AGENDA
ITEM
17 AGENDA
ITEM
CALEXICO California 17
WHERE CALIFORNIA AND MEXICO MEET
CITY COUNCIL
AGENDA STAFF REPORT
DATE: October 15, 2025
TO: Mayor and City Council
APPROVED BY: Benjamin Martinez, City Manager A0 For cM
REVIEWED BY: Karla Chaparro, Finance Director JU
PREPARED BY: Juan Contreras, Fire Chief Se
SUBJECT: Discuss and Review Proposed for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) User Fee Schedule per the EMS Rate Study dated April 2018 and Set a Public Hearing Date of November 5th, 2025
===
Recommendation:
Discuss and Review Proposed for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) User Fee Schedule per the EMS Rate Study dated April 2018 and Set a Public Hearing Date of November 5th, 2025.
Background:
In early 2018, the City contracted with Willdan Financial Services (Willdan) to prepare an EMS User Rate Study to determine the current cost of City provided services, and recommendations for changes to the fees charged for those services. As a part of the process to determine the current cost of providing ambulance services, Willdan required input from the Fire Department to determine the direct, indirect and overhead cost of each service.
On June 20th 2018, the City Council adopted Resolution No. 2018-30 establishing new EMS user fees based on full cost recovery and authorized annual adjustments tied to CPI/ECI for five years.
This approval would authorize an annual adjustment to the fees based on each succeeding year's adopted annual budget. This annual adjustment will ensure that the fees cover the annual costs. All proposed increases (per the accepted official inflation rates) to the existing fees would be brought before the City Council for approval prior to implementation.
This action was taken to reduce the deficit in EMS cost recovery, which exceeded $3.3 million annually at the time.
The 2018 base EMS rates were:
- ALS Level 1: $1,268
- ALS Level 1 Emergency: $1,307
- ALS Level 2: $1,326
- BLS: $1,073
- BLS Emergency: $1,131
- Against Medical Advice (AMA): $410
While the 2018 Council-approved rate structure included annual CPI/ECI adjustments for five years, the City Council has now taken decisive action to authorize adjustments through 2025, ensuring the EMS fee schedule keeps pace with today's economic realities. By proactively updating these fees, the city demonstrates its commitment to fiscal responsibility and high-quality emergency medical services, making certain that fees remain fair, sustainable, and truly reflective of the costs required to deliver essential care to our community.
Discussion and Analysis:
The updated 2025 EMS Fee Schedule reflects CPI-based growth since 2018. In addition, staff have analyzed projected collections using the calendar year 2024 payer mix:
Calendar Year 2024 Payer Mix:
- Medicare: 53%
- Medi-Cal: 7%
- MCAL HMO: 23%
- Insurance (Commercial): 8%
- Private Pay: 9%
Using estimated reimbursement rates (Medicare 80%, Medi-Cal 60%, MCAL HMO 70%, Insurance 95%, Private Pay 50%), the average weighted collection rate is approximately 71%. This means that while the 2025 adjusted fee schedule sets charges at full cost, the city can expect to collect roughly less than three-quarters of those charges are due to payer mixed realities.
Exhibit A provides a detailed listing of 2018 base fees and fees adjusted to calendar year 2025.
Conclusion:
The 2025 CPI-adjusted EMS Fee Schedule maintains alignment between service fees and the actual cost of providing emergency medical services. However, given the City's payer mix, the revenue ultimately recovered will be less than the total amount billed. Adoption of this updated fee schedule is essential to reduce the General Fund subsidy, enhance cost recovery, and ensure the long-term sustainability of EMS operations.
The City Council, by ordinance or resolution, may adjust the adopted fees upward or downward based on publicly available economic indices, such as:
1. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) for Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, All Urban Consumers; or
2. The Employment Cost Index (ECI) for State and Local Government Employees, Total Compensation, published by the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Each year, shortly after January 1, the City may review these indices and consider adjusting the EMS fees in accordance with the annual percentage change in the selected inflationary factor.
