the millennium—the thousand-year
reign of peace described by the Book ofRevelation. This idea was systematized in the mid-nineteenth century by the Anglo
Irish theologian John Nelson Darby and
promoted in the United States by
evangelists including Dwight Moody and
Cyrus I. Scofield. “}} However, others like
[[Charles SpurgeoniC H Spurgeon]],
<ref>Sermon preached in June 1864 to the
British Society for the Propagation of the
Gospel among the Jews</ref>{{full citation
neededldate=August 2025}} [[HoratiusBonariboth Horatius]]<ref>’The Jew, July 1870, The Quarterly Journal of
Prophecy</ref>{{full citation
neededidate=August 2025}} and [[AndrewBonar]], [[Robert Murray M’CheynelRobert Murray M’ Chyene] ] , <ref>Sermon preached
November 17, 1839, after returning from a
“Mission of Inquiry into the State of the
Jewish People”</ref>{{full citationneededldate=August 2025}} and [[J C Ryle]] <ref>Sermon preached June 1864 to London
Society for promoting Christianity amongthe Jews</ref>{{full citation neededdate=August 2025}} were among anumber of prominent proponents of both theimportance and significance of a Jewish return, who were not dispensationalist. Pro
Zionist views were embraced by many
[[evangelicals]] and also affected
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1 296492217 161/341 The largest Zionist organisation is
[[Christians United for Israel]], which
10 million members and is led by [[John
Hagee] ]. {{sfn I Rubin I 2010}}
{{sfn I Savage I 2021}}{{sfn I Kornbluh I 2022}}
The largest Zionist organisation is
[[Christians United for Israel]], which has
10 million members and is led by [[John
Hagee]].{{sfnIRubinI2OlO}}
{{sfn I Savage I 2021}}{{sfn I Kornbluh I 2022}}
1 Druze support
{{See also IDruze inIsrael#Politics I Druze#Relationship withJews}} While most Israeli Druze identify as
ethnically [[Arab]],<ref>{{cite web
Idate=May 10, 2016 Ititle=5 facts about
Israeli Christians
I url=http : I!www. pewresearch . org/fact
tank/2016/0S/10/5-facts-about-israelichristians! I url-status=live I archive url=https ://web.archive.org!web!201811110439
48!http : //www. pewresearch . org/facttank!2016/05/10/5-facts-about-israelichristians! Iarchive-date=November 11, 2018 Iaccess-date=March 12, 2018 Iwebsite=[[Pew
Research]]}}</ref> today, tens o-f thousands
of Israeli Druze belong to “Druze Zionist’
movements.{{sfnlAshkenazil2005}} A survey
conducted in 2008 by Dr. Yusuf Hassan of
[[Tel Aviv University]] found that out of
764 Druze participants, more than 94%
identify as “Druze-Israelis” in the
religious and national context.
{{sfnlShternl2008}} In 1973, [[Amal Nasserel-Din]] founded the [[Zionist DruzeCircle]], a group whose aim was to 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia international foreign policy.{{citation
needed I date=August 2025}}
has
1 +++
[[File: PikiWikijsrael_1337_Druze_scouts_at_
jet h ro_holy_p la c e_ _2p2_DT7_D1L j pg I t humbI[[Israeli Druze]] Scouts march to Jethro’s tomb. Today, thousands of Israeli
Druze belong to ‘[[Druze]] Zionist’movements. {{sfn IAshkenazi I 2005}}]] https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 162/341 +
+
Hindu support
{{see also I India—Israel relations I Hindunationalism}} +
— After Israel’s creation in 1948, the
[[Indian National Congress]] government
opposed Zionism. Some writers have claimedthat this was done in order to get moreMuslim votes in India (where Muslims numbered over 30 million at the time).<ref>{{cite web
I url=http: //www. southasiaanalysis . org/papers
2/paperl3l.html Ititle=India—Israel
Relations: The Imperatives for Enhanced
Strategic Cooperation — Subhash Kapila
The Druze have aligned themselves more with
the Zionist ethos and have distancedthemselves from other Arab and Islamic nationalist causes in Israeli society.{{sfn I Nisan 120101 p=}}{{pageneededldate=August 2025}} Israeli Druzecitizens serve in the [[Israel Defense Forces]] .{{sfnISternI2005}} The Jewish
Druze partnership was often referred to as
“a covenant of blood” ({{langxIheIiv
‘i}}) in recognition of the shared
responsibility of defending Israel.
{{sfn I Firro I 2006}}{{sfn I Rogan 120111 p=73}}{{sfnINisanI2OlSIp=2841ps=: “This Jewish Druze partnership was often referred to as
a “covenant of blood,” in recognition of
the common military yoke carried by the two
peoples for the security of the country. “}}
Hindu support
{{see alsollndia—Israel relationsiHindunationalism}}
2126/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia encourage the Druze to support the state of
Israel. {{sfn I Landau 119931 p=46}}Before and after Israel’s creation in 1948, the [[Indian National Congress]] and the
Indian government initially opposed Zionism.
{{sfn I Siddiqui 120181 p=}}{{pageneeded I date=August 2025}}{{sfn I Vardhan I 2021}} https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 163/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia I archive
url=https:1/web, archive. org/web/20100211233957/http: //www. southasiaanalysis .org/papers2l paperl3l.html Iarchive-date=February 11,2010 Ipublisher=South Asia Analysis Group website=southasiaanalysis.org lurl
status=usurped Iaccess-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref>
Zionism, seen as a national liberationmovement for the repatriation of the Jewish people to their homeland then under British
colonial rule, appealed to many [[Hindu
nationalists]], who viewed their struggle
for [[Indian IndependenceMovementlindependence from British rule]] + and the [[Partition of India]] as national
liberation for [[Persecution of Hindusilong
oppressed Hindus]] . {{sfn I Osuri I 2023}}
[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first Prime
Minister of India, drew a connection
between the conflict in Palestine and HinduMuslim relations in India, calling it aBritish “imperialist diversion.”{{sfnIOsuriI2O23}} — In more current times, conservative Indian
parties and organizations tend to support
Zionism. <ref>{{cite web
Iurl=http://us. redi-Ff.com/news/2003/sep/lOsh
aronll.htm Ititle=RSS slams Left for
opposing Sharon’s visit: Rediff.com India
News I publisher=Us. rediff.com
Idate=September 10, 2003 Iaccess-date=June
3, 2010 larchiveurl=https :1/web, archive. org/web/20100617073538/http://us. rediff. com/news/2003/sep/lOshar onll.htm Iarchive-date=June 17, 2010}}
</ref> A 2012 international opinion survey
found that India was the most pro-Israel
country in the world.{{sfnlEichnerl2ol2}}
This has invited attacks on the
[[Hindutva]] movement by parts of the
Indian left opposed to Zionism, and
allegations that Hindus are conspiring with
the “[[Jewish Lobby]].”<ref>{{cite web
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 164/34 1 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia Iurl=http://ghadar. insaf.net/June2004/MainPa
geslzionism.htm Ititle=Ghadar. 2004
Ipublisher=Ghadar.insaf.net access
date=June 3, 2010 larchive
url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/201604211157
47/http://ghadar. insaf.net/June2004/MainPage
s/zionism.htm Iarchive-date=April 21, 2016}}</ref>
+i- - In more current times, conservative Indian
parties and organizations tend to support
Zionism.<ref>{{cite web
I url=http :1/us. rediff . com/news/2003/sep/lOsh
aronll.htm Ititle=RSS slams Left for
opposing Sharon’s visit: Rediff.com India
News I publisher=Us. rediff. corn
Idate=September 10, 2003 Iaccess-date=June
3, 2010 larchiveurl=https ://web, archive. org/web/20100617073538/http://us. rediff. com/news/2003/sep/lOshar onll.htrn Iarchive-date=June 17, 2010}}
</ref> A 2012 international opinion survey
found that India was the most pro-Israel
+ country in the world.{{sfnlEichnerl2ol2}}
This has invited attacks on the
[[Hindutva]] movement by parts of the
Indian left opposed to Zionism, and
allegations that Hindus are conspiring with
the “[[Jewish Lobbyj].”<ref>{{cite web
I url=http : //ghadar. insaf. net/June2004/MainPa
ges/zionism.htm Ititle=Ghadar. 2004
Ipublisher=Ghadar.insaf.net laccess
date=June 3, 2010 larchive
url=https ://web, archive. org/web/201604211157
47/http : //ghadar. insaf. net/June2004/MainPage
s/zionism.htm Iarchive-date=April 21, 2016}}</ref>{{better source neededldate=July2025 } } == Anti-Zionism == == Anti-Zionism ==
{{MainlAnti-ZionismlTimeline of Anti- {{MainlAnti-ZionismlTimeline of Anti Zionism}} Zionism}}
https://en.wikipedia.org/wIindex.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 165/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia {{See alsolNon-ZionismlNew
AntisemitismiCriticism of the Israeli
government I Zionist Occupation Government
conspiracy theory}}
[[File:A 1936 caricature published in the
Falastin newspaper on Zionism and
Palestine. png I thumb I upright=1.35 I right I ThePalestinian [[Arab Christian]] -owned ‘[[Falastin]]’’ newspaper featuring a
caricature on its June 18, 1936, editionshowing Zionism as a crocodile under the protection of a British officer tellingPalestinian Arabs: “Don’t be afraid!!! I will swallow you peacefully..
{{sfn I Sufian 120081 p=}}{{pnI date=March2025}}]]
— Zionism has been opposed by a wide variety
of organizations and individuals. Until
World War II, anti-Zionism was widespread
among Jews for varying reasons.{{sfn IGrill I 2021}}{{sfn I Kolskyl 20091 [https :7/books. google. corn/books?
id=NoPZu79hqaEC&pg=PA337 337]}} Orthodox
Jews opposed Zionism on religious grounds,as [[Jewish eschatologyipreempting the Messiah]]y{{efnl”Though a little religious
support for Zionism existed, ‘the majority
of Orthodox leaders condemned Zionism from
its very outset,’ particularly the rabbis
of Eastern Europe. Their concerns were
twofold: they feared that Zionists were
overidealistic and were misleading the
Jewish people about what was possible; they
were also concerned that the Zionist
millennial vision was an attempt to preemptthe Messiah. “{{Citation neededldate=January 2025}}}} Many secular or assimilationistJewish anti-Zionists identified more withideals of the Enlightenment and saw Zionism as a reactionary ideology,{{sfnICohenll987—
1988Ip=}}{{pfldate=March 2025}}
{{See alsolNon-ZionismiNew
AntisemitismlCriticism of the Israeli
government I Zionist Occupation Government
conspiracy theory}}
[[File:A 1936 caricature published in the
Falastin newspaper on Zionism and
Palestine. png Ithumb I upright=1. 351 right I ThePalestinian [[Arab Christian]]-owned ‘[[Falastin]]’ ‘ newspaper featuring a
caricature on its June 18, 1936, edition
showing Zionism as a crocodile under the
protection of a British officer tellingPalestinian Arabs: “Don’t be afraid! !! I will swallow you peacefully..
{{sfnISufianI2008Ip=}}{{pgneeded I date=March 2025}}]]
Zionism has been criticized and opposed by
a wide variety of organizations and
individuals. Until World War II, antiZionism was widespread among Jews for varying reasons.{{sfnIGrillI2O2l}}
{{sfniKolskyI2089lp=
[https :7/books. google. corn/books?
id=NoPZu79hqaEC&pg=PA337 337] }} Orthodox
Jews opposed Zionism on religious grounds,
as [[Jewish eschatologyipreempting the
Messiah]]{{efnI”Though a little religious
support for Zionism existed, ‘the majority
of Orthodox leaders condemned Zionism from
its very outset,’ particularly the rabbis
of Eastern Europe. Their concerns were
twofold: they feared that Zionists were
overidealistic and were misleading the
Jewish people about what was possible; they
were also concerned that the Zionist
millennial vision was an attempt to preempt
the Messiah. “{{Citation needed date=January
2025}}}} Many secular or assimilationist
Jewish anti-Zionists identified more withideals of the Enlightenment and saw Zionism as a reactionary ideology,{{sfnICohenIl987—
+
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 166/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia {{sfn I Laqueuri 19711 p=}}{{pi date=March
2025}} while left-wing Jews (including in
the [[General Jewish Labour BundiBund]])
believed that the Jewish question was bestsolved in the diaspora through building asocialist society.{{sfnlBalthaserl2e2elp=}}{{nIdate=March 2025}}{{sfnISluckiI2009Ip=}}{{cIdate=March 2025}} Opposition to Zionism in the [[Jewish
diaspora]] was surmounted only from the
1930s onward, as conditions for Jews
deteriorated radically in Europe and, with
the Second World War, the sheer scale ofthe [[Holocaust]] was felt. {{sfn I Kolsky 120091 p=333}}{{sfn Penkower 119851 p=}}{{ijIdate=March 2025}} Thereafter, Jewish anti-Zionist
groups generally either disintegrated ortransformed into pro-Zionist organizations,though [[List of Jewish anti-Zionistorganizationsimany small groups]], and bodies like the [[American Council forJudaism]], conserved an earlier [[ReformJudaismiReform]] tradition of rejectiorP of Zionism. {{Citation needed I date=January
2025}}
1988Ip=}}{{pge_neededldate=March 2025}}{{sfn I Laqueur 119711 neededldate=March 2025}} while left-wing
Jews (including in the [[General Jewish
Labour BundiBund]]) believed that the
Jewish question was best solved in the
diaspora through building a socialist
society. {{sfn I Balthaserl 20201 p=}}{{pg...
needed Idate=March 2025}}{{sfn I Slucki 120091 p=}}{{pg...needed I date=March 2025}} There was a shift in the meaning of antiZionism after the events of the 1940s.

Whereas pre-1948 anti-Zionism was against
the hypothetical establishment of a Jewish
state in Palestine, post-1948 anti-Zionism
had to contend with the existence of the
State of Israel. This often meant taking a
retaliatory position to the new reality ofJewish sovereignty in the Middle East. The overriding impulse of post-1948 antiZionism is to dismantle the current State +
Opposition to Zionism in the [[Jewish
diaspora]] was surmounted only from the
1930s onward, as conditions for Jews
deteriorated radically in Europe and, withthe Second World War, the sheer scale ofthe [[Holocaust]] was felt. {{sfn I Kolsky 120091 p=333}}{{sfn I Penkower 119851 p=}}{{pg.needed Idate=March 2025}} Thereafter, Jewishanti-Zionist groups generally either disintegrated or transformed into proZionist organizations, though [[List of Jewish anti-Zionist organizations I manysmall groups]], and bodies like the [[American Council for Judaism]], conserved
an earlier [[Reform JudaismiReform]]
tradition of rejection of Zionism.
{{Citation needed I date=January 2025}}< ! - -
Never defined in this article
{{sfnIHalperinIl96lIpp=451—452}}-->
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 167/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia Opposition to Zionism was overwhelmingly
common among the non-Jewish communities ofPalestine from the 1880s onwards.{{Citationneededldate=February 2825}} [[Palestiniannationalism]], the [[national movement]] of the [[Palcstinian pcoplc]] that espouses
[[Palestinian self-determination I selfdetermination]] and [[sovereignty]] over the [[region of Palestine]],<ref>de Waart,
1994, [https :1/books. google .com/books?id=FMxKEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22a rmed+st ruggle%22+%22s elf-determination%22+palestinian&pg=PA223
p. 223]. Referencing Article 9 of ‘‘The
[[Palcstinian National Chartcr]] of 1968’’.

