Campbell City Council
May 19, 2026

Community Advisory Committee Meeting Summary
June 26, 2025, 5:30 pm – 7:00 pm
Remotely via Zoom
Meeting Overview
The fifth meeting of the Campbell Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) Community Advisory Committee (CAC) was held remotely via Zoom on June 26, 2025, from 5:30 PM to 7:00 PM. The meeting focused on reviewing initial impressions and gathering feedback on the early draft of the CAAP. Committee members also discussed input received from Community Survey #2, the City Council, and City staff, and discussed how this feedback has influenced the development of the plan.

Five members of the Community Advisory Committee and the Project Team attended the meeting. The Project Team included Tiffany Hudson, Environmental Programs Specialist, along with the consultant team from Rincon Consultants. Ryan Gardner, Director-in-Charge, and Camila Bobroff, Project Manager, facilitated the meeting and guided the group through the following agenda:
• Welcome & Ice Breaker
o Project Recap & Updates
o CAAP Process Overview
o Community Advisory Committee Meeting #4 Highlights (03/20/25) o Community Survey #2 Insights
• Early Review of Public Draft CAAP
o City Council Feedback
o The Power of Community Voice
o Discussion: First Impressions & Feedback on the Draft CAAP • Next Steps
The CAC members and Project Team began the meeting with a brief welcome and icebreaker, followed by an overview of the CAAP process and a recap of the previous CAC meeting. The Project Team then presented the results of Community Survey #2 and explained how this community feedback has informed the development of the Draft CAAP.

Next, the Project Team shared feedback received from the City Council and City staff, highlighting how this input led to revisions in specific measures and actions.

They also emphasized the importance of community voices at City Council meetings as the CAAP moves closer to adoption.

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Community Advisory Committee
Meeting #5 Summary

The Team then showcased sections of the Draft CAAP that were developed directly in response to CAC recommendations, including the Consumption-Based Inventory and the Climate Action and Resilience Roadmaps for Individuals.

Following the presentation, the Project Team facilitated an open discussion to gather first impressions of the Draft CAAP. The conversation was guided by the following questions:
• What parts of the Draft CAAP felt the clearest or most compelling to you? • Were there any sections that felt confusing or too technical? What would help clarify them?
• Do you feel the draft reflects the priorities and concerns of our community? Why or why not?
• Is there anything you would change or add to help strengthen the CAAP? Attendees
Advisory Group Members
• Ulka Agarwal
• Martin Rauch
• Denise Witte
• Stephanie Morris
• Meghna Varma
City Staff
• Tiffany Hudson, Environmental
Programs Specialist
Campbell Climate Action &
Adaptation Plan Project Team
• Ryan Gardner, Rincon
Consultants
• Camila Bobroff, Rincon
Consultants
Next Steps
• By July 10, 2025 – CAC to review and provide feedback on the Administrative Draft CAAP.
• Mid–Late July 2025 – Project Team to refine the Administrative Draft and prepare the Public Draft CAAP.
• Early August 2025 – Public Draft CAAP will be released for a 30-day public review period.

Project Team will share the link once available.
• August–September 2025 – CAC members to share the Public Draft CAAP with your networks and provide additional feedback (optional). • October 21 & 23, 2025 (Tentative) – Join us at the City Council Adoption Meetings!
o Show your support, provide public comment, celebrate the culmination of our work!
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Meeting #5 Summary

Meeting Notes:

The following notes summarize key points from the Community Advisory Committee (CAC) discussion on the Draft Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP):

Positive Feedback
• Empowering Tools: CAC members appreciated the inclusion of the Consumption-Based Inventory and the Climate Action and Resilience Roadmaps for Individuals, noting that these tools empower residents to take meaningful action.

Suggestions for Improvement
• Making Emissions Data Tangible: Members found large greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions figures difficult to interpret. They recommended using relatable comparisons—such as the number of Olympic swimming pools, miles driven in a gasoline car, or emissions from a small country—to help contextualize the data.
• Clarifying Individual Impact: The Roadmaps could better highlight the impact of individual actions. For example, quantifying the emissions reduction from a community-wide “Meatless Monday” initiative (e.g., “equivalent to taking X gasoline cars off the road”) would make the benefits more concrete. • Linking Actions to Inventory Reductions: Members expressed interest in seeing how the Consumption-Based Inventory would change if Campbell residents adopted the actions outlined in the Roadmaps, such as switching to electric vehicles.
• Improving Visuals: While the CAAP is generally well-written and accessible, Figure 13 (emissions forecasts, targets, and gaps) was noted as confusing.

Suggestions included:
• Removing the two preceding bar charts.
• Adding 1990 emissions data for context.
• Labeling lines directly on the chart instead of using a legend. • Highlighting 2030 and 2045 targets with callouts.
• Enhancing Accessibility: To encourage broader engagement, members suggested breaking the report into smaller, digestible pieces for the City’s website. The Executive Summary and Roadmaps were identified as good candidates for standalone web content. Tiffany Hudson noted plans to create dedicated webpages for specific CAAP sections.

Additional Comments
• Tree Planting Resources: Members highlighted “Our City Forest,” a program offering two free trees to residents in Campbell, San Jose, and Sunnyvale. They suggested reaching out to the group to see if we can promote them in the Individual Roadmaps. Members also suggested exploring whether the City could provide wholesale trees to residents to support private tree planting.

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Meeting #5 Summary

• Inventory and Reporting Cadence: Members recommended clarifying how often GHG inventories are conducted (typically every 2–3 years) and proposed annual reporting on CAAP progress. Tiffany noted that the reporting cadence could be proposed during Council review and incorporated into the final CAAP.
• Health-Focused Framing of Climate Impacts: Members emphasized the importance of highlighting health impacts in the climate hazards section.

Suggestions included:
• Reframing Figure 7 to focus on health-related consequences (e.g., health impacts from air quality declines).
• Replace references to fire near the water tower with a broader focus on health risks, as wildfire itself is not a significant threat in Campbell— however, smoke from regional fires poses a serious concern. Consider illustrating this by removing flames and instead depicting a smoke cloud to better reflect the actual risk.

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Survey #1 Results
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08.01.24 Survey
Results
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Overall
Survey
• The survey was open from June 24, 2024 to
August 16, 2024
• 469 responses
• 1 in Spanish
• 468 in English
• The survey was promoted through social
media, direct email, and an in-person
farmers market
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Key findings
• Most residents have lived in Campbell for
more than 10 years. Most respondents
speak English and fall into the 40-64 age
range.
• Most respondents have noticed changes in
weather patterns and feel the city is
somewhat prepared in case of a natural
disaster.
• The community is most concerned with
extreme heat, drought, wildfires and
impacts to health, and access to basic
needs.
• Respondents are familiar with climate
resilience and adaptation strategies and
have implemented some practices.

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Survey
Results
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Respondents
are…
Homeowner
Renter
Employee
Business Owner
Residential Landlord
Commercial Landlord
Civic Leader
None of the above
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Residents
have lived or
worked in
Campbell for
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Languages
spoke at
home
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Race and
Ethnicity of
Respondents
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Age of
Respondents
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Where do
respondents
live or work?
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Climate
Vulnerability
and Resilience
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Have residents
observed changes
in the weather
patterns,
environment, or
climate?
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Level of concern
about the
impacts of
climate change
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Is Campbell
prepared to
respond to
climate
disasters?
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How concerned
are respondents
about the
impacts of these
hazards?
Not Concerned
Somewhat Concerned
Very Concerned
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Are respondents
home resilient
against these
hazardous
events
Not at all
Somewhat
Very well
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Which impacts
are respondents
most
concerned
about?
Healthy and safety impacts, including
mental health impacts
Difficulty getting to work and school
Loss of access to basic needs or key
services
Housing and property value
Loss or physical damage to my home
Impacts to the natural landscape
None of the above
Other
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Other
notable
responses
“Inability to go outside”
“Impact on children schooling”
“Communication blackouts” “Insurance and utility costs” “Disadvantaged peoples that
may not be able to recover”
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Familiar
Adaptation &
Resilience
Strategies
Nature-based solutions, such as rain
gardens or green infrastructure
Protecting your home against heat,
wildfire smoke, etc.

Protecting critical facilities such as
libraries, emergency facilities,
community assets, etc.

Cooling centers/resiliency hubs
Stormwater management
Drought-resistant landscaping
None of the above
0%
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Greenhouse
Gas
Emissions
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Familiar
Climate
Strategies
Not familiar
Somewhat familiar
Very familiar
Replacing natural gas appliances
with electric appliances
Solar panels and battery storage
Walking, biking or rolling
Switching to an electric vehicle (EV)
Separating food and green
waste/composting at home
Replacing lawns with droughtresistant landscaping
Reducing water use in the home
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How do
respondents
get around
town?
Car
Bike
Walk
Transit
Rideshare
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What would
encourage
respondents to
take transit, bike,
or walk more?
Protected bike lanes
More convenient transit stops
More transit routes
Safer sidewalks (wider or protected)
More off-street bike paths
More shade
None of the above
Better connected bike/pedestrian
infrastructure network
Other
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Notable
responses
Proximity of grocery stores
More frequent transit services
Areas for bike storage
Safety
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Have respondents
made the
following
improvements to
your home?
Have done
Planning to do
Interested in
Not interested
Solar panels
Heat pump heating and cooling
Heat pump water heater
Induction cooking
EE appliances/better insulation
Water conservation measures
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How do
respondents
reduce food
waste in your
home?
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The most
important
climate
benefits are None of the above
Improving access to healthy food
Improving air and water quality
Improving access to walking trails,
bike paths, and parks
Improving disaster preparedness,
safety, and resilience
Improving the economy/creating jobs
Other
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Other notes
Walkable bikeable grocery stores
and other resources
Improved quality of life
Increased education
Reduced housing density and
affordable housing
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Additional
information
• Most respondents find information about
their community via the internet/website,
family & neighbors, or social media
• Respondents find emergency
communications on AlertSCC,
family/friends, and social media
• The majority (67%) of respondents have not
participated in a planning effort previously
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Survey #2 Results
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Campbell CAAP Prioritization
Campbell CAAP Prioritization Survey Results 1
Campbell CAAP Prioritization
Community Survey Results
Introduction to survey and respondent demographics
 To inform the City of Campbell’s first Climate Action and Adaptation Plan, this survey asked community members to weigh in on potential strategies for reducing emissions and building resilience to climate impacts like extreme heat, drought, and storms. Results incorporate feedback from 363 English and Spanish-speaking respondents.  The majority of respondents are ages 40 to 64 (57%), and live or work in Districts 2 or 3 (53%). Most respondents own their home (67.3%), have lived or worked in Campbell for over 10 years (64.54%), speak English in their homes (94.17%), and self-identify as White/Caucasian (69.7%).

Most popular strategies supported by the community
Building Energy
 Respondents showed the strongest support for improving energy performance in existing buildings, with 75% favoring incentives to reduce the cost of switching to electric appliances. There was also significant interest (55%) in increasing education around existing state and federal incentives to help residents make energy-efficient upgrades. For new construction, requiring solar panels and battery storage was highly supported (66%), as was the adoption of “cool roofs” that reduce heat absorption (66%).  Constructing new buildings that are resilient
o Require new buildings to have more solar and battery storage – H (65.76%) o Require roofs to use materials that absorb less heat (“cool roofs”) – M (65.76%)  Improving existing buildings
o Offer incentives to reduce costs of switching to electric appliances – M (75.15%) o Provide education on existing state and federal incentives to help reduce costs – L (55.45%)
Transportation
 Respondents expressed strong support for installing EV chargers at public locations like libraries and parks (71%) and making it easier for developers to add charging infrastructure (73%) were among the most favored actions. There was also solid backing (60%) for requiring EV chargers in new commercial and residential developments. To improve walkability, adding new sidewalks and crosswalks received widespread approval (74%), while maintaining existing pedestrian and bike infrastructure was also supported (63%). In terms of public transit, respondents endorsed a local shuttle connecting Campbell to nearby cities (59%) and adding shade structures at bus stops (58%), demonstrating a desire for both expanded service and increased rider comfort.

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CAAP Prioritization
2  Walkability and Compact Neighborhoods
o Add new crosswalks and sidewalks to make streets more walkable – M (73.7%) o Maintain existing sidewalks and bike lanes – L (63.3%)  Public Transportation
o Create a Campbell shuttle that connects to Santa Clara, Los Gatos, and Palo Alto – M (58.58%)
o Coordinate with VTA to build shade structures at bus stops – L (57.61%)  Electric Vehicles and Lawn Equipment
o Install publicly accessible EV chargers at the library, community center, and parks – H (70.93%)
o Make permitting easier for developers to add EV charging – M (73.48%) o Require developers to install EV chargers at shopping centers, offices, and apartment buildings – H (60.38%)
Urban Ecosystems and Sustainable Food
 Respondents showed strong support for increasing urban tree cover; planting more trees on City-owned property received the highest approval (84%), with additional support for maintaining existing trees (77%) and requiring tree planting in new developments (75%). In terms of climate resilience, coordinating with Valley Water to plant native landscaping to reduce flood risk was widely favored (79%), as was upgrading creek trails and bike paths to serve as elevated flood barriers (68%). Favored waste reduction strategies included continuing the community compost program (77%) and expanding the County’s food recovery efforts in Campbell (72%).
 Water Conservation and Flooding
o Coordinate with Valley Water to upgrade creek trails and bike paths so they can function as elevated flood barriers – M (68.14%)
o Coordinate with Valley Water to plant native, sustainable landscaping to help prevent flooding around creeks and parks – M (78.86%)
 Tree Cover
o Plant more trees on City-owned property – H (83.85%)
o Maintain existing trees of City-owned property – M (76.71%) o Require tree planting for new development projects – M (74.53%)  Reduce Waste
o Continue to implement the County’s food recovery program in Campbell to reduce food waste – M (72.35%)
o Continue Campbell’s community compost program – M (76.85%) Item 10.1
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Campbell CAAP Prioritization
Campbell CAAP Prioritization Survey Results 3
Social and Governance System
 Over 80% of respondents favored creating a year-round Resilience Hub in collaboration with the County Library District to provide refuge during extreme heat, poor air quality, and flooding events. There was also moderate support (56%) for partnering with nonprofits to enhance outreach and education around climate action, signaling a desire for more inclusive and coordinated approaches to community preparedness and engagement.  Social & governance responses:
o Collaborate with the County Library District to develop a Resilience Hub to offer refuge to people from extreme heat conditions, poor air quality, and flooding open year-round – H (80.7%)
o Collaboration with nonprofits on outreach related to climate action – L (56.14%) Least popular strategies supported by the community
Building Energy
 There was less enthusiasm for requiring mandatory changes to existing buildings. Only 24% of respondents supported requiring all gas appliances to be replaced with electric ones, and just 34% supported switching specific appliances like space and water heaters at the time of replacement. Additionally, fewer than half (44%) supported developing design standards for window placement and awnings to promote passive cooling in new buildings.  Constructing new buildings that are resilient
o Develop standards for window locations and awnings that promote cooling – M (43.64%)
 Improving existing buildings
o Require ALL gas appliances to be switched to electric ones at time of replacement – H (23.94%)
o Require SOME gas appliances to be switched to electric ones at time of replacement (space and water heating) – M (33.94%)
Transportation
 Survey respondents expressed the least support for strategies that impact parking and vehicle-related regulations. Charging people for parking downtown was the least favored option, with only 16% in support, followed by removing parking minimums for new developments (23%). Proposals to enhance biking infrastructure also saw limited support, including establishing a bike-share program (30%) and building bike lanes near all VTA light rail stations (38%). Banning gas- and diesel-powered lawn equipment (41%) and providing EV education and incentive information (40%) received modest backing, suggesting that the community prefers strategies that maintain convenience and personal choice.

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CAAP Prioritization
4  Walkability and Compact Neighborhoods
o Charge for parking downtown – H (15.6%)
o Remove parking minimums for new developments, which require a certain number of parking spaces for new developments – M (22.94%)
 Public Transportation
o Establish a bike-share program in popular areas (downtown, Pruneyard, VTA stops) – M (30.1%)
o Build bike lanes within 2 miles of all VTA light rail stations – L (37.86%)  Electric Vehicles and Lawn Equipment
o Ban specific types of gasoline- and diesel-powered lawn and garden equipment – M (41.21%)
o Provide educational materials on the benefits of EVs and incentives that help lower costs – L (39.94%)
Urban Ecosystems and Sustainable Food
 Measures with the lowest support from survey respondents were those involving restrictions or mandates. The least supported measure was banning the removal of trees on private property, with only 16% approval, indicating sensitivity around property rights.

Relocating flood-prone assets (39%) and banning decorative grass in new developments (44%) also saw limited support. Educational initiatives had moderate interest, with around half of respondents supporting waste-sorting education (50%) and information on food recovery requirements (51%), and 47% supporting community education on tree benefits.  Water Conservation and Flooding
o Relocate assets that are at risk of flood damage – H (38.8%) o Ban non-functional (i.e., decorative) grass in new building design – L (43.53%)  Tree Cover
o Ban the removal of existing trees on private property – M (15.84%) o Provide education to the community on the benefits of trees – L (46.58%)  Reduce Waste
o Collaborate with community-based organizations to host educational events that teach proper waste sorting techniques – L (50.48%)
o Develop and distribute educational materials on edible food recovery requirements – L (50.8%)
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Campbell CAAP Prioritization
Campbell CAAP Prioritization Survey Results 5
Social and Governance Systems
 Respondents showed relatively low support for expanding government staffing and communication efforts. Only 43% supported funding additional City positions dedicated to climate action, and 49% supported increasing communication to the community about climate hazards. These results suggest that while residents may be cautious about increasing government spending or may prefer more direct, tangible actions over administrative or informational initiatives.
 Social & Governance Survey Responses:
o Fund additional positions within the City to support climate action – H (42.81%) o Provide communication to the community on climate hazards – L (48.77%) For which sectors (buildings, transportation, etc.) is the community willing to be most ambitious?
 Urban Ecosystems and Sustainable Food: This sector saw very strong support for highimpact actions, especially Planting more trees on City-owned property (H, 83.85%), Native landscaping for flood control (M, 78.86%), and Community composting (M, 76.85%).

Results indicate a readiness to invest in nature-based solutions and waste reduction.  Building Energy: There was strong support for high-impact strategies in new construction, like requiring solar and battery storage in new buildings (H, 65.76%) and moderate to high support for medium-impact incentives (e.g., electrification subsidies, cool roofs). The community supports ambitious standards when paired with incentives, especially for retrofits.
 Transportation: There was strong approval for high-impact EV infrastructure, such as Publicly accessible EV charger installment (H, 70.93%) and EV charger requirements in new developments (H, 60.38%). Walkability improvements like adding sidewalks (M, 73.7%) were also popular.

For which sectors is the community wanting to be most conservative (least ambitious)?
 Transportation: Very low support for high-impact pricing, such as Charging for downtown parking (H, 15.6%) and Removing parking minimums (M, 22.94%). There was mixed interest in public transit and bike infrastructure, with lower enthusiasm for bike-share (M, 30.1%) and bike lane expansion (L, 37.86%). Indicates resistance to behavior-shifting strategies that reduce car dependency.
 Building Energy: Community shows hesitation around mandatory electrification, like requiring all gas appliances to be replaced (H, 23.94%), and even partial electrification mandates scored low (M, 33.94%).
 Social and Governance Systems: There was lower support for administrative or indirect strategies, like funding new City staff for climate action (H, 42.81%) and investing in climate hazard communication (L, 48.77%). In general, the community appears more motivated by visible or direct improvements than by governance capacity-building.

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CAAP Prioritization
6 Notes (Anything interesting?)
 Community members tend to prefer incentives and flexibility over mandates.  Little interest in educational initiatives, except for when it clearly states what incentives exist to save residents money.
 Summary: The community seems most interested in investing in nature-based solutions, visible infrastructure, and promoting incentives, but is less enthusiastic about mandates, pricing strategies, and administrative expansion.

Open-Ended Survey Responses
Community Climate Priorities - Insights from Campbell Residents Feedback from 123 Campbell residents reveals a shared commitment to climate action grounded in practicality, equity, and community empowerment. Respondents call for voluntary, cost-sensitive, and locally responsive approaches rather than top-down mandates. Seven key themes emerged across the responses:

1. Strong Support for Community Gardening and Edible Landscapes Community gardens are seen as vital infrastructure for food security, intergenerational learning, and neighborhood cohesion. Respondents envision gardens as:
 Sources of fresh, healthy food and gathering places that build social connection.  Opportunities to integrate edible landscaping into parks and public spaces.  Educational tools for promoting sustainability and climate resilience.  Accessible to renters, seniors, and residents without yards, with reduced barriers through free or subsidized seeds, tools, and plots.

2. Education, Transparency, and Voluntary Participation Respondents consistently emphasized the need for clear, accessible education and cost transparency around climate initiatives. They support transitioning to sustainable practices, like electric appliances, composting, and native landscaping, but stress that:
 Outreach must inform rather than compel.
 Financially sustainable options for residents of all income levels (make clear the affordability of solar energy, home electrification, and housing-related costs)  Avoiding heavy-handed mandates, instead offering guidelines, incentives, and support.

3. Equity, Access, and Inclusion
Residents called for climate strategies that center equity, especially for historically underserved populations and high-density neighborhoods. They highlighted the importance of:
 Accessible green spaces and programs for renters and low-income residents.  Distributed resources (seeds, plants, tools) throughout the city.  Eliminating barriers to entry for participation in sustainability programs.

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Campbell CAAP Prioritization
Campbell CAAP Prioritization Survey Results 7

4. Neighborhood-Scale, Low-Cost Solutions
There is strong enthusiasm for hyperlocal, decentralized programs that embed climate action into everyday spaces:
 Little Free Seed Libraries for biodiversity and community sharing.  Micro-garden kits to support balcony and patio gardening.  Native plant corridors and pollinator pathways using medians and front yards.

5. Green Infrastructure for Urban Resilience
Residents want to see increased investment in nature-based infrastructure to address climate and environmental challenges:
 Tree planting, permeable pavement, and shade in public areas.  Stormwater capture and reuse of sewer water.
 Installation of white/reflective roofs and green roofs to mitigate urban heat.  Public education around tree care and water conservation.

6. Sustainable Transportation
Transportation feedback focused on improving mobility options and reducing reliance on cars without penalizing drivers:
 Support for shuttle and bike connectivity, expanded transit, and pedestrian zones (e.g. downtown Campbell).
 Collaboration with VTA and San Jose on transit extensions and community shuttles to nearby hubs.
 Concerns about reduced parking or mandates that limit flexibility, especially for those with limited alternatives.

7. Trust, Civic Engagement, and Collaboration
Many respondents expressed appreciation for the city’s outreach but also concern about predetermined planning outcomes. They called for:
 More opportunities for ongoing, collaborative engagement.  Flexible policy language that avoids terms like “ban” or “require.”  A planning process that respects public input and adapts to community feedback.

Conclusion
Campbell residents overwhelmingly support climate action that is community-driven, inclusive, and practical. They want to be partners in the process, not just recipients of prescriptive policy. The city’s success will depend on how well it: invests in education and trust-building, supports voluntary participation with meaningful incentives, and prioritizes solutions that reflect the lived realities of all residents.

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CAAP Prioritization
8 QUOTES FROM COMMUNITY
Strong support for community gardens and decentralized programs that embed climate action into neighborhoods (pollinator corridors, Little Free Seed Libraries) - A “Installing free little SEED LIBRARIES in neighborhoods will provide a big payoff for a relatively small investment. SEED LIBRARIES build community and security.” Emphasis on the need for clear, accessible education and cost transparency around climate initiatives, with a focus on strategies that center equity, especially for historically underserved populations and high-density neighborhoods
- B “(EV programs often) benefit only a small group of people who have the financial means and can charge them at their house. [...] (This must) be coordinated in a fair way so that everyone regardless of their race, economic or housing status have equal access to these programs.”
- C “Homeowners are already overwhelmed with cost issues and anything mandated hurts the wallet even more.”
Climate action that is community-driven - respondents want to be partners in the process, not just recipients of prescriptive policy
- D “Plant trees and don't create new taxes. [...] Think very carefully about cost benefit" - E “Unless a family is very wealthy...the rates & increases are already too burdensome. So this survey may have noble goals...but til PGE lowers electricity rates, how can anyone vote for removing gas anything, for increasing any more taxes?” - F “Instead of relying solely on mandates, we can empower individuals through education to make decisions that align with both personal values and the global good.” - G “Educating and Incentivizing is a slow and steady process that gives people choice and flexibility for change. Forcing change breeds resentment and distrust in governance.” Item 10.1
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Appendix C
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
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Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
prepared by
City of Campbell
Community Development Department
70 North First Street
Campbell, California 95008
Contact: Tiffany Hudson, Environmental Program Specialist prepared with the assistance of
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
449 15th Street, Suite 303
Oakland, California 94612
October 2024
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Table of Contents
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment i
Table of Contents
1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Land Acknowledgement......................................................................................................1

1.2 Purpose ...............................................................................................................................1

1.3 Glossary...............................................................................................................................2

1.4 Vulnerability Assessment Methodology .............................................................................2

1.5 Campbell Snapshot .............................................................................................................3 2 Vulnerable Community Members ..................................................................................................5 3 Climate Hazards and Impacts .......................................................................................................12

3.1 Climate Hazards................................................................................................................12

3.2 Climate Impacts ................................................................................................................15 4 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................20 Figures
Figure 1 Critical Facilities in Campbell ..............................................................................................4 Figure 2 Climate Vulnerability in Campbell by Data Source ...........................................................10 Figure 3 Climate Vulnerability in Campbell.....................................................................................11 Figure 4 Riverine Flood Projections in Campbell ............................................................................14 Item 10.1
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Introduction
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 1
1 Introduction

1.1 Land Acknowledgement
The City of Campbell acknowledges that the city is located on ancestral lands of great importance to Tamien Nation, a tribe recognized under California State Law, and that the people of Tamien Nation are important members of the Campbell community.

1.2 Purpose
Climate change is a global phenomenon that can impact ecosystems, community health, public safety, buildings, transportation infrastructure, water infrastructure, waste infrastructure, and emergency response services. The primary driver of climate change is increased greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere due to human activity. This Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (CCVA) evaluates how climate change is anticipated to impact Campbell. The guiding methodology used in this assessment is based on the Santa Clara County Office of Sustainability’s 2015 Silicon Valley 2.0 Climate Adaptation Guidebook1 and Climate Change Preparedness Tool2(collectively referred to as SV 2.0)
3 , which is discussed in more detail in the Vulnerability Assessment Methodology section of this report.

Understanding Campbell’s vulnerabilities to climate change provides a foundation for developing climate adaptation measures and actions for the City’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP), along with measures and actions that will help to reduce GHG emissions. 1County of Santa Clara Office of Sustainability and Climate Action. 2015. Silicon Valley 2.0 Climate Adaptation Guidebook. https://sustainability.sccgov.org/sites/g/files/exjcpb976/files/documents/1_150803_Final%20Guidebook_W_Appendices.pdf 2County of Santa Clara Office of Sustainability. N.d. Silicon Valley 2.0 Climate Change Preparedness Tool. https://siliconvalleytwopointzero.org/home
3County of Santa Clara Office of Sustainability and Climate Action. 2015. Silicon Valley 2.0 Climate Adaptation Guidebook.

Causes of Climate Change
Climate change is caused by the addition of excess greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, which trap heat near the earth’s surface, raising global average temperatures. Known as the greenhouse effect, this increase in average temperatures across the globe affects sea level rise, ocean temperatures and chemistry, precipitation patterns, the severity of wildfires, the prevalence of extreme heat events, and water supply (NASA 2022). According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), GHG are now higher than they have been in the past 400,000 years, raising carbon dioxide levels from 280 parts per million to 410 parts per million in the last 150 years (IPCC 2021). The dramatic increase in GHG is attributed to human activities—beginning with the industrial revolution in the 1800s, which represented a shift from an agrarian and handicraft-based economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing (NASA 2022).

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2 1.3 Glossary
Several words and phrases are used throughout this assessment to illustrate climate vulnerabilities within Campbell. These definitions come from IPCC and the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES):
▪ Adaptation. The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, either to minimize harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate.
▪ Asset. Refers to a resource, structure, facility, or service that is relied on by a community. ▪ Climate Hazard. A dangerous or potentially dangerous condition created by the effects of the local climate. Climate hazards of concern for Campbell are extreme heat, poor air quality, riverine flooding, and drought.
▪ Impact. Effects on natural and human systems including those on lives, livelihoods, health, ecosystems, economies, societies, cultures, services, and infrastructure due to the interaction of climate hazards and the vulnerabilities of the system or asset effected. ▪ Mitigation. An act or sustained action to reduce, eliminate, or avoid negative impacts or effects. ▪ Resilience. The capacity of an entity (an individual, a community, an organization, or a natural system) to prepare for disruptions, to recover from shocks and stresses, and to adapt and grow from a disruptive experience.
▪ Vulnerability. The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected. ▪ Vulnerable Populations. Certain populations experience increased exposure or risk to climate change and often have less capacity and fewer resources to cope with, adapt to, or recover from climate impacts. Given this, assessing and mitigating impacts to these populations is a priority.

1.4 Vulnerability Assessment Methodology
This report is informed by the findings of SV 2.0, which describes anticipated climate change impacts in Santa Clara County. SV 2.0 identifies historic climate variables in the County, including riverine flooding, wildfire, extreme heat, drought, and air quality deterioration. SV 2.0 assesses the following sectors: buildings and properties, communications, ecosystem, energy, public health, solid and hazardous waste, transportation, and water and wastewater. The Climate Change Preparedness Decision Support Tool offers an analysis of climate projections by city, or countrywide. In alignment with the Cal OES California Adaptation Planning Guide, this report considers a high-emissions scenario (RCP 8.54) when analyzing projected climate change hazards and impacts.5 The social vulnerability methodology used in this report is informed by the Silicon Valley 2.0 Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) methodology,6 which offers a socioeconomic context to climate change impacts. The SV 2.0 SoVI methodology identifies, groups, and analyzes vulnerable populations using data from the Santa Clara County Department of Public Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), California Office of 4RCP 8.5 is a Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenario that describes a potential future of global warming. It's a highemissions scenario that assumes a continuation of rising emissions throughout the 21st century. 5California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services. 2020. California Adaptation Planning Guide. https://www.caloes.ca.gov/wpcontent/uploads/Hazard-Mitigation/Documents/CA-Adaptation-Planning-Guide-FINAL-June-2020- Accessible.pdf#search=adaptation%20planning%20guide
6County of Santa Clara Office of Sustainability. Silicon Valley 2.0 Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) Methodology. 2021. https://siliconvalleytwopointzero.org/downloads/SiliconValley2.0_SOVI-Methodology.pdf Item 10.1
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7Santa Clara County. 2023. Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2023 Update City of Campbell Annex Draft. https://emergencymanagement.sccgov.org/sites/g/files/exjcpb261/files/2023-07/City%20of%20Campbell_Annex%20Draft_6.20.23.pdf Introduction
Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Public Health Hazard Assessment, Public Health Alliance of Southern California, San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC), California Department of Public Health, Pacific Institute & California Energy Commission, Delta Stewardship Council, and U.S. Census Bureau. Vulnerable populations were also mapped using BCDC’s Community Vulnerability index, along with the Metropolitan Transportation Commission’s Equity Priority Communities, or “Communities of Concern.” Input from the Campbell community was incorporated into the development of this report, providing critical validation of the findings. As part of the CAAP process, the City convened a Community Advisory Committee (CAC) made up of a diverse group of community members who have a vested, long-term interest in Campbell. For more information about how the CAC’s input was incorporated, see the Vulnerable Community Members section of this report.

1.5 Campbell Snapshot
Campbell is located in Santa Clara County, about 25 miles east of the California coastline. The City is surrounded by the City of San Jose, City of Saratoga, and Town of Los Gatos. Campbell spans 6.35 square miles and has a population of over 42,000 residents. The City has various neighborhood parks located throughout the city for the peaceful enjoyment of residents, their families, and guests.

Facilities and amenities at these parks include restrooms and playgrounds for children.

Critical facilities are important to a community’s response and recovery from emergencies. Critical facilities must continue to operate during and following a disaster to reduce the severity of impacts on the community and accelerate recovery. Critical facilities in Campbell, as defined in the Santa Clara County Multijurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan 2023 Update City of Campbell Annex7 and shown in Figure 1 include police stations, fire stations, and hospitals. Other facilities considered critical in this report are those that house climate vulnerable populations, including schools, senior centers, affordable housing units, and mobile home parks, as well as City Hall, libraries, community centers, and parks. The majority of the critical facilities are located along Campbell Avenue. Some critical facilities outside of City limits have been included in the map as they are commonly used by Campbell residents.

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4 Figure 1 Critical Facilities in Campbell
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2 Vulnerable Community Members
The presence of vulnerable populations in the City of Campbell were identified based on SV 2.0, Metropolitan Transportation Commission’s Equity Priority Communities (EPC), the San Francisco Bay Conservation & Development Commission (BCDC) community vulnerability map, and feedback received from the Campbell CAAP Community Advisory Committee. The following sections describe how each source was used to determine areas with high concentrations of vulnerable populations in Campbell.

Silicon Valley 2.0
The SV 2.0 methodology is a modified version of the methodology developed by the Delta Stewardship Council. The Delta Stewardship Council model is specifically tailored to capture social and economic factors that have been tied to increased vulnerability to flooding, extreme heat, and wildfire. The indicators used in SV 2.0 are the same as in the Delta Stewardship Council model with two exceptions, the addition of homelessness status to reflect the vulnerability of unhoused populations and transit access to reflect the vulnerability for residents living in areas not accessible to public transportation. SVI 2.0 includes data from the 2015-2019 American Community Survey (ACS) and other sources on socioeconomic status, age and ability, minority status and English language proficiency, housing and transportation access, and health care and food access.

SV 2.0 uses the following indicators to calculate a social vulnerability index to identify locations in Santa Clara County that are vulnerable to climate change:

Population, Housing, and Transportation
▪ Population density
▪ Low-income households
▪ Educational attainment
▪ Children
▪ Older adults living alone
▪ Ability
▪ Race and ethnicity
▪ Linguistic isolation
▪ Cost-burdened renters
▪ Vehicle access
▪ Homelessness status
▪ Transit access
Health and Food Access
▪ Health insurance
▪ Asthma
▪ Cardiovascular disease
▪ Food access
The index assigns a score to each Census tract in Santa Clara County based on the number of indicators that fall in the 70th percentile or higher. Three Census Tracts in Campbell (5065.03, 5065.04, and 5065.05), shown as the hatched area in Figure 2, were identified as moderately vulnerable as part of SV 2.0.

Metropolitan Transportation Commission: Equity Priority Communities MTC developed a list of Equity Priority Communities (EPC) – Census Tracts that are overwhelmingly and historically underserved based on socioeconomic status – in order to direct funding toward projects that enable more equitable access to transportation, housing, and services. 8 EPCs are
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6 included in this report because the demographic factors that make up these communities also increase vulnerability to climate change. The indicators included in the EPC framework are:
▪ People of color
▪ Low-income
▪ Limited English proficiency
▪ Zero-vehicle household
▪ Seniors 75 years and over
▪ People with a disability
▪ Single parent families
▪ Severely rent-burdened
There are two Equity Priority Communities within Campbell as shown in green in Figure 2: the Rosemary neighborhood (northwest of W. Hamilton Avenue and Winchester Boulevard in Census Tracts 5065.04 and 5065.05) and outside of the city boundary in the South Bascom Urban Village (between Southwest Expressway and W. Hamilton Ave in Tract 5021.04).

San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission Community Vulnerability Map
The San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission (BCDC) Adapting to Rising Tides Program developed a community vulnerability map to better understand vulnerability to current and future flooding due to sea level rise and storm surges. The data is used to help inform the implementation of the BCDC Environmental Justice and Social Equity Bay Plan amendment. The community vulnerability map uses Census Block Groups using data from the American Community Survey (2017-2021) and CalEnviroScreen 4.0 to identify areas of low, moderate, high, and highest social vulnerability. This data extends into all of Santa Clara County, including Campbell, and is used in this report because the social vulnerability indicators used by BCDC also reflect increased vulnerability to other types of climate change hazards. Social vulnerability indicators included in the BCDC map are:
▪ Renters
▪ Under 5
▪ Very low-income
▪ Not U.S. citizen
▪ Without a vehicle
▪ People with a disability
▪ Single parent families
▪ Communities of color
▪ 65 and over, living alone
▪ Limited English proficiency
▪ Without a high school degree
▪ Severely housing cost burdened
There are four Block Groups in Campbell identified as high or highest social vulnerability, as defined by the BCDC community vulnerability map and shaded in orange in Figure 2: one Block Group in the northwest south of Hamilton Avenue (Block Group 3 in Census Tract 5066.06), two in downtown Campbell (Block Groups 1 and 2 in Census Tract 5065.03), and one in south Campbell surrounding Knowles Drive between Pollard Road and Winchester Boulevard (Block Group 3 in Census Tract 5067.03).

Campbell CAAP Community Advisory Committee Feedback
In June 2024, the Campbell CAAP Community Advisory Committee provided feedback on the draft climate vulnerability map developed using data from SV 2.0, EPC, and BCDC. The Community Advisory Committee validated the areas initially identified in these data sets, and added an additional climate-vulnerable area shown in purple in Figure 2 (Census Tract 5065.02) along the Los Gatos Creek, based on high concentrations of affordable housing units (shown in Figure 1) as well as Item 10.1
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unhoused individuals living along the creek. Figure 2 shows the climate vulnerable communities in Campbell by data source and Figure 3 shows a simplified version of all climate-vulnerable communities in Campbell resulting from the combination of methodologies described here.

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Figure 3 Climate Vulnerability in Campbell
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12 3 Climate Hazards and Impacts
This section describes climate hazards and impacts that the Campbell will likely experience: extreme heat, air quality degradation, riverine flooding, and drought. The City is located approximately 200 feet above mean sea level. The most conservative projections for sea level rise suggest an increase of 6.2 feet by the year 2100.
9 This indicates that the City is unlikely to be directly impacted by sea level rise, and therefore, sea level rise is not assessed in this report.

3.1 Climate Hazards
The climate change projections included for each climate hazard are from SV 2.0. SV 2.0 uses projection data from Cal Adapt, as recommended in the California Adaptation Planning Guide developed by the University of California, Berkely, with oversight from the California Energy Commission.10
Extreme Heat
Cal Adapt defines a single day of extreme heat during the months between April and October where temperature exceeds the 98th percentile of maximum temperature of that local region from 1961 to 1990. For Campbell, the threshold temperature that exceeds the 98th percentile is 96 degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Cal Adapt defines an extreme heat event as a period of five or more consecutive extreme heat days. As described in SV 2.0, Santa Clara County has experienced a total of six extreme heat events in 1961, 1973, 1992, 2000, 2006, and 2009. Extreme heat events in 2000 and 2006 had the most devastating impacts. In 2000, temperatures reached 109°F, which caused one death and 11 heat-related illnesses in Santa Clara County. The heatwave in 2006 lasted 14 days and resulted in public health impacts and caused power outages throughout the county. The Santa Clara County area, including Campbell, is projected to experience longer and more frequent heatwaves, including an increase in daytime and nighttime temperatures. Campbell is expected to experience an increase from an average of four to an average of 24 extreme heat days per year by the end of the century according to the high emissions scenario.

Air Quality Degradation
Climate change is projected to result in increased air pollution, despite potential decreases in pollutant levels through advances in technology in the energy, transportation, and industrial sectors. Increased temperatures, increased humidity, decreased airflow, wildfires, and other weather conditions could reduce air quality. Ozone formation tends to increase with higher temperatures, strong sunlight, and a stable air mass. Higher temperatures also increase air pollution by causing vegetation to emit more natural hydrocarbons, air conditioners to work harder, fuel evaporation to increase, and demands on power plants to increase as well. The Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) shows that ozone concentration measurements in the air district violated federal standards on five days in 2014. Increasing impacts from climate change will result in poorer air quality in Santa Clara County. Increases in extreme heat and wildfire events as a result of 9 California Sea Level Rise Guidance: 2024 Science and Policy Update. 2024. California Sea Level Rise Science Task Force, California Ocean Protection Council, California Ocean Science Trust. https://opc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/California-Sea-Level-Rise-Guidance2024-508.pdf 10California Energy Commission (CEC). 2023. https://cal-adapt.org/ Item 10.1
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climate change will result in higher levels of air pollution. Although there is low risk of wildfire in Campbell, air quality degradation from surrounding wildfires in the region will impact the Campbell community.