Fiscal Impact:
Based on the findings of the 2018 EMS User Fee Study, the proposed increase in fee revenues moves the City closer to recovering the full cost of providing emergency medical services. While the City has historically subsidized a portion of these costs through the General Fund, the updated rates more accurately reflect the actual expenditures associated with personnel, equipment, supplies, and overhead required to deliver these critical public safety services.
Coordinated With:
City Manager, Benjamin Martinez
Finance Director, Karla Chaparro
Attachments:
1. EMS User Fee Study June 2018
2. Exhibit A "2018 base fees, 2025 adjusted fees"
ATTACHMENT NO. 1
CITY OF CALEXICO
8000
6000
Aug
EMS User Fee Study
June 2018
WWILLDAN
CALEXICO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary.... 1
Introduction..... 5
Cost Components ...7
Methodology. ....8
Cost Recovery.... .. 10
Conclusion ... 13
W WILLDAN Ambulance EMS User Fee Study Report
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Executive Summary
As local governments (the "Jurisdictions") deal with increased fiscal limitations in California, Service fees, or user fees (the "Fees") have become an important source of revenue. A Fee is a payment made by an individual for a service (the "Service") provided by a jurisdiction that primarily benefits that individual (the "User"). The primary objective of this user fee study (the "Report") completed for the City of Calexico (the "City"), is to review, analyze and determine appropriate costs for the City to sustain ambulance services to the residents of Calexico.
The City has requested the preparation of a Report to analyze and determine the full cost of ambulance Services in order to (1) recover as much of the actual cost of providing the services as possible; (2) maintain fees comparable to neighboring agencies providing similar services; and (3) identify and recommend additions or deletions to the City's existing service fee schedule (the "Fee Schedule").
According to the law, for an agency to charge a fee, the agency must first adopt an ordinance or resolution establishing the schedule of new or increased fees. The agency must also make available to the public the data supporting the new or increased fee, provide notice for and hold a public board meeting, and consider any testimony regarding the new or proposed fees at said meeting, per the rules and regulations dictated by the law.
The tables within this report include a list of the ambulance service(s) provided by the City and the current assessed fees for those services. To provide context with other local agencies, a table that provides comparable fees charged by neighboring or similar jurisdictions is also included in the report.
Increasingly, jurisdictions not only want to cover the cost of staff labor directly associated with the services but also wish to recover associated support costs. While this cost analysis should enable the City to implement ambulance fees that offer a more sufficient cost recovery, it should be noted that City staff will ultimately decide the fee amounts for each service, based on policy and political considerations. In the case that the fee recommendations within this report are not adopted by the City Council (the "Council"), the City may continue to charge fees based on their most recently adopted fee schedule, per Resolution No. 92-75 (see Table 1).
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Table 1
Current Calexico Ambulance Call Fee Schedule
Service Provided Fees
ALS, Level 1(1) $449
ALS, Level 1 Emergency 449
ALS, Level 2 449
BLS(2) 360
BLS, Emergency 360
1 "ALS" means Advanced Life Support
2 "BLS" means Basic Life Support
*"AMA" means Against Medical Advice, this will be a new purposed fee Sources: City of Calexico Fire Department: Willdan Financial Serves.
After performing the analysis, we have determined the projected full cost of the ambulance services which City of Calexico provides. The results of the analysis include the forecast of the hiring of additional staff members, additions to dispatch members and the exclusion of the Fire Inspector is presented in Table 2 below.
Table 2
Proposed New Fee Schedule for City of Calexico
Current User User Fees Proposed New Projected Future User Fee Classification % of Charges
Fees Charged) User Fee Rates Fees Charged(2)
ALS, Level 1 $449 $8,980 0.53% $1,268 $25,354.49
ALS, Level 1 Emergency $449 $1,646,932 98.02% $1,307 $4,793,091 ALS, Level 2 $449 $449 0.03% $1,326 $1,326
BLS $360 $7,920 0.47% $1,073 $23,599
BLS, Emergency $360 $15,840 0.94% $1,131 $49,773
AMA New New New $410 $111,404
Grand Total N/A $1,680,121 100% N/A $5,004,547
'Current fee levels based off the current user fee rates applied to number of historical calls. 'projected fee levels based off the purposed rates applied to number of historical calls.
