2024-11-12; City Council; 08; Climate Action Plan Update — Carlsbad City Council, November 12, 2024 (part 1 of 3)

CA Review GH
Meeting Date: Nov. 12, 2024
To: Mayor and City Council
From: Scott Chadwick, City Manager
Staff Contact: Katie Hentrich, Senior Program Manager
[email protected], 442-339-2623
Subject: Climate Action Plan Update
Districts: All
Reco
mmended Actions
Hold a public hearing and adopt one of the following City Council resolutions for the Climate Action Plan Update:

1. A resolution adopting the publicly posted Draft Climate Plan Update, excluding Measures E-3.2, E-3.3 and E-4.2 (Nonresidential Building Energy – Updated Reach Code, Nonresidential Building Energy – Solar Carports, and Residential Building Energy – Updated Reach Code, respectively), to meet the required 2045 reduction target (Exhibit 1); or

2. A resolution adopting the publicly posted Draft Climate Action Plan Update, excluding Measure E-3.2 (Nonresidential Building Energy – Updated Reach Code), which would exceed the 2045 reduction target by approximately 200 MT CO2e (Exhibit 2); or

3. A resolution adopting the publicly posted Draft Climate Action Plan Update, excluding Measure E-4.2 (Residential Building Energy – Updated Reach Code), which would exceed the 2045 reduction target by approximately 4,000 MT CO2e (Exhibit 3); or

4. A resolution adopting the publicly posted Draft Climate Action Plan Update, which would exceed the 2045 reduction target by approximately 6,000 MT CO2e (Exhibit 4); and

5. Adopt a resolution certifying Addendum No. 1 to the Housing Element Implementation and Public Safety Element Update Supplemental Environmental Impact Report for the Climate Action Plan Update (Exhibit 5).

Executive Summary
In 2015, the City of Carlsbad was one of the first cities in the region to adopt a qualified Climate Action Plan. As a result of the policies, programs and other actions taken by the City Council outlined in the plan, the city reduced greenhouse gases even more than the state’s target, which was to reach 1990 levels by 2020.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 1 of 637

Since then, three things have changed that led to the need to update the city’s Climate Action Plan.

1. The plan needs to account for the land use and growth changes included in the Housing Element amendments and the associated greenhouse gas impacts.

2. The state updated its targets for greenhouse gas reductions.

3. The city has obtained updated data, called a GHG inventory, on how much greenhouse gas is currently being generated.

The City Council is now being asked to approve the Climate Action Plan Update, including choosing from among options that would either meet new state targets or go beyond what is required. These options include local regulations that exceed state building requirements, such as “reach codes.”
The City Council is required to adopt an updated CAP by no later than July 30, 2025, under the terms of the environmental impact report certified for an update of the Housing Element and Safety Element earlier this year.

The City Council is also being asked to certify an associated environmental document, Addendum No. 1 to the Housing Element Implementation and Public Safety Element Update Supplemental Environmental Impact Report for the Climate Action Plan Update (Exhibit 5). The addendum demonstrates that the Draft Climate Action Plan Update will not result in any potentially significant impacts to the environment.

Explanation & Analysis
Purpose of the Climate Action Plan
Climate action plans are comprehensive plans that detail the specific activities that a government agency will undertake to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. They generally focus on those activities that can achieve emission reductions within a city’s control to meet state reduction targets. These plans typically include:
• Specific city-sponsored initiatives and actions that the city controls directly, such as operations and energy use at city buildings and the types of vehicles in the city’s fleet • State and city policies to direct, guide or influence outside actions, such as a requirement to recycle food scraps and energy efficiency standards for new building construction
The City of Carlsbad was one of the first cities in the county to adopt a qualified climate action plan to support California’s ambitious greenhouse gas emissions reduction goals.

The 2020 CAP implements the city’s Guiding Principles and Community Values of Sustainability, as well as actions identified in the Declaration of a Climate Emergency, approved by the City Council on Sept. 21, 2021. Finally, updating the Climate Action Plan is identified as a priority in the City Council’s 5-Year Strategic Plan.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 2 of 637

Timeline
• Sept. 22, 2015 - The City Council adopted the CAP, along with the General Plan update and associated environmental impact report, in compliance with the state’s target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% compared to 1990 levels by 2030. • July 14, 2020 - The City Council adopted an amendment to the CAP that revised the greenhouse gas inventory and forecast, updated reductions from existing measures and incorporated community choice energy as a new reduction measure.1 • Ap ril 6, 2021 - The City Council approved funding for a comprehensive update to the city’s Housing Element, the element of the General Plan that is focused on the community’s housing needs.
• Ap ril 13, 2021 - Staff presented the Climate Action Plan Annual Report to the City Council, which the City Council accepted and approved. (Resolution No. 2021-083) In the annual report, staff discussed the need to update the city’s Climate Action Plan to account for the land use and growth changes included in the Housing Element amendments and the associated greenhouse gas impacts.
• June 8, 2021 - The City Council approved funding for a comprehensive update to the CAP as part of the fiscal year 2021-22 budget.
• 2022 - The state established more aggressive greenhouse gas targets with the California Climate Crisis Act.
2 This law requires the state to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in California by 85% compared to 1990 levels by 2045. The Climate Crisis Act does not replace, nor supersede, the state’s previous greenhouse gas reduction target of 40% compared to 1990 levels by 2030.
3 • Jan. 30, 2024 - The City Council certified the final Supplemental Environmental Impact Report for the General Plan Land Use and Community Design Element and Public Safety Element. (Resolution No. 2024-014) This report included a mitigation measure, Measure GHG-1, that requires the city to draft and the City Council to adopt an updated CAP within 12-18 months of adoption of the final supplemental environmental impact report. This set the period for the City Council to adopt an updated CAP as between Jan. 30, 2025, and July 30, 2025.

Overview of methodology
Updating the CAP to account for the approved land use changes in the city and the new reduction targets established by the state required updating the greenhouse gas inventory to reflect the best available data. The starting point for tracking activities in such a plan is the year the plan began, known as the “baseline year.”
The draft CAP Update uses 2016 as the baseline year because 2016 provides the most comprehensive, recent and best available data. The CAP baseline data is consistent with the data sources and custom modeling the city created as part of implementation of the General

1 The amendment was necessary to correct a data calculation error related to v ehicle miles traveled. Community choice energy is a program that enables communities to purchase electrical power on behalf of their residents. The city established the Clean Energy Alliance as its community choice energy provider. 2 See Health and Safety Code, Section 38562.2.
3 See Health and Safety Code, Section 38566.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 3 of 637

Plan Land Use and Community Design Element and Public Safety Element to implement the requirements of the Housing Element.

Greenhouse gases are measured by metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, noted as MT CO2e. Carbon dioxide equivalent is an amount of greenhouse gas whose atmospheric impact has been standardized to one unit mass of carbon dioxide (CO2) based on the global warming potential of the gas.

Based on the 2016 data, the baseline year, the city’s total emissions were 981,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, or MT CO2e. The top three categories of emissions in Carlsbad are:

1. Transportation on roads and streets (all vehicle travel), at 51%

2. Electricity, at 27%

3. Natural gas, at 14%
Greenhouse gas emission sources in Carlsbad
Note: The precise emission reduction totals, and other
information, are included as Appendix C in Attachment A of Exhibit 5, the Draft Climate Action Plan Update.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 4 of 637

Projections to determine future emissions
Staff and consultants projected the amount of greenhouse gas that would be produced in these categories into the future, using the 2016 greenhouse gas emissions inventory and estimates for population, housing and job growth. This is called the “business-as-usual” projection, which shows the anticipated growth in emissions from these sources in the absence of any new policies and programs. Emissions reductions that are expected to result from federal and state policies and programs are applied to a second set of projections, creating a “legislatively adjusted business-as-usual projection.”
Using these projections, greenhouse gas emissions were projected for the target years 2035 and 2045.

As shown in the chart below, the city is projected to meet the 2035 reduction goals based on the legislatively adjusted business-as-usual projection, though the city is not projected to meet the 2045 reduction goals unless the city implements new measures.

The chart shows:
• The business-as-usual projection in green, which shows greenhouse gas emissions if the city took no climate action
• The legislatively adjusted business-as-usual projection in blue, which accounts for the impacts of federal and state laws to curb emissions
4 • The state’s greenhouse gas targets for 2035 and 2045 in yellow Greenhouse gas reduction projections

4 More detailed information on the federal and state laws and programs included in the legislatively adjusted business-as-usual calculations are included in Appendix C in Attachment A to Exhibit 5, the draft CAP update.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 5 of 637
1,200,000
981,000 993, 000
1,000,000
1,024,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
I.O
~ ~ ~
~
.... ::::t :!J st
~
I.O .... 00 gi 0 ... "' .,., ... U"I I.O .... 00 a,
~ ... N
~ l 8 ... 8 ... N N N
~ ~ ~ ~ 8 ~ 8 ~ ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ 0 ?:l 0 ~ ~ 0 0 0 0 ~ N N N N N N N N N N N N N N - Business-as-usu al - legis lative ly adjusted .....,. Greenhouse gas busi ness-as-usua I reduction target s

State of California’s recommendations
The California Air Resources Board provides the following guidance on how to best set CAP targets:
• Evaluate and adopt robust, locally appropriate emission reduction goals based on a local greenhouse gas emissions inventory
• Express emission goals based on mass greenhouse gas emission reductions • Show a downward trending greenhouse gas emissions trajectory consistent with the statewide goals
Potential measures in the draft CAP update
To meet the greenhouse gas reduction targets, the project team analyzed measures for inclusion in the Draft Climate Action Plan Update using the following guidelines:
• Leverage existing city efforts to defray additional costs and staff time • Include successful and applicable measures from the current CAP, as well as greenhouse gas reduction strategies included in state guidance documents • Incorporate input from city staff across all departments to ensure measures can be implemented
• Provide a robust public input process
• Create reportable measures so the CAP update process is transparent The draft update has 25 measures, including 37 primary actions and 69 supporting actions, in the following categories:
• Carbon sequestration, which is the process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide
• Energy
• Transportation
• Off-road equipment
• Water and wastewater
• Waste diversion
Each measure and action in the plan is structured to result in a specific amount of greenhouse gas reductions. The plan has more measures than needed to meet the targets to provide flexibility in case some reductions do not meet projections.

As noted above, two of the measures involve what are known as “reach codes,” which have requirements that exceed, or reach beyond, what is required by the state’s building code. If the City Council were to decide to include the proposed reach codes in the CAP Update, the city would have to demonstrate that the local ordinance, or reach code, saves more energy than current statewide energy standards and is cost effective before it could be approved by the California Energy Commission.

The Draft Climate Action Plan Update, when combined with the federal and state measures within the legislatively adjusted business-as-usual projection, project that the city will surpass Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 6 of 637

its 2045 reduction target by approximately 6,000 MT CO2e,5 or 0.68% of the total greenhouse gas reductions for 2045.

The measures are listed in Chapter 3, Table 3.1, of the draft CAP update in Attachment A of Exhibit 4.

Options
The City Council is being asked to approve one of the following four options listed below, with the associated benefits and drawbacks of each option also provided. All of the options would meet the 2045 reduction target established by the state. Three of the options would exceed the target by varying amounts.

All of the options would meet the target completion date of the mitigation measure in the Supplemental Environmental Impact Report for the Housing Element update and will allow for continued streamlined development review of projects that show consistency with the CAP.

1. Adopt a Climate Action Plan update that meets the 2045 reduction target Excluded measures
• Nonresidential building energy – updated reach code (E-3.2) • Nonresidential building energy - solar carports (E-3.3) • Residential building energy – updated reach code (E-4.2) Benefits Drawbacks
• Meets the minimum 2045 reduction
target
• Consistent with Planning Commission
recommendation
• Addresses stakeholder concerns
about the cost and cost-effectiveness
of reach codes

• Delays implementation of the CAP update
to make updates to the documents
• Implements a smaller suite of measures
to meet the 2045 reduction target, which
provides less flexibility for CAP
implementation
• Does not address stakeholder comments
about exceeding 2045 reduction targets

5 Three proposed measures in the Draft Climate Action Plan Update are not quantified due to lack of available data. While these calculations can be updated as policies and programs for those measures progress and as data becomes available, the calculations for the remaining measures in the updated Climate Action Plan must meet the reduction targets at the time the updated plan is adopted adoption to fulfill regulatory requirements.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 7 of 637

2. Adopt a Climate Action Plan update that exceeds the 2045 reduction target by approximately 200 MT CO2e
Excluded measure
Nonresidential building energy – updated reach code (E-3.2) Benefits Drawbacks
• Exceeds the 2045 reduction target
• Addresses stakeholder comments
about exceeding the 2045 reduction
target
• Delays implementation of the CAP update
to make updates to the documents
• Implements a smaller suite of measures
to meet the 2045 reduction target, which
provides less flexibility for CAP
implementation
• Stakeholder concerns about cost
effectiveness of reach codes
• Does not address stakeholder comments
about exceeding 2045 reduction targets

3. Adopt a Climate Action Plan update that exceeds the 2045 reduction target by approximately 4,000 MT CO2e
Excluded measure
Residential building energy – updated reach code (E-4.2) Benefits Drawbacks
• Exceeds the 2045 reduction target
• Addresses stakeholder comments
about exceeding the 2045 reduction
targets

• Delays implementation of the CAP update
to make updates to the documents
• Implements a smaller suite of measures
to meet the 2045 reduction target, which
provides less flexibility for CAP
implementation
• Stakeholder concerns about the cost-
effectiveness of reach codes
• Does not address stakeholder comments
about exceeding 2045 reduction targets

4. Adopt a Climate Action Plan update that exceeds the 2045 reduction target by approximately 6,000 MT CO2e
No measures excluded
Benefits Drawbacks
• Exceeds the 2045 reduction target by
approximately 6,000 MT CO2e and
includes a larger list of measures for
additional implementation flexibility
• Addresses stakeholder comments
about exceeding the 2045 reduction
targets
• Stakeholder concerns about cost
effectiveness of reach codes
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 8 of 637

Community Engagement
Overview
Staff provided several opportunities for community members to review and provide input into the Draft Climate Action Plan Update, beginning in 2022, through multiple channels. • Multiple emails to stakeholders
• Social media
• Individual and small group meetings
• Community event participation
• Online survey
• City website
• Flyers in city facilities
Input was actively sought at three key stages of the update process.

Phase 1: Overall priorities
First, in keeping with the city’s practice of focusing input early in the process, staff asked community members and other stakeholders about their overall values and priorities related to climate issues. Staff also reviewed input recently gathered from the community about environmental sustainability during the development of the City Council’s 5-Year Strategic Plan.

This input helped inform the development of potential measures to consider for the CAP update.

Phase 2: Review of potential measures
Once draft measures were ready for review, staff again sought input from the community and other stakeholders. This input focused on identifying any concerns, questions or ideas about each of the potential measures.

During phase two, staff also sought feedback from the City Council. On Nov. 7, 2023, staff presented the proposed measures and received the following feedback from City Council members. The City Council did not take formal action at this meeting

1. E
stablish clear, interim benchmarks between the 2035 and 2045 target years for transparency and accountability.

Benchmarks were added into the proposed measures.

2. Ad d in more measures so the total greenhouse gas emissions reduced are higher than the 2045 reduction target.

Three additional measures were added to the draft CAP update. Two of those measures proposed updates to the city’s reach codes, and one of those measures proposes installing solar panels in city-owned parking lots.

3. Ad d a measure to install solar in city -owned parking lots.

While this was included as a supporting action in the proposed measures shared with the public and the City Council, staff moved this from a supporting action and made it a stand-alone measure. However, staff were not able to calculate the greenhouse gas reductions for this measure. This measure would require an analysis of how many parking lots would be suitable for solar and how large these solar systems could be.

Once this analysis is complete (proposed by 2030 in the draft CAP update), a reduction calculation could be added.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 9 of 637

4. Add a measure banning artificial turf within the city.

Staff analyzed this as a potential measure and found the emissions reductions to be minimal and the cost to replace artificial turf extremely high. Because of this, staff did not include it in the draft CAP update in Exhibit 4, Attachment A.

Phase 3: Review of the draft plan
After updating and refining the measures based on input received, staff made the Draft Climate Action Plan Update available for the public to review on July 8, 2024. The draft update was shared through the city’s website, weekly city newsletters, social media, emails to stakeholders, meetings with interested stakeholders, news articles and attending community events.

Comments received on the draft update are provided in Exhibit 6.

Planning Commission
Staff made an informational presentation to the Planning Commission on Sept. 4, 2024, and gathered additional public input.

On Oct. 2, 2024, staff asked the Planning Commission to review the options listed above to make a recommendation to the City Council on the Draft Climate Action Plan Update and its associated California Environmental Quality Act addendum. This was also another opportunity for community and stakeholder feedback. (Exhibit 8).

The Planning Commission adopted two resolutions:

1. A Planning Commission resolution recommending certification of Addendum No. 1 to the Housing Element Implementation and Public Safety Element update Supplemental Environmental Impact Report for the Climate Action Plan update.

2. A Planning Commission resolution recommending adoption of the publicly posted Draft Climate Action Plan Update, excluding Measures E-3.2, E-3.3 and E-4.2 (Nonresidential Building Energy – Updated Reach Code, Nonresidential Building Energy – Solar Carports, and Residential Building Energy – Updated Reach Code, respectively), to meet the required 2045 reduction target. (Option 1, above.)
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 10 of 637

Fiscal Analysis
Staff worked with the Energy Policy Initiatives Center at the University of San Diego to analyze the resources needed to implement the Draft Climate Action Update. This analysis is provided as Appendix E in Attachment A of Exhibit 4.

This report analyzes the total cost and level of effort to the City of Carlsbad6 to implement the updated plan over the first five fiscal years, or through fiscal year 2028-29, as well as the cost and level of effort associated with activities that would not have occurred without the adoption of the Draft Climate Action Update. These activities are categorized as “new” or “expanded” throughout the report.

Framework for evaluating implementation costs

Based on data provided by city staff, the total estimated cost to implement the Draft Climate Action Update over the first five fiscal years is approximately $72 million. Most of these costs, about 93%, or approximately $67 million, are associated with existing programs that would have happened normally regardless of the adoption of the update. The remaining 7%, or approximately $5 million, would be the cost of the new and expanded programs that would happen because of the update. To mitigate the remaining cost, staff will continue to seek external funding to support implementation of the Climate Action Plan.

The image below summarizes the total implementation costs estimated for the first five years of the updated Climate Action Plan

6 Costs and benefits borne by Carlsbad residents and businesses were not considered in the implementation cost analysis. Similarly, cost results for capital projects that result in energy bill savings were not included.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 11 of 637
Expenditure Type
Program Type
Funding Status
Salary
and Benefits
Total CAP Implementation Cost
Capital
Projects
Professional
Services
(" - - - - - -
Other
New and Expanded
Programs
------ ,
Funded Unfunded

Implementation costs

The annual costs and level of effort to implement activities in the draft CAP update vary from fiscal year to fiscal year, by measure. The implementation cost analysis found three key findings:

1. Three measures in the Draft Climate Action Plan Update account for nearly three- quarters of the new and expanded program costs. This is because these measures have a high level of effort across multiple staff, such as Measure WD-1, Solid and Organic Waste Diversion; high capital and professional services costs, such as Measure E-1, Renewable Energy at Municipal Facilities; or a combination of the two, such as Measure T-6, Local Transportation Improvements.

2. Three departments account for about 80% of the new and expanded program costs.

These departments mirror those responsible for implementing the three measures listed above and include the Environmental Sustainability, Fleet & Facilities, and Transportation departments.

3. A relatively small level of effort would be required by most staff to implement the draft CAP update. On average, the 81% of staff responsible for some component of implementation would have a level of effort of less than about 208 hours per year, while 2% of staff would see a level of effort of more than 624 hours per year. Often, these staff are in the Environmental Sustainability Department and spend the majority, if not all their time supporting the Climate Action Plan.

Once the CAP update is adopted, staff can use the implementation cost analysis to inform the preparation of future fiscal year budgets. This analysis can ensure that responsible departments are aware of their estimated costs and level of effort and can incorporate them into financial and workload planning.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 12 of 637
Program Type
Funding Status
ting Exis
Prog
$66,4
rams
79,000
93 %
Total Estimated CAP
Implementation Cost
Year 1 - Year 5
$71,600,000
(S78, 76-0,000 with 1096 contingency)
I
r---------- -----------
New and
Expanded
Programs
$5,121.000
7%
I
I I
Funded Unfunded
$1,044,000 $4,077,000
20% 80%
~----------------------J

Next Steps
Once the CAP update is adopted, staff will begin implementing its measures. City staff will need to evaluate and monitor performance over time and alter or amend the plan if it is not following the emissions trends needed to meet its reduction targets, as part of the annual reporting process. This will include conducting periodic greenhouse gas inventories and analyzing the performance of measures using quantitative metrics.

If the CAP update is adopted as written, staff would begin working on actions with a 2025 monitoring benchmark as soon as possible. The measures that have new or expanded actions with 2025 monitoring benchmarks include:
• Increasing percentage of renewable electricity purchased for existing city facilities and street and safety lighting to 100%, Measure E-1
• Setting 100% renewable electricity to be the default for new city facilities, Measure E-1 • Updating the city’s Building Code to include updated energy performance-based requirements for new nonresidential buildings, Measure E-3.2, and new residential buildings, Measure E-4.2
• Updating the existing Electric Vehicle Siting Plan, Measure T-8 • Conducting an inventory to assess urban canopy cover, Measure CS-1 The city has published annual CAP reports since 2017, and staff will continue to report on implementation activities annually. The annual reports will include the most recently available greenhouse gas emissions data, implementation status of each action, and progress toward achieving the emission reduction targets. As technologies and markets change and data becomes available, these reports will continue to be used to track progress and identify actions that need to be improved, adjusted or removed.

The city will need to evaluate and monitor performance over time and alter or amend the plan if it is not following the emission trends needed to meet its reduction targets as part of its annual reporting process. In addition to annual reporting, staff will be creating an online dashboard for tracking progress on the CAP update to provide more accessible, timely and transparent information on its implementation.

Staff will continue to seek external funding to support implementation of the CAP update.

Staff will prepare future updates to the CAP to account for any new state or federal legislation, measures and actions, as well as any relevant findings and recommendations from the city’s annual monitoring reports. Based on state guidance, the CAP should be updated within five years, which means a target completion in 2029.

If the City Council selects one of the options that excludes one or more measures listed in the publicly available draft CAP update, staff will revise the Draft Climate Action Plan Update to make appropriate updates to the document.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 13 of 637

Environmental Evaluation
In accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act, the CEQA Guidelines, and the environmental protection procedures of the Carlsbad Municipal Code (Title 19), the Climate Action Plan was first evaluated in the General Plan update and Climate Action Plan Final Program Environmental Impact Report, State Clearinghouse No. 2011011004. This report evaluated the potential environmental effects of implementing the greenhouse gas reduction measures contained in the 2015 CAP. That environmental impact report was certified as complete by the City Council on Sept. 22, 2015.

The Draft Climate Action Plan update was then reevaluated as part of the Housing Element Implementation and Public Safety Element update Supplemental Environmental Impact Report (SEIR), State Clearinghouse No. 2022090339, certified by the City Council on Jan. 30, 2024. (Exhibit 9)
When taking subsequent discretionary actions for which a program environmental impact report has been certified, the lead agency is required to determine if subsequent activities are within the scope of the prior environmental analysis and/or review any changed circumstances or new information to determine whether any of the circumstances in CEQA Guidelines Sections 15162 and 15168 require additional environmental review. Staff have determined that the potential environmental impacts of the Draft Climate Action Plan Update are within the scope of the previously certified CEQA documents and none of the conditions requiring subsequent or supplemental environmental review under Guidelines Section 15162 exists.

In addition, since only minor or technical changes to the previously certified environmental impact reports were necessary, an addendum was prepared in accordance with CEQA Guidelines Section 15164. The addendum demonstrates that the draft CAP update will not result in any potentially significant impacts to the environment.

According to CEQA Guidelines Section 15164(c), the addendum does not require circulation for public review. However, the addendum was posted on the city’s website to accompany the Draft Climate Action Plan Update for informational purposes.

Staff recommend City Council adoption of the resolution in Exhibit 5, certifying the addendum to the Supplemental Environmental Impact Report provided as Attachment A of Exhibit 5.

Exhibits

1. City Council resolution – Climate Action Plan Update, Option 1

2. City Council resolution – Climate Action Plan Update, Option 2

3. City Council resolution – Climate Action Plan Update, Option 3

4. City Council resolution – Climate Action Plan Update, Option 4

5. City Council resolution – Addendum to the SEIR

6. Public feedback received on Draft Climate Action Plan update for Planning Commission meetings

7. Planning Commission staff report d ated Sept. 4, 2024 (on file in the office of the City Clerk)

8. Planning Commission staff report d ated Oct. 2, 2024 (on file in the office of the City Clerk)

9. City Council Resolution No. 2024-014 ( on file in the office of the City Clerk) Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 14 of 637
Exhibit 1
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 15 of 637
RESOLUTION NO. 2024-248

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF CARLSBAD,

CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE PUBLICLY POSTED DRAFT CLIMATE ACTION PLAN UPDATE, EXCLUDING MEASURES E-3.2, E-3.3 AND E-4.2
(NONRESIDENTIAL BUILDING ENERGY - UPDATED REACH CODE,

NONRESIDENTIAL BUILDING ENERGY-SOLAR CARPORTS, AND RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING ENERGY- UPDATED REACH CODE, RESPECTIVELY) TO MEET THE REQUIRED 2045 REDUCTION TARGET
WHEREAS, the City of Carlsbad was one of the first cities in the county to adopt a qualified Climate Action Plan, or CAP, that outlined strategies and policies to reduce greenhouse gas, or GHG, emissions; and
WHEREAS, since then, communitywide GHG inventories and statewide targets have been updated, presenting the opportunity for the city to update its CAP and further pursue the community's goal of promoting a sustainable environment; and
WHEREAS, the purpose of the CAP Update is to describe how GHG emissions within the City of Carlsbad will be reduced in accordance with state targets; and WHEREAS, the city prepared a 2016 GHG inventory and forecast to inform the CAP Update; and WHEREAS, based on the 2016 inventory, emissions forecasts, and suite of reduction measures, the statewide reduction targets for 2035, derived from Senate Bill 32, and 2045, derived from Assembly Bill 1279, can be met through implementation of the CAP Update; and WHEREAS, on Jan. 30, 2024, the City Council certified the Supplemental Environmental Impact Report for the General Plan Land Use and Community Design Element and Public Safety Element (EIR 2022-0007); and
WHEREAS, an addendum to EIR 2022-0007 was prepared and indicated no significant environmental impacts would occur as a result of implementing the CAP Update; and WHEREAS, the city posted a public draft of the CAP Update to its website on July 8, 2024; and WHEREAS, the City Council recommended changes to the publicly posted Draft CAP Update so that the measures meet the required 2045 reduction target; and WHEREAS, these changes would be so that the following three measures would be excluded in the CAP Update: E-3.2, Nonresidential Building Energy - Updated Reach Code, E-3.3, Nonresidential Building Energy - Solar Carports, and E-4.2, Residential Building Energy - Updated Reach Code; and Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 16 of 637
WHEREAS, amending the proposed project to remove Measures E-3.2, E-3.3, and E-4.2 is consistent with the environmental analysis. The addendum to EIR 2022-0007 considered the impact of including Measure s E-3.2, E-3.3, and E-4.2 and concluded that there were no significant environmental impacts that would occur as a result of implementing those measures. Removing Measures E-3.2, E-

3.3, and E-4.2 would not create any substantial or net new impacts, and it would not increase the severity of any impacts which have been evaluated by the addendum to the EIR.

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the City Council of the City of Carlsbad, California, as follows :

1. That the above recitations are true and correct.

2. That based on the evidence presented at the public hearing, the City Council adopts a Climate Action Plan Update as amended from the publicly posted draft, so that measures meet the required 2045 reduction target and excludes the following measures: E-3.2, Nonresidential Building Energy, Updated Reach Code, E-3.3, Nonresident ial Building Energy - Solar Carports, and E-4.2, Residential Building Energy - Updated Reach Code.

PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED at a Regular Meeting of the City Council of the City of Carlsbad on the 12th day of November, 2024, by the following vote, to wit:

AYES:

NAYS:

ABSTAIN:

ABSENT:

BLACKBURN, BHAT-PATEL, BURKHOLDER, LUNA.

ACOSTA.

NONE.

KEITH BLACKBURN, Mayor
SHERRY FREISINGER, City Clerk
(SEAL)
Exhibit 2
RESOLUTION NO. .

A R

ESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF CARLSBAD,

CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE PUBLICLY POSTED DRAFT CLIMATE ACTION PLAN UPDATE, EXCLUDING MEASURE E -3.2 (NONRESIDENTIAL BUILDING ENERGY – UPDATED REACH CODE), WHICH WOULD EXCEED THE 2045 REDUCTION TARGET BY APPROXIMATELY 200 MT CO2E
WHEREAS, the City of Carlsbad was one of the first cities in the county to adopt a qualified Climate Action Plan , or CAP, that outlined strategies and policies to reduce greenhouse gas, or GHG, emissions; and
WHEREAS, since then, communitywide GHG inventories and statewide targets have been updated, presenting the opportunity for the city to update its CAP and further pursue the community’s goal of promoting a sustainable environment; and
WHEREAS, the purpose of the CAP Update is to describe how GHG emissions within the City of Carlsbad will be reduced in accordance with state targets; and WHEREAS, the city prepared a 2016 GHG inventory and forecast to inform the CAP Update; and WHEREAS, based on the 2016 inventory, emissions forecasts, and suite of reduction measures, the statewide reduction targets for 2035, derived from Senate Bill 32, and 2045, derived from Assembly Bill 1279, can be met through implementation of the CAP Update; and WHEREAS, on Jan. 30, 2024, the City Council certified the Supplemental Environmental Impact Report for the General Plan Land Use and Community Design Element and Public Safety Element (EIR 2022-0007); and
WHEREAS, an addendum to EIR 2022 -0007 was prepared and indicated no significant environmental impacts would occur as a result of implementing the CAP Update; and WHEREAS, the city posted a public draft of the CAP Update to its website on July 8, 2024; and WHEREAS, the City Council recommended changes to the publicly posted Draft CAP Update that still exceeded the 2045 reduction target, but by a different amount from what is included in the publicly posted draft; and
WHEREAS, these changes would be to exclude Measure E-3.2, Nonresidential Building Energy – Updated Reach Code, which would mean the CAP Update would exceed the 2045 reduction target by approximately 200 MT CO
2e; and
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 17 of 637
WHEREAS, amending the proposed project to remove Measure E -3 .2 is consistent with the environmental analysis. The addendum to EIR 2022-0007 considered the impact of including Measure E-3.2 and concluded that there were no significant environmental impacts that would occur as a result of implementing the measure . Removing Measure E-3.2 would not create any substantial or net new impacts, and it would not increase the severity of any impacts which have been evaluated by the addendum to the EIR.

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the City Council of the City of Carlsbad, California, as follows:

1. That the above recitations are true and correct.

2. That based on the evidence presented at the public hearing, the City Council adopts a Climate Action Plan Update as amended from the publicly posted draft, excluding Measure E- 3.2 (Nonresidential Building Energy – Updated Reach Code), which would exceed the 2045 reduction target by approximately 200 MT CO2e.

PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED at a Regular Meeting of the City Council of the City of Carlsbad on the __ day of ________, 2024, by the following vote, to wit:

AYES:

NAYS:

ABSTAIN:

ABSENT:
______________________________________
KEITH BLACKBURN, Mayor
______________________________________
SHERRY FREISINGER, City Clerk
(SEAL)
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 18 of 637
Exhibit 3
RESOLUTION NO. .

A R

ESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF CARLSBAD,

CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE PUBLICLY POSTED DRAFT CLIMATE ACTION PLAN UPDATE, EXCLUDING MEASURE E -4.2 (RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ENERGY – UPDATED REACH CODE), WHICH WOULD EXCEED THE 2045 REDUCTION TARGET BY APPROXIMATELY 4,000 MT CO2E
WHEREAS, the City of Carlsbad was one of the first cities in the county to adopt a qualified Climate Action Plan , or CAP, that outlined strategies and policies to reduce greenhouse gas, or GHG, emissions; and
WHEREAS, since then, communitywide GHG inventories and statewide targets have been updated, presenting the opportunity for the city to update its CAP and further pursue the community’s goal of promoting a sustainable environment; and
WHEREAS, the purpose of the CAP Update is to describe how GHG emissions within the City of Carlsbad will be reduced in accordance with state targets; and WHEREAS, the city prepared a 2016 GHG inventory and forecast to inform the CAP Update; and WHEREAS, based on the 2016 inventory, emissions forecasts, and suite of reduction measures, the statewide reduction targets for 2035, derived from Senate Bill 32, and 2045, derived from Assembly Bill 1279, can be met through implementation of the CAP Update; and WHEREAS, on Jan. 30, 2024, the City Council certified the Supplemental Environmental Impact Report for the General Plan Land Use and Community Design Element and Public Safety Element (EIR 2022-0007); and
WHEREAS, an addendum to EIR 2022 -0007 was prepared and indicated no significant environmental impacts would occur as a result of implementing the Climate Action Plan Update; and WHEREAS, the city posted a public draft of the CAP Update to its website on July 8, 2024; and WHEREAS, the City Council recommended changes to the publicly posted Draft CAP Update that still exceeded the 2045 reduction target, but by a different amount from what is included in the publicly posted draft; and
WHEREAS, these changes would be to exclude Measure E -.4.2, Residential Building Energy – Updated Reach Code, which would mean the CAP Update would exceed the 2045 reduction target by approximately 4,000 MT CO
2e; and
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 19 of 637
WHEREAS, amending the proposed project to remove Measure E -4 .2 is consistent with the environmental analysis. The addendum to EIR 2022-0007 considered the impact of including Measure E-4.2 and concluded that there were no significant environmental impacts that would occur as a result of implementing the measure . Removing Measure E-4.2 would not create any substantial or net new impacts, and it would not increase the severity of any impacts which have been evaluated by the addendum to the EIR.

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the City Council of the City of Carlsbad, California, as follows:

1. That the above recitations are true and correct.

2. That based on the evidence presented at the public hearing, the City Council adopts a Climate Action Plan Update as amended from the publicly posted draft, excluding Measure E-4.2 (Residential Building Energy – Updated Reach Code), which would exceed the 2045 reduction target by approximately 4,000 MT CO2e.

PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED at a Regular Meeting of the City Council of the City of Carlsbad on the __ day of ________, 2024, by the following vote, to wit:

AYES:

NAYS:

ABSTAIN:

A R

ESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF CARLSBAD,

CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE PUBLICLY POSTED DRAFT CLIMATE ACTION PLAN UPDATE, WHICH WOULD EXCEED THE 2045 REDUCTION TARGET BY APPROXIMATELY 6,000 MT CO2E
WHEREAS, the City of Carlsbad was one of the first cities in the county to adopt a qualified Climate Action Plan , or CAP, that outlined strategies and policies to reduce greenhouse gas, or GHG, emissions; and
WHEREAS, since then, communitywide GHG inventories and statewide targets have been updated, presenting the opportunity for the city to update its CAP and further pursue the community’s goal of promoting a sustainable environment; and
WHEREAS, the purpose of the CAP Update is to describe how GHG emissions within the City of Carlsbad will be reduced in accordance with state targets; and WHEREAS, the city prepared a 2016 GHG inventory and forecast to inform the CAP Update; and WHEREAS, based on the 2016 inventory, emissions forecasts, and suite of reduction measures, the statewide reduction targets for 2035, derived from Senate Bill 32, and 2045, derived from Assembly Bill 1279, can be met through implementation of the CAP Update; and WHEREAS, on Jan. 30, 2024, the City Council certified the Supplemental Environmental Impact Report for the General Plan Land Use and Community Design Element and Public Safety Element (EIR 2022-0007); and
WHEREAS, an addendum to EIR 2022 -0007 was prepared and indicated no significant environmental impacts would occur as a result of implementing the CAP Update; and WHEREAS, the city posted a public draft of the CAP Update to its website on July 8, 2024 (Attachment A).

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED by the City Council of the City of Carlsbad, California, as follows:

1. That the above recitations are true and correct.

2. That based on the evidence presented at the public hearing, the City Council adopts the publicly posted draft of the CAP Update, Attachment A.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 21 of 637
PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED at a Regular Meeting of the City Council of the City of C
arlsbad on the __ day of ________, 2024, by the following vote, to wit:

AYES:

NAYS:

ABSTAIN:

CITY OF CARLSBAD
Climate Action Plan
July 2024
Prepared for:

City of Carlsbad
Prepared by:

Ascent Environmental, Inc. dba Ascent
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 24 of 637
{city of
Carlsbad
~EPIC

ENERGY POLICY I NITIATIVES CENTER

UNIVERS ITY OF SAN DIEGO SCHOOL OF LAW
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update i
Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Overview.............................................. 1-2

1.2 Climate Regulatory Framework ........................................................................................ 1-3

1.3 Planning Process .............................................................................................................. 1-4

1.4 City Plans and Policies ...................................................................................................... 1-5

1.5 California Environmental Quality Act Streamlining .......................................................... 1-5

1.6 How to Read This Plan ...................................................................................................... 1-7 CHAPTER 2. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY, FORECASTS, AND TARGETS

2.1 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory ..................................................................... 2-2

2.2 Business-as-Usual Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecasts ................................................. 2-4

2.3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets ................................................................................. 2-5

2.4 Greenhouse Gas Reductions from Federal and State Actions .......................................... 2-6 Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency Standards ......................................................... 2-6 California Energy Efficiency Programs .............................................................................. 2-7 Renewables Portfolio Standard ........................................................................................ 2-7 Clean Energy, Jobs, and Affordability Act of 2022 ............................................................ 2-7 California Solar Policy, Programs and Mandates .............................................................. 2-7

2.5 Local Greenhouse Gas Emissions Gap .............................................................................. 2-7 CHAPTER 3. GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION STRATEGIES AND MEASURES

3.1 Overview .......................................................................................................................... 3-1

3.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Quantification Analysis ........................................ 3-2

3.3 Detailed Strategies and Measures .................................................................................... 3-4 Water & Wastewater ....................................................................................................... 3-8 Energy .......................................................................................................................... 3-12 Solid Waste..................................................................................................................... 3- 23 Transportation................................................................................................................ 3- 26 Off-Road ......................................................................................................................... 3-39 Carbon Sequestration..................................................................................................... 3-43 CHAPTER 4. IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING

4.1 Implementation Strategy ................................................................................................. 4-1

4.2 California Environmental Quality Act Streamlining .......................................................... 4-2

4.3 Monitoring and Reporting ................................................................................................ 4-2 CHAPTER 5. WORKS CITED
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 25 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update ii
Appendices
Appendix A: Glossary
Appendix B: List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Appendix C: GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Targets Documentation and GHG Reduction Measures Quantification
Appendix D: Public Input Summaries
Appendix E: Implementation Cost Analysis
Appendix F: CAP Update Consistency Checklist
Figures
Figure 2.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Carlsbad (2016) .......................................................... 2-3 Figure 2.2 Examples of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Equivalencies ............................................. 2-4 Figure 2.3 Business-as-Usual Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecasts .......................................... 2-5 Figure 2.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions and Targets.................................................. 2-8 Figure 3.1 Structure of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures ........................... 3-2 Figure 3.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions by Measure Type (2035) ............................. 3-5 Figure 3.3 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions by Measure Type (2045) ............................. 3-6

Tables
Table 2.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Carlsbad (2016) .......................................................... 2-3 Table 2.2 Business-as-Usual Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecasts and Reduction Targets...... 2-6 Table 2.3 2035 and 2045 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions and “Gap” ........................... 2-8 Table 3.1 Summary of 2035 and 2045 Emissions Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Reduction Measures .................................................................................................. 3-2 Table 3.2 2035 and 2045 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions and Targets ......................... 3-4

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 26 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update iii
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
The City of Carlsbad’s Climate Action Plan Update was made possible with the contributions of many.