Riverine Flooding
Riverine flooding along Los Gatos Creek may intensify in Campbell given the projected increase in intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation events. Figure 4 shows critical facilities and the areas within and surrounding the city exposed to 100 and 500-year flooding events. The 500-year floodplain within Campbell is minimal because FEMA limited the study of the 500-year floodplain to outside of city limits. Given the extensive 500-year floodplain just south of the city, it is likely that areas within Campbell, along the southern border and Los Gatos Creek, would be at risk to 500-year flooding events. Though FEMA floodplains provide useful information about flood risk, they are based on historical flow data from river gauges and do not account for current or future environmental changes.

Drought
Drought is a period of abnormally dry weather caused by changes in primary variables including increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation. Campbell will experience an increasing number of drought events. According to SV 2.0, extreme dry spells are expected to occur in Santa Clara County every six to eight years by mid-century and increasing to every three to four years by end-of-century.

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3.2 Climate Impacts
This section provides a summary of the climate impacts of each climate hazard described in Section

3.1 Climate Hazards. SV 2.0 asset sectors include buildings and properties, communications, ecosystem, energy, public health, solid and hazardous waste treatment facilities, transportation, and water and wastewater facilities. For the purpose of this report, the asset sectors have been synthesized into four groups that are expected to experience similar impacts from climate hazards.11 ▪ Public Health and Safety: This includes vulnerable populations, as well as emergency and critical services (such as hospitals, fire service, police service, power service, and water service). In alignment with SV 2.0, vulnerable populations are grouped into the following sub-asset sectors:
seniors over 65 years old, young children under 5 years old, disadvantaged individuals (e.g., lowincome, rent-burdened, individuals experiencing homelessness, and individuals living in mobile homes), and individuals with health conditions.
▪ Buildings and Properties. This includes buildings and properties located in Campbell, including critical facilities shown in Figure 1.
▪ Transportation. This includes highways and local roads, bridges, pedestrian ways, and bikeways, in Campbell.
▪ Ecosystems. This includes parks, natural landscapes, and minimally developed areas in Campbell.

Public Health and Safety
Extreme Heat
An increase in the intensity and frequency of heatwaves can cause several public health issues, which increase hospital admissions and emergency response calls. Potential impacts to vulnerable populations in Campbell are described below.
▪ Seniors are at higher risk of dehydration as their bodies are not able to thermoregulate compared to young and middle-aged adults.
▪ Young Children are still physiologically developing and therefore less able to regulate their bodies during extreme heat events.
▪ Disadvantaged Individuals may not be able to pay for adequate air conditioning, increasing exposure to extreme heat events. In addition, disadvantaged individuals are less likely to receive medical care for illnesses triggered or exacerbated by extreme heat, or face a significant medical costs if treated. Mobile homes, especially older homes, are more difficult to cool and retrofit, which can lead to financial stress on people living in these homes. Renters and individuals living in substandard housing are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing and are more likely to have limited control over home hardening and improvements against extreme heat. Unhoused individuals are unprotected from extreme heat due to limited access to shelter and air conditioning.
▪ Individuals with Health Conditions are particularly at risk of heat-related illness because heat can exacerbate existing conditions such as asthma, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and other respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. Extreme heat can also affect 11There are no water, wastewater, solid waste treatment, or hazardous waste treatment facilities within the City, so these have been excluded from the analysis.

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16 medications. Additionally, extreme heat can result in power outages, which are particularly dangerous for individuals who are electricity-dependent for mobility, communication, or medical devices.

Air Quality Degradation
Air quality degradation can lead to the development of respiratory illnesses or worsen existing health conditions related to respiratory diseases .
▪ Seniors are more susceptible to impacts of air quality degradation because their bodies are less able to compensate for the effects of environmental hazards. ▪ Young Children are physiologically more vulnerable to air quality degradation as pollution can affect brain and lung development and function.
▪ Disadvantaged Individuals may experience health issues caused by poor air quality and are likely to experience financial burden associated with medical treatment. Renters and individuals living in substandard housing have limited control over home hardening and improvements, such as filtration, which protects against poor air quality. Individuals living in mobile homes may also face disproportion risk if their homes do not have adequate filtration. ▪ Individuals with Health Conditions are particularly at risk to respiratory health impacts associated with poor air quality. Individuals with cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, or stroke risk may experience severe cardiovascular health impacts if exposed to poor air quality.

Riverine Flooding
With increasing temperatures and rain events, Campbell’s creeks are more likely to flood, which can lead to a rise in infectious diseases such as vector-borne illnesses or increase in the distribution of diseases carried by insects and rodents. Specific disease risks include a rise in Lyme disease and West Nile Virus which have both been identified in Santa Clara County. The Santa Clara County Vector Control District and the Public Health Department monitor infectious diseases and publish data to manage the spread of infectious diseases. Flooding in buildings along the creeks can also lead to mold growth. Potential impacts to vulnerable populations in Campbell are described below. ▪ Seniors, especially those living alone, may not be able to safely evacuate floodwater hazard areas.
▪ Young Children may experience more difficulty safely evacuating floodwater hazard areas. Mold exposure in children may lead to the development of asthma and further sensitivity to mold. ▪ Disadvantaged Individuals may experience injuries from flooding events and are less likely to receive medical treatment. They may also experience cost burdens if their belongings and homes are damaged from floodwater inundation. Disadvantaged individuals, including those in substandard housing and renters are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing and are more likely to have limited control over home hardening and improvements against flooding. There are various affordable housing units and one mobile home park in the 100-year floodplain, shown in Figure 4.
▪ Individuals with Health Conditions may be more at risk of injury or illness due to exposure to mold after flooding events. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), exposure to damp and moldy environments may cause health effects ranging from sneezing and mild allergic reactions to fungal infections for more susceptible populations, such as those with chronic respiratory disease. Flooding can also result in power outages which are particularly dangerous Item 10.1
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for individuals who are electricity-dependent, either for their mobility, communication, or medical devices.

Drought
Warmer temperatures and longer dry periods could result in water supply challenges across California. Increased water demand can lead to diminished storage reserves. Statewide assessments at the end of the 2012-2014 drought revealed that water levels were at 50 percent of average for that time of year, according to the California Department of Water Resources. Water supply depletion can increase costs. Potential impacts to vulnerable populations in Campbell are described below.
▪ Seniors are most likely not disproportionately at risk to drought unless there are major water shortages. Seniors who are economically disadvantaged, such as those on fixed incomes, are more likely to experience cost burden associated with increased water rates, as described for Disadvantaged Individuals below.
▪ Young Children are most likely not disproportionately at risk to drought unless there are major water shortages.
▪ Disadvantaged Individuals are more likely to experience cost burden associated with increased water rates and may struggle to access clean and affordable drinking water which may cause financial strain.
▪ Individuals with Health Conditions are most likely not disproportionately at risk to drought unless there are major water shortages.

Buildings and Properties
Extreme Heat
Extreme heat can accelerate the degradation of building materials such as wood, metal, and concrete. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can cause roofing to contract and crack. This deterioration of building materials can lead to increased maintenance costs. In addition, operational costs could increase due to a rise in air conditioning used to cool buildings.

Air Quality Degradation
Poor air quality is not expected to impact buildings and properties.

Riverine Flooding
Properties around Los Gatos Creek are vulnerable to riverine flooding. These assets include residential buildings (including affordable housing units and a mobile home park), walking trails, and parks. With increased extreme precipitation rates, flooding extent and frequency are expected to increase.

Drought
Drought is not expected to impact buildings and properties.

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Extreme Heat
Extreme heat can impact asphalt and other materials, accelerating the deterioration of the road conditions. State Route 17 and the San Tomas Expressway, which run through Campbell, will be moderately vulnerable to extreme heat by the end of the century.

Air Quality Degradation
Air quality degradation will not affect the transportation system in Campbell.

Riverine Flooding
Parts of the transportation infrastructure in Campbell are moderately vulnerable to riverine flooding, particularly along Los Gatos Creek. This infrastructure includes bridges (Creekside Way and San Tomas), residential roads, Highway 17, pedestrian walkways and bikeways (including the Los Gatos Creek Trail).

Drought
Drought will not have an impact on the transportation system in Campbell.

Ecosystems
Extreme Heat
Extreme heat can cause plant and wildlife stress in landscaped areas, parks, riparian areas along the Los Gatos Creek, and the percolation ponds along Oka Lane. Wildlife face impacts of heat stress and heat related illness as well as disrupted reproductive cycles, and risks associated with early and extended seasonal temperature increases.12 Plants are more likely to experience heat stress and drying, impacting the surrounding ecosystem. Extreme heat may also cause a shift in both plant and wildlife species range, and some species ill-suited to the new warmer conditions may suffer increased mortality rates.13 Additionally, climate change is expected to increase water temperatures, making surface water supplies more vulnerable to the growth of algal blooms, the spread of invasive species, and increased evapotranspiration. 14 Warmer water has fewer nutrients
and less oxygen than colder water and creates conditions less beneficial for salmon, which migrate up the Guadalupe Reiver and Los Gatos Creek from San Francisco Bay. 15 Air Quality Degradation
Air quality declines from regional wildfires can impact ecosystem health by increasing the levels of air pollutants, which can cause plant and wildlife stress and mortality. The degradation of plant and wildlife health could impact the quality of parks and outdoor recreational areas in Campbell, and make outdoor recreational resources dangerous or unhealth for climate vulnerable populations. 12Backlund, Peter, Anthony C. Janetos, and David Steven Schimel. The effects of climate change on agriculture, land resources, water resources, and biodiversity in the United States. Vol. 4. US Climate Change Science Program, 2008 13Ackerly, David, Andrew Jones, Mark Stacey, Bruce Riordan (University of California, Berkeley). 2018. San Francisco Bay Area Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: CCCA4-SUM-2018-005. 14 Santa Clara Valley Water District. Climate Change Action Plan. 2021. https://fta.valleywater.org/dl/WE26jeeXbS 15 State of Salmon in Watersheds. Pressure: Climate Change in the Ocean. https://stateofsalmon.wa.gov/executivesummary/challenges/climate/#:~:text=Warmer%20water%20has%20fewer%20nutrients,eat%2C%20making%20survival%20less%20likely.

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16Lund, Jay, et al. 2018. “Lessons from California’s 2012–2016 Drought.” Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, vol. 144, no. 10, ascelibrary.org/ doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29WR.1943-5452.0000984.

Okin, G. S., Dong, C., Willis, K. S., Gillespie, T. W., & MacDonald, G. M. (2018). The impact of drought on native southern California vegetation: Remote sensing analysis using MODIS‐derived time series. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 123(6), 1927- 1939.

Riverine Flooding
Ecosystems in Campbell that are highly vulnerable to flooding include freshwater wetland, riparian and riverine, and grassland. Some areas in Campbell that may be affected include Los Gatos Creek, Camden Pond, Budd Avenue Pond, and San Tomas Aquino Creek. Negative impacts from flooding can result in erosion, increased exposure to toxins such as mercury, vegetation removal, disruption to wildlife, and decreased ecosystem services, such as flood control and carbon storage. Sensitive aquatic organisms are particularly vulnerable to habitat change due to flood events and species diversity and population in general are expected to decrease. Water quality is projected to be lower from the impacts of riverine flooding.

Drought
Drought can increase irrigation requirements for maintaining landscaping, park facilities, and street trees, while water use restrictions would potentially prevent asset managers from meeting this increased watering demand, resulting in water-stressed vegetation, increased vegetation mortality, and potentially reducing the quality of and benefits provided by parks and the urban forest.16 Drought will disrupt habitats and the ability for wildlife to survive from dehydration and unreliable food sources.

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20 4 Conclusion
A summary of the key climate change hazard vulnerabilities for each asset sector is provided below.

The CAAP will include measures and actions that increase resilience of these key vulnerabilities in Campbell.

Public Health and Safety
▪ Extreme heat citywide with highest vulnerabilities to climate vulnerable populations (seniors, young children, disadvantaged individuals, and individuals with health conditions). ▪ Air quality degradation citywide with highest vulnerabilities to climate vulnerable populations (seniors, young children, disadvantaged individuals, and individuals with health conditions). ▪ Riverine flooding impacts to climate vulnerable populations (seniors, young children, disadvantaged individuals, and individuals with health conditions) living along the Los Gatos Creek. In particular, there are various affordable housing units and the Timber Cove Mobile Home Park, which house vulnerable populations, within the 100-year floodplain along Los Gatos Creek.
▪ Drought citywide with highest vulnerabilities to disadvantaged individuals.

Buildings and Properties
▪ Riverine flooding along the Los Gatos Creek, in particular flooding of the Timber Cove Mobile Home Park and affordable housing units.

Transportation
▪ Riverine flooding along the Los Gatos Creek, in particular flooding of bridges (Creekside Way and San Tomas), residential roads, Highway 17, pedestrian ways, and bikeways.

Ecosystems
▪ Extreme heat impacts to ecosystems citywide.
▪ Riverine flooding of ecosystems along Los Gatos Creek, in particular Campbell Park. ▪ Drought impacts to ecosystems citywide.

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Appendix D
Greenhouse Gas Analysis Report
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Greenhouse Gas Inventory Analysis Report
prepared by
City of Campbell
Community Development Department
70 North First Street
Campbell, California 95008
Contact: Tiffany Hudson, Environmental Program Specialist prepared with the assistance of
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
449 15th Street, Suite 303
Oakland, California 94612
August 2024
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Table of Contents
Greenhouse Gas Inventory Analysis Report i
Table of Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Legislative Context .............................................................................................................. 2

1.2 Climate Science Context ..................................................................................................... 3 2 Community GHG Emissions Inventory ............................................................................................ 4

2.1 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 4

2.2 2022 Community GHG Emissions Inventory ....................................................................... 5

2.2.1 Energy .................................................................................................................... 6

2.2.2 Transportation .....................................................................................................14

2.2.3 Solid Waste ..........................................................................................................20

2.2.4 Water ...................................................................................................................22

2.2.5 Wastewater ..........................................................................................................23 2022 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results ....................................................................30 3 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory.............................................................................................35

3.1 Methodology .....................................................................................................................35

3.2 2022 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory ........................................................................36

3.2.1 Buildings and Other Facilities ...............................................................................36

3.2.2 Streetlights and Traffic Signals .............................................................................38

3.2.3 Water Delivery .....................................................................................................38

3.2.4 Vehicle Fleet .........................................................................................................39

3.2.5 Solid Waste from City Facilities ............................................................................40

3.2.6 Wastewater from City Facilities ...........................................................................40

3.2.7 Employee Commute.............................................................................................41

3.3 2022 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory Results ...........................................................42 4 GHG Emissions Forecast ...............................................................................................................46

4.1 Business-as-Usual Forecast ...............................................................................................46

4.2 Legislative Adjusted Forecast ............................................................................................49

4.2.1 Legislative Reduction Programs ...........................................................................50

4.2.2 Legislative Adjusted Scenario Forecast Results ...................................................54

4.2.3 Legislative GHG Emission Reduction Contribution ..............................................56 5 GHG Emissions Targets .................................................................................................................57

5.1 1990 Level GHG Emissions Backcast .................................................................................57

5.2 GHG Emissions Reduction Target Setting .........................................................................58 Item 10.1
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Tables
Table 1 2022 Inventory GHGs and GWPs ........................................................................................ 3 Table 2 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity Use.............................. 7 Table 3 Community Residential and Commercial Electricity Activity Data Adjustment ................. 7 Table 4 Community Residential and Commercial Electricity GHG Emissions Calculations ............. 8 Table 5 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity T&D Loss ..................... 9 Table 6 Community Electricity T&D Loss GHG Emissions Calculations ........................................... 9 Table 7 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Use ........................11 Table 8 Community Residential and Commercial Natural Gas GHG Emissions Calculations ........12 Table 9 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Leaks ......................13 Table 10 Community Natural Gas Methane Leaks GHG Emissions Calculations .............................13 Table 11 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-Road Transportation ...........15 Table 12 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-Road Transportation ...........16 Table 13 Community On-Road EV Activity Data Calculations .........................................................17 Table 14 Community On-Road Transportation GHG Emissions Calculations ..................................17 Table 15 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Off-Road Equipment .................18 Table 16 Community Off-Road Equipment Sector Attributions ......................................................19 Table 17 Community Off-Road GHG Emissions Calculations ...........................................................20 Table 18 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste ...............................21 Table 19 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste ...............................21 Table 20 Community Solid Waste Tonnage Allocation ....................................................................22 Table 21 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Water ........................................23 Table 22 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.1B .................24 Table 23 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.2.B ................25 Table 24 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.7 ....................26 Table 25 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.12 ..................27 Table 26 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.15 ..................28 Table 27 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.15 ..................29 Table 28 Community Wastewater GHG Emissions Calculations .....................................................30 Table 29 2022 Community GHG Emissions Inventory .....................................................................33 Table 30 Municipal Buildings and Facilities Sector Natural Gas GHG Emissions Calculations ........37 Table 31 Municipal Buildings and Facilities Sector Electricity GHG Emission Calculations .............38 Table 32 Municipal Streetlights and Traffic Signals Sector Electricity GHG Emission Calculations .38 Table 33 Municipal Water Consumption GHG Emissions Calculations ...........................................39 Table 34 Municipal Vehicle Fleet Sector GHG Emission Calculations .............................................40 Table 35 Municipal Solid Waste GHG Emission Calculations ..........................................................40 Table 36 Municipal Wastewater GHG Emissions .............................................................................41 Item 10.1
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Table 37 Municipal Employee Commute GHG Emissions ...............................................................42 Table 38 2022 Municipal GHG Inventory.........................................................................................45 Table 39 BAU Forecast Demographic and Projection Metrics by Forecast Year .............................47 Table 40 GHG Emission Sources and Growth Factors for BAU Scenario Forecast ..........................47 Table 41 BAU Forecast Results Summary by Emission Sector .........................................................48 Table 42 Emission Factors Over Time by Vehicle Type (MT CO2e/VMT) .........................................50 Table 43 Forecasted RPS and Weighted Electricity Emission Factor ...............................................52 Table 44 Legislative Adjusted Scenario Forecast Results ................................................................55 Table 45 Summary of Legislative GHG Emissions Reductions (MT CO2e) .......................................56 Table 46 1990 Backcast for Campbell ..............................................................................................57 Table 47 GHG Emissions Reduction Targets and Gap Analysis ........................................................58 Figures
Figure 1 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector ..............................................................31 Figure 2 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Subsector ........................................................32 Figure 3 Municipal 2022 GHG Inventory.........................................................................................43 Figure 4 2022 Municipal GHG Inventory Subsector Breakdown ....................................................44 Figure 5 BAU Forecast Results Summary by Emission Sector (MT CO2e) .......................................49 Figure 6 Adjusted Forecast Results .................................................................................................56 Figure 7 GHG Emissions Forecast and Provisional Target Pathways (Mass Emissions) ..................59 Item 10.1
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Introduction
Greenhouse Gas Inventory Analysis Report 1
1 Introduction
This document presents the data, methods, and results for a 2022 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory and 2045 forecast Campbell. This is the first GHG emission inventory for Campbell, and includes communitywide emissions, as well as emissions from municipal operations. The inventory was conducted to support Campbell’s GHG emissions reduction targets, and ultimately the Campbell Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP).

California (the State) has set statewide GHG emissions reduction goals to mitigate negative climate change impacts and transition the State to a low-carbon economy. In particular, the State has established goals to reduce statewide GHG emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030, as established by Senate Bill (SB) 32, and achieve net zero GHG emissions as soon as possible, but no later than 2045, as established by Assembly Bill (AB) 1279.1 The California Air Resources Board (CARB) is the agency responsible for addressing these goals and developing strategies to achieve them. Many local jurisdictions are completing their own GHG inventories, forecasts, and climate action plans (CAPs) to align with SB 32 and AB 1279.

Local governments play a fundamental role in reducing local GHG emissions and preparing for a more resilient future. Local policies can influence high-emissions behaviors and mitigate climate change effects.2 To this end, the City is developing a CAAP to align with State goals, increase resilience and climate change preparedness, maintain healthy air and water resources, and improve community health and the local economy. The forthcoming CAAP will include the 2022 GHG emissions inventory for the community (2022 Community GHG Inventory) and the associated GHG emissions forecast, in addition to the municipal operations inventory (2022 Municipal GHG Inventory). Municipal GHG emissions are a subset of community GHG emissions and are included in the community GHG inventory and associated forecast.

The 2022 Community GHG Inventory completed for Campbell includes GHG emissions from communitywide activities within the jurisdictional boundaries of Campbell during 2022. Based on the inventory, Rincon developed a forecast for 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045. The forecast provides an up-to-date projection of how GHG emissions are expected to change in the future based on population growth, employment growth, and State legislation. This document also presents a gap analysis to help identify GHG emissions reduction levels that will be needed to achieve the State GHG emissions reduction targets. Like all GHG inventories, forecasts, and targets, the analysis in this document relies on the best available data and calculation methodologies currently available.

This report includes the following information by section:
 Section 1: Campbell’s 2022 Community GHG Inventory methodology, activity data, emissions factors, and results by sector.
 Section 2: City’s 2022 Municipal GHG Inventory methodology, activity data, emissions factors, and results by sector.
1 AB 1279 defines net zero GHG emissions as reducing GHG emissions at least 85 percent below 1990 levels. California also set a goal to reach 1990 levels by 2020, as established by AB 32, The 2020 goal set by AB 32 was achieved by the State in 2016. CARB. Frequently Asked Questions – California’s 2022 Climate Scoping Plan. Accessed November 14, 2022, at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2022- 06/2022_Scoping_Plan_FAQ_6.21.22.pdf
2 CARB. California’s 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan. Accessed November 14, 2022, at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf Item 10.1
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2  Section 3: Campbell’s forecast for the years 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045, and alignment with State targets based on a 1990 backcast.

1.1 Legislative Context
The State has developed statewide legislative goals and programs to reduce GHG emissions. CARB has issued guidance concerning the establishment of GHG emissions reduction targets for local CAPs so municipalities can contribute their fair share towards the State’s goals. In CARB’s first Climate Change Scoping Plan (hereafter referred to as the 2008 Scoping Plan), the Board encouraged local governments to adopt a reduction target for their own community emissions that parallels the State’s commitment to reduce GHG emissions.3 In 2017, CARB published and updated Scoping Plan (hereafter referred to as the 2017 Scoping Plan Update) outlining the strategies the State will employ to reach the additional targets set by SB 32.4
In December 2022, the 2022 California Climate Change Scoping Plan Update was published and includes recommendations for achieving the goal of carbon neutrality by 2045, codified in the California Health and Safety Code Section 38562.2, as amended by AB 1279.5 Legislative Targets
The State of California has adopted legislation and policies to address climate change, the most relevant of which are summarized below.
 Executive Order S-3-05, signed in 2005, established statewide GHG emissions reduction goals to achieve long-term climate stabilization as follows: by 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels and by 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels. This 2050 goal was accelerated by the 2045 carbon neutral goal established by EO B-55-18 and AB 1279, as discussed below.
 Assembly Bill 32, known as the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, required California’s GHG emissions be reduced to 1990 levels by the year 2020 (approximately a 15 percent reduction from 2005 to 2008 levels). The 2008 Scoping Plan identified mandatory and voluntary measures to achieve the statewide 2020 GHG emissions limit.
 Senate Bill 32, signed in 2016, established a statewide mid-term GHG emissions reduction goal of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. CARB formally adopted the 2017 Scoping Plan Update in December 2017, laying the roadmap to achieve 2030 goals and giving guidance to achieve substantial progress toward the 2050 State goals. The 2022 Scoping Plan Update provided further guidance for reaching the State’s SB 32 goal.
 Executive Order B-55-18, signed in 2018, expanded upon EO S-3-05 by creating a statewide GHG emissions goal of carbon neutrality by 2045. EO S-55-18 identified CARB as the lead agency to develop a framework for implementation and progress tracking toward this goal in the 2022 Climate Change Scoping Plan Update.
3 CARB. Climate Change Scoping Plan: A Framework for Change. Dec. 2008. Accessed November 14, 2022 at:
ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic//cc/scopingplan/document/adopted_scoping_plan.pdf 4 CARB. California’s 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan. Accessed November 14, 2022, at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf 5 CARB. 2022 Scoping Plan Update. Accessed November 14, 2022, at:
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 Assembly Bill 1279, known as the California Climate Crisis Act, signed by the governor in 2022, codified the GHG emissions reduction goals of achieving carbon neutrality by 2045. It expanded the definition of carbon neutrality to reducing direct emissions 85 percent below 1990 levels and removing the remaining 15 percent of emissions though carbon sequestration and other technologies. The 2022 Scoping Plan Update, adopted in December 2022, provided the pathway for reaching the State’s AB 1279 goal.

1.2 Climate Science Context
Greenhouse Gases
GHG emissions quantification frameworks have been developed over decades in an effort to standardize GHG accounting. The International Council for Local Government Initiatives (ICLEI) protocols for community and municipal inventories (discussed further in Section 2 and Section 3, respectively) assess emissions associated with the six internationally recognized GHGs, as outlined in Table 1. Campbell’s inventory focuses on the three GHGs most relevant to the City: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The other gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluorides) are omitted from the inventory as they are emitted primarily in private sector manufacturing and electricity transmission. This approach is consistent with typical community and municipal inventory approaches, as industrial emissions are typically outside of the City’s jurisdictional control. Table 1 also includes the 100-year global warming potential (GWP) for each gas—consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report6 and used by the State’s latest GHG emissions inventory. GWP refers to the ability of each gas to trap heat in the atmosphere. For example, one pound of methane gas has 28 times more heat capturing potential than one pound of carbon dioxide gas. GHG emissions are reported in metric tons of CO2 equivalent (MT CO2e).

Table 1 2022 Inventory GHGs and GWPs
Greenhouse Gas Primary Source 100-year GWP
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Combustion 1
Methane (CH4) Combustion, anaerobic decomposition of organic waste (e.g., in landfills, wastewater treatment plants)
28 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Leaking refrigerants and fire suppressants 265 Hydrofluorocarbons Leaking refrigerants and fire suppressants 4 - 12,400 Perfluorocarbons Aluminum production, semiconductor manufacturing, HVAC equipment manufacturing
6,630 - 11,100
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SH6) Transmission and distribution of power 23,500 Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
6 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Accessed January 5, 2023, at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
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4 2 Community GHG Emissions Inventory
Conducting a community GHG emissions inventory serves to provide a comprehensive understanding of GHG emissions within a jurisdiction, and may be developed to serve the following purposes:
 Provide an understanding of where the highest sources of emissions originate, and where the greatest opportunities for reduction exist.
 Create a baseline from which the jurisdiction can establish a forecast, reduction targets, and evaluate future progress.
 Help the jurisdiction understand how best to meet legislative requirements.  Enable the jurisdiction to follow accounting and reporting principles.

GHG inventories are developed by identifying the sources and sinks by sector for GHGs within the geographic boundary of interest (e.g., Campbell city limits), establishing activity data for each sector, and applying an emissions factor to determine the carbon dioxide equivalence (CO2e). While there are often many potential sectors contributing to the jurisdiction’s GHG emissions, only a select few sectors are typically considered the major contributors. The sectors used for Campbell’s GHG inventory are identified in the sections below.

2.1 Methodology
Protocol
Campbell’s 2022 Community GHG Inventory was developed in alignment with accounting protocols provided by ICLEI. ICLEI protocols are designed for local-scale accounting of GHG emissions and provide authoritative guidance for accuracy and consistency. The ICLEI U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions Version 1.2 (Community Protocol) serves to guide the measurement and reporting of GHG emissions in a standardized way and is used by other jurisdictions to support their own inventory, forecast, and climate action planning efforts. The Community Protocol also includes steps to evaluate the relevance, completeness, consistency, transparency, and accuracy of data used in the GHG inventory.

Emissions Boundary
Campbell’s 2022 Community GHG Inventory covers emissions sources within city limits. The inventory reflects emissions sectors over which the local government (i.e., City of Campbell) has jurisdictional control and influence, while other sectors that the City does not have control over are excluded. This approach aligns with general GHG inventory accounting principles, as well as methods set forth by the Community Protocol.

Scope
The Community Protocol recommends reporting GHG emissions from five basic reporting activities:
 Use of electricity by the community
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 On-road passenger and freight motor vehicle travel
 Use of energy in potable water and wastewater treatment and distribution  Generation of solid waste by the community
The Community Protocol also provides recommendations for additional GHG emissions source reporting for activities that can be influenced by the accounting agency. Based on reporting practices in California, it is recommended that GHG emissions from off-road equipment fuel combustion and wastewater treatment processes are also included in community GHG emissions inventories. Emissions from industrial sources and operations are covered under the State’s Capand-Trade program and are not included in the inventory.7 Additionally, emissions sources from agriculture are not included in the inventory as there are not significant agricultural land uses/production in Campbell.

The GHG emissions sources for this inventory can be categorized more generally into the following five activity sectors:
 Electricity
 Natural Gas
 Transportation
 Water and Wastewater
 Solid Waste
Campbell’s 2022 Community GHG Inventory includes an assessment of the community-wide GHG emissions associated with the five sectors listed above which serve as the basis for the GHG emissions forecast and target setting. Emissions from industrial sources and operations are covered under the State’s Cap and Trade program, and therefore not included in the inventory.8 Additionally, emissions sources from agriculture are not included in the inventory as there are no agricultural land uses/production in Campbell.

2.2 2022 Community GHG Emissions Inventory
Generally, GHG emissions are calculated by multiplying the activity data in each sector (e.g., electricity, transportation, solid waste) by an associated emission factor. Activity data refer to the relevant measured or estimated energy usage or GHG-generating process data. Emission factors are observation-based conversion factors used to equate activity data to generated GHG emissions. The 2022 Community GHG Inventory leverages the latest available models and best available data in accordance with the Community Protocol. The inventory serves to provide a comprehensive understanding of the community’s current GHG emissions, and as the basis for the forecast and target setting. The following sections contain further information on the inventory approach, calculation methodologies, data used, and results.
7 https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/cap-and-trade-program Item 10.1
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6 2.2.1 Energy
Energy: Residential and Commercial Electricity
Campbell sources electricity from Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) and Silicon Valley Clean Energy (SVCE). SVCE is the community choice aggregator for 13 communities across Silicon Valley, meaning that it is a public, not-for-profit agency providing clean electricity to their service territory. SVCE is the official electricity provider for Campbell, unless customers have ‘opted-out’ and instead purchase electricity from PG&E. The opt-out provided by SVCE is three percent of residential accounts and five percent of nonresidential accounts (e.g., commercial, industrial). SVCE has two tiers – GreenPrime (100 percent renewable) and GreenStart (around 45 percent renewable).9 Certain commercial accounts purchase what is known as ‘direct access’ electricity, where customers purchase electricity from a competitive non-utility entity called an Energy Service Provider (ESP).

Direct access electricity is typically less expensive, but more carbon intensive, than electricity options on the California grid.10
Emissions from residential and commercial electricity were calculated using Community Protocol Equation BE.2.1. Electricity use from EVs are captured under the transportation sector to provide a more thorough differentiation between building energy and transportation emissions. The equation has been adjusted to remove passenger car EV electricity use from residential electricity consumption and commercial and bus EV electricity consumption from commercial consumption. commercial. More information regarding electric vehicle energy use can be found in Section 2.2.2.

Equation 2-1 and Table 2 provide the adjusted equation, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions associated with community electricity consumption.

EQUATION 2-1
BE.2.1 RESIDENTIAL/COMMERCIAL ELECTRICITY SECTOR EMISSIONS 𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒௘௟௘௖௧௥௜௖௜௧௬,௝ = ෍൫𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐௜,௝ − 𝐸𝑉௜,௝൯ × 𝐸𝐹௘௟௘௖,௜,௝
௜
9 https://svcleanenergy.org/residential-rates/
10 https://www.cpuc.ca.gov/consumer-support/consumer-programs-and-services/electrical-energy-and-energy-efficiency/communitychoice-aggregation-and-direct-access-/direct-access Item 10.1
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Table 2 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity Use Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
electricity consumption per
building type
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒௘௟௘௖௧௥௜௖௜௧௬,௝ See Table 4 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Electricity consumption per
building type per energy
provider
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗
See Table 3 kWh/year SVCE 2022 Electricity Report;
PG&E Community Report1
Attributed electric vehicle
electricity consumption
𝐸𝑉𝑖,𝑗
See Table 3 kWh/year EMFAC20212
Electricity emission factor
based on energy provider
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗
See Table 4 MT CO2e/kWh SVCE 2022 Electricity Report;
PG&E community Report
Energy Providers 𝑖 GWP Categorical
Building type 𝑗 Residential
Commercial
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; MWh = megawatt hour 1 Silicon Valley Clean Energy (SVCE) 2022 Electricity Report, provided by the City via SharePoint and revised via email on May 29, 2024.

PG&E Community Report for 2022 provided by the City via SharePoint. 2 California Air and Resources Board. 2023. Emission Factor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 Table 3 below shows the original electricity activity data, allocated electric vehicle adjustment, and subsequent adjusted activity data used to determine GHG emissions for the community’s electricity consumption.

Table 3 Community Residential and Commercial Electricity Activity Data Adjustment Sector Provider
Original Activity Data
[kWh]
Attributed EV1
[kWh]
Adjusted Activity Data
[kWh]
Residential PG&E 3,701,979 288,761 3,413,218
Residential SVCE GreenPrime 1,579,728 123,222 1,456,507 Residential SVCE GreenStart 83,588,699 6,520,062 77,068,637 Direct Access Direct Access 18,509,670 0 18,509,670
Commercial PG&E 44,535 1 44,534
Commercial SVCE GreenPrime 1,762,625 44 1,762,581
Commercial SVCE GreenStart 93,266,368 2,343 93,264,025
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; EV = electric vehicles 1 EV kWh usage from passenger vehicles is removed from residential electricity, while commercial and bus EV kWh usage is removed from commercial electricity. If multiple providers exist for a community, attributed EV allocates electric vehicle kWh consumption to each provider based on the proportion of electricity provided by each provider per building type.

Resulting activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions by building type and provider are summarized in Table 4.

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8 Table 4 Community Residential and Commercial Electricity GHG Emissions Calculations
Sector Provider
Adjusted Activity Data
[kWh]
Emission Factor
[MT CO2e/kWh]
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Residential PG&E 3,413,218 0.00002630 90
Residential SVCE GreenPrime 1,456,507 0.00002132 31
Residential SVCE GreenStart 77,068,637 0.00003266 2,517 Direct Access Direct Access 18,509,670 0.00022654 4,193 Commercial PG&E 44,534 0.00002630 1
Commercial SVCE GreenPrime 1,762,581 0.00002132 38
Commercial SVCE GreenStart 93,264,025 0.00003266 3,046
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Energy: Electricity Transmission and Distribution Losses Electricity transmission and distribution (T&D) losses occur in the transmission of electricity and in the distribution system. Because these losses are upstream of the endpoints (i.e., buildings located within Campbell), this electricity is not captured in the activity data. T&D losses are recommended for inclusion in community GHG inventories by the Community Protocol, as these losses are associated with energy usage and directly impacted by the community’s electricity consumption.

Equation 2-2 and Table 5 provide the calculation method, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions associated with community T&D losses from electricity consumption. As T&D losses associated with EV electricity use are considered negligible and, therefore, are included in the quantification of residential and commercial electricity T&D.

EQUATION 2-2
BE.4 ELECTRICITY T&D LOSS SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒்&஽,௝ = ෍𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐௜,௝ × 𝐿்&஽ × 𝐸𝐹௘௟௘௖,௜,௝
௜
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Table 5 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity T&D Loss Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
transmission and distribution
losses per building type
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒்&஽,௜ See Table 6 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Electricity consumption per
energy provider and building
type
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗
See Table 6 MWh/year SVCE 2022 Electricity Report;
PG&E Community Report1
Electricity emissions factor per
energy provider and building
type
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗
See Table 6 MT CO2e/MWh SVCE 2022 Electricity Report;
PG&E Community Report
Electricity loss factor 𝐿𝑇&𝐷5.10% Percent EPA eGRID2
Energy Providers 𝑖 GWP Categorical
Building type 𝑗 Residential
Commercial3
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; MWh = megawatt hour 1 Silicon Valley Clean Energy (SVCE) 2022 Electricity Report, provided by the City via SharePoint and revised via email on May 29, 2024.

PG&E Community Report provided to the City via SharePoint in May 2022. 2 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. Data Explorer, grid loss rates, 2016. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/egrid/dataexplorer The activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions associated with electricity T&D losses are summarized in Table 6 per building type and electricity provider.

Table 6 Community Electricity T&D Loss GHG Emissions Calculations Sector Provider
Activity Data
[kWh]
T&D Losses
[kWh]1
Emission Factor
[MT CO2e/kWh]2
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Residential PG&E 3,701,979 188,801 0.000026 5
SVCE (GreenPrime) 1,579,728 80,566 0.000021 2
SVCE (GreenStart) 83,588,699 4,263,024 0.000033 139
Commercial PG&E 44,535 2,271 0.000026 <1
SVCE (GreenPrime) 1,762,625 89,894 0.000021 2
SVCE (GreenStart) 93,266,368 4,756,585 0.000033 155
Direct Access 18,509,670 943,993 0.000227 214
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 1 T&D losses include the kWh consumption associated with EV charging.

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10 Energy: Residential and Commercial Natural Gas
GHG emissions from natural gas result from stationary combustion in both residential and commercial buildings. Like industrial electricity use, industrial use of natural gas is excluded from the GHG inventory as these emissions are regulated by the Cap-and-Trade program.

PG&E supplies Campbell’s natural gas and provided activity data to the City through its 2022 Community Report. Emissions from residential and commercial natural gas use were calculated using Community Protocol Equation BE.1.1.

Though the majority of natural gas emissions come from combustion, not all the natural gas used is combusted. Natural gas leaks – from processing plants, pipes, fittings, and appliances – are primarily methane, which has a higher GWP and therefore a larger GHG impact compared to combusted natural gas Therefore, the Community Protocol has been adjusted to remove this small percentage of “behind the meter” natural gas from the combustion calculation, and instead count it as leakage.

More information regarding emissions associated with natural gas leaks can be found under the Energy: Natural Gas Methane Leaks subsection below. Equation 2-3 and Table 7 provide the adjusted equation, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions associated with community natural gas consumption in residential and commercial buildings.

EQUATION 2-3
BE.1.1 RESIDENTIAL/COMMERCIAL NATURAL GAS SECTOR EMISSIONS 𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ே௔௧ீ௔௦,௜ = ൫𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙ேீ,௜ − [1 − 𝐿௘௡ௗ௨௦௘]൯
× ൣ൫𝐸𝐹ேீ,஼ைమ × 𝐺𝑊𝑃஼ைమ
൯ + ൫𝐸𝐹ேீ,஼ுర × 𝐺𝑊𝑃஼ுర൯
+ ൫𝐸𝐹ேீ,ேమை × 𝐺𝑊𝑃ேమை൯൧ × 10ିଵ × 10ିଷ
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Table 7 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Use Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
stationary combustion of
natural gas per building type
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ே௔௧ீ௔௦,௜ See Table 8 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Natural gas consumed per
building type
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖
See Table 8 therms/year PG&E Community Report1
Percent natural gas lost during
consumer end-use
𝐿௘௡ௗ௨௦௘ 0.50% Percent Environmental Defense
Fund2
Carbon dioxide emission
factor for natural gas
combustion
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝑂2

53.06 kg CO2e/mmBTU
natural gas
EPA Emission Factors Hub3
Methane emission factor for
natural gas combustion
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝐻4
.001 kg CH4/mmBTU
natural gas
EPA Emission Factors Hub
Nitrous oxide emission factor
for natural gas combustion
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝑁2𝑂
.0001 kg N2O/mmBTU
natural gas
EPA Emission Factors Hub
Global warming potential of
carbon dioxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝑂2
1 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report4
Global warming potential of
methane
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4
28 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report
Global warming potential of
nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂
265 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report
Conversion factor 10−1 0.1 mmBTU/therm
Conversion factor 10−3 .001 MT/kg
Building type (i.e., residential,
or commercial)
𝑖 Residential
Commercial5
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; therms = thermal unit; mmBTU = metric million British thermal unit; kg = kilograms
1 PG&E Community Report Provided by the City via SharePoint in May 2024. 2 Environmental Defense Fund USER GUIDE FOR NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE MODELING TOOL. Available at:
https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/US-Natural-Gas-Leakage-Model-User-Guide.pdf 3 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Emission Factors Hub. April 1, 2022. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub 4 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
The total natural gas consumption, combusted natural gas activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions associated with community natural gas use are summarized per building type and provider in Table 8.

