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SECTION 1 - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Burbank Water and Power (BWP) is a municipally owned utility that has served the community’s water and electric needs for over 100 years. The American Public Power Association recognized BWP as a reliable, safe, environmentally proactive electric utility with sound business and industry-leading practices. BWP has maintained a reliable system; however, the system is aging, with much of the equipment built in the 1940s through 1970s to accommodate expansion and growth in Burbank during that time. Like many utilities in that era, BWP’s standard distribution operating voltage was 4 kV, with substations tied to a 34.5 kV transmission system. This system served BWP well for many years; however, by 1999 it had become inadequate for large commercial customers. In addition, the residential and small commercial load has increased during that time due to air conditioning, larger homes, and more electronic devices and appliances in each home.
To address growth and increase capacity for large commercial development, BWP has been slowly converting its older, stressed 4 kV distribution system over the last 20 years to a new, reliable, efficient 12 kV system that provides increased capacity, better power quality, and lower losses. BWP has since changed its standard from the traditional large air-insulated substations to modern gas-insulated substations (GIS) with much smaller footprints. Most of these improvements were directly funded by development projects and commercial customers. BWP also upgraded its interconnection capacity with the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP). In addition, Glendale Water and Power (GWP) added 69 kV tie lines in 2002 to serve increased load; improve reliability; and allow flexibility to import full system load or export generation from Magnolia Power Project (MPP). The 12 kV substations were primarily served from the 34.5 kV system, and newer substations are served from the 69 kV system, allowing BWP to realize additional gains in efficiency.
While BWP has made significant progress in the last 20 years, several 4 kV substations and associated distribution systems remain in service, including four 4 kV substations that are over 60 years old. A comprehensive assessment of the condition, capacity, power quality, and reliability of the BWP system was needed to plan and prioritize the conversion of the 4 kV system and elimination of some of the 4 kV substations fed from the older 34.5 kV transmission system. In 2015, a 20-year Transmission and Distribution System Master Plan (Master Plan) was developed, and BWP is now updating the Master Plan to continue to identify the means of improving operational efficiency and sustaining the high reliability of its system at the lowest long-term cost.
This Master Plan:
• Analyzes the current electric distribution and transmission system and identifies existing system improvements needed.
• Considers various factors contributing to electrical load growth in Burbank over the 20-year period based on projected new developments, 12 kV conversions, electric vehicle (EV) charging loads, and photovoltaic (PV) generation.
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• Conducts an alternative system analysis including electric vehicle (EV) loads and photovoltaic (PV) generation applied to the load forecast projections. It is noted that the Master Plan also includes system analysis and load forecasts without EV loads and PV generation, but this analysis is not discussed in the executive summary for the sake of brevity and because it is not as comprehensive as the alternate system analysis with EV loads and PV generation. • Conducts analysis of the future system configuration with load forecast projections applied and performs the single electric system element outage (N-1) analysis. Reactive power analysis was also performed.
• Recommends mitigations were necessary, based on planning criteria and future system plans for voltage conversions.
• Provides system load forecasts after proposed mitigation over the 20-year period based on projected new developments, 12 kV conversions, electric vehicle (EV) charging loads, and photovoltaic (PV) generation. It is noted that the Master Plan also includes system load forecasts before the proposed mitigation, but these system load forecasts are not discussed in the executive summary for the sake of brevity.
• Develops a capital improvement program (CIP) to complete the recommended mitigation.
Description of Current Electric System
The BWP electric system consists of the following components:
• Service area of 17 square miles
• 33 miles of 69 kV transmission
• 44 miles of 34.5 kV sub-transmission
• 13 distribution substations, 2 customer substations, and 4 switching stations • 186 miles of 4 kV distribution
• 149 miles of 12 kV distribution
• 10,740 poles
• 5,825 distribution transformers
• 53,234 customer meters
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• Historic peak demand of 322 MW (summer 2017). Adjusted peak (for COVID-19) 331.4MW
1.1 Distribution
Existing System Analysis
The existing system analysis results were evaluated against BWP’s planning criteria (Appendix 1.1) for power factor, loading, and voltage. Of the 120 total distribution feeders (feeders are circuits that branch out from substations), the following planning criteria violations were found:
• Power factor: 91 feeders were found to have power factor warnings where the power factor fell between 90-92% lagging.
• Loading: There are a total of 38 feeders in violation of BWP’s loading criteria; 35 of which are on the 4 kV system with just three (3) feeders on the newer 12 kV system. • Voltage: There is no voltage violation of BWP’s planning criteria on the 12 kV primary system.
On the 4 kV portions of the system, 16 feeders were below 95% and 4 feeders were above 105%.
Load Forecast Considerations
Four factors were considered in the development of this Master Plan: the 4 kV to 12 kV conversion program, load growth due to the construction of new developments, load growth due to the transition to electric vehicles, and the adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation. 4 kV to 12 kV Conversion Program
BWP has a very comprehensive distribution network of 4 kV and 12 kV. The 4 kV network is aging and not capable of supporting the increasing load on the system. As such, BWP is continuing the 4 kV to 12 kV conversion efforts to rebuild the electric facilities and increase efficiency, while providing the additional capacity needed for system-wide growth and high electric reliability.