While hundreds of Carlsbad residents, businesses , advocates, and other local partners committed their time and effort, a special thanks is made to the efforts of the following.

City Council
Mayor Keith Blackburn
Mayor Pro Tem Priya Bhat -Patel, District 3
Council Member Melanie Burkholder, District 1
Council Member Carolyn Luna, District 2
Council Member Teresa Acosta, District 4
City of Carlsbad Staff
Thank you to the numerous city staff who contributed their time and effort to the Climate Action Plan Update, with special recognition to the following teams:

City Attorney’s Office
City Manager’s Office
Community Development Department
Communication & Engagement Department
Construction Management and Inspection
Department
Environmental Sustainability Department
Finance Department
Fleet & Facilities Department
Human Resources Department
Innovation & Economic Development Department
Intergovernmental Affairs Department
Parks & Recreation Department
Transportation Department
Utilities Department
Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC) –
University of San Diego
Scott Anders, Director
Nilmini Silva-Send, PhD, Associate Director
Yichao Gu, Senior Policy Analyst
Xiaodan Chen, PhD, Technical Policy Analyst II

Ascent Environmental, Inc.

Poonam Boparai, Principal
Andrew Beecher, Senior Climate Action Planner
Matt Gelbman, Senior Urban Planner
John Steponick, Climate Adaptation Analyst
Natalie Kataoka, Climate Action Analyst
Corey Alling, Communications Specialist
Gayiety Lane, Senior Publishing Specialist
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 27 of 637

Climate Action Plan Update

To support California’s ambitious emissions reduction goals, in 2015, the City of Carlsbad was one of the first cities in the county to adopt a Climate Action Plan that outlined strategies and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in a measurable way.

Since 2015, state targets have been updated, and the city has more current information about the amount of greenhouse gas emissions generated by different sources in Carlsbad. The Climate Action Plan Update reflects the most recent data and legislation.

Climate action plans are comprehensive roadmaps that outline the specific activities that a government agency will undertake to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These plans typically include:

• Specific city-sponsored initiatives and actions that the city controls directly, such as operations at city buildings and the types of cars in the city’s fleet.

• Policies to direct, guide or influence actions of third parties, such as a requirement to recycle food scraps and energy efficiency standards for new building construction.

Greenhouse gas reduction measures
The Climate Action Plan Update includes 25 measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, grouped into six categories or “strategies.” These measures align the city with the State of California’s targets while also addressing the specific needs of the Carlsbad community, including low-income and historically disadvantaged communities.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 28 of 637

ENERGY WATER WASTE

DIVERSION

TRANSPORTATION OFF-ROAD

EQUIPMENT
CARBON

SEQUESTRATION
Climate Action Plan
Executive Summary 2
Greenhouse gas emissions in Carlsbad
An updated greenhouse gas emissions analysis informed the Climate Action Plan Update and greenhouse reduction measures. This analysis included a 2016 inventory covering all greenhouse gas emissions-generating activities in Carlsbad.

Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are often called “greenhouse gases,” or GHGs. Burning fossil fuels generates greenhouse gas emissions, like carbon dioxide and methane, which contribute to climate change.

How are greenhouse gases generated in Carlsbad?
Greenhouse gas emissions typically come from the following actions:
• The operation of city offices, community centers, libraries and other buildings • Energy to operate streetlights and traffic signals
• Energy required to pump water to homes and businesses • Energy required to pump wastewater from homes and businesses to the treatment plant, plus the energy to treat and dispose of the wastewater
• Vehicles, such as fire trucks, police cars, utility trucks and cars • Equipment like bulldozers, skip loaders and excavators • Power generation for homes and businesses
• Energy needed to collect and process trash, recycling and organics

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 29 of 637
Electricity, 27%
Natural gas, 14%
Other vehicles/ equipment, 30/o
Solid waste, 40/o
Water treatment/delivery, 1 %
Wastewater treatment, 0.30%
Transportation (on roads/streets), 510/o
Climate Action Plan
Executive Summary 3
Greenhouse gas reduction targets
California state laws set targets for greenhouse gas emission reductions. The city’s Climate Action Plan Update outlines measures to achieve these reduction targets.

The Climate Action Plan Update outlines strategies and measures to achieve the following greenhouse gas emission reductions:
• 50% below 2016 emissions by 2035
• 85%
below 2016 levels by 2045

Tracking the city’s p rogress
To track Climate Action Plan Update progress, the city will collect data to measure the success of the greenhouse gas reduction measures and report this information annually, along with any greenhouse gas inventory updates.

Help Carlsbad a chieve its goals
The success of the Climate Action Plan Update relies on the participation of all community members.

Visit carlsbadca.gov/cap to learn about easy and cost-effective ways residents and businesses can reduce their carbon footprint.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 30 of 637
100% ... 1,000,000 s:::

Q,J
900,000 !'Cl
.2: 800,000 :::I
C"' 700,000 Q,J
"' 600,000 0 u 500,000 Ill
s::: 400,000 0 ...
u 300,000 'i: ... 200,000 Q,J
::?i 100,000
0 2016 2035 2045
- Carlsbad GHG emissions GHG emissions target
through Climate Action Plan implementation

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 1-1
1 Introduction
The City of Carlsbad (city) strives to provide a clean and safe environment for residents, workers and visitors by protecting natural resources and facing the challenge of climate change head on . With these goals in mind, Carlsbad has become a regional leader in climate action with early and sustained efforts to reduce its contribution to climate change . This Climate Action Plan Update (CAP Update) serves to continue and elevate this commitment by realigning its climate action policies with the most recent technological advancements , best practices and state legislation.

The CAP Update contains strategies to reduce local greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and streamline environmental review of future development projects in the c ity in accordance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) such that new development is designed and built following sustainable practices . This is the city’s second comprehensive CAP, following the original CAP , which was adopted in September 2015 and then amended in May 2020 . This document is hereafter referred to as the “CAP Update” and is understood to supersede the existing CAP once adopted. CAP Update strategies reflect the goals and policies of the c ity’s General Plan, addressing topics such as increasing energy efficiency, expanding bicycle and pedestrian infrastructure and achieving solid waste reduction.

The CAP Update also supports the city’s Community Vision, most notably the “Sustainability” Core Value1.

Development of the CAP Update allowed the city to reassess its near- and long-term targets for reducing local GHG emissions. The GHG emissions inventory, presented in Chapter 2, illustrates the sources of all citywide GHG emissions and was used to target areas where strategies for GHG reduction were most needed and could have the greatest impact. These GHG emissions reduction strategies are necessary to prevent the acceleration of global warming and the worsening of climate -related events, as well as to align with the goals of the State of California and the Paris Agreement 2. As a commitment to reducing its GHG emissions and to remain consistent with state legislation, the city has identified GHG reduction targets for the years 2035 and 2045 that align with the state’s GHG reduction targets codified by Senate Bill (SB) 32 and Assembly Bill (AB) 1279. These GHG reduction targets are discussed in more detail in Chapter 2.

1 See here for further background on the city’s Community Vision: https://www.carlsbadca.gov/residents/community-vision. 2 The primary goal of the Paris Agreement is to keep “a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius (i.e., 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius (i.e., 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit)” (UN Climate Change n.d.)
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 31 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 1-2

1.1 Climate Change and G reenhouse Gas Emissions Overview As California continues to experience rising temperatures, increasingly volatile severe storms, intense drought, and other devastating climate impacts, it is evident that the effects of global climate change are already occurring. The impacts of climate change across the state will vary due to California’s diverse biophysical setting, climate, and community characteristics . However, even modest changes in temperature and precipitation regimes could have significant effects on the state’s ecosystems (OPR, CEC, and CNRA 2018). At a regional level, the average annual temperature in San Diego County is projected to continue increasing steadily over time, with short er wet seasons and greater fluctuations in year-to-year precipitation ( CEC 2024). These projected climatic changes can directly and adversely impact community members, natural resources, critical facilities, buildings, services and infrastructure across the city (City of Carlsbad 2023).

The science behind climate change is related to the greenhouse effect, which is a natural process that insulates the Earth and helps regulate its temperature due to the presence of GHGs in the atmosphere.

Metaphorically, GHGs, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O),
act as a blanket surrounding our planet and are necessary to sustain life on Earth—without them, temperatures would be much colder, leaving Earth unsuitable to sustain human life. However, even though the greenhouse effect is a necessary, natural process, it has become exacerbated by human activities, notably through the burning of fossil fuels. These human activities are continuing to release an excess amount of GHGs into the atmosphere that have caused the Earth’s climate to warm at an unprecedented rate (i.e., climate change), which has already been proven to have dire consequences around the world.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 32 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 1-3
Carlsbad will continue to experience the effects of climate change and is highly vulnerable to the same hazards present throughout San Diego County due to its coastal location and dry climate (City of Carlsbad 2023). The annual average maximum temperature is predicted to increase by at least 3.2 degrees Fahrenheit over the next 30 years (City Carlsbad 2023; CEC 2024). Future drought conditions will continue to exacerbate the threat of wildfire and contribute to slope instability following periods of heavy rain (County of San Diego 2022). Along the Carlsbad coast, the sea level is expected to rise at least one foot by 2050, with an increase of at least six feet by 2100 due to rising temperatures across the globe and ocean thermal expansion coupled with melting ice (City of Carlsbad, 2023). Populations that are most affected by these hazards include but are not limited to those who are socially vulnerable, indigenous, chronically ill, disabled, children, elders, pregnant and workers who labor outdoors or are in emergency response professions (EPA 2023). Carlsbad has also identified strategies to aid people experiencing homelessn ess, which remains a particularly vulnerable population (City of Carlsbad 2022). As climate change continues to increase the frequency and severity of climate hazards, Carlsbad remains committed to reducin g its emissions , as evidenced by this CAP Update.

1.2 Climate Regulatory Framework
Since the adoption of the original CAP, new federal and state legislation has been adopted to both strengthen commitments to and implement regulations to support reducing GHG emissions . Recently, federal climate legislation has targeted vehicle emissions via updates to the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) Standards and the Renewable Fuel Standard Program. President Biden issued Executive Order (EO) 13990 , “Protecting Public Health and the Environment and Restoring Science to Tackle the Climate Crisis, ” in January 2021, directing executive departments and agencies to confront the climate crisis. A few months later, the In frastructure Investment and Jobs Act, also known as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Act, promised long -term investment toward tackling the climate crisis. In 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act, committing federal investment in GHG reduction strategies and setting a target to reduce GHG emissions by roughly 40 percent below 2005 levels by 2030.

At the state level, even more aggressive GHG reduction targets have been adopted since Carlsbad’s first CAP was adopted in 2015 . AB 32 was signed into law in 2006, which codified the first statewide GHG reduction target of reducing statewide emissions below 1990 levels by 2020. The AB 32 target served as the basis for Carlsbad’s reduction targets in 2015 CAP. California surpassed the AB 32 target of reducing GHG emissions to 1990 levels with its reported statewide 2016 inventory (CARB 2020). In September 2016, SB 32 codified into statute a GHG reduction target of 40 percent below 1990 emissions levels by 2030; this target was first incorporated into the city’s CAP through the 2020 amendment. More recently, AB 1279, signed in September 2022, established a state wide target of reducing GHG emissions by 85 percent below 1990 levels no later than 2045 and achieving net zero emissions through carbon dioxide removal . AB 1279 is a key reason for Carlsbad’s CAP Update, and the city intends to reach the 85 percent reduction target by 2045 established by the legislation . As further described in Chapter 2, the s tate’s plan to achieve net zero emissions by 2045 relies on carbon removal through natural and mechanical means, which is not feasible at scale for local jurisdictions , including Carlsbad.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 33 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 1-4

1.3 Planning Process
The CAP Update is intended to
build upon the successes of the
original CAP while reflecting the
needs and goals of the Carlsbad
community. The planning
process for the CAP Update was
collaborative and iterative and
allowed stakeholders to provide
informed input on their vision for
Carlsbad. Data from the city’s
GHG emissions inventory and
CAP Annual Reports were used
to provide a clear picture of
successes and challenges in
the past.

Climate Action Plan Annual Reports
Since the adoption of the original CAP, the city has completed the implementation of 16 measures, or nearly half of all measures included in the CAP. The successes and challenges with each measure from the original CAP are included in the CAP Annual Reports, which are published annually , with the most recent being the seventh report published in April 2024. The CAP Annual Reports provide d a data- informed decision-making tool highlighting how existing GHG reduction measures could be modified to achieve further success and identifying target areas for new GHG reduction measures as part of the CAP Update.

Public Engagement
Throughout the CAP Update process, the city has conducted extensive and targeted outreach to engage as many community members as possible and ensure that the planning process is inclusive and representative of various needs and viewpoints. The city conducted two phases of outreach for the CAP Update, with the first phase focused on receiving input on broader environmental sustainability needs and priorities, and the second phase focused on receiving more targeted feedback on the GHG reduction measures being considered.

The city conducted a variety of public engagement activities, reaching a wide range of audiences and striving to ensure the format of participation was accessible. This included virtual workshops, online surveys, stakeholder interviews, tabling or speaking at community events, hosting informational booth s and soliciting feedback from the City Council. It was important to the city to engage with underrepresented communities to ensure the CAP Update would reflect the interests and meet the needs of all of Carlsbad . Intentional stakeholder engagement was crucial to th e development of the CAP Update; feedback from stakeholders informed the climate action planning process and the incorporation of equity was central to the city’s considerations. A detailed summary of the feedback received and the community engagement efforts undertaken by the city is provided in Appendix E.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 34 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 1-5

1.4 City Plans and Policies
The CAP Update is just one document adopted by the City of Carlsbad address ing climate change. The CAP Update works concurrently with several other plans and policies . In tandem with the identification of GHG reduction targets and measures included in the CAP, the city has developed plans that assist in the implementation of these actions. The Five Year Strategic Plan , adopted in 2021, is one such document that prioritizes where the city will dedicate its resources within five core areas , one of which is sustainability and the natural environment . This CAP Update is a deliverable of the Five Year Strategic Plan. The city’s 2021 Climate Emergency Declaration doubles down on the Five Year Strategic Plan and emphasizes the urgency of addressing climate change under which the CAP Update is being developed. 2015 CAP and 2020 CAP Amendment #1
The city’s original CAP was developed in 2015 in response to AB 32 and the increasing severity of climate events. As statewide targets were adjusted, the city adapted its CAP and GHG reduction targets accordingly. On July 14, 2020, the City Council approved CAP Amendment No. 1 to revise the GHG inventory, reduction targets , and forecast, update calculations for existing measures , remove measures that were superseded by legislative and technology changes, and incorporate community choice energy as a new reduction measure. This was partially influenced by the publication of the 2017 California Air Resources Board (CARB) Climate Change Scoping Plan and the 2018 San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG) Regional Climate Action Planning Framework (ReCAP). Both documents included new guidance on calculating GHG reduction targets. The amended CAP contains a 2012 GHG inventory, requiring the recalculation of 2020 and 2035 emissions reduction targets , the business-as- usual (BAU) forecast, state and federal emissions reductions, and local reductions needed to reach the updated reduction targets . The BAU forecast assumed no additional actions to reduce GHG emissions occur after 2016 ( the updated baseline inventory year), providing an assessment of how Carlsbad’s GHG emissions would change with future growth .

Climate Emergency Resolution
In 2021, the City Council signed a declaration of a climate emergency. The Climate Emergency Resolution is an acknowledgment of how climate change is affecting the community and stresses the urgency with which the city needs to act to address these impacts. The reduction of GHG emissions not only decreases Carlsbad’s contributions to global warming, but it also has benefits for the health of its residents and its economy. The city’s commitment to items such as promoting electric vehicles and infrastructure, investing in green technologies and research, and continuing to educate private and public entities are demonstrated in this CAP Update.

City of Carlsbad Five-Year Strategic Plan
In 2021, the City Council adopted a Five-Year Strategic Plan to focus its resources on community and Council goals. The following strategic goals support the Carlsbad Community Vision: community character, quality of life and safety, sustainability and the natural environment, economic vitality, and organizational excellence and fiscal health. Each goal is categorized by objectives, projects and service commitments. The first strategic objective within the sustainability and the natural environment section is completing a CAP Update to address the ongoing impacts of climate change.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 35 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 1-6

1.5 California Environmental Quality Act Streamlining
The CAP Update will continue to serve as a resource for CEQA streamlining, per the provisions of s tate CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5. Under these provisions, a project that is subject to discretionary review and is consistent with the city’s 2021-2029 Housing Element Update growth projections can streamline its GHG analysis under CEQA by demonstrating consistency with applicable GHG reduction measures in the CAP Update. The CAP Update serves to fulfill mitigation measure GHG-1 of the Housing Element Implementation and Public Safety Element Update Supplemental Environmental Impact Report (SEIR), with the CAP Update GHG reduction target synchronized with the SEIR. The city has also considered the potential environmental impacts of the CAP Update with an addendum to the Housing Element Implementation and Public Safety Element Update Supplemental SEIR .

Streamlined projects fulfill the city’s strategic approach to environmental sustainability, expediting environmental review while meeting the demand for green development. New development constructed in compliance with CAP Update GHG reduction measures further supports a variety of General Plan strate gies. Strategies that are aligned between the CAP Update and the General Plan include mixed-use development, higher density infill development and increasing energy efficiency.

The CAP Update Consistency Checklist (see Appendix F) is used to demonstrate consistency with the CAP Update and ensure that the specified emissions targets identified in the CAP Update are achieved.

A project’s incremental contribution to cumulative GHG emissions may be determined not to be cumulatively considerable based on consistency with forecasts used in the CAP Update and its GHG reduction measures.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 36 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 1-7

1.6 How to Read This Plan
Purpose
To reduce GHG emissions in line with statewide goals and targets, the City of Carlsbad continues to identify areas in which it can take greater action. This CAP Update includes updated measures and actions that outline where emissions reductions are necessary to achieve its updated GHG reduction targets. Tracking the progress of emissions reductions via quantifiable metrics and detailed implementation steps is one way the city can provide transparency in its efforts to prevent the acceleration of climate change. These efforts will ultimately increase Carlsbad’s resiliency in the face of climate impacts.

Organization and Style
The CAP Update is organized into four chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the purpose of the CAP Update, its development, and how it fits in with existing climate legislation. Chapter 2 contains the c ity’s GHG emissions inventory, forecast of future emissions in the c ity, and GHG reduction targets. GHG reduction strategies, measures, actions and other data and details are included in Chapter 3, organized into six strategies: (1) water & wastewater; (2) energy; (3) solid waste; (4) transportation; (5) off-road equipment; and (6) carbon sequestration. Chapter 4 provides a framework for implementing and monitoring the CAP and includes guidance for future climate action planning efforts. Lastly, Chapter 5 includes works cited.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 37 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 1-8
Co-Benefits
While the CAP Update is primarily geared toward reducing GHG emissions and addressing climate change-related vulnerabilities within the city , it will also result in numerous environmental, economic, and social “co -benefits” to residents, workers and visitors. Co -benefits result from the implementation of CAP Update actions and are additional valuable outcomes that are not the primary intent of GHG reduction measures , such as improvements to local air quality and water supply, increases in local green jobs and cost savings, and benefits to public health and improved mobility options. For example, in addition to reducing GHG emissions, implementation of an action to encourage the installation of solar panels on buildings will reduce GHG emissions, but it will also provide the co -benefit of financial savings to building owners through reduced energy costs and increase d resiliency against grid outages during extreme weather events.

Co-benefits identified in this CAP Update include air pollution prevention, benefits to health and well- being, increased reliability of critical infrastructure and services, enhancement of community character, job development and resource preservation .

Equity
The city understands the importance of equity, especially in the context of climate change, and will work to ensure that all members of the community experience the benefits that result from CAP Update implementation. Because of that, equity considerations were included in the development of GHG reduction measures, where applicable (see Chapter 3 for more details). The city also strove to reach a wide audience, especially underrepresented groups, to solicit input on the CAP Update.

However, the equity consi derations included in this CAP Update should serve only as a starting point in promoting equity within the city. Further analyses and additional efforts are needed to ensure that benefits are accessible and distributed equitably.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 38 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 2-1
2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and
Targets
An important component of c limate action planning is the data-informed process of understanding how greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are generated in the City of Carlsbad (city) and how they are expected to change with future growth . This process, which is known as preparing a GHG emissions inventory, is the accounting of emissions generating activities (such as vehicle travel and energy use) within a jurisdiction’s boundary to demonstrate its overall contribution to climate change . A series of questions can be answered from a GHG inventory to assist in the climate action planning process, including:
 What are the GHG emissions sources in the city from smallest to largest?  How might GHG emissions change in the future with growth and as a result of state and federal regulations?
 How do the city’s GHG emissions compare to the reduction targets informed by state legislation?  What is within the city’s control to reduce local GHG emissions? This information is even more
impactful when GHG emissions
inventories are performed
regularly over time, as they allow
the city to monitor how GHG
emissions are changing as GHG
reduction measures are
implemented.

This chapter presents the
technical basis for th e Climate
Action Plan Update (CAP Update).

It includes an overview of
Carlsbad’s 2016 GHG emissions
inventory, how future GHG
emissions may change (i.e., GHG
emissions forecasts), and city -
specific GHG reduction targets
that align with state legislation.

Technical methods are elaborated
further in Appendix C.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 39 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 2-2

2.1 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
Generally, community GHG emissions inventor ies identify the sources, activities, and sectors that generate emissions from activities within a jurisdiction and the relative contributions of each. Several community inventories have been prepared for the city since the original CAP, providing a detailed accounting of the sources and quantities of GHG emissions generated from activities within the community over time. This CAP Update uses 2016 as the baseline year for its GHG inventory, which provides a snapshot of GHG emissions and may influence related policy decisions to reduce emissions .

The GHG inventory was prepared in accordance with the U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Community Protocol), developed by the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI). The California Air Resources Board (CARB) advises local governments to utilize the Community Protocol for GHG emissions assessment s and climate action planning processes . Methods based on the Community Protocol were modified with reg ional- or city- specific data when available.

The three primary GHGs considered in the city’s GHG inventory are carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane
(CH4), and nitrous oxide (N 2O). Emissions of these gases we re converted to a comparable unit by multiplying each non- CO2 gas by its global warming potential (GWP), which enables the reporting of emissions in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2e). For example, CH4 is 25 times more potent than CO2 over a 100-year time period. This conversion allows consideration of all gases in comparable terms and makes it easier to communicate how various sources and types of GHG emissions contribute to climate change. GHG e missions are reported in metric tons of CO 2e (MTCO2e), the standard
measurement for the amounts of GHG emissions created and released into the atmosphere , using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) F ourth Assessment Report GWP values.

The basic calculation for estimating GHG emissions involves two primary inputs: activity data and emissions factors. Activity data refers to the amount of GHG emission generating activities that occur within the city boundary, while emissions factors are the amount of GHG emissions that are produced for each of these activities. Emissions factors are applied to activity data (i.e., the two values are multiplied) to estimate GHG emissions.

The results of the 2016 GHG emissions inventory show that total emissions for the city equal 981,000 MTCO
2e. Emissions from on -road transportation, which include s fossil fuel (e.g., gasoline and diesel) combustion in vehicles, accounted for approximately 51 percent of community emissions. The second largest sector in 2016 was electricity, which contributed approximately 27 percent of community GHG emissions, with the natural gas sector representing 14 percent of the c ity’s emissions. Solid waste and off-road transportation (e.g., light commercial equipment, lawn and garden equipment, construction equipment) accounted for four percent and three percent, respectively, and water contributed one percent of the total emissions. Wastewater contributed less than one percent of the total emissions.

Figure 2.1 and Table 2.1 provide a summary of the city’s GHG emissions inventory results.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 40 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 2-3

Notes: Percentages are rounded to the nearest whole percentage and may not add up to 100 percent due to rounding; % = percent.

Source: EPIC 2023.

Figure 2.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Carlsbad (2016)

Table 2.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Carlsbad (2016)
Sector GHG Emissions (MTCO 2e) Percent of Total
On-Road Transportation1 502,000 51%
Electricity 269,000 27%
Natural Gas 133,000 14%
Solid Waste 35,000 4%
Off-Road Transportation 31,000 3%
Water 8,000 1%
Wastewater 3,000 <1%
Total 981,000 100%
Notes: GHG emissions are rounded to the nearest thousand, and percentages are rounded to the nearest whole percentage. All table values were calculated before being rounded, and individual values may not add up to totals due to rounding. < = less than; % = percent; GHG = greenhouse gas; MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. 1 2016 vehicle miles traveled data is from SANDAG’s activity-based model (ABM2+), No Build Dataset 41 (DS 41) base year.

Source: EPIC 2023.

On-Road
Transportation
51%
Electricity
27%
Natural Gas
14%
Solid Waste
4%
Off-Road
Transportation
3%
Water
1% Wastewater

0.3%
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 41 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 2-4
As shown in Figure 2.2, community emissions in 2016 of 981,000 MTCO 2e are equivalent to using 110 million gallons of gasoline or driving 218,000 passenger vehicles continuously for one year. It is also equivalent to 48, 000 garbage trucks of waste recycled instead of landfilled and 12 4,000 homes’ electricity use for one year (EPA 2024).

Source: EPA 2024; adapted by Ascent in 2024.

Figure 2.2 Examples of G reenhouse Gas Emissions Equivalencies

2.2 Business -as-Usual Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecast s A business-as-usual (BAU) GHG emissions forecast provides an estimate of how GHG emissions in Carlsbad may change in the future with no further action taken to reduce GHG emissions beyond 2016.

This BAU scenario provides an emissions trajectory that shows how the implementation of federal, state, and local action s may affect future GHG emissions after accounting for expected growth in the city. In short, the BAU forecast was developed by scaling the 2016 GHG emissions inventory with forecasted growth in population, housing units, and jobs. More detail on methods for developing the BAU forecast is available in Ap pendix C. The results of the BAU forecast estimate GHG emissions in the city to increase steadily by 43,000 MTCO2e, or four percent, above 2016 levels by 2045. A summary of the results of the BAU for ecast is provided in Figure 2. 3, with further detail available in Appendix C.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 42 of 637
'
110 million
gallons
of gasoline consumed
48 thousand
garbage trucks
of waste recycled instead of landfilled
~
218 thousand
passenger vehicles
driving continuously for one year
124 thousand
households
electricity use for one year

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 2-5

Notes: MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Source: EPIC 2023.

Figure 2.3 Business -as-Usual Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecasts

2.3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Targets
A core component of a CAP is establishing GHG reduction targe ts to determine the level of effort needed for GHG reduction measures and actions. The CAP Update targets were developed to align with the statewide GHG reduction targets established by Senate Bill (SB) 32 and A ssembly Bill (AB) 1279. As directed in SB 32 and AB 1279, the state aims to reduce annual GHG emissions to:
 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 and
 85 percent below 1990 levels by 2045, with net-zero emissions achieved through carbon dioxide removal.

While state legislative targets are based on 1990 statewide GHG emissions levels, Carlsbad, like most jurisdictions in California, does not have an emissions inventory from the year 1990 and must apply a more recent inventory to 1990 levels using statewide GHG emissions data. In 2016, the state’s GHG emissions inventory showed that total statewide GHG emissions levels were nearly equivalent to 1990 levels (CARB 2019). As such, it is reasonable to assume that local GHG emissions have evolved on a similar trend. Estimating equivalent reductions needed from the 2016 baseline, the city aims to reduce emissions to:
 50 percent below 2016 levels by 2035 (aligned with and extrapolated from SB 32), and  85 percent below 2016 levels by 2045 (aligned with AB 1279).

A 2035 target year was chose n to maintain consistency with the city’s General Plan buildout year and to be on a GHG emissions tra jectory consistent with SB 32.

The city’s approach to GHG reduction targets for this CAP Update is focused on a reduction in anthropogenic emissions within its influence and control. A net -zero GHG goal for the year 2045 is not 981,000 993,000 1,024,000
0 200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
2016 2035 2045
Greenhouse Gas Emissions (MTCO2e) Wastewater
Water
Off-Road Transportation
Solid Waste
Natural Gas
Electricity
On-Road Transportation
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 43 of 637
■
■
■
■
■
■
■

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 2-6
feasible for Carlsbad based on local conditions and the current state and cost- effectiveness of available technologies. The state’s strategy for meeting the AB 1279 target, as outlined in the 2022 Climate Change Scoping Plan, indicates that net- zero emissions would be achieved through CO2 removal through both carbon sequestration in natural lands and mechanical carbon capture and storage technologies (CARB 2022). Because Carlsbad does not have the ability to substa ntially increase carbon sequestration on na tural lands to the levels required to offset all emissions (due to factors such as topography and lack of remaining open space) and does not have the geologic conditions needed for geologic carbon storage ( DOC 2024). Additionally, CO 2 removal and carbon capture and storage technologies are being evaluated by the state, and it is not feasible for local jurisdictions, including Carlsbad, to scale these mechanical solutions independently to achieve net-zero GHG emissions by 2045. As the CAP Update is implemented and more guidance is available from state agencies, the city will reassess the applicability and feasibility of a net- zero goal and update the CAP as appropriate.

The city’s reduction targets require GHG emissions to be reduced to 490,000 MTCO2e in 2035, and to 147,000 MTCO2e in 2045, as shown in Table 2.2 below . Achievement of the 2045 target will require significant investments at the state and local levels to transform the transportation and energy sectors to low- and zero-carbon.

Table 2.2 B usiness-as-Usual Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecasts and Reduction Targets Year BAU GHG Emissions
Forecasts1 (MTCO2e)
Reduction Targets (Percent
Below 2016 Baseline)
Reduction Targets
(MTCO2e)
2016 981,000 — —
2035 993,000 50% 490,000
2045 1,024,000 85% 147,000
Notes: GHG emissions forecasts and reduction targets are rounded to the nearest thousand; % = percent; BAU = business-as-usual; GHG = greenhouse gas; MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. 1 BAU GHG emissions forecasts provide an estimate of how GHG emissions may change in the future with no further action taken to reduce emissions beyond a baseline year—which, in this instance, is 2016.

Source: EPIC 2023.

2.4 Greenhouse Gas Reductions from Federal and State Actions Reductions in communitywide GHG emissions in Carlsbad are expected to occur because of adopted local, state, and federal regulations. A legislatively adjusted emissions forecast that includes federal and state actions provides the city with the information needed to focus efforts on certain emissions sectors and sources that have the most GHG reduction opportunities and where the city has high control and/or influence .

Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency Standards
Fuel efficiency standards result in an increase in vehicle efficiency over time. This ha s a significant impact on GHG emissions because as vehicles use less fuel and use fuel more efficiently, they release fewer GHG emissions. CARB’s Mobile Source Emissions Inventory EMFAC2021 model , used to estimate emissions from on -road vehicles, includes most key federal and state regulations related to tailpipe GHG emissions reductions for both light- duty and heavy-duty vehicles that were in place through 2020.

The model incorporate s federal legislation , such as the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, in addition to state legislation, such as the Pavley regulation , which regulates the GHG Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 44 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 2-7
emissions of new passenger vehicles . Predicted emissions reductions from the Advanced Clean Cars II regulations 1 are also included in the legislatively adjusted forecast.

California Energy Efficiency Programs
In September 2017, the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) adopted energy efficiency goals for ratepayer-funded energy efficiency programs (Decision 17 -09-025); these went into effect in 2018.

The adopted energy saving goals for San Diego Gas & Electric’s ( SDG&E’s) service territory are given in the Decision on an annual basis from 2018 to 2030. The sources of energy savings include but are not limited to, rebated technologies, building retrofits, behavior -based initiatives, and codes and standard s.

Renewables Portfolio Standard
SB 100, the 100 Percent Clean Energy Act of 2018, adopts a 60% R enewable Portfolio Standard for all of California’s retail electricity suppliers by 2030. The legislation also provides goals for the intervening years before 2030 and establishes a state policy requiring that “zero -carbon” resources supply 100% of all retail electricity sales to end -user customers and all s tate agencies by December 31, 2045. The interim 2035 target would be to provide 73% renewable electricity.

Clean Energy, Jobs, and Affordability Act of 2022
SB 1020, the Clean Energy, Jobs, and Affordability Act of 2022 , requires that eligible renewable energy and zero-carbon resources supply 100 percent of electricity procured to serve all state agencies by 2035. The legislation also updates the Renewable s Portfolio Standards established by SB 100 to include interim targets in 2035 and 2040 to achieve 90 percent and 95 percent renewably sourced electricity retail sales, respectively.

California Solar Polic ies, Programs and Mandates
California has several policies and programs to encourage customer -owned, behind-the-meter photovoltaic (PV) systems, such as the California Solar Initiative, New Solar Home Partnership, Net Energy Metering, and electricity rate structures designed for solar customers. The latest California 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, which went into effect on Jan uary 1, 2020, require all newly constructed single -family homes, low- rise multi-family homes, and detached accessory dwelling units (ADUs) to have P V systems installed unless the building receives an exception.

2.5 Local Greenhouse Gas Emissions Gap
The city is forecasted to achieve its 2035 GHG emissions reduction target through state and federal legislative measures . However, state and federal regulations alone will not be sufficient to achieve the city’s 2045 target. The city needs to implement additional actions to close the remaining “local emissions gap” and achieve its reduction targets. This “gap” is calculated by subtracting the target emissions value from the forecasted emissions that account for reductions from state and federal actions. By 2045, there is a GHG emissions “gap” of 135,000 MTCO 2e. Since these actions take time, the city needs to begin implementation of the CAP Update as soon as possible.

1 The Advanced Clean Cars II regulations established a target for all new passenger cars, trucks, and sport utility vehicles sold in California to be 100 percent zero-emission vehicles by 2035. See more here: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov /our-work/programs/advanced-clean-cars-program/advanced-clean-cars-ii.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 45 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 2-8
Table 2.3 2035 and 2045 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions and “Gap” Reductions
GHG Emissions (MTCO 2e)
2035 2045
Total BAU GHG Emissions 993,000 1,024,000
CAP Update Reduction Targets 490,000 147,000
Reductions Needed to Meet Target 503,000 877,000
Total Reductions from Federal and State Regulations 525,000 742,000 Target Met? Yes No
Remaining Gap to Target (22,000)1 135,000
Notes: Numeric values are rounded to the nearest thousand. BAU = business-as-usual; CAP Update = Climate Action Plan Update; GHG = greenhouse gas; MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. 1 The 2035 target is projected to be achieved solely by federal and state regulations with a surplus of reductions.

Source: EPIC 2023.

In Figure 2.4, the colored wedges represent the reduction from federal and state actions. Each wedge represents the cumulative GHG reduction from each action . The grey area beneath the colored wedges represents the remaining emissions after all the actions have taken place. This “emissions gap” will be addressed through local GHG reduction measures that are included in Chapter 3 of this CAP Update.

Notes: % = percent; MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Source: EPIC 2023; adapted by Ascent in 2024.

Figure 2.4 G reenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions and Targets Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 46 of 637
1,200,000
1,000,000
~
8 800,000
I-
~
V)
C
0 -~ 600,000
.E
w
V)
"' '£ 400,000
V)
:::,
0 ..c
C
<l>
~
c.!) 200,000
2016 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Year
■ Remaining GHG Emissions Renewables Portfolio Standard ■ California Energy Efficiency Programs ■ California Solar Policies, Programs and Mandates ■ Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency Standards • CAP Update Targets

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-1
3 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures
This chapter presents the strategies and measures that the City of Carlsbad (city) will implement to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and build resilience to the impacts of climate change. These locally based initiatives are organized under six strategies and include descriptions of actions that will be taken for implementation.

3.1 Overview
This Climate Action Plan Update (CAP Update) includes six strategies and 25 measures that will reduce GHG emissions and build resilience to climate impacts in the community (i.e., GHG reduction strategies). The strategies, which are overarching categories or focus areas for reducing GHG emissions, include: (1) water and wastewater ; (2) energy; (3) waste diversion ; (4) transportation; (5) off-road equipment; and (6) carbon sequestration. These strategies are used to organize GHG reduction measures, which are statements that articulate overarching intentions and/or desired outcomes for each strategy. Each measure includes specific implementation actions that define the activities, programs, policies, and/ or projects that the c ity will undertake to implement each measure (see Figure

3.1 for a visual hierarchical display of strategies, measures, and implementation actions for this CAP Update). While the primary purpose of the measures, collectively, is to reduce GHG emissions, many of them will result in additional co-benefits across the city, such as improved public health, improved air and water quality, reduced energy use, and reduced traffic congestion, among others.

The strategies and measures discussed in this chapter were informed by the results of the c ity’s GHG emissions inventor y and forecasts, engagement with the public and stakeholders, feedback from city staff and elected officials, and the best available climate action planning guidance.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 47 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-2

Figure 3.1 Structure of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures

3.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Quantification
Analysis
The city estimated potential GHG emissions reductions associated with all measures as part of this CAP Update. In summary, the total estimated GHG emissions reductions f or all CAP Update measures are approximately 105,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO 2e) in 2035 and 142,000 MTCO2e in 2045. More details can be found in Table 3.1 below, organized by measure, along with the impact of federal and state regulations .

Table 3.1 Summary of 2035 and 2045 Emissions Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Reduction Measures
CAP Update
Strategies
CAP Update Measures & Federal and
State Regulations
GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO 2e)
2035 2045
Transportation
T-1 Traffic Calming & Optimization 1,334 746
T-2 Transportation Demand Management
Program 3,254 8,630
T-3 Safe Routes to School 70 39
T-4 Bikeway System Improvements 566 324
T-5 Pedestrian System Improvements 55 31
T-6 Local Transportation Improvements Not Quantified1 Not Quantified1 T-7 Municipal Transportation Demand
Management 92 51
T-8 Increase Public Zero Emission Vehicle
Infrastructure
Supporting California Vehicle Efficiency
Standards (Advanced Clean Cars II Regulation)
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 48 of 637
STRATEGIES are overarching categories or focus areas for reducing GHG emissions in which measures and implementation actions are organized.