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12 Table 8 Community Residential and Commercial Natural Gas GHG Emissions Calculations
Sector
Activity Data
[therms]
End-use
Leakage
[therms]
Combustion Activity
Data
[therms]
Emissions
Factor
[MT
CO2e/therm]
GHG
Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Residential 5,813,399 29,067 5,784,332 0.005311 30,723
Commercial 2,813,524 14,068 2,799,456 0.005311 14,869
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Energy: Natural Gas Methane Leaks
Natural gas methane leaks occur during delivery to the buildings and during associated end-uses in the community. Gas methane leaks from delivery occur in the pipeline distribution system and are, therefore, upstream of the delivery endpoints and not reflected in reported total natural gas usage.

While natural gas pipeline distribution leakage is technically outside of Campbell’s jurisdictional boundaries, the leakage is still directly impacted by natural gas consumption in the community. As leakage is directly connected to the community’s natural gas consumption, it is best practice to include leakage as an emissions sector in the Campbell’s 2022 Community GHG Inventory. Methane leaks from end-use – discussed previously – occur at the point-of-use in the city and occur within Campbell’s jurisdictional boundaries.

Though a recommended source of emissions, the Community Protocol does not provide a specific calculation methodology for determining GHG emissions from natural gas leakage. Therefore, emissions from natural gas leaks were calculated using Equation 2-4, which estimates emissions in alignment with energy calculation principles set forth by the Community Protocol and the guidance provided under Community Protocol Section BE.5 Upstream Emissions from Energy Use. Table 9 shows the parameters and data sources associated with Equation 2-4, which were used to quantify GHG emissions from natural gas distribution and end-use leakage.

EQUATION 2-4

NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒௟௘௔௞,௜ = 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙ேீ,௜ × 𝐸𝐹ேீ ௟௘௔௞ × (𝐿௘௡ௗ௨௦௘ + 𝐿ௗ௜௦௧)
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Table 9 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Leaks Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
natural gas distribution
leakage per building type
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒௟௘௔௞,௜ See Table 10 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Natural gas consumed per
building type
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖
See Table 10 therms/year PG&E Community Report1
Emission factor for natural gas
leakage
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘 0.053067 MT
CO2e/therm
Calculated2
Percent natural gas lost during
distribution
𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 2.3% Percent Alvarez, Ramón et al. (2018)3
Percent natural gas lost during
consumer end-use
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒 0.5% Percent Environmental Defense Fund4
Building type (i.e., residential,
or commercial)
𝑖 Residential
Commercial
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; therms = thermal unit 1 2022 PG&E Community Report Provided by the City on May 2024 via SharePoint. 2 Emission factor is calculated using the following equation:

2.85 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚
∗ 95% 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 0.7
𝑘𝑔
𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
∗ 28
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒
𝐶𝐻ସ
∗ 0.001
𝑀𝑇
𝑘𝑔
3 Alvarez, Ramón et al. (2018). Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science. 361. Accessed January 12, 2023, at: https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aar7204 4 Environmental Defense Fund USER GUIDE FOR NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE MODELING TOOL. Accessed January 12,2023 at:
https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/US-Natural-Gas-Leakage-Model-User-Guide.pdf The total natural gas use and resulting leakage activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions per building type are summarized in Table 10.

Table 10 Community Natural Gas Methane Leaks GHG Emissions Calculations Natural Gas Sector
Leakage
Source
Activity Data
[therms]
Methane Leakage
[therms]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/therm]
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Residential Distribution 5,813,399 133,708 0.053067 8,638 End-use 5,813,399 29,067 0.053067
Commercial Distribution 2,813,524 64,711 0.053067
4,181
End-use 2,813,524 14,068 0.053067
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Item 10.1
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14 2.2.2 Transportation
Transportation: On-Road
On-road vehicles produce GHG emissions from the mobile combustion of fossil fuels (i.e., internal combustion engines) and from the production of electricity used by EVs. GHG emissions from the on-road transportation sector were calculated in accordance with Community Protocols TR.1.A and TR.2.B. The methodology leverages on-road transportation data from CARB’s 2021 Emission Factor (EMFAC2021) model.11 EMFAC2021 provides data at the countywide level.

The Community Protocol recommends the use of regional travel demand models to differentiate activity data by passenger, commercial, and bus vehicle miles travelled (VMT). This assessment utilizes data provided by Replica.12 Replica uses big data sources such as GPS, cell phone, credit card transactions, real estate data, and ground-truthing, along with powerful machine learning techniques, to generate a statewide land use and VMT model that is updated quarterly. For this assessment, Replica provided origin–destination average daily, weekday, and weekend VMT for each quarter of 2022 within Campbell. Quarterly daily VMT provided by Replica was averaged and scaled13 to determine 2022 VMT activity data. Replica does not have Bus VMT data for 2022.

Because of COVID-19 impacts to ridership, 2019 is considered the best proxy. VMT rates were averaged and scaled using the same techniques described above. The bus category includes EMFAC defined bus types such as school bus, urban bus, and other bus, which encompasses transit vehicles. 2019 bus data is considered to be the best proxy for 2022, as factors impacting bus ridership in 2019 and 2022 are most alike. Equation 2-5 and Table 11 define the equations, parameters, and data sources used to convert resulting Replica VMT activity data to GHG emissions from on-road transportation fuel combustion.

EQUATION 2-5
TR.1.A & TR.2.B ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION COMBUSTION EMISSIONS 𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒௢௡௥௢௔ௗ,௜ = ൬𝑇௜ +
1 2
𝑇ை,௜ +
1 2
𝑇஽,௜൰ × 𝐸𝐹௔௨௧௢,௜
11 California Air and Resources Board. 2023. Emission Factor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 12 https://www.replicahq.com/
13 Weekend daily VMT is scaled assuming 104 weekend days in a year, while weekday daily VMT was scaled assuming 261 weekdays in a year.

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Table 11 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-Road Transportation Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual community on-road GHG
emissions per vehicle class
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ை௡௥௢௔ௗ,௜ See Table 14 MT CO2e/year Calculated
VMT occurring within jurisdictional
boundaries per vehicle class
𝑇𝑖
See Table 14 miles Replica Model1
VMT originating within and terminating
outside of jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝑂,𝑖
See Table 14 miles Replica Model
VMT originating outside of and terminating
within jurisdictional boundaries per vehicle
class
𝑇𝐷,𝑖
See Table 14 miles Replica Model
Emissions factor for on-road vehicles per
vehicle class
𝐸𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜,𝑖
See Table 14 MT CO2e/mile EMFAC2021 v1.0.12
Vehicle class 𝑖 Passenger
Commercial
Bus
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; VMT = vehicle miles travelled 1 Replica VMT data for the City of Campbell provided via email in May 2024 2 California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2023. Emission Factor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 In addition to mobile combustion emissions accounted under Community Protocol Equations TR.1.A and TR.2.B, GHG emissions from electric vehicles were included in the City’s 2022 Community GHG Inventory for more accurate accounting of on-road transportation trends. This was achieved through modifications to Equation 2-5 to account for local EV modeshare estimates. Because EMFAC2021 considers EV vehicles to have an emissions factor of zero, Equation 2-6 is used to account for the emissions associated with electricity for those EV vehicles. The adjusted equation, parameters, and data sources used to estimate GHG emissions attributable to on-road EV activity are provided in Equation 2-6 and Table 12 below.

EQUATION 2-6

ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIC VEHICLE EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒௢௡௥௢௔ௗ,ா௏,௜ = ൬𝑇௜ +
1 2
𝑇ை,௜ +
1 2
𝑇஽,௜൰ × 𝐸𝑉௦௛௔௥௘,௜ × 𝐸𝑃𝑀௜ × 𝐸𝐹௘௟௘௖,௝
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16 Table 12 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-Road Transportation Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual community onroad EV GHG emissions per
vehicle class
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ை௡௥௢௔ௗ,ா௏,௜ See Table 14 MT CO2e/year Calculated
VMT occurring within
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝑖
See Table 13 miles Replica Model1
VMT originating within and
terminating outside of
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝑂,𝑖
See Table 13 miles Replica Model
Vehicle miles travelled
originating outside of and
terminating within
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝐷,𝑖
See Table 13 miles Replica Model
Percent share of VMT
attributable to EVs
𝐸𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒,𝑖
See Table 13 % EMFAC2021 v1.0.12
Average rate of electricity
consumption per EV-mile per
vehicle class
𝐸𝑃𝑀𝑖
See Table 13 kWh/mile EMFAC2021 v1.0.1
Weighted average electricity
emissions factor per building
type
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑗
See Table 13 MT CO2e/kWh SVCE 2022 Electricity Report;
PG&E Community Report3
Vehicle class 𝑖 Passenger
Commercial
Bus
Categorical
Building type 𝑗 Residential
Commercial
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; EV = electric vehicles; VMT = vehicle miles travelled; kWh = kilowatt hour 1 Replica VMT data for the City of Campbell provided via email May 2024 via Replica (and aggregated/ processed by Rincon for annualization, as described above).
2 California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2023. Emission Factor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 3 Silicon Valley Clean Energy (SVCE) 2022 Electricity Report, provided by the City via SharePoint and revised via email on May 29, 2024.

PG&E Community Report
Table 13 shows the VMT activity data for by vehicle class, as well as the EV share of VMT used to determine the electricity consumption associated with EV activity.

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Table 13 Community On-Road EV Activity Data Calculations Vehicle Class
VMT Activity
Data [miles] EV Share [%] EVMT [miles] EPM [kWh/mile]
EV Activity Data
[kWh]
Passenger 320,297,745 5.78% 18,523,456 0.37 6,932,044
Commercial 10,981,011 0.00% 0 0.00 0
Bus 1,096,229 0.12% 1,370 1.74 2,389
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles travelled; EV = electric vehicle; EPM = electricity per mile; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour
The activity data, emissions factors, and resulting GHG emissions from on-road transportation quantified in accordance with Equation 2-5 and Equation 2-6 are summarized in Table 14 below.

Table 14 Community On-Road Transportation GHG Emissions Calculations Sector Activity Data1 Emission Factor4
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Passenger VMT 320,297,745 VMT 0.000321 MT CO2e/mile 102,702 Commercial VMT 10,981,011 VMT 0.001293 MT CO2e/mile 14,195 Bus VMT 1,096,229 VMT 0.001324 MT CO2e/mile 1,451
Passenger EVMT1 6,932,044 kWh 0.000032 MT CO2e/kWh 223
Commercial EVMT2 0 kWh 0.000032 MT CO2e/kWh 0
Bus EVMT2 2,389 kWh 0.000032 MT CO2e/kWh <1
Total 118,571
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
1 EV activity data does not include kWh associated with T&D losses as these emissions are considered negligible and are included under energy sector emissions.
2 Emissions factor for on-road passenger EV electricity use is weighted according to the portion of electricity supplied per provider in the residential electricity sector (see Table 4)
3 Emissions factor for on-road commercial and bus EV electricity use is weighted according to the portion of electricity supplied per provider in the residential electricity sector (see Table 4) 4 Emission factor does not account for electricity emissions for EVs (counts EV VMT as zero), and therefore applying this emission factor to total activity data does not result in double counting.

Transportation: Off-Road
Off-road equipment and vehicles – such as those used in agriculture, construction, lawn and garden, or recreational equipment – generate GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels.

Community Protocol Equation TR.8 was used to quantify GHG emissions from off-road fuel consumption and is shown in Equation 2-7 below. Table 15 lists the parameters, values, and data sources used to quantify emissions in accordance with the Community Protocol.

EQUATION 2-7
TR.8 OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒௢௙௙௥௢௔ௗ,௝ = 𝐸𝐹௝ × ෍𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙௢௙௙௥௢௔ௗ,௜,௝
௜
× 𝐴𝐹௜
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18 Table 15 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Off-Road Equipment Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
offroad equipment
𝐶𝑂2𝑒
𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑗
See Table 17 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Annual fuel consumption in
the County per sector per fuel
type
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙௢௙௙௥௢௔ௗ,௜,௝ See Table 17 Gallons/year OFFROAD20211
Fuel attribution factor per
equipment type
𝐴𝐹௜ See Table 16 Percent Plan Bay Area 2050;2
Department of Finance3
6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing
Element4
Emission factor per fuel type 𝐸𝐹𝑗See Table 17 MT CO2e/gallon EPA Emission Factors Hub5 Equipment Type 𝑖 See Table 16 Categorical OFFROAD2021
Fuel type 𝑗 Gasoline
Diesel
Natural Gas
Categorical OFFROAD2021
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 1 California Air Resource Board (CARB). 2023. Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Off-road (OFFROAD2021 v1.0.3). Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 2 Plan Bay Area 2050. 2021. Growth Pattern, Projected Household and Job Growth, by County. Available at:
https://planbayarea.org/sites/default/files/FinalBlueprintRelease_December2020_GrowthPattern_Jan2021Update.pdf 3 Department of Finance (DOF). 2024. E-5 Population and Housing Estimates for Cities, Counties, and the State, 2020-2024. Available at: https://dof.ca.gov/forecasting/demographics/estimates/e-5-population-and-housing-estimates-for-cities-counties-and-the-state2020-2024/ 4 City of Campbell. 2023. 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element. Available at:
https://www.campbellca.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/2953 5 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghgemission-factors-hub Table 16The data used for off-road equipment fuel consumption was at the countywide level. These values were scaled based on Campbell’s population, jobs, and land use. The demographic attribution metrics and percent attribution used for each off-road equipment type is shown in Table

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Table 16 Community Off-Road Equipment Sector Attributions Equipment Type Attribution Metric Attribution Data Source Agricultural Excluded - Other 0.0000 Not Applicable
Airport Excluded - Other 0.0000 Not Applicable
Cargo Excluded - Other 0.0000 Not Applicable
Commercial Excluded - Other 0.0000 Not Applicable
Construction Employment 0.0248 Plan Bay Area 2050; Department of Finance; 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element2
Industrial Employment 0.0248 Plan Bay Area 2050; Department of Finance; 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element2
Lawn Population 0.0232 Plan Bay Area 2050; Department of Finance; 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element3
Light Employment 0.0248 Plan Bay Area 2050; Department of Finance; 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element2
Locomotive Excluded - Not Under
Jurisdictional Control

0.0000 Not Applicable
Ocean Excluded - Other 0.0000 Not Applicable
Oil Excluded - Not Under
Jurisdictional Control

0.0000 Not Applicable
Outboard Excluded - Not Under
Jurisdictional Control

0.0000 Not Applicable
Pleasure Population 0.0232 Plan Bay Area 2050; Department of Finance; 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element3
Portable Employment 0.0248 Plan Bay Area 2050; Department of Finance; 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element2
Transport Employment 0.0248 Plan Bay Area 2050; Department of Finance; 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element2
Recreational Households 0.0249 Plan Bay Area 2050; Department of Finance; 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element4
Military Excluded - Other 0.0000 Not Applicable
Forestry Excluded - Other 0.0000 Not Applicable
1 Agriculture and forestry were excluded due to lack of activity within Campbell’s city limits. Same for ocean-related values (Campbell is land-locked) as well as Military bases.
2 Employment allocation was determined based on county job projects in Plan Bay Area 2050 and estimating Campbell employment estimated based on 1.62 jobs per housing unit and applying 2022 number of households as forecasted based on the City’s 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element.
3 Population allocation was determined based on county population data in the county provided by the Department of finance and forecasting the City’s 2022 population using population data provided in the 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element. 4 Household allocation was calculated using county-level household data from Plan Bay Area 2050. To estimate the number of households in the City for 2022, the 2019 persons-per-household rate, determined from the 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element, was applied to the City's estimated 2022 population
The allocated and aggregated activity data by fuel type, emission factors, and emissions results for the Campbell’s off-road equipment sector are provided in Table 17.

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20 Table 17 Community Off-Road GHG Emissions Calculations Fuel Type
Activity Data
(gallons)
Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/gallon)1
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Diesel 433,117 0.010469 4,534
Gasoline 492,352 0.009202 4,530
Natural Gas 402,977 0.005862 2,362
Total 11,427
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Values may not add due to rounding 1 Emission factors per fuel type represent a weighted average based on the emissions factor and fuel consumption per off-road equipment type as determined according to EPA’s Emissions Factor Hub available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghgemission-factors-hub

2.2.3 Solid Waste
GHG emissions associated with the waste sector result from the decomposition of waste at a landfill. Emissions from landfill processes were not available and were excluded. West Valley Collection and Recycling, LLC. (WVC&R) provides hauling for residential and commercial solid waste, recycling, and organics collection services. WVC&R is governed by the West Valley Solid Waste Authority (WVSWA), which is a joint power authority comprising the City of Campbell, Town of Los Gatos, City of Saratoga, and City of Monte Sereno. WVSWA contracts with Waste Management, which runs the Guadalupe Landfill located in San Jose, California. Recycling and organics recovery are sent offsite for processing, as per the most recent agreement signed between WVSWA and Waste Management in 2021.14
GHG emissions from waste decomposition were calculated using Community Protocol Method SW.4. Equation 2-8 and Table 18 provide the calculation method, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions in accordance with Community Protocol SW.4. As the City of Campbell did not have a waste categorization study to inform the proportion of total waste material per material type, the default ICLEI factor was used.

EQUATION 2-8
SW.4.1 SOLID WASTE FUGITIVE EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ௐ௔௦௧௘,௙௨௚௜௧௜௩௘ = 𝐺𝑊𝑃஼ுర × (1 − 𝐶𝐸) × (1 − 𝑂𝑋) × 𝑀 × ෍𝑃௜ × 𝐸𝐹௜ ௜
14 https://www.wvswma.org/uploads/2/5/7/3/25736194/2021_wm_disposal_agreement.pdf Item 10.1
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Table 18 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual community
generated waste GHG
emissions
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ௐ௔௦௧௘,௙௨௚௜௧௜௩௘ 9,388 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Methane global
warming potential
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4
28 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report1
Default LFG collection
efficiency
𝐶𝐸 0.75 Fraction ICLEI Community Protocol
Oxidation rate 𝑂𝑋 0.10 Fraction ICLEI Community Protocol Total mass of waste
entering landfill
𝑀 24,835 Tons West Valley Solid Waste
Management Authority2
Proportion of total
waste material per
material type
𝑃𝑖
1 Fraction
Emission factor per
material type4
𝐸𝐹𝑖

0.060 MT CH4/ton ICLEI Community Protocol
Material type 𝑖 Multiple Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 1 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
2 Tons of waste activity data provided by the City of Campbell via SharePoint in May 2024 Guadalupe Landfill is located outside of Campbell. Therefore, energy consumption for landfill processes is not incorporated under the energy sector of Campbell’s 2022 GHG Inventory. Instead, Landfill process emissions were quantified according to Community Protocol SW.5, which is outlined in Equation 2-9 and Table 19 below and are included in the solid waste sector of this inventory.

Landfill processing uses either compressed natural gas (CNG) or diesel. As information was not available, the Rincon team conservatively assumed diesel is being used for processes at the landfill, as diesel has a more intensive GHG emission factor.

EQUATION 2-9
SW.5 SOLID WASTE PROCESS EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ௐ௔௦௧௘,௣௥௢௖௘௦௦ = 𝑀 × 𝐸𝐹௣
Table 19 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual landfill process GHG
emissions
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ௐ௔௦௧௘,௣௥௢௖௘௦௦ 407 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Total mass of solid waste that
enters the landfill in the
inventory year
𝑀 24,835 Wet short tons/year WVC&R
Emissions factor for landfill
process emissions
𝐸𝐹𝑝

0.0164 MT CO2e/wet short ton ICLEI Community
Protocol- Assumed Diesel
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 1 Tons of waste activity data provided by the City of Campbell Via SharePoint in May 2024.

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22 The total GHG emissions from solid waste emissions sources are summarized in Table 20.

Table 20 Community Solid Waste Tonnage Allocation
Emissions Source GHG Emissions [MT CO2e/year]
Landfill Fugitive Emissions 9,388
Landfill Process Emissions1 407
Total 9,795
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 1 As Scholl Canyon Landfill is within city boundaries and is owned and operated by the City, process related emissions are anticipated to be included under energy sector GHG emissions and thus are excluded from total GHG emissions attributable to the solid waste sector.

2.2.4 Water
Campbell receives all water from the San Jose Water Company (SJWC), which is located outside of Campbell. As a result, this water is considered imported/purchased, rather than local. Rincon accounted for the energy used for water conveyance, treatment, and delivery to Campbell using SJWC reported energy intensity and total water consumed by Campbell. SJWC purchases electricity from Silicon Valley Clean Energy (GreenStart) and from San Jose Clean Energy (GreenValue).15 The energy intensity provided as part of its most recent (2020) Urban Water Management Plan provided lifecycle kWh intensity values for water delivered to SJWC customers.

Table 21 shows the parameters and data sources associated with Equation 2-10, which were used to quantify GHG emissions from imported water sources.

EQUATION 2-10
WW.14 WATER SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ௐ௔௧௘௥,௜ = 𝑉𝑜𝑙௜ × ෍𝐸𝐼௜,௝ × 𝐸𝐹௘௟௘௖,௜,௝
௝
15 Assumed GreenStart and GreenValue as SJWC documentation did not confirm that the rate was 100% renewable. Accordingly, the less renewable intensive value was chosen. As there was no breakdown in kWh by electricity provider, an average was taken of both providers’ emissions factors.

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Table 21 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Water Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
water consumption
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ௐ௔௧௘௥,௜ 98 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Volume of water supplied to
the community per water
district
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑖
1,493 MG [million gallon] SJWC 2022 Report1
Energy intensity of water
distribution
𝐸𝐼𝑖,𝑗
1,031 kWh/MG SJWC 2020 UWMP2
Electricity emissions factor
per water process stage per
source type
𝐸𝐹௘௟௘௖,௜,௝ 0.00006395664 MT CO2e/kWh SJWC Correspondence3 SJWC 2020 UWMP

SVCE & SJCE
Water process stage 𝑗 Distribution Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; AF = acre-feet; kWh = kilowatt hour; UWMP = Urban Water Management Plan
1 San Jose Water Company 2022 Report Provided by the City in May 2024 2 San Jose Water Company UWMP Section 6.11- Energy Use (Lifecycle): https://www.sjwater.com/sites/default/files/2021- 06/2020%20UWMP%20FINAL%20with%20Appendices.pdf
3 May correspondence with City and San Jose Water Company confirms renewable energy purchase claim made in 2020 UWMP, leading to use of SVCE GreenStart emissions factor. SJCE emissions factor obtained via published 2022 power content label:
https://sanjosecleanenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/SJCE-2022-Power-Content-Label.pdf 4 Note that as reported data did not articulate the kwh split between SJWC, and SJCE, a 50/50 split was assumed, and an average was taken between both emissions factors.

2.2.5 Wastewater
Management of wastewater can produce emissions through every stage of the process—from collection to final use or discharge. The City of Campbell contracts the West Valley Sanitation District (WVSD) for wastewater collection, transport, and disposal services. WVSD operates and maintains the wastewater collection system serving Campbell, Los Gatos, Monte Sereno, and a portion of unincorporated Santa Clara County. Because WVSD uses gravity to convey wastewater, there are no conveyance-related emissions.16
WVSD contracts the Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility (SCRWF) for wastewater treatment and disposal, thereby conveying all collected wastewater to the SCRWF plant. SCRWF is a centralized water treatment plant featuring anaerobic digestion and using nitrification and denitrification for processing wastewater. The outfall from SCRWF is then discharged to South San Francisco Bay through the outfall channel after tertiary treatment. Currently, SCRWF processes wastewater for 1.4 million customers and 17,000 businesses in total. As the community of Campbell only represents a portion of this, the GHG emissions attributable to Campbell’s community inventory are based on Campbell’s proportion of the total population served by the District (a population of 42,462 Campbell residents in 2022).17
GHG emissions from SCRWF operations are a result of process emissions from the combustion of anaerobic digester gas, (see Equation 2-11 and Equation 2-12, which are respectively described in 16 May 2024 Email Correspondence with City of Campbell. 17 https://www.sanjoseca.gov/your-government/departments-offices/environmental-services/water-utilities/regional-wastewaterfacility- note that the WWTP initially supplied an estimate of 42,800 customers, which is higher than the estimated number of residents in 2022 based on the City’s 2023 Housing Element (https://www.campbellca.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/2953). As a conservative estimate of GHG emissions associated with wastewater and to maintain consistency with population data used in the 2022 Community Inventory, 2023 Housing Element population estimates were used to allocate emissions to the City, where appropriate.

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24 Table 22 and Table 23), nitrification/denitrification (see Equation 2-13and Table 24), wastewater outfall into San Francisco Bay (see Equation 2-14 and Table 25). Additionally, SCRWF provided electricity and natural gas consumption data, which were accounted for as well under Equation 2-15, Equation 2-16, Table 26, and Table 27.

EQUATION 2-11
WW.1.B WASTEWATER DIGESTER GAS STATIONARY COMBUSTION EMISSIONS (CH4) – WHEN BTU

CONTENT IS KNOWN
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝐻ସ 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
= ൫𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 × 𝐵𝑇𝑈ௗ௜௚௘௦௧௘௥ ீ௔௦ × 10ି଺ × 𝐸𝐹஼ுସ × 10ିଷ൯ Table 22 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.1B Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted
by devices designed to
combust digester gas
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝐻ସ 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 See Table 28 MT
CO2e/year
Calculated
Standard cubic feet of
digester gas produced per
day (std ft3/day)
𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 53,422 std ft3/day San Jose-Santa Clara
Regional Wastewater Facility
Provided Data – Scaled Using
Campbell 2022 Population1
BTU content of digester gas,
higher heating value
𝐵𝑇𝑈஽௜௚௘௦௧௘௥ ீ௔௦ 597 BTU/scf San Jose- Santa Clara
Regional Wastewater
Provided Data2
Conversion factor 10−6 0.000001 mmBTU/BTU ICLEI Community Protocol Methane emissions factor 𝐸𝐹𝐶𝐻40.0032 kg CH4/
mmBTU
ICLEI Community Protocol
Conversion factor 365.25 365.25 Days/year ICLEI Community Protocol Conversion factor 10−3 0.001 MT/kg ICLEI Community Protocol Global warming potential of
methane
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4
28 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; BTU = British thermal unit; mmBTU = one million British thermal units; kg = kilograms.
1 Standard cubic feet of gas produced per day for entire wastewater operation provided by the San Jose Santa Clara Wastewater Facility and scaled to the size of Campbell (based on population) which was determined based on 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element population data and county-level population data provided by the Department of Finance E-5 report. Campbell’s population comprises approximately 3.03% of the entire population served by the wastewater treatment plant. 2 Provided to City staff and Project Team via email in April 2024.

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EQUATION 2-12
WW.2.B WASTEWATER DIGESTER GAS STATIONARY COMBUSTION EMISSIONS (N2O) – WHEN BTU

CONTENT IS KNOWN
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑁2𝑂 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
= ൫𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 × 𝐵𝑇𝑈ௗ௜௚௘௦௧௘௥ ீ௔௦ × 10ି଺ × 𝐸𝐹ேଶ଴ × 10ିଷ൯ Table 23 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.2.B Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted
by devices designed to
combust digester gas
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑁2𝑂 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 See Table 28 MT
CO2e/year
Calculated
Standard cubic feet of
digester gas produced per
day (std ft3/day)
𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 53,422 std ft3/day San Jose-Santa Clara
Regional Wastewater
Facility Provided Data –
Scaled Using Campbell
2022 Population1
BTU content of digester gas,
higher heating value
𝐵𝑇𝑈஽௜௚௘௦௧௘௥ ீ௔௦ 597 BTU/scf San Jose-Santa Clara
Regional Wastewater
Provided Data2
Rate of digester gas volume
production
𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 1.00 std ft3/
person/day
ICLEI Community Protocol
Conversion factor 10−6 0.000001 mmBTU/BTU ICLEI Community Protocol Nitrous Oxide Emission
Factor
𝐸𝐹𝑁2𝑂

0.00063 kg CH4/
mmBTU
ICLEI Community Protocol
Conversion factor 365.25 365.25 Days/year ICLEI Community Protocol Conversion factor 10−3 0.001 MT/kg ICLEI Community Protocol Global warming potential of
nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂
265 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; BTU = British thermal unit; mmBTU = one million British thermal units; kg = kilograms.
1 Standard cubic feet of gas produced per day for entire wastewater operation provided by the San Jose Santa Clara Wastewater Facility and scaled to the size of Campbell (based on population) which was determined based on 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element population data and county-level population data provided by the Department of Finance E-5 report. Campbell’s population comprises approximately 3.03% of the entire population served by the wastewater treatment plant. 2 Provided to City staff and Project Team via email in April 2024.

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26 EQUATION 2-13
WW.7 CENTRALIZED WWTP WITH NITRIFICATION/DENITRIFICATION 𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ௐௐ,௡௜௧/ௗ௘௡௜௧,௜ = ((𝑃 × 𝐹௜௡ௗି௖௢௠) × 𝐸𝐹௡௜௧/ௗ௘௡௜௧ × 10ି଺) × 𝐺𝑊𝑃ேଶை Table 24 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.7 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted by
WWTP processes
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡,𝑖
See Table 28 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Population served1 𝑃 42,462 People 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element1
Factor for insignificant
industrial or commercial
discharge
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑−𝑐𝑜𝑚

1.00 – ICLEI Community Protocol
Emissions factor for a WWTP
without nitrification or
denitrification
𝐸𝐹𝑤/𝑜 𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡 7.00 g N2O/person/
year
ICLEI Community Protocol
Conversion factor 10−6 0.000001 Mt/g –
Global warming potential of
nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂
265 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; BTU = British thermal unit; mmBTU = one million British thermal units; kg = kilograms.
1 City of Campbell. 2023. 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element. Available at:
https://www.campbellca.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/2953 Community Protocol Equation WW.12 was used to quantify emissions associated with the San JoseSanta Clara Regional Wastewater Treatment Facility effluent discharge into the South San Fransisco Bay. Like all other parts of the wastewater treatment facility emissions, activity data has also been scaled to represent Campbell’s proportional contribution to total GHG emissions (3.14 percent of total). The equation is provided in Equation 2-14, as shown below.

EQUATION 2-14
WW.12 FUGITIVE NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM EFFLUENT DISCHARGE 𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ௐௐ,௘௙௙௟௨௘௡௧ = 𝑁 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝐸𝐹௘௙௙௟௨௘௡௧,௜ ×
44 28
× 365.25 × 10ିଷ × 𝐺𝑊𝑃ேଶை
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Table 25 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.12 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual N2O emitted by
effluent processes
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡
See Table 28 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Average total nitrogen per
day
𝑁 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 106 kg N/day SJSCWWTP Report– Scaled
Using Campbell 2022
Population1,2
Emissions factor of
discharge to water body
type (ocean)
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡,𝑖

0.0025 kg N2O-N/kg
sewage-N
discharged
ICLEI Community Protocol,
selected for ‘Ocean
Discharge’ as discharge
point is San Francisco Bay
Molecular weight ratio of
N2O to N2
44 28

1.57 Fraction
Conversion factor 365.25 365.25 Days/year
Conversion factor 10−3 0.001 MT/kg
Global warming potential
of nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂
265 – IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; kg = kilograms 1 Report provided to the City via Email and Project Team via SharePoint in April 2024. 2 Average total nitrogen per day provided by the San Jose Santa Clara Wastewater Facility and scaled to the size of Campbell (based on population) which was determined based on 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element population data and county-level population data provided by the Department of Finance. Campbell’s population comprises approximately 3.03% of the entire population served by the wastewater treatment plant.

The SJSCWWTP is located outside of Campbell, which means that electricity and natural gas used at the WRP is not captured under community commercial energy use. Community Protocol Equation WW.15 was used to determine SJSCWWTP emissions from electricity and natural gas, adjusted to allocate emissions attributable to the Campbell community. It should be noted that ICLEI does not provide a specific formula to calculate natural gas use for WWTP operations, so the same methodology used for the rest of the community inventory was repeated here as a variation on WW.15, coded as WW.15-NG.

According to data provided by SJSCWWTP, both electricity and natural gas are purchased from PG&E, rather than SVCE. Accordingly, PG&E’s emission factor is used to calculate energy emissions from consumption of electricity and natural gas at the plant.

EQUATION 2-15
WW.15 ENERGY-RELATED EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED
WITH WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT – ELECTRICITY
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ௐௐ௘௟௘௖ = (𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐ௐௐ,௜ + (𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐ௐௐ,௜ × 𝑇𝐷) × 𝐸𝐹௘௟௘௖,௜)
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28 Table 26 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.15 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted
by WWTP electricity use
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ௐௐ௘௟௘௖ See Table 28 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Electricity use of WWTP 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐ௐௐ,௜ 464,682 kWh WWTP Utility Data, allocated to Campbell Population1
T&D Loss Factor 𝑇𝐷 5.1% Percentage EPA2
PG&E electricity emission
factor
𝐸𝐹௘௟௘௖ 0.0000263 MT CO2e/kWh PG&E3
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; MG = million gallons; AF = acre-feet; kWh = kilowatt hour 1 Annual kWh purchased from PG&E provided to City via email in May 2024. Population data determined using 2023 6th Cycle housing element to forecast the City’s 2022 population, as well as county-level data provided by the Department of Finance E-5 report. Original PG&E purchased electricity = 15,321 kWh, scaled by 3.03% allocated to Campbell population as a percentage of total WWTP population served.
2 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. Data Explorer, grid loss rates, 2016. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/egrid/dataexplorer 3 PG&E 2022 vie The Climate Registry: https://theclimateregistry.org/resources/carbon-footprint-registry/ EQUATION 2-16
WW.15-NG ENERGY-RELATED EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED
WITH WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT – NATURAL GAS
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ௐௐ௡௚ = (𝑁𝐺ௐௐ௖௢௡௦ × 𝐸𝐹௡௚௖௢௠) + (𝑁𝐺ௐௐ௟௘௔௞ × 𝐸𝐹௡௚௟௘௔௞) Item 10.1
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Table 27 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.15 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted
by WWTP natural gas use
𝐶𝑂ଶ𝑒ௐௐ௡௚ See Table 28 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Natural gas use of WWTP –
consumed natural gas
𝑁𝐺ௐௐ𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠 114,753 therms WWTP Utility Data, allocated
to Campbell Population1
Natural gas use of WWTP –
combusted natural gas
[minus upstream leakage]
𝑁𝐺ௐௐ𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏 114,179 therms WWTP Utility Data, allocated
to Campbell Population;
minus upstream leakage
percentage2
Natural gas allocated
leakage from WWTP
𝑁𝐺ௐௐ𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘 3,213 therms WWTP Utility Data,
calculated to include
upstream and downstream
emissions3
Natural gas combustion
emission factor
𝐸𝐹௡௚௖௢௠ 0.0053115 MT CO2e/therm Alvarez, Ramón et al. (2018) & Environmental Defense
Fund4
Methane leak emission
factor
𝐸𝐹௡௚௟௘௔௞ 0.05307 MT CO2e/therm Alvarez, Ramón et al. (2018) & Environmental Defense
Fund
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; MG = million gallons; AF = acre-feet; kWh = kilowatt hour 1 PG&E purchased therms by WWTP provided to City via email in May 2024. The original 3,785,505 therms were then scaled to reflect Campbell’s share of this overall total (3.03%).
2 This value subtracts out 0.5% end-use to reflect the percentage of natural gas actually combusted in end-use. See natural gas community inventory emissions factor for full source description. 3 This value calculates end-use leakage (0.5%) and adds it to pipeline leakage (2.3%) in order to calculate total methane leaked throughout therms consumed by the WWTP.
4 Alvarez, Ramón et al. (2018). Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science. 361. https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aar7204.; Environmental Defense Fund USER GUIDE FOR NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE MODELING TOOL. Available at: https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/US-Natural-Gas-Leakage-Model-User-Guide.pdf Table 28 summarizes wastewater sector activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions per WWTP.

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30 Table 28 Community Wastewater GHG Emissions Calculations Emissions Source
Protocol
Equation Activity Data & Unit Emissions Factor1
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e/year]
San Jose- Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility
Stationary
Combustion/
Anaerobic Digestion
CH4 and N2O
Emissions
WW.1.B;
WW.2.B
20,187,204 std ft3/yr 0.0000002 MT CO2e/std
ft3
3 Nit/Denit Process
N2O
WW.7 43,930 service
persons

0.0018550 MT CO2e/
service pop
79 Effluent Discharge WW.12 109 kg N/day 0.3799057 MT CO2e/kg N/day
40 Electricity Use WW.15 480,749 kWh 0.0000263 MT CO2e/kWh 12 Electricity T&D Loss WW.15 24,518 kWh 0.0000263 MT CO2e/kWh 1 NG Use WW.15-NG 118,127 therms 0.0053115 MT CO2e/
therm
606
NG Leakage WW.15-NG 3,324 therms 0.0530670 MT CO2e/
therm
171
Total 912
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kg = kilograms; kWh = kilowatt hour 2022 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results
The inventory provides the current GHG emissions estimates that follow the Community Protocol and current best practices for GHG accounting. The results of the GHG inventory are summarized in Figure 1 and Figure 2, and shown in detail in Table 29.

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Figure 1 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector
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32 Figure 2 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Subsector Item 10.1
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Table 29 2022 Community GHG Emissions Inventory
GHG Emissions
Sector
GHG Emissions
Subsector Activity Data Emission Factor
GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Energy Residential Electricity 81,938,362 kWh 0.0000322 MT CO2e/kWh 2,638 Residential Electricity
T&D
4,532,391 kWh 0.0000322 MT CO2e/kWh 146
Commercial
Electricity
95,071,139 kWh 0.0000324 MT CO2e/kWh 3,085
Commercial
Electricity T&D
4,848,750 kWh 0.0000324 MT CO2e/kWh 157
Direct Access 18,509,670 kWh 0.0002265 MT CO2e/kWh 4,193 Direct access T&D 943,993 kWh 0.0002265 MT CO2e/kWh 214 Residential Natural
Gas
5,784,332 therms 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm 30,723
Residential Natural
Gas Leaks
162,775 therms 0.053067 MT CO2e/therm 8,638
Commercial Natural
Gas
2,799,456 therms 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm 14,869
Commercial Natural
Gas Leaks
78,779 therms 0.053067 MT CO2e/therm 4,181
Transportation On-road Passenger
Total VMT
320,297,745 VMT 0.000321 MT CO2e/mile 102,702
On-road Commercial
Total VMT
10,981,011 VMT 0.001293 MT CO2e/mile 14,195
On-road Bus Total
VMT
1,096,229 VMT 0.001324 MT CO2e/mile 1,451
On-road Passenger
EVMT
6,932,044 kWh 0.000032 MT CO2e/kWh 223
On-road Commercial
EVMT
0 kWh 0.000032 MT CO2e/kWh 0.0
On-road Bus EVMT 2,389 kWh 0.000032 MT CO2e/kWh 0.1
Off Road-Diesel 433,117 Gallons 0.010469 MT CO2e/Gallon 4,534 Off Road-Gasoline 492,352 Gallons 0.009202 MT CO2e/Gallon 4,530 Off Road-Natural Gas 402,977 Gallons 0.005862 MT CO2e/Gallon 2,362 Solid Waste Landfill Methane 24,835 tons 0.378000 MT CO2e/ton 9,388 Process Emissions 24,835 tons 0.016400 MT CO2e/ton 407
Water Imported/Purchased 1,539,283 kWh 0.000064 MT CO2e/kWh 98 Item 10.1
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34 GHG Emissions
Sector
GHG Emissions
Subsector Activity Data Emission Factor
GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Wastewater Stationary
Combustion
19,512,530 std ft3/yr 0.000000 MT CO2e/std ft3 3
Process N2O
Emissions
42,462 service
persons

0.001855 MT CO2e/service
pop
79 Effluent Discharge
Fugitive N2O
106 kg N/day 0.379906 MT CO2e/kg
N/day
40 Electricity Use 464,682 kWh 0.000026 MT CO2e/kWh 12
Electricity Use T&D 23,699 kWh 0.000026 MT CO2e/kWh 1
NG Use 114,179 therms 0.005311 MT CO2e/therm 606
NG Leakage 3,213 therms 0.053067 MT CO2e/therm 171
Total 209,646
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; gal = gallons
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3 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory

3.1 Methodology
The City’s 2022 Municipal GHG Inventory was completed using the Local Government Operations Protocol18 (LGOP) developed by Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI), California Air Resources Board (CARB), California Climate Action Registry, and The Climate Registry (TCR). The LGOP methodology includes the calculation of GHG emissions that can be attributed directly to City operations in the given inventory year. The municipal inventory allows the City to track its GHG emissions resulting from its facilities, vehicles, and any equipment over which it can exert control with policies.

This means that the municipal inventory is a subset of the community inventory and can be used by the City for guidance to reduce emissions directly under the City’s control (e.g., electrifying municipal fleets and buildings, conducting internal outreach to improve landfill diversion).