TABLE 1-1: 4 KV SUBSTATION DECOMMISSION TIMELINE
Substation Timeline
Victory 4 kV substation Decommission by 2027
Winona 4 kV substation Decommission by 2031
Clybourn 4 kV substation Decommission by 2032
McCambridge 4 kV substation Decommission by 2039
At the current conversion pace, Town, and Flower 4 kV substations would be converted after the current 20-year planning period, and the 4 kV to 12 kV conversion program would conclude by 2047.
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Accelerated Conversion Program
BWP may accelerate the 4-12 kV conversion completion to 2039, by hiring one additional distribution line crew. This would also require acquiring additional engineering personnel and resources to complete.
Construction of new developments
There are certain areas of the city where BWP expects load growth due to future construction development projects on the system. The City of Burbank has three (3) specific districts targeted for development: the Downtown district, Golden State District, and the Media district (pending). Two of the districts have finalized plans, the Golden State District and the Downtown District. These districts contain several large developments which will result in significant electrical load growth in these areas. Along with the larger site-specific loads and projects forecasted by BWP, there is a large push for more housing to meet Burbank’s Regional Housing Needs Assessment (RHNA). Estimated loading data for these projects and site-specific loads were applied to the adjusted peak load during each load’s respective energization time frame.
Electric Vehicle Charging and Solar Photovoltaic Generation Two other factors were considered when developing this Master Plan: the transitioning to electric vehicles (EV) and the adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) generation. An alternative model was developed and analyzed to determine the impacts of EV charging and PV generation during peak loading conditions.
Electric Vehicle Charging Analysis
The EV analysis evaluated the system with EV charging load only. This was done by first determining the amount load forecasted to be added due to EV, by utilizing existing BWP EV data and reviewing EV data from a similar-sized utility. A trendline was applied to forecast the loads at 5, 10, and 20 years.
The following chart summarizes the EV projections developed for the Master Plan:
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Figure 1-0-1: EV Future Peak Projections
The EV analysis showed the following:
• Voltage: the EV load did not have an adverse effect on voltage quality throughout the planning period. Low voltages seen during analysis were present in the future models and were a result of projected load growth.
• Line loading: Several line sections approached unacceptable levels during the planning period due to EV charging. The bulk of these lines occurs after year 10 on 4 kV distribution, especially in the hillside areas of the city.
Photovoltaic Analysis
Similar to the EV analysis, PV generation was determined and added to the alternative model. Using historical data, a straight-line trend was used to determine the 5-, 10-, and 20-year PV generation totals.
This forecast was broken down into residential and commercial categories and allocated based on the historical trend for each substation. The following table summarizes the PV generation totals added to the alternative model:
Figure 1-0-2: Total System Future PV Projections
The PV analysis showed the following:
Based on the analysis, there were few adverse impacts on the distribution system due to PV generation:
• Reverse power flow: The model shows that some feeders will eventually experience reverse power flow due to PV generation. While reverse power flow is not detrimental to the system if
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planned for, feeder protection schemes may be impacted. Additionally, devices such as voltage regulators, load-tap changers, and system protection devices such as feeder breakers will need to be reviewed to determine if the device has reverse flow detection capabilities. If these devices are not bi-directional, they may not operate correctly under reverse flow conditions, and they may need to be upgraded. To reduce the potential of reverse power flow on a feeder, the feeder’s total generation should be less than the feeder’s load.
• Overvoltage: The model depicts overvoltage present during light loading conditions and is deemed not a resultant of PV generation. The amount of generation added per feeder did not result in any voltage flickering issues.
Analysis of the Future System Configuration
A loading analysis of our future system configuration was conducted by adding the load forecast due to developments, the 4 kV to 12 kV conversions, EV loading, and PV generation to BWP’s existing system model. The distribution system was analyzed for the three (3) planning horizons of 5, 10 and 20 years encompassing this Master Plan. With an analysis performed at the end of each planning period, areas, where system improvements could be made, were identified, and projects were proposed to address them.
These analyses for the 5-, 10-, and 20-year periods identified the following planning criteria violations:
• Substation transformer loading violations
• Distribution feeder loading violations
• Distribution feeder power factor violations
• Distribution feeder voltage violations
Reactive Power Analysis
Using the light loaded alternative models, the reactive power was analyzed. The results showed that there were multiple feeders and substations that had a power factor below 95% in this alternative loading model, however, this analysis was run without the inclusion of substation capacitor banks for VAR support. When running mitigation efforts, it was seen that utilizing the substation capacitor banks satisfactorily mitigated these violations.
Proposed Mitigation and Load Forecast
The following mitigations are proposed in this Master Plan to alleviate the planning criteria violations identified in the future system configuration including consideration of reasonable EV and PV technology integrations:
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• The 4 kV to 12 kV conversion program alleviates voltage violations and conductor loading violations by upgrading the conductors and transformers in the distribution system. • Installation of line capacitor banks as needed.