MEASURES are statements that articulate overarching intentions and/or desired outcomes for each strategy and include associated GHG emissions reduction potentials.

IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS are specific actions the
city will take to implement measures. These include 'primary' actions that drive quantifiable GHG reductions and 'supportive' actions that contribute to reaching the goals of measures.

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-3
CAP Update
Strategies
CAP Update Measures & Federal and
State Regulations
GHG Emissions Reductions (MTCO 2e)
2035 2045
T-9 Zero Emission City Fleet 1,059 592
T-10 Parking Management Strategies Not Quantified1 Not Quantified1 Energy
E-1 Renewable Electricity at Municipal Facilities 751 1,306 E-2 Community Choice Energy 17,110 -
E-3.1 Nonresidential Building Energy– Existing
Reach Code 770 1,296
E-3.2 Nonresidential Building Energy– Updated
Reach Code 2,773 5,796
E-3.3 Nonresidential Building Energy– Solar
Carports Not Quantified1 Not Quantified1
E-4.1 Residential Building Energy– Existing
Reach Code 3,212 3,710
E-4.2 Residential Building Energy– Updated
Reach Code 1,196 1,488
E-5 Building Energy Benchmarking 4,308 7,358
E-6 Decarbonize Existing Buildings 22,356 44,305
Water and
Wastewater
W-1 Wastewater System Improvements 59 —
W-2 Water System Improvements 1,516 1,583
Waste Diversion WD-1 Solid and Organic Waste Diversion 31,776 37,040 Off-Road
Equipment
OR-1 Convert Gas-Powered Leaf Blowers 396 386
OR-2 Increase Renewable or Alternative Fuel in
Construction Equipment 4,698 15,081
Carbon
Sequestration CS-1 Community Forest Management 7,519 11,966 Federal and State
Regulations
Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency
Standards 186,134 320,795
California Energy Efficiency Programs 6,385 4,998
Renewables Portfolio Standard 267,309 319,919
California Solar Policy, Programs and Mandates 64,878 95,985 Total Reductions from Federal and State Regulations 525,000 742,000 Total Reductions from CAP Update Measures 105,000 142,000 Total Reductions (Federal, State and CAP Update Measures) 630,000 883,000 Notes: 2035 and 2045 values are rounded to the nearest thousand for “Total Reductions from Federal and State Regulations,” “Total Reduction from CAP Update Measures,” and “Total Reductions (Federal, State, and CAP Update Measures);” CAP Update = Climate Action Plan Update; GHG = greenhouse gas; MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. 1 Based on the timing of the CAP Update, certain measures were “Not Quantified” due to lack of available data for calculations. As policies and programs in these measures progress, the CAP Update’s calculations can be updated.

Source: EPIC 2024.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 49 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-4
As discussed in Chapter 2, the city is expected to be able to achieve its 2035 GHG reduction target without additional local action . However, the scale of reductions needed to achieve the 2045 target requires the city to accelerate implementation efforts sooner rather than later . Implementation of the near- and long-term GHG reduction strategies and measures included in the CAP Update are expected to set the city on this trajectory and allow for exceeding the state legislative reduction targets . Table

3.2 shows the total GHG emissions, targets, and the GHG reductions achieved by s tate regulations and CAP Update measures, demonstrating that the city’s state -aligned GHG reduction targets can be achieved with the CAP Update.

Table 3.2 2035 and 2045 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions and Targets Reductions
GHG Emissions (MTCO2e)
2035 2045
Total BAU GHG Emissions 993,000 1,024,000
CAP Update Reduction Targets 490,000 147,000
Reductions Needed to Meet Target 503,000 877,000
Total Reductions from Federal and State Regulations 525,000 742,000 Total Reductions from CAP Update Measures 105,000 142,000 Total Reductions (Federal, State and CAP Update Measures) 630,000 883,000 Remaining Gap to Target (128,000)1 (6,000)1
Target Met? Yes Yes
Note: All values in this table are rounded to the nearest thousand. BAU = business-as-usual; CAP Update = Climate Action Plan Update; GHG = greenhouse gas; MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. 1 Indicates target has been achieved with a surplus of reductions.

Source: EPIC 2024.

3.3 Detailed Strategies and Measures
The following sections provide descriptions for each GHG reduction strategy and measure included in the CAP Update, as well as information about the actions the city will take to implement each measure.

Additionally, each measure is supplemented with an array of details that are specific to each measure, which include:
 GHG Reductions: The GHG reduction estimates are the amount of GHG emissions (represented in metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent [MTCO2e]) that would be avoided through measure implementation for the target years of 2035 and 2045. Measures where the GHG reductions were not quantified for any reason (e.g., lack of quantification methodologies, avoidance of double- counting GHG emissions reductions) do not include an estimate. Further details on GHG quantification methods and results can be found in Appendix C.  Monitoring Benchmarks: The monitoring benchmarks show the activities that are responsible for driving GHG emissions reductions with a corresponding value that allows the city to track progress on implementation over time. The years associated with the monitoring benchmarks indicate that the benchmark should be achieved by the end of that year.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 50 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-5
 Data Needed to Monitor: Data is needed to monitor progress toward emission reductions and serve as input for the monitoring metric(s). For example, if the monitoring metric is the percent of food waste reduced, the data required for tracking this is tons of food waste disposed and recovered annually.
 Implementation Details: Implementation details include the timeframe under which implementation will take place, the city department primarily responsible for implementation, and any supporting departments. These components ensure that the city is accountable for meeting its targets and provides transparency to city departments on their responsibilities for implementation. The following notations are used to denote implementation timeframes:
 Short-term: 0-5 years
 Medium-term: 6-10 years
 Long-term: 11 or more years
 Ongoing: indicates that the program or process was in place at the time of the CAP Update and the existing processes will continue as planned, working towards the benchmarks identified.  Co-Benefits: In the development of each measure, co-benefits were identified. Co-benefits are additional environmental, social, and/or economic benefits beyond GHG emissions reductions.  Equity Considerations: The consideration of equity was crucial to the formation of the measures in the CAP Update. The city strives to provide procedural access to the benefits of the CAP Update and for the benefits to be distributed across all members of the community while mitigating any potential negative impacts to community members. However, these equity considerations should serve only as a starting point in promoting equity within the city. Further analyses (e.g., local climate equity index or similar metrics) and additional efforts informed by the data are needed to ensure that CAP Update benefits are distributed in an equitable manner.

Each measure is also denoted with a n “Existing,” “Expanded ,” or “New” tag, which respectively indicates whether the measure was a pre-existing measure from the original CAP (or other city program or policy), a measure that was expanded upon from the original CAP (or other city program or policy) , or a brand new measure as a part of this CAP Update. In total, this CAP Update includes 11 “Existing” measures, seven “Expanded” measures, and seven “New” measures . The two pie charts below (Figures

3.2 and 3.3) vi sually display the amount of GHG emissions reductions that would be achieved in 2035 and 2045 through successful implementation of the “Existing,” “Expanded,” and “New” measures .

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 51 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-6

Source: EPIC 2024.

Figure 3.2 Greenhouse Gas Reductions (MTCO2e) by Measure Type (2035)

7,675
65,438
31,758
2035
Existing Expanded New
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 52 of 637■ ■ ■

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-7

Source: EPIC 2024.

Figure 3.3 Greenhouse Gas Reductions (MTCO2e) by Measure Type (2045)

7,780
66,818
67,130
2045
Existing Expanded New
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 53 of 637■ ■ ■

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-8
Water &
Wastewater
W-1. Wastewater System
Improvements
W-2. Water System
Improvements

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 54 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-9

WATER AND WASTEWATER MEASURES
The delivery, storage, and treatment of water, in addition to the collection and treatment of wastewater, is an essential service to city residents and businesses. Carlsbad receives its water from many sources, like the Colorado River, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta , and local recycled and desalinated water. Facilities use energy to transport and treat this water and wastewater , resulting in GHG emissions. The city is served by three water districts : Carlsbad Municipal Water District (CMWD), which is a legal subsidiary of the city, Olivenhain Municipal Water Distri ct, and Vallecitos Water District.

CMWD purchases treated water from the San Diego Coun ty Water Authority, which is the agency responsible for importing water from outside the Southern California region and for the water purchased from the local desalination plant. The City of Carlsbad ’s Utilities Department collects and delivers wastewater to the Encina Wastewater Authority for the majority of the city. The Leucadia Wastewater District and Vallecitos Water District provide wastewater collection services for small portions of the city . The CMWD and the city’s Utilities Department are expected to service about 100,000 residents by 2045 ( CMWD 2021). Shifting to more renewable energy sources and updating current water and wastewater systems are actions the c ity can take to operate more sustainably and meet the demand of future residents . There are two measures included under the Water and Wastewater strategy, including : W-1) Wastewater System Improvements and W -2) Water System Improvements. These measures and their respective actions are described further below.

Measure W-1 is focused on improvements to the
wastewater system. This applies to the existing city
sewer pipes and lift stations. The city has identified renewable energy goals for its wastewater collection
system, specifically pertaining to lift stations. Lift
stations pump wastewater to the treatment plant . Using GHG-free electricity to operate lift stations can reduce the carbon intensity of essential services provided to
residents and businesses. In addition to upgrades to the collection system, the city’s Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA) Master Plan establishes a strategy
for future improvements in energy efficiency o f
wastewater operations .

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action W-1.a: Continue making improvements to the City of Carlsbad’s collection system, including but not limited to upgrading lift stations.

Supportive
 Action W-1.b: Explore system improvements based on SCADA Master Plan.

MEASURE W-1: Wastewater System Improvements
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 55 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-10

 2035: 59 MTCO2e
 2045: 0 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Utilities

 By 2025: Supply lift stations with 100%
renewable/carbon free electricity from Clean Energy
Alliance
 By 2035: Reduce wastewater collection energy
intensity by 10% from 2016 baseline
 Wastewater energy usage data

 Promote incentive programs (e.g., multifamily, low-
income)
 Improved public health

Improving CMWD’s potable and recycled water systems can increase energy efficiency and strengthen the reliability of local water supplies to meet community needs . As climate change continues to impact the availability of water, utilizing existing resources and identifying additional supply options is essential to water security. With Measure W-2, CMWD plans to explore more water reuse. A s of now, the San Diego County Water Authority (SDCWA) supplies 100% of the potable water used by CMWD (CMWD 2021). Water sourced by the SDCWA is energy intensive because it is being imported from across the state. By expanding local water source s and using renewable energy to power water systems, the city can reduce its GHG emissions.

GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE W-2: Water System Improvements
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 56 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-11
Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action W-2.a: Continue making improvements to CMWD’s potable and recycled water systems, including but not limited to expanding water reuse and using renewable energy to power facilities.

Supportive
 Action W-2.b: Continue to explore local water supply options and assess feasibility and cost to benefit ratio.
 Action W-2.c: Assess feasibility and seek funding for renewable energy and/or storage at CMWD facilities.

 2035: 1,516 MTCO2e
 2045: 1,583 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Utilities

 By 2025: Supply recycled water pump stations with
100% renewable/carbon free electricity from Clean
Energy Alliance
 By 2035: Achieve the active and passive water
conservation goals described in the Urban Water
Management Plan (2020)
 2,295 acre feet (AF) within CMWD service area
and 2,981 AF within the entire city
 Water energy usage data

 Promote rebate and incentive programs (e.g., multi-
family, low-income)
 Improved water quality

GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 57 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-12
Energy
E-1. Renewable Electricity at Municipal
Facilities
E-2. Community Choice Energy
E-3. Nonresidential Building Energy
E-3.1 Existing Reach Code
E.3.2 Updated Reach Code
E.3.3 Solar Carports
E-4. Residential Building Energy
E-4.1 Existing Reach Code
E-4.2 Updated Reach Code
E-5. Building Energy Benchmarking
E-6. Decarbonize Existing Buildings

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 58 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-13

ENERGY MEASURES
Addressing GHG emissions from e nergy use is a crucial component of reaching the city’s GHG reduction targets. Per the city’s GHG emissions inventory, a collective 41 percent of the city’s emissions are from electricity and natural gas use —about 27 and 14 percent respectively. Addressing these emissions through building decarbonization, transitioning to renewable electricity, reducing reliance on natural gas, and improving energy efficiency, among other related efforts, will help to further promote sustainability within the cit y. These efforts are reflected in the following measures under the Energy strategy: E-1) Renewable Electricity at Municipal Facilities, E-2) Community Choice Energy , E-3) Nonresidential Building Energy , E-4) Residential Build ing Energy, E-5) Building Energy Benchmarking , and E-6) Decarbonize Existing Buildings . These measures and their respective actions are described further below.

Measure E-1 pertains to the actions the city will take to ensure its buildings and facilities are powered by renewable electricity. The city aims to demonstrate its commitment to climate action by taking steps to reduce its own contribution to GHG emissions through the eventual elimination of natural gas use at its facilities , where feasible, and increasing the percentage of renewables used in its electricity supply to 100%.

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action E-1.a: Increase percentage of renewable electricity purchased for existing city facilities and street and safety lighting to 100%.
 Action E-1.b: Have 100% renewable electricity be the default for new city facilities and street and safety lighting.
 Action E-1.c: Eliminate natural gas use at city facilities, where feasible.

Supportive
 Action E-1.d: Coordinate with the city’s energy suppliers on the purchase of 100% renewable electricity (e.g., “Green Impact” level from Clean Energy Alliance).  Action E-1.e: Continue certifying city facilities in the Carlsbad Green Business Program.  Action E-1.f: Conduct analysis to determine best practices and technologies for eliminating natural gas use at city facilities.
 Action E-1.g: Leverage local and regional partnerships and seek funding to support identified renewable electricity upgrades and elimination of natural gas use at city facilities.  Action E-1.h: Upgrade all street and safety lighting to more energy efficient options.

MEASURE E-1: Renewable Electricity at Municipal
Facilities
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 59 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-14
 2035: 751 MTCO2e
 2045: 1,306 MTCO2e
 Timing: Long-term
 Lead Department: Intergovernmental Affairs
 Supporting Departments: Finance; Fleet & Facilities
 By 2025: Increase percentage of renewable
electricity purchased for existing city facilities and
street and safety lighting to 100%.
 By 2025: Have 100% renewable electricity be the
default for new city facilities.
 By 2035: Upgrade all street and safety lighting to
more energy efficient options.
 By 2045: Eliminate natural gas use at city facilities, where feasible.
 Number of city facilities on 100% renewable
electricity
 Number of street and safety lights on 100%
renewable electricity
 Energy usage data for city facilities and street and
safety lighting
 Natural gas usage data for city facilities
 Number of city facilities where natural gas use is
eliminated
 Establish additional city facilities as “cool zones”
using social, economic, and environmental data
 Support high-road green job growth
 Reduced energy usage
Increasing access to renewable energy provides c ommunity members w ith an opportunity to r educe their own carbon emissions and support the city’s GHG reduction targets . The city encourages the utilization of renewable energy through its Co mmunity Choice Energy program, Clean Energy Alliance.

Measure E-2 continues to support this program. Clean Energy Alliance is an alternative to San Diego Gas & Electric, allowing customers to choose where their power comes from. Clean Energy Alliance generates electricity
through a variety o f GHG-free resources,
largely via utility-scale solar but also
on- and off-shore wind and geothermal.

Sourcing renewable energy from local
providers increases the resiliency of
energy infrastructure, in addition to
reducing GHG emissions. The city can set
the
default amount of renewable energy
that electricity customers in Carlsbad
receive, and increasing the default to
100% renewable electricity c an
significantly reduce G HG emissions on
an accelerated ti meline.

GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE E-2: Community Choice Energy
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 60 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-15
Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action E-2.a: Continue the participation in Clean Energy Alliance (CEA) Community Choice Energy program.
 Action E-2.b: Set 100% renewable electricity (e.g., CEA’s “Green Imp act”) as the default option for CEA customers within the city.

Supportive
 Action E-2.c: Explore the purchase of renewable energy credits if CEA is not reaching its 2035 goal.  Action E-2.d: Support promotion of CEA’s customer programs and encourage CEA customers to participate.
 2035: 17,110 MTCO2e
 2045: 0 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Intergovernmental Affairs
 Supporting Departments: Communications,
Environmental Sustainability
 By 2030: Set 100% renewable electricity (e.g., “Green Impact”) as the default option for CEA customers
within the city.
 By 2035: Explore purchase of renewable energy
credits if CEA is not reaching its 2035 goal.
 CEA participation rates
 Number of CEA customers at 100% renewable
electricity (“Green Impact”)
 Number of CEA customers below 100% renewable
electricity
 Promote CEA’s customer programs  Reduced energy usage GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 61 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-16

One way cities can influence energy use in buildings is through amendments to energy building codes, also known as “reach codes” . In 2019, Carlsbad was one of the first cities in California to adopt a reach code that focused on requiring solar photovoltaic (PV) and other energy efficiency measures for new and existing nonresidential buildings . The core of this reach code is to help the city reduce GHG emissions from nonresidential buildings, while helping businesses improve energy efficiency and reduce long-term energy costs . Measure E-3.1 aims to continue the implementation and enforcement of this reach code for nonresidential building s, so long as updates to the California Green Building Code do not supersede its requirements .

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action E-3.1.a: Continue implementing existing building energy efficiency and water heater ordinances (adopted in 2019).

Supportive
 Action E-3.1.b: Analyze feasibility of eligible sites for renewable energy infrastructure across all city facilities, leveraging any pre-existing analyses that are applicable.  Action E-3.1.c: Seek grant funding for installation of renewable energy infrastructure at existing and new city facilities (e.g., solar, battery storage, microgrids).

 2035: 770 MTCO2e
 2045: 1,296 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Departments: Community Development; Fleet
& Facilities
 Supporting Department: Intergovernmental Affairs

 By 2030: Analyze feasibility of eligible sites for
renewable energy infrastructure across all city
facilities, leveraging any pre-existing analyses that
are applicable.
 Size of renewable energy projects installed at city
facilities
 Energy usage of renewable energy projects
installed at city facilities
 Building permit data applicable to reach code
implementation (e.g., number of permits, sq. ft. of
building, number of water heaters installed)

 Support high-road green job growth  Reduced energy usage

GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmark Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE E-3.1: Nonresidential Building Energy –
Existing Reach Code
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 62 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-17

In addition to the existing reach code, M easure E-3.2 includes updated reach codes for nonresidential buildings. The construction of new buildings presents a significant opportunity to implement measures that will reduce GHG emissions from buildings for their entire useful life . These ordinances will require eligible nonresidential buildings meet updated energy performance requirements that are approved by the state. This will reduce GHG emissions from energy use within these buildings .

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action E-3.2.a: Update city’s building code, or “reach code,” to include updated energy performance- based requirements for new nonresidential buildings.

Supportive
 Action E-3.2.b: Leverage CEA and SDG&E customer programs, or other similar programs.  Action E-3.2.c: Explore pilot programs and incentives to educate businesses on energy efficiency and renewable energy options for new and existing buildings.

 2035: 2,773 MTCO2e
 2045: 5,796 MTCO2e
 Timing: Short-term
 Lead Department: Community Development
 Supporting Departments: Communications;
Environmental Sustainability

 By 2025: Update city’s building code, or “reach
code”, to include updated energy performance-
based requirements for new nonresidential building
 Building permit data applicable to reach code
implementation (e.g., number of permits, sq. ft. of
building)

 Support high-road green job growth  Reduced energy usage

GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE E-3.2: Nonresidential Building Energy –
Updated Reach Code
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 63 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-18

Nonresidential buildings may use energy, but
they can also be a source of energy. Due to
Carlsbad’s geographic location, solar is a readily
available renewable energy resource . Carports
and parking lots can be adapted to make this
passive source of energy available for electric
vehicle charging and providing building energy .

Measure E-3.3 focuses on the installation of solar
carports at city-owned parking lots .

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action E-3.3.a: Construct solar carports (also known as installing solar panels over outdoor parking spaces) at eligible city-owned parking lots.

Supportive
 Action E-3.3.b: Conduct feasibility study for solar carport installation at city facilities to determine which are eligible and for what size of system. (Note: at the time the CAP Update was published, the feasibility study was not underway. Therefore, GHG Reductions, Monitoring Benchmarks, and Data Needed to Monitor have not been assigned. These sections would be updated as appropriate following the completion of this analysis.)
 Action E-3.3.c: Seek grant funding and leverage partnerships to install solar carports.

 2035: Not quantified
 2045: Not quantified
 Timing: Medium-term
 Lead Department: Transportation
 Supporting Departments: Community
Development; Environmental Sustainability;
Intergovernmental Affairs

 By 2030: Conduct feasibility study for solar carport
installation at city facilities to determine which are
eligible and for what size of system, leveraging any
pre-existing analyses that are applicable.
 Number of solar carports installed at city-owned
parking lots
 Size of solar carport systems installed at city-owned parking lots
 Energy usage of solar carports installed at city-
owned parking lots

 Support high-road green job growth  Reduced energy use GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE E-3.3: Nonresidential Building Energy–
Solar Carports
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 64 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-19

Residential building energy use represents the largest portion of the city’s electricity emissions.

Measure E-4.1 is similar to Measure E -3.1 in that reach co des can be used to facilitate the transition of building energy usage to renewable sources and improve energy efficiency. Increasing the energy efficiency of residential buildings will not only lead to a reduction in emissions, it can help decrease the energy burden on households . Measure E-4.1 aims to continue the implementation and enforcement of the city’s existing reach code for residential buildings, so long as updates to the California Green Building Code do not supersede its requirements.

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action E-4.1.a: Continue implementing existing building energy efficiency and water heater ordinances (adopted in 2019).

Supportive
 Action E-4.1.b: Explore updating the Home Energy Score Assessment Pilot Program.  Action E-4.1.c: Leverage CEA and SDG&E customer programs, or other similar programs.  Action E-4.1.d: Explore pilot programs and incentives to educate residents on energy efficiency and renewable energy options for new and existing buildings.

 2035: 3,212 MTCO2e
 2045: 3,710 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Community Development
 Supporting Department: Communications;
Environmental Sustainability

 No benchmarks identified  Building permit data applicable to reach code implementation (e.g., number of permits, sq. ft. of
building, number of water heaters installed)

 Explore new phase for Home Energy Score
Assessment Pilot Program to provide free scores to
low-income, multi-family, seniors, etc.
 Support high-road green job growth
 Offer pilot programs and incentives that target low-
income, multi-family, seniors, etc.
 Reduced energy usage
GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE E-4.1: Residential Building Energy -
Existing Reach Code
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 65 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-20

By 2045, Carlsbad will have an estimated additional 7,000 housing units that will require access to energy. Similar to Measure E -3.2, Measure E-4.2 updates the city’s current reach codes to require that new residential buildings meet updated energy performance requirements as approved by the state . In addition to reducing GHG emissions, u pdated reach codes could save homeowners money by providing on-bill energy savings to building occupants .

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action E-4.2.a: Update city’s building code, or “reach code,” to include updated energy performance- based requirements for new residential buildings.

Supportive
 Action E-4.2.b: Leverage CEA and SDG&E customer programs, or other similar programs.  Action E-4.2.c: Explore pilot programs and incentives to educate residents on energy efficiency and renewable energy options for new and existing buildings.

 2035: 1,196 MTCO2e
 2045: 1,488 MTCO2e
 Timing: Short-term
 Lead Department: Community Development
 Supporting Department: Communications;
Environmental Sustainability

 By 2025: Update city’s building code, or “reach
code”, to include updated energy performance-
based requirements for new residential buildings
 Building permit data applicable to reach code
implementation (e.g., number of permits, sq. ft. of
building)

 Support high-road green job growth
 Offer pilot programs and incentives that target low-
income, multi-family, seniors, etc.
 Reduced energy usage

GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE E-4.2: Residential Building Energy –
Updated Reach Code
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 66 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-21

Measure E-5 is focused on developing and implementing a citywide building energy benchmarking program. Benchmarking is a way to assess building performance by looking at energy use data. Building energy use data can help inform building owner decisions, including making cost -effective upgrades and improving energy efficiency. This data can also foster accountability ; as energy consumption levels are made known, building owners have the opportunity to reduce their emissions by upgrading equipment or reducing overall energy consumption.

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action E-5.a: Develop, adopt, and implement a building energy benchmarking ordinance.

Supportive
 Action E-5.b: Prepare a building stock analysis.
 Action E-5.c: Explore options and best practices for requiring existing commercial and residential buildings of a certain size to submit energy data annually.  Action E-5.d: Conduct education and outreach to building owners and the public regarding new requirements.

 2035: 4,308 MTCO2e
 2045: 7,358 MTCO2e
 Timing: Medium-term
 Lead Department: Environmental Sustainability
 Supporting Department: Communications

 By 2030: Prepare a building stock analysis.
 By 2030: Explore options and best practices for
requiring commercial and residential buildings of a
certain size to submit energy data annually.
 By 2035: Conduct education and outreach to
building owners and the public regarding new
requirements.
 By 2035: Adopt ordinance.
 Number of buildings within ordinance requirements
 Square footage of buildings within ordinance
requirements
 Energy benchmarking data submitted by buildings
within ordinance requirement

 Design program to be “equity first,” leveraging
existing resources from other jurisdictions (e.g., City of Seattle, City of Denver, City of Minneapolis)
 Reduced energy usage
GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE E-5: Building Energy Benchmarking
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 67 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-22
With implementation of the GHG reductions measures t hat rely on reach codes to reduce energy consumption and emissions from b uildings, there are still l ikely to be existing residential buildings t hat are not effected by the reach codes and need to be targeted for decarbonization. Th e city will need to leverage existing programs and incentives, as well as develop creative and d ata-informed strategies to affect emissions from remaining buildings and reach decarbonization goals. Measure E-6 targets voluntary energy efficiency and electrification in existing residential buildings that are not affected by reach codes or other energy f ocused GHG reduction measures.

Implementation A ctions
Primary
 Action E
-6.a: Reduce energy usage and decarbonize existing residential buildings, particularly existing residential buildings not covered by any reach code requirements, through voluntary programs and incentives.

Supportive
 Action E-6.b: Explore updating the Home Energy Score Assessment Pilot Program.  Action E-6.c: Leverage CEA and SDG&E customer programs, or other similar programs.  Action E-6.d: Seek external funding to launch and/or leverage existing pilot programs and incentives to support voluntary existing building decarbonization (e.g., appliance exchange, weatherization, solar PV installation, battery storage).
 Action E-6.e: Leverage building stock analysis (prepared for E-5) to target existing residential buildings.  2035: 22,356 MTCO2e
 2045: 44,305 MTCO2e
 Timing: Long-term
 Lead Department: Environmental Sustainability
 Supporting Department: Communications;
Community Development
 By 2030: Leverage building stock analysis (prepared
for E-5) to target existing residential buildings.
 By 2045: Reduce 33% of the 2016 baseline natural
gas use in existing residential buildings
 Eq uivalent to electrifying 12,000 homes, or
approximately 25% of housing units
 Number of homes participating in pilot and
incentive programs
 Number of homes electrified (fully or partially)
 Residential natural gas usage data
 Target outreach and incentives for multi-family, low- income, seniors, etc.
 Explore new phase for Home Energy Score
Assessment Pilot Program to provide free scores to
low-income, multi-family, seniors, etc.
 Reduced energy use
 Improved air quality
 Improved public health
 Increased local green jobs
GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Metrics Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE E-6: Decarbonize Existing Buildings
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 68 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-23
Waste Diversion
WD-1. Solid and Organic Waste
Diversion
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 69 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-24

WASTE DIVERSION MEASURES
Solid and Organic Waste Diversion is a key focus area for GHG emissions reductions within the Waste Diversion sector, which represents 4% of total emissions in 2016 . In Carlsbad, solid and organic waste is collected by Republic Services and delivered to the Palomar Transfer Station and Materials Recovery to end up in landfills throughout Southern California . Waste can be compromised of various components; the two largest contributors to waste in Carlsbad are orga nics and paper, which make up 57% and 13% of the waste stream, respectively. Preventing solid and organic waste from reaching the landfill can reduce GHG emissions, and providing options to appropriately dispose of this waste can encourage more sustainable decision making. Directing waste to be reused, recycled , or composted extends the life of salvageable materials and allows for the cycling of nutrien ts as opposed to the release of emissions. The Waste Diversion strategy details how the c ity can reduce its waste emissions under its measure WD-1) Solid and Organic Waste Diversion , which is described in further detail below.

How various types of waste are disposed has important GHG emissions implications. Organic waste can greatly contribute to methane emissions if disposed in a landfill , with methane being a much stronger climate pollutant than carbon dioxide . Food waste alone represents 23% percent of waste in Carlsbad , and reducing this amount of organic waste that is disposed can greatly reduce emissions associated with landfills. Waste can originate from many sources and requires a comprehensive management system including hauling, recovery, and disposal. Measure W D-1 includes strategies to conti nue to increase the diversion of waste from landfills.

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action WD-1.a: Divert 75% solid waste by 2035 and 90% by 2045.  Action WD-1.b: Divert 75% organic waste by 2035 and 90% by 2045.

Supportive
 Action WD-1.c: Research ordinance for requirement of a percentage of disposal for organic waste.  Action WD-1.d: Encourage maximum organics diversion from local businesses.  Action WD-1.e: Establish a Construction & Demolition diversion program.  Action WD-1.f: Maximize edible food recovery.
 Action WD-1.g: Establish a program for permitted haulers for proper diversion of all waste streams.  Action WD-1.h: Continue implementing existing Sustainable Materials Management systems and ordinances citywide, including at city facilities and events.

MEASURE WD-1: Solid and Organic Waste Diversion
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 70 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-25
 Action WD-1.i: Continue implementing existing compost and mulch giveaway programs; explore launching new giveaway programs that target specific users.  Action WD-1.j: Update the city’s sustainable purchasing policy to include regulatory requirements for sustainable procurement.
 Action WD-1.k: Pursue vendor contracts to help implement diversion goals and monitor compliance.

 2035: 31,776 MTCO2e
 2045: 37,040 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Environmental Sustainability
 Supporting Department: Communications

 By 2025: Update the city’s sustainable purchasing
policy to include regulatory requirements for
sustainable procurement.
 By 2030: Establish a Construction & Demolition
diversion program.
 By 2030: Establish a program for permitted haulers
for proper diversion of all waste streams.
 By 2030: Research ordinance for requirement of a
percentage of disposal for organic waste.
 By 2035: Divert 75% of solid and organic waste.
 By 2045: Divert 90% of solid and organic waste.
 Disposal of solid waste
 Disposal of organic waste
 Tons of edible food recovered

 Promote incentive and rebate programs for multi-
family, low-income, seniors, etc.
 Reduced waste
 Increased local green jobs

GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 71 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-26
Transportation
T-1. Traffic Calming & Optimization
T-2. Transportation Demand Management
Program
T-3. Safe Routes to School
T-4. Bikeway System Improvements
T-5. Pedestrian System Improvements
T-6. Local Transportation Improvements
T-7. Municipal Transportation Demand
Management
T-8. Increase Public Zero Emission Infrastructure
T-9. Zero Emission City Fleet
T-10. Parking Management Strategies

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 72 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-27

TRANSPORTATION MEASURES
Transportation is a critical sector, as it is
the largest source of Carlsbad’s GHG
emissions. These emissions are measured
by vehicle miles traveled (VMT), with over
3 million VMT generated per weekday in
Carlsbad from travel by residents, workers,
and visitors. These vehicle trips can be
reduced with investments in alternative
transportation and by transitioning to zero
emission vehicles . The investment in
alternative modes of transportation not
only results in GHG reductions, it also
contributes to the sa fety of roadways and
improves connectivity ac ross the city. The
transition to renewable fuel s and zero emission vehicles ( ZEVs) is also crucial to ensure a greater portion of trips in Carlsbad are emission-free. The Transportation strategy includes ten GHG reduction measures, including: T-1) Traffic Calming & Optimization, T -2) Transportation Demand Management Ordinance, T-3) Safe Routes to School, T -4) Bikeway System Improvements, T -5) Pedestrian System Improvements, T -6) Local Transportation Improvements, T -7) Municipal Transportation Demand Management, T-8) Increase Public Zero Emission Infrastructure, T -9) Zero Emission City Fleet, and T -10) Parking Management Strategies. These measures and their respective actions are described further below.

GHG emissions from on -road vehicle travel can be exacerbated by congestion and frequent traffic stops and starts. Measure T-1 aims to reduce congestion that contributes to GHG emissions through traffic calming and optimization . The goal of traffic calming is to improve the safety of roadways by slowing or redirecting vehicle traffic. I n residential areas , traffic can be attributed to the continuous stop-and-go of vehicles at stop signs. Reducing the speed of vehicles without stopping vehicle traffic through features such as roundabouts can result in reduced emissions, as cars spend less time idling and have less rapid acceleration and deceleration .

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action T-1.a: Continue optimizing traffic signals within the city, adjusting as needed as traffic volumes and conditions change, and coordinating along major corridors.  Action T-1.b: Install roundabouts or traffic circles when feasible, utilizing the city’s engineering standard for intersection control.

MEASURE T-1: Traffic Calming & Optimization
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 73 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-28
Supportive
 Action T-1.c: Leverage the Sustainable Mobility Plan and Intersection Control Evaluation engineering standards to determine the location of new roundabouts and traffic circles.

 2035: 1,334 MTCO2e
 2045: 746 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Transportation

 By 2035: Optimize traffic signals at 20
intersections.
 By 2035: Install 10 roundabouts or traffic circles.
 Number of traffic signals optimized
 Number of roundabouts or traffic circles installed

 Layer social, economic, and environmental data to
assess where traffic improvements go.
 Improved air quality
 Reduced traffic congestion
 Improved public health

GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 74 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-29

Measure T-2 covers continued implementation of and updates to the city’s Transportation Demand Management (TDM) program, a major component of which is an ordinance. The TDM ordinance, adopted in 2019, regulates nonresidential developments that are anticipated to generate over 110 average daily employee trips. These developments are required to submit TDM plans that outline strategies to reduce vehicle daily trips by employees through incentives for alternative modes of travel. Continued use and improvement of the TDM ordinance will ensure the development of nonresidential land uses provide alternatives to use of single-occupancy vehicles for commuting and contribute to reducing citywide VMT.

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action T-2.a: Continue implementing existing TDM program and enforcing existing TDM ordinance (adopted 2019), mandating TDM improvements and strategies for non-residential development.  Action T-2.b: Update TDM ordinance to modify existing threshold for compliance (e.g., reducing average daily trips threshold) as well as streamlining of other reporting requirements, as appropriate, by 2045.

Supportive
 Action T-2.c: Continue surveying businesses, pursuant to the TDM ordinance, to monitor implementation and track compliance.
 Action T-2.d: Update TDM strategies in the TDM program as new technology emerges.  Action T-2.e: Leverage Carlsbad Commuter and other city channels to educate commuters on alternative commute choices and resources available.

 2035: 3,254 MTCO2e
 2045: 8,630 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Departments: Community Development;
Transportation
 Supporting Departments: Communications;
Economic Development

 By 2035: Continue implementing and enforcing the
existing TDM ordinance.
 40% alternative mode share for new development
 30% alternative mode share for existing
development
 By 2045: Update TDM ordinance to modify existing
threshold for compliance (e.g., reducing Average
Daily Trips threshold), as well as streamlining of
other reporting requirements, as appropriate.
 Annual TDM ordinance surveys and mode shift
data
 Number of businesses covered by the TDM
ordinance
 Number of employees covered by the TDM
ordinance

 Explore creating incentives for implementing TDM
plan strategies for community-based organizations
 Improved air quality
 Reduced traffic congestion
 Improved public health
GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmark Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE T-2: Transportation Demand Management
Program
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 75 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-30

Improving the safety of streets, especially around
schools, prioritizes the ability for residents to choose active forms of transportation over vehicle travel
when traveling to and from school . Measure T-3
focuses on the Safe Routes to School program which
will continue to be implemented. It includes strategies such as walk audits, carpool programs, creating
conceptual improvement maps, parent surveys and
working with the school district s to improve drop-off
and pick-off operations and parent surveys.

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action T-3.a: Continue implementing a Safe Routes to School program to encourage walking and biking to school.

Supportive
 Action T-3.b: Leverage the city’s Sustainable Mobility Plan to determine location-specific improvements.
 Action T-3.c: Seek funding to launch Safe Routes to Schools programs at additional school sites.  Action T-3.d: Leverage the Sustainable Mobility Plan to conduct Safe Routes to School-related education and outreach activities at schools throughout the city.

 2035: 70 MTCO2e
 2045: 39 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Transportation
 Supporting Department: Communications

 No benchmarks identified  Mode share counts at participating schools  Active Transportation Monitoring Report data

 Layer social, economic, and environmental data to
assess where improvements go
 Reduced traffic congestion
 Improved public safety
 Improved public health
 Improved air quality
 Improved access to low-cost transportation options
GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE T-3: Safe Routes to School
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 76 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-31

In the Carlsbad Sustainable Mobility Plan , the city calls attention to the need for bicycle system improvements, including more bike parking and safety features (City of Carlsbad 2020) . In development of the Sustainable Mobility Plan , Carlsbad residents expressed that bikeway safety concerns and limited accessibility reduce the desire to use bicycling as a primary mode of transportation . Measure T-4 aims to address these concerns by expanding bicycle infrastructure to make biking a more safe and accessible mode of transportation .

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action T-4.a: Construct 7.9 added miles of Class I multi-use bike paths.  Action T-4.b: Improve 61.2 miles of Class II bike lanes to Class II buffered bike lanes.  Action T-4.c: Continue other bikeway system improvements, as available.

Supportive
 Action T-4.d: Leverage the city’s Sustainable Mobility Plan to determine location of bikeway system improvements and secure bike parking and/or storage.
 Action T-4.e: Explore launch of a local on-demand microtransit program, such as the City of Oceanside’s program.
 Action T-4.f: Evaluate the city’s Supportive Bicycle Infrastructure, such as adding new bicycle parking at highly used coastal destinations, bike repair stations, and additional bike-related amenities.