The results of GHG emission calculations are presented by emissions scope, relating to the degree of control the City has over emissions sources. Emissions sources are categorized as direct (i.e., Scope 1) or indirect (i.e., Scope 2 or Scope 3), in accordance with the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development’s Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard, which are summarized below:
 Scope 1: Direct GHG emissions from sources within a local government’s operations that it owns and/or controls. This includes stationary combustion to produce electricity, steam, heat, and power equipment; mobile combustion of fuels; process emissions from physical or chemical processing; fugitive emissions that result from production, processing, transmission, storage, and use of fuels; and other sources.
 Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions associated with the consumption of electricity, steam, heating, or cooling that are purchased from a utility provider that also provides energy to other jurisdictions and/or is located outside the boundaries of the city.  Scope 3: All other indirect GHG emissions not covered in Scope 2, such as emissions resulting from the extraction and production of purchased materials and fuels, transport-related activities in vehicles not owned or controlled by the City (e.g., employee commuting and business travel, outsourced activities, waste disposal, etc.).

Scope
Similar to the community inventory, the GHG emissions sources and sectors for the municipal operations inventory are categorized into various sectors and subsectors to match the GHG emissions reporting of the community GHG emissions inventory, with the granularity required by the LGOP. The primary sectors of GHG emissions sources include:
18 ICLEI. May 2010. Local Government Operations Protocol for the quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions inventories.

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36  Electricity
 Natural Gas
 Transportation
 Water and Wastewater
 Solid Waste
Further granularity can be achieved by also reporting GHG emissions sources by the following subsectors when possible:
 Buildings and other facilities*
 Streetlights and traffic signals*
 Water delivery facilities*
 Port Facilities
 Airport Facilities
 Vehicle fleet*
 Transit fleet
 Power Generation Facilities
 Solid Waste Facilities
 Wastewater facilities
All categories coded with an “*” were included in the municipal inventory as they are relevant to the City of Campbell. All other categories have not been included as they are not applicable to municipal services found within jurisdictional boundaries.

The following LGOP recommended sectors have also been included in the City’s 2022 Municipal GHG Inventory:
 Employee commute
The City’s 2022 Municipal GHG Inventory includes an assessment of the City’s operational GHG emissions according to the above subsectors and categorized by scope.

Emissions Boundary
The 2022 Municipal GHG Inventory includes all emissions occurring within the City of Campbell’s direct jurisdictional authority (i.e., sources of emissions resulting from facilities that the City owns and/or operates). The City of Campbell operates and maintains multiple buildings and facilities, such as City Hall, the Campbell Community Center, and Corporate Yards. As the City does not own any utilities, emissions from purchased electricity, natural gas, and water/wastewater are treated as Scope 2 emissions.

3.2 2022 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory

3.2.1 Buildings and Other Facilities
Buildings and facilities generate emissions that relate to the stationary combustion of natural gas (Scope 1) and the use of electricity (Scope 2) in City facilities.

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Natural gas – which is used for heating and cooling buildings and facilities – is provided by PG&E.

The same equations used to calculate emissions from both combusted and leaked natural gas (Equation 2-3 and Equation 2-4) are the same as described above in the Community GHG Inventory.

The GHG emission calculation details associated with City facilities’ natural gas usage and leakage are provided in Table 30.

Table 30 Municipal Buildings and Facilities Sector Natural Gas GHG Emissions Calculations
GHG Emissions Source
Adjusted Activity Data
[therms]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/therm]
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Natural Gas Consumption 107,817 0.005311 573 Scope 1
Natural Gas Methane Leaks 3,034 0.053067 161 Scope 1
Total 734 Scope 1
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent The City purchases its electricity from the same providers described in the Community Inventory (PG&E and SVCE). The 2022 Municipal GHG Inventory considers the electricity consumed to operate City-owned buildings and facilities as a subset of the 2022 Community GHG Inventory and is thereby included as Scope 2 emissions. Additionally, T&D electricity losses are included in the City’s 2022 Municipal GHG Inventory to align with the 2022 Community GHG Inventory.

Emissions factors for PG&E, SVCE GreenStart, and SVCE GreenPrime were provided by PG&E and SVCE. SVCE additionally provided a 2022 municipal report with addresses and coding for service type, as well as NAICS codes further describing end-uses for each City account. According to SVCE, all City buildings and facilities used SVCE GreenStart and SVCE GreenPrime, while streetlights and traffic signals used PG&E, SVCE GreenPrime, and SVCE GreenStart. Electricity T&D losses were calculated based on a 5.1 percent loss rate as specified by eGRID.19 The GHG emission calculation details associated with buildings and other facilities’ electricity usage are provided in Table 31. 19 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2022 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
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38 Table 31 Municipal Buildings and Facilities Sector Electricity GHG Emission Calculations GHG Emissions Source
Utility
Provider
Activity Data
[kWh]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/kWh]1
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Electricity Consumption SVCE
GreenPrime &
GreenStart
2,161,896 0.000021 46 Scope 2
Electricity Consumption T&D SVCE
GreenPrime &
GreenStart
110,257 0.000021 2 Scope 2
Total 49 Scope 2
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 1 Emissions factor is a weighted average of SVCE GreenPrime and GreenStart rates. Note that over 99% of energy use is allocated to SVCE GreenPrime.

3.2.2 Streetlights and Traffic Signals
The City’s streetlights and traffic signals also generate Scope 2 emissions and T&D losses. Activity data and emissions factors were included in the SVCE municipal report provided to the City.20 Electricity T&D loss was calculated based on a 5.1 percent loss rate as specified by eGRID.21 The GHG emission calculation details associated with streetlights and traffic signals are provided in Table 32.

Table 32 Municipal Streetlights and Traffic Signals Sector Electricity GHG Emission Calculations
GHG Emissions Source
Utility
Provider
Activity Data
[kWh]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/kWh]1
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Streetlights & Traffic Signals PG&E; SVCE
GreenPrime &
GreenStart
630,171 0.000022 14 Scope 2
Streetlights & Traffic Signals
T&D
PG&E; SVCE
GreenPrime
and GreenStart
32,139 0.000022 0.7 Scope 2
Total 14 Scope 2
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 1 Note that emission factor is a weighted average that reflects kwh consumption split across electricity providers.

3.2.3 Water Delivery
Water consumption typically generates Scope 3 GHG emissions from the electricity used to deliver water to City-owned facilities, as well as the energy used to treat and convey the water prior to delivery. All water is purchased from the San Jose Water Company (SJWC), consistent with the Community GHG Inventory. Water delivery by SJWC is considered Scope 3 as the City does not control the electricity used to extract, convey, treat, and transport water. The municipal inventory uses the same energy intensity [kWh/MG] as the Community GHG Inventory, along with the SVCE 20 Municipal report is a separate spreadsheet from SVCE, while emissions factors use the same values used by the Community Inventory provided by SVCE and PG&E
21 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
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GreenStart and San Jose Clean Energy weighted emissions factor, as described in the Community Inventory. Specific 2022 MG usage was provided by San Jose Water, and validated using data provided by the Campbell Finance Department (water bills paid in Fiscal Years 2022 and 2023).

The GHG emission calculations details are provided in Table 33.

Table 33 Municipal Water Consumption GHG Emissions Calculations Water District
Activity
Data
[MG]
Energy
Intensity Factor
[kWh/MG]
Electricity
Usage
[kWh]
Emission
Factor [MT
CO2e/kWh]
GHG
Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Emission
Source
Scope
Imported/Purchased Water 42 1,031 43,302 0.000064 3 Scope 3 Total 3 Scope 3
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; MG= million gallons Values may not add due to rounding

3.2.4 Vehicle Fleet
Vehicle fleet emissions include Scope 1 sources that relate to the mobile combustion of fossil fuels in the City’s fleet vehicles. Information was not available for Scope 2 emissions from the charging of EVs and is not included in the total. Fleet vehicles include light- and medium-duty vehicles and trucks. The data provided by the Public Works Department represents fuel usage of diesel and gasoline in 2022, as well as an estimate of percentage of vehicles which were on-road vs. off-road.

Approximately 85 percent of vehicles were estimated as on-road and 15 percent as off-road.

Emission factors for diesel, gasoline, and compressed natural gas were obtained from the EPA Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories report.22 The GHG emission calculation details associated with vehicle fleet sources are provided in Table 34.

As the City does own a transit fleet (e.g., buses, light rail), there were no emissions calculated from this sector. Employee commutes account for emissions generated by City employees’ trips to and from work and is treated as separate from the use of personal vehicles for work, as discussed in the section below.
22 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghgemission-factors-hub Item 10.1
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40 Table 34 Municipal Vehicle Fleet Sector GHG Emission Calculations GHG Emission Source Activity Data Emissions Factor
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
On-Road Diesel1 2,550 Gallons 0.010254 MT CO2e/gal 26 Scope 1 On-Road Gasoline1 43,333 Gallons 0.008808 MT CO2e/gal 382 Scope 1 Off-Road Diesel2 450 Gallons 0.010467 MT CO2e/gal 5 Scope 1 Off-Road Gasoline2 7,647 Gallons 0.009207 MT CO2e/gal 70 Scope 1 Total 483 Scope 1
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; gal = gallons; kWh = kilowatt hour; Values may not add due to rounding 1 On-road diesel and gasoline were calculated by taking EPA estimates of MPG and emissions factors/gas and diesel and applying the average of model years to the mpg calculated x gallons of fuel provided. 2 Off-Road diesel emissions factors were taken by applying the kg CO2 factors provided by the EPA for Diesel and Gasoline. The values from EPA average emissions factors by fuel type and off-road equipment type were then taken for both gasoline and diesel for ‘light commercial’ categories and applied.

3.2.5 Solid Waste from City Facilities
Emissions calculations from solid waste from City facilities uses the same methodologies and emissions factors as detailed above in the Community Inventory in Equation 2-8 and Equation 2-9.

The GHG emissions calculations for municipal solid waste fugitive emissions and process emissions are shown in Table 35.

Table 35 Municipal Solid Waste GHG Emission Calculations Sector
Activity Data
[wet short ton]
Emission Factor [MT
CO2e/wet short ton]
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Emission
Source Scope
Municipal landfill Decomposition 694 0.3780 262 Scope 3 Municipal landfill Process 694 0.0164 11 Scope 3
Total 274 Scope 3

3.2.6 Wastewater from City Facilities
Wastewater management and processing at SCRWF are considered Scope 3 emissions, as they are located outside of Campbell’s boundaries and are not owned or operated by the City. Although West Valley Sanitation District (WVSD) does have offices in Campbell and could be considered Scope 1 emissions, wastewater is conveyed to SCRWF with gravity and, thus, does not have any associated emissions.

GHG emissions for wastewater treatment were calculated using the same Community Protocol methodology described above in the Community Inventory in Wastewater. Like the Community Inventory, total wastewater emissions from SCRWF were attributed to City operations.23 23 Total 2022 FTE employees for 2022 were used to scale emissions to reflect the share of wastewater emissions borne by municipal staff:
219. This is equal to 0.5% of the total Campbell population used to calculate community wastewater emissions (43,930).

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Table 36 Municipal Wastewater GHG Emissions
GHG Emission Source
Adjusted
Activity Data1 Emissions Factor
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Stationary Combustion 100,638 std ft3/yr 0.0000002 MT CO2e/std ft3 0.01 Scope 3 Process N2O Emissions 219 service
persons

0.0018550 MT CO2e/
service pop

0.40 Scope 3
Effluent Discharge
Fugitive N2O
1 kg N/day 0.3799057 MT CO2e/kg
N/day

0.20 Scope 3
Electricity Use 2,397 kWh 0.0000263 MT CO2e/kWh 0.06 Scope 3 Electricity Use T&D 122 kWh 0.0000263 MT CO2e/kWh <0.00 Scope 3 NG Use 589 therms 0.0053115 MT CO2e/ therm 3.12 Scope 3 NG Leakage 17 therms 0.0530670 MT CO2e/ therm 0.87 Scope 3 Total 4.7 Scope 3
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; AF = acre-feet; kg = kilogram; kWh = kilowatt hour; Values may not add due to rounding
1 Adjusted activity data reflects 0.5% of the total activity data to account for the contribution of FTE City employes to the community total.

3.2.7 Employee Commute
Emissions from employee commutes include Scope 3 GHG emissions sources from the mobile combustion of fossil fuels generated by the City of Campell’s employee vehicles as employees commute to and from work. The City provided underpinning data in the form of employee type, schedule (Flexible 9/8024 and telework) and estimated one-way trip to commute into the City of Campbell.25 Average daily commute was scaled to working days in a year (including 9/80 employees). The community emission factor for 2022 passenger vehicles was then applied to annual milage to calculate MT CO2e/Year.

The GHG emissions associated with the employee commute sector are provided in Table 37. 24 A 9/80 work schedule is a two-workweek schedule of eight 9-hour days, one 8-hour day, and one day off. 25 One-way trip lengths were calculated by City staff from the middle of the provided zip code on Google Maps. Zip codes 95228, 95321, and 95678 were excluded as outliers due to a calculated daily trip of over 100 miles.

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42 Table 37 Municipal Employee Commute GHG Emissions
GHG
Emission
Source
City
Employees
– FTW
Average
Daily Round
Trip Distance
[mi/vehicle/
day]
Workdays
[commuting
days]
per Year1
Annual
Mileage
Emissions
Factor [MT
CO2e/mi]2
Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Emission
Source
Scope
Single
Occupancy –
9/80
Employees
30 107 171 550,124 0.00032 176 Scope 3
Single
Occupancy –
Non-9/80
Employees
189 107 234 4,742,648 0.00032 1,521 Scope 3
Total 1,697 Scope 3
1 Assumed that 9/80 employees worked 171 days (commuted); non-9/80 employees worked 234 days (commuted). Note that the City does not have a telework policy, and an estimated 30-35 employees work a 9/80 schedule. 2 Emissions factor uses on-road emissions factor used in Community inventory.

3.3 2022 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory Results
The inventory provides the City with current GHG emissions estimates that follow the Community Protocol and current best practices for GHG accounting at the municipal level. The results of the GHG inventory are summarized in Figure 3 and shown in detail in Table 38.

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Figure 3 Municipal 2022 GHG Inventory
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44 Figure 4 2022 Municipal GHG Inventory Subsector Breakdown Item 10.1
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Table 38 2022 Municipal GHG Inventory
GHG
Emissions
Sector GHG Emissions Subsector Activity Data Emission Factor GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Energy Electricity – Buildings &
Facilities
2,161,896 kWh 0.000021 MT CO2e/kWh 46
Electricity – Buildings &
Facilities T&D
110,257 kWh 0.000021 MT CO2e/kWh 2
Electricity – Streetlights &
Traffic Signals
630,171 kWh 0.000022 MT CO2e/kWh 14
Electricity – Streetlights &
Traffic Signals T&D
32,139 kWh 0.000022 MT CO2e/kWh 0.7
Natural Gas – Buildings &
Facilities
107,817 therms 0.005311 MT CO2e/
therm
573
Natural Gas – Buildings &
Facilities Leaks
3,034 therms 0.053067 MT CO2e/
therm
161
Transportation On-road Vehicle Fleet Diesel 2,550 gallons 0.010254 MT CO2e/gal 26 On-road Vehicle Fleet
Gasoline
43,333 gallons 0.008808 MT CO2e/gal 382
Off-road Vehicle Fleet Diesel 450 gallons 0.010467 MT CO2e/gal 5 Off-road Vehicle Fleet
Gasoline
7,647 gallons 0.009207 MT CO2e/gal 70
Employee Commute 5,292,773 miles/
yr

0.000321 MT CO2e/mile 1,697
Solid Waste Landfill Methane 694 tons 0.378000 MT CH4/ton 262 Process Emissions 694 tons 0.016400 MT CO2e/ton 11
Water Imported/Purchased 43,302 kWh 0.000064 MT CO2e/kWh 3 Wastewater Stationary Combustion 100,638 std ft3/
yr

0.000000 MT CO2e/std ft3 0.0
Process N2O Emissions 219 service
persons

0.001855 MT CO2e/
service pop

0.4 Effluent Discharge Fugitive
N2O
1 kg N/
day

0.379906 MT CO2e/kg
N/day

0.2 Electricity Use 2,397 kWh 0.000026 MT CO2e/kWh 0.1
Electricity Use T&D 122 kWh 0.000026 MT CO2e/kWh 0.0
Natural Gas Use 589 therms 0.005311 MT CO2e/
therm

3.1 Natural Gas Leakage 17 therms 0.053067 MT CO2e/
therm

0.9 Total 3,258
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; gal = gallons
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46 4 GHG Emissions Forecast
A GHG emissions inventory sets a reference point for a single year; however, annual GHG emissions change over time due to factors such as population and job growth, as well as new technologies and policies. A GHG emissions forecast estimates future GHG emission changes by accounting for projected community growth and changes. Calculating the difference between the GHG emissions forecast and GHG emissions reduction targets determines the gap that needs to be closed through the implementation of local GHG reduction policies. This section includes an estimate of the future emissions for Campbell in the years 2030, 2035, 2040 and 2045 in a business-as-usual scenario (BAU) forecast and a legislative adjusted scenario (adjusted) forecast, which are defined as follows:
 Business-as-Usual Forecast. Provides a forecast of how future GHG emissions would change if consumption trends continued as they did in 2022 and projected changes in population, housing, employment, and transportation activity over time consistent with planned projects within Campbell boundaries. The BAU does not include any GHG reductions associated with State regulations.
 Legislative Adjusted Forecast. Provides a forecast of how currently adopted state legislation would reduce GHG emissions from the business-as-usual scenario. The legislative adjusted scenario represents the State’s contribution to reducing local GHG emissions to meet state goals.

Because the adjusted forecast incorporates the impact of State regulations that provide GHG emission reduction potential, the legislative adjusted scenario offers a more accurate picture of future GHG emission growth and the responsibility of Campbell for GHG reductions through local and regional actions.

4.1 Business-as-Usual Forecast
Demographic projections from 2022 to 2045 for population, employment, and households were developed using data from the City of Campbell's 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element to align with the City’s General Plan.26 The Housing Element provides population data for 2015 and 2020, household counts for 2019, and job numbers for 2018, along with Regional Housing Needs Allocation (RHNA) requirements for new housing units from 2023 to 2031. Population projections from 2020 to 2023 were calculated by analyzing population trends from 2015 to 2020, which was then applied to the 2019 persons-per-household rate (2.61) to estimate household growth from 2019 to 2023. From 2023 to 2031, the RHNA targets were applied to forecast the number of households needed by 2035. The resulting household data from 2019 to 2035 was then extended to project households through 2045. This household estimate, combined with the 2019 persons-perhousehold rate, was used to project population figures for 2023-2045. Employment projections were based on the Housing Element's job-to-housing unit ratio of 1.62, allowing for a forecast of employment growth parallel to household development.

A summary of the resulting demographics and projection metrics for each forecast year are provided in Table 39.
26 https://www.campbellca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/20007/4th-HCD-Submittal-Draft-of-the-6th-Cycle-Housing-Element---Redlines Item 10.1
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Table 39 BAU Forecast Demographic and Projection Metrics by Forecast Year Metric Data Source 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
Population 6th Cycle Housing
Element1
42,462 47,083 50,321 52,568 55,233
Households 6th Cycle Housing
Element1
16,263 18,033 19,273 20,133 21,154
Employment 6th Cycle Housing
Element1
26,346 29,213 31,222 32,616 34,270
Population Serviced Calculated2 68,807 76,295 81,543 85,184 89,503 Off-road gasoline
usage (gallons)
CARB OFFROAD2021 492,352 546,216 574,944 604,634 614,785 Off-road diesel
usage (gallons)
CARB OFFROAD2021 433,117 472,009 502,115 533,476 567,663 Off-road natural gas
usage (gallons)
CARB OFFROAD2021 402,977 449,083 479,378 512,912 512,916 1 City of Campbell. 2023. 6th Cycle 2023-2031 Housing Element. Available at:
https://www.campbellca.gov/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/2953 2 Service population is equal to jobs + population.

A description of the demographic metrics used to project activity data and associated growth factors for each forecasted GHG emission source in the 2022 Community GHG Inventory are provided in Table 40.

Table 40 GHG Emission Sources and Growth Factors for BAU Scenario Forecast GHG Emissions Source
Demographic
Projection Metric Growth Factor Value
Energy
Residential Electricity Households Electricity Consumption (kWh)/Household 5,038.41 Commercial Electricity Employment Electricity Consumption (kWh)/Job 3,608.61 Direct Access Population Electricity Consumption (kWh)/Job 702.57 Residential Natural Gas Households Natural Gas Consumption (therms)/Household 355.68 Residential Natural Gas
Leaks
Households Natural Gas Consumption (therms)/Household 10.01 Commercial Natural Gas Employment Natural Gas Consumption (therms)/Job 106.26 Commercial Natural Gas
Leaks
Employment Natural Gas Consumption (therms)/Job 2.99
Transportation
On-Road Passenger Total
VMT
Households Annual VMT attributed to on-road vehicles
using EMFAC2021 and Replica1
19,695.20
On-Road Commercial
Total VMT
Employment Annual VMT attributed to on-road vehicles
using EMFAC2021 and Replica1
416.81
On-Road Bus Total VMT Service Population Annual VMT attributed to on-road vehicles using EMFAC2021 and Replica1

15.93 Off-Road Emissions2 N/A Modeled by OFFROAD2021 and applied to Campbell populations
Solid Waste
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48 GHG Emissions Source
Demographic
Projection Metric Growth Factor Value
Solid Waste Disposal Service Population Solid Waste Emissions (MT CO2e)/Service Person

0.14 Water
Water Consumption Service Population Water Consumption-Associated Electricity Consumption (kWh)/Service Population

22.37 Wastewater
Wastewater Treatment Service Population Wastewater Emissions (MT CO2e)/Service Person

0.01 Wastewater Treatment –
Electricity
Service Population Wastewater Emissions (kWh)/Service Person 7.10 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kWh = kilowatt-hour; VMT = vehicle miles traveled; N/A = Not Applicable; Service Population = the combined total number of employees and residents in Campbell; MG = million gallons 1 Annual VMT for on-road vehicles are calculated from average weekday VMT data provided by Replica for Campbell and interpolated for the forecast years. Average weekday data is converted to annual VMT using CARB’s VMT annualization factor (i.e., 347 days per year). Annual VMT data is then appropriated to each fuel (i.e., gasoline, diesel, and natural gas) using on EMFAC2021 data analysis. 2 Off-road fuel usage is calculated by applying the attribution metrics from the 2022 GHG inventory to the OFFROAD2021 model outputs for the forecast years to attribute the county-level outputs to Campbell and thus does not have its own growth indicator listed here.

Using the above demographic and projection metrics in Table 39, multiplied by the growth factors in Table 40 and the 2022 Campbell Community GHG inventory emission factors, the BAU forecast can be calculated. In the BAU forecast, GHG emissions are expected to increase through 2045 due to anticipated regional growth from both population and jobs. A summary of the BAU forecast results by GHG emission sector is provided in Table 41 and summarized in Figure 5.

Table 41 BAU Forecast Results Summary by Emission Sector GHG Emissions Source 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
Energy 68,843 76,336 81,586 85,229 89,550
Residential Electricity +
T&D
2,784 3,087 3,299 3,446 3,621
Commercial Electricity +
T&D
3,242 3,595 3,842 4,014 4,217
Direct Access + T&D 4,407 4,887 5,223 5,456 5,732
Residential Natural Gas 30,723 34,067 36,410 38,036 39,964 Residential Natural Gas
Leaks
8,638 9,578 10,237 10,694 11,236
Commercial Natural Gas 14,869 16,487 17,621 18,408 19,341 Commercial Natural Gas
Leaks
4,181 4,636 4,954 5,176 5,438
Transportation 129,998 144,075 153,875 160,947 168,840
On-road Passenger
Vehicles
102,925 114,126 121,977 127,422 133,882
On-road Commercial
Vehicles
14,195 15,739 16,822 17,573 18,464
On-road Buses 1,451 1,609 1,720 1,796 1,887
Off-road Equipment 11,427 12,600 13,357 14,155 14,607
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GHG Emissions Source 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
Water and Wastewater 1,010 1,120 1,197 1,251 1,314
Wastewater Process and
Fugitive Emissions &
Energy Use
912 1,011 1,080 1,129 1,186
Water Conveyance Energy 98 109 117 122 128
Solid Waste 9,795 10,861 11,608 12,126 12,741
Solid Waste Disposal 9,795 10,861 11,608 12,126 12,741
Total GHG Emissions 209,646 232,391 248,267 259,553 272,445 Notes: All values are presented in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e). Totals may not add up due to rounding.

Figure 5 BAU Forecast Results Summary by Emission Sector (MT CO2e)

4.2 Legislative Adjusted Forecast
Several State regulations have been enacted that would reduce Campell’s GHG emissions below the BAU forecasted levels in 2030, 2035, 2040 and 2045. The impact of these regulations was quantified and incorporated into the adjusted forecast to provide a more realistic depiction of future emissions growth and the GHG emission reduction responsibility of local governments. The State legislation included in the adjusted forecast reduces GHG emissions associated with transportation, building energy efficiency, and renewable electricity. A brief description of each regulation and the methodology used to calculate associated reductions is provided in the following, as well as an explanation of any legislation excluded from the analysis.

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50 4.2.1 Legislative Reduction Programs
Additional legislative programs are expected to reduce GHG emissions in specific sectors throughout California, as identified in the 2017 and 2022 Scoping Plans. Many of these programs were incorporated into the forecast analysis and are summarized in the subsections below.

Transportation Legislation
Advanced Clean Cars Programs
Prior to 2012, mobile emissions regulations were implemented on a case-by-case basis for GHG and criteria pollutant emissions separately. In January 2012, CARB approved a new emissions-control program (the Advanced Clean Cars program) combining the control of smog, soot-causing pollutants, and GHG emissions into a single coordinated package of requirements for passenger cars and light trucks model years 2017 through 2025. The Advanced Clean Cars program coordinated the goals of the Low Emissions Vehicles, Zero Emissions Vehicles, and Clean Fuels Outlet programs, and was more stringent than the federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. The new standards will reduce California’s GHG emissions by 34 percent in 2025, which is modeled under the CARB Emission Factor (EMFAC) Model and included in the GHG forecast as shown in Table 42.27 Advanced Clean Cars II was approved by CARB in August 2022 and expands the program’s roadmap so that by 2035 all new cars and passenger trucks will be zero-emission vehicles (ZEV). This regulation effectively binds the State to EO N-79-20. The executive order was passed by the governor in 2020 and requires all new cars and passenger trucks sold in California be ZEV by 2035.

While these legislations will lead to an expedited timeline for ZEV adoption in California, modeling data is not yet available in CARB’s EMFAC Model. Emissions reductions attributable to the Advanced Clean Cars II program were excluded from the GHG forecast.

Advanced Clean Trucks was approved by CARB in June 2020 and sets a zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) percent-of-sales requirement on medium- and heavy-duty vehicle manufacturers to promote increased truck ZEV sales from 2024 to 2035. The standard is intended to reduce NOx pollution and GHG emissions – which are disproportionately high in medium- and heavy-duty vehicle classes compared to passenger vehicles – as well as promote first-wave ZEV truck technology penetration in the market.28 EMFAC models the effect of the Advanced Clean Trucks regulation on ZEV truck penetration and associated GHG emissions and is included in the forecast.

Table 42 Emission Factors Over Time by Vehicle Type (MT CO2e/VMT) Metric 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
Passenger 0.000321 0.000266 0.000249 0.000240 0.000236
Commercial 0.001293 0.001066 0.000897 0.000781 0.000719 Buses 0.001324 0.001167 0.000853 0.000737 0.000644
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; VMT= vehicle miles traveled 27 California Air and Resource Board (CARB). 2019. Advanced Clean Cars Summary. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/acc%20summary-final_ac.pdf 28 California Air and Resource Board (CARB). 2023. Advanced Clean Trucks. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ourwork/programs/advanced-clean-trucks/about Item 10.1
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Assembly Bill 1493
Signed into law in 2002, AB 1493 (Pavley Standards) required vehicle manufacturers to reduce GHG emissions from new passenger vehicles and light trucks from 2009 through 2016. Regulations were adopted by CARB in 2004 and took effect in 2009 when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) issued a waiver confirming California’s right to implement the bill. This standard required automakers to reduce GHG emissions from new California passenger vehicles by about 30 percent by 2016, while simultaneously improving fuel efficiency and reducing motorists’ costs.29 The impacts of the Pavley Standards on ZEV market penetration was incorporated into the EMFAC model starting in 2014 and are included in the forecast assessment.

Innovative Clean Transit
Public transit GHG emissions will be reduced in the future through the Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) regulation, which was adopted in December 2018. It requires all public transit agencies to gradually transition to a 100-percent zero-emission bus fleet by 2040. Under ICT, large transit agencies are expected to roadmap towards zero-emission public transit buses.30 The effects of the ICT regulation on GHG emissions are modeled in EMFAC2021 and are therefore captured in the emissions factor for buses and inherently included in the forecast for the bus category.

Energy Legislation
California Code of Regulations – Title 24
Although it was not originally intended to reduce GHG emissions, California Code of Regulations Title 24, Part 6: California’s Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Commercial Buildings, was adopted in 1978 to reduce California’s energy consumption, which in turn reduced fossil fuel consumption and associated GHG emissions. The standards are updated triennially to allow consideration and possible incorporation of new energy-efficient technologies and methods.

Starting in 2020, new residential developments had to include on-site solar generation and nearzero net energy use. For projects implemented after January 1, 2020, the California Energy Commission (CEC) estimated that the 2019 standards would reduce electricity consumption by 53 percent for residential buildings and 30 percent for nonresidential buildings, relative to the 2016 standards. The CEC further estimated residential natural gas efficiency increases of 7 percent for residential end-uses.31 No efficiency increases were estimated for commercial natural gas end-uses, based on lack of requirements in this sector in the 2019 standards. These percentage savings relate to heating, cooling, lighting, and water heating only and do not include other appliances, outdoor lighting not attached to buildings, plug loads, or other energy uses. In December 2022, the CEC published the new Title 24 2022 Building Efficiency Standards.32 Due to the complexity of the new code, there is currently no available model establishing projected efficiency increases. Therefore, the updated 2022 code was not included in the forecast. This 29 CARB. Clean Car Standards – Pavley, Assembly Bill 1493. May 2013. Accessed November 14, 2022, at:
http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ccms/ccms.htm
30 Innovative Clean Transit. Approved August 13, 2019. Accessed November 14, 2022 at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019- 10/ictfro-Clean-Final_0.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery 31 California Energy Commission. 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards Frequently Asked Questions. January 1, 2020. Accessed November 8, 2022 at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/Title_24_2019_Building_Standards_FAQ_ada.pdf 32 California Energy Commission (CEC). 2023. 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standards. Available at:
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52 provides a conservative estimate of forecasted GHG emission reductions resulting from efficiency increases.

Renewables Portfolio Standard, Senate Bills 1078, 100, 350, and 1020 Established in 2002 under SB 1078, enhanced in 2015 by SB 350, and accelerated in 2018 under SB 100, California’s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is one of the most ambitious renewable energy standards in the country. The RPS program requires investor-owned utilities, publicly owned utilities, electric service providers, and community choice aggregators to increase procurement from eligible renewable energy resources to 50 percent of total procurement by 2026, and 60 percent of total procurement by 2030. The RPS program further requires that by 2045, 100 percent of total energy procured be a combination of eligible renewable energy resources and zero-carbon resources.

California’s RPS was further accelerated in 2022 by SB 1020 which established additional requirements that procurement from eligible renewable energy resources and zero-carbon resources increase to 90 percent of total procurement by 2035 and 95 percent of total procurement by 2040. The requirements of SB 1020 do not affect those previously set forth – they are to be considered additional to the existing RPS requirements. The RPS program and SB 1020 were incorporated into the GHG forecast by adjusting the electricity emissions factors for future years, as discussed in Section 4.4.

PG&E as well as RCEA currently provide electricity to Campbell and are subject to the RPS requirements. Weighted emission factors adjusted for RPS requirements were used to project emissions through 2045. Table 43 provides the estimated electricity emission factors that would result from RPS
Table 43 Forecasted RPS and Weighted Electricity Emission Factor Metric 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
Renewables Portfolio
Standard Percentage
(PG&E)
38% 60% 90% 95% 100%
Renewables Portfolio
Standard (SVCE)1
46% 65% 90% 95% 100%
SVCE GreenPrime 95% – – – –
SVCE GreenStart 45% – – – –
California Grid (eGRID;
CAMX)
34% 60% 90% 95% 100%
San Jose Clean Energy
Green Value
40% 60% 90% 95% 100%
Residential Weighted EF
(MT CO2e/kWh)

0.0000321923 0.0000208012 0.0000059260 0.0000029630 0.0000000000 Commercial Weighted EF
(MT CO2e/kWh)

0.0000324455 0.0000209648 0.0000059726 0.0000029863 0.0000000000 SVCE GreenStart Weighted
EF (MT CO2e/kwh)

0.00003266 0.0000207451 0.0000059272 0.0000029636 0.0000000000 PG&E EF (MT CO2e/kWh) 0.00002630 0.0000170510 0.0000042627 0.0000021314 0.0000000000 Item 10.1
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Metric 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
San Jose Clean Energy
GreenValue EF (MT
CO2e/kWh)

0.00009525 0.0000637154 0.0000159288 0.0000079644 0.0000000000 Weighted Water (SJCE and
SVCE) EF MT CO2e)

0.00006396 0.0000422302 0.0000109280 0.0000054640 0.0000000000 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kWh = kilowatt-hour; EF = emissions factor. 1 Weighted average calculated off kWh split across GreenPrime and GreenStart Rates observed for 2022 Community Inventory.

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54 Waste Legislation
Assembly Bill 939 and Assembly Bill 341
In 2011, AB 341 set the target of 75 percent recycling, composting, or source reduction of solid waste by 2020, calling for the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (also known as CalRecycle) to take a statewide approach to decreasing California’s reliance on landfills.

This target was an update to the former target of 50 percent waste diversion set by AB 939.

As actions under AB 341 are not assigned to specific local jurisdictions, potential future reductions from the bill were conservatively not included in the GHG forecast analysis.

Assembly Bill 1826
In 2014, AB 1826 set regulations in place requiring California businesses to recycle all their organic waste starting in April 2016. The bill also required jurisdictions across the State to provide organic waste recycling programs to accommodate diverted waste from local businesses. Campbell has already implemented a residential and commercial organics collection program (further described below under Senate Bill 1383).33 Because of this, AB 1826 compliance is reflected in the community’s inventory and is thereby included in the BAU and adjusted forecast.

Senate Bill 1383
SB 1383 established a methane emission reduction target for short-lived climate pollutants in various sectors of the economy, including waste. Specifically, SB 1383 establishes targets to achieve a 50 percent reduction in the level of the statewide disposal of organic waste from the 2014 level by 2020 and a 75 percent reduction by 2025.34 Additionally, SB 1383 requires a 20 percent reduction in “current” edible food disposal by 2025.35 Although SB 1383 has been signed into law, compliance with this Senate Bill must occur at the local level. Reductions in organics diversion in 2022 are already included in base data that was used to forecast future emissions from landfilled waste in 2023. As of 2022, 20 percent of Campbell’s total generated waste was diverted green waste (17 percent) and mixed organics (2 percent). As only landfilled waste was included in the inventory, the level of organic diversion that occurred in 2022 is captured in both the BAU and Adjusted Forecast.

Due to the difficulty of local jurisdictions meeting the organic waste targets set by SB 1838, anticipated emissions reductions attributable to SB 1383 beyond current diversion rates observed in 2022 data are conservatively excluded from the forecast. However, estimated impacts associated with achieving SB 1383 with increased organics diversion will be included in the GHG reduction measures in the CAAP.

4.2.2 Legislative Adjusted Scenario Forecast Results
In the adjusted emissions forecast, all sectors are expected to increase except for water energy conveyance. While electricity shows a downward trend approaching zero in 2045 due to stringent RPS requirements from SB 100 and SB 1020, this is counteracted by natural gas consumption 33 https://www.campbellca.gov/508/Garbage-Recycling-Services 34 CalRecycle. California’s Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Reduction Strategy. https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/ 35 SB 1383 does not specify a baseline year for the 20 percent food recovery target; however, CalRecycle’s 2018 statewide waste characterization studies will be used to help measure the baseline for the State to meet its SB 1383 goals. See CalRecycle FAQ accessed November 14, 2022 for more
information:https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/faq/foodrecovery/#:~:text=SB%201383%20requires%20the%20state,for%20individua l%20jurisdictions%20to%20achieve.

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growth. Anticipated decreases in per capita transportation emissions (due to fuel efficiency requirements, fleet turnover rates, and increased electric vehicle penetration) are offset by anticipated population growth. As most current regulations expire in 2025 or 2030, emissions standards will experience diminishing returns while VMT continue to increase. A detailed summary of Campbell’s projected GHG emissions by sector under the adjusted forecast through 2045 can be found in Table 44 and shown in a data visualization in Figure 6.

Table 44 Legislative Adjusted Scenario Forecast Results GHG Emissions Source 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
Energy 68,843 71,489 70,700 72,681 75,151
Residential Electricity +
T&D
2,784 1,895 559 286 0
Commercial Electricity +
T&D
3,242 2,256 675 349 0
Direct Access + T&D 4,407 2,870 753 389 0
Residential Natural Gas 30,723 33,833 36,012 37,524 39,317 Residential Natural Gas
Leaks
8,638 9,512 10,125 10,550 11,054
Commercial Natural Gas 14,869 16,487 17,621 18,408 19,341 Commercial Natural Gas
Leaks
4,181 4,636 4,954 5,176 5,438
Transportation 129,998 121,820 120,728 121,019 124,224
On-road Passenger
Vehicles
102,925 94,799 94,576 95,234 98,430
On-road Commercial
Vehicles
14,195 13,000 11,683 10,627 10,269
On-road Buses 1,451 1,421 1,112 1,002 918
Off-road Equipment 11,427 12,600 13,357 14,155 14,607
Solid Waste 9,795 10,861 11,608 12,126 12,741
Solid Waste Disposal 9,795 10,861 11,608 12,126 12,741
Water and Wastewater 1,010 1,078 1,088 1,124 1,169
Wastewater Process and
Fugitive Emissions &
Energy Use
912 1,006 1,068 1,114 1,169
Water Conveyance
Energy
98 72 20 10 0
Total GHG Emissions 209,646 205,248 204,124 206,951 213,285 Change Since 2022 0% -2% -3% -1% 2%
Notes: all values are presented in MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, N/A = not applicable. Totals may not add up due to rounding.

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56 Figure 6 Adjusted Forecast Results

4.2.3 Legislative GHG Emission Reduction Contribution
A summary of the reductions from the BAU forecast due to the contribution of legislation described above that can be expected under the adjusted forecast are provided in Table 45.

Table 45 Summary of Legislative GHG Emissions Reductions (MT CO2e) Legislation 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
California RPS 0 4,327 10,225 11,683 13,269
Title 24 0 708 1,215 1,563 1,976
Transportation Legislation (Pavley,
Innovative Clean Transit, etc.)
0 22,107 32,703 39,356 43,915
Total 0 27,143 44,143 52,602 59,160
Notes: all values are presented in MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. Totals may not add up due to rounding.

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5 GHG Emissions Targets
GHG reduction targets are used in climate action planning to help measure a community’s commitment and progress. CARB encourages local agencies to take ambitious, coordinated climate action that is consistent with and supportive of the state’s reduction goals for 2030 and 2045.36 CARB has issued several guidance documents concerning the establishment of GHG emission reduction targets for CAPs to comply with California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines § 15183.5(b). Even if a plan is not CEQA-qualified, CARB has long recommended that local targets be a part of the process of developing, monitoring, and updating a CAP.

5.1 1990 Level GHG Emissions Backcast
Campbell does not have a 1990 GHG emissions inventory from which to develop GHG reduction targets consistent with SB 32, however, this can be estimated for the community relative to Campbell’s 2022 inventory using a state-level emissions change metric.

As the State’s 2022 GHG emissions inventory has not yet been published, Rincon used the 2021 inventory37 to calculate approximate percent reduction in the Campbell community since 1990.

The calculation is developed using emissions results from CARB38—removing emissions from sectors not included in Campbell’s inventory (e.g., non-specified, industrial point sources, agricultural and forestry land management practices). This approach assumes that Campbell’s community activities and associated GHG emissions have generally tracked with statewide trends as shown in Table 46.