• Phase balancing to alleviate system imbalance and line loading violations. • Upgrade transformers at the San Jose substation for an additional 12 kV capacity. • Construct a new 12 kV substation on the eastern side of the Interstate-5 freeway, close to the downtown area of Burbank to expand the 12 kV capacity.
A forecast of the system’s electrical load after the proposed mitigation is shown below in Table 1-2.
TABLE 1-2: SYSTEM LOAD FORECAST, POST-MITIGATION BY SUBSTATION (CONVERSIONS & EV/PV/DER INCLUDED) Substation
N-1
Operational
Capacity Base Loading 5-Year Loading 10-Year Loading 20-Year Loading (MVA) (MVA) (MVA) (MVA) (MVA)
Burbank 56 45.25 49.75 55.22 57.60
Clybourn 9.4 8.73 8.84 6.60 -
Flower 24 20.07 19.88 20.29 20.26
Golden State 33.6 15.29 34.96 41.68 43.07
Hollywood Way 56 55.97 52.85 53.27 52.16
Keystone 33.6 33.02 34.91 36.66 36.71
McCambridge 25 31.65 29.64 21.64 19.50
Naomi 18.8 9.00 - - -
Ontario 67.2 10.64 46.68 65.59 84.57
San Jose 33.6 20.92 40.39 37.99 40.49
Town 25 30.01 27.93 27.99 26.94
Victory 25 31.24 2.83 - -
Willow 67.2 - 27.25 27.85 27.93
Winona 23 19.34 18.50 8.32 -
Downtown District 67.2 - - 21.90 21.94
New Data Center 40 - - 40.00 40.00
SYSTEM TOTAL 635.1 331.14 394.42 464.99 471.17
- Percentage values shown in Red indicate capacity to be over planning criteria thresholds: Unacceptable. - Percentage values shown in Yellow indicate capacity to be near planning criteria thresholds: Warning. - Colorized values shown in the "Substation" rows are evaluated according to substation N-1 planning criteria thresholds.
Based on the results of the analysis listed above in Table 1-2, BWP’s electrical load is expected to rise by approximately 63 MW in 5 years, 134 MW in 10 years, and 140 MW in 20 years.
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All of the previously unacceptable loadings seen in the pre-mitigation study would be mitigated to either warning or acceptable levels in future timeframes. Warning conditions may be further mitigated and reduced to the “acceptable” range with the implementation of the Willow Substation and the proposed Downtown District Substation.
Capital Improvement Program
A 20-year CIP was developed as part of the Master Plan. Table 1-3 below details the cost of the CIP but it should be noted these costs reflect 2022 pricing and do not include the estimated cost of accelerating 12 kV conversions.
TABLE 1-3: COSTS TO ADDRESS DISTRIBUTION CRITERIA VIOLATIONS Substation Years 1-5 Years 6-10 Years 11-20
Burbank $1,479,022 $183,360 $188,160
Flower $2,020,070 - -
Golden State $3,675,835 $596,541 -
Hollywood Way $592,560 - -
Keystone $189,360 - -
McCambridge $246,217 - $480,588
Ontario $1,605,821 - -
San Jose $3,496,917 $445,920 -
Town $1,873,335 - -
Winona $317,523 - -
Downtown District - $38,820,940 $6,000,000
4-12 kV Conversions $24,351,800 $17,791,400 $19,891,300 TOTAL $39,848,463 $57,838,161 $26,560,048
Most of the projects indicated are reconductoring projects that will mitigate overloading and voltage criteria violations seen on the distribution network. The bulk of the cost is associated with the installation of a new substation in the downtown district.
Table 1-3 above does not include the accelerated conversion program cost. BWP budgets $5.5 million annually to accommodate the current conversion program. An additional $2.75-3 million would need to be budgeted annually for the conversion to be complete within the 20-year Master Plan timeframe.
This 20-year budget forecast exclusively addresses the costs of mitigation projects and BWP’s current 4- 12 kV conversion plan costs.
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1.2 Transmission
The transmission system model was also analyzed for the 5-year, 10-year, and 20-year load scenarios.
Violations of BWP’s planning criteria were identified in the 10-year and 20-year future system configurations. To resolve the violations, mitigations based on distribution system recommendations were first applied, followed by recommendations for the transmission system.
The study did not identify any voltage criteria violations at the sub-transmission and transmission levels.
Loading criteria violations were identified under certain conditions on the Toluca – Valley 69 kV transmission lines while the Magnolia Power Plant is offline.
The recommended mitigation is to upgrade the impacted 69 kV transmission lines. The estimated cost ranges from $500,000 to $2.93 million based on the different upgrade options available.
1.3 Conclusion
The Master Plan is in alignment with BWP’s overall policy of balancing sustainability, reliability, and affordability, which is indicative of BWP’s Planning Criteria (Appendix 1.1). The proposed transmission, substation, and distribution upgrade projects will maintain system health, reliability, and power quality while improving safety, at the least cost to the community, by converting or eliminating older, less efficient 4 kV substations and circuits and transferring load to new or upgraded 12 kV substations and circuits. The proposed capital improvement program will reduce energy losses and maintenance costs while improving voltage profiles and maintaining high reliability.