The [[Avalon Projcct]] has a copy here
— [http://avalon.1aw.yale.edu/20th century/plo
cov.asp]</ref> cohered in the early 28thcentury, along with broader [[Arabnationalism]] and the ideology of [[Greater Syria]] . {{sfn I Khalidi 128281 p=88}}
Palestinian nationalism laterinternationalized and attached itself to other ideologies, in particular [[Third
World socialism]] and [[Islamism]],
{{sfnlJo-ffe12017}} and was embodied inparticular by the broadly secular [[Palestinian Liberation Organisation]],
and later also by the socialist [[Popular
Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] and
the Islamist [[Hamas]].
{{sfn Khalidi 128061 p=39}}
— Although the left was initially mostly
supportive of Zionism, {{sfn I Shindler 128111
[https :1/books. google.com/books?
id=NcaNOeYh7ckC&pg=PT45 45]}) [[Soviet antiZionism]] was influential in spreading antiZionism on the global left, 2025}}
Although the left was initially mostly
supportive of Zionism, {{sfnf Shindler 128111
[https :1/books. google . corn/books?
id=NcaNOeYh7ckC&pg=PT45 45]}} [[Soviet antiZionism]] was influential in spreading antiZionism on the global left,{{sfn I Korey 119721 p=}}{{p.g... of Israel and replace it with somethingelse. {{Citation needed I date=January 2825}} 
of Israel and replace it with somethingelse.{{Citation neededidate=January 2825}} 
Opposition to Zionism was overwhelmingly
common among the non-Jewish communities of
Palestine from the 1888s onwards.{{Citation
needed Idate=February 2025}} [[Palestiniannationalism]], the [[national movement]] 0-f the [[Palestinians]] that espouses
[[Palestinian self-determination I selfdetermination]] and [[sovereignty]] over the [[region of Palestine]],<ref>de Waart,
1994, [https :1/books. google. corn/books?
id=FMxKEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22armed+struggle%22÷%22s
elf-determination%22+palestinian&pg=PA223
p. 223]. Referencing Article 9 of ‘‘The
[[Palestinian_National_Charter]] of 1968’’.

The [[Avalon_Proj.c.t]] has a copy here
[http : //avalon . law. yale. edu/28th_century/plo
cov.asp]</ref> cohered in the early 20thcentury, along with broader [[Arabnationalism]] and the ideology of [[Greater Syria]] .{{sfnlKhalidiI2e2OIp=88}}
Palestinian nationalism later
internationalized and attached itself to
other ideologies, in particular [[Third
World socialism]] and [[Islamism]],
{{sfnIJoffeI2Ol7}} and was embodied inparticular by the broadly secular [[Palestinian Liberation Organisation]],
and later also by the socialist [[Popular
Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] and
the Islamist [[Hamas]].
{{sfn I Khalidi 128061 p=39}}
+
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 168/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia and much of the [[New Left]] of the 1960s neededldate=March 2025}} and much of the took on anti-Zionism as a key tenet. [[New Left]] of the 1960s took on anti {{sfnlAméryl2o2llpp=41—45}} Zionism as a key tenet.{{sfnlLinfieldl2ol9lp=}}{{pnldate=March {{sfnlAmeryl2O2llpp=41—45}} 2025}} {{sfnILinfie1dI2019p=}}{{pg
neededldate=March 2025}}
Today, opponents include Palestinian
nationalists, several states of the [[Arab
— League]] and in the [[Muslim world]], much
of the left, and some secular Jews,<ref>
{{bulleted list I
— I {{cite web Ititle=Not In Our Name
Jewish voices opposing Zionism
+
-
Today, opponents include Palestinian
nationalists, several states of the [[Arab
League]] and in the [[Muslim world]], many
on the political left, and some secular
Jews (such as [[Jewish Voice for Peace]]and [[IfNotNow]] in the US),<refname=”a280”>{{cite web jlast=Sunshine Ifirst=Spencer Ititle=Get ready for the new
wave: Young, passionately Jewish Iwebsite=
[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] Idate=July 8,
2019
I url=https : //www. jta . org/2019/07/08/ideas/ge
t-ready-for-the-new-wave-young-passionatelyjewish-and-anti-zionist iaccess-date=July 16, 2025 Iarchive-url= larchive-date=}}
</ref><ref name=”eye”>{{cite web
Ifirst=Zainab Ilast=Iqbal Idate=February 8,
2024 Ititle=Why so many young Jewish
Americans are anti-Zionist
I url=https: //www.middleeasteye. net/bigstory/why-so-many-young-jewish-americansare-anti-zionist Iwork=[[Middle East Eye]] Iaccess-date=May 24, 2025 Iarchive-url=
larchive-date=}}</ref> as well as the
[[Satmar]]{{sfn INadlerl 2010}}
{{sfn I Kaplan 120041 p=}}{{pageneeded I date=March 2025}}{{sfn I KerenKratz 120171 p=}}{{page needed I date=March 2025}} and [[Neturei Karta]] Jewish sects.{{sfn I Fink I 2024}} https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&d;ff=1340608433&oldid=129649221 7 169/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia I url=http://www.nion.ca/ laccess
date=September 17, 2010 archive
url=https:1/web, archive. org/web/20120713225319/http://www.nion.ca/ Iarchive-date=July 13, 2012}}
I {{cite web Ititle=Jews Against Zionism
I url=http://www.jewsagainstzionism.orgIaccess-date=September 17, 2010 lurl — status=usurped larchive
url=https:1/web, archive. org/web/200811210327
02/http: //www. jewsagainstzionism . org/
Iarchive-date=November 21, 2008}}I {{cite web Ititle=International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network
Iurl=http://www.iisn.net/home/ Iaccess
— date=September 17, 2010 larchive
url=https :1/swap. stanford . edu/20091120000830/http%3A//www%2Eijsn%2Enet/home/ larchive date=November 20, 2009}}
}}</ref>{{primary source
inhineldate=January 2025}} as well as the
[[Satmar] ]{{sfn I Nadler I 2010}}
— {{sfnIKaplanI2004Ip=}}{{pnldate=March 2025}}
{{sfn I Keren-Kratz 120171 p=}}{{pn Idate=March202S}} and [[Neturei Karta]]{{sfnIFinkl2O24}} Jewish sects. — {{quote
box Iwidth=30em I bgcolor=#F2F2F2 I align=left I qu
ote=Those war crimes are being committed in
the name of my security, and my safety, and
my religion. And that really offends me
because antithetical to everything Ihave ever known Judaism to be.Isource= — Jewish anti-Zionist Hanna Stolzer<refname=eye”>((cite news IfirstZainab llast—Igbal Idatc’.Fcbruary 8, 2024
{{quoteboxlwidth=30em I bgcolor=#F2F2F2 I align=left I qu ote=Those war crimes are being committed inthe name of my security, and my safety, andmy religion. And that really offends me because antithetical to everything Ihave ever known Judaism to be.Isource= — Jewish anti-Zionist Hanna Stolzer<refname=eye/>}} Jb
I url—https : /Iwww .middleeasteye . net/big
‘-“
“ ——o mnu vniinw ipijih mrrirn
arc anti zionist Iwork—[[Middlc East Eyc]]
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 170/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia 24, 2025
larchive date.))c/rc-f>}}
Many [[List of Jewish anti-Zionist
organizations Jewish anti-Zionist groups]]
operate both in Israel and the United
States, most notably {{Jewish Voice for
Peace+}, whose thousands of members oppose
— [[Israeli occupied territoricslIsraeli
occupation]] of Palestinian territories.These groups outwardly reject an inherent union between Judaism and Zionism and, as a
result, face marginalization from ZionistJews in their community.<ref name=eye/> The fascist far-right have also generallyespoused anti-Zionism, for antisemitic reasons. {{sfnlPenslarl 2886 Ip=}}
{{ldate=March 2025}}{{sfnIBlandI2Ol9Ip=}}{{i’ldate=March 2025}} — Reasons for opposing Zionism have been
varied, and they include: fundamental
disagreement that foreign born Jews have
rights of resettlement, the perception that
land confiscations are unfair; expulsions
of Palestinians; violence against
Palestinians; and alleged [[racism]].{{s+nl LaBelle 128241 p=}}{{p*i date=March2025}}{{4ff I Imseis 119991 pp=9—10, 19, 27—28, 30—31}} Arab states in particular have
historically strongly opposed Zionism.{{sfn I Renton 128131 p=}}{{I date=March2025}} The preamble of the [[African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights]],
which has been ratified by 53 African
countries {{As ofI2Ol4Ilc=y}}, includes an
undertaking to eliminate Zionism together
with other practices including
[[colonialism]], [[neo-colonialism]],[[apartheid]], “aggressive foreign military Many [[List of Jewish anti-Zionist
organizations I Jewish anti-Zionist groups]]
operate both in Israel and the United
States, most notably Jewish Voice for
Peace, whose thousands of members 2PP2&.
[[Israeli occupation]] of Palestinian
territories. These groups outwardly reject
an inherent union between Judaism andZionism and, as a result, face animosity_ n4 marginalization from Zionist Jews in
their community.<ref name=eye/>
Reasons for opposing Zionism have been
varied, and they include: fundamentaldisagreement that foreign born Jews have rights of resettlement, the perception thatland confiscations are unfair; expulsions of Palestinians; violence against
Palestinians; and alleged [[racism.].] and
jtpremacism]] .<re-f>{{bulleted list I.
+++
The fascist far-right have also generally
espoused anti-Zionism, for antisemitic
reasons. {{sfn I Penslar 120861 p=}}{{pg.
needed I date=March 2025}}
{{sfn I Bland 128191 p=}}{{pg.
needed I date=March 2025}}
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 171/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia bases” and all forms of [[discrimination]].<ref>{{cite web I url=http: //www. achpr. org/instruments/achpr/
Ititle=African Charter on Human and
Peoples’ Rights / Legal Instruments / ACHPR
I website=achpr.org Iaccess-date=March 12,
2818 larchiveurl=https :1/web, archive. org/web/201301190130 07/http: //www. achpr . org/instruments/achpr/ a
rchive-date=January 19, 2013 lurl
status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
url=http://www.achpr.org/instruments!achpr!
ratification! ltitle=Ratification Table:

African Charter on Human and Peoples’
Rights larchive
url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/20180119010517/http: //www. achpr .org/instruments/achpr/ra tification/ Iarchive-date=January 19, 2018
I website=African Commission on Human and
Peoples’ Rights I date=2014}}</ref>
+
LaBelleI2024Ip=}}{{pgc_.
needed Idate=March 2025}}
i_{{harvnbllmseisll999lpp=9—10, 19, 27—28,
+
30—31}}
I Sabbag
KhouryI2e23I loc=Conclusion}}
+ i_{.{harvnbIBeinartI2Z}}

1.1 i_{.{harvnblJamalI2liI.pp=193—220}.}.
+ }.}</ref> Arab states in particular have
historically strongly opposed Zionism.
{{sfn I Renton I 20131 p=}}{{pgL.neededldate=March 2025}} The preamble of the [[African Charter on Human and Peoples
Rights]], which has been ratified by 53
African countries {{As ofI2Ol4Ilc=y}},
includes an undertaking to eliminate
Zionism together with other practices
including [[colonialism]], [[neo
colonialism]], [[apartheid]], “aggressive
foreign military bases” and all forms of
[[discrimination]] . <ref>{{cite web
I url=http : //www. achpr . org/instruments/achpr/
https:f/enwikipedia.org/w/index.php?titleZionism&diff1340608433&o1did1296492217 172/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia I title=African Charter on Human and
Peoples’ Rights / Legal Instruments / ACHPR
I website=achpr.org Iaccess-date=March 12,
2018 larchive
url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/201301190130
07/http: //www. achpr . org/instruments/achpr/ a
rchive-date=January 19, 2013 lurl
status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
I url=http : //www. achpr. org/instruments/achpr/
ratification! Ititle=Ratification Table:

African Charter on Human and Peoples’
Rights larchive
url=https : //web . archive. org/web!201801l90l0517/http: //www. achpr . org/instruments/achpr/ra tification/ Iarchive-date=January 19, 2018
I website=African Commission on Human and
Peoples’ Rights Idate=2014}}<!ref>
Characterization
racist{{See alsoiRacism in Israel#Zionismllsrael
and apartheidiSoviet anti-Zionism}}
[[File:2017.03.26 Anti-Israel Protest,
Washington, DC USA 01929
(33670862035).jpgithumbIupright=1.35irightP
ro-Palestinian protest with placards
demanding the US to stop funding of
“Israeli apartheid” in Washington, DC,
2017]]
+
{{See alsoiRacism in Israel#Zionismllsrael
and apartheid I Soviet anti-Zionism}}
[[File:2017.03,26 Anti-Israel Protest,
Washington, DC USA 01929
(33670862035),jpglthumbiupright=1.35irightIP
ro-Palestinian protest with placards
demanding the US to stop funding of
“Israeli apartheid” in Washington, DC,
2017]]
— In December 1973, the UN passed a series of
resolutions condemning South Africa andincluded a reference to an “unholy alliancebetween [[Portuguese Colonial Wan Portuguese colonialism]], [[Apartheid]]
and Zionism. “<ref>Resolution 3151 G
(XXVIII) of December 14, 1973, by the UN
General Assembly<!ref> At the time there
was little cooperation between [[Israel — South Africa relationsllsrael and SouthAfrica]],{{sfnlNadelmannhlg8llp=}} although the two countries would dcvclop a close
In December 1973, the UN passed a series of
resolutions condemning South Africa andincluded a reference to an “unholy alliance between [[Portuguese Colonial
War IPortuguese colonialism]], [[Apartheid]]
and Zionism. “<ref>Resolution 3151 G
(XXVIII) of December 14, 1973, by the UN
General Assembly<!ref> At the time there
was little cooperation between [[Israel — South Africa relations Ilsrael and SouthAfnica]],{{sfnlNadelmannll98llp=}} although the two countries develop a close
=== Characterization as racist
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 173/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia relationship during the 1970s.
{{sfnIMcGrealI2006}} Parallels have alsobeen drawn between aspects of South Africa’s apartheid regime and certain
Israeli policies toward the Palestinians,
which are seen as manifestations of racism
in Zionist thinking. {{sfn I Johnston 12007}}
relationship during the late 1970s.
{{sfnIMcGrealI2006}} Parallels have alsobeen drawn between aspects of South Africa’s apartheid regime and certain
Israeli policies toward the Palestinians,
which are seen as manifestations of racism
in Zionist thinking.{{sfnlJohnstonl2007}}
— In 1975 the [[UN General Assembly]] passed
[[Resolution 3379]], which a4 “Zionism is
a form of racism and racialdiscrimination”. According te the resolution, “any doctrine of racial
differentiation e+ superiority is
scientifically false, morally condemnable,socially unjust, and dangerous”. The resolution named the occupied territory of
Palestine, Zimbabwe, and South Africa as
examples of racist regimes. Resolution 3379
was pioneered by the Soviet Union and
passed with numerical support from Arab and
African states amidst accusations that
Israel was supportive of the apartheid
regime in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web
I url=http://www.cfr.org/un/un-general
assembly-resolution -3379-racialdiscrimination/p11284 larchive url=https: I/web, archive. org/web/20120130141738/http : //www. cfr .org/un/un-general assembly- resolution-3379-racialdiscrimination/p11284 Ititle=UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, Racial
Discrimination (Council on Foreign
Relations, November 10, 1975) Iwebsite=
[[Council on Foreign Relations]] larchive
date=January 30, 2012}}<Iref> In 1991 the
resolution was repealed with [[UN General
Assembly Resolution 46/86]],<ref>{{Cite web
Ititle=260 General Assembly Resolution 46—
86 — Revocation of Resolution 3379 — 16December 1991 and statement by PresidentHerzog I language=en I publisher=[[Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]
I url=http: //www.mfa .gov. il/MFA/Foreign%2520R
elations/Israels%2s2OForeign%2s2ORelations%2
+ In 1975 the [[UN General Assembly]] passed
[[Resolution 3379]], which determined that
“Zionism is a form of racism and racial
discrimination”. Iresolution quotes fromthe 1963 [[Declaration on the Eliminationof All Forms of Racial Discrimination].]., “any doctrine of racial differentiation
superiority is scientifically false,
morally condemnable, socially unjust, anddangerous”. The resolution named theoccupied territory of Palestine, Zimbabwe, and South Africa as examples of racist
regimes. Resolution 3379 was pioneered by
the Soviet Union and passed with numerical
support from Arab and African states amidst
accusations that Israel was supportive of
the apartheid regime in South Africa.<ref>
{{Cite web Iurl=http://www.cfr.org/un/un
general-assembly- resolution-3379-racialdiscrimination/p11284 I archive url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/20120130141738/http : //www. cfr .org/unlun-generalassembly-resolution -3379-racialdiscrimination/p11284 ltitle=UN General Assembly Resolution 3379, Racial
Discrimination (Council on Foreign
Relations, November 10, 1975) Iwebsite=
[[Council on Foreign Relations]] larchive
date=January 30, 2012}}<Iref> In 1991 the
resolution was repealed with [[UN General
Assembly Resolution 46/86]],<ref>{{Cite web
Ititle=260 General Assembly Resolution 46—
86 — Revocation of Resolution 3379 — 16
December 1991 and statement by PresidentHerzog I language=en I publisher=[ [IsraelMinistry of Foreign Affairs]] I url=http : //www. mfa .gov. il/MFA/Foreign%2520R
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 174/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia 52Osince%2520l947/1988-1992/260%252OGeneral%252OAssembly%252OResolu tion%252046-86-%252ORevocation laccess
date=March 26, 2023 larchive-date=March 24,
2009 larchiveurl=https: I/web, archive. org/web/20090324051151/http: I/www. mfa . gov. il/MFA/Foreign%2ORelations/Israels%2OForeign%2ORelations%2Osince%2 01947/1988-
1992/260%2OGeneral%2OAssembly%2OResolution%2
046-86-%2ORevocation
lwebsite=www. mfa . gov. il}}</ref>{{better
source neededldate=July 2023}} after Israel
declared that it would only participate in
the [[Madrid Conference of 1991]] if the
resolution were revoked.
{{sfn I Fruml 20001 p=320}}
I
Arab countries sought to associate Zionismwith racism in connection with a [[World Conference against Racism 200112001 UN
conference on racism]], which took place in
[[Durban]], South Africa,rcf>((cite news
I url=http: I/news. bbc . co. uk/2/hi/middle_east/
1484002.stm Ititlc-Angcr ovcr Zionism
debatc Idate=September 4, 2001 laccessdate—March 12, 2018 lwork—[[BBC News]) I archivc
iir1https://unhrrrhivnnrahiahf?fl1R11fl7flA39/http: //ncws . bbc. co. uk/2/hi/middlc_cast/14 84002.stm larchive date=November 7, 2010
lurl status—livc))</ref> which caused the
United States and Israel to walk away from
the conference. The final text of the
conference did not connect Zionism withracism. A human rights forum arranged in connection with the conference, on the
other hand, did equate Zionism with racism
and censured Israel for what it called
“racist crimes, including acts of genocide
and ethnic cleansing” ,<ref>{{cite news
I url=http:Ilnews. bbc . co. uk/2/hi/africa/15236