 2035: 566 MTCO2e
 2045: 324 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Transportation
GHG Reductions Implementation Details
MEASURE T-4: Bikeway System Improvements
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 77 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-32

 By 2030: Evaluate the city’s Supportive Bicycle
Infrastructure
 By 2030: Improve 40 miles of Class II bike lanes to
buffered Class II bike lanes
 By 2030: Construct 2 miles of Class-I multi-use bike
paths.
 By 2035: Improve 10 miles of Class II bike lanes to
buffered Class II bike lanes, for a total of 50 miles
improved
 By 2040: Improve 5 miles of Class II bike lanes to
buffered Class II bike lanes, for total of 55 miles
improved
 By 2040: Construct 2 miles of Class-I multi-use bike
paths , for total of 4 miles added
 By 2045: Improve remaining miles of Class II bike
lanes to buffered Class II bike lanes, for a total of

61.2 miles improved
 By 2045: Construct remaining miles of added bike
lanes, for a total of 7.9 miles added.
 Miles of bike lanes added by Class
 Miles of bike lanes improved by Class
 Total miles of bike lanes by Class

 Layer social, economic, and environmental data to
assess where improvements go
 Enhanced safety
 Reduced traffic congestion
 Improved access to low-cost transportation options
 Improved public health
 Improved air quality
 Enhanced community character

Automobile use is the largest contributor to GHG emissions, largely because road s prioritize the movement of cars instead of pedestrians. Measure T-5 aims to improve pedestrian safety and mobility by adding approximately six miles of sidewalk to existing infrastructure. Increasing the connectivity of sidewalk networks, particularly in areas highly frequented by the community, can encourage walking as a preferable mode of transport.

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action T-5.a: Add 6.1 miles of sidewalk.

Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE T-5: Pedestrian System Improvements
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 78 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-33
Supportive
 Action T-5.b: Utilize the city’s Sustainable Mobility Plan to identify suitable locations for pedestrian system improvements, focusing on creating safer and more user-friendly infrastructure to facilitate ease of use for pedestrians.

 2035: 55 MTCO2e
 2045: 31 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Transportation

 By 2030: Add 1.5 miles of sidewalk
 By 2035: Add 1.5 miles of sidewalk, for a total of 3
miles added
 By 2040: Add 1.5 miles of sidewalk, for a total of 4.5 miles added
 By 2045: Add remaining miles of sidewalk , for a
total of 6.1 miles added
 Miles of sidewalk installed
 Total miles of sidewalk

 Layer social, economic, and environmental data to
assess where improvements go
 Enhanced safety
 Improved public health
 Reduced traffic congestion
 Improved access to low-cost transportation options
 Enhanced community character
 Improved air quality

GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 79 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-34

The type of transportation people choose is largely due to ease of access. Local transportation is often underutilized due to lack of accessibility. By improving and expanding existing local transportation, Measure T-6 pushes for a shift toward more sustainable transportation modes. The addition of transit stops or micromobility services can influence individual decisions, such as choosing to ride a bus instead of a car . Thus, investing in local transportation can help reduce single -occupancy vehicle ridership and subsequent GHG emissions. Providing individuals with a convenient, safe, and accessible methods of transportation as a desirable alternative to driving also reduces vehicular traffic .

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action T-6.a: Explore local transportation improvements to provide sustainable on-demand, flexible fleet transit and first-mile last-mile solutions.
 Action T-6.b: Leverage the Multimodal Transportation Impact Fee for implementation of local transportation improvements. (Note: at the time the CAP Update was published, the Multimodal Transportation Impact Fee was still under development. Therefore, GHG Reductions, Monitoring Benchmarks, and Data Needed to Monitor have not been assigned. These sections would be updated as appropriate following the completion of the Multimodal Transportation Impact Fee.) Supportive
 Action T-6.c: Leverage existing regional transportation plans (e.g., North County Comprehensive Multimodal Corridor Plan, SANDAG Regional Transportation Plan) to add or update improvements to the transportation system within Carlsbad.
 Action T-6.d: Coordinate with regional and local agencies and partners on influencing transportation improvements throughout the region and within Carlsbad.

 2035: Not quantified
 2045: Not quantified
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Transportation
 Supporting Department: Intergovernmental Affairs

 No benchmarks identified  No monitoring data identified

 Layer social, economic, and environmental data to
assess where improvements go
 Improved public health
 Improved access to low-cost transportation options
 Improved community character
 Improved air quality
GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE T-6: Local Transportation Improvements
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 80 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-35

The method city staff members use to commute ha s an impact on the city’s municipal emissions. For example, if all staff were to drive their personal vehicles, the associated GHG emissions are significant.

A municipal Transportation Demand Management program could facilitate cooperation between staff to collectively reduce carbon emissions via incentives and resources.

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action T-7.a: Continue implementing existing Transportation Demand Management programs for eligible city staff.

Supportive
 Action T-7.b: Explore establishing new Transportation Demand Management programs for city staff, resulting in Transportation Demand Management plans for city facilities.

 2035: 92 MTCO2e
 2045: 51 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Transportation
 Supporting Departments: Communications; Human
Resources

 No benchmarks identified  Staff TDM participation rates by program  Staff commute distance
 Staff commute mode share data

 Not applicable  Improved air quality
 Reduced traffic congestion
 Improved public health

GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE T-7: Municipal Transportation Demand
Management
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 81 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-36

Public zero emission infrastructure is an important aspect of planning for emissions reductions and making communities more connected. Ensuring that buildings and facilities offer zero emission vehicle and bike charging influences individual decision-making. People are more likely to use transportation that has supported infrastructure; for example, if a city has charging stations, people have more of an incentive to use a zero emission vehicle. The city intends to expand its public zero emission infrastructure by installing more charging stations.

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action T-8.a: Increase the number of zero emission miles traveled within the city by installing and incentivizing public zero emission vehicle and bicycle infrastructure.

Supportive
 Action T-8.b: Seek external funding and/or partnerships for installation of zero emission vehicle and bicycle infrastructure (e.g., CEA customer programs).
 Action T-8.c: Explore creation of incentive programs for new construction and existing buildings to install zero emission vehicle and bicycle infrastructure beyond building code requirements.  Action T-8.d: Continue education and outreach on zero emission vehicle options and rebates.  Action T-8.e: Update existing Electric Vehicle Siting Plan to incorporate additional sites for zero emission vehicle and bicycle infrastructure, as well as new technologies, expanded zero emission vehicle types, and best practices.
 Action T-8.f: Explore employee purchase programs to encourage workplace charging for city staff.

 2035: Supporting California Vehicle Efficiency
Standards (Advanced Clean Cars II Regulation)
 2045: Supporting California Vehicle Efficiency
Standards (Advanced Clean Cars II Regulation)
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Transportation
 Supporting Departments: Communications;
Environmental Sustainability

 By 2025: Update existing Electric Vehicle Siting Plan to incorporate additional sites for zero emission
vehicle and bicycle infrastructure, as well as new
technologies, expanded zero emission vehicle
types, and best practices
 Energy distributed from public zero emission chargers  Number of zero emission vehicles purchased and
licensed citywide
 Number of public zero emission charging stations
installed

 Prioritize installation using social, economic, and
environmental data
 Launch and/or promote incentive or rebate programs
to install zero-emission charging infrastructure and/or purchase zero-emission vehicles
 Improved air quality
GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE T-8: Increase Public Zero Emission
Infrastructure
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 82 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-37

To demonstrate its commitment to zero emissions, the c ity will continue to electrify its fleet as part of Measure T-9. Transitioning away from fossil fuel-dependent vehicles reduces the city’s GHG emissions and communicates its support of the CAP Update. The city can take immediate actions to install zero emission charging infrastructure and purchase technologies to sustain its fleet .

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action T-9.a: Continue transition and expansion of the city’s zero emission fleet.  Action T-9.b: Install zero emission charging infrastructure to support fleet conversion and deployment needs.

Supportive
 Action T-9.c: Establish city fleet regulations for idling.  Action T-9.d: Plan for fleet conversion and deployment, including updates to technology, legislation, and other best practices.
 Action T-9.e: Research technology options and purchase technology to sustain city fleet operations during emergencies.
 Action T-9.f: Transition all passenger fleet vehicle purchases after FY 2022-23 to be electric vehicles, with the exception of public safety vehicle purchases, which will be electric where feasible.  Action T-9.g: Update city policies to encourage use of zero emission vehicles wherever feasible.

 2035: 1,059 MTCO2e
 2045: 592 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Fleet & Facilities

 By 2025: Plan for fleet conversion and deployment,
including updates to technology, legislation, and
other best practices
 By 2030: Establish city fleet regulations for idling
 By 2030: Update city policies to encourage the use
of zero emission vehicles wherever feasible
 Number of zero emission fleet vehicles
 Amount of petroleum fuel used by fleet vehicles
 Number of zero emission charging stations for fleet
vehicles
 Energy usage from city fleet zero emission charging
stations

 Not applicable  Improved air quality
 Improved public health
GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE T-9: Zero Emission City Fleet
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 83 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-38

One way the current transportation infrastructure supports the use of cars is through the provision of parking. Measure T-10 calls for the use of parking management strategies such as reducing short-term parking, time-limits on parking, and reducing or elimiating parking minimums in feasible locations while maintaing public access to the city’s coastline .

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action T-10.a: Reduce vehicle miles traveled per capita citywide through parking management strategies. (Note: at the time the CAP Update was published, the update to the Carlsbad Village, Barrio, and Beach Area Parking Management Plan was under review. The extent of the revisions, if any, to the plan will depend on the findings of this analysis. Therefore, GHG Reductions, Monitoring Benchmarks, and Data Needed to Monitor have not been assigned. These sections would be updated as appropriate following the completion of the review of the Carlsbad Village, Barrio, and Beach Areas Parking Management Plan.)
Supportive
 Action T-10.b: Implement and update city’s parking management strategies (e.g., Carlsbad Village, Barrio, and Beach Areas Parking Management Plan, Village and Barrio Master Plan) to encourage alternative modes of transportation throughout the city.

 2035: Not quantified
 2045: Not quantified
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Transportation
 Supporting Department: Community Development

 No benchmarks identified  No monitoring data identified

 Layer social, economic, and environmental data to
assess where improvements go
 Improved air quality
 Improved public health

GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE T-10: Parking Management Strategies
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 84 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-39
Off-Road
Equipment
OR-1. Convert Gas-Powered
Leaf Blowers
OR-2. Increase Renewable or
Alternative Fuel Construction
Equipment

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 85 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-40

OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT MEASURES
Off-road emissions represent a variety of machinery and vehicle operations that currently utilize gasoline and diesel fuel. This includes, but is not limited to, construction equipment, generators, lawn equipment, and forklifts.

Equipment powered by fossil fuels release s pollutants besides carbon dioxide that contribute to poor air quality and negative health impac ts. By investing in alternatives to this equipment that use electricity or other fu el types, Carlsbad’s off -road equipment emissions will be reduced.

Less off-road emissions will also improve local air quality conditions and benefit public health . The Off-Road
Equipment strategy includes two GHG reduction measures:

OR-1) Convert Gas-Powered Leaf Blowers and OR -2)
Increase Renewable or Alternative Fuel Construction
Equipment. These measures and their respective actions
are described further below.

Prohibiting the use of gas -powered leaf blowers is an effective way to reduce GHG emissions. Gas- powered leaf blowers are notorious for their inefficient combustion of fuel, resulting in emissions that rival the combustion engines of vehicles. Gas -powered leaf blowers also emit toxic pollutants that can be harmful to human health and the ozone layer. Measure OR-1 supports alternatives to this equipment and eliminates a significant source of noise pollution.

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action OR-1.a: Develop, adopt, and implement an ordinance prohibiting the use of gas-powered leaf blowers.

Supportive
 Action OR-1.b: Leverage existing state and regional resources to promote trade-in of existing gas- powered leaf blowers or other similar incentives.
 Action OR-1.c: Conduct outreach regarding the new requirements.

MEASURE OR-1: Convert Gas-Powered Leaf Blowers
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 86 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-41

 2035: 396 MTCO2e
 2045: 386 MTCO2e
 Timing: Medium-term
 Lead Department: Environmental Sustainability
 Supporting Departments: Communications;
Community Development; Finance; Police

 By 2030: Develop, adopt, and implement an
ordinance prohibiting the use of gas-powered leaf
blowers
 By 2035: Reduce 100% emissions from gas-
powered leaf blowers
 Data related to ordinance implementation and
enforcement
 Number of gas-powered leaf blowers converted
within city equipment

 Launch and/or promote incentive program for
trading out leaf-blowers
 Improved public health
 Improved air quality

Construction equipment is essential to the development of infrastructure and depends on a variety of medium- and heavy-duty equipment. Construction equipment accounts for over half of the city’s off- road emissions. As construction is such a n integral part of public and private projects, it is important to reduce its associated emissions. Measure OR-2 includes strategies for increasing the use of renewable and alternative fuel construction equipment .

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action OR-2.a: Develop, adopt, and implement an ordinance requiring new developments and significant land-moving and construction projects to use electric-powered or alternatively-fueled construction equipment that reduces 50% of emissions from project construction activities.

Supportive
 Action OR-2.b: Exempt small residential and non-residential projects from this requirement.  Action OR-2.c: Conduct outreach regarding new requirements.  Action OR-2.d: Seek external funding and leverage existing resources to support conversion of medium and heavy duty vehicles.

GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
MEASURE OR-2: Increase Renewable or Alternative Fuel
Construction Equipment
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 87 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-42

 2035: 4,698 MTCO2e
 2045: 15,081 MTCO2e
 Timing: Long-term
 Lead Departments: Community Development;
Construction Management & Inspection
 Supporting Departments: City Attorney;
Communications

 By 2035: Develop and adopt an ordinance requiring
new developments and significant land-moving and
construction projects to use electric-powered or
alternatively-fueled construction equipment that
reduces 50% of emissions from project construction
activities
 By 2035: Conduct outreach regarding new
requirements
 By 2045: Reduce 50% emissions from construction
equipment
 Data related to ordinance implementation
 Fuel reduced by construction equipment

 Support high-road green job growth  Improved air quality  Improved public health

GHG Reductions Implementation Details
Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 88 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-43
Carbon
Sequestration
CS-1. Community Forest
Management

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 89 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-44

CARBON SEQUESTRATION MEASURES
Carbon Sequestration is an important strategy for reaching long -term decarbonization goals and preserving the ecosystem services that trees and natural lands provide . Vegetation within the community plays an important role in the sequestration of carbon that is released by human activities while providing many co -benefits, such as reducing the urban heat island effect and reducing air pollution. The Carbon Sequestration strategy includes one GHG reduction measure. This measure, CS-1) Community Forest Management , is described further below.

Urban trees are the main source of carbon sequestration in developed cities. The city’s Community Forest Management Plan protects the more than 28,000 tr ees under its jurisdiction (City of Carlsbad 2019). Community forests not only store carbon, but they also offer shade that reduces the urban heat and improve the resiliency of the city against events such as heat waves , which are expected to increase in frequency and intensity as climate change progresses .

Implementation Actions
Primary
 Action CS-1.a: Increase city’s tree inventory by continuing to implement the Community Forest Management Plan.
 Action CS-1.b: To help sustain the city’s tree inventory, continue replacing trees at a 2:1 ratio.  Action CS-1.c: Conduct an inventory to assess urban canopy cover every five years.

Supportive
 Action CS-1.d: Explore additional locations for tree planting beyond what is included in the Community Forest Management Plan, with “right tree right space,” ongoing budget, and maintenance costs taken into consideration.
 Action CS-1.e: Encourage eligible residents to take part in a free street tree planting assessment.

 2035: 7,519 MTCO2e
 2045: 11,966 MTCO2e
 Timing: Ongoing
 Lead Department: Parks
 Supporting Department: Environmental Sustainability
GHG Reductions Implementation Details
MEASURE CS-1: Community Forest Management
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 90 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3-45

 By 2025: Conduct an inventory to assess urban
canopy cover
 By 2025: Complete implementation of Community
Forest Management Plan Goal 2.A. (3,000 total trees
added to inventory through 2025)
 By 2030: Explore additional locations for tree
planting beyond what is included in the Community
Forest Management Plan, with “right tree right
space”, ongoing budget, and maintenance costs
taken into consideration.
 By 2030: Conduct a second inventory to assess urban
canopy cover
 By 2035: Conduct a third inventory to assess urban
canopy cover
 By 2040: Conduct a fourth inventory to assess urban
canopy cover
 By 2045: Achieve 32% urban canopy cover
 Number of trees added to inventory
 City-wide urban canopy cover

 Prioritize tree planting using social, economic, and
environmental data
 Reduced heat island effects
 Enhanced community character
 Improved air quality
 Improved water quality
 Improved public health
 Increased natural habitat
 Improved resilience to climate impacts

Monitoring Benchmarks Data Needed to Monitor
Equity Considerations Co-Benefits
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 91 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 4-1
4 Implementation and Monitoring
This chapter outlines the process by which the C ity of Carlsbad ( city) will implement Climate Action Plan Update (CAP Update) strategies and measures, and how progress will be monitored over time to ensure the CAP Update is effective in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This chapter also discusses the application of the CAP Update for future development projects in relation to the California Environmental Quality Act ( CEQA).

4.1 Implementation Strategy
Effective implementation of the CAP Update will require ongoing management and oversight. Multiple ongoing and interrelated c ity efforts serve as the basis for the CAP Update i mplementation strategy.

For example, the Five Year Strategic Plan , adopted in 2021, focuses resources on community and City Council goals that support the city’s Community Vision , a variety of which align with CAP Update measures identified in Chapter 3 . For example, pedestrian and bike street improvements are integral to numerous priority projects ; this addresses the Five Year Strategic Plan goals of safety, community character, and sustainability, in addition to fulfilling transportation actions in the CAP Update. Progress towards these goals is assessed during the annual budget process, whereupon the c ity can allocate its resources to ensure goals are met in the 2023-2027 timeframe. Another example is the Implementation Cost Analysis p repared as a part of this CAP Update. The Implementation Cost Analysis details the cost to the city of implementing each CAP measure during the first five years of implementation, which allows the city to budget funding accordingly. Similar to the Five Year Strategic Plan, the Implementation Cost Analysis can allow the city to make budget requests more readily and holistically. See Appendix E for more details.

Chapter 3 provides implementation details for each measure to help guide implementation of CAP Update actions. This provides transparency as to how an action will reduce GHG emissions and provides accountability by identifying implementation timeframes and responsible department s. Each measure that was evaluated included: monitoring benchmarks data needed to monitor, GHG reductions, implementation details, co -benefits, and equity considerations. The schedule by which each measure is to be implemented, begin ning from the year the CAP Update is adopted, range from short - term, mid-term, long-term, and ongoing. These designations , in addition to considerations of equity, will help city staff determine which measures should be implemented and when, which will contribute to the effectiveness of the CAP Update. Regarding emissions reductions, for each measure , the city has identified benchmarks and data needs to track their progress toward 2035 and 2045 targets. Collecting the appropriate data is essential to provide an accurate indicator of measure completion progress.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 92 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 4-2

4.2 California Environmental Quality Act Streamlining
The CAP Update will continue to serve as a resource for CEQA streamlining, per the provisions of state CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5. Under these provisions, a project that is subject to discretionary review and is consistent with the city’s 2021 -2029 Housing Element Update growth projections can streamline its GHG analysis under CEQA by demonstrating consistency with applicable GHG reduction measures in the CAP.

A “qualified” CAP, or a GHG reduction plan consistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5 , will allow project-specific environmental documents, if eligible, to tier from and/or incorporate by reference the CAP’s programmatic review of GHG impacts in their cumulative impact analyses for GHGs. Streamlined projects fulfill the city’s strategic app roach to environmental sustainability, expediting environmental review while meeting the demand for green development.

The CAP Update Consistency Checklist is the mechanism that is used to demonstrate consistency with the CAP Update and ensure that the specified emissions targets identified in the CAP Update are achieved. A project’s incremental contribution to cumulative GHG emissions may be determined not to be cumulatively considerable based on consistency with forecasts used in the CAP and its GHG reduction measures.

4.3 Monitoring and Reporting
Once the CAP Update is
adopted, the city will begin
implementing measures and
actions and collecting any
necessary data needed for
monitoring. City staff will
need to evaluate and monitor
CAP Update performance
over time and alter or amend
the plan if it is not following
the emissions trends needed
to meet its reduction targets.

This will include conducting
periodic GHG emissions
inventories and analyzing individual actions’ performance, as well as incorporating CAP Update implementation needs into the annual budgeting cycle. Each GHG reduction measure included in the CAP Update includes a quantitative tracking metric to allow for data- decision making on the success of each measure. This monitoring approach will also allow city staff to ensure the CAP Update stays relevant and effective.

To gauge progress over time, CAP Update monitoring will also require updates to its GHG emissions inventory. The San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG) provides GHG inventory updates through the Regional Climate Action Planning Framework ( ReCAP). Included in the ReCAP are best practices for monitoring and implementing CAPs , with additional technical appendices that assist in target selection, cost- benefit analyses, and calculating the reduction of GHG emissions per measure.

SANDAG has committed to pr oviding GHG inventories at no cost to its member agencies every two years. An updated GHG inventory is the most critical piece of monitoring data for the CAP Update; Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 93 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 4-3
without SANDAG’s technical assistance, the city would need to separately contract and pay for these inventories every two years .

The city will continue to monitor and report on CAP Update implementation activities annually . The city has published annual CAP reports since 2017, which include the most recent GHG emissions data, the implementation status of each action , and progress toward achieving the performance targets of the corresponding emissions reduction measure. As technologies and markets change and the city implements the actions in the CAP Update, these reports will be used to track progress and identify actions that need to be improved, adjusted, or removed. The report s have been used for annual updates to the City Council about implementation progress on actions and overall progress towards CAP Update objectives. The report s also provide transparency and promote engagement with the public for CAP Update implementation.

Ensuring that the measures identified in the CAP Update result in emissions reductions improvements is central to the success of the CAP. Achieving these goals will require investments and long -term commitments from the city government as well as participation from staff in various city departments.

The success of CAP Update implementation will also depend on the participation of residents, businesses, and other stakeholders in Carlsbad.

Finally, the c ity will prepare a comprehensive update to the CAP Update every five years. The next update is anticipated to be in 2029. Future updates will be necessary to account for any new state or federal legislation , measures and actions that may have been difficult to implement previously due to a lack of available technologies or high upfront implementation costs and any relevant findings and recommendations from the city’s annual monitoring reports .

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 94 of 637

City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 5-1
5 Works Cited

5.1 Executive Summary
No references were cited.

5.2 Chapter 1 – Introduction
California Air Resources Board. 2020. California Greenhouse Gas Emissions for 2000 to 2018: Trends of Emissions and Other Indicators. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/ ghg_inventory_trends_00 -18.pdf. Accessed March 7, 2024.

California Energy Commission. 2024. Cal-Adapt Annual Averages Tool. Available: https://cal- adapt.org/tools/local -climate-change-snapshot. Accessed February 27, 2024.

California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, California Energy Commission, and California Natural Resources Agency. 2018. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment Report: State Summary Report .

Available: https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019 -11/Statewide_Reports -SUM-CCCA4- 2018- 013_Statewide_Summary_Report_ADA.pdf . Accessed February 27, 2024.

CEC. See California Energy Commission.

City of Carlsbad. 2022 (October). Carlsbad Strategic Plan 2023- 2027. Available:
https://www.carlsbadca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/11580/638013661478470000. Accessed March 7, 2024.
______. 2023 (July). Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. Available:
https://www.carlsbadca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/14740/638285549714968446. Accessed February 27, 2024.

County of San Diego. 2022 (September). Operational Area Emergency Operations Plan . Available:
https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/dam/sdc/oes/emergency_management/plans/op -area- plan/2022/EOP2022_Basic%20Plan.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2024.

EPA. See US Environmental Protection Agency.

OPR, CEC, and CNRA. See California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, California Energy Commission, and California Natural Resources Agency.

UN Climate Change. See United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat. n.d. Key Aspects of the Paris Agreement.

Available: https://unfccc.int/most -requested/key-aspects-of-the-paris-agreement.

Accessed April 17, 2024.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 95 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 5-2
US Environmental Protection Agency. 2023 (November). Climate Change and Human Health: Who’s Most at Risk? Available: https://www.epa.gov/climateimpacts/climate -change-and-human-health-whos-most- risk. Accessed March 7, 2024.

5.3 Chapter 2 – Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, Forecasts, and Targets
California Air Resources Board . 2019. California Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trends for 2000 to 2017 . Available:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/inventory/pubs/reports/2000_2016/ghg_inventor y_trends_00-16.pdf?_ga=2.82380309.2023796967.1709254496 -1501861779.1691610620 . Accessed February 29, 2024.
______. 2022. 2022 Scoping Plan for Achieving Carbon Neutrality . Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our - work/programs/ab -32-climate-change-scoping-plan/2022-scoping-plan-documents. Accessed February 27, 2024.

CARB. See California Air Resources Board.

California Department of Conservation. 2024. Geologic Carbon Sequestration in California. Available:
https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/gcs . Accessed February 27, 2024.

DOC. See California Department of Conservation.

EPA. See US Environmental Protection Agency.

US Environmental Protection Agency. 2024 (January). Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator. Available:
https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse -gas-equivalencies-calculator. Retrieved February 27, 2024.

5.4 Chapter 3 – Greenhouse Gas Reduction Strategies and Measures City of Carlsbad . 2019 (September). Community Forest Management Plan . Available:
https://www.carlsbadca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/1998/637433846147430000 . Accessed February 27, 2024.
______. 2020 (December). City of Carlsbad Sustainable Mobility Plan - Draft. Available:
https://www.carlsbadca.gov/departments/streets -traffic/biking-walking/mobility/sustainable -mobility- plan. Accessed March 7, 2024.

Carlsbad Municipal Water District. 2021 (June). 2020 Urban Water Management Plan. Available:
https://www.carlsbadca.gov/departments/utilities/water . Accessed February 27, 2024.

CMWD. See Carlsbad Municipal Water District .

5.5 Chapter 4 – Implementation and Monitoring
No references were cited.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 96 of 637
Appendix A
Glossary

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 97 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 1
Glossary
Baseline: The first year an annual greenhouse gas inventory is completed; a calculated level of annual emissions against which future inventories can be compared.

Business As Usual (BAU): Regarding GHG emissions forecasts, a BAU scenario is based on a continuation of current trends in activity and does not account for GHG emissions reductions resulting from laws and regulations adopted by local, regional, state, or federal agencies.

California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA): A statute that generally requires state and local government agencies to inform decision makers and the public about the potential environmental impacts of proposed projects, and to mitigate significant environmental impacts to the extent feasible.

Carbon Capture: Process of capturing carbon dioxide before it enters the atmosphere and storing it for centuries or millennia.

Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (CO
2e): A way to measure and equalize the different warming potencies of the six internationally recognized GHGs. Measuring emissions in terms of CO2e helps to normalize all GHG emissions to CO2, which is the most prevalent GHG emitted by human activities and has a global warming potential (GWP) value of 1.

Carbon Neutrality: All GHG emissions emitted into the atmosphere balanced in equal measure by GHGs that are removed from the atmosphere, either through carbon sinks (i.e., natural or anthropogenic systems that absorb or hold more carbon than they emit) or CCUS. (See also “Net Zero GHG Emissions”).

Carbon Sequestration: Process of capturing, securing, and storing carbon from the atmosphere for example in vegetation such as grasslands or forest, as well as in soils and oceans.

Climate Change Scoping Plan: The State of California’s climate action plan, which is designed to provide a statewide strategy for achieving the GHG reduction targets established in AB 32 and subsequent laws.

Co-Benefit: Additional positive benefits that are not the primary intent of GHG reduction measures.

Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory: A community GHG emissions inventory identifies the sources, activities, and sectors that generate emissions from activities within the city and the relative contributions of each.

Composting: A process by which organic materials such as yard waste, grass, tree trimmings, fruit, and sometimes meat products and sewage sludge are converted to fertilizer through controlled decomposition.

Decarbonization: The reduction or elimination of carbon dioxide emissions from a process such as manufacturing or the production of energy.

Desalination: The process of converting saline water into freshwater.

Electrification: The process of replacing systems that use fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil, natural gas) with ones that use electricity as a source of power.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 98 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 2
Energy Storage: The capture of energy produced at one time (e.g., high production with low demand) so that it can be used at another time (e.g., low production with high demand). Building more energy storage allows renewable energy sources to power more of the electric grid.

Equity: In the context of this CAP, the term equity means the just distribution of the benefits of climate action efforts and the alleviation of unequal burdens created by climate change.

General Plan: A mandatory local government plan in California that serves as a blueprint for local land use and meeting the community’s long-term vision for the future.

Greenhouse Gas Reduction Target: A goal of reducing GHG emissions a certain amount by a specified point in time; typically reflected as a percent reduction from a historic baseline by a certain year.

Global Warming Potential (GWP): The relative potency of various GHGs when compared to carbon dioxide. 4. The GWPs for various greenhouse gases are used to calculate the total CO 2e from emissions
sources for use in GHG inventories.

Greenhouse Effect: A warming of Earth’s surface and atmosphere caused by the presence of greenhouse gases, which has been enhanced by human activities resulting in the release of excess greenhouse gases.

Land use: The way a parcel of land is used or occupied.

Legislative-Adjusted GHG Emissions Forecast: An assessment of how emissions will change over time considering legislative and regulatory actions that are already being implemented at the regional, state, or federal levels.

Microgrid: A local electrical grid with defined electrical boundaries, acting as a single and controllable entity, and with the ability to operate both grid-connected and independently.

Mode share: The percentage of travelers using a particular type of transportation, such as by bicycle, by private vehicle (e.g., car, truck, taxicab, van, motorcycle), by public transportation (e.g., bus, rail, ferry), and by foot.

Net Zero GHG Emissions: Removing an equal amount of GHGs from the atmosphere as are released into it. AB 1279 set California on a path to net zero GHG emissions by 2045. While similar to carbon neutrality, net zero GHG emissions applies to all GHGs emitted into the atmosphere.

Nitrogen Oxides (NO
X): A family of poisonous, highly reactive gases that form when fuel is burned at high temperatures; are commonly emitted by automobiles, trucks, off-road vehicles, and industrial sources, like power plants. Includes nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and other nitrogen-based oxides.

Off-Road Equipment: Any non-stationary device powered by an internal combustion engine or electric motor used primarily off roadways, such as those used for agricultural, landscaping or construction purposes.

Organic Waste: Solid waste containing material originated from living organisms and their metabolic waste products, including but not limited to food, green waste, landscape and pruning waste, applicable textiles and carpets, wood, lumber, fiber, manure, biosolids, digestate and sludges.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 99 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 3
Resiliency: The ability to anticipate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from hazardous events, trends, or disturbances related to climate.

Renewable Energy: Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed.

Solid waste: Any garbage or refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities.

Traffic Calming Measures: Roadway design features which serve to decrease vehicle speeds, make drivers more aware of their surroundings, or divert vehicles from neighborhood roadways not intended for through traffic.

Transit: The movement of people or goods typically via public transportation.

Transportation Demand Management (TDM): Also known as travel demand management, TDM is the application of strategies and policies to reduce travel demand of single-occupancy private vehicles, traffic congestion, or to redistribute this demand in space or in time.

Underrepresented Communities: A collective of individuals that often lack representation in decision making processes due to their identity(s).

Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT): VMT is a measure of how much motor vehicle activity occurs on the roadway network in total miles traveled over a given period of time, and it is a key input into measuring GHG emissions from motor vehicles broadly at various scales.

Zero-Emission Vehicle (ZEV): Any vehicle that produces zero GHG emissions in its day-to-day operations.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 100 of 637

Appendix B
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 101 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 1
Acronyms and Abbreviations
ºC degrees Celsius
% percent
AB Assembly Bill
ADU accessory dwelling units
AF acre feet
BAU business-as-usual
CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy
CAP Climate Action Plan
CAP Update Climate Action Plan Update
CARB California Air Resources Board
CEA Clean Energy Alliance
CEC California Energy Commission
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
CFCs chlorofluorocarbons
CH4 methane
city City of Carlsbad
CMWD Carlsbad Municipal Water District
CNRA California Natural Resources Agency
CO2 carbon dioxide
CO2e carbon dioxide equivalent
CPUC California Public Utilities Commission
CSI California Solar Initiatives
DOC California Department of Conservation
EIR Environmental Impact Report
EO Executive Order
EPA US Environmental Protection Agency
EPIC Energy Policy Initiatives Center
EV electric vehicle
GHG greenhouse gas
GWP global warming potential
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 102 of 637
City of Carlsbad
Climate Action Plan Update 2
HFC hydrofluorocarbon
ICLEI International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
kWh kilowatt-hour
MT metric ton
N2O nitrous oxide
OPR Governor's Office of Planning and Research
PFC perfluorocarbon
PV photovoltaic
ReCAP Regional Climate Action Planning Framework
SANDAG San Diego Association of Governments
SCADA Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition Master Plan SB Senate Bill
SDCWA San Diego County Water Authority
SDG&E San Diego Gas & Electric
SF6 sulfur hexafluoride
TDM Transportation Demand Management
VMT vehicle miles traveled
ZEV zero emission vehicle
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 103 of 637
Appendix C
GHG Emissions Inventory, Forecast and Targets
Documentation and GHG Reduction
Measures Quantification
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 104 of 637
Methods for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions
and Emissions Reductions
April 2024
Prepared for the City of Carlsbad’s Climate Action Plan Update Prep
ared by the Energy Policy Initiatives Center
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 105 of 637
( city of
Carlsbad
~ EPIC

ENERGY POLICY INITIATIVES CENTER

UNIVERSITY OF SAN DIEGO SCHOOL OF LAW

About EPIC

The Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC) is a non-profit research center of the University of San Diego School of Law that studies energy policy issues affecting California and the San Diego region. EPIC’s mission is to increase awareness and understanding of energy- and climate-related policy issues by conducting research and analysis to inform decision makers and educate law students.

For more information, please visit the EPIC website at www.sandiego.edu/epic.

The Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC) prepared this Appendix for the City of Carlsbad. This Appendix represents EPIC’s professional judgment based on the data and information available at the time EPIC prepared this Appendix. EPIC relies on data and information from third parties who provide it with no guarantees such as of completeness, accuracy or timeliness. EPIC makes no representations or warranties, whether expressed or implied, and assumes no legal liability for the use of the information in this Appendix; nor does any party represent that the uses of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. Readers of the Appendix are advised that EPIC may periodically update this report or data, information, findings, and opinions and that they assume all liabilities incurred by them, or third parties, as a result of their reliance on the report, data, information, findings and opinions contained in the Appendix.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 106 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table of Contents
1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Background ............................................................................................................................................ 1

2.1 Greenhouse Gases ................................................................................................................1

2.2 Demographics ......................................................................................................................2 3 Baseline 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory............................................................................ 3

3.1 Summary of 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory .........................................................3

3.2 Method to Calculate 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory .............................................4 4 Business-as-usual Emissions Projection .............................................................................................. 16 5 2035 and 2045 Reduction Targets....................................................................................................... 19 6 Summary of Emissions Reduction Estimates ...................................................................................... 20 7 Methods To Estimate Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions ........................................................... 22

7.1 Common Assumptions and Methods for Calculating Electricity Emissions Reductions ............. 23

7.2 Common Assumptions and Methods for Calculating Natural Gas Emissions Reductions .......... 25

7.3 Common Assumptions and Methods for Calculating On-Road Transportation Emissions Reductions ................................................................................................................................... 26

7.4 Federal and State Actions that Reduce GHG Emissions in Carlsbad ........................................ 28

7.5 Climate Action Plan Update Measures ................................................................................. 34

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 107 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Tables
Table 1 Global Warming Potentials .............................................................................................................. 2 Table 2 Population, Housing, and Jobs Estimates ......................................................................................... 3 Table 3 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Carlsbad ................................................................................... 4 Table 4 O-D VMT Estimates by Trip Types and Total VMT ........................................................................... 6 Table 5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from On-Road Transportation ............................................................. 7 Table 6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity ..................................................................................... 8 Table 7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Natural Gas .................................................................................. 9 Table 8 Mixed Solid Waste Emission Factor ................................................................................................. 9 Table 9 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Solid Waste ................................................................................ 11 Table 10 Off-Road Transportation Sub-Categories ..................................................................................... 12 Table 11 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Off-Road Transportation ........................................................ 13 Table 12 CMWD and Total Water Supplied ................................................................................................ 14 Table 13 Average Upstream Energy Intensity for SDCWA Member Agencies ............................................ 15 Table 14 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Water ................................................................................ 16 Table 15 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Wastewater ............................................................................. 16 Table 16 Business-As-Usual Emissions Projections ..................................................................................... 17 Table 17 Method to Project Business-as-usual Emissions .......................................................................... 18 Table 18 Emissions Projections, Reduction Targets, and Emissions Reductions Needed .......................... 19 Table 19 2035 and 2045 GHG Emissions Reductions by Strategy .............................................................. 20 Table 20 2035 and 2045 GHG Emissions Reductions by Measure ............................................................. 21 Table 21 Carlsbad Citywide Electricity Emission Factors ............................................................................ 24 Table 22 GHG Emissions Reductions from Actions Increasing Renewable and Zero-Carbon Supply ......... 25 Table 23 GHG Emissions Reductions by Supply ......................................................................................... 25 Table 24 Average Vehicle Emission Rate in the San Diego Region ............................................................. 28 Table 25 Emissions Reductions from California Renewables Portfolio Standard ....................................... 30 Table 26 Behind-the-meter PV Capacity and Estimated Electricity Generation ......................................... 31 Table 27 Key Assumptions and Results for California Solar Policies, Programs, and Mandates ................ 32 Table 28 Estimated Energy Savings from California Energy Efficiency Programs ....................................... 33 Table 29 Emissions Reductions from California Energy Efficiency Programs ............................................. 34 Table 30 Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency Standards .................................................................... 34 Table 31 Measure T-1 Assumptions and Results - Traffic Signal Synchronization ...................................... 36 T
able 32 Measure T-1 Assumptions and Results - Roundabouts ............................................................... 36 Table 33 Measure T-2 Assumptions and Results ........................................................................................ 37 Table 34 Number of Students in Safe Routes to School Program .............................................................. 38 Table 35 Measure T-3 Assumptions and Results ........................................................................................ 38 Table 36 Bikeway Mileage in the Sustainable Mobility Plan ...................................................................... 39 Table 37 Measure T-4 Assumptions and Results ........................................................................................ 40 Table 38 Pedestrian Network Mileage in the Sustainable Mobility Plan .................................................... 40 Table 39 Measure T-5 Assumptions and Results ........................................................................................ 41 Table 40 Measure T-7 Assumptions and Results ........................................................................................ 41 Table 41 Measure T-9 Assumptions and Results - Gasoline ....................................................................... 42 Table 42 Measure T-9 Assumptions and Results - Diesel .......................................................................... 42 Table 43 Measure E-1 Assumptions and Results ........................................................................................ 43 Table 44 Measure E-2 Assumptions and Results ........................................................................................ 44 Table 45 Measure E-3.1 Potential Energy Savings ...................................................................................... 45 Table 46 Measure E-3.1 Assumptions and Results - Natural Gas ............................................................... 46 Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 108 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 47 Measure E-3.1 Assumptions and Results - Electricity .................................................................. 46 Table 48 Measure E-3.2 Potential Energy Savings ...................................................................................... 47 Table 49 Measure E-3.2 Assumptions and Results - Natural Gas ............................................................... 47 Table 50 Measure E-3.2 Assumptions and Results - Electricity .................................................................. 47 Table 51 Measure E-4.1 Assumptions and Results - Natural Gas, Existing Reach Code ............................. 49 Table 52 Measure E-4.1 Assumptions and Results - Electricity, Existing Reach Code ................................ 49 Table 53 Measure E-4.1 Assumptions and Results - Electricity, Residential Energy Conservation Ordinance .................................................................................................................................................... 50 Table 54 Measure E-4.1 Assumptions and Results - Natural Gas, Residential Energy Conservation Ordinance .................................................................................................................................................... 50 Table 55 Assumptions of Higher Energy Performance Homes ................................................................... 51 Table 56 Measure E-4.2 Assumptions and Results - Natural Gas ............................................................... 51 Table 57 Measure E-4.2 Assumptions and Results - Electricity .................................................................. 51 Table 58 Measure E-5 Assumptions and Results ........................................................................................ 52 Table 59 Measure E-6 Assumptions and Results ........................................................................................ 53 Table 60 Measure W-1 Assumptions and Results....................................................................................... 53 Table 61 Measure W-2 Assumptions and Results....................................................................................... 54 Table 62 Measure WD-1 Assumptions and Results .................................................................................... 55 Table 63 Measure OR-1 Assumptions and Results ..................................................................................... 56 Table 64 Measure OR-2 Assumptions and Results ..................................................................................... 56 Table 65 Measure CS-1 Assumptions and Results ...................................................................................... 57

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 109 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Figures
Figure 1 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Carlsbad ................................................................................. 4 Figure 2 O-D Method for VMT Calculation .................................................................................................. 6 Figure 3 Example of Water Cycle ................................................................................................................ 13 Figure 4 Example of Business-As-Usual and Legislatively-Adjusted Business-As-Usual Emissions Projections .................................................................................................................................................. 17 Figure 5 Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Business-As-Usual Emissions Projections .................................. 18 Figure 6 Business-As-Usual Projections and Reduction Targets ................................................................. 20 Figure 7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trend (2021–2045) ........................................................................... 22 Figure 8 ACCII ZEV and PHEV Sales (Adapted from CARB October 2022 Public Workshop for the EMFAC202Y Model, Presentation Slide 28) ................................................................................................ 27 Figure 9 SB 100 and SB 1020 Targets .......................................................................................................... 29 Figure 10 Behind-the-meter Photovoltaic Historical Capacity and Projections ......................................... 32

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 110 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

1 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

1 OVERVIEW
This Appendix provides a summary of the 2016 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory for the City of Carlsbad (referred to as “Carlsbad” or “the city”), the business-as-usual (BAU) emissions projections through 2045, and the methods used to calculate the GHG emissions reductions from the measures included in the city’s Climate Action Plan (CAP) Update.