Sources: Table 9 of the Report; City of Calexico; Willdan Financial Services.
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Fees for ambulance medical supplies and supplemental services were also previously set in place and adopted by City Council. Table 3 (below) include a list of service(s), medications and the current fees which are charged to the user. Itemized medical service fees were not a part of this study, and as such the budget amounts for revenues and expenditures associated with these supplemental services have been deducted from the total operation budget.
Table 3
Calexico Ambulance Supply Full Fee Schedule
Current
Service Provided
Fees
Airways Nasal/Oral $12.00
Albuterol Calexico 12.00
Assessment at Scene Calexico 125.00
Atropine Calexico 12.00
Backboard Calexico 10.00
Bag Valve Mask Calexico 12.00
Bandages Calexico 10.00
Benadryl Calexico 12.00
Burn Pack Calexico 20.00
Cervical Collar Calexico 20.00
Combitube Calexico 75.00
CPR Calexico 30.00
Defibrillator Calexico 30.00
Diphenhydramine Calexico 12.00
EKG Calexico 70.00
Emesis Bag/Basin 12.00
Endotracheal tubes Calexico 10.00
EOA Calexico 35.00
Epinephrine Calexico 12.00
Extra Crew Calexico 50.00
Furosemide Calexico 12.00
Glucagon Calexico 100.00
Glucometer Calexico 10.00
Head Bed Calexico 15.00
Heat/Cold Pack Calexico 10.00
Intubation Calexico 15.00
Isolation Kit Calexico 18.00
IV Solutions Calexico 20.00
IV start kit Calexico 12.00
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Table 3
Calexico Ambulance Supply Full Fee Schedule.
Current
Service Provided
Fees
Lidocaine Calexico 12.00
Linen/Gloves/Decon Calexico 15.00
MAST Calexico 50.00
MILE1 Calexico 10.00
Naloxone Calexico 12.00
Night Call Calexico 20.00
OB Kit Calexico 20.00
Oxygen Calexico 35.00
Oxytocin Calexico 12.00
Pneumatic anti-shock garment 50.00
Restraints Calexico 10.00
Splints card board Calexico 10.00
Suction Calexico 15.00
Wait Time Calexico 50.00
Sources: City of Calexico Fire Department; Willdan Financial Serves.
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Introduction
Fees in California are required to conform to the statutory requirements of the law, the California Constitution (the "Constitution"), and the California Code of Regulations (the "Code"). According to the law, fees may not exceed the reasonable cost of providing the service for which they are collected unless the excess fee is approved by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the electorate.
Fees are imposed because they aid in the ultimate recovery of costs associated with providing specific services benefiting the user, thereby reducing the use of general fund monies for such purposes. The City believes that its general fund may be subsidizing costs associated with providing services that benefit ambulance users and the current fees may not account for the costs associated with the service delivery.
Additionally, the City has expressed that a combination of factors, including the location, demographics of the fire department service area and the current charge collection limitations imposed by the health industry have significantly impacted the total amount the City is able to collect from ambulance users after services have been rendered. To correct such deficiencies, the City has requested a review and subsequent update of its fee schedule. This Report summarizes current Fees for ambulance related services provided by the City, analyzes the total costs associated with delivering ambulance-related services to the fire department service area and identifies the fees recommended by the City for adoption (which are less than or equal to the full cost of providing the service).
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The substantial increase costs of routine ambulance-related services have led many local agencies to establish or increase related fees. The ambulance/EMS fees for several California agencies are presented in Table 4 below. These comparable rates may provide guidance with in policy decisions with adopting appropriate fees.
Table 4
Current Calexico Ambulance Call Fee Schedule
Emergency Base
Rate Mileage Oxygen
Imperial (Current) $1,200.00 $16.00 $65.00
Imperial (Proposed) $1,900.00 $18.00 $70.00
San Diego $1,925.54 Did Not Report Did Not Report
Riverside $1,647.01 $40.05 $171.30
El Dorado $1,427.00 Did Not Report $80.00
Napa $1,961.03 $40.60 $140.10
Kern $1,972.00 Did Not Report $80.00
San Luis Obispo $2,336.96 $38.72 $81.72
Santa Barbara $2,256.53 $44.09 $44.09
Ventura $1,682.00 $34.75 $110.00
San Mateo $2,499.00 $60.41 Did Not Report
Yolo $1,975.00 Did Not Report Did Not Report
Sources: City of Calexico Fire Department; Willdan Financial Serves.