00.stm Ititle=US abandons racism summit
ldate=September 3, 2001 Iaccess-date=March
elations/Israels%252OForeign%2s2ORelations%2
52Osince%25201947/1988-
1992/260%252eGeneral%252OAssembly%2S2OResolu
tion%252046-86-%252ORevocation access
date=March 26, 2023 Iarchive-date=March 24,
2009 larchiveurl=https :1/web, archive. org/web/200903240511 51/http : //www. mfa . gov. il/MFA/Foreign%2ORelations/Israels%2eForeign%2ORelations%2Osince%2 01947/1988-
1992/260%2OGeneral%2OAssembly%2OResolution%2
046-86-%2ORevocation
Iwebsite=www.mfa . gov. il}}</re-f>{{better
source needed Idate=July 2023}} after Israel
declared that it would only participate in
the [[Madrid Conference of 1991]] if the
resolution were revoked.
{{sfn I Frum 120001 p=320}}
Arab countries sought to associate Zionismwith racism in connection with a [[World Conference against Racism 200112001 UN
conference on racism]] in [[Durban]], South
Africa, which caused the United States and
Israel to walk away from the conference.

The final text of the conference did not
connect Zionism with racism, A human rights
forum arranged in connection with the
conference, on the other hand, did equate
Zionism with racism and censured Israel for
what it called “racist crimes, including
acts of genocide and ethnic cleansing”. <ref>
{{cite news Idate=September 4, 2001
•Ititle=Anger over Zionism debateJurl=http: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/ 1484002.stm Iurl-status=live larchive
url=https: I/web, archive. orgIwebI2Ol8llO7e3O3
39/http://news. bbc.co, uk/2/hi/middle east/14
84002.stm Iarchive-date=November 7, 2018
.Iaccess-date=March 12, 2018 Iwork=[.[C
News]]}}</ref><re-f>{{cite news
I url=http ://news. bbc . co. uk/2/hi/a-Frica/15236
00,stm Ititle=US abandons racism summit
Idate=September 3, 2001 Iaccess-date=March
12, 2018 Iwork=[[BBC News]] larchive
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/wlindex.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 175/341 Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia
url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/201801040857
05/http://news. bbc . co. uk/2/hi/africa/1523600
.stm iarchive-date=January 4, 2018 lurl
status=live}}</ref>
Haredi Jews number some 2,100,000 world
wide, constituting 14% of the total Jewish
population in the world.{{sfnlstaetskyl2e22lp=3}} Most accept though do not support the secular Israeli
state.{{sfnIFoxl2O23}} A small number of
Orthodox organizations among these Haredi
reject Zionism as they view it as a
[[secular movement]] and reject[[nationalism]] as a doctrine, in Jerusalem, certain [[Hasidic
JudaismiHasidic]] groups, most famously
[[Satmar (Hasidic dynasty) ISatmar]]
Hasidim, as well as the larger movement
they are part of, the [[Edah HaChareidis]],
are opposed to its ideology for religious
reasons. Despite having his life saved by aleader of the Zionist movement in 1944, one of the best known Hasidic opponents of
political Zionism was [[HurigaryiHungarian]]
[[rebbe]] and [[Talmud]]ic scholar [[Joel
Teitelbaum]] . {{sfn I Kaplan 120041 p=}}
{{pnldate=March 2025}} Although this group
of ultra-observant Jews do not support or
identify with Zionism as a movement or
ideology, in a poll taken in February 2024,
83% said they have a “very strong emotional
connection” to Israel, only a smallpercentage less than the 87% of [[Modern Orthodox JudaismjModern Orthodox]] Jews who
reported having those same feelings.{{sfn Kornbluh I 2024}} 2/26/26, 1:04 PM
12, 2018 Iwork=[[BBC News]] larchive
url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/201801040857
05/http: f/news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/africa/1523600
.stm Iarchive-date=January 4, 2018 lurl
status=live}}</ref>
Haredi Judaism and Zionism
— {{Sce alsolHaredim and Zionism}}
Haredi Judaism and Zionism
+[{{iaIHaredim and Zionism}}+
.-.-___
the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wIindex.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 176/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia Haredi Jews number some 2,100,000 world
wide, constituting 14% of the total Jewish
population in the world.{{sfnlStaetskyl2O22lp=3}} Most accept though do not support the secular Israeli
state.{{sfnIFoxI2O23}} A small number of
Orthodox organizations among these Haredi
reject Zionism as they view it as a
[[secular movement]] and reject[[nationalism]] as a doctrine, in Jerusalem, certain [[Hasidic]] groups, most
famously the [[Satmar]] Hasidim, as well asthe larger movement they are part of, the [[Edah HaChareidis]], are opposed to its
ideology for religious reasons. Despite
+ having his life saved by a leader of the
Zionist movement in 1944, one of the best
known Hasidic opponents of political
Zionism was [[HungaryiHungarian]] [[rebbe]]and [[Talmud]]ic scholar [[JoelTeitelbaum]].{{sfnKaplanl2004lp=}}{{page neededldate=March 2025}} Although this
group of ultra-observant Jews do not
support or identify with Zionism as a
movement or ideology, in a poll taken in
February 2024, 83% said they have a “verystrong emotional connection” to Israel, only a small percentage less than the 87%of [[Modern Orthodox]] Jews who reported having those same feelings.
{{sfn I Kornbluh I 2024}}
[[File:Judaism condemns Israel’s atrocities
-6 (52032176719).jpglthumblrightiMembers of
[[Neturei Karta]] holding Palestinian flags
and placards saying that “Judaism condemns
the state of Israel and its atrocities” in
London, 2022]]
— The [[Neturei Karta]], a tiny Orthodox
Haredi sect, is considered “the most
radical of the Extreme Orthodox groups”,
{{sfn I Keren-Kratz 120161 pp=103, 110}} with
approximately 5,000 members worldwide that
make up about 0.03 percent of the world’s
Jewish population ,{{sfn I Sugarman I 2017}}
Some of its members have said that Israel
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?titIe=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oIdid1296492217 177/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia is a ‘racist regime”,<re-f>{{cite web
url=http://globalfire.tv/nj/O3en/jews/ttjew
s.htm Ititle=We oppose the Zionists and
their ‘state’ larchive
url=https:1/web, archive. org/web/20110515235351/http: //globalfire . tv/nj/O3en/jews/ttjews.htm Iarchive-date=May 15, 2011 I quote=vigorously and we continue our
prayers for the dismantlement of the
Zionist ‘state’ and peace to the world.”
Rabbi E. Weissfish, Neturei Karta,Representatives of Orthodox Jewry, US, London, Palestine and worldwide.}}</ref>
compared Zionists to {[Nazis]],<re-f>{{Cite
web Ititle=The Great Gulf Between Zionism
and Judaism
Iurl=https://www.nkusa.org/AboutUs/Zionism/g
reatgulf.cfm Iwebsite=www.nkusa.org
I archive
url=https :1/web, archive .orgIwebI2OlOll28O9O7
50/http: /Inkusa . org/AboutUslZionismlgreatgul
f.cfrn Iarchive-date=Novernber 28, 2010}}
</ref> claimed that Zionism is contrary to
the teachings of the [{Torah]],<ref>{{cite
web Ilast=Neuberger Ifirst=G. J.

I url=http:I/www.jewsagainstzionism.com/zioni
sm/whatis.cfrn Ititle=What is Zionism?
I archive
url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/201011140245
02/http: //www. ewsagainstzionism.corn/zionism
/whatis.cfrn Iarchive-date=November 14, 2010
I website=Jews against Zionism}}</ref> or
accused it of promoting antisemitism.<ref>
{{cite web
I url=http: //www. jewsagainstzionism.corn/antis
emitism/zionismprornotes . cfrn I title=Zionism
promotes antisernitism larchiveurl=https :1/web, archive. org/web/20101124121839/http: //www. jewsagainstzionism. com/antisemitism/zionismpromotes.cfm larchive date=November 24, 2010 Iwebsite=Jewsagainst Zionism}}</ref> Anti-Zionism and antisemitism === Anti-Zionism and antisemitism https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 178/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia {{MainlAnti-Zionism#Anti-Zionism and {{MainlAnti-Zionism#Anti-Zionism andantisemitism I New Antisemitism}} antisemitism I New Antisemitism}} Critics of anti-Zionism have argued thatopposition to Zionism can be hard todistinguish from antisemitism,<ref>{{cite web I url=http://jcpa.org/phas/phas-wistrich
f04.htm ltitle=Anti-Zionism and AntiSemitism lwebsite=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs ldate=Fall 2004 laccess
date=November 17, 2012 larchive
url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/20121115102337/http: //jcpa . org/phas/phas-wistrich f04.htm Iarchive-date=November 15, 2012}}
— </ref><ref>{{cite journal Ifirst=Kenneth L.

Ilast=Marcus Ititle=Anti-Zionism as Racism:

Campus Anti-Semitism and the Civil Rights
Act of 1964 Iiournal=William & Mary Bill of
Rights Journal Ivolume=15 Iissue=3
ipages=837—891 Iyear=2007}}</ref> and that
criticism of Israel may be used as an
excuse to express viewpoints that mightotherwise be considered antisemitic. {{sfn lTemkol 2006}}{{sfn I Kaplan I Small 120061 p=}}{{pn I date=March 2025}}
+ Critics of anti-Zionism have argued that
opposition to Zionism can be hard todistinguish from antisemitism,<ref>{{cite web Iurl=http://jcpa.org/phas/phas-wistrich
f04.htm Ititle=Anti-Zionism and AntiSemitism Iwebsite=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs Idate=Fall 2004 laccess
date=November 17, 2012 larchive
url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/20121115102337/http : //jcpa . org/phas/phas-wistrich f04.htm Iarchive-date=November 15, 2012}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal Ifirst=Kenneth L.

Ilast=Marcus Ititle=Anti-Zionism as Racism:

Campus Anti-Semitism and the Civil Rights
Act of 1964 liournal=William & Mary Bill of
Rights Journal Ivolume=15 Iissue=3
Ipages=837—891 Iyear=2007}}</ref> and that
criticism of Israel may be used as an
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 179/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia excuse to express viewpoints that might
otherwise be considered antisemitic.
{{sfn ITemkoI2006}}
{{sfn Kaplan Small 120061 p=}}{{pageneeded I date=March 2025}} Anti-Zionist writers such as [[Noam
Chomsky]], [[Norman Finkeistein]],
[[Michael Marder]], and [[Tariq Au]] have
argued that the characterization of antiZionism as antisemitic obscures legitimate [[criticism of Israel]]’s policies and
actions, and that it is used to stifle
— legitimate criticism of Israel.<ref>{{cite
web
Iurl=http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/51
04 Ititle=ZNet — Beyond Chutzpah laccessdate=June 25, 2009 larchive url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/20090625165331/http: //www. zmag. org/znet/viewArticle/5104 Iarchive-date=June 25, 2009}}</ref>
1’
Anti-Zionist writers such as [[Norman
Finkelstein]],<ref>{{cite web
I url=http : //www. zmag. org/znet/viewArticle/51
04 Ititle=ZNet — Beyond Chutzpah laccessdate=June 25, 2009 larchive url=https ://web, archive. org/web/20090625165331/http://www.zniag.org/znet/viewArticle/5104 + Iarchive-date=une 25, 2009}}</ref> [[Noam
Chomsky]], [[Michael Marder]], and [[Tariq
Au]] have argued that the characterization
of anti-Zionism as antisemitic obscures
legitimate [[criticism of Israel]j’s
policies and actions, and that it is used
to stifle legitimate criticism of Israel.
{{citation needed Idate=October 2025}}
== Zionism and colonialism == == Zionism and colonialism == European colonialism
https://en.wikipedia.orglwñndex.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 180/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia {{Overly
— detailed I section I details= Idate=February
2025}}
+ Zionism has been characterized as a form of
colonialism or settler colonialism by
various scholars. [[Joseph Massad]] argues
that Zionism was intrinsically linked to
European colonial thought from its
inception, shaped by antisemitism and
European imperial interests.
{{sfnlMassadl2eO6lpp=14—18}} [[Edward
Said]] similarly described the movement asfollowing the European colonial model, particularly in its patronizing view of the
native Palestinian population, which it
regarded as backward.{{sfnlSaidll979lp=}}
{{page neededldate=March 2025}} [[Zeev
Sternhell]] describes Zionism as a movementof “conquest”, but disagrees that Jews arriving in Palestine had a colonial
mindset
. <ref>{{harvnbl Sternhell I 2010}}:
“Ben Katznelson, the labour-movement
ideologist, never thought there could be
any doubt about it: ‘The Zionist enterprise
is an enterprise of conquest’, he said in
1929. And in the same breath: ‘It is not bychance that I use military terms when speaking of settlement.’ In 1922 Ben-Gurion
had already said the same: ‘We areconquerors of the land facing an iron wall,and we have to break through it. ‘... [B]ut to claim that the arrivals were white
settlers driven by a colonialist mind-set
does not correspond to historical reality.”
</ref> [[Anita Shapira]] and [[Shiomo Ben
Ami]] also emphasize the importance of the
“ethos” of the movement, framing Zionism as
a national liberation movement that was
“destined” or “forced” to use colonial
methods .{{sfn I Shapira 119921 p=355}}
{{efnlNotably, Shapira also states thatstudying Zionism as a colonial movement is “both legitimate and desirable”, though she
notes that the reluctance to use theseconcepts is understandable, since they wereassociated with propaganda that vilified https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 181/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia Zionism and Israel and presented them as
enemies of the progressive, anti-colonial
movement. She argues that the settlercolonial framing may help “clarify the relations between the settling nation and
the native one”, but adds that it needs to
be complemented by what she refers to as
perspective “from within” — the conceptual
framework though which the Zionist movementviewed itself.<ref> {{harvnblShapiral2el6lp=898}}: “Use of that
model is both legitimate and desirable,
just as an understanding of the problems ofnew immigrants to Israel would be furtheredby applying a conceptual frameworkdeveloped in relation to immigrants to theUnited States, for instance. Reluctance to use such concepts stemmed from the fact
that they were part of the propaganda that
stigmatized Zionism and Israel as belonging
to the camp of the forces of evil as
opposed to the progressive, anti-colonial
world.. . Defining a movement as
settlement-colonialism may well help toclarify the relations between the settlingnation and the native one. Nonetheless, it does not say much about other aspects of
the settler nation. To complete the picture
we need the perspective “from within” aswell: how and in what conceptual framework did the society see itself and explain its
situation?”</ref>}}{{sfnlBen-AmiI2eO7Ip=3}}
Conversely, [[Nur Masalha]] argues thatZionism cannot be understood as a national liberation movement because it relied on
British colonial support, asserting that
“the State of Israel owes its very
existence to the British colonial power inPalestine”.{{sfnlMasalhal2Ol4}} — === European Colonialism
— Zionism has been characterized as a form of
colonialism or settler colonialism by
various scholars. [[Joseph Massad]] argues
that Zionism was intrinsically linked to
European colonial thought from its
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 182/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia inception, shaped by antisemitism and
European imperial interests.
{{sfnlMassadl2006lpp=14—18}} [[Edward
Said]] similarly described the movement as
following the European colonial model,
particularly in its patronizing view of thenative Palestinian population, which itregarded as backward.{{sfnlSaidll979lp=}} {{pnldate=March 2025}} [[Zeev Sternhell]]
describes Zionism disagrees as a movement
of ‘conquest’, but disagrees that Jews
arriving in Palestine had a colonial
mindset. <ref>{{harvnb I Sternhell I 20l0}}:

Ben Katznelson, the labour-movement
ideologist, never thought there could be
any doubt about it: ‘The Zionist enterpriseis an enterprise of conquest’, he said in1929. And in the same breath: ‘It is not bychance that I use military terms whenspeaking of settlement.’ In 1922 Ben-Gurionhad already said the same: ‘We areconquerors of the land facing an iron wall, and we have to break through it.... [B]ut
to claim that the arrivals were white
settlers driven by a colonialist mind-set
does not correspond to historical reality.”
</ref> [[Anita Shapira]] and [[Shiomo Ben
Ami]] also emphisize the importance of the
“ethos” of the movement, framing Zionism as
a national liberation movement that was
“destined” or “forced” to use colonial
methods. {{sfn I Shapira 119921 p=355}}{{efn I
Notably, Shapira also states that studyingZionism as a colonial movement is “both legitimate and desirable”, though she notes
that the reluctance to use these concepts
is understandable, since they were
associated with propaganda that vilified
Zionism and Israel and presented them as
enemies of the progressive, anti-colonial
movement. She argues that the settlercolonial framing may help “clarify the relations between the settling nation and
the native one”, but adds that it needs to
be complemented by what she refers to asperspective “from within” - the conceptual FrameworK though which the Zionist movement
https://en.wikipedia.og!w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=129649221 7 183/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia viewed itself. <ref>
{{harvnblShapiral2el6lp=898}}: “Use of that
model is both legitimate and desirable,
just as an understanding of the problems of
new immigrants to Israel would be furtheredby applying a conceptual framework developed in relation to immigrants to theUnited States, for instance. Reluctance to use such concepts stemmed from the fact
that they were part of the propaganda that
stigmatized Zionism and Israel as belonging
to the camp of the forces of evil asopposed to the progressive, anti-colonial world.. . Defining a movement as
settlement-colonialism may well help toclarify the relations between the settlingnation and the native one. Nonetheless, it does not say much about other aspects of
the settler nation. To complete the picture
we need the perspective “from within” as
well: how and in what conceptual framework
did the society see itself and explain its
situation?”</ref>}}{{sfnBen-AmiI2OO7Ip=3}}
Conversely, [[Nur Masaiha]] argues that
Zionism cannot be understood as a national
liberation movement because it relied onBritish colonial support, asserting that “the State of Israel owes its very
existence to the British colonial power
Palestine”.{{sfnlMasalhaI2Ol4}}
Various proponents of Zionism have
characterized Zionism as colonial orsettler-colonial. <ref>{{bulleted list I Line 548:

I {{harvnbIJabotinskyIl923ipp=6—7ps=: “It
does not matter at all which phraseology weemploy in explaining our colonising aims,Herzl’s or Sir Herbert Samuel’s.

Colonisation carries its own explanation,the only possible explanation, unalterable and as clear as daylight to every ordinaryJew and every ordinary Arab... Zionistcolonisation must either stop, or else Various proponents of Zionism have
characterized Zionism as colonial or
settler-colonial. <ref>{{bulleted list I
Line 579:

I {{harvnblJabotinskyll923lpp=6—7Ips=: “It
does not matter at all which phraseology we
employ in explaining our colonising aims,
Herzl’s or Sir Herbert Samuel’s,Colonisation carries its own explanation,the only possible explanation, unalterable and as clear as daylight to every ordinary
Jew and every ordinary Arab... Zionistcolonisation must either stop, or else in
https:llen.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?titIe=Zionism&diff1340608433&oIdid1296492217 184/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia proceed regardless of the native
population. “}}
I {{harvnblFinkelsteinl2Oe3lp=109}}: “The‘defensive ethos’ was never the operative ideology of mainstream Zionism. Frombeginning to end, Zionism was a conquest movement. The subtitle of Shapira’s study
is ‘The Zionist Resort to Force’. Yet,
Zionism did not ‘resort’ to force. Force was
—to use Shapira’s apt phrase in her
conclusion—’inherent in the situation’ (p.357). Gripped by messianism after theissuance of the Balfour Declaration, the Zionist movement sought to conquer
Palestine with a Jewish Legion under theslogan ‘In blood and fire shall Judea rise again’
(pp.
83—98). When these apocalyptic
hopes were dispelled and displaced by the
mundane reality of the British Mandate,mainstream Zionism made a virtue of necessity and exalted labor as it proceeded
to conquer Palestine ‘dunum by dunum, goat
by goat’. Force had not been abandoned,however. Shapira falsely counterposessettlement (‘by virtue of labor’) to force (‘by dint of conquest’). Yet, settlement
was force by other means. Its purpose, in
Shapira’s words, was to build a ‘Jewish
infrastructure in Palestine’ so that ‘thebalance of power between Jews and Arabs hadshifted in favor of the former’ (pp. 121,133; cf. p. 211). To the call of a Zionistleader on the morrow of Tel Hai that ‘we must be a force in the land’, Shapira adds
the caveat: ‘He was not referring to
military might but, rather, to power in the
sense of demography and colonization’ (p.113). Yet, Shapira willfully misses thebasic point that ‘demography andcolonization’ were equally force. Moreover, without the ‘foreign bayonets’ of the
British Mandate, the Zionist movement could
not have established even a toehold, let
alone struck deep roots, in Palestine.

Toward the end of the 1930s and especially
after World War II, a concatenation of
proceed regardless 0-f the native
j j population.

I fi {{harvnblFinkelsteinl2003lp=109}}: “The
‘defensive ethos’ was never the operative
ideology of mainstream Zionism. From
beginning to end, Zionism was a conquest
movement. The subtitle of Shapira’s study
is ‘The Zionist Resort to Force’. Yet,
Zionism did not ‘resort’ to force. Force was
—to use Shapira’s apt phrase in her
conclusion—’ inherent in the situation’ (p.357). Gripped by messianism after the issuance of the Bal-four Declaration, the
Zionist movement sought to conquer
Palestine with a Jewish Legion under the
slogan ‘In blood and fire shall Judea rise
again’ (pp. 83—98). When these apocalyptic
hopes were dispelled and displaced by the
mundane reality of the British Mandate,
mainstream Zionism made a virtue of
necessity and exalted labor as it proceeded
to conquer Palestine ‘dunum by dunum, goat
by goat’. Force had not been abandoned,however. Shapira falsely counterposes settlement (‘by virtue of labor’) to force
(‘by dint of conquest’). Yet, settlement
was force by other means, Its purpose, in
Shapira’s words, was to build a ‘Jewish
infrastructure in Palestine’ so that ‘thebalance of power between Jews and Arabs had shifted in favor of the former’ (pp. 121,
133; cf, p. 211). To the call of a Zionist
leader on the morrow of Tel Hai that ‘we
must be a force in the land’, Shapira addsthe caveat: ‘He was not referring to military might but, rather, to power in the
sense of demography and colonization’ (p.
113). Yet, Shapira willfully misses thebasic point that ‘demography and colonization’ were equally force. Moreover,
without the ‘foreign bayonets’ of the
British Mandate, the Zionist movement couldnot have established even a toehold, letalone struck deep roots, in Palestine.Toward the end of the 193es and especiallyafter World War II, a concatenation of https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 185/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM
events—Britain’s waning commitment to the
Balfour Declaration, the escalation of Arabresistance, the strengthening of the Yishuv, etc.—caused a consensus to
crystallize within the Zionist movement
that the time was ripe to return to the
original strategy of conquering Palestine
‘by blood and fire’.”
Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia
events—Britain’s waning commitment to the
Balfour Declaration, the escalation of Arab
resistance, the strengthening of the
Yishuv, etc.—caused a consensus to
crystallize within the Zionist movement
that the time was ripe to return to theoriginal strategy of conquering Palestine ‘by blood and fire’I {{harvnb I Liu 120221 p=190}}: “Jabotinsky was a territorial maximalist who wanted
mass Jewish immigration resulting in the
creation of a state of Israel encompassing
all Biblical lands: ‘If you wish to
colonize a land in which a people arealready living, you must provide a garrison + on your behalf. Or else — or else, give up
your colonization, for without an armedforce which will render physically any attempts to destroy or prevent thiscolonization, colonization is impossible Zionism is a colonizing adventure and
therefore it stands or falls by thequestion of armed force. — I {{harvnblLiul2o22lp=190}}
— I {{harvnblBar-YosefI2Ol2Ipp=100—101}}
+
+
I {{harvnb I Bar-Yosef 120121 pp=100—101}}:
“The most disturbing manifestation of
Herzl’s infatuation with British
imperialism can be found in his ardent
determination to meet Cecil Rhodes. [...]
‘How, then, do I happen to turn to you,
since this is an out-of-the-way matter for
you? How indeed? Because it is something
colonial, and because it presupposesunderstanding of a development which will take twenty or thirty years.

I {{harvnbl Nordau IGottheil 119051 p=30}}:
“They take care that the existing and
promising beginnings of a Jewishcolonization shall be looked after and maintained till the movement will be
possible on a large scale.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 186/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia — I {{harvnblNordaulGottheilll9e5lp=30}}
I {{harvnblPessahl2e2e}}: “Yet Herzl’s
+
Zionism was indeed rooted in his wish to
imitate the European colonialism of his
period.”
}}</ref><ref>”After two thousand years of
struggle for survival, the reality ofIsrael is a colonial state. [[AvrahamBurg]] cited [[Tony Judt]], [https : //www. nybooks . comlarticles/2803110/23
/israel-the-alternative/ Israel:The
Alternative] [[New York Review of Books]]
23 October 2003</re-f> [[Joseph Massad]]
wrote that, for political and ideological
reasons, starting in the 1930s, some
— Zionist thinkers proposed that the Zionist
movement should avoid using terms relatedto colonialism.{{efnlMassad depicts thetransition in the choice of terminology within the Zionist movement in the mid-2Oth
century, as “colonialism” began to morebroadly develop a negative association.{{sfnIMassadI2006Ipp=14—18}}}} [[Rashid Khalidi]] highlights how this move was an
attempted rebranding of Zionism as an
anticolonial movement, {{sfn I Khalidi I 2020}}
{{page needed I date=February 2025}}
+ }}</ref><ref>{{harvnblJudtl2003}}: “As the
prominent Labor politician [[Avraham Burg]]
recently wrote, “After two thousand years
of struggle for survival, the reality of
Israel is a colonial state, run by a
corrupt clique which scorns and mocks lawand civic morality. “</ref> [[Joseph Massad]] wrote that, for political and
ideological reasons, starting in the 19305,some Zionist thinkers proposed that the Zionist movement should avoid using terms
related to colonialism.{{efnlMassad depicts
the transition in the choice o-f terminologywithin the Zionist movement in the mid-2Oth century, as “colonialism” began to morebroadly develop a negative association.{{sfnlMassadl2006lpp=14—18}}}} [[Rashid https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 187/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia Khalidi]] describes this move as anattempted rebranding of Zionism as ananticolonial movement.{{sfnlKhalidil2e2elps=: “Unremarkably, oncecolonialism took on a bad odor in the post— World War II era of decolonization, the
colonial origins and practice of Zionism
and Israel were whitewashed and
conveniently forgotten in Israel and the
West. In fact, Zionism—for two decades the
coddled step-child of British colonialism—
rebranded itself as an anticolonial
movement. The occasion for this drasticmakeover was a campaign of sabotage andterrorism launched against Great Britain after it drastically limited its support of
Jewish immigration with the 1939 White
Paper on the eve of World War II. This
falling-out between erstwhile allies (to
help them fight the Palestinians in the
late 1930s, Britain had armed and trained
the Jewish settlers it allowed to enter the
country) encouraged the outlandish idea
that the Zionist movement was itself
anticolonial. “}}{{page neededldate=February2025}}
— Benny Morris dismisses the charge that
Zionism is a “classic nineteenth-century
European colonial venture,” due to the fact
that it existed as a movement not to
exploit the populace or resources, but to
provide a safe haven for a nativepopulation experiencing oppressioninternationally. <ref>{{harvnblMorrisl2O2O}}: “Colonialism iscommonly defined as the policy and practice of an imperial power acquiring political
control over another country, settling it
with its sons, and exploiting it
economically. By any objective standard,Zionism fails to fit this definition.Zionism was a movement o-f desperate, idealistic Jews from Eastern and Central
Europe bent on immigrating to a country
Benny Morris dismisses the charge that
Zionism is a “classic nineteenth-century
European colonial venture,” due to the fact
that it existed as a movement not to
exploit the populace or resources, but to
provide a safe haven for a nativepopulation experiencing oppression internationally. <ref>
{{harvnblMorrisl2e2O}}: “Colonialism iscommonly defined as the policy and practice of an imperial power acquiring political
control over another country, settling it
with its sons, and exploiting it
economically. By any objective standard,Zionism fails to fit this definition.Zionism was a movement of desperate, idealistic Jews from Eastern and Central
Europe bent on immigrating to a country
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 188/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism:
that had once been populated and ruled by
Jews, not “another” country, and regainingsovereignty over it. The settlers were not the sons of an imperial power, and the
settlement enterprise was never designed topolitically or strategically serve animperial mother country or economically exploit it on behalf of any empire. The
land was known to lack natural resources.