This Appendix includes the following sections:

• Section 2 describes the background sources used for this Appendix; • Section 3 provides the 2016 GHG emissions inventory results summary and the methods used to prepare each emissions category of the inventory;
• Section 4 provides a summary of the emissions projections for 2035 and 2045, and the methods used to prepare projections for each emissions category; • Section 5 describes this CAP Update’s 2035 and 2045 targets; • Section 6 provides a summary of emissions impacts from federal, State (California), and local CAP strategies; and
• Section 7 details the common data sources and methods used to estimate emissions reductions, and the methods used to estimate emissions reductions from federal, State, regional, and local CAP Update strategies.

Unless stated otherwise, all activity data, GHG emissions, and GHG emissions reductions reported in this Appendix are annual values for the calendar year, and all emission factors reported in this document are annual average values for the calendar year.

Rounding is used for the final GHG values within the tables and figures throughout the document.

Values are not rounded in the intermediary steps in any calculation. Because of rounding, some totals may not equal the values summed in any table or figure. 2 BACKGROUND

2.1 Greenhouse Gases
The primary GHGs included in the city’s emissions estimates are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Each GHG has a different capacity to trap heat in the atmosphere, known as its global warming potential (GWP), which is normalized relative to CO2 and expressed in carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e). In general, the 100-year GWPs reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are used to estimate GHG emissions. The GWPs used in this inventory are from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4),1 provided in Table 1.

1 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007: Direct Global Warming Potentials (2013).

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 111 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

2 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 1 Global Warming Potentials
Greenhouse Gas Global Warming Potential
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 1
Methane (CH4) 25
Nitrous oxide (N2O) 298
IPCC 2013.

2.2 Demographics
State Housing Element law requires all local governments to plan for housing needs of their residents every eight years to ensure adequate opportunities for housing development. The 2021-2029 Housing Element is the city’s plan for meeting future housing needs. With the implementation of Carlsbad’s 2021-2029 Housing Element Update (HEU), which facilitates the development of rezoned sites to accommodate residential development, the city would have 56,516 housing units and a population of 127,263 in 2035, the city’s General Plan buildout year. The CAP Update relies on the HEU’s probabilistic development forecasts to determine future housing and population growth in the city. When adopting the HEU rezoning program, the City Council certified the Supplemental Environmental Impact Report (SEIR), which studied the overall impacts of rezoning 18 properties to accommodate future housing.

Ultimately, the City Council only approved the rezoning of 16 properties and removed sites 5 and 18 from the map.2 Although actual housing and population growth in the future depends on growth patterns, economic conditions, and state and local regulations, underlying HEU record data utilized for the CAP Update slightly overestimates housing development opportunities (by including housing sites 15 and 18). While the certified SEIR discussed the potential environmental impacts (both direct and indirect) associated with the development of housing on all 18 sites as part of the HEU’s implementation, it is of continuing informational value when assessing future demographic trends of the city within the CAP Update. The CAP Update, and the analysis of future year sources of GHGs, is not sensitive to the removal of sites 5 and 18 and leads to a more conservative analysis of quantified objectives.

The HEU does not project population or housing units in Carlsbad beyond 2035. To project the GHG emissions through 2045 for the CAP Update, the population and housing units are projected separately.

The population through 2045 is based on (1) the 2035 population from the HEU and (2) the San Diego regional 2035-2045 population increase projected by the California Department of Finance. 3 Housing
units through 2045 are based on (1) the 2035-2045 Carlsbad population and (2) the 2035 persons per household in the HEU (2.42 persons per household).4

The HEU does not generate a jobs projection. However, the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG) does estimate population, housing, and jobs for all jurisdictions in the San Diego region.

SANDAG generates multiple forecasts during each Regional Plan preparation. At the time the CAP Update was developed, one SANDAG forecast was the baseline Series 14 Regional Growth Forecast, which represents a combination of economic and demographic projections, existing land use plans and policies, and potential land use plan changes that may occur in the region. Another SANDAG forecast

2 Carlsbad Housing Element Update Environmental Impact Analysis (4.11 Population and Housing), June 23, 2023. 3 California Department of Finance: P-2 County Population Projections (2020-2060), released on July 19, 2023, accessed on July 20, 2023. For San Diego County (region), the population is 3,403,354 in 2035 and 3,412,606 in 2045. 4 127,263 persons per 56,516 housing units from the Carlsbad HEU, data provided by City to EPIC, June 27, 2023 Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 112 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

3 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

was the 2021 Regional Plan Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) land use pattern scenario, which is based on the baseline Series 14 Regional Growth Forecast but assumes a densification of land use within Mobility Hubs. The jobs projection through 2045 from the SCS land use pattern scenario forecast is used for the CAP Update because this forecast is referenced in the HEU.5

The population, housing, jobs, and service population estimates for 2016 and projections for 2035 and 2045 are provided in Table 2.6
Table 2 Population, Housing, and Jobs Estimates
Year Population Housing Units Jobs Service Population
2016 112,264 46,152 76,623 188,887
2035 127,263 52,516 90,801 218,064
2045 127,609 53,399 95,762 223,371
Housing unit types include single detached units, single attached units, two to four units, five plus or apartment units, and mobile homes.

Service population is the sum of population and jobs.

Carlsbad 2023, SANDAG 2021, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 3 BASELINE 2016 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY

3.1 Summary of 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
The total GHG emissions from Carlsbad in 2016 were approximately 981,000 metric tons CO2e (MT CO2e), distributed into categories as shown in Figure 1.7

5 SANDAG: Baseline Series 14 Regional Growth Forecast, and 2021 Regional Plan Appendix F: Regional Growth Forecast and Sustainable Communities Strategy Land Use Pattern (2021). 6 2016 and 2035 numbers are from Carlsbad HEU, data provided by City to EPIC, June 27, 2023. 2016 are based on SANDAG’s off-the-shelf model data. 2045 population and housing units are projected with the methods described in this section. 2045 jobs number is from 2021 Regional Plan Appendix F: Regional Growth Forecast and Sustainable Communities Strategy Land Use Pattern (2021), 2016-2050 j obs number were provided by SANDAG to EPIC, December 21, 2021. 7 The latest Carlsbad CAP annual report (published 2024) i ncludes a 2016 and 2018 GHG inventory. The revisions made to the 2016 GHG inventory reported are: (1) updated vehicle miles and vehicle emission rates data from the latest models; (2) updated off-road transportation emissions from the latest model; and (3) updated water emissions based on latest local water energy intensity data.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 113 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

4 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Figure 1 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Carlsbad
Table 3 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Carlsbad
Emissions Category
2016 Inventory
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Distribution
(%)
On-Road Transportation* 502,000 51%
Electricity 269,000 27%
Natural Gas 133,000 14%
Solid Waste 35,000 4%
Off-Road Transportation 31,000 3%
Water 8,000 1%
Wastewater 3,000 0.3%
Total 981,000 100%
Sums may not add up to totals due to rounding. GHG emissions for each category are rounded to the nearest thousand. Values are not rounded in the intermediary steps in the calculation.
*2016 VMT is from SANDAG’s activity-based model (ABM2+), No Build Dataset 41 (DS 41) base year.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

3.2 Method to Calculate 2016 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory The CAP follows the U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (U.S. Community Protocol),8 developed by ICLEI USA. It requires a minimum of five basic

8 ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability USA: U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Version 1.2 (2019).

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 114 of 637
Percentage may not add to totals due to rounding.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

5 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

emissions-generating activities to be included in a Protocol-compliant community-scale GHG inventory.

These categories are electricity, natural gas, on-road transportation, water and wastewater, and solid waste. GHG emissions are calculated by multiplying activity data (e.g., kilowatt-hours of electricity) by an emission factor (e.g., pounds of CO2e per unit of electricity). For these five categories, methods based on the U.S. Community Protocol were modified with regional- or city-specific data when available.

Additionally, GHG emissions from off-road activity were included in the inventory and projections, based on the methods and models used by California Air Resources Board (CARB) in the statewide GHG emission inventory.
9 3.2.1 On-Road Transportation
The emissions associated with on-road transportation are calculated by multiplying the estimated Carlsbad VMT and the average vehicle emission rate in the San Diego region in 2016.

2016 annual VMT was estimated based on the average weekday VMT for Carlsbad using SANDAG’s activity-based model (ABM2+) No Build Dataset 41 (DS 41) base year data. 10 VMT derived from ABM2+
was then allocated to Carlsbad using the Origin-Destination (O-D) method.11 The O-D VMT method estimates miles traveled based on where a trip originates and ends to attribute on-road emissions to cities and regions (Figure 2). This is the preferred method proposed by the U.S Community Protocol in “TR.1 Emissions from Passenger Vehicles” and “TR.2 Emissions from Freight and Service Trucks”.12

9 California Air Resources Board (CARB): California Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory – 2021 Edition. 10 Fehr & Peers (June 8, 2023), City of Carlsbad Housing Element Update Transportation Modeling Considerations and Results [Memorandum], accessed July 31, 2023.
11 SANDAG (2013): Vehicle Miles Traveled Calculation Using the SANDAG Regional Travel Demand Model. T echnical White Paper.
12 ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability USA: U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Version 1.2 (2019), Appendix D: Transportation and Other Mobile Emission Activities and Sources.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 115 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

6 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Figure 2 O-D Method for VMT Calculation
O-D VMT allocated to Carlsbad include all miles traveled for trips that originate and end within Carlsbad city limits (referred to as Internal-Internal) and half of the miles traveled for trips that either begin within Carlsbad and end outside the city (referred to as Internal-External), or vice versa (referred to as External-Internal). In accordance with the methodology, VMT from trips that begin and end outside Carlsbad (referred to as External-External) are not included in the total city VMT. The total average weekday VMT were multiplied by 347 to adjust from average weekday VMT to average annual VMT which includes weekends.13

The average weekday VMT estimates for each trip type and the total VMT allocated to Carlsbad in 2016 are given in Table 4.14
Table 4 O-D VMT Estimates by Trip Types and Total VMT
Year
VMT by Trip Type
(miles/weekday)
Total City VMT
(100% * I-I +
50% * I-E/E-I)
(miles per
weekday)
Total City VMT
(miles per Year) Internal-Internal
(I-I) Trips
External-Internal
(E-I) Trips
Internal-External
(I-E) Trips
2016 609,696 2,655,837 2,649,204 3,262,216 1,131,989,126 Based on SANDAG ABM2+, No Build Dataset 41 (DS 41) base year estimates. The conversion factor from miles per weekday to miles per year is 347.

Fehr & Peers 2023, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

13 The conversion of 347 weekdays to 365 days per year is as used by CARB. CARB: California’s 2000–20 14 Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory Technical Support Document (2016 Edition), p. 41 (September 2016). 14 2016 VMT was provided by Fehr & Peers to City of Carlsbad (June 26, 2023 based on the SANDAG Activity Based Model 2+ Release v14.2.2, Series 14 Forecast, Scenario ID 469, September 2021).

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 116 of 637
•-----
External-Internal
I Internal-External
External-External
Internal-Internal
..

Jurisdiction
Boundary
- • I- - - -
- - - - Miles NOT Counted using Origin-Destination Method Miles Counted using Origin-Destination Method
Enerqy Policy Initiatives Center, 2018
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

7 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

The average annual vehicle emission rate expressed in grams of CO2e per mile driven (g CO2e/mile) is derived from the statewide mobile source emissions model, EMFAC2021, developed by CARB.15 EMFAC2021 was run in the default activity mode to generate the total VMT and total vehicle GHG emissions for the San Diego region, including all vehicle model years, classes, and fuel types. This document assumes that Carlsbad has the same distribution of vehicle types as the San Diego region.

Total estimated VMT, average vehicle emission rates, and corresponding GHG emissions from on-road transportation from 2016 are given in Table 5.

Table 5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from On-Road Transportation Year Total VMT
(miles/year)
Average Vehicle
Emission Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
2016 1,131,989,126 427 502,000
GHG emissions for each category are rounded. Values are not rounded in the intermediary steps in the calculation.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023.

3.2.2 Electricity
Emissions from electricity in Carlsbad were estimated by multiplying electricity use by the city-specific electricity emission factor in 2016. This is the method from Built Environment (BE.2) in the U.S.

Community Protocol.16

Annual metered electricity sales data within the city were provided by the local investor-owned utility (IOU), San Diego Gas & Electric (SDG&E).
17 The electricity sales were then adjusted by (1) a loss factor18 of 1.08219 to account for transmission and distribution losses and (2) subtracting electricity use associated with moving water within the city limits, which is allocated to the water category (Section

3.2.6). The adjusted net energy for load (electricity sales + losses) is provided in Table 6.

For a given year, the city-specific electricity emission factor, expressed in pounds of CO 2e per megawatt-
hour (lbs CO2e/MWh), is estimated based on the specific power mix of bundled power20 and Direct Access (DA) power21 in the city and their respective emission factors.

15 CARB: EMission FACtors model, EMFAC2021 v1.0.2, on May 2, 2022 and EMFAC Emissions Inventory Web Database: On-R oad Emissions.
16 ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability USA: U .S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Version 1.2 (2019), Appendix C: Built Environment Emission Activities and Sources. 17 2016 metered electricity sales were provided to EPIC by SDG&E (February 28, 2018). 18 The transmission and distribution loss factor is used to scale end-use demand or retail sales to produce net energy for load. L.

Wong, A Review of Transmission Losses In Planning Studies, C EC Staff Paper (August 2011). 19 The loss factor is from the California Energy Commission’s Energy Demand 2019 Forecast. For each forecast cycle, utilities provide the estimates, which remain relatively stable. Personal communication with CEC staff. March 23, 2020. 20 SDG&E’s bundled customers are those who receive both electric generation and electric delivery service from SDG&E (bundled service). SDG&E: Customer Choice Service Types. 21 Direct Access customers receive electric generation from an Electric Service Provider (not SDG&E), but electricity is delivered by SDG&E. SDG&E: Customer Choice Service Types.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 117 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

8 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

The SDG&E bundled emission factors are calculated using Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Form 122 data, the California Energy Commission (CEC) Power Source Disclosure (PSD) Program23 data on SDG&E-owned and purchased power, and the U.S. EPA Emissions and Generating Resource Integrated Database (eGRID) 2016 Edition24 on specific power plant emissions. The 2016 SDG&E bundled emission factor calculated using the sources above is 525 lbs CO2e/MWh. The DA emission factor is 836 lbs CO2e/MWh and based on California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) Decision D.14-12-037.25 The city- specific electricity emission factors are provided in Table 6.

Emissions are calculated by multiplying the adjusted net energy for load (electricity sales + losses) and the corresponding city-specific electricity emission factor. The net energy for Carlsbad’s load, electricity emission factors, and corresponding GHG emissions from the electricity category for 2016 are shown in Table 6.

Table 6 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity
Year
Net Energy for Load
(electricity Sales + losses)
(MWh)
City-Specific
Emission Factor
(lbs CO2e/MWh)
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
2016 1,086,656 545 269,000
City-specific emission factors are for Carlsbad only and do not represent the emission factors of SDG&E bundled electricity or of other jurisdictions in the San Diego region.

GHG emissions for each category are rounded. Values are not rounded in the intermediary steps in the calculation.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

3.2.3 Natural Gas
Emissions from natural gas use in Carlsbad were estimated by multiplying the natural gas usage and the natural gas emission factor in 2016. This uses the method Built Environment (BE.1) from the U.S.

Community Protocol.26

Annual natural gas sales were provided by SDG&E and broken down by residential, commercial, and industrial customer classes.27 The natural gas emission factor is based on the heat content of the fuel and the fuel’s CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions. The heat content of fuel and the emissions from CO2, CH4, and N2O were based on CARB’s statewide inventory.28

To estimate emissions from the combustion of natural gas, end-use activity was multiplied by the emission factor. The total natural gas end-use and corresponding GHG emissions from the natural gas category for 2016 are given in Table 7.

22 FERC: Form 1 – Electric Utility Annual Report: Report Year 2018, updated July 9, 2019, and accessed September 18, 2019. 23 CEC: Power Source Disclosure Program unde r Senate Bill 1305. The SDG&E 2016 power source disclosure report was provided by CEC staff to EPIC.
24 U.S. EPA. eGRID 2016 E dition, released February 15, 2018, accessed June 29, 2018. 25 CPUC: Decision 14-12-037, December 18, 2014 in Rulemaking 11-03-012 (filed March 24, 2011). The recommended emission factor is 0.379 MT CO2e/MWh (836 lbs CO2e/MWh). The recommended emission factor has not changed since 2014. All electric service suppliers must meet the Renewables Portfolio Standards in the target years. 26 ICLEI– Local Governments for Sustainability USA: U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Version 1.2 (2019), Appendix C: Built Environment Emission Activities and Sources. 27 2016 metered natural gas sales were provided to EPIC by SDG&E (February 28, 2018). 28 CARB: GHG Current California Emission I nventory Data. 2000–2021 GHG Inventory (2023 Edition).

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 118 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

9 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Natural Gas
Year Natural Gas End-Use
(Million therms)
Natural Gas Emission
Factor
(MT CO2e/therms)
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
2016 24.3 0.00545 133,000
GHG emissions for each category are rounded to the nearest thousand. Values are not rounded in the intermediary steps in the calculation.

SDG&E 2020, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

3.2.4 Solid Waste
Emissions from the decomposition of organic material in waste disposed at landfills were estimated by multiplying the amount of waste disposed by the city in 2016 and an emission factor for mixed solid waste. This uses method Solid Waste (SW.4) from the U.S. Community Protocol29 and represents immediate and future emissions from decay of this waste.

Solid waste disposal is the waste disposed by the city in landfills, regardless of whether the landfills accepting the waste are located inside or outside of the city boundary. The emission factor of mixed solid waste depends on the percentage of each waste type within the waste stream disposed in a landfill. The closest city to Carlsbad with a recent waste characterization study is the Oceanside; therefore, this study was used as a substitute for Carlsbad to determine the emission factor based on the percentage of each waste type within mixed solid waste. 30 Only the CH4 emissions from waste
degradation are considered non-biogenic and included in this category. Conversely, the CO2 emissions from waste degradation are considered biogenic and not included in this category.

The EPA Waste Reduction Model (WARM) is used to determine the emission factor of each waste type.

WARM is a life-cycle GHG model to assess and compare waste management options (e.g., landfilling, recycling, source reduction, composting), through the life-cycle of waste materials (from material extraction to disposal). However, under the U.S Community Protocol, only emissions from the disposal and associated degradation of waste are included. Therefore, only the landfill emission factors in WARM are used in the calculation. WARM reports the landfill CH 4 emission factor of each waste material in MT
CO2e/short ton, both with and without Landfill Gas (LFG) recovery.

The mixed solid waste emission factor is given in Table 8. The landfill emission factors without LFG recovery are identified in Table 8 and the LFG recovery is applied later in this Appendix.

Table 8 Mixed Solid Waste Emission Factor
Waste Component
Waste
Distribution1
(%)
Landfill Gas Emissions
CH4 without LFG
Recovery
(MT CO2e/short ton)
Source2
Organics 57.2% - -

29 ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability USA: U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Version 1.2 (2019), Appendix E: Solid Waste Emission Activities and Sources. 30 City of Oceanside 2017 Organic Management Detailed waste characterization study results were provided by Carlsbad city staff.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 119 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

10 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Waste Component
Waste
Distribution1
(%)
Landfill Gas Emissions
CH4 without LFG
Recovery
(MT CO2e/short ton)
Source2
Food 22.8% 1.57 Exhibit 1-49, WARM V14 Organic
Materials
Other Misc. Paper-
Compostable 0.4% 2.24 Average of paper components
Remainder/Composite
Paper – Compostable 10.8% 2.24 Average of paper components Leaves and Grass 3.1% 0.55
Average of grass and leaves,
Exhibit 2-11 WARM V14 Organic
Materials
Pruning and
Trimmings 2.1% 0.59 Exhibit 2-11 WARM V14 Organic
Materials
Branches and Stumps 0.8% 0.77 Exhibit 2-11 WARM V14 Organic Materials
Manures 0.1% n/a n/a
Textiles 3.9% n/a n/a
Carpet 1.0% n/a
Exhibit 3-26, WARM V14
Construction and Demolition
Materials, no landfill CH4
Clean Dimensional
Lumber 1.0% 0.15
Exhibit 11-19, WARM V14
Construction and Demolition
Materials
Clean Engineered
Wood 0.6% 0.16
Wood flooring, Exhibit 10-13,
WARM V14 Construction and
Demolition Materials
Clean Pallets & Crates 1.7% 0.05
Wood product, Exhibit 11-19,
WARM V14 Construction and
Demolition Materials
Other Wood Waste 2.3% 0.05
Wood product, Exhibit 11-19,
WARM V14 Construction and
Demolition Materials
Remainder/Composite
Organic 6.6% 0.84 Average of all organic material
Paper 13.0% - -
Uncoated Corrugated
Cardboard 2.3% 2.36 Exhibit 3-27, WARM v14
Containers /Packaging
Paper Bags 0.3% 2.36
Assume the same as cardboard,
Exhibit 3-27, WARM v14
Containers /Packaging
Newspapers 2.1% 0.95 Exhibit 3-27, WARM v14
Containers /Packaging
White Ledger Paper 0.8% 3.50 Exhibit 3-27, WARM v14
Containers /Packaging
Other Office Paper 1.0% 3.50 Exhibit 3-27, WARM v14
Containers /Packaging
Magazine and
Catalogs 0.7% 1.08 Exhibit 3-27, WARM v14
containers /packaging
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 120 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

11 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Waste Component
Waste
Distribution1
(%)
Landfill Gas Emissions
CH4 without LFG
Recovery
(MT CO2e/short ton)
Source2
Phone Books and
Directories 0.0% 2.14 Exhibit 3-27, WARM v14
containers /packaging
Other Misc. Paper –
Other 3.7% 2.14 Exhibit 3-27, WARM v14
containers /packaging
Remainder/Composite
Paper 2.1% 2.14 Exhibit 3-27, WARM v14
containers /packaging
Glass 2.8% - -
Metal 3.5% - -
Electronics 0.9% - -
Plastic 13.9% - -
Inerts and Other
Material 3.1% - -
Household Hazardous
Waste 0.5% - -
Special Waste 3.7% - -
Mixed Residue 1.3% - -
Mixed Waste Emission Factor 0.98
Source: 1 City of Oceanside Waste Characterization Study (2017), 2 EPA Waste Reduction Model (WARM) Version 14 The mixed waste emission factor given in Table 8 is the emission factor without LFG. The U.S.

Community Protocol’s 75% default capture rate of CH4 emissions from landfills is applied in the emissions calculation. The total solid waste disposal and the corresponding GHG emissions for 2016 are given in Table 9.

Table 9 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Solid Waste
Year
Solid Waste Disposed GHG Emission
Factor
(MT CO2e/short
ton)
Oxidation
Rate
Total GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Default
CH4
Capture
Rate
Remaining
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Citywide
(short
tons/year)
Citywide
(MT/year)
2016 158,252 143,563 0.98 10% 139,617 75% 35,000
GHG emissions for each category are rounded. Values are not rounded in the intermediary steps in the calculation.

The oxidation rate is the default amount of CH4 that is oxidized and not emitted; therefore, only 90% of total CH4 emissions are produced.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

3.2.5 Off-Road Transportation
Emissions from off-road vehicles and equipment, are from the diesel and gasoline fuel combustion in internal combustion engines.

CARB’s OFFROAD2021, an online emissions inventory database for off-road equipment and vehicles, generates off-road vehicles emissions by region, vehicle category, equipment type, horsepower (HP), Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 121 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

12 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

and fuel type.31 OFFROAD2021 integrates data from several updated off-road models, such as SORE 2020 which generates emissions for off-road vehicles with engines less than or equal to 25 HP, and RV 2018 which generates emissions for recreational vehicles.

Due to the lack of jurisdiction-specific data from these models, the emissions or fuel consumption from the CARB model outputs for the San Diego region were scaled to Carlsbad based on sub-category- specific scaling factors. The off-road activity sub-categories and the respective scaling factors are given in Table 10.32 This does not include all sub-categories identified in CARB’s off-road models, only those that are relevant to Carlsbad.33
Table 10 Off-Road Transportation Sub-Categories
Sub-Category Common Equipment Type Scaling Factor
Lawn and Garden
Equipment
Lawn mowers, trimmers, brush cutters,
chainsaws, leaf blowers/ vacuums Population
Light Commercial
Equipment Generator set, pumps, welders Commercial Jobs Construction and Mining Excavators, off-highway tractors, loaders, paving equipment Construction Jobs
Industrial Aerial lifts, forklifts, sweepers/scrubbers Industrial Jobs Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

The ratio and corresponding GHG emissions from the off-road transportation category for 2016 are given in Table 11.
34 31 CARB: Updates to CARB’s Online Emissions Inventory Database for Off-Road Equipment and Vehicles. October 19, 2021. T he previous comprehensive CARB off-road equipment and vehicle model was OFFROAD2007, released in 2007. After the release of OFFROAD2007, CARB developed category specific methods and inventory models for specific regulatory support, which replaced the results of specific vehicle categories in OFFROAD2007. 32 The sub-categories listed in this table are not the comprehensive off-road mobile sources l isted in CARB, as some of the sub - categories are not relevant to Carlsbad, such as airport ground support, pleasure craft, commercial marine vessels, etc. 33 Carlsbad: Climate Action Plan ( Adopted September 2015, amended May 2020). Section 2 Emissions Inventory. 34 CARB: Updates to CARB’s Online Emissions Inventory Database for Off-Road Equipment and Vehicles. October 19, 2021.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 122 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

13 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 11 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Off-Road Transportation Year Sub-Category Scaling Factor GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
2016
Lawn and Garden Equipment 3% 1,615
Light Commercial Equipment 5% 3,061
Construction and Mining 10% 17,694
Industrial 10% 8,571
Total 31,000
Not all off-road transportation emissions are included, only selected sub-categories are included.

Total GHG emissions are rounded to the nearest thousands. Values are not rounded in the intermediary steps in the calculation.

CARB 2021, SANDAG 2021, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

3.2.6 Water
Emissions from water use in a jurisdiction result from the energy required to move water from origin sources to end-use customers, including upstream supply and conveyance, water treatment, and water distribution, as circled in Figure 3. The energy required to move water is primarily electricity but may include natural gas or other fuels.

Figure 3 Example of Water Cycle
Emissions from water were estimated using the method Wastewater and Water (WW.14) from the U.S.

Community Protocol.35 Emissions associated with water end-use, such as water heating and cooling, are included in the electricity and natural gas category and not in the water category, as data are not available to separate out those values.

The Carlsbad Municipal Water District (CMWD) is a San Diego County Water Authority (SDCWA) member agency that provides both potable and recycled water service within Carlsbad. CMWD services the

35 ICLEI – Local Governments for Sustainability USA: U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Version 1.2 (2019), Appendix F: Wastewater and Water Emission Activities and Sources.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 123 of 637
Conveyance
Wastewater
Discharge
Water
Treatment
Recycled
Water
Treatment
Wastewater
Treatment
California Energy Commiss ion, 2005
Wastewater
Collection
End-use
Commercial
Industrial
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

14 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

majority of the city’s potable water service area, covering77% of the city’s population.36 The remaining portion of the city is served by Olivenhain Municipal Water District (OMWD) and Vallecitos Water District (VWD).37 100% of the city’s potable water supply is imported water from SDCWA.38 The potable water supplied within CMWD service area and within the entire city is given in Table 12.39 Table 12 CMWD and Total Water Supplied
Year
Carlsbad Municipal Water
District (CMWD)
Potable Water Supplied
(acre-feet)
Total
Potable Water
Supplied
(acre-feet)
2016 13,638 17,734
CMWD services the majority of the city’s potable water, covering 77% of the city population.

City of Carlsbad 2018, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

The energy used to produce and distribute water from each source is different due to the different raw source types and locations. The energy intensity of water, or the energy needed to move one unit of water through each segment of the water-use cycle (water supply and conveyance, water treatment, and water distribution), is expressed in kWh per acre foot (kWh/Acre-foot) and is described below.

Upstream Supply and Conveyance – This is defined as supply and conveyance of water from the raw source to the local service area. The upstream supply and conveyance energy use for SDCWA untreated water consists of conveyance of water from the State Water Project and the Colorado River through Metropolitan Water District (MWD)’s and SDCWA’s service areas. The upstream supply and conveyance energy use for SDCWA treated water consists of with the energy use of SDCWA’s untreated water and the water treatment energy use before the water is delivered to Carlsbad’s service area. The water may be treated at MWD’s or SDCWA’s water treatment plants (WTPs).40 The city does not have operational control over the upstream supply and conveyance.

Water suppliers have begun to voluntarily report the energy intensity in their service areas in Urban Water Management Plans (UWMPs). The energy intensities reported in SDCWA’s and MWD’s 2015 UWMPs are used to calculate the upstream supply energy intensity for SDCWA’s member agencies. The energy intensity is based on the average of fiscal years 2013 and 2014 and is shown in Table 13.

36 Carlsbad Municipal Water District: 2015 Urban Water Management Plan ( June 2016). Section 3.1.3 Population and Demographics.
37 City of Carlsbad. Water District Map.
38 CMWD and VWD import 100% treated water from SDCWA. OMWD imports both treated and untreated water from SDCWA.

The untreated water is treated at OMWD’s David C. McCollom Water Treatment Plant. 39 Potable water supplied within the CMWD service area (2012-2016) were provided by city staff (January 2018). Population served by CMWD and population within entire city (2010-2016) were provided by SANDAG (April 2017). Potable water supplied within entire city was calculated based on the population ratio between CMWD service area and the city (77%). 40 SDCWA 2016: Urban Water Management Plan 2015, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Urban Water Management Plan 2015.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 124 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

15 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 13 Average Upstream Energy Intensity for SDCWA Member Agencies Water System Segment
FY 2013 and 2014 Average
Energy Intensity
(kWh/acre-Foot)
Data Source
MWD delivered untreated* 1,817 MWD UWMP 2015 Appendix 9 SDCWA conveyance** -62 SDCWA UWMP 2015 Appendix K
SDCWA treatment 60 SDCWA UWMP 2015 Appendix K
SDCWA distribution*** 1.1 SDCWA UWMP 2015 Appendix K
SDCWA Treated Total 1,816
MWD – Metropolitan Water District, SDCWA – San Diego County Water Authority, UWMP – Urban Water Management Plan, WTP – Water Treatment Plant.
*Includes conveyance from the State Water Project & Colorado River to MWD’s distribution system, as well as distribution from MWD to MWD’s member agencies.
**Conveyance of raw water supplied to the water treatment plants or to member agency connections (negative value represents hydro-electric generation by SDCWA). *** Distribution of treated water from SDCWA’s Twin Oaks WTP to SDCWA’s member agencies. “Upstream” refers to moving water from the original source to SDCWA’s member agency’s service area or first connection point

MWD 2016, SDCWA 2016, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2018

Local Potable Water Treatment –This is the energy used for WTP operations. CMWD imports treated water directly and does not own a WTP. Therefore, there is no energy used for local potable water treatment.

Local Potable Water Distribution – Th
is is defined as the energy required to move treated water from WTPs to end-use customers. This includes energy use for water pump stations, pressure reduction stations, water tanks, etc. The local potable water distribution energy intensity is 15 kWh/acre-foot.41

In addition to providing potable water, CMWD delivers recycled water within the entire city.42 The recycled water delivered by CMWD is from three sources: (1) the Carlsbad Water Recycling Facility (WRF), (2) the Meadowlark WRF, and (3) the Gafner WRF. The Meadowlark WRF is owned by VWD, and the Gafner WRF is owned by Leucadia Wastewater District (LWWD); both agencies sell the recycled water to CMWD for distribution.43 CMWD has operational control over the Carlsbad WRF and recycled water distribution. The recycled water treatment and distribution energy intensity is 299 kWh/acre- foot.44 Recycled water is supplied to golf courses, parks, industrial areas, homeowner association common areas, and more. The total potable and recycled water supplied and the corresponding GHG emissions from the water category in 2016 are given Table 14.

41 The distribution energy intensity for CMWD service area in 2015 (the latest year with data available) was provided by city staff (January 2018) and used as a proxy for 2016.
42 CMWD delivers recycled water within its service area and also adjacent agency service areas. CMWD is the only recycled water provider within the city. The recycled water distribution area is less than half of the city. 43 CMWD: 2020 Urban Water Management Plan ( June 2021). Section 6.7.2 Wastewater Treatment and Collection Facilities. 44 CMWD: 2020 Urban Water Management Plan ( June 2021). Section 5.10 Energy Intensity of Supply. The recycled water treatment energy intensity is 296 kWh/acre-foot (895,619 kWh for 3,029 acre-feet recycled water); and the recycled water distribution energy intensity is 3 kWh/acre-foot (11,159 kWh for 3,764 acre-feet recycled water). The energy intensity is based on CMWD’s January-December 2020 data, and is used as a proxy for 2016 and beyond.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 125 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

16 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 14 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Water
Year
Potable Water
Supplied
(acre-feet)
Recycled Water
Supplied
(acre-feet)
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
2016 17,734 4,057 8,000
GHG emissions for each category are rounded to the nearest thousands. Values are not rounded in the intermediary steps in the calculation.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

3.2.7 Wastewater
The emissions from wastewater were estimated based on the total amount of wastewater generated in a given year and the emission factor of the wastewater treatment processes.

Wastewater in Carlsbad is collected and delivered to the Encina Wastewater Authority (EWA) for treatment at the Encina Water Pollution Control Facility (Encina WPCF). The wastewater treatment GHG emissions and total wastewater flow for the Encina WPCF were provided by EWA. In 2013, the Encina WPCF treated an average of 22.8 million gallons per day (MGD) with annual GHG emissions of 11,359 MT CO
2e. This resulted in an emission factor of 1.37 MT CO2e/million gallons treated, which consists of emissions from: (1) stationary combustion of anaerobic digester gas; (2) process emissions from wastewater treatment with nitrification and denitrification; and (3) direct anaerobic digester gas. The wastewater emission factor derived from the Encina WPCF was applied to all wastewater flow in the city. As similar data were not available for the other years, the 2013 emission factor was used as an estimate for 2016.

The total wastewater flow, the wastewater emission factor, and corresponding GHG emissions are given in Table 15.

Table 15 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Wastewater
Year
Total Wastewater
Generated
(million gallons/year)
Wastewater Emission
Factor
(MT CO2e/ million gallon)
GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
2016 2,170 1.37 3,000
GHG emissions for each category are rounded to the nearest thousand. Values are not rounded in the intermediary steps in the calculation.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 4 BUSINESS-AS-USUAL EMISSIONS PROJECTION
To inform the development of GHG reduction strategies within the CAP Update, GHG emissions are projected using the 2016 baseline year GHG inventory, as well as estimates for population, housing, and job growth. This is used to develop a “business-as-usual” (BAU) projection, which demonstrates emissions growth in the absence of any new policies and programs. Next, future emissions reductions expected from applicable federal and State policies and programs are applied, creating a legislatively- adjusted BAU. Figure 4 provides an illustrative example of the difference between a BAU and a legislatively-adjusted BAU.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 126 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

17 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Figure 4 Example of Business-As-Usual and Legislatively-Adjusted Business-As-Usual Emissions Projections The total BAU projected emissions are presented in Table 16 and Figure 5.

Table 16 Business-As-Usual Emissions Projections
Emissions Category
Projected GHG Emissions (MT CO2e)
2035 2045
On-Road Transportation 468,000 482,000
Electricity 263,000 274,000
Natural Gas 162,000 166,000
Off-Road Transportation 45,000 47,000
Solid Waste 40,000 40,000
Water 11,000 11,000
Wastewater 4,000 4,000
Total 993,000 1,024,000
Sum may not add up to totals due to rounding.

Projected GHG emissions for each category are rounded. Values are not rounded in the intermediary steps in the calculation.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 127 of 637
Projected GHG
Emissions
(MT C02e)
BAU GHG Emissions
Projection _ _ _ _ 1. - ,.,. ...... -- -- -GHG Emissions Projections after Federal and State Policies
----- -- -- -- -- -Legislatively -adjusted
BAU
Energy Policy Initiatives Center, 2018
Year
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

18 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Figure 5 Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Business-As-Usual Emissions Projections The methods used to project activity level and emission factors for each emissions category are described in Table 17 below.