This Report identifies operational costs and related indirect costs associated with ambulance services. The full cost amount is compared to the current fees for ambulance services. If the full cost exceeds the amount of fees being charged, the Report will identify how much the general fund subsidizes the costs of providing the ambulance services. If the full cost is lower than the current fees collected, the study will identify how much the City is overcharging for ambulance services.
The City has reviewed the full cost of providing services and has recommended fee amounts for each of the ambulance services that are the subject of this Report. Those fee amounts will be presented to the City Council for review and adoption.
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Cost Components
The City has requested Willdan Financial Services to analyze fees for the City's ambulance services (the "Ambulance Services"). The City currently provides 24-hour Ambulance Services to the Calexico Fire Protection Service Area (the "Service Area"), which includes the community of Calexico and surrounding areas. The annual costs associated with providing the services are partially funded by user fees and property taxes. The City also incurs costs related to operations and maintenance of the facilities, equipment, personnel and administrative overhead necessary to provide Ambulance Services.
It is common for jurisdictions, such as City, to update user fee schedules periodically to ensure that the fees imposed on users provide sufficient revenue to cover the cost of the services. Since the City provides Ambulance Services to a growing population that is increasingly remote, the costs involved with each service incident increase over time. At the request of the City, the details contained in this Report focus on recommended fees intended to assist the City in recovering as much of the ongoing costs for Ambulance Services as possible.
As costs associated with the provision of services fluctuate over time, a significant element in the development of any fee schedule is its ability to remain flexible with the current costs factors. We recommended that the City include authorization for a five (5) year annual inflation adjustment in the ordinance adopting the new fee schedule. This will authorize the Council, either by ordinance or resolution, to increase or decrease the fees based upon published information such as (i) the Consumer Price Index (CPI) Los Angeles - Riverside - Orange, All Urban Consumers or (ii) the Employee Cost Index for State and Local Government Employees, Total Compensation as released by the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics. In accordance with an annual inflation factor, and shortly after January 1 of each calendar year, the City may consider increasing or decreasing fees based on the percentage change in the selected adjustment factor.
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Methodology
A variety of methods exist for analyzing the full cost of a particular service provided by a public agency.
Based on the information available and the nature of the City's ambulance services, we have determined that the following is the most appropriate methodology:
Macro Cost vs. Revenue Method: This approach evaluates the appropriateness of current fees by comparing the total cost of each service category (i.e. Advanced Life Support ("ALS"), Basic Life Support ("BLS") and Against Medical Advice ("AMA") with projected total revenues and expenditures. Costs are estimated by apportioning 100% of costs associated with the projection of each ambulance staff member among the various service categories. This method analyzes whether a category of fees is creating a revenue surplus, creating a revenue deficit or breaking even. The advantages of this approach are the ability and relatively easy to calculate and it addresses the reasonable criteria in broad scope. Tables 5 and 6 below show the allocation of the City's Fire Department budget to Ambulance services.
Table 5
Summary of Incidents
Total Calls Call Allocation
Ambulance 4,027 84%
Fire 781 16%
Total 4,808 100%
Sources: City of Calexico, Fire Department; Willdan Financial Services.
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Table 6
Summary of Charges
Total FY 2017/18 Total User Fees FY 2017/18
Expenditures Charged 2) Deficit
Ambulance Budget $5,004,547 $1,680,121 ($3,324,426)
Total $5,004,547 $1,680,121 ($3,324,426)
(1) Assuming Exisiting Rates are not changed and the Fire Department charged for all calls logged Sources: City of Calexico, Fire Denartment: Willdan Financial Services.