Table 46 1990 Backcast for Campbell
Entity 1990 2021 (State) / 2022 (Campbell) Percent Difference State (MMT CO2e)1 255 305 16%
Campbell (MT CO2e)2 250,861 209,646 16%
1 State Emissions are expressed in Million Metric Tons (MMT) of CO2e. 2021 emissions inventory source: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ghginventory-data; 1990 Inventory source: https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/inventory/pubs/reports/staff_report_1990_level.pdf 2 2022 Inventory results consistent with community inventory, with a 16% increase applied to back-cast 1990 levels. Units are expressed in MT CO2e, consistent with the community inventory. 36 California Air Resources Board. 2022. California’s Climate Change Scoping Plan, p.268. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023- 04/2022-sp.pdf
37 The State’s 2020 GHG emissions inventory was used as this is the most recently available statewide inventory from CARB. It is assumed that the 1990-2020 Statewide GHG emissions change is similar to the 1990-2021 Statewide GHG emissions change, therefore it can be used to estimate 1990 level GHG emissions for Campbell based on the 2022 Campbell GHG Inventory. 38 California Air Resources Board. 2023. California GHG Emission Inventory Program. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023- 04/2022-sp.pdf
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58 5.2 GHG Emissions Reduction Target Setting
Setting targets can help develop a trajectory that can allow for deep decarbonization in an incremental, cost-effective manner. CARB guidance is for jurisdictions to first strive to exceed the SB 32 targets of reducing GHG emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels, while establishing a policy framework to achieve the long-term target of carbon neutrality by 2045.

Target setting is an iterative process which must be informed by the reductions that can realistically be achieved through the development of feasible GHG reduction measures. As such, the targets identified herein should remain provisional until the quantification and analysis of potential measures have been completed.

Achieving the established targets will require major shifts in how communities within California obtain and use energy, transport themselves and goods, and how the population lives and builds.

Campbell’s provisional GHG emission reduction targets are:
 Reduce GHG emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 (SB 32 target year)  Make substantial progress towards carbon neutrality by 2045 (AB 1279 target year) Campbell’s GHG emissions reduction gap is based on the difference between the Adjusted Forecast, discussed previously, and the established GHG emission reduction targets. Table 47 provides a summary of the GHG emission reduction targets in mass emissions.

Table 47 GHG Emissions Reduction Targets and Gap Analysis Metric 2022 2030 2035 2040 2045
Adjusted Forecast (State Legislation) 209,646 205,248 204,124 206,951 213,285 SB 32 Mass Emissions Pathway 209,646 150,516 100,344 50,172 0 Remaining Emissions Gap 0 54,731 103,780 156,779 213,285 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Emissions have been rounded to the nearest whole number and therefore sums may not match. 1 The target pathway is calculated by reducing 1990 mass emissions by 40% in 2030 and to 0 in 2045. This provisional target pathway is consistent with both SB 32 and a trajectory set forth to achieve AB 1279.

As demonstrated in Figure 7, Campbell will need to reduce 54,731 MT CO2e by 2030, and 213,285 MT CO2e by 2045 in order to meet State targets.

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Figure 7 GHG Emissions Forecast and Provisional Target Pathways (Mass Emissions) Item 10.1
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Appendix E
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
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Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
1 Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
The City of Campbell has developed key measures and actions to establish the basis for the City of Campbell Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) based on the existing conditions analyses, the climate change vulnerability assessment, current trends and technologies in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction, feedback received from the Community Advisory Committee, broad community outreach (i.e., community surveys, pop-up events, and focus groups) and City Council.

This document details tangible measures and supporting actions that can help the City reduce its emissions to meet the established target in line with the State of California’s goals and the Campbell 2040 General Plan. Additionally, they address climate vulnerabilities in Campbell and include adaptation measures and supporting actions to increase the City and community’s resilience to climate impacts. These measures and supporting actions are organized into five systems that, when collectively implemented, will help put Campbell on a path towards carbon neutrality. The strategies are organized in the following framework:
▪ Systems. A group of related elements that can be directly influenced by the City of Campbell. ▪ Measures. Long-range goals that the City has established to reduce emissions and/or improve resilience. Measures marked with an asterisk (*) indicate high community support based on engagement efforts, while those marked with a double asterisk (**) reflect the highest level of support.
▪ Actions. Discrete steps to take to achieve the measures. Annually, the City will need to consider CAAP implementation as part of the priority-setting and budgeting process, as well as ongoing long-range financial forecasting, weighing climate action with other needs of the City to ensure they can be funded both today and into the future. Over time, the CAAP will be reviewed, and additional actions will need to be added to make greater progress on the established measures.

The selection of measures and actions for the CAAP was an iterative process with City staff, key interested groups, and the broader Campbell community. In general, the measures were designed to encompass actions that align with six Climate Policy Pillars that are essential to effective climate policy implementation:
▪ Feasibility. Actions that help the City understand the costs, benefits, obstacles, and opportunities associated with programs, policies, and ordinances to make decisions that best serve the community.
▪ Education. Actions to increase community awareness of programs available to reduce individual contributions to GHG emissions, increase resilience, and/or to establish or strengthen communication channels between the City and the community it serves. This includes reaching out to Campbell elementary and high schools to ensure climate literacy is addressed, fostering a well-informed and proactive younger generation.
▪ Equity. Actions that engage vulnerable populations in the decision-making process and establish policies and programs that provide vulnerable populations with the resources to benefit from each measure’s objectives in an equitable manner.
▪ Funding. Actions that provide the financial backing (e.g., grant funding, rebates, financial incentives) and adequate City staffing to establish, implement, and maintain a program. Funding for any actions will be evaluated on an annual basis as part of the City’s budgeting process as well as ongoing long-range financial forecasting.

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2 ▪ Partnerships. Actions that establish partnerships with external entities, including other government agencies, Tribes, school districts, and community-based organizations to leverage their expertise, resources, and networks to implement programs and policies the City would not be able to achieve alone.
▪ Structural Change. Actions that change existing City programs, policies, and ordinances to allow the City and community to reach the target established within a measure.

The measures and actions developed for the City of Campbell prioritize those activities which provide both mitigation (GHG emissions reductions) and resilience (preparedness for climate change) benefits. Campbell is already seeing the impacts of climate change and each measure taken to address local emissions should also prepare the community for future challenges. Areas for increased focus on resilience include:
▪ Extreme Heat
▪ Poor Air Quality
▪ Drought
▪ Riverine Flooding
The measures and actions have been developed to be implemented over time to reduce emissions and increase the City’s resilience in a thoughtful, achievable, and stepwise process. Therefore, the actions are anticipated to be completed in phases, as outlined below. These phases are recommendations and subject to the adoption of workplans and budgets on an annual basis as well as ongoing long-range financial forecasting.
▪ Phase 1: 2026 – 2027
▪ Phase 2: 2028 – 2030
▪ Phase 3: 2031 – 2033
▪ Ongoing
A lead is assigned to each action to clearly indicate which Department is responsible for implementing the action. Some actions require partnership or leadership from additional Departments or Divisions within the City of Campbell or with outside agencies. Any action that requires City funds or grant funding will require close partnership with the City of Campbell Finance Department. The identified implementation lead in this document refers to the Campbell staff that will lead the action or support the outside agency. Implementation leads include:
▪ City Manager’s Office
▪ Community Development Department
▪ Finance Department
▪ Police Department
▪ Public Works Department
▪ Recreation and Community Services
Department
Finally, a “Feedback from Community/CAC” column is included in the tables to indicate the action’s consistency, or alignment, with feedback received from the CAAP Community Advisory Community or general public received during engagement efforts throughout the CAAP’s development.

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Systems, Measures, and Actions
3 Systems, Measures, and Actions
Table 1 Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Systems and Measures Measure ID Measure Text
Urban Eco-Systems and Sustainable Foods
*UE-1 Support Valley Water and the County of Santa Clara in the implementation of nature-based solutions along the Los Gatos Creek and San Tomas Aquino Creek to mitigate flooding and support the riparian ecosystem, while recognizing space constraints in urban areas and opportunities to increase setbacks where feasible.
**UE-2 Increase tree canopy to 17.1% from 17.0% by 2030 and 17.4% by 2045, with a focus on communities most vulnerable to extreme heat. *UE-3 Achieve an 80% diversion of organic material by 2030 and reach 100% diversion by 2045 in compliance with SB 1383 (2016), sponsored by Senator Ricardo Lara.

UE-4 Reduce per capita water use by 10% by 2030 and 20% by 2045 through enhanced water conservation actions, using the 2022 baseline of 96 gallons per person per day.

UE-5 Improve water quality and increase climate resilience to climate hazards by upgrading stormwater facilities, in compliance with the Municipal Regional Stormwater Permit (MRP) requirements.

UE-6 Demonstrate municipal leadership by increasing landfill diversion rates, adopting climate-smart food and purchasing practices, and improving water efficiency. These efforts should be part of a comprehensive update to City purchasing policies, which could include standards for recycled content in office supplies (e.g., minimum recycled content in paper products), prioritization of low-carbon vendors, and integration of sustainability criteria into procurement decisions.

Social and Governance System
**SG-1 Support the development of a Resilience Hub to offer refuge to vulnerable populations from extreme heat conditions, poor air quality, and flooding, while also serving as community resource center year-round.

SG-2 Enhance the Campbell community’s awareness of climate hazards by educating residents and staff about existing emergency alert services (e.g., AlertSCC) and how to sign up for them. Provide staff with climate change communication training and deliver health alert and evacuation messages in English and Spanish, and in multiple forms (e.g., online, brochure, radio). All messaging protocols and hazard mitigation measures should align with Campbell’s Emergency Operations Plan and its annexes, which serve as the primary reference for emergency communications and procedures. *SG-3 Increase community resilience through internal capacity building, ongoing collaboration with community-based organizations, and continued community outreach and implementation related to the CAAP.

Building System
BLD-1 Partner with Silicon Valley Clean Energy to provide carbon-free and renewable electricity to 100% of the community by 2030. *BLD-2 Require new buildings to be safe, decarbonized, and resilient by 2025.

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4 Measure ID Measure Text
**BLD-3 Retrofit existing residential buildings to reduce natural gas usage by 18% and non-residential buildings to reduce natural gas usage by 15% by 2030. Retrofit all existing buildings to be zero-carbon and resilient to extreme heat and poor air quality by 2045.

BLD-4 Work to decarbonize and make municipal buildings resilient to climate impacts by 2033, in particular extreme heat and poor air quality.

Transportation System
**TR-1 Decrease dependence on single-occupancy vehicles by incentivizing high-density transit-oriented development, increasing zoning diversity, and promoting vibrant pedestrian-friendly zones. Collaboration with the business community, ensuring that changes support local economic vitality and reflect shared goals for accessibility, mobility, and livability.

TR-2 Improve the transit system to be more convenient, accessible, and resilient to climate impacts, in order to increase mode share to 10% by 2030 and 15% by 2045.
*TR-3 Boost the adoption of zero-emission passenger vehicles to 28% by 2030 and 100% by 2045 and commercial vehicles to 25% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

TR-4 Increase the percentage of people using active transportation (walking and biking) to 2.5% by 2030 and 10% in 2045 by enhancing the safety and availability of the transportation system to support walking and biking.

TR-5 Transition to 15% zero-emission municipal fleet by 2030 and 100% by 2040, consistent with the Fleet Electrification Plan.

TR-6 Decarbonize 25% of off-road equipment (e.g., lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and chainsaws) operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Note:
*: High community support based on survey responses
**: Highest community support based on survey responses Item 10.1
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Urban Ecosystems and Sustainable Foods
5 Urban Ecosystems and Sustainable Foods
*Measure-UE-1 (high community support)
Support Valley Water and the County of Santa Clara in the implementation of nature-based solutions along the Los Gatos Creek and San Tomas Aquino Creek to mitigate flooding and support the riparian ecosystem, while recognizing space constraints in urban areas and opportunities to increase setbacks where feasible.

Metrics
▪ # of infrastructure sites flooded
Table 2 Measure UE-1 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
UE-1.1 Support Valley Water in conducting any feasibility studies to address existing and potential future flood damage and/or erosion in high-risk areas. If there are flood-related issues to storm drains, the City will investigate and coordinate with Valley Water on any conditions that may intersect with creek bank stability within their jurisdiction. Incorporate native plants and sustainable landscaping to strengthen flood protection while offering accessible recreational and educational opportunities for the community.

Consider the implementation of nature-based solutions, including setback levees, water quality improvements, and strategic retreat of vulnerable city assets, ensuring long-term resilience.

Public Works
Department
Phase 1 Feasibility,
Partnership
Flooding CAC Feedback
Meeting #2, CBO
Engagement
UE-1.2 Pursue state or federal funding to adopt a phased, adaptive approach to flood risk management with clear triggers and thresholds for action. In partnership with Valley Water, leveraging their existing monitoring efforts, implement a system to track extreme weather trends, such as 100-year storms, guiding proactive planning and community outreach in coordination with Campbell Police Department.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Feasibility,
Partnership
Flooding
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 453 of 559
City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
6 Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
UE-1.3 Use the outcomes from the monitoring program (Action UE-1.2) to guide adaptive management, inform strategic relocation efforts, and keep the community informed about risks and adaptation strategies. In partnership with Valley Water, and while exploring Valley Water grant opportunities, prioritize investments in resilient infrastructure or relocate assets that are repeatedly damaged and in climate vulnerable areas, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, to ensure long-term resilience and alignment with adaptive climate strategies.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2+
Ongoing
Structural
Change,
Equity,
Partnership
UE-1.4 Support Valley Water in exploring upgrades to creek-side trails and bike paths as flood-resilient infrastructure, allowing them to function also as elevated flood barriers, where feasible. Incorporate native plants and sustainable landscaping for flood protection and partner with community-based organizations to provide educational opportunities along trails. In coordination with Valley Water and consistent with the Guidelines and Standards for Land Use Near Streams, consider implementing nature-based solution restoration techniques — such as beaver dam analogs, live vegetation, and brush packing — where space, land rights, and flood flow capacity allow, to help slow stormwater and reduce runoff impacts near creek-adjacent areas.

Public Works
Department
Phase 3 Structural
Change,
Education,
Equity,
Partnership
Flooding CBO Engagement
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 454 of 559
Urban Ecosystems and Sustainable Foods
7 **Measure UE-2 (highest community support)
Increase tree canopy from 17.0% to 17.1% by 2030 and 17.4% by 2045, with a focus on communities most vulnerable to extreme heat.

Metrics
▪ Achieve 17.1% tree canopy cover by 2030
Table 3 Measure UE-2 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
UE-2.1
–
Commu
nity
Priority
Action
Prioritize planting 40 trees annually in climate vulnerable areas, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, with the lowest tree equity score, along safe routes to school, and near bus stops.

Partner with a community-based organization to host a community planting event to promote community building and the Campell Climate Action and Adaptation Plan.

Public Works
Department
Phase 1+
Ongoing
Structural
Change, Equity
Extreme
Heat
CAC Feedback
Meeting #2 and
#4, CBO
Engagement
UE-2.2 Conduct a comprehensive analysis on success rates for trees planted over the past five years (planted 2019 – 2024). This analysis will consider factors such as species selection, soil conditions, and maintenance practices to determine the survival rate. The findings will inform future tree planting initiatives and promote sustainable urban forestry practices.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Feasibility Extreme
Heat
UE-2.3 Evaluate and update the “Official Street Tree List” for canopy potential and future climate conditions.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Feasibility Extreme
Heat
UE-2.4 Pursue and obtain grant funding for tree planting and maintenance.

Identify and apply for Federal and State grants annually to meet the tree planting goal identified in Action UE-1.1 (e.g., USDA, California ReLeaf, Affordable Housing and Sustainable Communities Program, Cal Fire’s Urban and Community Forestry Program, and the California Natural Resources Agency’s Urban Greening Program). Regularly monitor trees for potential risk due to tree branches falling.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2+
Ongoing
Funding Extreme
Heat
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 455 of 559
City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
8 Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
UE-2.5 Update and regularly maintain the City’s website to include a webpage for trees that provides information such as best practices for watering and fertilizing trees, guidelines for pruning and maintenance, information on local tree species, and resources for reporting tree damage or disease.

Additionally, provide information on the benefits of a healthy tree canopy, including improved air quality, reduced urban heat island effects, and increased property values.

Public Works
Department
Phase 1+
Ongoing
Education Extreme
Heat
UE-2.6 Pursue partnership with schools in the city to develop a plan to reduce the heat islands in and around schools, including along walking routes, with a focus on removing impervious surfaces, planting trees, and increasing shade structures. Prioritize schools located in climate vulnerable areas, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2+
Ongoing
Partnership Extreme
Heat,
Flooding
CBO Engagement
UE-2.7 Update the City’s tree removal policy to require the replacement of removed trees with species that are resilient to Campbell’s projected future climate conditions, including increased heat, drought, and extreme weather. For trees removed without a permit, apply a replacement penalty requiring new trees to be planted at a minimum of two times the standard replacement ratio for unlawfully removed trees from developed single-family residential properties, and four times the standard replacement ratio for all other properties. As part of this update, establish a fund, supported by permit fees or other sources, to subsidize the cost of replacement trees for low-income residents located in climate vulnerable areas, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 +
Ongoing
Structural
Change
Extreme
Heat
CAC Feedback
UE-2.8 Develop a community tree planting outreach and engagement initiative that combines incentives, education, and engagement to expand Campbell’s urban canopy. The program will share information on financial assistance or free trees to low-income residents (e.g., existing programs led by community-based organizations such as Our City Forest), prioritize climate-resilient species, and include educational workshops on tree care, planting techniques, and the environmental benefits of urban forestry. The City will partner with schools, neighborhood groups, and community-based organizations to host planting events and promote stewardship, with a focus on areas with low tree cover and high heat vulnerability.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 +
Ongoing
Education Extreme
Heat
CAC Feedback
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 456 of 559
Urban Ecosystems and Sustainable Foods
9 *Measure UE- 3 (high community support)
Achieve an 80% diversion of organic material by 2030 and reach 100% diversion by 2045 in compliance with SB 1383 (2016), sponsored by Senator Ricardo Lara.

Metrics
▪ 80% reduction in organic material sent to landfill compared to 2014 ▪ Tons of organic material procured per year
▪ % reduction in edible food waste
Table 4 Measure UE-3 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
UE-3.1 Continue to participate in the Santa Clara County edible food recovery program which collaborates with all food generators and food recovery organizations across the county. Update the City website to promote the program.

Public Works
Department
Ongoing Education,
Partnership,
SB 1383, CBO
Engagement
UE-3.2 Continue to participate in the West Valley Solid Waste Management Authority to develop and distribute educational materials describing options for disposal of construction and demolition debris, home composting, residential organics collection, and source reduction and recycling for schools.

Public Works
Department
Ongoing Partnership,
Education
UE-3.3 Continue to implement the City’s organics program with equitable and clearly defined enforcement mechanisms and penalties, as required by Article 16 in SB 1383 (2016), sponsored by Senator Ricardo Lara.

Maintain records, including an initial compliance report, annual report, and implementation record as required by Articles 3, 14, and 16 of SB 1383 for (1) the organic waste collection program and (2) the edible food recovery program. Additionally, develop an organics procurement tracking program.

Public Works
Department
Ongoing Equity, Structural
Change
SB 1383, CBO
Engagement
UE-3.4 Continue to collaborate with regional partners including Santa Clara County, Solid Waste Joint Power Authority, and Waste Management to provide compost to be applied on agricultural and working lands countywide to meet procurement requirements.

Public Works
Department
Ongoing Partnership
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 457 of 559
City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
10 Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
UE-3.5 Require all new multi-story residential buildings to incorporate dedicated chutes or collection systems for trash, recycling, and organic waste. This design standard will support compliance with SB 1383 by making it easier for residents to properly sort and dispose of organic material.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Structural Change
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 458 of 559
Urban Ecosystems and Sustainable Foods
11 Measure UE-4
Reduce per capita water use by 10% by 2030 and 20% by 2045 through enhanced water conservation actions, using the 2022 baseline of 96 gallons per person per day.

Metrics
▪ 10% reduction in per capita water use
Table 5 Measure UE-4 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
UE-4.1 Partner with community-based organizations and Valley Water to provide native and drought tolerant landscape educational workshops and trainings to multi-family and single-family residents and homeowner associations to increase use of low-maintenance, native landscaping and high efficiency irrigation. Additionally, use these workshops to promote Valley Water’s Landscape Rebate Program.

Public Works
Department,
Community
Development
Department
Phase 2+
Ongoing
Partnerships CAC Feedback
Meeting #1, CBO
Engagement
UE-4.2 Partner with local community-based organizations to create a community garden with edible fruits and vegetables in a climate vulnerable area, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment.

Community
Development
Phase 2 Partnership CAC Feedback
Meeting #4
UE-4.3 Collaborate with Valley Water to adopt and implement a Model Water Efficient New Development Ordinance (MWENDO) to help reduce water use in Campbell.

Community
Development
Phase 1 Partnership,
Structural
Change
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 459 of 559
City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
12 Measure UE-5
Improve water quality and increase climate resilience to climate hazards by upgrading stormwater facilities, in compliance with the Municipal Regional Stormwater Permit (MRP) requirements.

Metrics
▪ N/A
Table 6 Measure UE-5 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
UE-5.1 Identify low lying areas in Campbell and implement stormwater mitigation strategies in those areas, prioritizing nature-based solutions, in compliance with the Municipal Regional Stormwater Permit (MRP) requirements.

Public Works
Department
Phase 1 Feasibility Flooding City Council
Feedback, CBO
Engagement
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 460 of 559
Urban Ecosystems and Sustainable Foods
13 Measure UE-6
Demonstrate municipal leadership by increasing landfill diversion rates, adopting climate-smart food and purchasing practices, and improving water efficiency. These efforts should be part of a comprehensive update to City purchasing policies, which could include standards for recycled content in office supplies (e.g., minimum recycled content in paper products), prioritization of low-carbon vendors, and integration of sustainability criteria into procurement decisions.

Metrics
▪ # of Sq. ft. of non-functional turf remaining on City maintained land annually ▪ # of new bioswales constructed
▪ % total reduction in municipal water use
Table 7 Measure UE-5 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
UE-6.1 Develop and implement a procurement policy for all City-hosted and sponsored meetings and events, encouraging increased locally-sourced, plant-based, and other climate smart food options, as well as the use of plastic-free materials. Provide information on health, environmental, and carbon benefits of these choices.

Public Works
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change
CAC Feedback
Meeting #1, CBO
Engagement
UE-6.2 In partnership with the Solid Waste Authority, conduct annual audits of bin location and signage for landfill, recycle, and compost waste in municipal buildings and municipally-owned land to support compliance with SB 1383. Verify that bins have clear signage and are placed together for proper disposal.

Public Works
Department
Phase 1+
Ongoing
Feasibility,
Structural
Change,
Partnerships
UE-6.3 Complete a municipal water use analysis and, in partnership with San Jose Water Company, implement recommendations resulting from the analyses to reduce total water use by 10%, compared to 2022 water use, by 2030.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Feasibility,
Partnerships
UE-6.4 Update the Campbell Municipal Code to prohibit the installation of nonfunctional turf.Public Works Department
Phase 2 Structural
Change
UE-6.5 Identify and replace non-functional turf at City-owned and operated locations to comply with AB 1572. Additionally, where feasible, replace non-native vegetation with native and drought tolerant species in Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Feasibility,
Structural
Change,
Flooding,
Drought
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 461 of 559
City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
14 Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
Campbell parks, medians, and other landscapes. Pursue funding to create bioswales on City land and along roadway right-of-way to increase stormwater capture and groundwater recharge. Explore adoption of a local ordinance requiring adjacent property owners to maintain landscaping, particularly where such obligations are already established as conditions of approval for land use entitlements, to support long-term sustainability and reduce municipal maintenance burdens.

Funding
UE-6.6 Assess the feasibility of adding more farmers market locations and/or introducing rotating pop-up markets to increase access to fresh, local produce.

City Manager’s
Office
Phase 2 Feasibility CAC Feedback
Meeting #4
UE-6.7 Pursue a comprehensive update to the City’s purchasing policies to integrate sustainability and climate‑smart criteria into procurement decisions. This update will build on the existing Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Policy and Recycled Content Paper standards into procurement decisions. This update will build on the existing Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Policy and Recycled Content Paper standards by adding climate‑aligned vendor criteria, incorporating lifecycle impact tools, and providing staff training to ensure consistent implementation.

Finance Phase 2 Structural
Change
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 462 of 559
Social and Governance Systems
15 Social and Governance Systems
**Measure SG-1 (highest community support)
Support the development of a Resilience Hub to offer refuge to vulnerable populations from extreme heat conditions, poor air quality, and flooding, while also serving as community resource center year-round.

Metrics
▪ Resilience Hub Opened
Table 8 Measure SG-1 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
SG-1.1 Conduct a study to identify potential partners and locations for establishing a Resilience Hub in Campbell, including but not limited to school districts, religious organizations, community centers, and other City or County facilities. The study should include a list of criteria for the Resilience Hub.

Recreation &
Community
Services
Department
Phase 2 Feasibility Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality,
Flooding
SG-1.2 Following the feasibility study (SG-1.1), conduct a detailed needs assessment of the selected site to evaluate infrastructure suitability and climate resilience (e.g., the potential for all-electric systems with solar panels and battery storage) along with staffing needs and opportunities to distribute cooling resources like fans and rentable coolers. This needs assessment should be conducted with the identified partners identified as part of Action SG-1.1.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Feasibility Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality,
Flooding
SG-1.3 Coordinate with the identified partners in action SG-1.1 to secure external funding sources (e.g., grant funding) to facilitate the necessary infrastructure improvements and resource needs of the Resilience Hub identified in Action SG-1.2.

Recreation &
Community
Services
Department
Phase 3 Partnership,
Funding
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality,
Flooding
SG-1.4 Partner with community-based organizations to launch outreach programs and advertise the Resilience Hub and recruit volunteers to support the Hub. Coordinate with local law enforcement to maintain safety and facilitate communication during Hub activation.

Recreation &
Community
Services
Department
Phase 3 +
Ongoing
Education,
Partnership
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality,
Flooding
SG-1.5 Monitor and evaluate the Resilience Hub’s performance, including Recreation & Phase 3 + Feasibility Extreme Heat, Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 463 of 559
City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
16 infrastructure effectiveness, community utilization, and climate resilience outcomes, while gathering community feedback to guide future improvements
Community
Services
Department
Ongoing Poor Air Quality,
Flooding
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 464 of 559
Social and Governance Systems
17 Measure SG-2
Enhance the Campbell community’s awareness of climate hazards by educating residents and staff about existing emergency alert services (e.g., AlertSCC) and how to sign up for them. Provide staff with climate change communication training and deliver health alert and evacuation messages in English and Spanish, and in multiple forms (e.g., online, brochure, radio). All messaging protocols and hazard mitigation measures should align with Campbell’s Emergency Operations Plan and its annexes, which serve as the primary reference for emergency communications and procedures.

Metrics
▪ Regular staff training formalized
▪ # of people reached through health alert and evacuation messaging ▪ All alerts and evacuation messages provided in English and Spanish Table 9 Measure SG-2 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
SG-2.1 Partner with the County of Santa Clara Office of Emergency Management and community-based organizations to establish coordinated notification and response services to provide timely dissemination of critical information through multiple channels (e.g., mobile notifications, social media platforms, community alerts systems).

City Manager’s
Office
Phase 1 Partnerships,
Structural
Change,
Equity
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality,
Flooding
SG-2.2 Conduct emergency alert notifications, including extreme heat warnings and poor air quality days, in English and Spanish. Distribute information via alerting systems in English and Spanish in areas of high climate vulnerability.

City Manager’s
Office
Ongoing Structural
Change,
Education,
Equity
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality,
Flooding
SG-2.3 Continue to implement measures in coordination with other regional partners to ensure there is backup power for emergency communication systems to stay active in any future extreme climate events.

Police
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change,
Funding
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality,
Flooding
SG-2.4 Pursue opportunities to integrate awareness about the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan into the city’s existing training and education programs for employees, where appropriate. Options could include providing handouts and information as part of employee onboarding or within city newsletters.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 2 Structural
Change,
Education
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality,
Drought,
Flooding
CBO Engagement
SG-2.5 Develop and formalize specific climate hazard thresholds that trigger emergency response protocols, such as activation of the Emergency City Manager’s Phase 2 Structural Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality,
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 465 of 559
City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
18 Operations Center (EOC). For example, define temperature thresholds (e.g., when heat exceeds a certain temperature) or flood levels (e.g., a 100-year flood event) that require staff mobilization. These thresholds should be integrated into Campbell’s Emergency Operations Plan and communicated clearly to relevant departments to ensure timely and coordinated action.

Office Change Drought,
Flooding
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 466 of 559
Social and Governance Systems
19 *Measure SG-3 (high community support)
Increase community resilience through internal capacity building, ongoing collaboration with communitybased organizations, and continued community outreach and implementation related to the CAAP.

Metrics
▪ # of community-based organizations engaged
▪ $ disbursed to community-based organizations for CAAP outreach support Table 10 Measure SG-3 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
SG-3.1 Develop funding strategies and options for implementing the CAAP. Community Development
Department
Phase 1 Funding
SG-3.2 Build from the existing Campbell Building Effective Partnerships with Non-Governmental Organizations resource to draft a framework for ongoing and capacity building with community-based organizations that builds off the collaboration during CAAP development. The framework will include:
▪ Establishing regular communication to discuss ongoing projects, challenges, and opportunities for collaboration
▪ Identify and seek to obtain funding and resources to support community-based organizations’ initiatives that align with implementation of the CAAP
▪ Collaborative planning so community-based organizations are included in the decision-making process
▪ Implementing a monitoring and evaluation system to measure the effectiveness of partnerships with community-based organizations, including by collecting feedback from the organizations to continuously improve the collaboration process
Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change,
Partnership
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality,
Drought, Riverine
Flooding
SG-3.3 Secure grant funding, in partnership with community-based organizations, to support broad CAAP implementation.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1+
Ongoing
Funding,
Partnership
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality,
Drought, Riverine
Flooding
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 467 of 559
City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
20 Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
SG-3.4 Institute a Cool Block Program in partnership with community-based organizations to encourage residents to get to know their neighbors and to organize events that foster community and address issues such as safety, climate hazards, and improving quality of life. Launch the first Cool Block Program in a highly climate vulnerable area, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 2 Structural
Change,
Education,
Equity,
Partnership
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality,
Drought, Riverine
Flooding
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 468 of 559
Building Systems
21 Building Systems
Measure BLD-1
Partner with Silicon Valley Clean Energy to provide carbon-free and renewable electricity to 100% of the community by 2030.

Metrics
▪ % of community using carbon-free and renewable electricity Table 11 Measure BLD-1 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
BLD-1.1 Partner with Silicon Valley Clean Energy to conduct an annual analysis of direct access electricity users within the City. Contact direct access electricity users and provide information on the benefits of upgrading to GreenStart/GreenPrime with Silicon Valley Clean Energy.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1+
Ongoing
Partnership,
Feasibility,
Equity
BLD-1.2 Continue partnering with Silicon Valley Clean Energy to conduct educational campaigns, such as tabling at community events or hosting an annual Earth Day event. Establish comprehensive informational resources on the City’s website, regularly post on social media, and develop energy bill inserts. These efforts will highlight the benefits of 100% carbon-free and renewable energy and promote the available incentives.

Community
Development
Department
Ongoing Partnership,
Educations,
Funding
CBO Engagement
BLD-1.3 Provide education and outreach to Campbell residents and businesses on the value of installing solar and battery storage for both GHG emissions reduction and resilience. Additionally, educate and guide residents and businesses on the fire rating requirements for battery storage systems, including the necessity for installation on 1-hour fire-rated walls, to ensure safe and compliant installations.

Promote Silicon Valley Clean Energy incentives, federal tax credit programs, and other statewide and regional incentives to reduce costs.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1+
Ongoing
Education
Funding
Extreme Heat CBO Engagement
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 469 of 559
City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
22 *Measure BLD-2 (high community support)
Require new buildings to be safe, decarbonized, and resilient by 2025.

Metrics
▪ Zero new construction permitted with NOx emitting appliances after 2025 ▪ 95% of new construction with cool roofs or at least 50% of roof with solar panels ▪ 100% of new construction with indoor cooling
Table 12 Measure BLD-2 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
BLD-2.1 Continue enforcing the Campbell Air Quality Ordinance which prohibits NOx emissions from appliances in all new buildings and major remodels (with exemptions for some industrial and commercial uses), as defined in the municipal code.

Community
Development
Department
Ongoing Structural
Change
Poor Air
Quality
BLD-2.2 Pursue adoption of a reach code addressing cool roofs and cool walls for new residential and non-residential buildings with alternative options for solar roofing shingles, solar PV, or increased attic insulation.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat
BLD-2.3 Pursue adoption of a reach code addressing requirements for indoor cooling in new multi-family.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat
BLD-2.4 Collaborate with regional partners including Silicon Valley Clean Energy to host and promote workforce development programs for installers, local contractors, and building owners/operators to provide technical requirements and financial resources, including information on new electric appliances, approaches to electrification, and rebates available. Partner with community-based organizations to connect members of climate vulnerable communities, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, to these training programs.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 2+
Ongoing
Education,
Funding, Equity,
Partnership
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 470 of 559
Building Systems
23 **Measure BLD-3 (highest community support)
Retrofit existing residential buildings to reduce natural gas usage by 18% and non-residential buildings to reduce natural gas usage by 15% by 2030. Retrofit all existing buildings to be zero-carbon and resilient to extreme heat and poor air quality by 2045.

Metrics
▪ 18% reduction of natural gas use in existing residential buildings ▪ 15% reduction of natural gas use in existing non-residential buildings Table 13 Measure BLD-3 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
BLD-3.1 Consider conducting a high-level existing building electrification analysis for City-owned and private properties to identify the specific costs and potential hurdles for building electrification in Campbell.

Assess the return on investment of electrification to encourage building owners to comply and participate. Use the results of the analysis to fine tune education and outreach as well as policy directives associated with building decarbonization.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Feasibility
BLD-3.2 Collaborate with Silicon Valley Clean Energy to increase Campbell resident participation in programs that support residents going allelectric, like the Go Electric Advisory program, a free live service to help Silicon Valley Clean Energy customers go electric. Additionally, connect low-income homeowners and renters with the Department of Energy’s Weatherization Assistance Program to install weatherization measures. Focus outreach on climate vulnerable areas first, including in mobile home parks, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Education,
Funding, Equity
Extreme
Heat, Poor
Air Quality
CAC Feedback
Meeting #1
BLD-3.3 Pursue adoption of an ordinance for roof replacements of existing residential and non-residential buildings addressing cool roof materials, with alternative option for solar roofing shingles, PV and increased attic insulation.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 2 Structural
Change
Extreme
Heat
CBO Engagement
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 471 of 559
City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
24 Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
BLD-3.4 Partner with community-based organizations to launch an education and outreach campaign to help people in Campbell prepare for, and understand the benefits of, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) zero-NOx threshold which phases out natural gas appliances over time, beginning with water heaters in 2027.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 2 Education,
Partnership
BLD-3.5 Implement streamlined permitting processes for electrification projects (e.g., installing electric heat pumps, solar panels, battery storage, heat pump HVAC systems), such as offering instant online permitting and bundling similar permit types to reduce costs. This will simplify the application process, making it faster and more affordable for individuals and businesses to adopt sustainable energy solutions.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change
BLD-3.6 Develop educational materials outlining opportunities to avoid panel upgrades when cost prohibitive. Make this information readily available on the City’s website. This information will help residents and business owners identify the most efficient and cost-effective solutions for their electrical needs, ensuring a smooth transition to sustainable energy systems.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Education
BLD-3.7 Pursue amendments to the municipal code addressing the installation of two-way air conditioning unit capabilities when HVAC units are replaced.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change
Extreme
Heat, Poor
Air Quality
BLD-3.8 Partner with Silicon Valley Clean Energy and community-based organizations to provide solar and storage installation resources and technical support to building owners and residents.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1+
Ongoing
Structural
Change, Funding
CAC Feedback
Meeting #1, CBO
Engagement
BLD-3.9 Adopt a phased approach to commercial building performance standards, with the first phase requiring buildings of a certain size to report energy consumption, the second phase requiring a building retro-commissioning (process of evaluating and optimizing the performance of an existing building’s systems and equipment), and the third phase requiring a reduction in GHG emissions below an identified threshold (such as MT CO2e per sq. ft.). Collaborate with regional partners to develop a consistent methodology and set of requirements for the building performance standard.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change,
Partnership
BLD-3.10 Work with PG&E to identify opportunities for decommissioning unnecessary natural gas lines and transitioning neighborhoods to electric systems to maximize cost savings.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Partnership
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Building Systems
25 Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
BLD-3.11 Adopt an existing building retrofit checklist which requires large-scale building retrofit/remodel projects to include additional cost-effective energy efficiency and/or electrification upgrades (such as heat pumps, enhanced insulation, air sealing, ductwork improvements).

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change
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City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
26 Measure BLD-4
Work to decarbonize and make municipal buildings resilient to climate impacts by 2033, in particular extreme heat and poor air quality.

Metrics
▪ 80% of municipal buildings electrified
▪ 70% of upgraded/retrofitted municipal buildings with cool roofs, solar shingles, or PV solar Table 14 Measure BLD-4 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
BLD-4.1 Consider completing an energy audit and retro-commissioning (finetuning building systems to ensure a building is running at optimal performance) of all existing municipal buildings and facilities and inventory all fossil fuel-powered building equipment. Identify zero carbon replacement technology and develop a prioritized short- and long-term replacement schedule for equipment. Through this process, confirm a list of critical municipal buildings that should be prioritized for battery backup.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Feasibility
BLD-4.2 Based on the energy audit results in Action BLD-3.1, maximize solar installations on City-owned buildings.

Public Works
Department
Phase 3 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat
BLD-4.3 Pursue the adoption of an electrification first policy for City-owned fossil fuel equipment (e.g., back-up generators and HVAC units) that outlines a strategy for addressing cost impacts of future equipment purchases and supports a fiscally responsible equipment transition.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change
BLD-4.4 Seek to add energy storage, such as battery back-up, to all critical municipal buildings, identified as part of Action BLD-4.1.

Public Works
Department
Phase 3 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat
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Transportation
27 Transportation
**Measure TR-1(highest community support)
Decrease dependence on single-occupancy vehicles by incentivizing high-density, transit-oriented development, increasing zoning diversity, and promoting vibrant pedestrian-friendly zones. Collaboration with the business community, ensuring that changes support local economic vitality and reflect shared goals for accessibility, mobility, and livability.

Metrics
▪ # of mobility hubs constructed
▪ # of active transportation infrastructure projects in and adjacent to large shopping centers ▪ % mode shift from single-occupancy vehicles to walking Table 15 Measure TR-1
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
TR-1.1 Evaluate opportunities to convert curbside parking spaces in commercial areas, including downtown, into pedestrian and active transportation amenities, such as pocket parks,
sidewalk extensions, or bicycle infrastructure.

Public Works Phase 2 Feasibility
TR-1.2 Conduct site assessments as part of planning review applications to understand current pedestrian conditions and challenges in large shopping centers including downtown and the Pruneyard. These assessments will evaluate parameters such as:
▪ Safety: Assess the presence of crosswalks, pedestrian signals, lighting, and visibility to ensure safe pedestrian movement.
▪ Mobility: Evaluate the width and condition of sidewalks, the availability of ramps, and the ease of access for
individuals with disabilities.

Community
Development
Department
Ongoing Feasibility
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City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
28 Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
▪ Comfort: Measure the availability of seating, shade, and shelter, as well as the overall cleanliness and maintenance of pedestrian pathways.
▪ Connectivity: Examine the connectivity between
pedestrian pathways on private property and public rightsof-way (ROW), ensuring seamless transitions and accessibility.
▪ Aesthetics: Assess the visual appeal of the pedestrian environment, including landscaping, public art, and the overall ambiance.

To guide these assessments, a set of pedestrian-supportive amenities will be identified under each parameter. Areas will then be scored based on the presence, quality, and
accessibility of these amenities.

Challenges for pedestrians may include obstacles such as uneven surfaces, lack of signage, high vehicle traffic, and inadequate crossing facilities. The action will address pedestrian circulation on the public right-of-way.

TR-1.3 Based on the findings of the site assessment (TR-1.2), implement one pilot project that improves pedestrian
infrastructure (e.g., widening or improving sidewalks,
installing high-visibility crosswalks, providing seating areas and shelters, adding greenery and shade trees). Implement the pilot project in a climate vulnerable area, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment.

Public Works
Department
Ongoing Structural Change,
Equity
Extreme
Heat
TR-1.4 As part of the planning review of applications, encourage property owners of large shopping centers (greater than 100,000 square feet of building space) to build active
transportation infrastructure on their properties. This may include amenities such as bike racks, bike repair stations, shaded seating areas, water fountains, and improved sidewalk connections.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 2 Partnerships
TR-1.5 As part of the outreach associated with the City of Campbell Multimodal Transportation Plan and other future City
initiatives, continue to engage with members of the
community, landowners, local businesses, and community
organizations to gather input and educate the public on the Community
Development
Department
Phase 1+
Ongoing
Education
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Transportation
29 Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
benefits of increased density and mixed-use development on reducing single-occupancy vehicles and greenhouse gas
reduction.