Table 17 Method to Project Business-as-usual Emissions
Emissions
Category Activity Method to Project
Activity Level Emission Factor Method to Project
Emission Factor
On-Road
Transportation VMT
Through 2035:

Projection under HEU

2035-2045: S ervice
population increase
Average vehi cle
emission factor
All new vehicles have
the same emission
rate as new vehicles
in baseline year
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 128 of 637
1,200,000
1,000,000
¾
0 u 800,000
'o
"' C
2 u
·5
~ 600,000
"' C
0 ·.;;
"' .E
Lu 400,000
('.)
I
('.)
200,000
GHG
Inventories
2016 2018
Busines s-as-usua l
GHG Proj ections
■ Wastewater
■ Water
■ ■
■ Off-Road
Transportation
■ Solid Waste
■ Natural Gas
Electricity
■ On-Road
Transportation
2035 2045
Business-as-usual GHG emissions projection with population, jo bs, and housing units growth in Carlsbad, not including future impacts of adopted federal, state, or regional policies.

Energy Policy Init iatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

19 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Emissions
Category Activity Method to Project
Activity Level Emission Factor Method to Project
Emission Factor
Electricity Net energy for
load
Residential: P opulation
increase
Non-Residential: J obs
increase
City-s pecific
emission factor
Fixed at the latest
year with data
available (2020)
Natural Gas Natural gas end-
use
Residential: Population
increase
Non-Residential: J obs
increase
Natural gas
emission factor

0.00545 MT CO2e/
therms
Solid Waste Waste disposal Population Increase Mixed waste emission factor

0.98 MT CO
2e/short
ton
Off-Road
Transportation All adopted rules included in the CARB OFFROAD2021 Model Water
Potable and
recycled water
supply
Potable water:

Population increase

Recycled water: Fixed at
the latest year with data
available (2020)
Energy intensity
and electricity
emission factor
Fixed at the latest
year with data
available (2020)
Wastewater Wastewater
generation Population increase Wastewater
emission factor

0.37 MT CO
2e/
million gallon
Method to project business-as-usual emissions only
Population, jobs, and service population are provided in Table 2 Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 5 2035 AND 2045 REDUCTION TARGETS
Table 18 shows the BAU emissions projections and the 2035 and 2045 reduction targets.

Table 18 Emissions Projections, Reduction Targets, and Emissions Reductions Needed Year
Business-as-usual
Projection*
(MT CO2e)
Target Emissions
Level
(% below baseline)
Target
Emissions Level
(MT CO2e)
2016 981,000 - -
2035 993,000 50% 490,000
2045 1,024,000 85% 147,000
Emissions projections and targets are rounded.
*BAU projection without impact of federal, State, regional, and local CAP Update strategies.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023.

A comparison of the 2016 and 2018 GHG inventory, BAU projection, and the 2035 and 2045 reduction targets is provided in below Figure 6.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 129 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

20 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Figure 6 Business-As-Usual Projections and Reduction Targets 6 SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS REDUCTION ESTIMATES
This section summarizes the GHG emissions reductions identified for each strategy and measure included in the CAP Update. Table 19 below presents a summary of emissions reductions from each strategy including the reductions from federal and State regulations.

Table 19 2035 and 2045 GHG Emissions Reductions by Strategy Strategy
Emissions Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 2045
Transportation 6,000 10,000
Energy 52,000 65,000
Water and Wastewater 2,000 2,000
Waste Diversion 32,000 37,000
Off-Road Equipment 5,000 15,000
Carbon Sequestration 8,000 12,000
Federal and State Regulations 525,000 742,000
Total Reduction* 630,000 883,000
*Total emissions reduction values in 2035 and 2045 are rounded. The total includes values from federal, State, regional, and local CAP Update strategies.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2024

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 130 of 637
1,200,000
1,000,000
~ 800,000
8 I-
~
"' C:
0 ·.;;
"' .E
UJ
600,000
~ 400,000
(!)
200,000
0 • •
2035 Reduction Target:
50% below 2016 Level
•
•
2045 Reduction Target:
85% below 2016 Level
--BAU Projection
• Reduction Targets
• 2016 and 2018 GHG
Inventory
Business-as-usual (BAU} projection represents the projected emissions associated with the population and jobs growth in Carlsbad, in the absence of any new policies and programs.

Energy Policy Init iat ives Center, University of San Diego 2023 City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

21 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Each strategy has several measures. Table 20 presents a detailed summary of the emissions reductions from each CAP Update measure, including each federal and State action.

Table 20 2035 and 2045 GHG Emissions Reductions by Measure Strategy Measure
Emissions Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 2045
Transportation
T-1 Traffic Calming & Optimization 1,334 746
T-2 Transportation Demand Management Ordinance 3,254 8,630 T-3 Safe Routes to School 70 39
T-4 Bikeway System Improvements 566 324
T-5 Pedestrian System Improvements 55 31
T-6 Local Transportation Improvements Not quantified
T-7 Municipal Transportation Demand Management 92 51
T-8 Increase Public Zero Emission Vehicle Infrastructure Supporting California’s
Advanced Clean Car II
Regulation
T-9 Zero Emission City Fleet 1,059 592
T-10 Parking Management Strategies Not Quantified
Energy
E-1 Renewable Energy at Municipal Facilities 751 1,306
E-2 Community Choice Energy 17,110 -
E-3.1 Nonresidential Building Energy - Existing Reach Code 770 1,296 E-3.2 Nonresidential Building Energy - Updated Reach Code 2,773 5,796 E-3.3 Nonresidential Building Energy - Solar Carports Not quantified E-4.1 Residential Building Energy - Existing Reach Code 3,212 3,710 E-4.2: Residential Building Energy - Updated Reach Code 1,196 1,488 E-5 Building Energy Benchmarking 4,308 7,358
E-6 Decarbonize Existing Buildings 22,356 44,305
Water and
Wastewater
W-1 Wastewater System Improvements 59 -
W-2 Water System Improvements 1,516 1,583
Waste
Diversion WD-1 Solid Waste and Organic Waste Diversion 31,776 37,040 Off-Road
Equipment
OR-1 Convert Gas-Powered Leaf Blowers 396 386
OR-2 Increase Renewable or Alternative Fuel in Construction Equipment 4,698 15,081
Carbon
Sequestration CS-1 Community Forest Management 7,519 11,966 Federal and
State
Regulations
Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency Standards 186,134 320,795 California Energy Efficiency Programs 6,385 4,998
Renewables Portfolio Standard 267,309 319,919
California Solar Policy, Programs and Mandates 64,878 95,985 Total from Federal and State Regulations 524,707 741,697 Total from CAP Update Measures 104,871 141,728
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 131 of 637
I
I
I
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

22 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Strategy Measure
Emissions Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 2045
Total Reduction* 630,000 883,000
*Total emissions reductions values in 2035 and 2045 are rounded. The total includes reductions from federal, State, and CAP Update measures.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2024

Figure 7 provides a visualization of the emissions trends through 2045.

Figure 7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trend (2021–2045)
In Figure 7, the colored wedges represent the reduction from each CAP Update strategy and from federal and State actions. Each wedge represents the cumulative GHG reduction from through 2045. The grey area beneath the colored wedges represents the remaining emissions after all the actions have taken place.
7 METHODS TO ESTIMATE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS The following sub-sections describe the methods to estimate GHG emissions reductions:

• Section 7.1 through Section 7.3 discuss a set of common assumptions and sources used to calculate emissions reductions in energy and on-road transportation categories; • Section 7.4 describes the emissions reductions from federal and State actions; and • Section 7.5 describes the emissions reductions from the CAP Update measures.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 132 of 637
w
0 u
~
C:
0 fu
E
i
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
The Impact of the Advanced Clean cars II (ACCII) Regulat ion (2022) included here is based only on the projected zero emission vehicle and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle percentage of new light-duty car and light-duty truck sales (mode l year 2026-2050) and annual fleet turnvoer . The ACC II Regulation also impacts remaining vehicles with more stringent exhaust standards, which are not estimated.

DRAFT as of March 2024
Energy Policy Initiat ives Center, University of San Diego 2024 85% below
2016 Leve l
■ Federal and California Vehicle
Efficiency Standards Adopted
through 2020
■ Advanced Clean Car II (ZEV
Regulat ion)
■ Ca l ifornia Renewable and Energy
Efficiency Program
■ CAP Category: Transportation
■ CAP Category: Energy
■ CAP Category: Water and
Wastewater
CAP Category: Waste Diversion
■ CAP Category: Off-Road Equipment
■ CAP Category: Carbon
Sequestrat ion
Remaining Emissions
• Reduction Targets
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024
23 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

7.1 Common Assumptions a nd Methods for Calculating Electricity Emissions Reductions The following overall assumptions and methods are used in the calculation of emissions reductions related to electricity, including those from federal and State actions as well as CAP Update measures.

7.1.1 GHG E mission Factor for Electricity
The electricity emission factors in Carlsbad (i.e., citywide electricity emission factors) are the weighted average emission factors of gross generation from four sources of supply: 1) SDG&E; 2) the electric retail suppliers for SDG&E’s DA customers; 3) Clean Energy Alliance (CEA), a Community Choice Energy program launched in 2021; and 4) behind-the-meter photovoltaic (PV) systems. The citywide electricity emission factors are different from the emission factors used in the GHG inventory because the electricity generated from behind-the-m eter PV systems ar e assumed to be zero emissions and not accounted for in the GHG inventory. However, all sources are co nsidered to estimate the ef fects of State actions and CAP Update measures that increase the grid-supply of renewable and zero-c arbon electricity. Considering behind-the-meter PV as a source that contributes to the citywide electricity emission factor reflects the effects of energy efficiency programs that may reduce behind-the-meter electricity use, or the effects from additional electric vehicle (EV) ch arging load, which may come from behind-the-meter electricity sources and not just from grid supply.

The citywide electricity emission factor is calculated based on the percentage of renewable content in and the percentage of gross generation from each supply source as des cribed below. This method is applied to 2020 onward when the projection from electricity category starts. As the percentage of renewable and zero-carbon supply in the mix increases, the citywide el ectricity emission factor decreases.

7.1.1.1 Supply f rom San Diego Gas & Electric
As of 2020, SDG&E’s bundled power mix is 31% renewable.45 It is assumed SDG&E will meet the 45% renewable by 2024, 60% renewable by 2030, 90% renewable and zero-carbon by 2035, and 100% renewable and zero-carbon by 2045 as required by the Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) under SB 100 (de León) and SB 1020 (Laird).46 Estimates in this Appendix assume that 100% renewable and zero- carbon means supplying every hour of the year with renewable and carbon-free electricity resources.

The legislative mandates are discussed in detail in Section 7.4.1.

7.1.1.2 Supply fro m Electric Retail Suppliers of San Diego Gas & Electric Direct Access Customers Like SDG&E, electric ret ail suppliers of SD G&E DA customers are required to meet RPS targets.

7.1.1.3 Supply from Clean Energy Alliance
CEA, the Community Choice Energy program launched in 2021, has exceeded its renewable and zero- carbon electricity supply beyond the current RPS mandates. This is discussed in detail in Section 7.5.2.2.

Because all of California’s retail electricity suppliers need to meet the RPS requirement, a portion of the emissions reduction from RPS compliance is credited to State actions. The remaining portion of reductions is attributed to CAP Update Measure E-2.
45 SDG&E: 2020 Power Content Label.
46 SB 100 (de León) California Renewables Portfolio Standard Program: emissions of greenhouse gases (2017–2018). T he interim RPS targets are 44% by 2024 and 52% by 2027 from eligible renewable energy resources. SB 1020 (Laird) Clean Energy, Jobs, and Affordability Act of 2022 (2021-2022).

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 133 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

24 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

7.1.1.4 Supply from Behind-the-Meter Photovoltaic Systems Electricity generation from behind-the-meter PV systems, including residential and non-residential PV, is considered part of the overall electricity supply. Electricity generation from PV is considered 100% zero- carbon (i.e., GHG-free). The State’s solar policies, programs, and mandates are discussed in Section

7.4.1.1. 7.1.1.5 Citywide Electricity Emission Factors
The citywide electricity emission factor is based on the percentage of gross generation from each supply, as well as the percentage of renewable and zero-carbon content in each supply.

Table 21 shows the contribution from each supply to gross generation, its renewable and zero-carbon content, and the overall citywide electricity emission factors for 2020, 2035, and 2045.

Table 21 Carlsbad Citywide Electricity Emission Factors Year 2020 2035 2045
Clean Energy
Alliance
% of Gross Generation Supplied -* 49% 46%
Renewable and Zero-Carbon Content in Supply -* 100% 100% Other Electric
Retail Suppliers
% of Gross Generation Supplied 6% 5% 5%
Renewable and Zero-Carbon Content in Supply 33% 90% 100% SDG&E
% of Gross Generation Supplied 84% 27% 26%
Renewable and Zero-Carbon Content in Supply 31% 90% 100% Behind-the-meter
PV
% of Gross Generation Supplied 10% 18% 24%
Renewable and Zero-Carbon Content in Supply 100% 100% 100% Citywide Renewable and Zero-Carbon Content in Supply 37% 97% 100% Electricity Emission Factor (lbs CO2e/MWh) 576 30 -
*Clean Energy Alliance was launched in 2021.

The overall citywide emission factors here are different from the emission factors used in the GHG inventories. The emission factors used in GHG inventories do not include behind-the-meter supplies. 2020 is the latest year with utility data available. 2035 and 2045 data are projections based on CAP Update assumptions, current status, and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

In 2020, SDG&E and other electric retail suppliers supplied 90% of the projected gross generation, and behind-the-meter PV systems supplied the remainder. In 2035, the projected electricity supply from behind-the-meter PV systems is estimated to be 18% of gross generation. To comply with the mandated renewable and zero-carbon targets for 2035, the renewable content in electricity from both SDG&E and other electric retail suppliers will increase to 90%. This Appendix assumes the renewable and zero- carbon supply is fixed at the RPS mandate level to avoid overestimating the emissions reductions from these supplies. Based on the target for CAP Measure E-2, it is assumed CEA will have 100% renewable and zero-carbon sources by 2035. Based on these supply contributions, the citywide annual weighted electricity emission factor in 2035 is projected to be 30 lbs CO2e/MWh (97% renewable and zero- carbon)) and zero lbs CO2e/MWh in 2045 (100% renewable and zero-carbon).

The citywide electricity emission factors are used to calculate the emissions reductions from electricity savings, as well as State actions and CAP Update measures that increase renewable supply.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 134 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

25 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

7.1.2 GHG Emissions Reductions from Actions that Increase Renewables in Electricity The projected citywide electricity emission factor is used to estimate the GHG emissions reductions from any actions that increase the overall renewable and zero-carbon supply. The total reduction from State and local CAP Update measures that increase renewable supply is given in Table 22, calculated using the projected gross generation in target years and the difference in the 2035 and 2045 citywide emissions and BAU emission factors.

Table 22 GHG Emissions Reductions from Actions Increasing Renewable and Zero -Carbon Supply Year
Gross
Generation
(GWh)
BAU Projections
Projections with State and Local CAP
Update Actions in Increasing Renewable
and Zero-Carbon Supply
GHG Emissions
Reductions from
Increased
Renewable and
Zero-Carbon
Supply
(MT CO2e)
BAU Electricity
Emission Factor
(lbs CO2e/MWh)
BAU Emissions
from Electricity
(MT CO2e)
Projected Electricity
Emission Factor
(lbs CO2e/MWh)
Projected Emissions
from Electricity
(MT CO2e)
2035 1,381 576 361,126 30 18,724 342,401
2045 1,558 576 407,283 - - 407,283
The projections with increasing renewable and zero-carbon supply are based on CAP Update assumptions and State policies and programs, including the additional electric load from electric vehicles due to California’s Advanced Clean Cars II regulations.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

The BAU emission factor for 2020 (Table 21) is kept constant through the year 2045. The total emissions reductions from increasing renewable supply, as calculated above (Table 22), is attributed to each supply based on its renewable and zero-carbon content compared to the total renewable and zero- carbon content. This is shown in Table 23.

Table 23 GHG Emissions Reductions by Supply
Year Electricity Supply Total CEA
Other Electric
Retail
Suppliers
SDG&E Behind-the-
meter PV
2035
% of Gross Generation Supplied by
Renewables Sources 97% 49% 5% 25% 18%
Emissions Reduction from Increased
Renewables Supply (MT CO
2e) 342,401 174,256 16,351 86,916 64,878
2045
% of Gross Generation Supplied by
Renewables Sources 100% 46% 5% 26% 24%
Emissions Reduction from Increased
Renewables Supply (MT CO2e) 407,283 186,238 19,818 105,243 95,985 CEA: Clean Energy Alliance
2035 and 2045 data are the projections based on CAP Update assumptions and the future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.2 Common Assumptions and Methods for Calculating Natural Gas Emissions Reductions As described in Section 3.2.3, the default natural gas emission factor of 0.00545 MT CO2e per therm is used for all years to estimate the emissions reductions for the CAP Update measures that reduce natural gas use.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 135 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

26 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

7.3 Common Assumptions and Methods for Calculating On-Road Transportation Emissions Reductions
The following assumptions and methods are used to calculate emissions reductions for strategies related to on-road transportation, including federal and State actions and local CAP Update measures.

7.3.1 GHG Emission Factor for On-Road Transportation
The GHG emission factor for on-road transportation is used in several ways throughout the Appendix:
(1) to estimate the effect of federal and State actions that increase the vehicle fuel efficiency standard and increase zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs); and (2) the impact of VMT reduction.

7.3.1.1 Impact of Federal and State Actions on Average Vehicle Emission Rates The latest CARB EMFAC2021 model includes the effects of federal and State regulations related to tailpipe GHG emissions reductions that were adopted by the end of 2020.47 In August 2022, CARB adopted the Advanced Clean Cars II (ACCII) regulations that established standards for new post-2026 model year light-duty vehicles. ACCII amended: (1) the low-emission vehicle (LEV) regulations to strengthen standards for light-duty vehicles and trucks to reduce smog-forming emissions; and (2) the ZEV regulations to require an increasing number of ZEVs to meet air quality and climate change emissions standards.
48 The ZEV amendments support Governor Newsom’s Executive Order N-79-20 that requires all new passenger vehicles sold in California to be ZEVs by 2035.49

Starting in 2026, ACCII has a significant impact on the percentage of new ZEVs and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, EMFAC2021 default outputs do not include the effect of ACCII. The pending update of the EMFAC model, EMFAC202Y, will include the impact of ACCII and other light-duty and heavy-duty vehicle regulations passed after the adoption of EMFAC2021.50

Figure 8 shows the differences in projected ZEV and PHEV sales as required by ACCII and in EMFAC2021.

47 CARB: EMFAC2021 Volume III Technical Document, Version 1.0.1 (April 2021). Section 1.3.5 Regulations and Policies includes a list of polices and regulations covered in EMFAC2021. 48 CARB: Advanced Clean Cars II.
49 Id.
50 CARB Presentation EMFAC202Y: An Update to California on-road Mobile Source Emissions Inventory ( October 12, 2022).

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 136 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

27 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Figure 8 ACCII ZEV and PHEV Sales (Adapted from CARB October 2022 Public Workshop for the EMFAC202Y Model, Presentation Slide 28)
To estimate the impact of ACC off-model, the ACCII ZEV and PHEV sales in Figure 8 are applied to new light-duty cars trucks starting in model year 2026. For example, 45% of new light-duty cars in model and calendar year 2026 will be ZEVs and PHEVs, with the remaining light-duty cars split between gasoline and diesel51. Starting with model year 2035, new light-duty vehicles (both cars and trucks) will be 100% ZEVs or PHEVs.

The average vehicle emission rates (g CO2e/mile) are calculated based on the distribution of VMT in each vehicle class with ACCII adjustment for light-duty vehicles, as well as the emission rate of each vehicle class. The average vehicle emission rates (Table 24) are used to estimate the GHG emissions reduction impact of federal and State policies that increase vehicle efficiency and ZEVs.

51 Based on the EMFAC2021 default gasoline-diesel cars fraction.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 137 of 637
~
" -;;;
V,
" u
:i:
~
~
" z
0 * > w
I

0..
""O
C
"' G'.i N
ACC II ZEV and PHEV Sales Fractions
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
•-------------•------•------•------•--------------------•------• Jtr------•------•------•------•------ ... ------•------•------•------• 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035
Model Year
--ACCII Light-Duty Car (LOA, LDT1) ....,_ ACCII Light-Duty Truck (LDT2, MDV) -a- EMFAC2021 Light-Duty Car (LOA, LDT1) -•-EMFAC2021 Light-Duty Truck (LDT2, MDV) CARB
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

28 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 24 Average Vehicle Emission Rate in the San Diego Region Year
EMFAC2021 Default Results
(with the Impact of all Adopted State and
Federal Policies through 2020)
Adjusted EMFAC2021 Default Results with
ACCII ZEV Regulations
Ratio of e-VMT to
Total VMT
(%)
Average Vehicle Emission
Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
Ratio of e-VMT to
Total VMT
(%)
Average Vehicle
Emission Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
2019 1.4% 428 1.4% 428
2035 10% 317 44% 218
2045 13% 296 74% 122
ACCII: Advanced Clean Cars II Regulations
e-VMT: electric vehicle miles traveled
EMFAC2021 includes all key federal and State regulations related to tailpipe GHG emissions reductions that were adopted by the end of 2020. EMFAC2021 results are adjusted to include the ACCII ZEV regulations.

CARB 2021, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

This Appendix assumes that the impact of ACCII in the San Diego region will be the same as its impact statewide due to the lack of regional specific data available. The additional electric load from the ZEVs and PHEVs is included in the projected gross generation in the electricity category.

7.4 Federal and State Actions that Reduce GHG Emissions in Carlsbad In addition to how federal and State regulations affect the emissions factors of electricity and on-road transportation, these same policies lead to significant emissions reductions in Carlsbad through 2045.

This section provides a summary of the methods used to estimate and attribute the emissions reductions associated with the following federal and State actions that increase renewable electricity, building energy efficiency, and clean and efficient transportation:

• California RPS – SB 100 and SB 1020
• California Solar Programs, Policies and Mandates
• California Energy Efficiency Programs
• Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency Standards

7.4.1 California Renewables Portfolio Standard
SB 100, the 100 Percent Clean Energy Act of 2018, adopts a 60% RPS for all of California’s retail electricity suppliers by 2030. SB 100 also provides goals for the intervening years before 2030 and establishes a State policy requiring that zero-carbon resources supply 100% of all retail electricity sales to end-user customers and all State agencies by December 31, 2045.52 SB 1020, the Clean Energy, Jobs, and Affordability Act of 2022, adopts two interim targets for all retail electricity sales to end-use customers: 90% renewable and zero-carbon electricity by 2035 and 95% renewable and zero-carbon electricity by 2040.53 The statewide renewable and zero-carbon targets are shown in Figure 9 below.

52 SB 100 (de León): California Renewables Portfolio Standard Program: emissions of greenhouse gases (2017–2018). T he interim RPS targets are 44 percent by 2024 and 52 percent by 2027 from eligible renewable energy resources. 53 SB 1020 (Laird): the Clean Energy, Jobs, and Affordability Act of 2022 (2021–2022).

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 138 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

29 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Figure 9 SB 100 and SB 1020 Targets
All retail electricity suppliers are required to meet the State’s RPS requirements, including SDG&E, retail electricity suppliers for SDG&E’s DA customers, and CEA. In this Appendix, a conservative approach is taken. It’s assumed all providers for current utility customers, including electricity sales to DA customers, will meet, but not surpass, the RPS requirements. Under this assumption, all emissions reductions from SDG&E and electric retail suppliers reaching 90% renewable and zero-carbon in 2035 are credited to the State under the RPS requirements. In 2045, because all retail electricity suppliers are required to meet the 100% renewable and zero-carbon requirement, all emissions reductions are credited to the State.

For CEA, a portion of the emissions reductions in 2035 from the program will be credited to the State under RPS compliance, and the remaining reduction will be attributed to a local CAP Update measure (E- 2), as described in Section 7.5.2.2. In addition, the electricity related to bring water down from the State Water Project and the Colorado River also must be renewable or zero-carbon under the mandates.

Table 25 shows results from RPS mandates in target years.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 139 of 637
i ·;:
t,
~
C
0 ~ u
e .,
N
---.S!
.D
~ .,
C .,
a:: ., .,,
~
C
~
:;;
c..
100"/o
9'.>%
8)%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
O"lo
2010
•
2020: 33% RPS
Eligible Renewab les
2015 2020
• • 2040 : 95%
2035 : 90% Zero-Carbon
Zero- Carbon
2030: 60% RPS
• Eligible Renewab les
' 2027 : 57% RPS Eligible
\ ,: .. :•::,::::::are,im
Renewab les, Inter im
2025 2030 2035 2040
•
2045 : 100%
Zero-Carbon
2045
S8100 and S81020 targets appl y to all retail electricity providers include Direct Access, Commu nity Choice Aggregato rs and lnvestor-Ov,med Utilities
Energy Policy Initia tives Center, University of San Diego 2023 City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

30 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 25 Emissions Reductions from California Renewables Portfolio Standard Year
RPS-Related
Emissions
Reductions from
SDG&E*
(MT CO2e)
RPS-Related
Emissions
Reductions from CEA
(MT CO2e)
RPS-Related Emissions
Reductions from
Upstream Water-
Energy Use
(MT CO2e)
Total RPS-Related
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 103,267 156,830 7,212 267,309
2045 125,060 186,238 8,621 319,919
CEA: Clean Energy Alliance
*Includes SDG&E and electric retail suppliers of SDG&E DA customers. 2035 and 2045 data are projections under the CAP based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update measures assumptions.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.4.1.1 California Solar Programs, Policies, and Mandates California has several policies and programs to encourage customer-owned, behind-the-meter PV systems, such as the California Solar Initiative, New Solar Home Partnership, Net Energy Metering, and electricity rate structures for solar customers. The California 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, required all newly constructed single-family homes, low-rise multi-family homes, and detached accessory dwelling units (ADUs) to have PV systems installed, unless the building receives an exception.54 The latest California 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standards (2022 Code), which went into effect on January 1, 2023, expanded the PV requirement to include non- residential buildings. In addition, the 2022 Code encourages efficient electric heat pumps and establishes electric-ready requirements for new residential construction.55

The California Energy Demand 2022–2035 Forecast, developed by the CEC, has projections for PV capacity from behind-the-meter PV adoption in the SDG&E planning area through 2035, including the impact of the residential and non-residential PV mandates. 56 The baseline PV projection from 2022–
2035 in the SDG&E planning area is used to forecast PV generation in this Appendix.57

The California Distributed Generation (DG) Statistics database includes capacities of behind-the-meter PV systems interconnected in a jurisdiction in a given year for each of the three Investor-Owned Utility (IOU) planning areas, including SDG&E. This provides a historical record used to determine the capacity in GHG inventory years and the trends in PV installation.

54 CEC: 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards – 2019 Residential Compliance Manual ( December 2018). For the requirements on newly constructed single-family and low-rise multi-family homes, see Section 7.2 Prescriptive Requirements for Photovoltaic System. For the requirements on newly constructed and detached ADU, see Section 9.3.5 Accessory Dwelling Units.
55 CEC: 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standards.
56 The New Billing Tariff that went into effect in April 2023 and the federal ITC extension announced in August 2022 will have a long term an impact the behind-the-meter PV installation. The Energy Demand Forecasts are updated annually, and the impacts will be assessed in future versions.
57 CEC: California Energy Demand Update 2022-2035 a ccessed June 3, 2023.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 140 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

31 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

A comparison of the estimated capacity and electricity generation from PV systems in Carlsbad and in the SDG&E planning area is given in Table 26.58
Table 26 Behind-the-meter PV Capacity and Estimated Electricity Generation Year
Carlsbad* SDG&E Planning Area** Historical Carlsbad
to SDG&E Ratio of
Electricity
Generation from PV
PV Capacity
(MW)
Estimated Electricity
Generation
(GWh)
Estimated Electricity
Generation
(GWh)
2019 6 11 367 3.1%
2020 11 18 531 3.5%
2021 18 32 784 4.1%
2022 27 47 1,170 4.0%
MW: megawatt; GWh: gigawatt hour
*Estimated electricity generation based on PV capacity and 20% capacity factor. **California Energy Demand Baseline 2022–2035 Forecast
California DG Statistics 2023, CEC 2023, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

For future years, the electricity generation and capacity of behind-the-meter PV systems in Carlsbad are estimated based on the PV generation in CEC’s baseline forecast for SDG&E’s planning area and the average ratio of PV generation in Carlsbad to that of SDG&E’s planning area from 2016–2022 (4.1%).

Because of California’s solar programs, policies, and mandates, the estimated 2035 PV capacity in Carlsbad is projected to be 145 megawatts (MW). The trend of behind-the-meter PV in Carlsbad is shown in Figure 10.

58 The capacity of all interconnected PV systems in Carlsbad was from the California Distributed Generation Statistics NEM Currently Interconnected Data Set (current as of March 30, 2023), download date: June 3, 2023. National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Residential PV Resources Classes, Mean DC Capacity Factor.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 141 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

32 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Figure 10 Behind-the-meter Photovoltaic Historical Capacity and Projections Because there are no statewide PV projections beyond 2035, this Appendix assumes that the PV capacity from State programs beyond 2035 will have an annual growth rate of 3.8% (the 2034–2035 growth rate, or the last year with data available) beyond 2035.

The emissions reductions from all State and CAP Update measures that increase behind-the-meter renewable supply are calculated in Section 7.1.1 and shown in Table 27 below.

Table 27 Key Assumptions and Results for California Solar Policies, Programs , and Mandates Year California Solar Polices, Programs, and Mandates
2035 Projected Behind-the-meter PV Capacity (MW) 145
Projected Emissions Reduction (MT CO2e) 64,878
2045
Projected Behind-the-meter PV Capacity (MW) 210
Projected Emissions Reduction (MT CO2e) 95,985
Solar policies, programs, and mandates include the impact of the PV mandates from the 2019 and 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standard.

The projected capacity and emissions reductions are based on CAP Update assumptions, current status, and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.4.2 California Energy Efficiency Program
In September 2021, the CPUC adopted energy efficiency goals for ratepayer-funded energy efficiency programs (Decision 21-09-037). The adopted energy saving goals for SDG&E’s service territory are given Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 142 of 637
160
140
120
u
"tJ
3: 100 :;;
>-
"" u
"' C.
"' u
> 0..
"' 0
"'
80 60
40 20
0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Sour ce o f historical capacity: ca lifornia Distributed Generation Statis tics, 2023.

Sour ce o f capacity trend: Cali forn i a Energy Demand 2022-2035 Baselin e Forecast in San Diego pla nning area, baseline scena rio {Jan 20 23 vers ion) .

Energy Policy Initiatives Cente r, Un ivers ity of San Diego, 2023 2035
• Historical PV Capacity
2012-2022
--PV Pr tjec tion 2023-
2035
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

33 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

in the Decision on an annual basis from 2022 to 2032.59 The sources of the energy savings include, but are not limited to, rebated technologies, building retrofits, behavior-based initiatives, and codes and standards.60

To evaluate the impact of the energy efficiency programs in Carlsbad, the total energy savings in SDG&E’s service territory by 2032 are allocated to Carlsbad using a ratio of Carlsbad’s natural gas and electricity demand to those of SDG&E’s entire service territory. The average 2016–2020 ratios are 5.3% for electricity and 5.2% for natural gas.61 SDG&E’s energy efficiency goal is not estimated by the CPUC beyond 2032; therefore, it is assumed the annual electricity and natural gas savings from energy efficiency programs post-2032 will be the same as in 2032. SDG&E’s service territory electricity savings were allocated accordingly to Carlsbad, as shown in Table 28.62 Table 28 Estimated Energy Savings from California Energy Efficiency Programs Year
Electricity Savings*
(GWh)
Natural Gas Savings
(million therms)
SDG&E Service
Territory
Allocation of
Savings to Carlsbad
by Demand
SDG&E
Service
Territory
Allocation of
Savings to Carlsbad
by Demand
2032 1,914 102 18 0.9
*Include transmission and distribution losses.

SDG&E service territory savings are the cumulative based on the 2022-2032 annual saving goals in CPUC Decision 21-09-037.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

Emissions reductions from electricity savings are calculated by multiplying the electricity savings by the citywide GHG emission factor for electricity, discussed in Section 7.1.1 and shown in Table 21. As the renewable and zero-carbon content in electricity increases, the emissions reductions from the electricity portion of energy efficiency programs decrease. Emissions reductions from natural gas savings were calculated using the natural gas savings amount and the natural gas emission factor discussed in Section

7.2. Table 29 summarizes the energy savings and GHG emissions reductions in the years 2035 and 2045.

59 CPUC: Decision 21-09-037, Adopting Energy Efficiency Goals for 2022-2032, accessed September 16, 2022. SDG&E’s electricity service territory is larger than San Diego region. 60 Guidehouse: 2021 Energy Efficiency Potential and Goals Study ( April 23, 2021), accessed September 16, 2022. Rebated technologies are the energy efficiency technologies from the utility’s historic incentive programs, including equipment and retrofits. Existing and future Codes and Standards included in the Study is discussed in Section 3.9 Codes and Standards. 61 SDG&E’s service territory demand is from California Energy Demand Update 2022-2035 a ccessed June 3, 2023. 2020 is the latest year with historical data available for both Carlsbad and SDG&E service territory. 62 CPUC: Decision 21-09-037, Adopting Energy Efficiency Goals for 2022-2032, accessed September 16, 2022. The 2022 and beyond goals are given on an annual basis for each year from 2022 to 2032.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 143 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

34 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 29 Emissions Reductions from California Energy Efficiency Programs Year
Electricity Savings Natural Gas Savings
Total GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Electricity
Savings
(GWh)
Emission Factor
(lbs CO2e/MWh)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
from
Electricity
Savings
(MT CO2e)
Natural Gas
Savings
(million
therms)
Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/therm)
GHG Emissions
Reductions
from Natural
Gas Savings
(MT CO2e)
2035 102 30 1,387 0.9 0.0054 4,998 6,385
2045 102 - - 0.9 0.0054 4,998 4,998
The emissions reductions are projected based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.4.3 Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency Standards As discussed in Section 7.3, CARB’s EMFAC2021 model includes all key federal and State regulations related to tailpipe GHG emissions reductions for both light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles that were in place by the end of 2020. EMFAC2021 results were adjusted to include ACCII ZEV regulations which require an increasing number of ZEVs for post-2026 model year light-duty vehicles. Table 30 summarizes the key assumptions and results in the years 2035 and 2045.

Table 30 Federal and California Vehicle Efficiency Standards Year
Projected
Carlsbad VMT
(million miles
per year)
BAU Projection With No
Regulatory Impacts
With Impact of Adopted
Regulations Through 2020 and
ACCII ZEV Regulations GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Average
Vehicle
Emission
Rate*
(g CO2e/mile)
GHG Emissions
from On-Road
Transportation
(MT CO2e)
Average
Vehicle
Emission Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
GHG Emissions
from On-Road
Transportation
(MT CO2e)
2035 1,295 361 467,932 218 281,798 186,134
2045 1,327 363 482,107 122 161,312 320,795
ACCII: Advanced Clean Cars II Regulation
ZEV: zero-emission vehicles
*Despite the absence of additional policies and programs to increase vehicle efficiency, the BAU average vehicle emission rate decreases with natural fleet turnover as new vehicles replace old vehicles.

The emission rates and emissions reductions are projected based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.5 Climate Action Plan Update Measures
The following section describes the methods used to estimate the GHG reductions from the CAP Update measures, which are organized into the following six strategies:

• Transportation
• Energy
• Water and Wastewater
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 144 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

35 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

• Waste Diversion
• Off-Road Equipment
• Carbon Sequestration

7.5.1 Transportation

7.5.1.1 Measure T-1: Traffic Calming & Optimization
The goals of Measure T-1 are: (1) to synchronize traffic signals at 53 intersections by 2035 to obtain more efficient fuel use through smoother traffic flow; and (2) to install 10 new roundabouts or traffic circles by 2035. The effect of traffic signal synchronization and roundabouts on fuel reduction depends on the traffic volume and size of the intersections on the arterials. Based on the study of a traffic signal synchronization project of a similar size, the annual fuel savings per intersection is around 2,400 gallons.63 The city’s Intersection Control Evaluation engineering standards requires intersections to be analyzed for roundabouts or traffic signals and installed wherever feasible. Based on a study of roundabouts with similar sizes, the annual fuel savings per roundabout is around 19,000 gallons.64

As vehicles get more efficient and the number of ZEVs increases, the fuel savings per roundabout and per intersection will decrease. Tables 31 and 32 summarize the key assumptions and results.

63 Sunkari: The Benefits of Retiming Traffic Signals ( 2004). The Jacksonville traffic signal retiming project at a 25- intersection section resulted in estimated annual fuel savings of 65,000 gallons. 64 Varhelyi: The Effects of Small Roundabouts on Emission and Fuel Consumption: A Case Study ( 2002). The study estimated the traffic volume of the intersection and the fuel consumption before and after the roundabout. The traffic volume is 23,500 vehicles per day and the fuel savings are approximately 144 kg per day after the roundabout installation.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 145 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

36 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 31 Measure T-1 Assumptions and Results - Traffic Signal Synchronization Year
Number of
Intersections
with Traffic
Signal
Synchronization
Increase in
Vehicle Fuel
Efficiency
Compared to
Baseline Year*
Equivalent Fuel
Saving per
Intersection*
(gallons/ year)
Fuel Saving
from All
Intersections
(gallons/year)
GHG Emissions
for Fuel**
(lbs CO2e/gallon)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 53 54% 1,177 62,390 18.5 524
2045 53 73% 658 34,866 18.5 293
*Increase in vehicle fuel efficiency is based on the decrease of the average vehicle emission rate. **Emissions per gallon of fuel use for an average vehicle in the San Diego region, regardless of fuel type, vehicle type, or fuel economy.

The emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Table 32 Measure T-1 Assumptions and Results - Roundabouts Year Number of New
Roundabouts
Increase in
Vehicle Fuel
Efficiency
Compared to
Baseline Year*
Equivalent Fuel
Savings per
Intersection*
(gallons/year)
Fuel Savings
for All
Intersections
(gallons/year)
GHG Emissions
for Fuel**
(lbs CO2e/gallon)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 10 54% 9,646 96,459 18.5 810
2045 10 73% 5,390 53,905 18.5 453
*Increase in vehicle fuel efficiency is based on the decrease of the average vehicle emission rate. **Emissions per gallon of fuel use for an average vehicle in the San Diego region, regardless of fuel type, vehicle type, or fuel economy.

The emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

By adding the totals from Tables 31 and 32, to the total GHG emissions reductions from Measure T-1 are 1,334 MT CO2e in 2035 and 746 MT CO2e in 2045.