Utilizing the Macro Cost vs. Revenue Method approach, the City's total Fire Department operational budget for providing ambulance services to the Calexico fire protection service area in fiscal year 2018/19 is projected to be $5,004,547. However, based on the current EMS fees, only $1,680,121 is estimated to be charged to users for ambulance services, resulting in a deficit of $3,324,426. To move towards recovering the projected full costs associated with sustaining the ambulance services, the City is considering increasing the existing fees. This Report will provide the analysis needed to justify the increase. 9 Ambulance EMS User Fee Study Report
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Cost Recovery
When using the Macro Cost vs. Revenue Method approach, we must allocate the budget to each individual service using an allocation methodology. The factors used to allocate the costs include call category breakdown, level of care and time per call, salaries of all individuals whom respond and aid to the calls, and the budget of operating expenses. The tables below show the results of this allocation.
Tables 7 summarize the call categories and average times associated with each level of service, from Dispatch to cleared patient. As mentioned above the time breakdown will assist in the determination of City's cost recovery and applying the appropriate service fee.
Table 7
Calexico EMS Response
Dispatch Reaction Response Transport Time Patient Care Destination Scene Time Call Length
Name Time Time (Cleared to At (Alarm to Time (At
(Alarm to (Dispatch (Dispatch to (Arrival to (Dispatch
Transfer of Destination to
Dispatch) to Enroute) Arrival) Cleared) Destination) Care) to In Serv.) Cleared Dest.)
ALS, Level 1 0:07:00 2:08:00 5:06:00 18:00:00 25:21:00 45:00:00 23:00:00 65:00:00 ALS, Level 1 Emergency 0:07:00 2:08:00 5:06:00 20:00:00 27:21:00 47:00:00 27:00:00 67:00:00 ALS, Level 2 0:07:00 2:08:00 5:06:00 23:00:00 30:21:00 50:00:00 28:00:00 68:00:00 BLS 0:07:00 2:08:00 5:06:00 16:00:00 23:21:00 35:00:00 24:00:00 55:00:00 BLS, Emergency 0:07:00 2:08:00 5:06:00 18:00:00 25:21:00 40:00:00 23:00:00 58:00:00 AMA 0:07:00 2:08:00 5:06:00 14:00:00 21:21:00 N/A N/A N/A Average Total Response 0:07 2:08 5:06 18:10 25:31:00 41:45:00 25:00:00 62:36:00 Sources: Calexico Fire Department, Willdon Financiol Services.
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Table 8 shows the number of projected annual calls and their call categories which are estimated to be logged for fiscal year 2018/19. The total for the annual call log is applied as a reference point to forecast future operating expenses and adjusted service fees.
Table 8
Summary of Services provided by Calexico Fire Department Calexico EMS Fee
Service Calls
Classification
ALS, Level 1 20
ALS, Level 1 Emergency 3,668
ALS, Level 2 1
BLS 22
BLS, Emergency 44
AMA 272
Grand Total 4,027
Sources: Table 5; City of Calexico: Willdan Financial Services.
The table below (Table 9), summarizes the methodology which was used in order to calculate the estimated total operating cost and the results of the cost analysis for each service type. Each call category depends on a different set of procedures involved in care, personnel who aid in that care and administration actions. These are important factors in calculating the budget allocation to cover full cost for the District.
Methodology formula steps:
1. Convert Average Time Invested per Call into Total Hours Spent;
2. Total Hours Spent per Call Category ÷ Total Hours (4,277) x Total Operating Budget ($5,004,547) = Budget Allocation per Call Category;
3. Budget Allocation ÷ Call Received per Call Category = Full Cost Recovery per Call Category.
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Table 9
Fee Calculation Methodology - Revised
Calls Average Time Total Hours Budget Full Cost
Fee Classification Invested per
Received Spent Allocation Recovery
Call (minutes)
ALS, Level 1 20 65 21.67 $25,354 $1,268
ALS, Level 1 Emergency 3,668 67 4,095.93 4,793,091 1,307 ALS, Level 2 1 68 1.13 1,326 1,326
BLS 22 20.17 23,599 1,073
BLS, Emergency 44 58 42.53 49,773 1,131
AMA 272 21 95.20 111,404 410
Total 4,027 334 4,277 $5,004,547 N/A
Sources: Table 5; Table 6; Table 7 of the Report; City of Calexico; Willdan Financial Services.