TR-1.6 As the City works through future Land Use Element and Housing Element updates, continue to identify appropriate locations in residential areas and near parks to implement targeted zoning changes that promote new mixed use
commercial development (e.g., corner stores and cafés) to create more vibrant and walkable neighborhoods.

Community
Development
Department
Ongoing Feasibility CAC Feedback
Meeting #4
TR-1.7 Partner with developers, property owners of shopping centers, residents, and employers to expand the reach of the City’s Transportation Demand Management program to target the shift from single-occupancy vehicles to alternative modes of transportation, including by offering discounted transit cards and promoting remote work.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 2 Partnerships
TR-1.8 Seek funding opportunities to explore the feasibility of a Transportation Management Association which works with
large employers in the region to organize resident commute trips for work. Consider leveraging existing Transportation Management Associations in the region or partner with one to reduce implementation costs.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 3 Feasibility, Funding
TR-1.9 Create a citywide carpooling system to encourage residents to share rides to work.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 2 Structural Change
TR-1.10 Coordinate with regional partners and service providers to pilot and implement mobility hubs with docked e-bikes in and around downtown, the Pruneyard, Community Center, and
along Hamilton Avenue, Winchester Boulevard, San Tomas
Expressway, Virginia Avenue, and Dell Avenue, where there are high vehicle miles traveled from single-occupancy
vehicles.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 2 Partnership CAC Feedback
Meeting #2, CBO
Engagement
TR-1.11 Align local parking requirements with AB 2097 by removing parking minimums citywide, which require a certain number of parking spaces for new developments. Developers may still propose parking if they choose.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Structural Change
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City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
30 Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
TR-1.12 As part of the City of Campbell Multimodal Transportation Plan, consider identifying roads for lane removal and replace lanes with linear parks, walking/biking routes, and trees.

Public Works
Department
Phase 1 Feasibility CBO
Engagement, CAC
Feedback
Meeting #4
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Transportation
31 Measure TR-2
Improve the transit system to be more convenient, accessible, and resilient to climate impacts, to increase mode share to 10% by 2030 and 15% by 2045.

Metrics
▪ % mode shift to transit
▪ % of total transit stops in the City with shade features ▪ # new mobility hubs constructed near transit stops
Table 16 Measure TR-2
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
TR-2.1 Support Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority on any future efforts to survey all transit stops in Campbell to identify the top priority locations for installation of shade structures and other bus stop amenities based on average use of the transit stop, location in climate vulnerable area, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, and proximity to parks and schools.

Community
Development
Department,
Public Works
Department
Phase 1 Partnerships,
Feasibility,
Equity
Extreme
Heat
TR-2.2 Coordinate with Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority to survey all transit stops in Campbell and identify the top priority locations for installation of shade structures and other bus stop amenities based on average use of the transit stop, location in climate vulnerable area, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, and proximity to parks and schools.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Partnerships,
Feasibility,
Equity
TR-2.3 Partner with Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority to educate the community on available transit opportunities through informational popup events at existing community events, highlighting the benefits and convenience of public transportation options, including the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority Guaranteed Ride Home program and reduced fares for seniors over 65, youth, and individuals with disabilities.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1+
Ongoing
Partnerships,
Education
CBO Engagement
TR-2.4 Identify funding and partnership opportunities (such as public private partnerships, Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, and grant funding) to offer an electric shuttle to various high-traffic locations, including the Valley Transportation Authority Downtown Campbell Community
Development
Department
Phase 2 Funding,
Structural
Change,
Partnership
CAC Feedback
Meeting #2
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City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
32 Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
Station (Green Line), for individuals traveling within Campbell and those traveling out of Campbell.

TR-2.5 Pursue grant funding to add a mobility hub, or location with docked ebikes, and end of use facilities, near the Valley Transportation Authority Downtown Campbell Station for first and last mile commute to the Green Line going to San Jose. This will provide convenient and sustainable transportation options, making it easier for people to use public transportation and reduce reliance on single occupancy vehicles.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Funding,
Structural
Change
CAC Feedback
Meeting #2, CBO
Engagement
TR-2.6 As part of the City of Campbell Multimodal Transportation Plan, consider planning, securing funding for, and building protected bicycle lanes within two miles of light rail stations.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Structural
Change, Funding
CBO Engagement
TR-2.7 Explore opportunities to establish a City shuttle services connecting Campbell residents to key commuter destinations, including Santa Clara, Los Gatos, and Palo Alto. Explore potential partnerships with companies in key commuter destinations and demand for this type of service.

Community
Development
Department
Feasibility
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Transportation
33 *Measure TR-3 (high community support)
Boost the adoption of zero-emission passenger vehicles to 28% by 2030 and 100% by 2045 and commercial vehicles to 25% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Metrics
▪ 28% of total passenger vehicles in Campbell are zero-emission ▪ 25% of total commercial vehicles in Campbell are zero-emission ▪ # of publicly accessible electric vehicle chargers in Campbell Table 17 Measure TR-3 Actions
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
TR-3.1 Maintain building and site development standards for new commercial and multi-family residential construction, as well as for major renovations to parking areas (including when parking spaces, electrical systems, or lighting systems are added or altered) that meet the most recent CALGreen Tier 2 requirements for electric vehicle charging infrastructure.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change
CBO Engagement
TR-3.2 In compliance with State Law, adopt an ordinance that creates an expedited, streamlined permitting process (e.g., electronic submissions, permitting checklist, and administrative approval) for electric vehicle charging stations in alignment with California Government Code Section 65850.7 (as amended by AB 1236 in 2015), and develop a permitting checklist with permitting requirements and guidance for applicants. Score a “green rating” on the CA Electric Vehicle Charging Station Permit Streamlining Map by 2027.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change
TR-3.3 Evaluate opportunities for installation of electric vehicle charging stations at City-owned facilities and in the public right-of-way. The feasibility study will assess electrical capacity, electrical demand, financial constraints, and parking utilization to provide a prioritized list of locations to install new publicly accessible electric vehicle charging stations. In the feasibility study, include evaluation of opportunities and prioritization of locations to increase the equitable distribution of publicly available electric vehicle chargers to residents of multi-family homes in climate vulnerable areas (as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment) and residents living on low- and moderate-incomes, as well as consideration for optimizing daytime charging.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Feasibility,
Equity
CBO Engagement
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City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
34 Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
TR-3.4 After identifying locations for publicly accessible chargers (action TR-3.3), leverage public-private partnerships and secure grants to install 224 chargers by 2030.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Structural
Change
CBO Engagement
TR-3.5 Partner with community-based organizations to conduct at least one annual zero-emission vehicle education event for residents. Prioritize events for residents living on low- and moderate- incomes as well as residents living in multi-family buildings. City staff hosting these events will evaluate the barriers to zero-emission vehicle adoption, promote information on the costs and benefits of owning zero-emission vehicles, and detail the steps on how to receive incentives for zero-emission vehicles.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 2 Education,
Equity,
Funding,
Partnership
TR-3.6 Consistent with State Law, update zoning codes to reflect state law requirements for streamlined permitting of electric vehicle charging stations as an accessory use. Allow electric vehicle charging stations as permitted accessory use in all zones and establish an administrative use permit process for standalone electric vehicle charging stations, where feasible.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change
TR-3.7 Maintain streamlined permitting practices for electric vehicle charging stations by continuing to allow installations with only an electrical permit, without requiring planning review or setbacks. Preserve the existing expedited process and support the use of online permitting tools, to provide clarity and consistency for applicants.

Community
Development
Department
Phase 1 Structural
Change
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Transportation
35 Measure TR-4
Increase the percentage of people using active transportation (walking and biking) to 2.5% by 2030 and 10% in 2045 by enhancing the safety and availability of the transportation system to support walking and biking.

Metrics
▪ 5% shift to walking and biking
Table 18 Measure TR-4
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
TR-4.1 As part of the City of Campbell Multimodal Transportation Plan, consider planning and building protected bicycle lanes within a 2-mile radius of parks and schools in the city, in alignment with the City’s Safe Routes to School Program.

Public Works
Department
Phase 1+
Ongoing
Structural
Change
CAC Feedback
Meeting #1, CBO
Engagement
TR-4.2 Pursue funding to implement Campbell Priority Development Area Enhancement projects for pedestrian and bicycle safety improvements including accessibility ramps, curb extensions, sidewalk installation, signal modifications, sharrows, crosswalks, bike striping and signs, and guide signs (signs that provide information to pedestrians and cyclists about routes, directions, and distances to nearby locations).

Public Works
Department
Phase 1 Funding CBO Engagement
TR-4.3 As part of the City of Campbell Multimodal Transportation Plan, consider implementing traffic calming strategies and pedestrian infrastructure improvements from the Pruneyard to Downtown Campbell and along Winchester Boulevard to create safer streets for pedestrians and cyclists.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Structural
Change
CBO
Engagement, CAC
Feedback
Meeting #4
TR-4.4 Support Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority in any future efforts to explore opportunities to enhance active transportation facilities and around public transit station, building on existing infrastructure such as electronic bike lockers. This may include evaluating the useability and capacity of current lockers and assessing the need for additional amenities to secure short-term bike parking, bike share docks, or wayfinding signage to support first-and lastmile connections.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Feasibility Replica Analysis,
CBO Engagement
TR-4.5 Evaluate future options to increase active transportation and reduce vehicular traffic in the Downtown area, including street modifications or temporary street closures. The City will coordinate with Downtown interested parties, including the Downtown Campbell Business Association (DCBA) and the Chamber of Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Structural
Change
CAC Feedback
Meeting #2, CBO
Engagement
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City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
36 Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
Commerce, as well as Campbell Police Department and Santa Clara County Fire Department by conducting an operational impact assessment addressing emergency access, enforcement needs, and traffic control in addition to parking and circulation considerations, and reflect community needs while supporting a vibrant, accessible downtown environment.

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Transportation
37 Measure TR-5
Transition to 15% zero-emission municipal fleet by 2030 and 100% by 2040, consistent with the Fleet Electrification Plan.

Metrics
▪ 15% zero-emission municipal fleet
Table 19 Measure TR-5
Action
Implementation
Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
TR-5.1 Update the Fleet Electrification Plan to identify the needs and constraints involved in transitioning to a zero-emission municipal fleet, including specialized vehicles such as police patrol units and other emergency response vehicles.

Public Works
Department
Phase 1+
Ongoing
Feasibility
TR-5.2 Install battery backups combined with onsite solar panels and renewable diesel generators to enhance the resilience of the municipal fleet.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Structural
Change
Poor Air
Quality,
Extreme Heat
TR-5.3 Pursue funding from state programs (e.g., the California Air Resources Board's Clean Vehicle Rebate Project and the Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Program, Hybrid and Zero-Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project) and federal sources to increase procurement of zero-emission vehicles and installation of zero-emission vehicle charging/fueling infrastructure at municipal facilities. Additionally, explore opportunities for Low Carbon Fuel Standard credit generation from use of low carbon fuels/electricity for fleet vehicles.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Funding
TR-5.4 Meet the advanced clean fleet rules for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. Public Works Department
Phase 2 Structural
Change
Poor Air
Quality
TR-5.5 Showcase the City’s transition to zero-emission vehicle fleet at community events to demonstrate its commitment to climate action and resilience.

Highlight the benefits of electric vehicles, such as lower air pollution, reduced noise levels, and positive health impacts.

Public Works
Department
Phase 1+
Ongoing
Education
TR-5.6 Install EV charging infrastructure needed to support a zero-emission vehicle fleet based on the results of the Fleet Electrification Plan (action TR-5.1). Work collaboratively with Silicon Valley Clean Energy and regional partners to identify funding and technical support.

Public Works
Department
Phase 2+
Ongoing
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City of Campbell
Measures, Actions, and Implementation Plan
38 Measure TR-6
Decarbonize 25% of off-road equipment (e.g., lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and chainsaws) operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Metrics
▪ 25% of off-road equipment decarbonized
Table 20 Measure TR-6
Action
Implementati
on Lead Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Feedback from
Community/CAC
TR-6.1 Identify off-road equipment fleets in the City with the highest decarbonization potential and those lacking zero-emission alternatives. Provide technical assistance and/or incentives to fleet owners to support the transition to cleaner technologies (Action TR-6.3).

Public Works
Department
Phase 2 Feasibility
TR-6.2 Develop and adopt a phased series of ordinances that exceed AB 1346 to ban local operation of specific types of gasoline and diesel-powered off-road equipment (e.g., lawn and garden, construction). Update the ordinances based on a regular review of relevant state regulations, regional rules, and available technology.

Community
Development
Phase 1 Structural
Change
Poor Air
Quality
TR-6.3 Partner with community-based organizations to promote Bay Area Air Quality Management District off-road equipment resources and funding opportunities to contractors and residents in the City. Include educational resources on public health and safety benefits of using decarbonized off-road equipment. Prioritize education and outreach in climate vulnerable areas of the City, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment.

Community
Development
Phase 2 Funding,
Education,
Partnership,
Equity
TR-6.4 Work to achieve 100% decarbonization of off-road equipment operated by the City before 2040 and require zero-emission off-road equipment in all City contracts by 2030.

Public Works
Department
Phase 1+
Ongoing
Structural
Change
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions
Technical Report
prepared by
City of Campbell
Community Development Department
70 North First Street
Campbell, California 95008
Contact: Tiffany Hudson, Environmental Program Specialist prepared with the assistance of
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
66 Franklin Street, Suites 352
Oakland, California 94607
March 2026
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Table of Contents
i
Table of Contents
1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................1

1.1 GHG Emissions Reduction Targets......................................................................................1

1.2 Measures and Actions Organization ...................................................................................2

1.3 GHG Emissions Reductions.................................................................................................2 2 Urban Eco-Systems and Sustainable Foods....................................................................................7 3 Building System.............................................................................................................................15 4 Transportation System .................................................................................................................29 Tables
Table 1 Campbell CAAP GHG Emissions Reduction Summary by Measure.....................................2 Table 2 City of Campbell’s GHG Emissions Reductions Pathway ....................................................5 Table 3 Urban Eco-Systems and Sustainable Foods GHG Emissions Reduction Summary .............7 Table 4 Tree Planting Parameters and Data Sources ......................................................................9 Table 5 Tree Planting GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations......................................................10 Table 6 Landfilled Organics Reduction Parameters and Data Sources..........................................11 Table 7 Landfilled Organics Reduction GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations ...........................12 Table 8 Compost Procurement Parameters and Data Sources.....................................................13 Table 9 Compost Procurement GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations.......................................13 Table 10 Building System GHG Emissions Reduction Summary ......................................................15 Table 11 Carbon-Free Electricity Parameters and Data Sources.....................................................17 Table 12 Carbon-Free Electricity GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations.......................................18 Table 13 All-electric New Construction Parameters and Data Sources...........................................23 Table 14 All-electric New Construction GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations............................24 Table 15 Existing Building Electrification Ordinance Parameters and Data Sources.......................26 Table 16 Existing Building Electrification Ordinance GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations........28 Table 17 Transportation System GHG Emissions Reduction Summary...........................................29 Table 18 Public Transit Mode Share Parameters and Data Sources ...............................................32 Table 19 Public Transit Mode Share GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations.................................33 Table 20 Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Charger Parameters and Data Sources.....................36 Table 21 Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Charger Calculations.................................................37 Table 22 Electric Vehicle Adoption Parameter and Data Sources...................................................38 Table 23 Electric Vehicle Adoption GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations...................................39 Item 10.1
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report
ii
Table 24 Active Transportation Mode Share Parameters and Data Sources..................................42 Table 25 Active Transportation Mode Share GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations....................43 Table 26 Off-road Decarbonization Parameters and Data Sources.................................................46 Table 27 Off-road Decarbonization GHG Emissions Reductions Calculations.................................46 Figures
Figure 1 City of Campbell’s GHG Emissions Reduction Pathway ......................................................6 Item 10.1
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Appendix F
Measure Substantial Evidence Report
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Introduction
1 1 Introduction
This report presents the technical quantification and evidence supporting the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction potential of the City of Campbell’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP).

The CAAP is Campbell’s plan to reduce GHG emissions and address climate change through implementation of measures and actions in the community. While the CAAP is not considered a “qualified GHG reduction plan” under California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) guidelines, the strategies are still based on technical evidence. This document provides calculations and documentation that were used to estimate the GHG emission reductions which would result from the implementation of the CAAPs measures and actions. Based on the evidence contained in this document, the GHG emissions reductions associated with the CAAP’s measures and actions put Campbell on track towards achieving its fair share of GHG emissions consistent with the 2030 reduction target established by Senate Bill (SB) 32. Achieving these targets also allows the City to progress towards its target for carbon neutrality by 2045 which aligns with California’s 2045 carbon neutrality goal established by Assembly Bill (AB) 1279.1 The quantification in this report is intended to illustrate a path to achieving GHG emission reductions consistent with the SB 32 2030 target. Mechanisms to monitor the CAAP’s progress toward achieving the GHG emissions reduction targets have been established through the CAAP development process. If routine monitoring shows the City is not on track to reach its 2030 GHG reductions consistent with SB 32, the CAAP as a whole or specific measures and actions will be amended or updated to achieve alignment with SB 32. This report quantifies GHG reductions associated with the City’s 2045 carbon neutrality target based on specified goals; however, it does not provide substantial evidence of how the City will achieve these long-term, aspirational targets.

Future iterations of the CAAP will address these long-term goals.

1.1 GHG Emissions Reduction Targets
GHG emissions reduction targets are used for climate action planning to establish measurable metrics to guide the community’s commitment to reduce GHG emissions and help gauge progress on reducing emissions over time. Pursuant to state guidance, local jurisdictions should provide their fair share GHG emission reductions to support the State’s climate goals.2 Thus, Campbell will aim to reduce communitywide emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality communitywide by 2045, consistent with the State’s goals in SB 32 and AB 1279.

Campbell’s short- and long-term GHG emissions reduction targets are:
▪ Reduce GHG emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030; and, ▪ Achieve carbon neutrality by 2045.
1 SB 32 established the State goal to reduce GHG emission 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. AB 1279 established the State goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. The State defines carbon neutrality as net zero carbon emissions, which is achieved by reducing GHG emissions at least 85 percent below 1990 levels and removing the remaining emissions through carbon capture and sequestration strategies.
2 Association of Environmental Professionals (AEP). 2016. Final White Paper, Beyond 2020 and Newhall: A Field Guide to New CEQA Greenhouse Gas Thresholds and Climate Action Plan Targets for California. Available at: https://califaep.org/docs/AEP2016_Final_White_Paper.pdf Item 10.1
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City of Campbell
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report
2 1.2 Measures and Actions Organization
As part of the CAAP process, the City of Campbell has developed a comprehensive set of Measures and Actions to reduce communitywide GHG emissions in all sectors to put Campbell on track towards achieving its GHG emissions reduction target pathways. The Measures are organized around a set of four Systems to reduce GHG emissions. Each Measure is then supported by a set of Actions. The structure of the Systems, Measures, and Actions are as follows:
▪ Systems: A group of related elements that can be directly influenced by the City of Campbell. ▪ Measures: Long-range goals that the City has established to reduce emissions and/or improve resilience in line with the State’s emission reduction goals and local resilience goals. ▪ Actions: Discrete steps to take to achieve the measures. Over time, the CAAP will be reviewed, and additional actions will need to be added to make greater progress on the established measures.

The Measures and Actions can be either quantitative or supportive, defined as follows:
▪ Quantitative: Quantitative Measures result in direct and measurable GHG emissions reductions when their Actions are implemented. Quantitative Measures can be summed to quantify how Campbell will meet its 2030 GHG emission reduction target and demonstrate progress towards the 2045 target.
▪ Supportive: Supportive Measures have not been quantified and often do not contribute directly to achieving Campbell’s GHG emissions reduction targets. Despite not being quantified, supportive Measures are nevertheless critical to the overall success of the CAAP and provide support so that the quantitative Measures will be successfully implemented.

This report identifies the CAAP’s quantitative Measures and provides a complete description of their contribution to achieving Campbell’s 2030 GHG emissions reduction target and making substantial progress towards Campbell’s 2045 target. Similarly, this report only details the quantitative Actions that enable each Measure. The supportive Actions are excluded from this report because they do not contribute directly to achieving and making progress towards Campbell’s GHG emissions reduction targets. Details on these supportive Actions can be found in the CAAP.

1.3 GHG Emissions Reductions
Table 1 summarizes the Measures and the GHG emissions reduction they would achieve in 2030 and 2045 upon the implementation of their Actions.

Table 1 Campbell CAAP GHG Emissions Reduction Summary by Measure Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
2045 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
Urban Eco-Systems and Sustainable Foods
UE-1 Support Valley Water and the County of Santa Clara in the implementation of nature-based solutions
along the Los Gatos Creek and San Tomas Aquino
Creek to mitigate flooding and support the riparian
ecosystem, while recognizing space constraints in
urban areas and opportunities to increase setbacks
were feasible.

Supportive Supportive
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Introduction
3 Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
2045 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
UE-2 Increase tree canopy to 17.1% from 17.0% by 2030
and 17.4% by 2045, with a focus on communities
most vulnerable to extreme heat.
30 327
UE-3 Achieve an 80% diversion of organic material by
2030 and reach 100% diversion by 2045 in
compliance with SB 1383 (2016), sponsored by
Senator Ricardo Lara.
9,191 13,302
UE-4 Reduce per capita water use by 10% by 2030 and
20% by 2045 through enhanced water conservation
actions, using the 2022 baseline of 96 gallons per
person per day.

Supportive Supportive
UE-5 Improve water quality and increase climate
resilience to climate hazards by upgrading
stormwater facilities, in compliance with the
Municipal Regional Stormwater Permit (MRP)
requirements.

Supportive Supportive
UE-6 Demonstrate municipal leadership by increasing
landfill diversion rates, adopting climate-smart food
and purchasing practices, and improving water
efficiency. These efforts should be part of a
comprehensive update to City purchasing policies,
which could include standards for recycled content
in office supplies (e.g., minimum recycled content
in paper products), prioritization of low-carbon
vendors, and integration of sustainability criteria
into procurement decisions.

Supportive Supportive
Social and Governance System
SG -1 Support the development of a Resilience Hub to
offer refuge to vulnerable populations from
extreme heat conditions, poor air quality, and
flooding, while also serving as community resource
center year-round.

Supportive Supportive
SG-2 Enhance the Campbell community’s awareness of
climate hazards by educating residents and staff
about existing emergency alert services (e.g.,
AlertSCC) and how to sign up for them. Provide
staff with climate change communication training
and deliver health alert and evacuation messages in
English and Spanish, and in multiple forms (e.g.,
online, brochure, radio). All messaging protocols
and hazard mitigation measures should align with
Campbell’s Emergency Operations Plan and its
annexes, which serve as the primary reference for
emergency communications and procedures.

Supportive Supportive
SG-3 Increase community resilience through internal
capacity building, ongoing collaboration with
community-based organizations, and continued
community outreach and implementation related
to the CAAP.

Supportive Supportive
Building System
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report
4 Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
2045 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
BLD-1 Partner with Silicon Valley Clean Energy to provide carbon-free and renewable electricity to 100% of
the community by 2030.
8,301 0
1 BLD-2 Require new buildings to be safe, decarbonized, and resilient by 2025.
3,672 14,468
BLD-3 Retrofit existing residential buildings to reduce natural gas usage by 18% and non-residential
buildings to reduce natural gas usage by 15% by
2030. Retrofit all existing buildings to be zerocarbon and resilient to extreme heat and poor air quality by 2045.
10,003 60,682
BLD-4 Work to decarbonize and make municipal buildings
resilient to climate impacts by 2033, in particular
extreme heat and poor air quality.

Supportive Supportive
Transportation System
TR-1 Decrease dependence on single-occupancy vehicles
by incentivizing high-density transit-oriented
development, increasing zoning diversity, and
promoting vibrant pedestrian-friendly zones.

Collaboration with the business community,
ensuring that changes support local economic
vitality and reflect shared goals for accessibility,
mobility, and livability.

Supportive Supportive
TR-2 Improve the transit system to be more convenient,
accessible, and resilient to climate impacts, in order
to increase mode share to 10% by 2030 and 15% by
2045.
4,248 7,219
TR-3 Boost the adoption of zero-emission passenger
vehicles to 28% by 2030 and 100% by 2045 and
commercial vehicles to 25% by 2030 and 100% by
2045.
18,819 99,558
TR-4 Increase the percentage of people using active
transportation (walking and biking) to 2.5% by 2030
and 10% in 2045 by enhancing the safety and
availability of the transportation system to support
walking and biking.
263 1,923
TR-5 Transition to 15% zero-emission municipal fleet by 2030 and 100% by 2040, consistent with the Fleet
Electrification Plan.

Supportive Supportive
TR-6 Decarbonize 25% of off-road equipment (e.g.,
lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and chainsaws)
operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
3,150 14,607
Total 57,677 212,086
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. Values may not add up to totals due to rounding. 1 SB 100 (2018) requires the State’s electricity sector to achieve 100 percent renewable and zero-carbon electricity by 2045. By that time, the electricity GHG emission factor will be 0 MT CO2e per kilowatt-hour (kWh), resulting in no additional reductions beyond the State-mandated baseline.

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Introduction
5 Together, the Measures and Actions in the CAAP provide Campbell with the GHG emissions reduction necessary to achieve Campbell’s 2030 GHG emissions reduction target (see Table 2).

However, the 2045 GHG emissions reductions quantified in this report are not currently enough to meet Campbell’s 2045 target of carbon neutrality. Achieving carbon neutrality will require new technologies, new State regulations, and additional Measures and Actions that incorporate lessons learned from implementing this CAAP. Future CAAP updates will account for these emerging technologies and new State regulations and include new Measures and Actions that Campbell will implement to close the remaining gap to achieve carbon neutrality.

Table 2 City of Campbell’s GHG Emissions Reductions Pathway GHG Emission Forecast or Reduction Target
2030 GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
2045 GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Projected GHG Emissions (Adjusted Forecast)1 205,248 213,285 GHG Emissions Reduction from Measure Implementation 57,677 212,086 GHG Emissions Remaining2 147,572 1,199
GHG Emissions Reduction Target Pathway 150,516 0
Remaining GHG Emissions Reduction Gap3-2,945 1,199
Target anticipated to be met? Yes No
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. Numeric numbers denoted in parentheses represent negative numbers.

Values may not add up to totals due to rounding.
1 See CAAP, Appendix C: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Analysis Report for more information on the adjusted forecast. 2 GHG Emissions Remaining reflects the subtraction of GHG Emissions Reduction from Measure Implementation from Projected GHG Emissions.
3 Remaining GHG Emissions Reduction Gap reflects the difference between GHG Emissions Reduction Target and the GHG Emissions Remaining after measure implementation. Negative values signify that measures achieve GHG reductions beyond the set GHG target.

Figure 1 shows Campbell’s GHG emissions reduction targets in relation to Campbell’s GHG emissions after implementation of the Measures and Actions included in the CAAP. A complete description of each Measure and the quantitative Actions is included in the remainder of the report.

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report
6 Figure 1 City of Campbell’s GHG Emissions Reduction Pathway Item 10.1
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Urban Eco-Systems and Sustainable Foods
7 2 Urban Eco-Systems and Sustainable
Foods
Measures and Actions within Campbell’s Urban Eco-Systems and Sustainable Foods strategy focus on restoring natural systems, improving resource efficiency, and supporting climate-resilient communities while reducing GHG emissions. The strategy supports this vision through nature-based flood mitigation, increased tree canopy, organic waste diversion, water conservation, and the promotion of local and climate-smart food systems. Together, these efforts aim to enhance ecosystem services, improve community health, and reduce the community’s vulnerability to climate hazards like extreme heat, flooding, and drought.

Some of the actions in this strategy are primarily designed to strengthen resilience and reduce individual carbon footprints (which have not been quantified), rather than deliver significant communitywide GHG reductions. However, achieving high levels of organic waste diversion, particularly through compliance with SB 1383, will lead to meaningful emissions reductions by preventing the anaerobic decomposition of organic material in landfills, which produces methane (CH₄), a potent greenhouse gas. Similarly, nature-based flood protection and water-efficient landscaping will help the City adapt to more extreme climate conditions while reducing the energy intensity of water use and transportation.

This approach recognizes the dual importance of mitigation and adaptation in Campbell’s climate strategy. Based on this framework, the CAAP’s Urban Ecosystems and Sustainable Foods strategy consists of the Measures presented in Table 3. The table also indicates which Measures are quantitative and which are supportive. The following subsections detail the substantial evidence and calculation methodologies of the quantitative Measures and the role of the supportive Measures.

Table 3 Urban Eco-Systems and Sustainable Foods GHG Emissions Reduction Summary Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
2045 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
Urban Eco-Systems and Sustainable Foods
UE-1 Support Valley Water and the County of Santa Clara in the implementation of nature-based solutions along
the Los Gatos Creek and San Tomas Aquino Creek to
mitigate flooding and support the riparian ecosystem.

Supportive Supportive
UE-2 Increase tree canopy to 17.1% from 17.0% by 2030
and 17.4% by 2045, with a focus on communities most
vulnerable to extreme heat.
30 327
UE-3 Achieve an 80% diversion of organic material by 2030 and reach 100% diversion by 2045 in compliance with
SB 1383 (2016), sponsored by Senator Ricardo Lara.
9,191 13,302
UE-4 Reduce per capita water use by 10% by 2030 and 20% by 2045 through enhanced water conservation
actions, using the 2022 baseline of 96 gallons per
person per day.

Supportive Supportive
UE-5 Improve water quality and increase climate resilience to climate hazards by upgrading stormwater facilities.

Supportive Supportive
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report
8 Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
2045 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
UE-6 Demonstrate municipal leadership by increasing
landfill diversion rates, adopting climate-smart food
and purchasing practices, and improving water
efficiency. These efforts should be part of a
comprehensive update to City purchasing policies,
which could include standards for recycled content in
office supplies (e.g., minimum recycled content in
paper products), prioritization of low-carbon vendors,
and integration of sustainability criteria into
procurement decisions.

Supportive Supportive
Total 9,221 13,629
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. Values may not add up to totals due to rounding.

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Urban Eco-Systems and Sustainable Foods
9 UE-2: Increase tree canopy from 17.0% to 17.1% by 2030 and 17.4% by 2045, with a focus on communities most vulnerable to extreme heat.

Measure UE-2 aims for Campbell to increase tree canopy from 17.0 percent to 17.1 percent by 2030 and 17.4 percent by 2045. Carbon sequestration quantification and tracking is a developing field, with ongoing efforts to refine methodologies. While carbon sequestration will be vital in achieving both the State’s and Campbell’s carbon neutrality goals, many communities, including Campbell, are adopting a conservative approach to quantification until more definitive guidance from the State becomes available. AB 1757 requires the California Natural Resources Agency to establish carbon sequestration targets by 2024 and develop tracking methodologies by 2025.3 Once these targets and methods are finalized, the City will incorporate them into this Measure and its associated Actions, as needed. The primary Actions that enable this Measure include:
▪ Action UE-2.1 Prioritize planting 40 trees annually in climate vulnerable areas, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, with the lowest tree equity score, along safe routes to school, and near bus stops. Partner with a community-based organization to host a community planting event to promote community building and the Campell Climate Action and Adaptation Plan;
▪ Action UE-2.3 Evaluate and update the “Official Street Tree List” for canopy potential and future climate conditions; and,
▪ Action UE-2.4 Pursue and obtain grant funding for tree planting and maintenance. Identify and apply for Federal and State grants annually to meet the tree planting goal identified in Action UE-2.1 (e.g., USDA, California ReLeaf, Affordable Housing and Sustainable Communities Program, Cal Fire’s Urban and Community Forestry Program, and the California Natural Resources Agency’s Urban Greening Program). Regularly monitor trees for potential risk due to tree branches falling.

These Actions put Campbell on track to meet its target of increasing its tree canopy from 17.0 percent to 17.1 percent by 2030 and 17.4 percent by 2045. Table 4 shows the parameters and data sources that support GHG emissions reductions associated with planting trees, and Table 5 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 1 through 1.2.

Tree Planting Equations
Equation 1 CO2e Sequestration = Ratetrees * CSFTree* Ne Equation 1.1 Ne = (Yn *(Yn + 1))/2
Equation 1.2 Yn = (YearT - Yearb)+1
Table 4 Tree Planting Parameters and Data Sources
Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 1
CO2e Sequestrationy Carbon sequestered from
tree plantings
See Table 5 MT CO2e Calculated
Ratetrees Rate of trees planted per
year
See Table 5 trees/year Measure UE-2 target
3 CARB. Assembly Bill 1757 (2022). Accessed at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/2022-assembly-bill-1757-garcia-cristina-california-globalwarming-solutions-act-2006-climate-goal Item 10.1
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10 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
CSFTree Carbon sequestration
factor for tree seedlings

0.035 MT CO2e/tree
/year
CAPCOA1
Equation 1.1
Ne Effective number of years
carbon is being
sequestered2
See Table 5 years Calculated
Equation 1.2
Yn Total number of years in
which trees are planted
See Table 5 years Calculated
Yearb Baseline tree planting year 2025 year Assume tree planting starts this year
YearT Target emissions
reduction year
See Table 5 year –
Notes: “–“ means either reference not applicable or see references for disaggregated parameter in the following table rows; MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide.
1 Default annual CO2e sequestration per tree per year with a maximum lifespan of 20 years per tree is 0.0354 MT CO2e/tree/year was obtained from CAPCOA. 2010. Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures. Accessed at: https://www.aqmd.gov/docs/defaultsource/ceqa/handbook/capcoa-quantifying-greenhouse-gas-mitigation-measures.pdf 2 The effective number of years of carbon sequestration represents the total cumulative years during which a given number of trees sequester carbon. Since the goal is based on the number of trees planted annually, this metric captures the cumulative sequestration time for each annual planting cohort. This calculation leverages the Gaussian summation principle, which simplifies summing sequences by recognizing patterns or symmetry, enabling efficient calculation of consecutive or structured series.

Table 5 Tree Planting GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units 2030 2045
Equation 1.2
Yearb Baseline tree planting year year 2025 2025
Yn Total number of years in which trees are
planted
years 6 21
Equation 1.1
Ne Effective number of years carbon is being
sequestered
year 21 231
Equation 1
Ratetrees Rate of trees planted per year tree 40 40
CSFtree Carbon sequestration factor for tree
seedlings
MT CO2e/tree 0.0354 0.0354
CO2e Sequestration Carbon sequestration from tree plantings MT CO2e 30 327 Item 10.1
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11 UE-3: Achieve an 80% diversion of organic material by 2030 and reach 100% diversion by 2045 in compliance with SB 1383 (2016), sponsored by Senator Ricardo Lara.

Measure UE-1 aims for Campbell to exceed SB 1383 requirements to recover 20 percent of disposed edible food for human consumption and reduce landfilled organic waste—and its associated GHG emissions —by 80 percent by 2030, compared to 2014 levels. The primary Actions that enable this Measure include:
▪ Action UE-3.1 Continue to participate in the Santa Clara County edible food recovery program which collaborates with all food generators and food recovery organizations across the county.

Update the City website to promote the program;
▪ Action UE-3.2 Continue to participate in the West Valley Solid Waste Management Authority to develop and distribute educational materials describing options for disposal of construction and demolition debris, home composting, residential organics collection, and source reduction and recycling for schools; and,
▪ Action UE-3.3 Continue to implement the City’s organics program with equitable and clearly defined enforcement mechanisms and penalties, as required by Article 16 in SB 1383 (2016), sponsored by Senator Ricardo Lara. Maintain records, including an initial compliance report, annual report, and implementation record as required by Articles 3, 14, and 16 of SB 1383 for (1) the organic waste collection program and (2) the edible food recovery program. Additionally, develop an organics procurement tracking program.

These Actions encompass the activities the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) requires for compliance with SB 1383.4 Continuing to implement these activities is expected to provide the levels of diversion, composting, and food donations needed to reduce Campbell’s landfilled organic waste 80 percent by 2030. 5 This level of landfilled organic
waste reduction is expected to directly reduce solid waste disposal GHG emissions 80 percent because nearly all GHG emissions result from the anaerobic decay of organic waste in landfills. Table 6 shows the parameters and data sources that support the GHG emissions reductions associated with organics diversion and Table 7 shows the calculations as outlined in Equation 2.

Landfilled Organic Waste Reduction Equations
Equation 2 CO2e ReductionLOW,y= CO2e Emissionsy*Reduction TargetLOW,y Table 6 Landfilled Organics Reduction Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 2
CO2e ReductionLOW,y Landfilled organic waste
GHG emission reductions
See Table 7 MT CO2e Calculated
CO2e Emissionsy Landfilled organic waste
GHG emissions
See Table 7 MT CO2e Calculated
4 CalRecycle. SB 1383 Jurisdiction Responsibilities. Accessed at:
https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/Docs/Web/119160#:~:text=Beginning%20in%202022%2C%20SB%201383,is%20automatically%20provide d%20the%20service
5 According to the Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Appendix E – Solid Waste Emission Activities and Sources, GHG emissions are generated by non-biologic wastes only if they are combusted.

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12 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Reduction Target
LOW,y
Landfilled organic waste
reduction target
— — Goal to exceed compliance
with CalRecycle’s SB 1383
requirements for solid
waste.1, 2
Reduction Target
LOW,2030
— 80% percentage
Reduction Target
LOW,2045
— 100% percentage
y Year 2030 or 2045 – –
Notes: “–“ means either reference not applicable or see references for disaggregated parameter in the following table rows. MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.
1 CalRecycle. SB 1383 Jurisdiction Responsibilities. Accessed at: https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/Docs/Web/119160 2 According to the ICLEI U.S. Community Protocol, Appendix E, GHG emissions are generated by non-biologic wastes only if they are combusted.

Table 7 Landfilled Organics Reduction GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units 2030 2045
Equation 2
CO2e Emissionsy Landfilled organic waste GHG emissions MT CO2e 10,861 12,741 Reduction Target LOW,y Landfilled organic waste reduction target percentage 80% 100% CO2e ReductionLOW,y Landfilled organic waste GHG emission reductions
MT CO2e 8,689 12,741
Measure UE-3 also puts Campbell on a path to meet the City’s SB 1383 procurement target. SB 1383 requires each jurisdiction in California to procure recovered organics waste products to meet annual procurement targets developed by CalRecycle.6 Recovered organic waste products include compost, mulch, renewable energy generated from anaerobic digestion (e.g., transportation fuel, electricity, and gas for heating), and electricity generated from biomass conversion. While a jurisdiction has the option to procure any combination of recovered organic waste products to fulfill 100 percent of its procurement target, Campbell aims to meet their procurement target primarily through the procurement of compost to leverage the carbon sequestration benefits it provides when applied to community lands. The primary Actions that enable this part of the Measure include:
▪ Action UE-3.3 (listed above); and,
▪ Action UE-3.4 Continue to collaborate with regional partners including Santa Clara County, Solid Waste Joint Power Authority, and Waste Management to provide compost to be applied on agricultural and working lands countywide to meet procurement requirements.

These Actions will allow Campbell to establish the supply, procurement, and application of compost to meet their annual procurement targets and comply with SB 1383. Additionally, partnerships and outreach efforts will help expand compost application areas over time as demand and program participation grow. Table 8 shows the parameters and data sources that support the annual procurement targets and landfill organic waste diversion GHG emissions reductions associated with this Action. Table 9 shows the calculations as outlined in Equation 3 through 3.1.