7.5.1.2 Measure T-2: Transportation Demand Management Ordinance In 2019, the city adopted a Transportation Demand Management (TDM) ordinance requiring nonresidential developments that generate over 110 average daily employee trips to submit TDM plans and implement TDM strategies to increase alternative travel modes. 65 The developments covered by the
ordinance are required to report their employees’ baseline travel modes and achieve 40% sustainable mode share (or modes other than driving alone) by 2035. Based on a post-COVID monitoring report from 2022, 18 companies with a total of 3,700 employees reported a baseline of 23% sustainable mode share across the companies.66 Through implementing and updating the TDM ordinance and subsequent TDM Handbook, the goal of this measure is to have 22,000 commuters using alternative mode for their commutes in 2045, or approximately 23% of the 2045 employment rate in Carlsbad.

65 Carlsbad: Transportation Demand Management.
66 Quarterly TDM Monitoring Reports are provided by city staff to EPIC, December 5, 2022.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 146 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

37 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

The GHG emissions reductions are based on the number of commuters using alternative modes, estimated average driving distance avoided, and the average vehicle emission rate. Table 33 summarizes the key assumptions and results.67
Table 33 Measure T-2 Assumptions and Results
Year
Commuter Miles
Avoided*
(miles/person/year)
New Commuters
Under
Ordinance
Total VMT
Avoided
(miles/year)
Average
Vehicle
Emission Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 3,227 4,637 14,960,084 218 3,254
2045 3,227 22,000 70,983,251 122 8,630
*26 miles round-trip per workday and 255 workdays per year.

The emissions reductions are the projection under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.5.1.3 Measure T-3: Safe Routes to School
The city has an ongoing effort to implement the Safe Routes to School (SRTS) program, as part of the city’s Sustainable Mobility Plan. The SRTS program provides each school site a range of options from infrastructure improvements to educational programs. Based on the residential density maps and the SRTS walk audit report, 13% (or 1,497 out of 11,346) of students are within a ½-mile walking distance from the schools currently participating in SRTS.68

The city will continue the implementation of the SRTS program to increase the number of students walking, riding bicycles, and rolling to and from school. The SRTS program would include infrastructure improvements, as well as educational programs at schools (e.g., pedestrian and bicycle safety education curriculum, safety trainings, safety awareness campaigns).

Assuming the city completes the SRTS program at all schools covered, the number of additional students walking, riding bicycles, or rolling to school are shown in Table 34. 69 67 The round-trip employee commute (driving) distance for Carlsbad employees is 26 miles based on the SANDAG Mode Choice Report.
68 Carlsbad: Sustainable Mobility Plan (2020)A ppendix G through L. 69 It is assumed the students within walking distance from the schools would walk to school with the SRTS program implementation. Carlsbad: Sustainable Mobility Plan. Appendix G through L. The current percentage of students who r ide bicycles to school in Carlsbad schools is not available. The results are based on a San Diego Unified School District 2015–2016 student-parent survey (EPIC), unpublished. The percent increase in riding bicycles to school are based on Stewart, et al., 2014:

Multistate Evaluation of Safe Routes to School Program, accessed August 10, 2019.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 147 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

38 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 34 Number of Students in Safe Routes to School Program Year
Number of
Students
Covered to the
SRTS
Programs*
Students Walking to Schools Students Riding Bicycles to Schools SRTS Walk
Audit Report
(%)
Number of
Additional
Students
Baseline
(%) **
With Safe
Routes to
School
Programs
(%)
Number of
Additional
Students Riding
Bicycle to School
2035 12,411 13% 1,638 2.0% 2.5% 60
2045 12,445 13% 1,643 2.0% 2.5% 60
SRTS: Safe Routes to School
The SRTS Walk Audit Report focuses on increasing the number of students walking to school, however, SRTS programs have the additional benefits in increasing the number of students riding bicycles to schools. The additional benefits are captured here. * Students currently covered by the SRTS Program with an annual rate of increase the same as population rate of increase ** The baseline assumption is based on a San Diego Unified School District 2015–2016 student-parent survey.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

The avoided VMT were estimated based on the number of additional students walking, riding bicycles, or rolling to school and miles avoided per trip. Miles avoided per year were converted to GHG emissions reductions using the average vehicle emission rates . Table 35 summarizes the key assumptions and results.70
Table 35 Measure T-3 Assumptions and Results
Year VMT Avoided from SRTS*
(miles/year)
Average Vehicle
Emission Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 321,662 218 70
2045 322,537 122 39
SRTS: Safe Routes to School
*Assumes a one-mile roundtrip distance for students walking to school and a 2.5-mile roundtrip distance for students riding bicycles to school, based on a San Diego Unified School District 2015–2016 student-parent survey, and 180 school days per year.

The emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.5.1.4 Measure T-4: Bikeway System Improvements
Bicycle facilities have five classifications: (1) Class I multi-use paths, which have a completely separated right-of-way designed for the exclusive use of bicycles and pedestrians; (2) Class II separated bicycle lanes, typically designated with striping; (3) Class III bicycle routes, where bicyclists share the street with vehicular traffic; (4) Class IV cycle tracks, that provide a right-of-way designated exclusively for bicycle travel which are physically protected from vehicular traffic; and (5) Class V bicycle boulevards, which do not provide separation from vehicular traffic but have features like traffic calming to lower vehicular traffic volumes and speeds, and give bicycle travel priorities.

70 The current trip distance of students who walk or ride bicycles to school in Carlsbad is not available. The results are based on a San Diego Unified School District 2015–2016 student-parent survey (EPIC), unpublished.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 148 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

39 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

The city plans to complete the planned bikeway network in the Sustainable Mobility Plan, as shown in Table 36.71
Table 36 Bikeway Mileage in the Sustainable Mobility Plan Bicycle Facility Classification Existing
(miles)
Planned
(miles)
Change in
Mileage
Multi-Use (Class I) 3.2 9.3 6.1
Bicycle Lane (Class II) 157.6 92 -65.6
Buffered Bicycle Land (Class II Buffered) 0 61.2 61.2
Bicycle Route (Class III) 5.1 5.2 0.1
Cycle Track (Class IV) 0 5.1 5.1
Bicycle Boulevard (Class V) 0 1.3 1.3
New Bicycle Facilities 7.9
Improved Bicycle Facilities 61.2
New and Improved Bicycle Facilities 69.1
Table adapted from Table 5-3 in the City of Carlsbad’s Sustainable Mobility Plan (2020)

The impact of adding new and improving existing bicycle facilities is calculated in two ways. First, constructing or improving bicycle facilities (Class I, II, or IV) that connect to a larger existing bikeway network encourages a mode shift on the roadway parallel to the bicycle facilities from vehicles to bicycles. With the completion of the planned bikeway network above, the city will have a completed bikeway network that reduces the I-I VMT (internal-internal vehicle miles, described in Section 3.2.1).

Based on the existing average one-way bicycle vehicle trip length and an active transportation adjustment factor, the percentage reduction in I-I VMT is 0.2%. 72 Second, expanding the bikeway network (Class I, II, or IV) reduces employee commute vehicle travel within the community. With the completion of the planned bikeway network, the percentage reduction in Carlsbad employee commuting is 0.01% based on the difference between existing (166) and planned (174) bikeway miles in the city, bicycle mode share and vehicle mode share in the city, average one-way bicycle and vehicle trip length, and an elasticity factor. 73 The total VMT avoided (I-I miles avoided and employee commuting miles avoided) is converted to GHG emissions reductions using the average vehicle emission rates. Table 37 summarizes the key assumptions and results.

71 City of Carlsbad: Sustainable Mobility Plan C hapter 5 The Planned Mobility Network. Table 5 -3 Summary of Bikeway Mileage. 72 The calculation method and factors are based on CAPCOA GHG Handbook T-19-A Construct or Improve Bike Facility. Default factors are used except existing one-way bicycle trip length and one-way vehicle trip length. One-way bicycle trip length, 2.9 miles, is based on San Diego regional average from the SANDAG Sustainable Communities Strategy Appendix B; and the one- way vehicle trip length, 8.2 mile, is Carlsbad average vehicle trip length from SANDAG Mode Choice Report. 73 The calculation method and factors are based on CAPCOA GHG Handbook T-2 0 Expand Bikeway Network . The default factor used is the 0.25 elasticity of bike commuters with respect to bikeway miles per 10,000 population. The one-way bicycle trip length, 2.9 miles, is based on the San Diego regional average from SANDAG’s Sustainable Communities Strategy Appendix B; and the one-way vehicle trip length, 8.2 miles, is Carlsbad’s average vehicle trip length from SANDAG’s Mode Choice Report.

Bicycle mode share, 1.5%, and vehicle mode share 75%, are Carlsbad’s daily mode choice from SANDAG Mode Choice Report.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 149 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

40 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 37 Measure T-4 Assumptions and Results
Year Jobs
Reduction in
Employee
Commuting
due to
Expanded
Bikeway
Network
Total
Employee
Commuting
Miles
(miles/year)*
Employee
Commuting
Miles
Avoided
(miles/year)
Carlsbad I-I
Miles
(miles/year)
Reduction
in I-I
Miles
I-I Miles
Avoided
(miles/year)
Total VMT
Avoided
(miles/year)
Average
Vehicle
Emission
Rate (g
CO2e
/mile)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 90,801 0.01% 531,185,850 44,854 1,171,190,921 0.2% 2,558,939 2,603,792 218 566 2045 95,762 0.01% 560,207,700 47,304 1,199,693,873 0.2% 2,621,215 2,668,519 122 324 *Assumes 26 miles per workday and 225 workdays per year.

The emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.5.1.5 Measure T-5: Pedestrian System Improvements
Providing sidewalks and an enhanced pedestrian network improves pedestrian access in Carlsbad and encourages people to walk instead of drive. The city plans to complete the planned pedestrian network in the Sustainable Mobility Plan, as shown in Table 38.74 Table 38 Pedestrian Network Mileage in the Sustainable Mobility Plan Classification Existing
(miles)
Planned
(miles) Change in Mileage
Multi-Use 3.2 9.3 6.1
Standard Sidewalks 651.6 651.6 0
School Streets 13.4 13.4 0
Alternative Streets 24 24 0
Total 692.2 698.3 6.1
Table adapted from Table 5-1 in the City of Carlsbad’s Sustainable Mobility Plan (2020), not including the priority corridors for enhanced treatment classification.

Pedestrian network improvements reduce household vehicle travel within the community. With the completion of the planned pedestrian network, the percentage reduction in Carlsbad household vehicle travel is 0.04% based on the difference between existing sidewalk length (692.2 miles) and planned sidewalk length (698.3 miles) in the city and an elasticity factor. 75 The avoided VMT is estimated based on Carlsbad VMT per capita, persons per household, and the percent VMT reduction due to the pedestrian network improvements. Miles avoided were converted to GHG emissions reductions using the average vehicle emission rates. Table 39 shows the key assumptions and results.
76 74 City of Carlsbad: Sustainable Mobility Plan C hapter 5 The Planned Mobility Network. Table 5 -1 Summary of Pedestrian Network Mileage.
75 The calculation method and factors are based on CAPCOA GHG Handbook T-1 8 Provide Pedestrian Network Improvement. 76 2035 VMT per capita is based on the VMT analysis from the Housing Element Update, February 12, 2023. The persons per capita is based on the population and housing unit projections discussed in Section 4.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 150 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

41 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 39 Measure T-5 Assumptions and Results
Year
Household
VMT*
(miles/year)
Reduction in
Household VMT
due to Pedestrian
Network
Improvement
Total Citywide
Household
VMT
(miles/year)
Miles Avoided
(miles/year)
Average
Vehicle
Emission Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 19,845 0.04% 574,805,581 253,373 218 55
2045 19,570 0.04% 576,368,187 253,962 122 31
*Assumes 23.6 miles per capita, 2.4 persons per household, and 347 weekdays per year The emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.5.1.6 Measure T-6: Local Transportation Improvements
The city will improve and expand local transportation options to provide on-demand flexible fleet service and other first-mile last-mile solutions. This includes leveraging existing regional transportation plans, such as those prepared by SANDAG, as well as the city’s Multimodal Transportation Impact Fee.

Because the city’s Multimodal Transportation Impact Fee was still under development at the time of the CAP Update, the GHG emissions reductions are not quantified for this measure.

7.5.1.7 Measure T-7: Municipal Transportation Demand Management The city currently has a telecommute program77 and will consider other TDM options for city employees at different facilities. The avoided VMT is estimated based on the commute distance avoided per workday of all eligible city staff and the 2023 average telecommute days per week. Miles avoided were converted to GHG emissions reductions using the average vehicle emission rates. Table 40 shows the key assumptions and results.78
Table 40 Measure T-7 Assumptions and Results
Year
Miles Avoided from City Staff
Transportation Demand
Management*
(miles/year)
Average Vehicle
Emission Rate
(g CO2e/mile)
GHG Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 765,000 218 92
2045 765,000 122 51

77 The City Manager, not the City Council, has the authority to update and amend the existing telecommuting program. Per Carlsbad Administrative Order 86, “at any time, the City Manager’s Office may evaluate the effectiveness of the Telecommuting Program. Upon assessment, the Telecommuting Program will be discontinued or amended.” Any changes to the Telecommuting Program would be reflected in regularly monitoring and annually reporting on CAP Update implementation efforts. City of Carlsbad Administrative Order No. 86, revised 04/22/2021. https://cityrecords.city.carlsbadca.gov/WebLink/DocView.aspx?id=5155223&dbid=0&repo=CityOfCarlsbad 78 One-way commute distance avoided per workday, 5,000 miles, was provided by city staff to EPIC based on city internal data analysis, August 17, 2023.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 151 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

42 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

*Assumes 5,000 miles commute distance avoided per workday from all telecommute eligible employee, 3 average telecommute days a week, and 51 average work weeks per year The emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.5.1.8 Measure T-8: Increase Public Zero Emission Infrastructure The city will increase zero emission infrastructure by installing and incentivizing public ZEV and bicycle infrastructure. Because this infrastructure will support the State’s ZEV mandates and ACCII (described in Section 7.4.3), the GHG emissions reductions this measure are not quantified separately.

7.5.1.9 Measure T-9: Zero Emission City Fleet
The city plans to convert gasoline vehicles within its fleet to ZEVs and to switch eligible heavy-duty fleet vehicles to renewable diesel. Assuming the municipal fleet size does not increase from the baseline year 2019, Table 41 and Table 42 show the key assumptions and results.79 Table 41 Measure T-9 Assumptions and Results - Gasoline Year
%
Reduction
in
Gasoline
Gasoline
Fuel Use*
(gallons)
Gasoline
Reduction
(gallons)
Emissions
Reduction
from
Gasoline
Reduction**
(MT CO2e)
Gasoline
Fleet Miles
(miles/year)
Additional
Electric
Load
(kWh)
Emissions
Added due
to Electric
Load***
(MT CO2e)
Net GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 100% 96,978 96,978 774 4,118,521 1,235,556 - 774
2045 100% 54,195 54,195 432 4,218,752 1,265,626 - 432
*Assuming the fleet size is the same, as vehicles get more efficient and more ZEVs are on the market due to California’s ZEV mandates, the gasoline demand decreases
**Calculated based the gasoline reduction and the gasoline carbon intensity of 7,978 CO2e/gallon ***Emissions added due to additional electric load were zero because the electricity will be 100% renewable or zero-carbon on and after 2035
The emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Table 42 Measure T-9 Assumptions and Results - Diesel
Year % Reduction in
Diesel
Diesel Fuel
Use*
(gallons)
Diesel
Reduction
(gallons)
GHG Emissions
Reductions**
(MT CO2e)
2035 100% 34,903 34,903 286
2045 100% 19,505 19,505 160
*Assuming the fleet size is the same, as vehicles get more efficient and more electric vehicles are on the market due to California’s ZEV mandates, the diesel demand decreases **Calculated based on diesel reduction and the difference between diesel blend carbon intensity (8,661 CO2e/gallon) and renewable diesel carbon intensity (478 CO2e/gallon)

79 Fuel carbon contents are based on CARB statewide GHG inventor 2022 Edition, last updated on October 26, 2022. Fiscal year 2020-2021 fleet fuel use and vehicle mileage are provided by city staff, July 5, 2022.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 152 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

43 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

The emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

The total GHG emissions reductions from Measure T-9 are 1,059 MT CO2e in 2035 and 592 MT CO2e in 2045.

7.5.1.10 Measure T-10: Parking Management Strategies
The city will assess the feasibility of reducing VMT per capita citywide through parking management strategies. Because the city’s Carlsbad Village, Barrio, and Beach Area Parking Management Plan was being updated at the time of the CAP Update, the GHG emissions reductions for this measure are not quantified.

7.5.2 Energy

7.5.2.1 Measure E-1: Renewable Electricity at Municipal Facilities The goals of Measure E-1 are to: (1) have 100% renewable or zero-carbon electricity at new and existing city facilities by 2025; (2) have 100% renewable or zero-carbon electricity for street and safety lighting; and (3) eliminate natural gas use at city facilities by 2045. To capture additional electricity demand from future new city facilities, an annual 0.5%-0.9% increase is applied to the 2021 electricity use at city facilities (5,800 MWh), based on the citywide commercial electricity annual rate of increase.80 The average of 2019 and 2020 street and highway lighting electricity use, the latest years with data available, is used to project citywide public lighting electricity use. 81 The emissions reductions from additional renewable electricity are based on the difference between the renewable content of electricity under RPS compliance and CEA’s renewable content. Emissions reductions from eliminating natural gas are based on natural gas savings and the natural gas emission factor discussed in Section 7.2. Table 43 summarizes the key assumptions and results. 82 Table 43 Measure E-1 Assumptions and Results
Year
Reduction
in Natural
Gas Use
(%)
Projected
City
Facilities
Natural
Gas Use
(therms)
Natural
Gas
Reduction
(therms)
Emissions
Reductions
from
Natural Gas
(MT CO2e)
City
Facilities
and Public
Lighting
Electricity
Use*
(MWh)
Emissions
from
Electricity
Use with
RPS-
Compliant
Renewable
(MT CO2e)
Emissions
from
Electricity
Supplied
by CEA
(MT CO2e)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
from
Renewable
Electricity
(MT CO2e)
Total GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 33% 239,455 79,818 435 7,551 316 - 316 751
2045 100% 239,455 239,455 1,306 7,911 - - - 1,306
CEA: Clean Energy Alliance

80 2019-2021 city facility electricity and natural gas use were downloaded from the city’s Portfolio Manager account, downloaded on May 25, 2022.
81 Public lighting electricity use was provided by city staff, July 15, 2022. 82 2019 city facilities natural gas use was reported in the 2020 CAP Annual Report. The 1.5% annual increase is the same assumption as in the 2015 CAP and confirmed by city staff.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 153 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

44 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

*BAU electricity use is projected based on the 2021 city facilities electricity use, 2019 and 2020 street and highway lighting electricity use, and a 0.5-

0.9% annual increase
The electricity supplied by CEA is assumed to be zero-emission (100% renewable or carbon-free electricity) by and after 2035. All electric service providers have to supply 100% renewable or carbon-free electricity on and after 2045.

The emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.5.2.2 Measure E-2: Community Choice Energy
As discussed in Section 7.4.1, SB 100 and SB 1020 adopted the 60% RPS by 2030 for California’s retail electricity suppliers, 90% renewable and zero-carbon electricity by 2035, and 100% renewable and zero- carbon electricity by 2045. Measure E-2 assumes that CEA, launched in 2021 with a default product of 50% renewable and 75% zero-carbon content (“Clean Impact Plus”), would increase the renewable and zero-carbon electricity of its default product beyond the current RPS mandates to 100% renewable and zero-carbon by 2035. As previously explained in Section 7.4.1, because CEA is required to comply with the State’s RPS mandates, a portion of the total emissions reductions from CEA’s renewable and zero- carbon electricity is credited to the State’s RPS compliance. The emissions reductions from Measure E-1 are also removed from Measure E-2 to avoid double counting. The remaining emissions reductions beyond RPS compliance are allocated to local Measure E-2. Table 44 summarizes the key assumptions and results.83
Table 44 Measure E-2 Assumptions and Results
Year State or City Action Total for
CEA*
CEA -
Complying
with RPS
CEA - Above
RPS
GHG Emissions
Reductions
from Measure
E-1
GHG Emissions
Reductions from
Measure E-2
2035
Projected Renewables and
Zero Carbon (%) 100% 90% 10% - -
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MT CO2e) 174,256 156,830 17,426 316 17,110
2045**
Projected Renewables and
Zero Carbon (%) 100% 100% - - -
GHG Emissions Reductions
(MT CO2e) 186,238 186,238 - - -
CEA: Clean Energy Alliance
*Calculated in Table 23.
** All electric service providers must supply 100% renewable or carbon-free electricity on and after 2045.

The emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on CAP Update assumptions and future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.5.2.3 Measure E-3.1: Nonresidential Building Energy – Existing Reach Code In 2019, the city adopted a nonresidential PV and water heating ordinance for new and existing nonresidential buildings; this type of ordinance is also known as a “reach code”.84 Only the impact of the

83 Carlsbad’s participation rate and electric load of each of CEA’s products (“Clean Impact,” “Clean Impact Plus,” and “Green Impact”) for fiscal year 2022 (June 2021-May 2022) are provided by CEA via city staff to EPIC, July 28, 2022. 84 City of Carlsbad: Nonresidential Photovoltaic & Water Heating Ordinances, a dopted by the Carlsbad City Council , March 12, 2019 and approved by CEC, August 2019.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 154 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

45 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

water heating requirements on new nonresidential buildings is captured in the calculations for this measure. This is because the 2022 California Green Building Code mandates PV at new nonresidential construction and because limited data are available for the existing non-residential square footages covered by the reach code since 2019.

The current water heating requirement in the city’s building code states: “Any newly constructed nonresidential building shall derive its service water heating from a system that provides at least 40 percent of the energy needed for service water heating from on-site solar energy or recovered energy”.

Energy savings from this requirement are calculated using a heat pump water heater (HPWH) on a per- gross floor area basis. Table 45 shows the results for different non-residential building types and the average.
85 Table 45 Measure E-3.1 Potential Energy Savings
Non-Residential Building Type
Building
Size
(sq. ft.)
Electricity
Added with
HPWH
(kWh per
year)
Electricity
Added with
HPWH
(kWh/year/
sq. ft.)
Natural Gas
Savings with
HPWH
(therms per
year)
Natural Gas
Savings with
HPWH
(therms/year/
sq. ft.)
New Construction Small Office with HPWH 5,502 2,272 0.41 252 0.05 New Construction Medium Office with HPWH 53,628 9,802 0.18 449 0.01 New Construction Warehouse with HPWH 49,495 2,673 0.05 182 0.00 New Construction Retail Strip Mall with HPWH 9,375 3,205 0.34 141 0.02 Average of New Construction Commercial with HPWH 0.25 - 0.02 HPWH: heat pump water heater

City of Carlsbad 2019, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

HPWHs are used as an example here, though other types of water heaters may be used to replace existing water heaters.
86 Similarly, four nonresidential building types are used here, though other types of buildings (e.g., restaurants) have different water heating energy use on a per-square footage basis and are not captured here.

Based on the cost effectiveness analysis prepared for the reach code, an annual average of approximately 501,407 sq. ft. of new nonresidential developments would be subject to this reach code.
87 Emissions reductions from natural gas savings were calculated using the natural gas savings per sq. ft., gross floor area, and the natural gas emission factor discussed in Section 7.2. The emissions reductions from natural gas savings due to E-3.1 are summarized in Table 46.

85 City of Carlsbad: Energy Conservation Ordinance Cost Effectiveness Analysis, February 20, 2019. 86 Other options include, but are not limited to: instantaneous electric, electric tank solar water heater with HPWH back up, and solar water heater with electric tank back up.
87 Pre-ordinance analysis is based on the average annual new construction data from CoStar, provided by city staff to EPIC, January 20, 2020.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 155 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

46 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 46 Measure E-3.1 Assumptions and Results - Natural Gas Year
Annual
Nonresidential
Developments
Subject to the
2019 Reach Code
(sq. ft./year)
Total Nonresidential
Developments with
Updated Water
Heaters Due to the
2019 Reach Code
(sq. ft.)
Natural Gas
Savings from Using
Updated Water
Heater*
(therms/sq.
ft./year)
Total Natural
Gas Savings
(therms/year)
Natural Gas
Emission
Factor
(MT
CO2e/therm)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 501,407 8,022,518 0.02 146,193 0.0054 797
2045 501,407 13,036,592 0.02 237,563 0.0054 1,296
*Assumes the alternatively-powered water heaters are HPWH The projections are based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.

Carlsbad 2019, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

Emissions from added electricity use are calculated using the electricity use per sq. ft., gross floor area, and the citywide electricity emission factor. As the renewable and zero-carbon content in electricity increases, the emissions decrease correspondingly. The emissions from electricity use due to Measure E-

3.1 are summarized in Table 47.

Table 47 Measure E-3.1 Assumptions and Results - Electricity Year
Annual
Nonresidential
Developments
Subject to the
2019 Reach Code
(sq. ft./year)
Total Nonresidential
Developments With
Updated Water
Heaters Due to the
2019 Reach Code
(sq. ft.)
Electricity Added
from Using
Updated Water
Heater*
(kWh/sq. ft./year)
Total
Electricity
Use
(kWh/year)
Electricity
Emission
Factor
(lbs
CO2e/MWh)
GHG
Emissions
Increase from
Additional
Electricity Use
(MT CO2e)
2035 501,407 8,022,518 0.25 1,988,763 30 27
2045 501,407 13,036,592 0.25 3,231,740 - -
*Assumes the alternatively-powered water heaters are HPWH The projections are based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.

City of Carlsbad 2019, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

The net GHG emissions reductions from Measure E-3.1 are 770 MT CO 2e in 2035 and 1,296 MT CO2e in
2045.

7.5.2.4 Measure E-3.2: Nonresidential Building Energy – Updated Reach Code The city will update the existing reach code to require new nonresidential buildings to meet a higher energy performance standard as approved by the State after the next 2025 California Energy Code is enforced. Because the 2019 reach code (Measure E-3.1) already requires updates to water heating technology, this was not included in Measure E-3.2. Similar to Measure E-3.1, natural gas savings and additional electricity use are calculated on a per-gross floor area basis. Table 45 shows the results for different nonresidential building types and the average.88

88 California Energy Codes & Standard Reach Codes Program: 2022 Non-R esidential New Construction Cost-Effectiveness Study (March 24, 2023), accessed September 2023.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 156 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

47 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 48 Measure E-3.2 Potential Energy Savings
Nonresidential Building Type Building Size
(sq. ft.)
Electricity
Added Under
Updated Reach
Code
(kWh/year)
Electricity
Added Under
Updated Reach
Code
(kWh/year/sq.
ft.)
Natural Gas
Savings Under
Updated
Reach Code
(therms per
year)
Natural Gas
Savings Under
Updated Reach
Code
(therms/year/s
q. ft.)
New Construction Medium Office 53,628 15,005 0.28 747 0.01 New Construction Small Hotel 42,554 166,238 3.91 9,977 0.23 Average of New Nonresidential Construction 2.09 - 0.12
Average of New Nonresidential Construction with HPWH (Measure E-1) 0.25 - 0.02 Revised Average of New Nonresidential Construction 1.85 1.11 HPWH: heat pump water heater
The 2022 nonresidential new construction cost effectiveness study includes medium retail as a building type; however, the base case already assumes heat pumps for heating and cooling and an electric resistance water heater, so it is not included.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

The average of nonresidential building types is used here, though other types of buildings (e.g., restaurants) have a different energy use on a per-sq. ft. basis and are not captured here. The same annual average sq. ft. of new nonresidential developments (501,407 sq. ft.) as in Measure E-3.1 is used here.89 The emissions reductions from natural gas savings and from additional electricity use due to Measure E-3.2 are summarized in Table 49 and Table 50.

Table 49 Measure E-3.2 Assumptions and Results - Natural Gas Year
Annual
Nonresidential
Developments
Subject to the
Reach Code
Update
(sq. ft./year)
Total Nonresidential
Developments
Subject to the Reach
Code Update (sq. ft.)
Natural Gas Savings
(therms/sq. ft./year)
Total Natural
Gas Savings
(therms/year)
Natural Gas
Emission
Factor
(MT
CO2e/therm)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
from Natural
Gas Savings
(MT CO2e)
2035 501,407 5,014,074 1.85 531,338 0.0054 2,898
2045 501,407 10,028,148 1.85 1,062,677 0.0054 5,796
The projections are based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.

City of Carlsbad 2019, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Table 50 Measure E-3.2 Assumptions and Results - Electricity Year
Annual
Nonresidential
Developments
Subject to the
Reach Code
Update
(sq. ft./year)
Total Nonresidential
Developments Subject
to the Reach Code
Update (sq. ft.)
Electricity Added
(kWh/sq. ft./year)
Total
Electricity
Use
(kWh/year)
Electricity
Emission
Factor
(lbs
CO2e/MWh)
GHG Emissions
Increase from
Additional
Electricity Use
(MT CO2e)

89 Pre-reach code analysis is based on the average annual new construction data from CoStar, provided by city staff to EPIC, January 20, 2020.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 157 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

48 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

2035 501,407 5,014,074 0.11 9,252,273 30 125
2045 501,407 10,028,148 0.11 18,504,547 - 0
The projections are based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.

City of Carlsbad 2019, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

The net GHG emissions reductions from Measure E-3.2 are 2,773 MT CO2e in 2035 and 5,796 MT CO2e in 2045.

7.5.2.5 Measure E-3.3: Nonresidential Building Energy – Solar Carports The city will consider adding solar PV systems at eligible city-owned parking lots. To begin implementing this measure, the city will need to prepare a feasibility study to know which city-owned parking lots could support a solar PV system, what size these systems could be, how much energy they could generate, and more. Because this feasibility study was not completed at the time of this CAP Update, the emissions reductions are not quantified for this measure.

7.5.2.6 Measure E-4.1: Residential Building Energy – Existing Reach Code Similar to Measure E-3.1, the city adopted a residential building ordinance, or “reach code” in 2019. The updated building code states: “Any newly constructed residential building shall derive its service water heating from a system that provides at least 60 percent of the energy needed for service water heating from on-site solar energy or recovered energy”.

The energy savings from this reach code assumes the replacement of a natural gas-storage water heater (104 therms/year for a single-family home and 73 therms/year for a multi-family home) with a HPWH (919 kWh/year for a single-family home and 406 kWh/year for a multi-family home). 90 While HPWH is used as an example here, other types water heaters may be used as a replacement water heater.
91 Since the reach code was adopted, an average of 352 new water heaters per year were permitted in the city.92 The number of new single-family and multi-family units projected through 2045 are based on the housing projections described in Section 4. The emissions reduced from natural gas savings and emissions added from electricity use are shown in Table 51 and Table 52.

90 City of Carlsbad: Energy Conservation Ordinance Cost Effectiveness Analysis, February 20, 2019. 91 Other options include, but are not limited to: instantaneous electric, tank-based electric water heater, solar water heater with HPWH back up, and solar water heater with electric tank back up. 92 Ordinance compliance data from 2019 through May 2022 were provided by the city staff, May 18, 2022.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 158 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

49 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 51 Measure E-4.1 Assumptions and Results - Natural Gas, Existing Reach Code Year Residential
Unit Type
Total New
Updated Water
Heaters Due to
the 2019 Reach
Code
Natural Gas
Savings Per
Updated Water
Heater
(therms/year)
Total Natural
Gas Savings
(therms/year)
Natural Gas
Emission Factor
(MT
CO2e/therm)
GHG Emissions
Reductions
from Natural
Gas Savings
(MT CO2e)
2035
Single-Family 1,635 104 170,067 0.0054 928
Multi-Family 5,826 73 423,845 0.0054 2,312
2045
Single-Family 2,164 104 225,044 0.0054 1,227
Multi-Family 6,160 73 448,166 0.0054 2,444
The natural gas savings and emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update assumptions, including the future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Table 52 Measure E-4.1 Assumptions and Results - Electricity, Existing Reach Code Year Residential Unit
Type
Total New
Updated Water
Heaters Due to
the 2019 Reach
Code
Electricity Added
from Updated Water
Heaters**
(kWh/year)
Total
Electricity
Use
(kWh/year)
Electricity
Emission
Factor (lbs
CO2e/MWh)
GHG Emissions
Increase from
Additional
Electricity Use
(MT CO2e)
2035
Single-Family 1,635 919 1,502,808 30 20
Multi-Family 5,826 406 2,362,464 30 32
2045
Single-Family 2,164 919 1,988,608 - -
Multi-Family 6,160 406 2,498,023 - -
The natural gas savings and emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update assumptions, including the future impact of State policies and programs.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

The city also adopted a Residential Energy Conservation Ordinance (RECO) in 2019, requiring all residential property owners conducting major renovations with a permit value of $60,000 or more to implement energy retrofit measures to reduce the energy use in existing homes. The energy efficiency activities that could be required under this measure include: attic insulation, HVAC ducts, cool roof installation, installation of water heaters installation of a heating package or packages, and/or installation of lighting packages.93

Since adoption, an average of 121 residential projects per year (including major alterations, additions, single-family development, and accessory dwelling units) met this threshold and were subject to the RECO.94 Assuming the trend continues, approximately 121 homes per year will be required to implement energy efficiency measures.95 Energy savings from retrofit activities depend on the type of home (single-family or multi-family) and the age of the home, as older homes will yield higher energy

93 City of Carlsbad: Residential Energy Conservation Ordinance, adopted by the C arlsbad City Council on March 12, 2019 and approved by CEC on August 2019.
94 Ordinance compliance data from 2019 through May 2022 were provided by city staff, May 18, 2022. 95 The number of residential projects that met the threshold from 2014 to 2018 were provided by city staff (July 2019). The average from 2014 to 2018 is used here.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 159 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

50 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

savings when implementing the same retrofit activity than newer homes. For an average home, the average energy savings are 93 kWh and 2 therms.96

The GHG emissions reductions from electricity and natural gas savings due to the RECO are summarized in Table 53 and Table 54.

Table 53 Measure E-4.1 Assumptions and Results - Electricity, Residential Energy Conservation Ordinance Year
Number of Home
Energy Retrofits
Due to the 2019
RECO
Electricity Savings
per Retrofit*
(kWh/home/year)
Total Electricity
Savings from All
Retrofits
(kWh/year)
Electricity
Emission Factor
(lbs CO2e/MWh)
GHG Emissions
Reductions from
Electricity Savings
(MT CO2e)
2035 1,820 93 168,838 30 2
2045 3,033 93 281,397 - -
*Energy savings are based on the City of Carlsbad’s RECO energy efficiency measure examples The projected retrofits and emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.

Carlsbad 2019, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Table 54 Measure E-4.1 Assumptions and Results - Natural Gas, Residential Energy Conservation Ordinance Year
Number of
Home Energy
Retrofits Due to
the 2019 RECO
Natural Gas Savings
per Retrofit**
(therms/home/year)
Total Natural Gas
Savings from All
Retrofits
(therms/year)
Natural Gas
Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/therm)
GHG Emissions
Reductions from
Natural Gas Savings
(MT CO2e)
2035 1,820 2 4,195 0.0054 23
2045 3,033 2 6,991 0.0054 38
*Energy savings are based on City of Carlsbad’s RECO energy efficiency measure examples The projected retrofits and emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.

Carlsbad 2019, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

By adding the totals from Tables 51 through 54, the net GHG emissions reductions from the 2019 reach code and RECO are 3,212 MT CO
2e in 2035 and 3,710 MT CO2e in 2045.

7.5.2.7 Measure E-4.2: Residential Building Energy – Updated Reach Code Similar to Measure E-3.2, the city will update the existing reach code to require new residential buildings to meet a higher energy performance standard as approved by the State after the next 2025 California Energy Code is enforced.

Based on the 2022 new construction cost-effectiveness studies, the cost-effectiveness of a code- compliant home meeting higher energy performance standards varies by Climate Zone. Table 55 shows the natural gas savings and the additional electricity demand in Climate Zone 7 where Carlsbad is located.
97 96 Carlsbad’s RECO is based on a statewide Existing Building Efficiency Upgrade Cost-Effective Study, for the 2016 Energy Code (June 2018). The results from Table 20 for Climate Zone 7 – single-family efficiency upgrade package cost-effectiveness results are used here. The average energy savings are the average of energy savings of pre-1978, 1978–1991, and 1992–2005 homes.

The ratio of single-family homes to total homes is 68% based on housing projection in Carlsbad. 97 California Energy Codes & Standard Reach Codes Program: 2022 Single Family New Construction and 2022 Multifamily New Construction (June 20, 2023), accessed September 2023.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 160 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

51 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 55 Assumptions of Higher Energy Performance Homes Higher Energy Performance Home Type Single-Family Multi-Family Natural Gas Savings Compared with Base Case
Home (therms per unit) 69 29
Increased Electricity Use Compared with Base Case
Home (kWh per unit) 1,328 299
Based on prototypes in the cost-effectiveness study. For new single-family homes, the base case is modeled based on electric heat pump water heater with natural gas cooking and clothes drying. For new multi-family homes, the base case is modeled based on a natural gas centralized boiler with solar thermal, and electric cooking and clothes drying.

California Statewide Reach Codes Program, 2023

The number of new single-family and multi-family units projected through 2045 are based on the housing projections described in Section 4The emissions reduced from natural gas savings and emissions added from electricity use are shown in Table 56 and Table 57.

Table 56 Measure E-4.2 Assumptions and Results - Natural Gas Year
Single-Family Homes Multi-Family Homes Total
Number of
New Single-
Family Homes
Subject to the
Reach Code
Update
Natural Gas
Savings per
Single-Family
Home
(therms/home/
year)
Number of New
Multi-Family Homes
Subject to the Reach
Code Update
Natural Gas
Savings per
Multi-Family
Home
(therms/home/
year)
Total Natural
Gas Savings
(therms/year)
Natural Gas
Emission
Factor (MT
CO2e/therm)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
from
Natural Gas
Savings
(MT CO2e)
2035 1,032 69 5,314 29 0.2 0.0054 1,236
2045 1,560 69 5,648 29 0.3 0.0054 1,488
The projected retrofits and emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023 Table 57 Measure E-4.2 Assumptions and Results - Electricity Year
Single-Family Homes Multi-Family Homes Total
Number of New
Single-Family
Homes Subject to
the Reach Code
Update
Increased
Electricity Use
per Single-Family
Home
(kWh/home
/year)
Number of New
Multi-Family
Homes Subject
to the Reach
Code Update
Increased
Electricity Use
per Multi-
Family Home
(kWh/home
/year)
Total
Electricity
Added (kWh
/year)
Electricity
Emission
Factor (lbs
CO2e/MWh)
GHG Emissions
Increase from
Additional
Electricity Use
(MT CO2e)
2035 1,032 1,328 5,314 299 1,370 30 40
2045 1,560 1,328 5,648 299 2,072 - -
The projected retrofits and emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 161 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

52 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Combining the totals from Tables 56 and 57, the net GHG emissions reductions from Measure E-4.2 are 1,196 MT CO2e in 2035 and 1,488 MT CO2e in 2045.