The City's projected expenditures for ambulance services for fiscal year 2018/19, as identified in Table 10, were allocated between the six proposed user fee categories based on the projected percentage of total fees charged for each ambulance service category in 2018. The total projected expenditures for each user fee category were then divided by the total number of projected incidents associated with each user fee category that the City's EMS department responded to in 2018. The City may recover up to 100% of the full cost of providing these services.
Table 10
Proposed New Fee Schedule for City of Calexico
Current User User Fees Proposed New Projected Future User Fee Classification % of Charges
Fees Charged") User Fee Rates Fees Charged(2)
ALS, Level 1 $449 $8,980 0.53% $1,268 $25,354.49
ALS, Level 1 Emergency $449 $1,646,932 98.02% $1,307 $4,793,091 ALS, Level 2 $449 $449 0.03% $1,326 $1,326
BLS $360 $7,920 0.47% $1,073 $23,599
BLS, Emergency $360 $15,840 0.94% $1,131 $49,773
AMA New New New $410 $111,404
Grand Total N/A $1,680,121 100% N/A $5,004,547
'Current fee levels based off the current user fee rates applied to number of historical calls. (projected fee levels based off the purposed rates applied to number of historical calls.
Sources: Table 9 of the Report; City of Calexico; Willdan Financial Services.
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Conclusion
Based on the research and analysis conducted in this Report, the following is concluded:
" The City's current Fees are found to be insufficient to cover the projected costs associated with providing Ambulance Services to the City of Calexico Fire Protection Service Area. The City currently runs a deficit of approximately $3,324,426 as reflected in Table 6. • The City has decided to adopt new fees based on full cost recovery for future years along with a five (5) year inflator to keep pace with increasing costs. The inflation factor will be based on (i) the Consumer Price Index (CPI) Los Angeles - Riverside - Orange, All Urban Consumers or (ii) the Employee Cost Index for State and Local Government Employees, Total Compensation as released by the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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10090
5000
6000
4000
2000
WILLDAN
27368 Via Industria, Suite 200
Temecula, California 92590-4856
800.755.6864 | 951.587.3500 | Fax: 951.587.3510
www.willdan.com
ATTACHMENT NO. 2
Exhibit A.
2018 base fees, 2025 adjusted fees
YEAR 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
CPI% 3.80% 3.10% 1.60% 3.80% 7.40% 3.50% 3.30%
FEES
ALS Level 1 1,268 1,316 1,357 1,379 1,431 1,537 1,591 1,643 ALS Level 1 Emergency 1,307 1,357 1,399 1,421 1,475 1,584 1,640 1,694 ALS Level 2 1,326 1,376 1,419 1,442 1,497 1,607 1,664 1,718 BLS 1,073 1,114 1,148 1,167 1,211 1,301 1,346 1,391
BLS Emergency 1,131 1,174 1,210 1,230 1,276 1,371 1,419 1,466 Against Medical Advice (AMA) 410 426 439 446 463 497 514 531 Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual HALF1 HALF2 2015 -0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 1.1 0.8 1.4 1.1 0.7 1.0 1.6 2.0 0.9 0.5 1.3 2016 3.1 2.4 1.7 2.0 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.4 1.9 2.2 1.8 2.0 1.9 2.1 1.7 2017 2.1 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.6 3.6 2.8 2.5 3.1 2018 3.5 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.1 3.6 3.2 3.8 3.8 3.8 2019 3.2 2.5 2.7 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.1 2020 3.1 3.4 1.9 0.7 0.9 1.4 1.9 2.0 1.2 0.7 1.0 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.4 2021 0.9 1.0 2.2 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.6 5.4 6.0 6.6 3.8 2.6 5.1 2022 7.5 7.4 8.5 7.9 8.0 8.6 7.7 7.6 7.8 7.5 6.0 4.9 7.4 8.0 6.9 2023 5.8 5.1 3.7 3.8 3.2 2.5 2.7 3.3 3.2 2.4 2.8 3.5 3.5 4.0 3.0 2024 2.5 3.4 4,0 3.9 3.9 3.2 3.4 2.9 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.3 3.5 3.1 2025 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.1