Compost Procurement Equations
6 CalRecycle. Procurement Targets and Recovered Organic Waste Products. Accessed at:
https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/procurement/recoveredorganicwasteproducts/ Item 10.1
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13 Equation 3 CO2e Sequestrationy = (Compost Requiredy * CSFCompost) * Compliance Targety Equation 3.1 Compost Requiredy = Populationy * (Procurement Required/Capita * CFOW to Compost)
Table 8 Compost Procurement Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 3
CO2e Sequestrationy Carbon sequestered from
compost procurement
and application
See Table 9 MT CO2e Calculated
Compost Requiredy Compost procurement
required to meet organic
waste procurement target
See Table 9 tons Calculated
CSFCompost Carbon sequestration
factor for mixed organic
compost application

0.23 MT CO2e/ ton CARB’s Method for
Estimating Greenhouse Gas
Emission Reductions from
Diversion Of Organic Waste
from Landfills to Compost
Facilities1
Compliance Targety Compliance target with
procurement requirement
100% percentage State required compliance2
y Year 2030 or 2045 year –
Equation 3.1
Populationy Forecasted population See Table 9 people Appendix C: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Analysis Report
Procurement
Required/Capita
Organic waste
procurement required per
capita

0.08 tons/people CalRecycle, SB 1383
Procurement2
CFOW to Compost Conversion factor to
convert organic waste
procurement target into
compost quantity

0.58 compost
tons/organic
waste tons
CalRecycle Procurement
Calculator Tool3
Notes: “–“ means either reference not applicable or see references for disaggregated parameter in the following table rows. MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.
1 CARB. Method for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions from Diversion Of Organic Waste from Landfills to Compost Facilities (2017). Accessed at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/waste/cerffinal.pdf. 2 CalRecycle. Procurement Targets and Recovered Organic Waste Products. Accessed at:
https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/procurement/recoveredorganicwasteproducts/ 3 CalRecycle. Procurement Calculator Tool. Accessed at: https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/reporting/ Table 9 Compost Procurement GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units 2030 2045
Equation 3.1
Populationy Forecasted population people 47,083 52,568
Procurement
Required/Capita
Organic waste procurement required per
capita
tons/people 0.08 0.08
CFOW to Compost Conversion factor to convert organic
waste procurement target into compost
quantity
compost
ton/organic waste
ton

0.58 0.58
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14 Variable Definition Units 2030 2045
Compost Requiredy Compost procurement required to meet
organic waste procurement target
ton 2,185 2,439
Equation 3
Compliance Targety Compliance target with procurement
requirement
percentage 100% 100%
CO2e Sequestrationy Carbon sequestered from compost
procurement and application
MT CO2e 502 561
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Building System
15 3 Building System
The City of Campbell’s Building System focuses on transitioning both new and existing residential, commercial, and municipal buildings to zero-emission, all-electric buildings powered by carbon-free and renewable electricity. This transformation is central to Campbell’s climate strategy, as buildings account for a significant share of communitywide GHG emissions. The Building System includes measures to phase out natural gas infrastructure, electrify appliances and HVAC systems, improve energy efficiency, and increase on-site solar and battery storage installations. Partnering with Silicon Valley Clean Energy, the City will support outreach and workforce development to promote community access to technical assistance, rebates, and other resources. The system also includes policies to strengthen climate resilience by requiring cooling in new buildings, retrofitting municipal buildings, and providing critical facilities with battery storage. Through these actions, Campbell aims to eliminate operational emissions from its building stock and enhance occupant comfort and safety in the face of rising temperatures and poor air quality. Based on this approach, the CAAP’s Building System consists of the Measures presented in Table 10. The table also indicates which Measures are quantitative and which Measures are supportive. The following subsections detail the substantial evidence and calculation methodologies of the quantitative Measures and the role of the supportive Measures.

Table 10 Building System GHG Emissions Reduction Summary Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
2045 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
Building System
BLD-1 Partner with Silicon Valley Clean Energy to provide carbon-free and renewable electricity to 100% of the
community by 2030.
8,301 0
1 BLD-2 Require new buildings to be safe, decarbonized, and resilient by 2025.
3,672 14,468
BLD-3 Retrofit existing residential buildings to reduce natural gas usage by 18% and non-residential buildings to
reduce natural gas usage by 15% by 2030. Retrofit all
existing buildings to be zero-carbon and resilient to
extreme heat and poor air quality by 2045.
10,003 60,682
BLD-4 Work to decarbonize and make municipal buildings
resilient to climate impacts by 2033, in particular
extreme heat and poor air quality.

Supportive Supportive
Total 21,976 75,150
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. Values may not add up to totals due to rounding. 1 SB 100 (2018) requires the State’s electricity sector to achieve 100 percent renewable and zero-carbon electricity by 2045. By that time, the electricity GHG emission factor will be 0 MT CO2e per kilowatt-hour (kWh), resulting in no additional reductions beyond the State-mandated baseline.

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16 BLD-1: Partner with Silicon Valley Clean Energy to provide carbon-free and renewable electricity to 100% of the community by 2030.

Measure BLD-1 aims to increase Silicon Valley Clean Energy’s (SVCE) share of renewable energy to provide carbon-free and renewable electricity to 100 percent of the community by 2030. The primary Actions that enable this target include:
▪ Action BLD-1.1 Partner with Silicon Valley Clean Energy to conduct an annual analysis of direct access electricity users within the City. Contact direct access electricity users and provide information on the benefits of upgrading to GreenStart/GreenPrime with Silicon Valley Clean Energy; and,
▪ Action BLD-1.2 Continue partnering with Silicon Valley Clean Energy to conduct educational campaigns, such as tabling at community events or hosting an annual Earth Day event. Establish comprehensive informational resources on the City’s website, regularly post on social media, and develop energy bill inserts. These efforts will highlight the benefits of 100 percent carbonfree and renewable energy and promote the available incentives.

In 2022 (i.e., Campbell’s GHG inventory year), Silicon Valley Clean Energy (SVCE) provided electricity to 89 percent of the community. Of this, 87 percent received GreenStart and 2 percent received GreenPrime. The remaining electricity was directly provided by Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) (two percent) and direct access electricity (nine percent).
7 In order for Campbell to meet its Measure
BLD-2 target, it needs to first encourage direct access electricity users to enroll in SVCE’s GreenStart or GreenPrime procurement programs (Action BLD-1.1); second, encourage PG&E electricity users to opt-up to SVCE; and finally, promoting the continued use of SVCE electricity by existing customers, who’s electricity is planned to be carbon free by 2030. 8 Action BLD-1.2 addresses these
last two points, by directing the City to partner with SVCE to conduct educational campaigns, as well as establish informational resources on the City’s website and social media, with the goal being to encourage as much of the community as possible to switch to the carbon-free and renewable electricity rate option.

Currently, electricity customers in Campbell are automatically enrolled in SVCE’s GreenStart electricity option, which has a near-zero GHG emissions factor. Customers may opt-up to GreenPrime, opt-out to PG&E, or opt-out to procure electricity at wholesale directly from electricity generators (i.e., direct access). In 2022, opt-out rates were relatively low—4.17 percent for residential and 0.05 percent for nonresidential customers. For the purposes of estimating GHG reductions, this Measure assumes that by 2030, 100 percent of electricity customers—including current direct access and PG&E customers—will be served by SVCE’s carbon-free and renewable electricity. This includes the assumption that all direct access customers will transition to SVCE by 2030 through targeted outreach and education (Action BLD-1.1), and that opt-out rates will fall to zero by 2030. Action BLD-1.2 supports this transition by promoting communitywide awareness and enrollment in SVCE services through educational campaigns, website resources, energy bill inserts, and social media outreach. These Actions collectively position Campbell to achieve its goal of reaching 100 percent carbon-free and renewable electricity by 2030. Table 11 shows the parameters 7 These statistics are calculated from Campbell’s 2022 community GHG inventory. 8 GreenPrime has a GHG emissions factor of 0 as of 2023. In 2022 (i.e., Campbell’s GHG inventory year), GreenPrime had a GHG emissions factor of 0.00002132 MT CO2e/kWh, but it is assumed that moving forward, GreenPrime’s emissions factor will remain 0.

California Energy Commission (CEC). 2022 Power Content Label. Silicon Valley Clean Energy (SVCE). Available at:
https://www.energy.ca.gov/filebrowser/download/6070
CEC. 2023 Power Content Label. SVCE. Available at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/filebrowser/download/7360 Item 10.1
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17 and data sources that support these carbon-free GHG emissions reductions, and Table 12 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 4 through 4.1.

Carbon-Free Electricity Equations
Equation 4 CO2e ReductionElec,y,i=Total Elecy,i*Carbon-free Percenty,i*(1-Opt-Out Ratei)*(EFelec,y,i-EFcarbon-free elec,y)
Equation 4.1 Total Elecy,i=(Elecy,i*(1+LT&D))+Total Elec Convertedy,i Table 11 Carbon-Free Electricity Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 4
CO2e ReductionElec,y,i Electricity GHG emission
reductions
See Table 12 MT CO2e Calculated
Total Elecy,i Total electricity
consumption
See Table 12 therms Calculated
Carbon-free
Percenty,i
Percent of electricity
obtained from carbonfree sources
See Table 12 percentage Measure BLD-1 target
Opt-Out Ratei Target opt-out rate of
carbon-free electricity
See below – –
Opt-Out
Rateresidential
Target residential optout rate of carbon-free
electricity
0% percentage Measure BLD-1 target
Opt-Out
Ratenonresidential
Target nonresidential
opt-out rate of carbonfree electricity
0% percentage Measure BLD-1 target
Opt-Out Ratedirect
access
Target direct access optout rate of carbon-free
electricity
0% percentage Measure BLD-1 target
EFelec,y,i Forecasted electricity
emission factor
See Table 12 MT CO2e/kWh Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
EFcarbon-free elec,y Electricity emission
factor of carbon-free
electricity

0.00 MT CO2e/kWh Assume CCA transition
to 100% renewable
y Year 2030 or 2045 year –
i Subsector Residential
Nonresidential
Direct Access
– –
Equation 4.1
Elecy,i Forecasted electricity
consumption
See Table 12 kWh Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Elec Convertedy,i Electricity usage from
conversions, including
T&D losses (i.e., building
energy and
transportation
measures)
See Table 12 kWh Calculated
Item 10.1
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18 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
LT&D Electricity transmission
and distribution loss
percentage

5.10% percentage Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Notes: “–“ means either reference not applicable or see references for disaggregated parameter in the following table rows. kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent.

Table 12 Carbon-Free Electricity GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 20451
Equation 4.1
Elecy,i Forecasted electricity
consumption
kWh Residential 97,932,098 109,336,398
Nonresidential 103,392,395 120,998,871
Direct Access 19,919,719 22,406,724
Elec Convertedy,i Total electricity usage
from conversions,
including T&D losses
kWh Residential 39,781,559 222,140,356
Nonresidential 8,787,092 53,867,012
Direct Access 0 0
Total Elecy,i Total electricity
consumption
kWh Residential 142,708,194 337,052,910
Nonresidential 117,452,499 181,036,825
Direct Access 20,935,624 23,549,467
Equation 4
Carbon-free
Percenty,i
Percent of electricity
obtained from carbonfree sources
percentage Residential 100% 100%
Nonresidential 100% 100%
Direct Access 100% 100%
EFelec,y,i Forecasted electricity
emission factor
MT
CO2e/kWh
Residential 0.0000208 0.00
Nonresidential 0.0000210 0.00
Direct Access 0.0001371 0.00
CO2e
ReductionElec,y,i
Electricity GHG
emission reductions
MT CO2e Residential 2,845 0
Nonresidential 2,461 0
Direct Access 2,870 0
Notes:
1 SB 100 requires the State’s electricity sector to achieve 100% renewable and zero-carbon electricity by 2045. By that time, the electricity emission factor will be 0 MTCO2e/kWh. As estimated emissions reductions are based on reductions applicable in the target year, as opposed to cumulative GHG emissions reductions, this results in no additional reductions in 2045 beyond the State-mandated baseline.

Item 10.1
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Building System
19 BLD-2: Require new buildings to be safe, decarbonized, and resilient by 2025.

Measure BLD-2 commits the City to electrify new construction in the community starting in 2025.

The primary Action that enables this Measure is:
▪ Action BLD-2.1 Continue enforcing the Campbell Air Quality Ordinance which prohibits NOx emissions from appliances in all new buildings and major remodels (with exemptions for some industrial and commercial uses), as defined in the municipal code.

In September 2024, the City of Campbell adopted an Air Quality Ordinance that prohibits NOx emissions from appliances and equipment in all new residential and commercial buildings. 9 Action
BLD-2.1 directs the City to enforce this ordinance. By prohibiting appliances that emit NOx, the ordinance targets combustion-based systems—which include virtually all natural gas-powered space heaters, water heaters, stoves, and dryers. So, while the ordinance does not ban natural gas outright, the only way to comply is to use electric appliances, as they do not emit NOx. Limited exemptions are provided for specific uses, permitting some new construction to be built with natural gas. These exceptions are expected to be minimal because of the cost effectiveness of new building electrification and the available incentives in the region that will help continue the natural growth in electric space and water heater installations seen in California over the past decade. 9 City of Campbell. 2024. Ordinance No. 2316. Available at: https://www.campbellca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/23889/ORDINANCE-NO2316---ZERO-NOX-STANDARDS Item 10.1
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20 Thus, the GHG emissions reduction from this Measure are based on the forecasted residential and nonresidential building growth and assumes that all new buildings constructed beginning in 2025 will be all-electric or otherwise decarbonized. This estimate assumes full compliance with requirements for all-electric HVAC and water heating systems.

Item 10.1
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Building System
21 Table 13 shows the parameters and data sources that support these electrification ordinance GHG emissions reductions, and Table 14 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 5 through 5.3.

All-electric New Construction Equations
Equation 5 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*EFNG)+(Fuel AvoidedNGL,y,i*EFNGL)-(Elec Convertedy,i*EFelec,y,i)
Equation 5.1 Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i=FuelNG,y,i-FuelNG,imp.yi Equation 5.2 Fuel AvoidedNGL,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*(1+LEnd-use NGL))*(LPipeline NGL+LEnd-use NGL) Equation 5.3 Elecconvert,y,i = Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*CFelec/Effelec*(1+LT&D) Item 10.1
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23 Table 13 All-electric New Construction Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 5
CO2e ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas GHG
emission reductions
See Table 14 MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i Natural gas
consumption
avoided
See Table 14 therms Calculated
EFNG Natural gas emission
factor

0.005311 MT
CO2e/therm
Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Fuel AvoidedNGL,y,i Natural gas leakage
avoided
See Table 14 therms Calculated
EFNGL Natural gas leakage
emission factor

0.053067 MT
CO2e/therm
Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Elec Convertedy,i Electricity usage
from conversion
See Table 14 kWh Calculated
Efelec,y,i Forecasted electricity
emission factor
See Table 14 MT CO2e/kWh Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Y Year 2030 or 2045 year –
I Subsector Residential or
Nonresidential
– –
Equation 5.1
FuelNGy,i Forecasted natural
gas consumption
See Table 14 therms Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
FuelNG,imp.y Forecasted natural
gas in
implementation year
See Table 14 therms Calculated
imp.yi Ordinance
implementation year
See Table 14 year BLD-2 target
Equation 5.2
LPipeline NGL Natural gas pipeline
leakage percentage

2.3% percentage Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
LEnd-use NGL Natural gas end-use
leakage percentage

0.5% percentage Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Equation 5.3
CFelec Electricity to therms
conversion factor

29.3 kWh/therm Metric Conversions1
Effelec Efficiency factor of
electric equipment
relative to natural
gas equipment
3 unitless Leonardo Energy2 and
European Copper Institute3
Item 10.1
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24 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
LT&D Electricity
transmission and
distribution loss
percentage

5.10% percentage Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Notes: “–“ means either reference not applicable or see references for disaggregated parameter in the following table rows. kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent. 1 Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours. Available at: https://www.metric-conversions.org/energy-and-power/therms-usto-kilowatt-hours.htm 2 Leonardo Energy - Knowledge Base. 2023. How efficient is a heat pump? Available at: https://help.leonardo-energy.org/hc/enus/articles/203047881-How-efficient-is-a-heat-pump 3 European Copper Institute. 2018. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonize heating and cooling. Accessed at:
https://www.ehpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/White_Paper_Heat_pumps-1.pdf Table 14 All-electric New Construction GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 5.1
FuelNG,y,i Forecasted natural gas
consumption
therms Residential 6,369,760 7,402,322
Nonresidential 3,104,113 3,641,459
imp.y Ordinance
implementation year
year Residential 2025 2025
Nonresidential 2025 2025
FuelNG,imp,i Forecasted natural gas in
implementation year
therms Residential 6,003,868 6,003,868
Nonresidential 2,913,703 2,913,703
Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i Natural gas consumption
avoided
therms Residential 365,893 1,398,455
Nonresidential 190,411 727,756
Equation 5.2
Fuel
AvoidedNGL,y,i
Natural gas leakage
avoided
therms Residential 10,296 39,353
Nonresidential 5,358 20,479
Equation 5.3
Elec Converty,i Electricity usage from
conversion
kWh Residential 3,573,551 13,658,241
Nonresidential 1,859,677 7,107,753
Equation 5
EFelec,y,i Forecasted electricity
emission factor
MT
CO2e/kWh
Residential 0.0000208 0.000000
Nonresidential 0.0000210 0.000000
CO2e
ReductionNG,y,i
Natural gas GHG emission
reductions
MT CO2e Residential 2,415 9,516
Nonresidential 1,257 4,952
Item 10.1
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25 BLD-3: Retrofit existing residential buildings to reduce natural gas usage by 18% and non-residential buildings to reduce natural gas usage by 15% by 2030. Retrofit all existing buildings to be zero-carbon and resilient to extreme heat and poor air quality by 2045.

Measure BLD-3 puts Campbell on a path to reduce residential and commercial natural gas consumption by 18 percent and 15 percent, respectively, by 2030, to reduce GHG emissions through mandatory Actions. The primary Actions that enable this level of adoption include:
▪ Action BLD-3.4 Partner with community-based organizations to launch an education and outreach campaign to help people in Campbell prepare for, and understand the benefits of, the Bay Area Air District (Air District) zero-NOx threshold which phases out natural gas appliances over time, beginning with water heaters in 2027;
▪ Action BLD-3.5 Implement streamlined permitting processes for electrification projects (e.g., installing electric heat pumps, solar panels, battery storage, heat pump HVAC systems), such as offering instant online permitting and bundling similar permit types to reduce costs. This will simplify the application process, making it faster and more affordable for individuals and businesses to adopt sustainable energy solutions; and,
▪ Action BLD-3.7 Pursue amendments to the municipal code addressing the installation of twoway air conditioning unit capabilities when HVAC units are replaced.

Action BLD-3.7 directs the City to pursue an amendment to the municipal code to require all newly installed HVAC units for existing buildings to have two-way air conditioning unit capabilities to provide heating and cooling. Because heat pumps are the only technology that provide two-way heating and cooling, requiring all central air conditioning replacements to be two-way makes heat pump adoption the most likely option. In buildings that currently have both a central air conditioning unit and a natural gas furnace, replacing the air conditioning unit with a heat pump eliminates the need for the gas furnace, directly reducing natural gas consumption from the furnace. This action is expected to reduce GHG emissions by 6 percent by 2030 based on the expected lifespan of furnaces.10 The success of the Measure is strengthened by SVCE encouraging this type of ordinance as a solution for existing building electrification.11 SVCE offers rebates to upgrade gas equipment to electric options for both residential and commercial buildings, incentivizing the switch to electric.12,13
This amendment to the municipal code will be made successful with the support of Action BLD-3.4, which educates residents on the Air District’s zero-NOx rules. Campbell is under the Air District’s jurisdiction and will be affected by the amendments adopted for the Air District’s Rule 9-6: Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from Natural Gas-Fired Boilers and Water Heaters and Rule 9- 4: Nitrogen Oxides from Natural Gas-Fired Furnaces. These amendments, referred to herein as ‘zero-NOx rules,’ govern point of sale emission standards for water heating systems starting January 1, 2027, and furnaces starting January 1, 2029. The updated rule applies to small water heaters first, which most homes 10 Calculated based on appliance prevalence, appliance lifespan, and the Restock/Comstock model. Detailed calculations can be found in the Campbell Reach Code Tool.
11 Bay Area Reach Codes. Existing Buildings. Accessed at: https://bayareareachcodes.org/model-reachcodes/#:~:text=AC%20to%20Heat%20Pump,of%20designated%20energy%20efficiency%20measures. 12 Silicon Valley Clean Energy (SCVE). Incentives Finder. Available at: https://ehub.svcleanenergy.org/incentives 13 SCVE. Business & Contractors Resources. Available at: https://ehub.svcleanenergy.org/business Item 10.1
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26 employ.14 The only technologies currently available that meet the amended rule are electric-based water heating systems and furnaces. Although there are a range of electric alternatives (e.g., electric resistance space heating), heat pumps are the most cost-effective option on the market due to their significantly higher efficiency (300 to 400 percent) and resulting lower operating costs. The City will support this rule with education on the requirements and what technologies (i.e., heat pumps) meet the requirements (Action BLD-3.4). This action if fully implemented by the air district is expected to reduce natural gas use in Campbell by an estimated 5 percent. 11 The effectiveness of this Measure is further strengthened by streamlined permitting processes through Action BLD-3.5. Streamlining the process for installing electric heat pumps, solar panels, battery storage, and heat pump HVAC systems will encourage the community to go through the permitting process, ensuring compliance with the amended municipal code. This addresses a common challenge faced by jurisdictions—unpermitted HVAC replacements. Studies show that typically only eight to 30 percent of HVAC installations are permitted, limiting the enforceability of ordinances.
15 However, by streamlining the process, Campbell can expect higher levels of compliance. This effort is enhanced by other supportive measures in the CAAP to achieve the additional required 7% of natural gas reduction through voluntary adoption of electric appliances including water heaters and furnaces ahead of the BAAD Zero-NOx rules as well as stoves and dryers. This is supported by strong market performance of heat pumps versus natural gas equipment both in California and nationally.16
Together, these Actions will help contribute to Campbell’s goal of reducing residential natural gas consumption by 18 percent and commercial natural gas consumption by 15 percent by 2030 through electrify-on-replacement amendments. The GHG reductions associated with this Measure are quantified based on the assumption that the combined implementation of Actions BLD-3.4, BLD-3.5, and BLD-3.7 will effectively support achieving these levels of natural gas consumption reduction. Table 15 shows the parameters and data sources that support this Measure’s GHG emissions reductions, and Table 16 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 6 through 6.3.

Existing Building Electrification Ordinance Equations
Equation 6 CO2e ReductionNG,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*EFNG)+(Fuel AvoidedNGL,y,i*EFNGL)-(Elec Convertedy,i*EFelec,y,i)
Equation 6.1 Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i=FuelNG,y,i*ReductionNG,y,i Equation 6.2 Fuel AvoidedNGL,y,i=(Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*(1+LEnd-use NGL))*(LPipeline NGL+LEnd-use NGL) Equation 6.3 Elecconvert,y,i = Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i*CFelec/Effelec*(1+LT&D) Table 15 Existing Building Electrification Ordinance Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 6
14 Rule 9-6 affects the future sale of NOx emitting water heaters and boilers with a rated heat capacity of 75,000 British thermal units per hour or less. This threshold equates to an upper limit of NOx emitting water heaters with a 75-gallon tank capacity. Water heaters of these size are typically found in single-family homes, duplexes, and low-rise multi-family homes. Higher capacity water heaters will be regulated starting January 1, 2031.
15 California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). Final Report: 2014-16 HVAC Permit and Code Compliance Market Assessment (Work Order 6) Volume I – Report (2017). Accessed at:
http://www.calmac.org/publications/HVAC_WO6_FINAL_REPORT_VolumeI_22Sept2017.pdf 16 https://rmi.org/insight/tracking-the-heat-pump-water-heater-market-in-the-united-states/ https://rmi.org/insight/tracking-the-heatpump-water-heater-market-in-the-united-states/ Item 10.1
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27 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
CO2e ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas GHG
emission reductions
See Table 16 MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i Natural gas
consumption
avoided
See Table 16 therms Calculated
EFNG Natural gas emission
factor

0.005311 MT
CO2e/therm
Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Fuel AvoidedNGL,y,i Natural gas leakage
avoided
See Table 16 therms Calculated
EFNGL Natural gas leakage
emission factor

0.053067 MT
CO2e/therm
Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Elec Convertedy,i Electricity usage
from conversion
See Table 16 kWh Calculated
Efelec,y,i Forecasted electricity
emission factor
See Table 16 MT CO2e/kWh Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Y Year 2030 or 2045 year –
I Subsector Residential or
Nonresidential
– –
Equation 6.1
FuelNGy,i Forecasted natural
gas consumption
See Table 16 therms Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas reduction
percent
See Table 16 percentage BAAD Zero NOx
AC-Heat Pump
Voluntary Adoption
Equation 6.2
LPipeline NGL Natural gas pipeline
leakage percentage

2.3% percentage Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
LEnd-use NGL Natural gas end-use
leakage percentage

0.5% percentage Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Equation 6.3
CFelec Electricity to therms
conversion factor

29.3 kWh/therm Metric Conversions1
Effelec Efficiency factor of
electric equipment
relative to natural
gas equipment
3 unitless Leonardo Energy2 and
European Copper Institute3
LT&D Electricity
transmission and
distribution loss
percentage

5.10% percentage Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Notes: “–“ means either reference not applicable or see references for disaggregated parameter in the following table rows. kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent.

Item 10.1
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report
28 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
1 Metric Conversions. Therms (US) to Kilowatt-hours. Available at: https://www.metric-conversions.org/energy-and-power/therms-usto-kilowatt-hours.htm 2 Leonardo Energy - Knowledge Base. 2023. How efficient is a heat pump? Available at: https://help.leonardo-energy.org/hc/enus/articles/203047881-How-efficient-is-a-heat-pump 3 European Copper Institute. 2018. Heat Pumps: Integrating technologies to decarbonize heating and cooling. Accessed at:
https://www.ehpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/White_Paper_Heat_pumps-1.pdf Table 16 Existing Building Electrification Ordinance GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations
Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 6.1
FuelNG,y,i Forecasted natural gas
consumption after new
building electrification
therms Residential 6,003,868 6,003,868
Nonresidential 2,913,703 2,913,703
ReductionNG,y,i Natural gas reduction
percent
percentage Residential 18% 100%
Nonresidential 15% 100%
Fuel AvoidedNG,y,i Natural gas consumption
avoided
therms Residential 1,080,696 6,003,868
Nonresidential 437,055 2,913,703
Equation 6.2
Fuel
AvoidedNGL,y,i
Natural gas leakage
avoided
therms Residential 30,411 168,949
Nonresidential 12,299 81,992
Equation 6.3
Elec Converty,i Electricity usage from
conversion
kWh Residential 11,093,094 61,628,300
Nonresidential 4,486,272 29,908,479
Equation 6
EFelec,y,i Forecasted electricity
emission factor
MT
CO2e/kWh
Residential 0.0000208 0.0000000
Nonresidential 0.0000210 0.0000000
CO2e
ReductionNG,y,i
Natural gas GHG emission
reductions
MT CO2e Residential 7,123 40,855
Nonresidential 2,880 19,827
Item 10.1
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29 4 Transportation System
The City of Campbell’s Transportation System Measures and Actions aim to reduce GHG emissions by lowering vehicle miles traveled (VMT), increasing use of public and active transportation, and accelerating the transition to zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs). Campbell will reduce VMT by encouraging transit-oriented, mixed-use development and redesigning the built environment to be more walkable and bikeable. Measures include removing parking minimums, converting vehicleoriented spaces into pedestrian infrastructure, implementing protected bike lanes, and enhancing safety and connectivity through traffic calming and mobility hubs. Public transit use will be supported through improvements to bus and rail accessibility, electric shuttle service, and community education. The City will also boost EV adoption by streamlining permitting, requiring EV infrastructure in new development, installing public chargers, and conducting outreach in priority communities. Campbell’s municipal fleet will transition to ZEVs through strategic planning and investment in charging infrastructure and clean fuel technologies. Finally, off-road equipment will be decarbonized through local ordinances, education, and incentives. Table 17 summarizes the Transportation System Measures, including which are quantitative and which are supportive. The following subsections describe the calculation methodologies for quantitative Measures and the roles of supportive Measures.

Table 17 Transportation System GHG Emissions Reduction Summary Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
2045 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
Transportation System
TR-1 Decrease dependence on single-occupancy vehicles by incentivizing high-density transit-oriented
development, increasing zoning diversity, and
promoting vibrant pedestrian-friendly zones.

Collaboration with the business community, ensuring
that changes support local economic vitality and
reflect shared goals for accessibility, mobility, and
livability.

Supportive Supportive
TR-2 Improve the transit system to be more convenient,
accessible, and resilient to climate impacts, in order to increase mode share to 10% by 2030 and 15% by
2045.
4,248 7,219
TR-3 Boost the adoption of zero-emission passenger
vehicles to 28% by 2030 and 100% by 2045 and
commercial vehicles to 25% by 2030 and 100% by
2045.
18,819 99,558
TR-4 Increase the percentage of people using active
transportation (walking and biking) to 2.5% by 2030
and 10% in 2045 by enhancing the safety and
availability of the transportation system to support
walking and biking.
263 1,923
TR-5 Transition to 15% zero-emission municipal fleet by 2030 and 100% by 2040, consistent with the Fleet
Electrification Plan.

Supportive Supportive
Item 10.1
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30 Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
2045 GHG Emissions
Reduction Potential
[MT CO2e]
TR-6 Decarbonize 25% of off-road equipment (e.g.,
lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and chainsaws) operations
by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
3,150 14,607
Total 26,480 123,306
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. Values may not add up to totals due to rounding.

Item 10.1
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Transportation System
31 TR-2: Improve the transit system to be more convenient, accessible, and resilient to climate impacts, in order to increase mode share to 10% by 2030 and 15% by 2045.

Measure TR-2 aims to increase Campbell’s transit mode share to 10 percent by 2030 and to 15 percent by 2045. The primary Actions that enable this Measure include:
▪ Action TR-2.2 Coordinate with Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority to survey all transit stops in Campbell and identify the top priority locations for installation of shade structures and other bus stop amenities based on average use of the transit stop, location in climate vulnerable area, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, and proximity to parks and schools;
▪ Action TR-2.4 Pursue grant funding to add a mobility hub, or location with docked e-bikes, and end of use facilities, near the Valley Transportation Authority Downtown Campbell Station for first and last mile commute to the Green Line going to San Jose. This will provide convenient and sustainable transportation options, making it easier for people to use public transportation and reduce reliance on single occupancy vehicles;
▪ Action TR-2.5 Pursue grant funding to add a mobility hub, or location with docked e-bikes, and end of use facilities, near the Valley Transportation Authority Downtown Campbell Station for first and last mile commute to the Green Line going to San Jose. This will provide convenient and sustainable transportation options, making it easier for people to use public transportation and reduce reliance on single occupancy vehicles; and,
▪ Action TR-2.6 As part of the City of Campbell Multimodal Transportation Plan, consider planning, securing funding for, and building protected bicycle lanes within two miles of light rail stations.

In 2022 (i.e., Campbell’s inventory year), Campbell’s public transit mode share was 1.7 percent.17 However, other cities in the Bay area exhibit higher public transit mode shares. In 2022, the City of Berkeley had a public transit mode share of 17.6 percent, and the City of San Francisco had one of about 24 percent.18 However, these are both standout transit cities. On average 7 percent of commuters took transit in 2023 across the bay area, meaning Campbell’s goal is within reach.19 Key strategies employed by cities looking to increase public transportation mode share include significant expansions of public transportation service lines, designated streets or lanes for bus lines to decrease headways, implementation of taxes to support transit, and reduced parking availability.

Studies have shown that expanding transit coverage through service routes and schedules can increase public transit mode share in a city. Specifically, studies which incorporated factors such as elasticity of transit demand and average mode shift factors have estimated that doubling transit coverage in a city can reduce VMT—and associated GHG emissions—up to 4.6 percent. 20 Furthermore, increasing transit service frequency can reduce VMT, and associated GHG emissions, 17 U.S. Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2022.S0801?q=Campbell+city,+California&t=Commuting 18 U.S. Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table?q=Campbell+city,+California&t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0606000,0667000 19 https://vitalsigns.mtc.ca.gov/indicators/commute-mode-choice 20 California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA). Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity (2021). Measure T-25. Accessed at:
https://www.airquality.org/ClimateChange/Documents/Final%20Handbook_AB434.pdf Item 10.1
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32 up to 11.3 percent.21 With the focus of Action TR-2.2 and Action TR-2.4 on creating a more connected, reliable and frequent network of transit, it is reasonable to estimate that Campbell can expect a 4.5 percent reduction in passenger VMT in the City which would result from a 8.3 percent increase in public transit mode share. This mode shift is further supported by Action TR-2.5 and Action TR-2.6 which plan to close the first-last mile gap by building protected bicycle lanes within two miles of light rail stations and adding a mobility hub, e-bike docking stations and end of use facilities near the Valley Transportation Authority Downtown Campbell Station for first and last mile commute to the Green Line going to San Jose. This will provide convenient and sustainable transportation options, making it easier for community members to use public transportation and reduce reliance on single occupancy vehicles.

Together, these Actions put Campbell on the right path to achieve a public transit mode share of 10 percent by 2030 and 15 percent by 2045. For the purpose of estimating GHG reductions, these percentages are made under the conservative assumption that the VMT reduction from public transit actions would occur after the active transportation actions (Measure TR-4) with diminishing returns rather than have an aggregated effect on total VMT. GHG reductions are also estimated assuming that the additional mode shift to public transit will be serviced by a decarbonized or lowemission transit fleet. Table 18 shows the parameters and data sources that support the GHG emissions reductions associated with reducing vehicle miles traveled through public transit mode shifts, and Table 19 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 7 through 7.4.

Public Transit Mode Share Equations
Equation 7 CO2e Reduction = VMT AvoidedPassenger * EFVMT, Passenger Equation 7.1 VMT AvoidedPassenger = New Public Transit Trips * Public Transit Trip Length Equation 7.2 New Public Transit Trips = Passenger Trips * Public Transit Mode Share Increase
Equation 7.3 Passenger Trips = Adjusted VMTPassenger * PTPM Equation 7.4 Public Transit Mode Share Increase = Public Transit Mode Share Target - Existing Public Transit Mode Share
Table 18 Public Transit Mode Share Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 7
CO2e Reduction Passenger ICE GHG
Emission Reductions
See Table 19 MT CO2e Calculated
VMT AvoidedPassenger Passenger Vehicle
Miles Traveled
Avoided from New
Public Transit Trips
See Table 19 VMT Calculated
EFVMT, Passenger PVMT emission
factor
See Table 19 MT CO2e/VMT Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Equation 7.1
21 California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA). Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity (2021). Measure T-26. Accessed at:
https://www.airquality.org/ClimateChange/Documents/Final%20Handbook_AB434.pdf Item 10.1
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Transportation System
33 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
New Public Transit
Trips
New Public Transit
Trips Substituted for
Vehicle Trips
See Table 19 trips Calculated
Public Transit Trip
Length
Average Public
Transit Trip Length

3.80 miles Used regular bus trip to
remain conservative from
American Public
Transportation
Association’s Public
Transportation Fact Book1
Equation 7.2
Passenger Trips Forecasted
Passenger Trips
See Table 19 trips Calculated
Public Transit Mode
Share Increase
Public Transit Mode
Share Increase from
Baseline
See Table 19 % Calculated
Equation 7.3
Adjusted VMTPassenger Forecasted
passenger VMT
adjusted for VMT
reductions from
active transportation
improvement
See Table 19 miles Calculated
PTPM Average Passenger
Trips per Mile
See Table 19 passenger
trips/mile
Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Equation 7.4
Public Transit Mode
Share Target
Public Transit Mode
Share Target
See Table 19 % TR-2 target
Existing Public
Transit Mode Share
Existing Public
Transit Mode Share

1.70% % US Census2
Notes: “–“ means either reference not applicable or see references for disaggregated parameter in the following table rows. PVMT = passenger vehicle miles traveled; VMT = vehicle miles traveled; ICE = internal combustion engine; MT CO2e = metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent.
1 American Public Transportation Association. Public Transportation Fact Book (2022). Accessed at: https://www.apta.com/wpcontent/uploads/APTA-2022-Public-Transportation-Fact-Book.pdf 2 U.S. Census Bureau. 2022. ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2022.S0801?q=Campbell+city,+California&t=Commuting Table 19 Public Transit Mode Share GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units VMT Type 2030 2045
Equation 7.1
New Public
Transit Trips
New Public Transit Trips
Substituted for Vehicle
Trips
Trips Passenger 4,198,572 8,040,964
Public Transit
Trip Length
Average Public Transit
Trip Length
Miles Passenger 3.8 3.8
VMT
AvoidedPassenger
Passenger Vehicle Miles
Traveled Avoided from
New Public Transit Trips
VMT Passenger 15,954,573 30,555,664
Equation 7.2
Item 10.1
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34 Variable Definition Units VMT Type 2030 2045
Passenger Trips Forecasted passenger
trips
Trips Passenger 50,585,204 60,458,378
Public Transit
Mode Share
Increase
Public Transit Mode
Share Increase from
Baseline
% Passenger 8.30% 13.30%
New Public
Transit Trips
New Public Transit Trips
Substituted for Vehicle
Trips
Trips Passenger 4,198,572 8,040,964
Equation 7.3
Adjusted
VMTPassenger
Forecasted passenger
VMT adjusted for VMT
reductions from active
transportation
improvement
VMT Passenger 354,165,683 408,495,336
PTPM Average Passenger Trips
per Mile
PTMP Passenger 0.142829 0.148003
Passenger Trips Forecasted passenger
trips
Trips Passenger 50,585,204 60,458,378
Equation 7.4
Public Transit
Mode Share
Target
Public Transit Mode
Share Target
% Passenger 10% 15%
Existing Public
Transit Mode
Share
Existing Public Transit
Mode Share
% Passenger 1.70% 1.70%
Public Transit
Mode Share
Increase
Public Transit Mode
Share Increase from
Baseline
% Passenger 8.30% 13.30%
Equation 7
VMT
AvoidedPassenger
Passenger Vehicle Miles
Traveled Avoided from
New Public Transit Trips
VMT Passenger 15,954,573 30,555,664
EFVMT, Passenger PVMT emission factor MT
CO2e/VMT
Passenger 0.000266 0.000236
CO2e Reduction Passenger Internal
Combustion Engine (ICE)
GHG Emission
Reductions
MT CO2e Passenger 4,248 7,219
Item 10.1
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35 TR-3: Boost the adoption of zero-emission passenger vehicles to 28% by 2030 and 100% by 2045 and commercial vehicles to 25% by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Measure TR-3 aims to increase passenger and commercial zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) adoption in Campbell to 28 percent and 25 percent by 2030, respectively, and 100 percent by 2045. The state has established a goal of putting 5 million ZEVs on the road by 2030 and, according to executive order N-79-20, 100 percent of passenger vehicle sales are to be zero emission by 2035. This new executive order puts the total number of ZEVs on the road by 2035 at approximately 15 million.22 Based on the current number of vehicles registered in California and a 2 percent growth rate per year, 15 million ZEVs accounts for 35 percent of total passenger vehicles in 2035. Currently, the State is anticipated to reach 26 percent ZEV adoption across all vehicles by 2030.23,24 In recognition of the pressing need to decarbonize the transportation sector, Measure TR-3 sets a goal of 28 percent passenger ZEV adoption and 25 percent commercial ZEV adoption by 2030 and 100 percent by 2045 through ample public and private investments in electric vehicle charging infrastructure.

The primary Actions that are designed to drive these investments and enable this Measure include:
▪ Action TR-3.1 Maintain building and site development standards for new commercial and multifamily residential construction, as well as for major renovations to parking areas (including when parking spaces, electrical systems, or lighting systems are added or altered) that meet the most recent CALGreen Tier 2 requirements for electric vehicle charging infrastructure; ▪ Action TR-3.2 In compliance with State Law, adopt an ordinance that creates an expedited, streamlined permitting process (e.g., electronic submissions, permitting checklist, and administrative approval) for electric vehicle charging stations in alignment with California Government Code Section 65850.7 (as amended by AB 1236 in 2015), and develop a permitting checklist with permitting requirements and guidance for applicants. Score a “green rating” on the CA Electric Vehicle Charging Station Permit Streamlining Map by 2027; ▪ Action TR-3.4 After identifying locations for publicly accessible chargers (action TR-3.3), leverage public-private partnerships and secure grants to install 224 chargers by 2030; ▪ Action TR-3.6 Consistent with State Law, update zoning codes to reflect state law requirements for streamlined permitting of electric vehicle charging stations as an accessory use. Allow electric vehicle charging stations as permitted accessory use in all zones and establish an administrative use permit process for standalone electric vehicle charging stations, where feasible; and,
▪ Action TR-3.7 Maintain streamlined permitting practices for electric vehicle charging stations by continuing to allow installations with only an electrical permit, without requiring planning review or setbacks. Preserve the existing expedited process and support the use of online permitting tools, to provide clarity and consistency for applicants. 22 Susan Carpenter. Spectrum News 1. October 2020. What it will take to get 100% EV sales in California. Accessed at:
https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/transportation/2020/10/05/what-it-will-take-to-sell-100--evs-in-california 23 Crisostomo, Noel et al. Assembly Bill 2127 Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Assessment: Analyzing Charging Needs to Support Zero-Emission Vehicles in 2030. Accessed at: https://calmatters.org/environment/2023/03/california-electric-carsdemographics/?utm_id=91724&sfmc_id=4863450 24 Based on the zero-emission vehicle goals for passenger vehicles established by Executive Order N-79-20, eight million zero-emission vehicles are anticipated statewide by 2030. Campbell calculated that these eight million zero-emission vehicles represent 26 percent of the total passenger vehicles expected statewide by 2030 (based on statewide passenger car and light-duty truck counts in 2016 and population estimates for 2016 and 2030).