And most Zionists, rather than wanting to
exploit the natives, were indifferent to
their fate or wanted to simply see them
leave”</ref>
Difference between revisions -Wikipedia
that had once been populated and ruled by
Jews, not “another” country, and regaining
sovereignty over it. The settlers were not
the sons of an imperial power, and the
settlement enterprise was never designed to
politically or strategically serve an
imperial mother country or economically
exploit it on behalf of any empire. The
land was known to lack natural resources.

And most Zionists, rather than wanting to
exploit the natives, were indifferent to
their fate or wanted to simply see them
leave”</ref>
The Transition from British sponsored
colonialism to the Israeli state
Gershon Shafir describes the use of
violence by a colonial metropole asessential to settler colonization. Shafir defines settler-colonialism as the creation
of a permanent home in which settlers
benefit from privileges withheld from the
indigenous population. He describescolonization, the establishment of settlements against the wishes of theindigenous people, as the distinctivecharacteristic of settler colonialism. {{sfnIShafirI2Ol6I p=794}}
Line 566:

Colonization and colonialism
— Sternberg argues that it is important to
clearly distinguish between colonization
and colonialism as concepts.
{{sfn I Sternberg I 20161 loc=The
Colonialism/Colonization Perspective on
Zionism/Israel}} For Shafir and Peled,
“colonization, namely territorial
dispossession and the settlement of
immigrant populations”,
Gershon Shafir describes the use of
violence by a colonial metropole asessential to settler colonization. Shafirdefines settler-colonialism as the creationof a permanent home in which settlers benefit from privileges withheld from the
indigenous population. He describes
colonization, the establishment of
settlements against the wishes of the
indigenous people, as the distinctive
characteristic of settler colonialism.{{sfn I Shafir I 20161 p=794}} Line 598:

Colonization and colonialism
Sternberg argues that it is important to
clearly distinguish between colonizationand colonialism as concepts.{{sfn ISternberg 120161 loc=The Colonialism/Colonization Perspective onZionism/Israel}} For Shafir and Peled, “colonization, namely territorial
dispossession and the settlement of
immigrant populations”,
The transition from British sponsored
colonialism to the Israeli state
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 189/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia {{sfnlShafirlPeledl2002lp=37}} cannot
happen without colonialism and “the means
of violence of a colonial metropole”.
{{sfnlShafirl2ol6lp=794}} In contrast,
Sternberg considers classical definitions
of colonization as broad enough to include
cases that did not require the
dispossession of the native population.
{{sfn I Sternberg 120161 loc=The
Colonialism/Colonization Perspective onZionism/Israel}} {{sfnIShafirIPeledl2082p=37}} cannot
happen without colonialism and “the means
of violence of a colonial [[metropole.]]”.
{{sfnlShafirl2el6lp=794}} In contrast,
Sternberg considers classical definitions
of colonization as broad enough to include
cases that did not require the
dispossession of the native population.
{{sfn I Sternberg I 2016 I loc=The
Colonialism/Colonization Perspective onZionism/Israel}} Tuvia Friling depicts the Zionist movement
as operating differently from colonial
movements in terms of land acquisition,
Specifically, the Zionist movement acquired
land in the early years by purchasing it.{{sfnlFrilingl2ol6ip=852}} Sternberg incontrast explains that it was not unique for colonial movements to purchase land as
part of land acquisition, pointing tosimilarities in North American colonialism. — {{s-FnlSternbergi2ol6lp=837}} Friling argues
that in contrast to European colonial
projects, the early Zionist leadership was
dominated by the labor movement with a
socialist ethos.{{sfnIFrilingI2Ol6Ip=855}}
Shafir points to ideological drives in
American and Rhodesian settler colonies
that developed in service of the colonial
project. Similarly, Shafir says, the
Zionist labor movement used socialist
ideals largely in service of the national
movement. {{sfn I Shafirl 20161 p=799}}
Tuvia Friling depicts the Zionist movement
as operating differently from colonial
movements in terms of [[land acquisition.].].,Specifically, the Zionist movement acquired land in the early years by purchasing it.
{{sfnIFrilingI2Ol6Ip=852}} Sternberg incontrast explains that it was not unique for colonial movements to purchase land as
part of land acquisition, pointing to
similarities in North American colonialism.
{{sfn I Sternberg 12016 I p=837}} Friling argues
that in contrast to European colonial
projects, the early Zionist leadership was
dominated by the labor movement with a
socialist ethos.{{sfnFrilingI2016Ip=855}}
Shafir points to ideological drives in
American and Rhodesian settler colonies
that developed in service of the colonial
project. Similarly, Shafir says, the
Zionist labor movement used socialist
ideals largely in service of the national
movement. {{sfn I Shafir 120161 p=799}}
In response to the argument that Zionismcould not be a colonial project, but should instead be described as a project ofimmigration, Shafir quotes [[Lorenzo Veracini]]’s statement that settlers
sometimes hide “behind the persecuted, the
migrant, even the refugee... behind his
labor and hardship.” Shafir goes on tocharacterize Zionism as not unique, in the In response to the argument that Zionism
could not be a colonial project, but should
instead be described as a project ofimmigration, Shafir quotes [[Lorenzo Veraciniji’s statement that settlers
sometimes hide “behind the persecuted, the
migrant, even the refugee... behind his
labor and hardship.” Shafir goes on to
characterize Zionism as not unique, in the
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 190/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia sense that “[t]he ruthless ethnic cleanser sense that ‘[t]he ruthless ethnic cleanseris commonly hidden behind the peaceful is commonly hidden behind the peacefulsettler who arrived in an ‘empty land’ to settler who arrived in an ‘empty land’ tostart a new life.”{{sfnlShafirl2el6lp=799}} start a new life. “{{sfnlShafirl2el6lp=799}} Alan Dowty describes the debate over the
relationship between Zionism andcolonialism as essentially a discussion of “semantics”. He defines colonialism as the
imposition of control by a “mother country”
on another people, for economic gain or for
the spreading of culture or religion. Dowty
argues that Zionism does not fit thisdefinition on the basis that “there was... no mother country” and that Zionism did notconsider the local population in its plans.<ref>{{harvnbIDowty2O22}}: “They did not recognize the Arab population of Palestine
as another people with their own collective
claims.. . “</ref> Efraim Karsh adopts asimilar definition and similarly concludes +
that Zionism is not colonialism.
{{sfn I Karsh I 2e00}}{{pageneededldate=November 2024}} Dowty elaborates that Zionism did not control the
local population since it ultimately failed
to remove the native people from Palestine.
{{sfnioowtyi2O22}} In his assessment of
whether Zionism is colonialism, Penslarworks with a broader definition of colonialism than Dowty, which allows for
the country sponsoring the colonial
enterprise to be different from the countryof origin of the settlers. {{sfnlPenslarl2O23lpp=70—71, 82—83, and 95—
96} }
Zionism as settler colonialism === === Zionism as settler colonialism {{mainlZionism as settler colonialism}} {{mainlZionism as settler colonialism}} — Beyond characterizing it as a colonial
movement, Zionism has been more recently
Alan Dowty describes the debate over the
relationship between Zionism and
colonialism as essentially a discussion of
“semantics”. He defines colonialism as the
imposition of control by a “.[.[.mother
country].].” on another people, for economic
gain or for the spreading of culture or
religion. Dowty argues that Zionism does
not fit this definition on the basis that
“there was.., no mother country” and that
Zionism did not consider the local
population in its plans.<ref>
{{harvnblDowtyi2e22}}: “They did not
recognize the Arab population of Palestine
as another people with their own collective
claims... “</ref> Efraim Karsh adopts asimilar definition and similarly concludes that Zionism is not colonialism.
{{sfn I Karsh I 2008}}{{pageneededldate=November 2024}} Dowty elaborates that Zionism did not control the
local population since it ultimately failed
to remove the native people from Palestine.
{{sfnIDowtyI2O22}} In his assessment of
whether Zionism is colonialism, Penslarworks with a broader definition of colonialism than Dowty, which allows for
the country sponsoring the colonial
enterprise to be different from the countryof origin of the settlers, {{sfnlPenslarl2O23lpp=70—71, 82—83, and 95—
96} }
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 191/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia described as a form of settler colonialism,
with scholarly proponents of this paradigm
including [[Edward Said]], Rashid Khalidi,
[[Noam Chomsky]], [[Ilan Pappe]], [[Fayez
Sayegh]], [[Maxime Rodinson]], {{IllIGeorge
JabbourIarIjj [[Ibrahim Abu
Lughod]], Baha Abu-Laban, {{IlllJamil
HilallarIJAk J-}}, and [[Rosemary Sayigh]].
{{sfn I Sabbagh-Khoury 120221 loc=firstsection}}<ref>{{harvnb ITawil-Souri 120161{{pnldate=March 2025}} “Calling Israel asettler colonial regime is an argument increasingly gaining purchase in activistand, to a lesser extent, academic circles.’ <Ire-F>
Beyond characterizing it as a colonial
movement, Zionism has been more recentlydescribed as a -form of settler colonialism, with scholarly proponents of this paradigm
including [[Edward Said]], [[RashidKhalidi]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[IlanPappe]], [[Fayez Sayegh]], [[MaximeRodinson]], {{IllIGeorge JabbourlarIjj y-.}}, [[Ibrahim Abu-Lughod]], Baha Abu
+ Laban, {{IlllJamil HilalIarlJA J*}},
[[Rosemary Sayigh]]{{sfn ISabbagh
Khoury I 20221 loc=-First section}}<ref>{{harvnblTawil-Souri 120161 p=}}{{pageneededldate=March 2025}} “Calling Israel a settler colonial regime is an argumentincreasingly gaining purchase in activist and, to a lesser extent, academic circles.”
</ref> and [[Nur Masalha]].{{sfn IMasalha I 20181 loc=Chapter 10}} — The settler colonial framework on the
conflict emerged in the 1960s during the
[[Decolonisation of Africaldecolonization
of Africa]] and the [[Middle East]), and reemerged in Israeli academia in the 1990s led by Israeli and Palestinian scholars,
who challenged some of Israel’s
foundational myths .{{sfn Sabbagh
Khouryl 20221 loc=Conclusion}}{{efn I “The
settler colonial paradigm, linked to
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?titIe=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oIdid1296492217 192/34 1 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia Israeli critical sociology, post-Zionism,
and postcolonialism, reemerged followingchanges in the political landscape from the mid-1990s that reframed the history of theNakba as enduring, challenged the Jewishdefinition of the state, and legitimated Palestinians as agents of history.Palestinian scholars in Israel lead theparadigm’s reformulation. {{harvnb I Sabbagh KhouryI2O22Iloc=first section}}}} It built
on the work of [[Patrick Wolfe]], an
influential theorist of settler colonialstudies who has defined settler colonialism as an ongoing “structure, not an event”aimed at replacing a native population rather than exploiting it.{{sfnIWolfeI2006}}<ref>{{cite web Ititle=Forum on Patrick Wolfe
I url=https : !!www. versobooks . com/blogs!3437-
forum-on-patrick-wolfe Iurl-status=live
I archive
url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/20210621043010/https : //www. versobooks . com/blogs/ 3437- forum-on-patrick-wolfe I archive-date=June
21, 2021 Iaccess-date=April 26, 2022
Iwebsite=[[Verso Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web Idate=October 26, 2020 Ititle=What is
at Stake in the Study of Settler
Colonialism?
url=https://developingeconomics.org/2020/10
/26/what-is-at-stake-in-the-study-ofsettler-colonialism! Iurl-status=live I archive
url=https : I/web, archive. org/web/202111252215
04/https : Ildevelopingeconomics . org/2020/10/2
6/what-is-at-stake-in-the-study-of-settlercolonialism! Iarchive-date=November 25,2021 Iaccess-date=April 26, 2022 I website=Developing Economics I language=en}}
</ref>
1 The settler colonial framework on the
conflict emerged in the 1960s during the
[[decolonization of Africa]] and the[[Middle East]], and re-emerged in Israeli https:llen.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 193/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia academia in the 1990s led by Israeli andPalestinian scholars, who challenged some of Israel’s foundational myths.
{{sfn ISabbagh-KhouryI2O22I loc=Conclusion}}{{efnl”The settler colonial paradigm, linked to Israeli critical sociology, postZionism, and postcolonialism, reemerged following changes in the political
landscape from the mid-1990s that reframed
the history of the Nakba as enduring,
challenged the Jewish definition of the
state, and legitimated Palestinians as
agents of history. Palestinian scholars in
Israel lead the paradigm’s reformulation.
{{harvnb I Sabbagh-Khoury I 20221 loc=first
section}}}} It built on the work of
[[Patrick Wolfe]], an influential theorist
of settler colonial studies who has defined
settler colonialism as an ongoing
“structure, not an event’ aimed at
replacing a native population rather than
exploiting it.{{sfnlWol-1e12006}}<ref>{{cite
web Ititle=Forum on Patrick Wolfe
I url=https : //www. versobooks. com/blogs/3437-
forum-on-patrick-wolfe I url-status=live
I archive
url=https :1/web, archive. org/web120210621043010/https : //www. versobooks. com/blogs/3437- forum-on-patrick-wolfe I archive-date=June
21, 2021 Iaccess-date=April 26, 2022
lwebsite=[[Verso Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite
web Idate=October 26, 2020 Ititle=What is
at Stake in the Study of Settler
Colonialism?
I url=https : //developingeconomics.org/2020/10
/26/what-is-at-stake-in-the-study-ofsettler-colonialism! I url-status=live archive
url=https :1/web, archive. org/web/202111252213
04/https : //developingeconomics. org/2020/10/2
6/what-is-at-stake-in-the-study-of-settlercolonialism/ Iarchive-date=November 25, 2021 Iaccess-date=April 26, 2022
I website=Developing Economics I language=en}}
</ref>
+
https://en.wikipedia.org/wlindex.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 194/34 1 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia +1 == Palestinian experiences of Zionism ==
Many Palestinian scholars have argued that
Zionism is inseparable from the [[Nakba]],the [[1948 Palestinian expulsion andflightlethnic cleansing]] of Palestinians in and around 1948, and the [[ongoing
+ Nakba]], the ongoing conditions created by
the Nakba, including instances of [[Israeli
apartheidlapartheid]], [[Israeli-occupied
territories I occupation]], and [[Palestinian
genocide allegations Igenocide]] <ref>
{{bulleted list I
I {{Cite journal Ilast=Rabea
first=Eghbariah idate=May 2024Ititle=Toward Nakba as a Legal ConceptI url=https : //columbialawreview.org/content/t oward-nakba-as-a-legal-concept/ Iiournal=
[[Columbia Law Review]] ilanguage=en
I volume=124 Iissue=4 Iaccess-date=January
24, 2026 Iarchive-url= Iarchive-date=}} j
I {{Cite news Ilast=Khalidi Ifirst=Rashidldate=November 22, 2023 ltitle=It’s Time to Confront Israel’s Version of “From the
River to the Sea”
+ 1 un https : thenation.corn/article/world
/its-time-to-confront-israels-version-of
from-the-river-to-the-seal I archive-url=
I archive-date= laccess-date=February 2,
2026 Iwork=[[The Nation]] language=en-US
I issn=0027-8378}}
I {{Cite AV mediaI url=https : //www.youtube. corn/watch? v=SAjmHHt8Fk4 Ititle=Noura Erakat Addresses
+ the UN in Commemoration of the 77th
Anniversary of the Nakba date=May 16, 2025
Ilast=Jadaliyya Iaccess-date=February 2,
2026 Ivia=YouTube}}
+ I {{Cite web Ilast=Makdisi Ifirst=Saree
Idate=November 14, 2023 Ititle=Physical
Destruction in Whole or in Part
I url=https: //www. nplusonemag. corn/online
only/online-only/physical-destruction-in
whole-or-in-part! Iarchive-url= larchive
https://en.wikipedia.org/wlindex.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid=1296492217 195/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia date= Iaccess-date=February 2, 2026
Iwebsite=[[n+111 I language=en-US}}
I {{Cite news Ilast=Massad Ifirst=Joseph
Idate=July 30, 2025 Ititle=Israel’s
genocide is the terminal stage of a settlercolony in crisis + iurl=https://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/i
srael-genoc ide-terminal-stage-settlercolony-crisis Iarchive-url= Iarchive-date= I access-date=February 3, 2026 Iwork=
[[Middle East Eye]] Ilanguage=en}}
I {{Cite journal Ilast=Shalhoub-KevorkianIfirst=Nadera Idate=September 19, 2025 Ititle=Five Pillars of Zionist Genocidal
Apparatus: A Palestinian Problematization
of Genocide Studies
+ I url=https : //www . tandfonline. com/doi/full/10
.1080/14623528.2025.2556589 Iiournal=
[[Journal of Genocide Research]]
I language=en I pages=l—13I doi=10.1080/14623528.2025.2556589Iissn=1462-35281ur1-access=subscription }} == See also == == See also =={{div col Icolwidth=3eem}} {{div col Icolwidth=30em}} {{annotated link IBack to Africa}}
—
* [[Golus nationalism]]
+[{annotated link IGolus nationalism}}
—
* [[Jewish Autonomism]]
* {{annotated linklHardal}} 1* [[History of Zionism]]
+ *{{annotated iinklJewishAutonomism}}j
* [[List of Zionists]] * [[List of Zionists]]
+[ {{annotated link IPalestinian nationalism}}1
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 196/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia —
* [[Muscular Judaism]]
—
* {-[-Palestinianism]-} +1 * Rannotated
—
* [[Palestinian nationalism]]
{{annotated linklYehud Medinata}}
—
* [[Zio (pejorative)]]
+[* [[Zionist as a pjorativeJ]+[*[zionistiQbbxiij
* {{annotated link IZionist political
violence}}
* [[Zionist Occupation Government
conspiracy theory]]
—
* [[Zionist political violence]]
—
* [[Haredim and Zionism]]
—
* [[Hebrew Universalism (philosophy)]]
—
* [[Haredi nationalism]]
—
* [[Hardal]]
—
* [[History of Zionism]]{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}
== Notes ==
Line 609:
== Notes ==
Line 649:

* {{cite journal Ilastl=Aaronson
Ifirstl=Ran Iyear=1996 Ititle=Settlement in
Eretz Israel — A Colonialist Enterprise?
“Critical’ Scholarship and Historical
Geography Iiournal=[[Israel Studies]]
Ivolume=1 Iissue=2 Ipages=214—229I publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]I url=https : //docs . google.com/viewer? a=v&q=cache:8aPWE9PSiBoJ :130.182.44.246/jour
* {{cite journal Ilastl=Aaronson
Ifirstl=Ran Iyear=1996 Ititle=Settlement in
Eretz Israel — A Colonialist Enterprise?
“Critical” Scholarship and Historical
Geography ijournal=[[Israel Studies]]
Ivolume=1 Iissue=2 ipages=214—229I publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] I url=https : //docs .google. com/viewer?
a=v&q=cache: 8aPWE9P5iB0J :138.102.44.246/jour
—
* [[Romanistan]]
—
* [[Ychud Medinata]]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 197/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia nals/israel_studies/v001/1. 2aaronsohn. pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj 1TcOSKIw NXDI7Vn61MevIJ kvxNF7Uj JdGkVHT1f7yJ cPdkuj hi
GXE0UsSGjB8YcNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9Rl_kxvACSBMsGtcH4nYZrnB 5e8gSAdgbH_QT6&sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU
4lvf4a6cg Iaccess-date=July 30, 2013
archive
url=https: I/web, archive. org/web/20131221012913/https ://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A8aPWE9P5iB0J%3A130. 102 .44.246% 2Fjournals%2Fisraelstudies%2Fv001%2F1 . 2aaro
nsohn. pd-F+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj 1TcOSKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJ kvxNF7Uj JdGkVHT1f7 yJcPdkuj hi-GXEoUsSGjB8YcNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9Rl_kxvACSBMsGtcH4nYZmB 5e8gSAdgbH_QT6&sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU
4lvf4a6Og Iarchive-date=Decernber 21, 2013
I url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book Ilast=Abramson Ifirst=Glenda
I urlhttps ://books. google. corn/books?
id=L_FhfTvzjygC&pg=PA12O
Ititle=Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish
Culture Idate=2004 ipublisher=[[Routledge]]
I isbn=978-1-134-42865-6 I language=en}}
* {{cite book Ilast=Abu El-Haj Ifirst=Nadia
Iauthor-link=Nadia Abu El Haj Ititle=The
Genealogical Science: The Search -For JewishOrigins and the Politics of Epistemology — Ipublisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]
lseries=Chicago Studies in Practices of
Meaning Iyear=2012 I isbn=978-0-226-20142-9
I url=https :1/books. google. corn/books?
id=8DDXi4kWW4cC Iaccess-date=July 8, 2023}}
* {{cite book Ilast=Alam Ifirst=M. Shahid
Ititle=Israeli ExceptionalismI publisher=Springer I publication-place=New York, NY Idate=November 9, 2009 Iisbn=978-0-
230-10137-1}}
* {{cite book Ilast=Almog lfirst=Shmuel
Ititle=Zionism and the ArabsIpublisher=Jerusalem: Historical Society of Israel: Zalman Shazar Center Ipublication
nals/israel_studies/v001/l . 2aaronsohn. pdf+&h
l=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj 1Tc0SKIw
NXDI7Vn61MevIJkvxNF7UjJdGkVHT1f7yJ cPdkuj hi -
GXE0U5SGJ B8YcNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9Rl_kxvACSBM5GtcH4nYZmB Se8gSAdgbH_QT6&sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU
4lvf4a6ag Iaccess-date=July 30, 2013
I archive
url=https :1/web. archive. org/web/2013 1221012913/https ://docs .google. corn/viewer? a=v&q=cache%3A8aPWE9PSiB0J%3Al30.102.44.246%
2Fjournals%2Fisrael_studies%2Fv001%2F1. 2aaronsohn . pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj 1TcOSKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJ kvxNF7Uj JdGkVHTlf7 yJcPdkujhi-GXEoUsSGjB8YcNtoc 3AbqZP6uxc 2NHFe9R1_kxvACSBMsGt cH4nYZmB Se8gSAdgbH_QT6&sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU
4lvf4a6Og larchive-date=December 21, 2013
I url-status=live}}
* {{cite book Ilast=Alam Ifirst=M. Shahid
Ititle=Israeli Exceptionalism
I publisher=Springer I publication-place=New
York, NY Idate=November 9, 2009 Iisbn=978-0-
230-10137-1}}
* {{cite book Ilast=Almog Ifirst=Shmuel
Ititle=Zionism and the Arabs
Ipublisher=Jerusalern: Historical Society of
Israel: Zalman Shazar Center Ipublication
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 198/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM
place=Jerusalem I date=1983 I isbn=978-965-
227-O1O-8}}
* {{cite journal Ilast=Alroey Ifirst=Gur
Idate=Fall 2011I jstor=l0. 2979/jewisocistud .18.1.1Ititle=”Zionism without Zion”? Territorialist Ideology and the Zionist
Movement, 1882—1956 I journal=[[Jewish
Social Studies]] Ivolume=18 Inumber=1
I pages=1—32I doi=10. 2979/jewisocistud .18.1. 1}}
* {{cite book Ilast=Amery Ifirst=Jean
I author-link=Jean Améry Iyear=2021Ichapter=The New Left’s Approach to “Zionism” (1969) Ititle=Essays on
Antisemitism, Anti-Zionism, and the Left
Ieditor-last=Gailner Ieditor-first=MarleneIpublisher=[[Indiana University Press]]I pages=41—45 I isbn=978-0-253-05876-8}} F * {{Cite journal Ilast=Asscher Ifirst=Omri
Idate=2021 ititle=Exporting political
Zionism: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia
place=Jerusalem I date=l983 I isbn=978-965-227-010-8}}
+
+
* {{cite journal ilast=Alroey Ifirst=Gur
Idate=Fall 2011
jstor=10. 2979/jewisocistud.18.1.1
Ititle=”Zionism without Zion”?
Territorialist Ideology and the Zionist
Movement, 1882—1956 I journal=[[Jewish
Social Studies]] Ivolume=18 Inumber=i
I pages=1—32Idoi=10. 2979/jewisocistud .18.1. 1}}
* {{cite book Ilast=Amery Ifirst=Jean
Iauthor-link=Jean Améry Iyear=2021Ichapter=The New Left’s Approach to “Zionism’ (1969) ititle=Essays on
Antisemitism, Anti-Zionism, and the Left
Ieditor-last=Gallner Ieditor-first=MarleneIpublisher=[[Indiana University Press]]ipages=41—45 Iisbn=978-e-253-05876-8}} * {{Cite journal Ilast=Asscher Ifirst=Omri
Idate=2021 ititle=Exporting political
* {{cite
book I last=Anderson I first=Scott I title=Lawrence in Arabia: War, Deceit, Imperial Folly,and the Making of the Modern Middle East I date=2013 I edition=First I publisher=
[[Doubleday(publisher) I Doubleday]] I location=New
York I isbn=978-0307476418}}
* {{cite news Ilast=Ashkenazi Ifirst=Eli
Idate=November 3, 2005 Ititle=litnu’a
hadrozit hatzyonit hartzel vehitqvabechagigot 30 Iscript-title=he: mjrim ri n’n-rm nr 30 T1)flD Itranstitle=Herzl and hope in celebrating 30 (years of the) Druze Zionist movement
I url=https : //www. haaretz. co. il/misc/i.105487
3 Iurl-status=live larchiveurl=https : //web . archive. org/web/201909090535i5/http : //www. haaretz . co. il/misc/i .1054873 Iarchive-date=September 9, 2019 laccess
date=October 14, 2014 inewspaper=
[[Haaretz]] ilanguage=he}}
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 199/341 2/26/26, 1:04 PM Zionism: Difference between revisions -Wikipedia theology to the diaspora: translating Rabbi
Abraham Isaac Kook for Modern Orthodox
consumption Ijournal=Meta Ivolume=65
Iissue=2 pages=292—311I doi=10 . 7202/1075837ar I s2cid=234914976 I issn=1492-1421 Idoi-access=free}}
* {{cite book Ilast=Avineri Ifirst=Shlomo
(year=2017 jtitle=The Making of Modern
Zionism Iurl=https://books.google.com/books?
id=N1U0vgAACAAJ&pg=PA I publisher=[[BasicBooks]] I isbn=978-0-465-09479-0}} * {{cite book Ilastl=Aviv Ifirstl=Caryn S.

I last2=Shneer I first2=David I year=2005Ititle=New Jews: The End of the Jewish Diaspora
I url=https :1/books. google. corn/books?
id=kdBtob8RWEMC&q=zionism+uganda+argentina
Ipublisher=[[New York University Press]]
Iisbn=978-0-8147-4017-0 laccess
date=January 22, 2016 Iarchive-date=January
11, 2024 larchiveurl=https : //web . archive. org/web/20240111181633/https :1/books. google . corn/books? id=kdBt0b8RWEMC&q=zionism+uganda+argentina&p
g=PA1O#v=snippet&q=zionism%2Ouganda%2Oargent
ina&f=false Iurl-status=live}}* {{cite journal Ilast=Avraharn Ifirst=Doron Ititle=The ‘Racialization of Jewish Self
Identity: The Response to Exclusion in Nazi
Germany, 1933—1938 Ijournal=ff-Nationalism
and Ethnic Politics-H- Iyear=2013 Ivolume=19
I issue=3 I pages=354—374I doi=10. 1080/13537113.2013.818364I * {{cite journal llast=Avraham Ifirst=Doron
Iauthor-mask=3 Ititle=Reconstructing a
Collective: Zionism and Race Between
National Socialism and Jewish Renewel
Iiournal={[The Historical Journal]]I publisher=[{Carnbridge University Press]] Iyear=2017 Ivolume=60 Iissue=2 Ipages=471—
492 I doi=10. 1017/S0018246X16000406
I jstor=26343366 I s2cid=164670161}}
theology to the diaspora: translating Rabbi
Abraham Isaac Kook for Modern Orthodox
consumption I journal=Meta I volume=65
Iissue=2 Ipages=292—31l
Idoi=10.7202/1075837ar I s2cid=234914976Iissn=l492-142l Idoi-access=free}} * {{cite book Ilast=Avineri Ifirst=Shlomo
Iyear=2017 Ititle=The Making of Modern
Zionism I url=https://books. google. corn/books?
id=N1U0vgAACAAJ&pg=PA I publisher=[[BasicBooks]] Iisbn=978-0-465-09479-0}} * {{cite book Ilastl=Aviv Ifirstl=Caryn S.

I last2=Shneer Ifirst2=David I year=2005
Ititle=New Jews: The End of the Jewish
Diaspora
I url=https :1/books. google. corn/books?
id=kdBt0b8RWEMC&q=zionism+uganda÷argentina
Ipublisher=[{New York University Press]]Iisbn=978-0-8147-40l7-0 laccess date=January 22, 2016 Iarchive-date=January
11, 2024 larchive
url=https :1/web. archive. org/web/20240111181633/https :1/books. google . corn/books? id=kdBtob8RWEMC&q=zionisrn-t-uganda+argentina&p
g=PA1O#v=snippet&q=zionism%2Ouganda%2Oargent
ina&f=false I url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal Ilast=Avraham Ifirst=Doron
Iauthor-rnask=3 Ititle=Reconstructing a
Collective: Zionism and Race Between
National Socialism and Jewish Renewel
(journal=[[The Historical Journal]]I publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] Iyear=2017 Ivolume=60 Iissue=2 Ipages=47i—
492 I doi=10. 1017/S0018246X16000406
I jstor=26343366 I s2cid=164670161}}
I
+
* {{cite journal Ilast=Avraham Ifirst=Doron
Ititle=The ‘Racialization’ of Jewish Self
Identity: The Response to Exclusion in Nazi
Germany, 1933—1938 Iiournal=Nationalism and
Ethnic Politics Iyear=2013 Ivolume=19
Iissue=3 Ipages=354—374Idoi=10.1080/13537113.20l3.818364 }} https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zionism&diff=1340608433&oldid= 1296492217 200/341 Attachment
5 2/26/26, 1:13 PM Zionism I Definition, History, Movement, & Ideology Britannica ZionismZionism, Jewish nationalist movementwith the goal of the creation and support of a Jewish national state in Palestine, the
ancient homeland of the Jews (Hebrew:

Eretz Yisra’eI, “the Land of Israel”). Though
Zionism originated in eastern and central
Europe in the latter part of the 19th
century, it is in many ways a continuationof the ancient attachment of the Jews andof the Jewish religion to the historical region of Palestine. According to Judaism, Zion, one of the hills of ancient Jerusalem, is the place where God dwells.
“Palestine is our unforgettable historic homeland.” -Theodor Herzl in The Jewish State (1896) Anti-Zionism, which dates back to Zionism’s beginnings, drew significant attention amid the lsrael-Hamas War, when some of the anti-war rhetoric took aim at7innicm nH itc Hhrntc

TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Introduction• The Haskala, Theodor Herzl, and
modern Zionism
• The establishment of a Jewish
state
• Zionism after the founding of
Israel
• Anti-Zionism
https://www.britannica.com/prinh/article/657475 1/7
2/26/26, 1:13 PM Zionism I Definition, History, Movement, & Ideology I Britannica The Haskala (“Jewish Enlightenment”) movement of the late 18th century urged Jews to assimilate into Western secular culture. In the early 19th century interest in a return of the Jews to Palestine was kept alive mostly by Christian millenarians.