Item 10.1
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36 These Actions enable zero-emission vehicle adoption because studies have consistently found that limited charging infrastructure is one of the primary barriers to electric vehicle adoption.25,26 Publicly accessible electric vehicles chargers make owning an electric vehicle convenient for all drivers — including those who cannot charge at home or drive daily distances longer than their electric vehicle battery range. To this point, it is expected that 20 percent of electric vehicle charging nationally will occur at publicly accessible chargers in 2030.27 Estimation of EV infrastructure necessary to meet this Measure’s goal is based on the U.S. Department of Energy’s Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool outputs for the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara Metropolitan Area.28 The tool is used to calculate the number of publicly accessible EV chargers needed in Campbell to support a 28 percent ZEV adoption in 2030. The quantification assumes all ZEVs will be EVs to remain conservative in the plan for EV chargers.29 Table 20 shows the parameters and data sources used to calculate the publicly accessible EV chargers needed in 2030 and 2045 with the Department of Energy’s Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool and Table 21 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 8 through 8.1.

Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Chargers Equations Equation 8 CO2e Reduction = VMT AvoidedPassenger * EFVMT, Passenger Equation 8.1 VMT AvoidedPassenger = New Public Transit Trips * Public Transit Trip Length Table 20 Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Charger Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 8
PEV Chargersy New publicly
accessible electric
vehicle chargers
needed
See Table 21 chargers Calculated
EVsy Electric vehicles
targeted
See Table 21 electric
vehicles
Calculated
PEV Charger Factor Electric vehicles per
publicly accessible
electric vehicle
charger
34 electric
vehicles per
charger
Estimated based on
current city vehicle
population and projected
public EV charging
infrastructure needed
(1,002 Lvl 2, 62 DC)1
Existing PEV
Chargersby
Existing publicly
accessible electric
vehicle chargers
106 chargers PlugShare2
Y Year 2030 or 2045 year –
By Baseline year 2022 year –
25 Kumar, Rajeev Ranjan and Kumar Alok. Adoption of Electric Vehicle: A Literature Review and Prospects for Sustainability (2020).

Accessed at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S095965261934781X 26 Winjobi, Olumide and Kelly, Jarod. Used Plug-in Electric Vehicles as a Means of Transportation Equity in Low-Income Households (2021). Accessed at: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1658592 27 Kampshoff, Philipp et al. Building the Electric-Vehicle Charging Infrastructure America Needs (2022). Accessed at:
https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/building-the-electric-vehicle-charging-infrastructure-america-needs 28 U.S. Department of Energy. Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool (EVI-Pro) Lite. Accessed at: https://afdc.energy.gov/evi-xtoolbox#/evi-pro-ports?region_type=cbsa&charging-state=CA&cbsa-id=41940&vehicles=36192 29 Zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) can include electric vehicles (EVs), hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and others. To be conservative, the quantification assumes all ZEVs will be EVs.

Item 10.1
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37 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 8.1
Populationy Forecasted
population
See Table 21 people Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Vehiclesby Vehicles in baseline
year
36,192 vehicles Estimated based on light
duty vehicle populations in
zip code 950083
Populationby Population in
baseline year
42,462 people Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
EV TargetPass,y Electric vehicle
adoption target
See Table 21 percentage Measure TR-3 passenger
zero-emission vehicle
adoption target
Notes: “–“ means either reference not applicable or see references for disaggregated parameter in the following table rows. 1 U.S. Department of Energy. Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Projection Tool (EVI-Pro) Lite. 2 PlugShare. EV Charging in Campbell, CA. Accessed at: https://www.plugshare.com/directory/us/california/campbell 3 California Energy Commission (CEC). Light-Duty Vehicle Population in California. Accessed at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/datareports/energy-almanac/zero-emission-vehicle-and-infrastructure-statistics-collection/light Table 21 Publicly Accessible Electric Vehicle Charger Calculations Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 8.1
Populationy Forecasted population people Passenger 47,083 55,233 EV TargetPass,y Electric vehicle adoption target percentage Passenger 28% 100% EVsy Electric vehicles targeted electric vehicles Passenger 11,237 47,078 PEV Charger
Factor
Vehicles per Charger Chargers Passenger 34 34
Equation 8
PEV Chargersy New publicly accessible electric
vehicle chargers needed
chargers Passenger 224 1,278
Through public-private funding and partnerships, such as those specified in Action TR-3.4, Campbell will facilitate the installation of 224 publicly accessible EV chargers by 2030 at prioritized locations on City-owned properties and across the community. While the City will play a key role in identifying strategic sites and providing support, the majority of these installations will be carried out by private companies, which will also maintain the chargers.30 The City will focus on installing chargers in locations not well served by market forces including in disadvantaged communities and areas with low, but increasing, EV adoption. Additionally, these ZEVs will be supported by private electric vehicle chargers in new developments and existing buildings.

To support implementation of this EV charging infrastructure target, Action TR-3.1 directs the City to start requiring new commercial and multi-family residential construction and major parking areas conduct renovations (adding spaces or electrical systems, or lighting systems are added or altered) to install electric vehicle charging infrastructure in line with the most recent Tier 2 voluntary measures of the California Green Building Standards Code—Part 11, Title 24, California Code of Regulations—known as CalGreen, through an ordinance. The current requirements mandate that 45 30 Public-private funding and partnerships are expected due to the large amount of state and federal funding available to support California’s need for over one million public and shared chargers by 2030 to meet Executive Order B-48-18’s ZEV goals.

Item 10.1
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38 percent of total parking spaces in new commercial developments be equipped for EV charging and 40 percent of total parking spaces in new multi-family residential constructions equipped for EV charging.31 The ordinance will be further supported by Action TR-3.2 and Action TR-3.7, which direct the City to maintain streamlined permitting processes for electric vehicle charging stations.

Action TR-3.6 complements these efforts by updating zoning codes to reflect state law requirements for streamlined EV charger permitting and allowing electric vehicle charging stations as a permitted accessory use in all zones. It also establishes an administrative use permit process for standalone EV charging installations and incorporates performance-based design standards to enable flexible and context-sensitive infrastructure deployment, including future opportunities for primary-use charging sites where feasible.

These Actions will enable Campbell to install as many privately owned EV chargers in existing buildings and new developments as practical to support a 28 percent ZEV adoption by 2030 and a 100 percent ZEV adoption by 2045. Table 22 shows the parameters and data sources that support GHG emissions reductions from ZEV adoption, and Table 23 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 9 through 9.4.

Electric Vehicle Adoption Equations
Equation 9 CO2e Reductioni = Emissions Avoidedi - EV Elec Emissionsi Equation 9.1 Emissions Avoidedi = VMTi * EFVMT, i * EV Adopti Equation 9.2 EVAdopti= EV Targeti - EV Basei
Equation 9.3 EV Elec Emissionsi = EV Eleci * EFElec
Equation 9.4 EV Eleci = VMTi * EV Adopti * EPMi*(1+LT&D) Table 22 Electric Vehicle Adoption Parameter and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 9
CO2e Reductioni Internal combustion
engine VMT GHG
emission reductions
See Table 23 MT CO2e Calculated
Emissions Avoidedi Emissions Reductions
from Increased EV
Adoption
See Table 23 MT CO2e Calculated
EV Elec Emissionsi Emissions from New
EV Electricity Usage
See Table 23 MT CO2e Calculated
I VMT category Passenger or
Commercial
– –
Equation 9.1
VMTi Forecasted VMT See Table 23 VMT Appendix C: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
VMTPassenger Forecast passenger
VMT adjusted for
active transportation
See Table 23 miles Calculated
31 CalGreen Energy Services. 2022. The 2022 CalGreen Tier 1 and 2 EV Requirements. Available at:
https://calgreenenergyservices.com/2022/08/24/2022-calgreen-tier-1-and-2-ev-requirements Item 10.1
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39 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
and public transit
measures
VMTCommercial & Bus Forecasted
commercial and bus
VMT
See Table 23 miles Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
EFVMT, i Forecasted VMT
Emission Factor by
Transportation
Category
See Table 23 MT CO2e/VMT Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
EV Adopti EV Adoption Beyond
Baseline by
Transportation
Category
See Table 23 percentage Calculated
Equation 9.2
EV Targeti EV Adoption Target
by Transportation
Category
See Table 23 percentage TR-3 target
EV Basei EV Adoption Baseline
by Transportation
Category
See Table 23 percentage Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Equation 9.3
EV Eleci EV Electricity Usage
by Transportation
Category
See Table 23 miles Calculated
EFElec Electricity EF See Table 23 passenger
trips/mile
Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Equation 9.4
VMTi VMT by
Transportation
Category
See Table 23 VMT Calculated
EV Adopti EV Adoption Beyond
Baseline by
Transportation
Category
See Table 23 percentage Calculated
EPMi Forecasted electricity
usage per mile of
electric vehicles
See Table 23 kWh/mile Calculated
LT&D Electricity
transmission and
distribution loss
percentage

5.10% percentage Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Notes: “–“ means either reference not applicable or see references for disaggregated parameter in the following table rows. VMT = vehicle miles traveled; EV = electric vehicle; kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent.

Table 23 Electric Vehicle Adoption GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Equation 9.1
VMTi miles Passenger 338,211,110 377,939,672
Item 10.1
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40 Variable Definition Units Sector 2030 2045
Forecasted VMT by
transportation category
Commercial 12,176,044 14,283,809
EFVMT, i Forecasted VMT Emission
Factor by Transportation
Category
MT
CO2e/VMT
Passenger 0.000266 0.000236
Commercial 0.001066 0.000719
EV Adopti EV Adoption Beyond
Baseline by Transportation
Category
percentage Passenger 19.04% 100.00%
Commercial 17.26% 100.00%
Emissions
Avoidedi
Emissions Reductions from
Increased EV Adoption
VMT Passenger 17,147 89,288
Commercial 2,240 10,269
Equation 9.2
EV Targeti EV Adoption Target by
Transportation Category
percentage Passenger 28% 100%
Commercial 25% 100%
EV Basei EV Adoption Baseline by
Transportation Category
percentage Passenger 8.96% 10.27%
Commercial 7.74% 35.62%
EV Adopti EV Adoption Beyond
Baseline by Transportation
Category
percentage Passenger 19.04% 100.00%
Commercial 17.26% 100.00%
Equation 9.3
EV Eleci EV Electricity Usage by
Transportation Category
kWh Passenger 25,114,914 146,853,815
Commercial 2,191,027 14,497,500
EFElec Electricity EF MT
CO2e/kWh
Passenger 0.0000208 0.0000000
Commercial 0.0000210 0.0000000
EV Elec
Emissionsi
Emissions from New EV
Electricity Usage
MT CO2e Passenger 522 0
Commercial 46 0
Equation 9.4
VMTi Forecasted VMT by
transportation category
VMT Passenger 338,211,110 377,939,672
Commercial 12,176,044 14,283,809
EV Adopti EV Adoption Beyond
Baseline by Transportation
Category
percentage Passenger 19.04% 100.00%
Commercial 17.26% 100.00%
EPMi Forecasted electricity
usage per mile of electric
vehicles
kWh/mile Passenger 0.3710 0.3697
Commercial 0.9920 0.9657
EV Eleci EV Electricity Usage by
Transportation Category
kWh Passenger 25,114,914 146,853,815
Commercial 2,191,027 14,497,500
Equation 9
EFelec,y,i Forecasted electricity
emission factor
MT CO2e Passenger 17,147 89,288
Commercial 2,240 10,269
EV Elec
Emissionsi
Emissions from New EV
Electricity Usage
MT CO2e Passenger 522 0
Commercial 46 0
CO2e
Reductiony,i
Internal combustion
engine VMT GHG
emission reductions
MT CO2e Passenger 16,624 89,288
Commercial 2,194 10,269
Item 10.1
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41 TR-4: Increase the percentage of people using active transportation (walking and biking) to 2.5% by 2030 and 10% in 2045 by enhancing the safety and availability of the transportation system to support walking and biking.

Measure TR-4 aims to increase Campbell’s active transportation mode share to 2.5 percent by 2030 and to 10 percent by 2045. The primary Actions that enable this Measure include:
▪ Action TR-4.1 As part of the City of Campbell Multimodal Transportation Plan, consider planning and building protected bicycle lanes within a 2-mile radius of parks and schools in the city, in alignment with the City’s Safe Routes to School Program; ▪ Action TR-4.2 Pursue funding to implement Campbell Priority Development Area Enhancement projects for pedestrian and bicycle safety improvements including accessibility ramps, curb extensions, sidewalk installation, signal modifications, sharrows, crosswalks, bike striping and signs, and guide signs (signs that provide information to pedestrians and cyclists about routes, directions, and distances to nearby locations); and,
▪ Action TR-4.4 Support Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority in any future efforts to explore opportunities to enhance active transportation facilities and around public transit station, building on existing infrastructure such as electronic bike lockers. This may include evaluating the useability and capacity of current lockers and assessing the need for additional amenities to secure short-term bike parking, bike share docks, or wayfinding signage to support first-and last-mile connections.

Currently, Campbell has low bicycle and walking mode shares. In 2022 (i.e., Campbell’s inventory year), Campbell’s bicycle and pedestrian mode shares were 1.5 percent and 2.2 percent, respectively.32 However, studies show that investments in active transportation infrastructure, such as those directed by this Measure, have demonstrated significant improvements in active transportation mode shifts and GHG emissions reductions.33 For example, urban cities that make a strong commitment to bicycle travel can see up to an 11 percent reduction in vehicle miles traveled and associated GHG emissions.34 Such reductions can be reasonably expected because in 2017, about 16 percent of vehicle trips made nationally were one mile or less—a distance easily travelled by foot or bicycle.35
To estimate the mode shift potential of building protected bicycle lanes (Action TR-4.1), implementing Campbell Priority Development Area Enhancement projects (Action TR-4.2) and including active transportation facilities at public transit stations (Action TR-4.4) in Campbell, other cities’ bicycle and road networks were analyzed. The City of Berkeley leads the State with an 18 percent active transportation mode share in 2022 (i.e., 4.9 percent bicycle mode share and 13.4 percent pedestrian mode share) followed by the City of Davis with a 16 percent active transportation mode share in 2022 (i.e., 13.5 percent bicycle mode share and 2.6 percent pedestrian 32 U.S. Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801: Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Available at:
https://data.census.gov/table?q=Campbell%20city,%20California&t=Commuting 33 Glazener, Andrew and Khreis, Haneen. Transforming our Cities: Best Practices Towards Clean Air and Active Transportation (2019).

Accessed at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40572-019-0228-1 34 Jacob Mason et al., Institute for Transportation & Development Policy and the University of California, Davis. A Global High Shift Cycling Scenario (2015). Accessed at: https://itdpdotorg.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/A-Global-High-Shift-CyclingScenario_Nov-2015.pdf 35 National Household Travel Survey. Population Vehicle Trips Statistics (2021). Accessed at: https://nhts.ornl.gov/vehicle-trips Item 10.1
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42 mode share).36,37 For Campbell’s 2030 quantification, an active transportation mode share of 2.5 percent (more specifically a reduction of 989,166 VMT) has been targeted with the increase coming from bicycle mode share while walking mode share is conservatively assumed to remain constant.

While standout bicycle cities like Berkeley and Davis have been able to reach high levels of bicycle mode share, their demographics are different than Campbel’s. However, neighboring cities like Sunnyvale have achieved over 3% bicycle mode share with similar demographics, demonstrating the feasibility of achieving a higher bicycle mode share if infrastructure and other programs identified in the CAAP are deployed.38 Like 2030, the 2045 quantification assumes the increases would be attributable to bicycle mode share, while walking mode share remains constant. These active transportation mode share estimates also provide VMT reductions for Campbell well within the reductions shown in the cited studies. Table 24 shows the parameters and data sources that support the GHG emissions reductions from active transportation mode shifts and Table 25 shows the calculations as outlined in Equations 10 through 10.3.

Active Transportation Mode Share Equations
Equation 10 CO2e Reduction = VMT AvoidedPassenger * EFVMT, Passenger Equation 10.1 VMT AvoidedPassenger = New Bike Trips * Bike Trip Length Equation 10.2 New Bike Trips = Passenger Trips * Active Transport Mode Share Increase Equation 10.3 Passenger Trips = VMTPassenger * PTPM
Equation 10.4 Active Transport Mode Share Increase = Bike Mode Share Target - Existing Bike Mode Share
Table 24 Active Transportation Mode Share Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 10
CO2e Reduction Passenger ICE GHG
Emission Reductions
See Table 25Table
25 MT CO2e Calculated
VMT AvoidedPassenger Passenger Vehicle
Miles Traveled
Avoided from New
Bike Trips
See Table 25 VMT Calculated
EFVMT, Passenger PVMT emission
factor
See Table 25 MT CO2e/VMT Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Equation 10.1
New Bike Trips New Bike Trips
Substituted for
Vehicle Trips
See Table 25 trips Calculated
Bike Trip Length Average Bike Trip
Length

1.50 miles CARB Quantifying
Reductions in Vehicle Miles
Traveled from New Bike
Paths, Lanes, and Cycle
36 US Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0618100. 37 US Census Bureau. 2022: ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table?t=Commuting&g=160XX00US0606000. 38 Replica Dataset Spring 2025 (Sunnyvale Bicycle Mode Share 3.24%) Item 10.1
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43 Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Tracks: Technical
Documentation1
Equation 10.2
Passenger Trips Passenger Trips See Table 25 trips Calculated Active Transport
Mode Share Increase
Public Transit Mode
Share Increase from
Baseline
See Table 25 % Calculated
Equation 10.3
VMTPassenger Forecasted
passenger VMT
See Table 25 miles Calculated
PTPM Average Passenger
Trips per Mile
See Table 25 passenger
trips/mile
Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Equation 10.4
Bike Mode Share
Target
Bike Mode Share
Target
See Table 25 % TR-2 target
Existing Bike Mode
Share
Existing Bike Mode
Share

1.20% % US Census2
Notes: “–“ means either reference not applicable or see references for disaggregated parameter in the following table rows. PVMT = passenger vehicle miles traveled; VMT = vehicle miles traveled; ICE = internal combustion engine; MT CO2e = metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent.
1 CARB. Quantifying Reductions in Vehicle Miles Traveled from New Bike Paths, Lanes, and Cycle Tracks: Technical Documentation (2019). Accessed at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/auction-proceeds/bicycle_facilities_technical_041519.pdf 2 U.S. Census Bureau. 2022. ACS 5-Year Estimates Subject Tables. S0801|Commuting Characteristics by Sex. Accessed at:
https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2022.S0801?q=Campbell+city,+California&t=Commuting Table 25 Active Transportation Mode Share GHG Emissions Reduction Calculations Variable Definition Units VMT Type 2030 2045
Equation 10.1
New Bike Trips New Bike Trips Substituted for
Vehicle Trips
Trips Passenger 659,444 5,426,348
Bike Trip Length Average Bike Trip Length Miles Passenger 1.5 1.5 VMT
AvoidedPassenger
Passenger Vehicle Miles
Traveled Avoided from New
Bike Trips
VMT Passenger 989,166 8,139,522
Equation 10.2
Passenger Trips Forecasted passenger trips Trips Passenger 50,726,486 61,663,049 Active Transport
Mode Share
Increase
Active Transport Mode Share
Increase from Baseline
% Passenger 1.30% 8.80%
New Bike Trips New Bike Trips Substituted for
Vehicle Trips
Trips Passenger 659,444 5,426,348
Equation 10.3
VMTPassenger Forecasted passenger VMT VMT Passenger 355,154,850 416,634,858 PTPM Average Passenger Trips per
Mile
PTMP Passenger 0.142829 0.148003
Passenger Trips Forecasted passenger trips Trips Passenger 50,726,486 61,663,049 Item 10.1
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44 Variable Definition Units VMT Type 2030 2045
Equation 10.4
Bike Mode Share
Target
Bike Mode Share Target % Passenger 2.5% 10%
Existing Bike
Mode Share
Existing Bike Mode Share
(2022)
% Passenger 1.20% 1.20%
Active Transport
Mode Share
Increase
Active Transport Mode Share
Increase from Baseline
% Passenger 1.30% 8.80%
Equation 10
VMT
AvoidedPassenger
Passenger Vehicle Miles
Traveled Avoided from New
Bike Trips
VMT Passenger 989,166 8,139,522
EFVMT, Passenger PVMT emission factor MT
CO2e/VMT
Passenger 0.000266 0.000236
CO2e Reduction Passenger Internal
Combustion Engine (ICE) GHG
Emission Reductions
MT CO2e Passenger 263 1,923
Item 10.1
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Transportation System
45 TR-6: Decarbonize 25% of off-road equipment (e.g., lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and chainsaws) operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Measure TR-6 creates the goal for Campbell to decarbonize 25 percent of off-road equipment use in the community by 2030 and 100 percent by 2045. The primary Actions that enable this Measure include:
▪ Action TR-6.2 Develop and adopt a phased series of ordinances that exceed AB 1346 to ban local operation of specific types of gasoline and diesel-powered off-road equipment (e.g., lawn and garden, construction). Update the ordinances based on a regular review of relevant state regulations, regional rules, and available technology;
▪ Action TR-6.3 Partner with community-based organizations to promote the Air District off-road equipment resources and funding opportunities to contractors and residents in the City. Include educational resources on public health and safety benefits of using decarbonized off-road equipment. Prioritize education and outreach in climate vulnerable areas of the City, as defined in Campbell’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment; and, ▪ Action TR-6.4 Work to achieve 100 percent decarbonization of off-road equipment operated by the City before 2040 and require zero-emission off-road equipment in all City contracts by 2030.

Action TR-6.2’s phased ordinance will initially ban the operation of small off-road engines (SORE)— gasoline- and diesel-powered equipment under 25 horsepower—as defined by the CARB. These include tools such as lawnmowers, leaf blowers, pressure washers, and portable generators.39 This ordinance will go beyond AB 1346 (2021), which only bans the sale of SORE equipment statewide starting in 2024, by also restricting operation of such equipment in Campbell. The City will review and update the ordinance periodically to account for evolving state regulations, regional efforts, and technological advancements. However, according to CARBS Offroad2021 model SORE covered engines (up to 25HP) only make up 12% of total offroad emissions in Campbell. Therefore, additional GHG emission reductions will need to come from additional sources like the In-Use OffRoad Diesel-Fueled Fleets Regulation discussed below.

These local actions align with and support state-level regulations, such as CARB’s In-Use Off-Road Diesel-Fueled Fleets Regulation, which now mandates that most covered fleets use R99 or R100 renewable diesel as of January 1, 2024. While this regulation helps reduce the carbon intensity of diesel use, the GHG reductions quantified under this Measure assume only fossil-based fuels are displaced and therefore do not incorporate the lower emissions factor of renewable diesel— providing a conservative estimate. Renewable diesel has a lifecycle emission factor which can be 86 percent lower than conventional diesel since the CO2 emissions associated with the fuel is carbon neutral.40 Since over 30 percent of Campbell’s offroad emissions are from diesel fuel (OFFROAD2021), this supporting legislation could achieve the GHG reduction target for offroad emissions if fully implemented and supported by the City.

Compliance with the ordinance will be supported by Action TR-6.3, which focuses on outreach and education. The City will work with community-based organizations to promote financial incentives such as CARB’s Clean Off-Road Equipment Voucher Incentive Project (CORE) and the Air District grant programs. Educational materials will highlight both the health benefits of reduced air pollution and the economic advantages of switching to electric equipment. Action TR-6.4 commits the City to 39 California Air Resources Board. SORE Applicability Fact Sheet (2021). Accessed at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/soreapplicability-fact-sheet 40 https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/what-know-about-renewable-diesel-and-biodiesel Item 10.1
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City of Campbell
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Technical Report
46 transition 100 percent of its own off-road equipment to zero-emission models by 2040. In addition, all City contracts involving off-road equipment will require zero-emission alternatives beginning in 2030.

As such, the Actions outlined in this Measure, along with other regulations discussed above, puts Campbell on the right path to decarbonize 25 percent of off-road equipment operations by 2030.

Table 26 shows the parameters and data sources that support off-road ordinance GHG emissions reductions, and Table 27 shows the calculations outlined in Equations 11 through 11.2.

Off-road Decarbonization Equations
Equation 11 CO2e Reductiony = (Fuel Avoidedy * Weighted EFy) Equation 11.1 Weighted EFy = CO2e Emissionsy/ (FuelGas, y + FuelDiesel, y + FuelNG, y) Equation 11.2 Fuel Avoidedy = (FuelGas, y + FuelDiesel, y + FuelNG, y) * Fuel Reduction Targety Table 26 Off-road Decarbonization Parameters and Data Sources Variable Definition Value Unit Data Source
Equation 11
CO2e Reductiony Offroad fuel GHG
emission reductions
See Table 27 MT CO2e Calculated
Fuel Avoidedy Off-road fuel avoided See Table 27 gallon Calculated Weighted EFy Weighted emission
factor for all off-road
fuels
See Table 27 MT
CO2e/gallon
Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Equation 11.1
CO2e Emissionsy Forecasted off-road
GHG emissions
See Table 27 MT CO2e Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
FuelGas, y Forecasted gasoline
fuel usage
See Table 27 gallon Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
FuelDiesel, y Forecasted diesel
fuel usage
See Table 27 gallon Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
FuelNG, y Forecasted natural
gas fuel usage
See Table 27 gallon Appendix C: Greenhouse
Gas Inventory Analysis
Report
Equation 11.2
Fuel Reduction
Targety
Fuel reduction target
for all off-road fuels
See Table 27 percentage TR-6 target
Notes: MT CO2e = metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent.

Table 27 Off-road Decarbonization GHG Emissions Reductions Calculations Variable Definition Units 2030 2045
Equation 11.1
CO2e Emissionsy Forecasted off-road GHG emissions MT CO2e 12,600 14,607 FuelGas, y Forecasted gasoline fuel usage gallon 546,216 614,785 FuelDiesel, y Forecasted diesel fuel usage gallon 472,009 567,663 Item 10.1
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Transportation System
47 Variable Definition Units 2030 2045
FuelNG, y Forecasted natural gas fuel usage gallon 449,083 512,916 Weighted EFy Weighted emission factor for all off-road
fuels
MT CO2e/gallon 0.008587 0.008616
Equation 11.2
Fuel Reduction Targety Fuel reduction target for all off-road fuels percentage 25% 100% Fuel Avoidedy Off-road fuel avoided gallon 366,827 1,695,364 Equation 11
CO2e ReductionOffroad,y Offroad fuel GHG emission reductions gallon 3,150 14,607 Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 536 of 559
1 Tiffany Hudson
From: Ulka Agarwal
Sent: Friday, December 19, 2025 2:08 PM
To: Tiffany Hudson
Subject: Re: Draft CAAP Available for Review
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Wow this came together really well! Thanks so much for sharing it with us and for all your hard work on it.

Happy Holidays,
Ulka
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1 Tiffany Hudson
From: Daraius Sorabji
Sent: Monday, December 22, 2025 3:18 PM
To: Tiffany Hudson
Subject: CAAP questions
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Hi Tiffany,
I was wondering why Campbell does not have anything encouraging take out containers etc. to be no plasƟc? For example, the other day I had takeout from TGI Sushi, The box was plasƟc. It even included the decoraƟve piece of green leafy plasƟc in place of greens for presentaƟon.

Had it all been cardboard or organic I would have just put it in with the organics. Instead I had to waste water to rinse off everything before puƫng it in the recycle bin.

At the same Ɵme at work in Mt. View, I ordered sushi and all the containers were compostable. So It is possible.

What do you think it would take to get Campbell there?
Thank you
-Daraius Sorabji
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1 Tiffany Hudson
From: Paul Neyman
Sent: Monday, December 22, 2025 5:52 PM
To: Tiffany Hudson
Subject: Typos in the CAAP
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Hello,
I skimmed through CAAP and noticed two repeating typos in the doc: Air Quality Degredation. The header was copied over, so the typo repeats.

Thank you.

Paul
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1 Tiffany Hudson
From: sean mendelson
Sent: Sunday, December 28, 2025 7:48 AM
To: Tiffany Hudson
Subject: Re: Draft CAAP Available for Review
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Tiffany,
I hope you've had a nice holiday!
This is so exciting. It looks and reads GREAT! It's better than I could have imagined. ROBUST and DYNAMIC! I like that you have the implementation at the end of page 5. In talking with other surrounding communities about their CAPs, this is essential so that it doesn't just become a symbolic document, but that it is actionable.

I also appreciate that like Disneyland is always evolving, it's an evolving document.

And lastly, I love the "vision" section. Because vision is a big part of selling it to the community.

Thank you for overseeing this and seeing it through. It gives me sparks of hope for the future. It's so thorough that i don't think i can offer any additional support. The one thing i thought is if you had any elements YOU were on the fence about I am happy to make a suggestion.

Side Note- I just accepted the role of the adult advisor for SVYCA in Campbell (I am just helping to keep them on task, provide insight when asked, and offer networking when available). I know you have met with Nolan and Kaileigh, the two student leaders of the Campbell team, but I am here to help as always.

Sean
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1 Tiffany Hudson
From: Carl Steeves
Sent: Thursday, January 8, 2026 3:16 PM
To: Tiffany Hudson
Subject: Draft CAAP - Public Comment
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Hi Tiffany,
I have a couple concerns on the Draft CAAP, in particular BLD-3 and TR-3. These are marked as high community support, and perhaps they were highly supported by those involved in the CAAP process.

However, I'm concerned that less than 100% of residents may be able to afford completely retrofitting their homes and replacing all vehicles in a relatively short (20 year) time frame. This is particularly the case since a handful of very powerful companies are pursuing AGI without any concern for the major economic disruption that may result, with many people possibly needing to scramble for significantly different work. Unless substantial subsidies are proposed to help residents with planned changes, it seems that goals here may not be accounting for possible difficult financial times ahead. The goals seem worthwhile as targets. But what of those who will struggle financially? Steps that involve replacing vehicles and appliances with electricity-based versions as they wear out may be more achievable than a 100% requirement.

Regards,
Carl R Steeves
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1 Tiffany Hudson
From: Olivier Ecaterinis
Sent: Friday, January 16, 2026 10:29 AM
To: Tiffany Hudson
Subject: Campbell's energy reduction initiative
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Hello TiƯany,
We recently we're in receipt of your Climate Action and Adoption plan for the city of Campbell. The one feedback that I can certainly provide is with regards to what the city can do to mitigate negative impacts of greenhouse gas eƯect and energy consumption. I didn’t see a schedule on the plan that identified were the larger culprits of energy usage were identified, but if the city operates any refrigeration systems, server rooms or the like of anything that consumes larger air conditioning needs, it would definitely behoove the city to look at “passive cooling”. It is by far one of the most earth conscious developments in recent years to mitigate greenhouse gases and reduce energy consumption.

You're welcome to take a look at the below website of a cutting-edge technology that we recommend. Feel free to reach back out if you have any questions, TiƯany. Hope you find this information useful.

Home - SkyCool Systems

Olivier Ecaterinis
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1 Tiffany Hudson
From: Stacie Wolny
Sent: Monday, January 19, 2026 8:43 AM
To: Tiffany Hudson
Subject: Campbell Climate Action Plan comments
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Hello Tiffany -
Thanks to you and the city of Campbell for putting so much time and effort into pulling together this information, making it digestible for people, and providing a good amount of time (and reminders) for us to comment. This is very important work, it appears fairly comprehensive, and i'm grateful that Campbell is taking responsibility for moving away from the business as usual that has gotten us into this climate mess, and fostering a more sustainable and resilient community.

First, a few general comments.

While the effort to numerically reduce greenhouse gas emissions is a necessary one, let's remember that what is really needed for long-term thriveability is a fundamental shift in our collective behavior and culture, so that every decision we make is in support of life and thriving for all. This is a great opportunity for Campbell take the lead on encouraging a deeper connection with history, ecology, community and responsibility toward each other, other species, water, soil, and our shared future.

What would it be like to live in a community where people value walking through majestic oak woodlands, superblooms, monarchs and bird song in their own neighborhood, local park and town square? Where kids are outside bird-watching, connecting with our life support system, and learning to grow food, instead of sitting inside, disconnected from reality, staring at a screen? Where it's quiet by day, and dark enough at night to see the Milky Way? We can live like this in our neighborhoods, and not only have a much better quality of life, but reduce energy use, water use, pollution, flooding and noise, while increasing carbon storage, shade, biodiversity, pollinators, and rebuilding the stunning natural California character of our neighborhoods.

While all of the elements of this plan are important, my comments will mainly focus on Urban Ecosystems, since their health is fundamental our well-being, and an evolution in policy and culture around their restoration will have so very many positive effects in reducing climate change and its impacts.

General comments on Buildings (BLD measures):

Even while transitioning away from fossil fuels, we need to use less energy, not more. Increasing "green" You don't often get email from . Learn why this is important Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 543 of 559
2 energy production is doing an immense amount of damage to ecosystems both near and far, which also contributes to a severely degraded climate future. So please include an effort to help us all reduce our energy use. I suggest that this should put a lot of pressure/mandates on developers to do much better, and have much less power to call the shots, because all they care about is profit.

All new construction should have a significant amount of solar production, and we need to build smaller houses, certainly no more mc mansions. They are egregious, unaffordable to most, and use a stupid amount of resources in both their construction and heating/cooling when in use. Most of us do not need that much house, it is a very wasteful status symbol. Even in my ain't-nothing-special neighborhood new houses are huge, i've seen no solar panels, and they more often now have plastic lawns, which is both horrific and baffling, given that we should know better. They also pave over more and more of the land, which leads to more runoff, flooding, loss of carbon storage and biodiversity, and all the rest.

Urban ecosystems:

Investing in Urban Ecosystems is critical for so many reasons, many of which we are aware of, some of which we are only now beginning to appreciate. Across all of the good ideas for improving our urban ecosystems in the UE measures, i have one plea: please, locally native plants (or edible food plants) only! No generic "tree" planting or "sustainable landscaping". So very much time, effort and cost will (and should!) be spent on these extremely important long-term investments, which can (and should!) do so much more than just provide shade and carbon storage and use less water. We can also respect the history and ecology of the amazing place we live, restoring thriving habitat for pollinators, birds and the whole web of life by only planting native species in all circumstances that Campbell has a say in.

Landscaping is not just a pretty backdrop, it is a critical part of the solution. Native plants support the biodiverse communities that have lived right here brilliantly for thousands of years, providing wellfunctioning water infiltration, carbon storage, pollination for crops and flowers, and so much more. It also supports the state's 30x30 goals. This is truly sustainable.

Our street trees and park landscaping should all be native. Chinese pistache is not at all "better" because it behaves in some sort of bureaucratic idea of how trees should behave. We do not live in China, we live in California, with some of the most beautiful and diverse flora in the world, and we should honor and take pride in supporting that. For example, we should design our neighborhoods and public spaces to embrace oaks, the most important trees ecologically and historically in the Bay Area. Please see SFEI's excellent "Resilient Silicon Valley" work, particularly "Re-Oaking Silicon Valley" for inspiration. "Campbell will create a circular economy around organics like yard waste and food scraps..." Yes to circular economies! That's a great first step, and how about expanding that design thinking into other areas of our economy too?
I fully support Measure UE-1, restoring our riparian zones, and giving back the floodplains to the creeks that have been so brutally encroached upon by development. Water always wins. Every chance we get to buy back riparian land, restore its native diversity, and allow natural flooding and infiltration to occur, will save us so much headache in the future, and have many benefits for our hydrological cycle, salmon return, etc. I'm thrilled to see "native plants" explicitly mentioned in UE-1.1 and UE-1.4, and feel strongly that all of our plantings everywhere should be locally native (or edible, or even better, both) as mentioned previously.

UE-2.7 and UE-2.9: Schools are excellent choices for restoration and food forest locations, to have a Item 10.1
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3 hands-on lab for learning about ecology, hydrology, soil health and food production, teach kids how our life support system works, and to be good stewards of these lands. All kids should learn these things in order to be good planetary citizens, the fact that we don't is very telling about how disconnected we are from what actually matters for our existence.

Yes! to UE-4.2, turning vacant lots into organic community gardens and food forests! They would be a great place to use some of our increased compost production, help people get in touch with the land and healthy soil, provide increased food security, especially if located in lower-income neighborhoods, and reduce the amount of GHGs associated with our food consumption.

Yes to UE-6.1! It's great for the city to set a good example in their procurement policy, and will have wider-reaching positive effects by supporting more sustainable, local and small farms and other businesses.

YES!!! to UE-6.4! It is long past time to prohibit lawns! And this should definitely include banning plastic turf too! Monoculture exotic lawns are unnatural for this place, completely inappropriate for a place where it doesn't rain for half the year, waste so very much water, make so much noise, air and water pollution (especially with the all-day-every-day deafening gas-powered blowers), and are ecologically useless. Eliminating lawns, planting local native plants, and doing soil-building practices (like not blowing all those precious leaves to the landfill) will support Measures UE-2, UE-3 and UE-4, along with reducing air and noise pollution, teaching kids about nature, and so much else that truly matters and builds resilient landscapes.

YES!!! to UE-6.5! The City can (and should!) set a great example by replacing all of its lawns. But please, only native plants, not just "drought-tolerant". (Oh, and actually native plants... Saratoga has a park that they claim is planted with natives, but many of them are not actually, they're from Mexico and Africa).

Please look to the California Native Plant Society Santa Clara Valley chapter for assistance, and Calscape for information on locally-native species and their requirements. Personally, i would love to participate in replacing turf and roses with natives in our parks, and help maintain them. And what an opportunity to influence homeowners to do the same. (It is odd to see photos including non-functional park turf in this report - perhaps the next report can highlight oaks and other native park landscaping instead?)
Other thoughts:

Not mentioned in this report, but a very relevant aspect of urban conditions that should be addressed in practical implementation is light pollution. We could save a lot of money, and significantly reduce our energy use and related GHG production by simply turning lights off at night. People seem to think that since we have lower-energy LED lights that we may as well use more of them, which defeats the purpose.

The light pollution in Campbell has gotten noticeably much worse over time, especially with blindingly bright white LED lights, with no downward shielding at all, whose light pollution spews everywhere, including into everyone else's bedroom window. This has serious negative consequences for human sleep cycles, insect populations, bird migrations, creatures who rely on night for habitat, and our children growing up knowing the wonder of stars. (As it is, they can't see the galaxy from their own yards, and that is a tragedy). DarkSky is one good organization that we should be looking to for inspiration, information and guidance on becoming a dark sky community, which has so many benefits for humans and non-humans, in both short and long-term. Reducing light pollution is important to include in updates to many of the Building System (BLD) and Transportation System (TR) Measures included in this plan.

Item 10.1
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4 And a quick note for Measure SG-2: I suggest that Campbell consider adding other languages to the evacuation messages, as we now have many neighbors who speak mainly Mandarin or Hindi. Please take a poll of which other languages would be most useful to add, along with English and Spanish.

Again, thank you for your work on this plan, and for your attention to our comments and feedback. We all want Campbell, its people, water, land and ecosystems to thrive into the future. Now is a critical time to evolve our policies and practice, and bring us all together as a community to build that world. ~ Stacie Wolny
Regina Way, Campbell
Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 546 of 559
1 Tiffany Hudson
From: Kaileigh Hobbs
Sent: Sunday, January 25, 2026 10:35 PM
To: Tiffany Hudson
Cc:

Subject: CAAP Feedback from Campbell SVYCA
Attachments: SVYCA Campbell CAAP Feedback.pdf
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Completed
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Dear Tiffany,
Thank you for giving us the opportunity to provide feedback on the Campbell CAAP. Overall, we think it is a fantastic document that presents data and scientific information in a way that is understandable and engaging for everyone. It also provides some really good basic information for anyone that may be new to the topic. We have attached a PDF with all the feedback we have gathered in the order of the document. We hope you find it helpful and we hope that we can assist with the implementation where possible, especially the climate literacy aspects.

Sincerely,
Campbell SVYCA Action Team
(Kaileigh Hobbs, Dhrithi Ravilochan, Nolan Cha, Molly Liu, Isha Kamath, Aarna Bhargav) Item 10.1
Tuesday, May 19, 2026 547 of 559
Dear Tiffany,
Thank you for giving us the opportunity to provide feedback on the Campbell CAAP. Overall, we think it is a fantastic document that presents data and scientific information in a way that is understandable and engaging for everyone. It also provides some really good basic information for anyone that may be new to the topic. We will provide all the feedback we have gathered below in the order of the document. We hope you find it helpful and we hope that we can assist with the implementation where possible, especially the climate literacy aspects.