Despite the Haskala, eastern European Jews did not assimilate and, in reaction to tsarist pogroms, formed the Hovevei Ziyyon (“Lovers of Zion”) to promote the settlement of Jewish farmers and artisans in Palestine.

A political turn was given to Zionism by Theodor
Herzl, an Austrian journalist who regarded
assimilation as most desirable but, in view of
antisemitism, impossible to realize. Thus, heargued, if Jews were forced by external pressure to form a nation, they could lead a normal
existence only through concentration in one
territory. In 1897 Herzl convened the first Zionist
Congress at Basel, Switzerland, which drew up
the Basel program of the movement, statingthat “Zionism strives to create for the Jewish people a home in Palestine secured by publiclaw.”
The center of the movement was established inVienna, where Herzl published the official weekly Die Welt (“The World”). Zionist congresses met
yearly until 1901 and then every two years. Whenthe Ottoman government refused Herzl’s request for Jewish autonomy in Palestine, he found
support in Great Britain. In 1903 the Britishgovernment offered 6,000 square miles (15,500square km) of land in Uganda for settlement, but the Zionists held out for Palestine.At the death of Herzl in 1904, the leadership moved from Vienna to Cologne and then toBerlin. Prior to World War I, Zionism represented The father of modern Zionism
Theodor Herzl, a 19th-century
Austrian journalist who believed that
European society would never allow
Jews to assimilate, spurred the
organization of the Zionist movement.

Theodor Herzl sailing to Palestine
Political Zionist Theodor Herzl (in the
peaked cap) and his party, sailing
https://www.britannica.com/printlarticle/657475 2/7
2/26/26, 1:13 PM Zionism I Definition, History, Movement, & Ideology I Britannica from Alexandria, Egypt, to Jaffa,
Ottoman Palestine (nowinTelAviv— only a minority of Jews, mostly from Russia but Yafo, Israel), aboard the Russian ship led by Austrians and Germans. It developed - Imperator Nikolai II, circa i898.J propaganda through orators and pamphlets, created its own newspapers, and gave an impetus to what was called a “Jewish renaissance” in letters and arts. The development of the Modern Hebrew languagelargely took place during that period.

The establishment of a Jewish state
The failure of the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the wave of pogroms and repressions that followed caused growing numbers of Russian Jewish youth toimmigrate to Palestine as pioneer settlers. By 1914 there were about 90,000 Jews in Palestine; 13,000 settlers lived in 43 Jewish agricultural settlements (kibbutzim), many of them supported by the French Jewish philanthropist Baron Edmond de Rothschild. Many of the settlers in this period were Labor Zionists, a particular strand of Zionism that promoted collective enterprises (such as the kibbutzim) as a means to build a Jewish state and eventually constituted the bulk of the Israeli left.

Upon the outbreak of World War I, political
Zionism reasserted itself, and its leadership
passed to Russian Jews living in England. Two
such Zionists, Chaim Weizmann and NahumSokolow, were instrumental in obtaining the Balfour Declaration from Great Britain
(November 2, 1917), which promised British
support for the creation of a Jewish national
home in Palestine. The declaration was includedin Britain’s League of Nations mandate over Palestine (1922). Meanwhile, Ze’ev (Vladimir)
Jabotinsky, whose Revisionist strand of Zionism
(which later constituted much of the Israeli right)
emphasized the need to secure selfdetermination through armed force, began organizing a Jewish self-defense movement in
Palestine. The Haganah, a Zionist military
Chaim Weizmann
Later becoming Israel’s first president
(1949—52) after its independence,
Chaim Weizmann was an
instrumental figure in the early
Zionist movement.
https://www.britannica.com/printlarticle/657475 3/7
2/26/26, 1:13 PM Zionism Definition, History, Movement, & Ideology I Britannica organization that was later transformed into the core of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), was established in 1920.
1 In the following years the Zionists built up the
Jewish urban and rural settlements in Palestine,
improving autonomous organizations such as
the kibbutzim and solidifying Jewish cultural life
and Hebrew education. The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, which later became an elite research
Kibbutz in the late 1930s institution, was founded in 1918 and opened in KfarRuppin,akibbutzfoundedin 1925 with the support of Jewish luminaries such 1938 alongthenorthernJordan as Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein. In March Valley, pictured in its early settlement. . 1925 the Jewish population in Palestine was officially estimated at 108,000, and it rose to about 238,000 (20 percent of the population) by 1933. Jewish immigration remained relatively slow, however, until the rise of Adolf Hitler in Europe. Nevertheless, the Arab population feared that Palestine would eventually become a Jewish state and bitterly resisted Zionism and the British policy supporting it. British forces struggled to maintain order in the face of a series of Arab uprisings. The strain of suppressing the Arab revolt of 1936—39, which was more extensive and sustained than earlier uprisings, ultimately led Britain to reassess its policies. In hopes of keeping the peace between Jews and Palestinian Arabs and retaining Arab support against Germany and Italy in World War II, Britain placed restrictions on Jewish immigration in 1939. The new restrictions were violently opposed by underground Revisionist groups such as the Stern Gang and Irgun Zvai Leumi, which committed acts of terrorism and assassination against the British and organized illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.

The Holocaust—the large-scale extermination of European Jews by the Nazis—led many Jews to seek refuge in Palestine and many others, especially in the United States, to embrace Zionism. As tensions grew among Arabs and Zionists, Britainsubmitted the Palestine problem first to Anglo-U.S. discussion for a solution and later to the United Nations (UN), which on November 29, 1947, proposed partition of the country into separate Arab and Jewish states and the internationalization of https://www.britannica.com/printlarticle/657475 4/7
2/26/26, 1:13 PM Zionism I Definition, History, Movement, & Ideology I Britannica Jerusalem (see United Nations Resolution 181). The creation of the State of Israel on May 14, 1948, triggered an invasion by the neighboring Arab countries that was soundly defeated by the Israeli army. (See 1948 Arab-Israeli War.) By the timearmistice agreements were signed in 1949, Israel held more land than had beenallotted to it under the UN partition plan. About 800,000 Arabs had also fled or been expelled from the area that became Israel (an event remembered today as “the Nakba” [from the Arabic word for “catastrophe”]), while Israel had to grapple with absorbing 850,000 Jews from the Middle East who fled or had been expelled from their countries.

Zionism after the founding ofIsrael
Thus, 50 years after the first Zionist Congress and 30 years after the Balfour Declaration, Zionism achieved its aim of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine, but at the same time, it became an armed camp surrounded by hostile Arab nations,and Palestinian organizations engaged in terrorism in and outside Israel. Securingself-determination for the Jewish people now required Israelis to defend theexistence of the new state and work to establish its legitimacy among the international community, especially its Arab neighbors. A watershed moment toward peaceful relations took place in 1979 when Israel signed a peace treaty with Egypt, the most hostile of its neighbors, following the conclusion of the CampDavid Accords. That treaty laid a foundation for autonomy for Palestinian Arabs under Israeli rule and, with the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993, Israel gained formal recognition from the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). It subsequently entered a peace treaty with Jordan in 1994. In 2020 Israel established relations with the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Morocco through a series of agreements known collectively as the Abraham Accords. Despite the gradualacceptance of Israel within the Middle East, some relations that were once cordial (as with Iran before 1979 and Turkey before 2008) had severely deteriorated.

Conflict with Hamas in the Gaza Strip and Hezbollah in Lebanon in the mid-2020s likewise highlighted Israel’s ongoing struggle to live securely alongside itsneighbors.

Zionism after Israel’s establishment was also forced to grapple with the question of balancing Jewish self-determination with democracy, particularly as concerns arose https://www.britannica.com/print/article/657475 5/7
2/26/26, 1:13 PM Zionism I Definition, History, Movement, & deology I Britannica over the ability of Israel to maintain a demographic Jewish majority. Israel at its founding had a sizable Arab minority with a high birth rate. But it quickly saw a tremendous influx of immigrants as Jews arrived in large numbers from Arab countries and as Zionists promoted an “ingathering of the exiles” in which Jewsaround the world were encouraged to immigrate. After the Six-Day War (1967) Israel’s occupation of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and other predominantly Arab territories placed more than a million additional Arabs under Israel’s de facto rule.

Israeli sovereignty (and offer of citizenship) was applied to residents of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights and not the other territories, but uncertainty overthe long-term status of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip prompted concerns that Israel would eventually have to choose between losing its Jewish majority or denying democratic rights to the Palestinian Arabs under its military occupation.

For many Labor Zionists, a two-state solution was the ideal way to ensure Israel could be a democratic state with a Jewish majority. But for many Revisionist Zionists, the proximity and terrain of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip presented an existential security risk for the already tiny state of Israel. A small minority of Zionists called for Israel to assert full control of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, since those territories include towns, regions, and holy sites that they considered integral to the history of the Jewish people.

Anti-Zionism
Zionism has faced opposition from its inception. Before Israel gained independence in 1948, some religious Jews opposed Zionism because they believed Judaism forbids a Jewish state in Israel before the coming of the Messiah; some marginal groups, most famously the Neturei Karta, still subscribe to this view.

Some secular Jews believed Zionism would harm their ability to assimilate into non-Jewish societies, while many critics, both Jewish and non-Jewish, consider the disenfranchisement of Palestinian Arabs to be an inevitable consequence ofasserting a Jewish state in the territory that Jews consider as their homeland. Other critics fundamentally reject the model of the nation-state as inherently prejudicial, and thus oppose all forms of nationalism. Non-Jews have sometimes opposed Zionism as an extension of or mask for antisemitism. Despite the diversity of Zionism as an ideology, which includes iterations that consider the rights of Palestinians to be fundamental to Zionism’s success, policies carried out by the https://www.britannica.com/print/article/657475 6/7
2/26/26, 1:13 PM Zionism I Definition, History, Movement, & Ideology I Britannica Israeli government that harm or suppress Palestinians are often conflated by antiZionists as representing Zionism as a whole. The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), a watchdog against antisemitism that also seeks to counter criticism of Israeli policies, considers opposition to Zionism to be misdirected and to have amarginalizing effect on Jews, often without intent:

Sometimes, people make anti-Zionist statements without an understanding of what Zionismor anti-Zionism is, but rather because they think opposing Zionism is the same as opposing Israeli government policy. In these cases, there might not be a realization that this disavowal of Zionism and Zionists can have the effect of rejecting the fundamental legitimacy of Jewishstatehood and those who feel a connection to it, including most Jewish people.

Although there is no consensus over the extent to which anti-Zionism is antisemitic, anti-Zionism can sometimes be indistinguishable from antisemitism in its expression, at times employing antisemitic tropes or having a marginalizing effect on Jews. For more discussion on the distinction between legitimate criticismof Israel and antisemitism, see antisemitism: antisemitism in the 21st century.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated byAdam Zeidan.

CITATION INFORMATION
ARTICLE TITLE: ZionismWEBSITE NAME: Encyclopaedia Britannica PUBLISHER: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.DATE PUBLISHED: 23 December 2025URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zionism ACCESS DATE: February 26, 2026
https://www.britannica.com/print/article/657475 717
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6 2/26/26, 1:05 PM Evaluating Internet Resources I Georgetown University Library CELEB RATING Join the Library as we
230YEARS celebrate our 230th
ofAccess & Excellence I 1796—2026 anniversary!
EORGETOW’(

UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY
Evaluating Internet Resources
Unlike similar information found in newspapers or television broadcasts, information available on the Internet is not regulated for quality or accuracy; therefore, it is particularly important for the individual Internet user to evaluate the resource or information. Keep in mind that almost anyone can publish anything they wish on the Web. It is often difficult to determine authorship of Web sources, and even if the author is listed, he or she may not always represent him or herself honestly, or he or she may represent opinions as fact. The responsibility is on the user to evaluate resources effectively. Remember to evaluate Wikipedia articles too; Evaluating Wikipedia gives some tips.

Ask yourself these questions before using resources from the Internet:

Author
• Is the name of the author/creator on the page?• Are his/her credentials listed (occupation, years of experience, position or education)?
https://library.georgetown.edu/tutorials/research-guides/evaluating-internet-content 1/5 2/26/26, 1:05 PM Evaluating Internet Resources I Georgetown University Library • Is the author qualified to write on the given topic? Why?• Is there contact information, such as an email address, somewhere on the page?
• Is there a link to a homepage?
• If there is a link to a homepage, is it for an individual or for an organization?
• If the author is with an organization, does it appear to support or sponsor the page?
• What does the domain name/URL reveal about the source of the information, if anything?
• If the owner is not identified, what can you tell about the origin of the site from the address?
Note: To find relevant information about the author, check personal homepages on the Web, campus directory entries and informationretrieved through search engines. Also check print sources in the Library Reference area; Who’s Who in America, Biography Index, and other biographical sources can be used to determine the author’scredentials.Purpose Knowing the motive behind the page’s creation can help you judge its content.
• Who is the intended audience?
o Scholarly audience or experts?o General public or novices? • If not stated, what do you think is the purpose of the site? Is the purpose to:
o Inform orTeach?o Explain or Enlighten?
https://Iibrary.georgetown.edu/tutorials/research-guides/evaluating-internet-content 2/5 2/26/26, 1:05 PM Evaluating Internet Resources Georgetown University Library o Persuade?o Sell a Product?
Objectivity
• Is the information covered fact, opinion, or propaganda? • Is the author’s point-of-view objective and impartial?• Is the language free of emotion-rousing words and bias?• Is the author affiliated with an organization?• Does the author’s affiliation with an institution or organization appear to bias the information?
• Does the content of the page have the official approval of the institution, organization, or company?
Accuracy
• Are the sources for factual information clearly listed so that the information can be verified?
• Is it clear who has the ultimate responsibility for the accuracy of the content of the material?
• Can you verify any of the information in independent sources or from your own knowledge?
• Has the information been reviewed or refereed?• Is the information free of grammatical, spelling, or typographical errors?
Reliability and Credibility
• Why should anyone believe information from this site?• Does the information appear to be valid and well-researched, or is it unsupported by evidence?
https://library.georgetown.edu/tutorials/research-guides/evaluating-internet-content 3/5 2/26/26, 1:05 PM Evaluating Internet Resources I Georgetown University Library • Are quotes and other strong assertions backed by sources that you could check through other means?
• What institution (company, government, university, etc.) supports this information?
• If it is an institution, have you heard of it before? Can you flnd more information about it?
• Is there a non-Web equivalent of this material that would provide a way of verifying its legitimacy?
Currency
• If timeliness of the information is important, is it kept up-to-date?• Is there an indication of when the site was last updated? Links
• Are links related to the topic and useful to the purpose of the site?• Are links still current, or have they become dead ends?• What kinds of sources are linked?• Are the links evaluated or annotated in any way?• Note: The quality of Web pages linked to the original Web page may vary; therefore, you must always evaluate each Web siteindependently.

Conclusion
• Be very critical of any information you flnd on the Web and carefully examine each site.
• Web pages are susceptible to both accidental and deliberate alteration, and may move or disappear with no notice.
• Print out or download all pages you plan to use in your research so that your bibliography will be complete and accurate. https://library.georgetown.edu/tutorials/research-guides/evaluating-internet-content 4/5 2/26/26, 1:05 PM Evaluating Internet Resources I Georgetown University Library • Are you sure the Web is where you want to be? It may take an hour to find the answer to
a question on the Web that would take
a Reference Librarian two minutes to find. When in doubt, ask a
Ubrarian!
https:Illibrary.georgetown.edu/tutorialslresearch-guides/evaluating-internet-content 5/5 Attachment
7 City of Beverly Hills
Library and Community Services
Material Selection policy
General Library Objectives
The Beverly Hills Public Library provides free service, on equal terms, to all individuals and groups in the community, both children and adults. The basic objectives of the Library are the provision and preservation of books and audiovisual materials, access to electronic resources and programs which aid the individual in the pursuit of education, information and the creative use of leisure time.

Responsibility for Selection of Materials
The ultimate responsibility for the selection of books and other materials, as for all Library activities, rests with the Director of Library and Community Services, who operates within the framework of policies established by the City Council. The Director must be able to answer to the City Manager and to the public for actual selections made by the staff and therefore must have the right to order or to reject any material.

The task of book selection is divided among the professional staff members who are responsible for particular sections of the collection. The staff uses and checks all recognized periodicals, newspapers, professional journals and online resources as well as calling upon their educational background andprofessional judgement. The selection of periodicals, audiovisual materials and electronic databases follow comparable procedures.

Criteria for Selection of Materials
The materials for the Library are selected with due regard to the general residential and businesscommunity which reflects differences in education, reading ability, interests and needs. In order to fulfillthe diverse requirements expected from the Library collection, the overall selection of materials is inclusive rather than exclusive.

The criteria for non—fiction include: timeliness and potential usefulness; the significance and importance of the subject; the accuracy of material; the reputation of the author; the reputation of the publisher; theavailability of the book elsewhere; the availability of other information on the subject; the format of the book with respect to durability and the ability to be handled; the price in relation to subject and need; and inclusion in standard bibliographies and indexes.

In fiction no single standard of subject matter or literary quality can be set up. The Library acquiresfiction, which can be serious or amusing, realistic or fantastic. The Library’s general objective is, as far as possible, to choose well—written books over those that are incompetently written.

In the acquisition of both fiction and non—fiction, suggestions from patrons are welcome and are givenserious consideration.

The Library also recognizes its obligations to provide reference and research materials for direct answering of specific questions and for continuing research. Gifts of materials or funds to enrich the Library collection are gratefully accepted. However, the Library reserves the right to refuse any conditions placed upon gifts of materials or funds.

Basis for the Exclusion of Materials
A single library cannot acquire all materials published and must of necessity employ a policy of selectivity in acquisition. Materials are eliminated from consideration on the basis of the criteria outlined above.

The Beverly Hills Public Library strives not to present a particular point of view but to includerepresentative viewpoints, especially on controversial questions or subjects of general concern. This maymean selecting some materials that espouse an unpopular viewpoint or that are written in an extreme or sensational manner. It is not the purpose of the Library to cater to trivial, antisocial, or prurient interests, but no public institution has the right to judge what people may or may not read, hear or look at. TheLibrary recognizes that citizens must form their own opinions and make their own decisions, and is primarily concerned with providing materials that will help them do so intelligently.

The Library places some materials on closed shelves not for the purpose of censorship but to protect thematerials because they may be costly, rare, out of print, prone to defacement, or physically unsuited toopen shelf use. These books are circulated freely to adults upon request. Materials for children arerestricted only in the recognition by the Library that the ultimate supervision of a child’s reading orviewing or listening is the responsibility of the parent or legal guardian.

The Library’s Right to Choose
The Library will not consider the addition or withdrawal of any material solely because it is approved and sponsored, or disapproved of and objected to, for partisan or doctrinal reasons.

The Library has the right to reject or select books and other materials independently of outside influence.The Library subscribes to the Library Bill of Rights, and the statements of the American Library Association concerning Access to Electronic Information, Services and Networks, and the Diversity in Collection Development (attached).21 February 2002
2 Library Bill of Rights
American Library Association
The American Library Association affirms that all libraries are forums for information and ideas, and that the following basic policies should guide their services.

1. Books and other library resources should be provided for the interest, information, and enlightenment of all people of the community the library serves. Materials should not be excludedbecause of the origin, background, or views of those contributing to their creation.

2. Libraries should provide materials and information presenting all points of view oncurrent and historical issues. Materials should not be proscribed or removed because of partisan or doctrinal disapproval.3. Libraries should challenge censorship in the fulfillment of their responsibility to provideinformation and enlightenment.

4. Libraries should cooperate with all persons and groups concerned with resisting abridgement of free expression and free access of ideas.

5. A person’s right to use a library should not be denied or abridged because of origin, age, background, or views.

6. Libraries, which make exhibit spaces and meeting rooms available to the public theyserve, should make such facilities available on an equitable basis, regardless of the beliefs or affiliations of individuals or groups requesting their use.

Adopted 18 June 1948Amended 2 February 1961, 27 June 1967 and 23 January 1980 by the ALA Council. 3 Diversity in Collection Development
American Library Association
Librarians have a professional responsibility to be inclusive, not exclusive, in collection development and in the provision of interlibrary loan. Access to all materials legally obtainable should be assured to the user and policies should not unjustly exclude materials even if offensive to the librarian or user.

Collection development should reflect the philosophy inherent in Article 2 of the Library Bill of Rights. A balanced collection reflects diversity of materials, not equality of numbers. Collection developmentresponsibilities include selecting materials in the languages in common use in the community, which the library serves. Collection development and the selection of materials should be done according to professional standards and established selection and review procedures.

Librarians have an obligation to protect library collections from removal of materials based on personal bias or prejudice, and to select and support the acquisition of materials on all subjects that meet, as closely as possible, the needs and interest of all persons in the community which the library serves. This includesmaterials that reflect political, economic, religious, social, minority, and sexual issues.

Intellectual freedom, the essence of equitable library services, promotes no causes, furthers no movements, and favors no viewpoints. It only provides for free access to all expressions of ideas throughwhich any and all sides of a question cause, or movement may be explored. 4 Access to Electronic Information, Services, and Networks:

An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights
Introduction
The world is in the midst of an electronic communications revolution. Based on its constitutional, ethical, and historical heritage, American librarianship is uniquely positioned to address the broad range ofinfomiation issues being raised in this revolution. In particular, librarians address intellectual freedom from a strong ethical base and an abiding commitment to the preservation of the individual’s rights.Freedom of expression is an inalienable human right and the foundation for self-government. Freedom of expression encompasses the freedom of speech and the corollary right to receive information. Theserights extend to minors as well as adults. Libraries and librarians exist to facilitate the exercise of theserights by selecting, producing, providing access to, identifying, retrieving, organizing, providing instruction in the use of and preserving recorded expression regardless of the format or technology.

The American Library Association expresses these basic principles of librarianship in its Code ojEthics its and in the Library Bill ofRights and its Interpretations. These serve to guide librarians and library governing bodies in addressing issues of intellectual freedom that arise when the library provides accessto electronic information, services, and networks.

Issues arising from the still-developing technology of computer-mediated information generation, distribution, and retrieval need to be approached and regularly reviewed from a context of constitutional principles and ALA policies so that fundamental and traditional tenets of librarianship are not swept away.

Electronic information flows across boundaries and barriers despite attempts by individuals, governments, and private entities to channel or control it. Even so, many people, for reasons of technology, infrastructure, or socio-economic status do not have access to electronic information.

In making decisions about how to offer access to electronic information, each library should consider its mission, goals, objectives, cooperative agreements, and the needs of the entire community it serves.

The Rights of Users
All library system and network policies, procedures or regulations relating to electronic resources and services should be scrutinized for potential violation of user rights.

User policies should be developed according to the policies and guidelines established by the AmericanLibrary Association, including Guidelines for the Development and Implementation of Policies, Regulations, and Procedures Affecting Access to Library Materials, Services and Facilities.Although electronic systems may include distinct property rights and security concerns, such elementsmay not be employed as a subterfuge to deny users’ access to information. Users have the right to be free of unreasonable limitations or conditions set by libraries, librarians, system administrators, vendors, network service providers, or others. Contracts, agreements, and licenses entered into by libraries onbehalf of their users should not violate this right. Users also have a right to information, training andassistance necessary to operate the hardware and software provided by the library. 5 Users should not be restricted or denied access for expressing or receiving constitutionally protected speech. Users’ access should not be changed without due process, including, but not limited to, formal notice and a means of appeal.

Users have both the right of confidentiality and the right of privacy. The library should uphold these rights by policy, procedure, and practice. Users should be advised, however, that because security is technically difficult to achieve, electronic transactions and files could become public. The rights of users who are minors shall in no way be abridged.

Equity of Access
Electronic information, services, and networks provided directly or indirectly by the library should be equally, readily and equitably accessible to all library users. American Library Association policiesoppose the charging of user fees for the provision of information services by all libraries and information services that receive their major support from public funds. It should be the goal of all libraries to develop policies concerning access to electronic resources in light of Economic Barriers to Information Access: an Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights and Guidelines for the Development and Implementation ofPolicies, Regulations and Procedures Affecting Access to Library Materials, Services and Facilities.

Information Resources and Access
Providing connections to global information, services, and networks is not the same as selecting and purchasing material for a library collection. Determining the accuracy or authenticity of electronic information may present special problems. Some information accessed electronically may not meet alibrary’s selection or collection development policy. It is, therefore, left to each user to determine what isappropriate. Parents and legal guardians who are concerned about their children’s use of electronic resources should provide guidance to their own children.

Libraries and librarians should not deny or limit access to information available via electronic resources because of its allegedly controversial content or because of the librarian’s personal beliefs or fear of confrontation. Information retrieved or utilized electronically should be considered constitutionally protected unless determined otherwise by a court with appropriate jurisdiction.

Libraries, acting within their mission and objectives, must support access to information on all subjects that serve the needs or interests of each user, regardless of the user’s age or the content of the material.Libraries have an obligation to provide access to government information available in electronic format.

Libraries and librarians should not deny access to information solely on the grounds that it is perceived to lack value.

In order to prevent the loss of information, and to preserve the cultural record, libraries may need toexpand their selection or collection development policies to ensure preservation, in appropriate formats, of information obtained electronically.Electronic resources provide unprecedented opportunities to expand the scope of information available tousers. Libraries and librarians should provide access to information presenting all points of view. The provision of access does not imply sponsorship or endorsement. These principles pertain to electronicresources no less than they do to the more traditional sources of information in libraries.

Adopted by the ALA Council, 24 January, 1996
Digitally signed by Beverley Simmons
Beverley DN: CN = Beverley Simmons, C = US, 0 = City of Beverly Hills, OU = Library/ S
. Community Services
I rn rTi OnS Reason: I am approving this document Date: 2007.08.09 09:00:30 -0700’ Attachment
8 Community Services Department
Beverly Hills Public Library

Page 1 ends

Effective Date: July 2, 2014
Policy for Public Use of the Internet
The Beverly Hills Public Library, in its role as a public provider of information and lifelong learning, provides access to the Internet. All workstations are filtered for adult content alcohol and tobacco, gambling, hacking and warez, illegal activities, parkeddomains, spam and xxx. Two unfiltered workstations are available. The Librarysupports the right of individuals to choose library materials for themselves, including those of electronic format.

Choosing and Evaluating Sources
The Internet is a global electronic network of ideas, images, and commentary that may enhance resources already available in the Library. The Library does not control the information on the Internet and cannot be held responsible for its content. Users are encouraged to exercise critical judgment when using the Internet in a safe, effective,and efficient manner. As with printed materials information, users are encouraged toevaluate the validity of information found electronically.

Access by Children
The Library does not have the right or responsibility to act in the place of the parent or legal guardian. There will be some resources which parents or guardians may feel areinappropriate for their children. Parents or guardians are encouraged to work closely with their children in selecting and using materials and resources that are consistentwith their own distinct family and personal viewpoints or values.

Public Internet computers in the children’s area are equipped with commercial filtering software. The blocking software, or filter, is intended to protect against access to Internet material that is obscene, child pornography, or objectionable information.

Parents and children should be aware that no filtering system is 100% effective. Words, images or sounds that may be considered inappropriate or offensive by a computer usermay not be blocked. The same filter may block other constitutionally protected information that a computer user may wish to access. Parents or legal guardians must accept full responsibility for teaching their child appropriate Internet behavior and for supervising the child’s use of the Internet so that inappropriate materials are notaccessed. Children under nine years old should be accompanied by an adult at all times.

Parents or guardians and children should read Child Safety on the Internet Highway (http ://www.safekids.com/child-safety-on-the-information-highway/) and Teen Safety on the Internet Highway (http://www.safeteens.com/teen-safety-on-info-highway/) produced by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Parents and children are also encouraged to read the T h e L ibrarian ‘s Gu ide to G rea t W eb S ites f o r Kid s produced by the Association for Library Service to Children. It is available online at httD:/Iwww.ala.oralareatsites.

Responsibilities of UsersUsers are expected to use the Internet at the Library in a responsible and courteous manner consistent with the purpose for which it is provided and to follow all Libraryrules, procedures and policies established for its use. Violation of these rules mayresult in termination of a session, suspension or loss of the privilege to use the Internet or suspension of all library privileges per the Library Standard of Behavior.

Any illegal activity involving the Library’s Internet resources will be subject to prosecution by the appropriate authorities.Responsible use of the Internet at the Library includes:
• Complying with the library’s posted rules, procedures, and policies• Refraining from using another’s password or identity or login ID• Refraining from illegal or unethical use of the Internet• Respecting intellectual property rights by making only authorized copies of copyrighted or licensed software or data
• Refraining from damaging or altering the configuration of the equipment used to access the Internet
• Refraining from inappropriately altering or damaging software or data• The City of Beverly Hills does not condone, authorize, or permit any person to send or receive any materials over the Internet that may be classified asobscene, incitement to riot, or which have otherwise been declared unlawful or unconstitutional by State, local or federal courts of law.

Network Security
For website security and to ensure that service remains available to all library users, BHPL electronically monitors network traffic to identify unauthorized attempts to upload or change information or otherwise cause damage. Anyone using the BHPL website or public computers expressly consents to such monitoring.Privacy The Library does not monitor an individual’s use of the Internet. Computer searches on public computers are programmed to delete the history of a user’s Internet session once the user logs off. The Computer Booking history is deleted every day.

Copyright
U.s. copyright law (Title 17, U.s. Code) prohibits the unauthorized reproduction or distribution of copyrighted materials, except as permitted by the principles of “fair use”.

Users may not copy or distribute electronic material without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. The Library makes no guarantees, either express or implied, with respect to Internet use, nor is the Library responsible for any misuse of copyright or other violations.

Disclaimer
The City of Beverly Hills expressly disclaims any liability for injuries and/or damages of any kind whatsoever, including consequential damages, arising out of the use of the Internet, the obtaining of any materials from or over any Internet connection and the fitness for use or purpose of any materials, programs or information obtained through access to the Internet.

The accessing or use of the Internet through any equipment or service offered by the City of Beverly Hills shall constitute acknowledgement of this waiver and disclaimer andshall be deemed acceptance of its terms and conditions. All users shall expressly assume the risk of receiving incorrect, inaccurate, defective, fraudulent or unlawful information while accessing the Internet through any equipment or service offered by the City of Beverly Hills.

Effective Date: July 2, 2014
APPROVED:

Nancy Hunt• City Librarian

Beverly Hills City CouncilMarch 24, 2026

Beverly Hills City Council
March 24, 2026