7.5.2.8 Measure E-5: Building Energy Benchmarking
The city will develop and implement a citywide building energy benchmarking program. Based on an U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) study of building energy data reported using EPA’s ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager, the average annual savings in energy use from benchmarking programs is approximately 2.4%.98 The city’s program will be similar to California’s statewide building energy benchmarking program but administered locally, like the City of San Diego’s existing building energy benchmarking program; the City of San Diego requires commercial, multi-family, and mixed-use buildings over 50,000 sq.ft. to submit energy data annually.99

A building stock analysis for Carlsbad is not available at the time the CAP Update was developed.

Therefore, the analysis from the City of San Diego, the only jurisdiction in the San Diego region with a completed building stock analysis, is used a proxy. Based on this, 29% of built sq. ft. across the city is assumed to be covered by a building energy benchmarking program.100 Table 58 summarizes the key assumptions and results.

Table 58 Measure E-5 Assumptions and Results
Year
Non-Residential
Natural Gas
Savings due to
Building Energy
Benchmarking
Program*
(therms/year)
Natural Gas
Emission
Factor (MT
CO2e/therm)
Emissions
Reductions
from
Natural
Gas
Savings
(MT CO2e)
Non-Residential
Natural Gas
Savings due to
Building Energy
Benchmarking
Program*
(kWh/year)
Electricity
Emission
Factor (lbs
CO2e/MWh)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
from
Electricity
Savings
(MT CO2e)
GHG
Emissions
Reduction
s
(MT CO2e)
2035 727,606 0.0054 3,968 25,041,310 30 339 4,308
2045 1,349,154 0.0054 7,358 46,432,543 - - 7,358
*Assume the benchmarking program would start in 2026 and 29% of the non-residential built sq. ft. (non-residential energy use) would be subject to the requirement
The projected energy and emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.5.2.9 Measure E-6: Decarbonize Existing Buildings
The goal of Measure E-6 is to decarbonize existing buildings that are not subject to the reach code requirements described under other CAP Update measures. The goal is to reduce 33% of the 2016 baseline natural gas use by 2045. Emissions reductions were calculated using the natural gas savings and the natural gas emission factor discussed in Section 7.2. Table 59 summarizes the key assumptions and results.

98 EPA: Benchmarking and Energy Savings.
99 CEC: Building Energy Benchmarking Program. San Diego: Building Energy Benchmarking. 100 Building Electrification Institute: San Diego Building & Housing Stock Analysis ( August 2023).

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 162 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

53 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 59 Measure E-6 Assumptions and Results
Year
Baseline 2016 Natural
Gas Use
(million therms/year)
Natural Gas
Savings
(%)
Natural Gas
Savings
(million
therms/year)
Natural Gas
Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/therm)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 24 17% 4 0.0054 22,356
2045 24 33% 8 0.0054 44,305
The projected energy and emissions reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

The decarbonization potential of each existing home varies depending on building size, age, type of appliances used. To meet the goal, approximately 12,000 existing homes would need to be retrofitted and decarbonized with 100% renewable electricity by 2045. Currently, a housing stock analysis with a breakdown of single-family and multi-family home energy usage is not currently available. The number of units needed to be retrofitted and decarbonized is based on existing energy data and assumes all decarbonization would be realized in the residential sector, though decarbonization of the non- residential sector would also contribute to this measure’s goal.

7.5.3 Water and Wastewater

7.5.3.1 Measure W-1: Wastewater System Improvements
The city will continue making improvements to Carlsbad’s wastewater collection system, including but not limited to upgrading wastewater lift stations. The goal of Measure W-1 is to: (1) reduce the wastewater energy intensity by 10% by 2035 and after; and (2) supply the wastewater lift stations with 100% renewable or zero-carbon electricity from CEA.

The emissions reductions are calculated based on the difference between the BAU wastewater system electricity use and renewable content of electricity under RPS compliance, and the wastewater system electricity after the 10% reduction in energy intensity and CEA’s renewable content. Table 60 summarizes the key assumptions and results.
101
Table 60 Measure W-1 Assumptions and Results
Year
%
Reduction
in
Wastewate
r Energy
Intensity
Wastewater
Generated
(million
gallons)
BAU Projection - Wastewater System Projection with Measure W-1 GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
Wastewater
System
Electricity
Use*
(kWh)
RPS-Compliant
Electricity
Emission
Factor
(lbs CO2e
/MWh)
GHG
Emissions
from
Wastewater
System
(MT CO2e)
Wastewater
System
Electricity
Use
(kWh)
CEA
Emission
Factor
(lbs
CO2e/MWh)
GHG
Emissions
from
Wastewat
er System
(MT CO2e)
2035 10% 2,759 1,411,242 92 59 1,270,118 - - 59
2045 10% 2,767 1,415,079 - - 1,273,571 - - -
CEA: Clean Energy Alliance

101 Wastewater system energy intensity 156 kWh/acre-foot (478 kWh/million gallon) is based on Carlsbad Municipal Water District: 2020 Urban Water Management Plan ( June 2021). Appendix H.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 163 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

54 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

* Wastewater system energy intensity 156 kWh/acre-foot (478 kWh/million gallons) The electricity supplied by CEA is assumed to be zero-emission (100% renewable or carbon-free electricity) by and after 2035. All electric service providers must supply 100% renewable or carbon-free electricity on and after 2045.

The projected reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.5.3.2 Measure W-2: Water System Improvements
The city will continue making improvements to the CMWD’s potable and recycled water systems, including but not limited to expanding use of water reuse, and using renewable energy to power facilities. The goal of Measure W-2 is to: 1) achieve the active and passive water conservation goals described in CMWD’s 2020 Urban Water Management (UWMP); and 2) supply all pump stations with 100% renewable and zero-carbon electricity from CEA by 2035. As described in Section 3.2.6, CMWD’s service area only covers 77% of Carlsbad. It is assumed the rest of the city will achieve the same level of water conservation effort as in CMWD’s service area. The water savings will be 2,295 acre-feet within CMWD service area and 2,981 acre-feet within the entire city by 2035.102

The emissions reductions are calculated based on the water savings, the difference between the BAU water system electricity use, and the renewable content of electricity under RPS compliance and under CEA’s renewable content. Table 61 summarizes the key assumptions and results.103 Table 61 Measure W-2 Assumptions and Results
Year

SDCWA -
Treated
Water
Supply
(acre-feet)
Reduction in
Water Use
from Active
and Passive
Conservation
(acre-feet)
Projected
Water
Supply After
Reduction
(acre-feet)
Upstream GHG
Emissions
Reduction from
Water Savings*
(MT CO2e)
Local GHG
Emissions
Reduction from
Water Savings
and Additional
Renewable
Supply**
(MT CO2e)
Total GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 20,954 2,981 17,973 1,458 58 1,516
2045 21,011 3,236 17,774 1,583 - 1,583
*Upstream emissions reductions from water savings are calculated based on the BAU GHG intensity of SDCWA treated water supply (0.489 MT CO2e/acre foot) and the reduction in water use. The impact of increased renewable or zero-carbon electricity in the upstream supply due to RPS is captured under Section 7.4.1. ** Local emissions reductions include (1) the reduction in water distribution electricity use associated with water savings and (2) the reduction in both water and recycled water distribution emissions due to higher renewable and zero-carbon electricity content.

The projected reductions are the projections under the CAP Update, based on current status, future impact of State policies and programs, and CAP Update assumptions.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

102 CMWD: 2020 Urban Water Management Plan ( June 2021), Table 4- 4 Active and Passive Conservation. 103 Wastewater system energy intensity 156 kWh/acre-foot (478 kWh/million gallon) is based on CMWD: 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (June 2021). Appendix H.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 164 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024
55 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

7.5.4 Waste Diversion

7.5.4.1 Measure WD-1: Solid and Organic Waste Diversion The goal of Measure WD-1 is to divert 75% of waste by 2035 and divert 90% of waste by 2045.

The city’s Environmental Sustainability department is responsible for ensuring solid and organic waste is diverted within the city. This is done through several supporting actions established through many programs and policies across the city. These actions are described Chapter 3 of the CAP Update and in the city’s Sustainable Materials Management Plan and subsequent Sustainable Materials Management Implementation Plan.

The cit
y has
not conducted a waste characterization study, therefore, the 2016 waste composition data (used in the 2016 GHG inventory) from Oceanside are used and held constant through 2045.104 The emissions avoided from increasing the waste diversion rate is the difference between the waste category BAU emissions and the solid waste emissions using the target diversion rates and corresponding PPDs. Table 62 summarizes the key assumptions and results.

Table 62 Measure WD-1 Assumptions and Results
Year
Waste Disposed at Landfills from Carlsbad Landfill Gas
Capture
Rate
GHG Emissions
with Targeted
Diversion Rate
(MT CO2e)

BAU GHG
Emissions
(MT CO2e)
GHG
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
short tons/year MT/year
2035 97,547 88,493 90% 8,606 40,382 31,776
2045 39,125 35,493 90% 3,452 40,492 37,040
Emissions from waste are calculated based on the mixed waste emission factor used in Section 3.2.4, an oxidation rate (10%), and the waste capture rates. The projected emissions reductions are based on the CAP Update assumptions.

Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.5.5 Off -Road Equipment

7.5.5.1 Measure OR -1: Convert Gas-Powered Leaf Blowers The goal of Measure OR-1 is to prohibiting the use of gas-powered leaf blowers use within the city. By 2035 and after, all emissions from gas-powered leaf blowers will be eliminated. The method to project emissions from gas-powered leaf blowers is discussed in Section 4 and is based on CARB’s OFFROAD2021 model. Table 63 summarizes the key assumptions and results. 104 Recent State actions include organic waste recycling, which may reduce the mixed waste emission factor in future years.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 165 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

56 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 63 Measure OR-1 Assumptions and Results
Year
Projected GHG
Emissions from
Gas-Powered Leaf
Blowers
(MT CO2e)
Percent
Reduction in
GHG Emissions
GHG Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 1,994 100% 396
2045 2,014 100% 386
CARB 2021, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.5.5.2 Measure OR-2: Increase Renewable or Alternative Fuel in Construction Equipment The goal of Measure OR-2 is to require new developments and significant land-moving and construction projects to use renewable or alternatively-fueled construction equipment that reduces 50% of emissions from the project’s construction activities. Through the development and adoption of an ordinance, this measure would require a 50% emissions reduction from construction equipment from eligible projects by 2045. The method to project construction emissions is discussed in Section 4 and is based on CARB’s OFFROAD2021 model. Table 64 summarizes the key assumptions and results.

Table 64 Measure OR-2 Assumptions and Results
Year
Projected GHG
Emissions from
Construction
Equipment
(MT CO2e)
Percent
Reduction in
GHG Emissions
GHG Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e)
2035 28,189 17% 4,698
2045 30,162 50% 15,081
CARB 2021, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

7.5.6 Carbon Sequestration

7.5.6.1 Measure CS-1: Community Forest Management
The city’s Community Forest Management Plan (CFMP) has a goal to plant 500 trees per year at city- owned or controlled properties through 2025, which will increase Carlsbad’s total tree canopy.105 In addition, another goal of Measure CS-1 is to increase the urban canopy cover from the current 16.7% to 20% coverage by 2035 and 32% coverage by 2045.106 The carbon sequestration potential is calculated based on: 1) the projected total number of trees planted through 2025 and the CO2 absorption rate per tree; and 2) the projected canopy cover and the CO2 absorption rate per acre.107 Table 65 summarizes the key assumptions and results.

105 City of Carlsbad: Community Forest Management Plan (2019). 106 The current canopy cover is from the Community Forest Management Plan. City of Carlsbad: Community Forest Management Plan (2019).
107 On average, the CO2 sequestration rate is 0.035 MT CO2 per tree per year. The carbon sequestration rate depends on the tree species, climate zone, planting location, and tree age. A more accurate carbon sequestration rate will be evaluated once the parameters are decided during implementation of the measure. California Emissions Estimator Model (CALEEMOD).

Appendix D Default Data Tables (October 2017). Brown, et al.: Baseline Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals for Forest, Range, and Agricultural Lands in California (2004).

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 166 of 637
City of Carlsbad CAP Update April 12, 2024

57 Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC), University of San Diego

Table 65 Measure CS-1 Assumptions and Results
Year
Number of
New Trees
Added by
Target
Years*
CO2
Sequestered**
(MT
CO2/tree/year)
Carbon
Sequestration
from New
Trees
(MT CO2)
Canopy
Cover
Target
(%)
Targeted
Canopy
Cover
(acres)
CO2
Sequestered
Rate
(MT
CO2/acre)
Carbon
Sequestration
from Canopy
Cover
(MT CO2)
Total Carbon
Sequestration
(MT CO2)
2035 3,000 0.0354 106 20% 4,756 1.56 7,413 7,519
2045 3,000 0.0354 106 32% 7,609 1.56 11,860 11,966
*500 trees per year from 2019 through 2025 at city-owned or controlled properties **Average of trees. An improved estimate of the carbon sequestration rate can be evaluated once the implementation parameters are decided.

Brown et al 2004, City of Carlsbad 2019, Energy Policy Initiatives Center, University of San Diego 2023

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 167 of 637

Appendix D
Public Input Summaries

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 168 of 637
20210138.01
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate
Action Plan Update
Final – March 2024
Prepared for
City of Carlsbad
1635 Faraday Ave.

Carlsbad, CA 92008

Prepared by
Ascent Environmental
1230 Columbia St., Suite 440
San Diego, CA 92101-8517

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 169 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update ii
Contents
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Overview of Public Engagement .................................................................................................................................. 1 Public Engagement Goal ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Public Engagement Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 1 About the Input ................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Qualitative Input with A Convenience Sample .................................................................................................. 2 Underrepresented Communities ............................................................................................................................ 2 Phase I Public Engagement Activities and Input Received ............................................................................ 3 Interim Outreach Activities ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Phase II Public Engagement Activities and Input Received ........................................................................... 5 Themes from Phase I Public Engagement ............................................................................................................... 8 Theme 1: Take Bold Actions ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Theme 2: Consider a Range of Actions ................................................................................................................ 9 Transportation ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 Energy ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Water......................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Solid Waste ............................................................................................................................................................. 12 Other Actions ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 Climate Change Impacts..................................................................................................................................... 13 Theme 3: Promote Equity and Public Awareness ........................................................................................... 14 Themes from Phase II Public Engagement ............................................................................................................ 15 How Input was Incorporated into Climate Action Plan Update ..................................................................... 16 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................ 18

Appendix A – Stakeholder Contact List (Phase I) .............................................................................................. A-1 Appendix B – Stakeholder Interviews (Phase I) .................................................................................................. B-1 Appendix C – Online Survey Results (Phase I) .................................................................................................... C-1 Appendix D – 5-Year Strategic Plan Outreach (Phase I) ................................................................................. D-1 Appe ndix E – Additional Comments (Phase I) .................................................................................................... E-1 Appendix F – Interim Outreach Activities.............................................................................................................. F-1 Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 170 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update iii
Appendix G – Overview of proposed actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Carlsbad (Phase II) .......................................................................................................................................................................... G-1 Appendix H – Stakeholder Contact List (Phase II) ............................................................................................. H-1 Appendix I – Stakeholder Meetings (Phase II) ...................................................................................................... I-1 Appendix J – City Council Meeting Notes and Public Comment (Phase II) ............................................... J-1 Appendix K – Online Survey Results (Phase II) ................................................................................................... K-1 Appendix L – Community Events and “Pop-Up” Tabling Attended by City Staff (Phase II) ................. L-1 Appendix M – Media and Marketing Content (Phase II)................................................................................ M-1 Appendix N – Additional Comments (Phase II) ................................................................................................. N-1 Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 171 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

1 Introduction
In 2015, the City of Carlsbad was one of the first jurisdictions in San Diego County to adopt a “qualified” Climate Action Plan, consistent with California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines, that outlined strategies and policies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Climate Action Plan was developed concurrently with the update of the city’s General Plan. Since then, communitywide GHG inventories for the city and statewide GHG targets have been updated, presenting the opportunity for the city to update its Climate Action Plan and further pursue the community’s goal of promoting a sustainable environment. The Climate Action Plan Update will evaluate the city’s plan for reducing GHG emissions, including the following components:
• Evaluating existing GHG reduction targets and forecasts • Assessing revisions to current GHG reduction measures • Exploring potential new GHG reduction measures
• Conducting a benefit-cost analysis of revised and potential new measures • Developing implementation monitoring procedures
The Climate Action Plan Update will also include preparation of the appropriate documentation to meet the requirements of CEQA.

Overview of Public Engagement
This summary provides an overview of public engagement conducted by the city between January and June 2022 (Phase I) and between July 2022 and November 2023 (Phase II) as part of the Climate Action Plan Update. This summary also includes public engagement conducted in the interim period between Phase I and Phase II, from October 2022 to May 2023.

Public Engagement Goal
To ensure the Climate Action Plan Update reflects the community’s needs, priorities, and values.

Public Engagement Objectives
Specific engagement objectives include:
• Describe the importance of the Climate Action Plan and the city’s role in environmental leadership.
• Relate climate change and its impacts to relatable scenarios and aspects of life for residents and businesses.
• Communicate constraints and/or pros/cons to Climate Action Plan measures. • Remove industry jargon and other communication barriers so the average person can understand and provide meaningful input.
• Provide a variety of methods for the public to provide input, including in person and online. • Create opportunities that will encourage traditionally underrepresented groups to provide input.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 172 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

2 • Gather ideas on how equity can be integrated into the Climate Action Plan and implementation.
• Gauge comfort and interest level in helping to implement Climate Action Plan strategies. • Inform the public how input will be used.

About the Input
The International Association of Public Participation’s (IAP2) spectrum of public participation illustrates a range of approaches to involving the public in decision making. The public engagement process for the Climate Action Plan Update includes “inform,” “consult,” and “involve.”

Source: International Association of Public Participation 2018 Qualitative Input with A Convenience Sample
The input included in this summary is qualitative in nature and was obtained through a convenience sample. This means that the city focused on gaining an in-depth understanding of community members’ perspectives, and the results cannot be generalized to the city’s entire population within a defined margin of error. Therefore, the input in this report should be considered with a similar weight as other forms of feedback that have always been part of the city’s decision-making process, such as comments made at City Council meetings or emails sent to the city expressing an opinion.

Underrepresented Communities
Deliberate effort and attention were given to reach underrepresented communities in the city.

Several groups representing people of different races and ethnicities, Native American tribes, low- income populations, LGBTQ+ communities, youth, and seniors were contacted based on their Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 173 of 637

INCREASING IMPACT ON THE DECISION

INFORM CONSULT INVOLVE COLLABORATE EMPOWER
To provide the public To obtain public To work directly with To partner with the To place final decision with balanced and feedback on analysis, the public throughout public in each aspect making in the hands of objective information alternatives and/or the process to ensure of the decision the public. to assist them in decisions. that public concerns including the understanding the and aspirations are development of
problem, alternatives, consistently alternatives and the opportunities and/or understood and identification of the solutions. considered. preferred solution.

We will keep you We will keep you We will work with you We will look to you for We will implement informed. informed, listen to and to ensure that your advice and innovation what you decide. acknowledge concerns concerns and in formulating
and aspirations, and aspirations are solutions and
provide feedback on directly reflected in incorporate your how public input the alternatives advice and
influenced the developed and provide recommendations into decision. feedback on how the decisions to the
public input influenced maximum extent
the decision. possible.

Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

3 interest in helping advocate for underrepresented groups in Carlsbad and the San Diego region.

This includes 18 groups during Phase I and Phase II engagement activities. Although the city reached out to several stakeholders during Phase I and Phase II, many declined to participate in interviews and others could not be reached through available contact information. Appendix A includes a list of all 76 stakeholders contacted by the city in Phase I, and Appendix H includes a list of all 99 stakeholders contacted in Phase II. Throughout Phase I and Phase II, the city translated surveys and various outreach materials into Spanish to help further the reach of engagement activities.

Phase I Public Engagement Activities and Input Received The overall goal of Phase I engagement was to activate and inform stakeholders about the Climate Action Plan Update development process while allowing the city to better understand the specific desires and needs of diverse stakeholder groups. This information would inform how the Climate Action Plan Update document would be framed and gain preliminary input on priorities for developing GHG reduction measures and actions. The city conducted the following public engagement between January and June 2022 as part of the first phase of the Climate Action Plan Update.

Targeted Outreach: Appendix A includes a list of all 76 stakeholders contacted by the city and invited to participate in stakeholder interviews and complete the online survey. This approach allowed the city to conduct early outreach focused on soliciting feedback from specific audiences, including environmental advocates, business and industry groups and community-based organizations representing underrepresented groups.

Stakeholder Interviews: The city met with 13 stakeholders, representing nine different community- based organizations, that participated in interviews between March 9, 2022 and May 16, 2022. The stakeholder interviews focused on input that will inform the development of the Climate Action Plan, including questions about the current Climate Action Plan, potential changes as part of the Climate Action Plan Update, suggestions on potential measures to include by emissions sector and ideas for how to integrate equity into the Climate Action Plan. The city developed a specific set of questions for these interviews. Appendix B includes a table that provides a list of stakeholders that participated in interviews, a record of discussion questions used during the interviews and a record of meeting notes from each interview.

Online Survey: An online survey was also available to stakeholders to complete instead of, or in addition to, participating in stakeholder interviews. The survey questions were similar to the prompts used for discussion during the stakeholder interviews, which provided an additional way for stakeholders to provide input as part of the Climate Action Plan Update. The survey was also made available to the public on the city’s website. As of June 27, 2022, 16 survey responses were received. The survey questions and a summary of responses are included in Appendix C.

City Council Updates: City staff presented the Climate Action Plan Annual Report for Reporting Period 5 (January 1, 2021 – December 31, 2021) to the City Council on April 19, 2022. During the Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 174 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

4 same meeting, city staff also discussed the Climate Action Plan Update with the City Council and received feedback to use a traffic model customized to Carlsbad to get a more accurate estimate of GHG emissions and make sure the Climate Action Plan Update is aligned with other city plans using the same model.

Booth at Earth Month Celebration: City staff hosted a booth to share information and talk with members of the public about the Climate Action Plan Update as part of the City’s annual Earth Month Celebration. The event was held on April 2, 2022, at Pine Avenue Community Center and Park. The booth
allowed staff to have informal conversations with the public about climate change and the Climate Action Plan, with the goal of directing people to take the survey.

Additional Comments: Additional comments received by the city are included in Appendix E. The Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians submitted one additional comment letter on June 22, 2022.

Incorporating Input from 5-Year Strategic Plan (March 2022): The City Council developed a 5-year strategic plan1 with policy goals to reflect the most important priorities of the community. The City Council adopted the strategic plan on October 11, 2022. These goals are one way the city delivers on the Carlsbad Community Vision, a set of nine core values community members said were important to Carlsbad’s future.

Input related to “Sustainability and Natural Environment” collected during outreach for the city’s 5- Year Strategic Plan in March 2022 was considered and incorporated as part of the Climate Action Plan Update. Public engagement for the 5-Year Strategic Plan included:
• Virtual workshop held on February 1, 2022, where the public could share ideas, ask questions and participate in breakout rooms with city staff about specific topics, including sustainability.
• Online ideas wall where people could share ideas, comment on ideas already added and see what others had to say.
• Online survey with three open-ended questions based on the themes from the Community Vision2.

1 For more information about the 5-year strategic plan, see: https://www.carlsbadca.gov/city-hall/city- council/strategic-plan
2 For more information about the Carlsbad Community Vision, see:
https://www.carlsbadca.gov/residents/community-vision
Strategic Plan Priorities
The City Council identified the following
main themes that they wanted to address in
a five-year strategic plan:
• Economic vitality
• Sustainability and the environment
• Community character
• Quality of life and safety
• Organizational excellence and
fiscal health
The Climate Action Plan Update supports
sustainability and the environment.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 175 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

5 Interim Outreach Activities
The city conducted additional outreach for the CAP Update between Phase I and Phase II of engagement. This interim outreach was conducted between October 2022 and October 2023, during which city staff attended city- and stakeholder-sponsored events in various capacities to raise awareness and share information about getting involved in the CAP Update development process. A full list of events and the capacity of city staff attendance is provided in Appendix F.

Events include attending city-sponsored Fix-it Clinics, tabling at the Carlsbad Village Street Faire, and presentations to stakeholder groups such as the Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation.

Phase II Public Engagement Activities and Input Received Public input from Phase I was used to develop proposed GHG reduction measures and actions, while Phase II engagement was focused on gaining feedback on the proposed GHG reduction measures and actions. On October 18, 2023, the city shared an “Overview of proposed actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Carlsbad” to identify proposed actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and describe the projected GHG reductions, measures of success, data to be used, related benefits; timeframe; and equity considerations for each proposed action. The overview of proposed actions was published in English and Spanish (included in Appendix G), which was used to provide stakeholders with the opportunity to provide informed feedback on what was being proposed for the Climate Action Plan Update. This document was shared through various methods throughout Phase II engagement, including the city’s website, weekly city manager email, stakeholder email list, community events and tabling at city facilities. The city conducted the following public engagement between October 2023 and November 2023 as part of Phase II of the Climate Action Plan Update engagement.

Targeted Outreach: The city contacted stakeholder groups and organizations to obtain feedback on the proposed GHG reduction measures and actions. Appendix H includes a list of all 99 stakeholders contacted by the city and invited to participate in Phase II through meetings and an online survey.

Stakeholders were also contacted through email on October 18, 2023, using the city’s Comms Sustainability list, which included 294 recipients. This email communication included many of the 99 stakeholders directly contacted during Phase II. The full list of stakeholders reached through the Comms Sustainability list is not provided for reference here as many are captured in Appendix H.

Stakeholder and Public Meetings: The city held six stakeholder meetings with organizations, with approximately 30 to 40 individual stakeholders, between October 25, 2023 and November 21, 20233. The stakeholder meetings were attended at the request of stakeholders and focused on reviewing the proposed GHG reduction measures in detail, answering any questions about the

3 An additional meeting was held outside of the Phase II engagement period. City staff met virtually with representatives of the Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians on Jan. 29, 2024.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 176 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

6 proposed measures and obtaining additional feedback. Appendix I includes agendas and notes from these meetings.

City Council and DEI Committee: The city presented the potential GHG reduction measures for the Climate Action Plan Update to both City Council and the city’s Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Committees on November 7, 2023, and November 15, 2023, respectively. The presentations were intended to provide stakeholders with detail on the proposed GHG reduction measures and solicit feedback. These presentations were open to public comment, with 6 public comment letters received for the City Council meeting and additional public comments at the meeting itself. Notes on the public comments received at the City Council meeting and the public comment letters received are provided, along with the staff report for the meeting, in Appendix J.

Online Survey: An online survey was also available to stakeholders and the public to complete, which was intended to obtain additional feedback from stakeholders reached during Phase I and to engage new stakeholders in Phase II. The survey questions provided an opportunity for participants to indicate which of the proposed GHG reduction measures and actions they supported and provide feedback on why. The survey was also shared with the public on the city’s website and advertised on social media and in the city manager’s weekly email. The survey questions and a summary of responses are included in Appendix K. The survey was launched on October 18, 2023, and closed on November 17, 2023. A total of 86 survey responses were received.

Attending Community Events: City staff attended events throughout the city and region in various capacities to reach additional stakeholders as part of Phase II, including tabling at various locations and events. City staff tabled at six events to promote awareness of the Climate Action Plan Update and encourage engagement. These events allowed direct engagement with the public and provided opportunities for one-on-one discussions about the Climate Action Plan Update. A list of the events attended by city staff is provided in Appendix L. “Pop-Up” Tabling: In addition to tabling at larger community events, city staff more informally tabled at various city facilities and parks. This “pop-up” style was done 10 times across all districts and at different dates and times throughout the week. Like the larger community events described above, this “pop-up” tabling allowed for direct engagement with the public and conversations about the Climate Action Plan Update. A list of the dates and locations of the “pop-up” tabling is provided in Appendix L.

Media and Marketing: The city promoted engagement opportunities for the Climate Action Plan Update through various media outlets to reach a broader range of stakeholders. These efforts included social media posts through the City of Carlsbad’s accounts and the San Diego Regional Climate Collaborative’s accounts in October 2023. Two emails were sent through the City Manager weekly email blast to promote participation in the Climate Action Plan process, one in October 2023 and another in November 2023. An article was published in the San Diego Union-Tribune on November 9, 2023, highlighting information about the Climate Action Plan Update and the presentation to the City Council. Additionally, the San Diego Regional Climate Collaborative Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 177 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

7 provided a direct link to the Phase II survey in their monthly newsletter for November 2023. The media and marketing social media posts and articles are compiled in Appendix M.

Additional Comments: The city received other comments via email, which are included in Appendix N. Many of these email comments were sent in direct response to a presentation at the City Council meeting on November 7, 2023, in which an update on the Climate Action Plan Update process was provided to the City Council.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 178 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

8 Themes from Phase I Public Engagement
The themes presented below are a synthesis of comments shared during public engagement activities conducted as part of the first phase of the Climate Action Plan Update and are intended to highlight the range of ideas that were shared. The themes do not necessarily reflect all the ideas and perspectives shared. However, all verbatim responses and meeting summaries are included in the appendices to provide a comprehensive record of all the input gathered.

Theme 1: Take Bold Actions. Overall, responses emphasized the importance of prioritizing actions and the need to act now to minimize contributions to global climate change and taking action to protect against potential impacts. The Climate Action Plan Update should prioritize:
• Setting aggressive goals (i.e., zero carbon);
• Establishing ambitious targets (i.e., near-term emissions reduction); and, • Focusing on implementation, monitoring and reporting.

Theme 2: Consider a Range of Actions. All actions to help reduce GHG emissions and address climate impacts should be considered. However, taking action to reduce GHG emissions from transportation and energy should be prioritized since they are the largest sources of emissions. The range of actions is organized by topic area below.

Mobility
• Creating mobility choices (e.g., public transportation, biking, walking) • Promoting the adoption of electric vehicle (EV) adoption and help provide infrastructure
Energy
• Advance renewable energy sources
• Promote building electrification to reduce reliance on fossil fuels Water
• Increase sustainable water sources, including treated wastewater • Promote efforts to reduce the demand for water
Solid Waste
• Make it easy for homes and businesses to dispose of all different types of solid waste Climate Change Impacts
• Wildfire, extreme heat and drought are the climate change impacts of greatest concern • Sea level rise was also an important concern
Theme 3: Promote Equity and Public Awareness. The Climate Action Plan Update can help improve quality of life, and equity considerations should be integrated throughout the document. In addition, connecting with individuals can help drive climate action and support implementation. • Integrate equity throughout the Climate Action Plan Update • Help meet the everyday needs of people (i.e., access to housing and jobs) Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 179 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

9 • Public outreach, education and awareness are essential to achieving success Theme 1: Take Bold Actions
Overall, responses emphasized the importance of prioritizing actions and the need to act now to minimize contributions to global climate change and taking action to protect against potential impacts. The Climate Action Plan Update should prioritize:
• Setting aggressive goals (i.e., zero carbon);
• Establishing ambitious targets (i.e., near-term emissions reduction); and, • Strengthening implementation, monitoring and reporting.

Set more aggressive goals and ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions:
• Climate action is urgent because we are in a climate emergency • Reducing all types of GHGs (vehicle miles traveled, industrial, carbon dioxide, methane, other)
• Targets are too low and time too short in every category (e.g., should be 100% zero carbon by 2035)
• Set targets higher so there is a margin of safety to ensure the city still reaches GHG reduction targets
• Targets should include 5-year benchmarks for monitoring each measure • Prioritize measures with co-benefits
• Responsibility, leadership and being proactive are important parts of climate action Strengthen implementation, support ongoing monitoring and include regular reporting to provide transparency and opportunities for adaptive management. • Reporting should occur more frequently (every six months) to allow for appropriate adjustments to the plan
• Reporting should include meaningful and measurable data • Implementation cannot be an afterthought; needs to be central to developing the Climate Action Plan
• GHG inventories lag, so need to account for data delays • Describe funding needed to implement Climate Action Plan • Technology and individual action should not be the only means to achieving climate action • Climate Action Plan should be integrated with other documents (Habitat Management Plan, sea-level rise planning, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report) • The city should use different tools within its power to take climate action (laws, policies, leadership, prioritization, incentives, investment, infrastructure, requirements on development)
Theme 2: Consider a Range of Actions
All actions to help reduce GHG emissions and address climate impacts should be considered.

However, taking action to reduce GHG emissions from transportation and energy should be Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 180 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

10 prioritized since those are the largest sources of emissions. The range of actions is organized by topic area below.

Transportation
Providing mobility choices instead of just driving.
• Include measures to increase biking and transit use
• Stronger mode shift goals (biking, walking and transit) to get to 50% of alternative modes, but may not be realistic
• Safe and easy ways to get around without a car
• Think about trail network as part of the transportation system • Encourage one day/month of no driving
• Bicycle and Pedestrian Master Plan
• Complete Streets Policy
Biking
• The current bike lane design is a hazard
• Create separated/safe bike lanes to meet the increase in electric e-bike usage (more Class IV bike lanes)
• Create corridors that reduce lanes for cars and increase lanes dedicated to pedestrians and bicyclists. Example: El Camino Real could provide a separate path with full barriers only for bikes, e-bikes, golf carts
• Promote biking to work and school
• Bike parking, lockers, showers
• Make using bikes with public transit easier
Public Transportation
• Improved rail and bus transit
• Prioritize the utilization and popularity of public transportation • Micromobility and transit, especially for employers
• Solar powered/electric buses
• Acquire modern, efficient public transportation locally (at least a rapid and regular connection with the City of San Diego and San Diego Airport) • Carlsbad should demand the completion of the bullet train project between San Diego and Northern California
Promoting the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and help provide charging infrastructure. • Charging infrastructure is needed and is important to increasing adoption of EVs o EV chargers everywhere, including existing buildings, COASTER Station parking lots and all city parking lots
o Provide incentives for businesses and existing buildings to install EV chargers o Need charging stations to support tourism
o Use solar carports
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 181 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

11 o More affordable/free EV chargers. Charging costs at some locations are inflated or charge by time rather than the electricity used
• All city vehicles (including trucks) should be EVs
• Prioritize clean electric and hydrogen fuel cell transportation • Electric trash trucks
Other Ideas for Clean Transportation
• Establish regional mitigation measures to reduce vehicle miles traveled so projects can pay into larger project pools
• Build upon the city’s Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan/TDM Ordinance, Sustainable Mobility Plan and Charging Station Siting Plan (See Theme 4 for additional comment addressing equity in relation to the EV Charging Station Siting Plan) o Encourage businesses to use electric shuttles from transit centers and reward employees who do so
• Transit oriented development: living near transit makes it easy to use • More efforts at traffic calming – fix the traffic light timing, speed bumps, bulb-outs, enhanced crosswalks, create traffic circles – to lower traffic speeds • Smart traffic control systems
• Roundabouts can help reduce emissions from idling and acceleration from stop signs. • Reduce vehicle idling through infrastructure and enforcement • School buses can help address emissions associated with opening and closing of schools from driving and idling
• Carlsbad/North County needs a hydrogen fueling station Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
• Achieve 100% renewable energy target through the Clean Energy Alliance • Phasing out natural gas and focusing on all-electric with renewable sources • Promote photovoltaic solar on homes, businesses, all city buildings and as cover for parks, parking, etc., to create shade and generate energy
• Provide subsidies/incentives for solar photovoltaics
• Upgrade city facilities to Clean Energy Alliance’s Green Impact with 100% renewable energy • Conservation efforts/home energy retrofits
• City-owned solar generation
• Local renewable energy grid with renewable energy sources • City-owned Green Hydrogen Electrolyzer Hub
• Energy storage solutions with rebates for homeowners
Building Electrification
• Require building electrification for all new construction (no gas hookups) • Retrofit homes with green hydrogen fuel cell production, water and refrigerant heat pumps, solar storage and induction stoves
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 182 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

12 • Convert municipal buildings to electric
• Retrofit existing buildings to electric
• Retrofitting should be done equitably
• Set timelines if not a specific measure
• Adopt an all-electric new construction reach code now; don’t wait for the Climate Action Plan Update
• At least one comment was opposed to phasing out natural gas Water
Increase sustainable water sources, including treated wastewater and efforts to reduce demand. • Use recycled water as a potable water source (use Encina) • Desalination is way too energy intensive
• Increase water efficiency
• Get rid of grass lawns
• Promote xeriscaping and native landscaping
• Continue to invest in new technologies for water and wastewater treatment • Carlsbad has one of the most efficient wastewater facilities and purple pipe program • Work on removing nanoplastics and pharmaceutical toxins • More stormwater pollution awareness and reducing vehicle miles traveled will help decrease car-related stormwater pollution
• Develop a water usage report card for homeowners and businesses Solid Waste
Make it easy for homes and businesses to dispose of solid waste. • Include a target of 90% waste diversion by 2035
• Promote the goal of zero waste and expand composting, edible food recovery, green waste composting and recycling programs
• More events to collect household hazardous waste like paint cans and electronics • Lead by example with organics recycling
• Many businesses still only have one trash can
• Develop and provide a city organic composting center
• Banning plastics by 2030 and incentives to help do so • Education about recycling
• Major fines for throwing away hazardous waste
• Fee structure should be based on how much you dispose of • State mandates, including solid waste requirements, can have a negative impact on businesses.

Other Actions
Consider the full range of actions to help reduce GHG emissions and address climate impacts. • Preserve natural unbuilt land/open space
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 183 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

13 • Reducing the urban heat island effect on roadways and parking lots should be a high priority
• Include a tree planning measure / urban forestry plan o Include a specific canopy target between 30-35%
• Use green streets/stormwater capture
• Consider the role of land use
• Create walkable, transit-friendly communities
• Increase affordable housing to live near work/jobs
• Increase access to park within a half-mile of all residences • Work with the County to address Airport pollution, especially in the community that is most affected
• Promote the Carlsbad Green Business Program as part of the Climate Action Plan Update • Integrate carbon sequestration (restoring native habitat) • Account for off-road emissions, such as leaf blowers, in the GHG inventory Climate Change Impacts
Wildfire and wildfire smoke, extreme heat and heat waves, and drought were consistently ranked as the climate change impacts of greatest concern. Sea level rise was identified as an important concern for some stakeholders but was not the most important for many others. Storm events and flooding were of the least concern based on the responses received.

Figure 1 shows the responses to the online survey by average score of each climate change impact based on the ranking of climate change impacts in each survey response4. Other potential impacts of climate change that were of concern included food supply, biodiversity and habitat loss. In addition, some comments acknowledged that the global nature of climate change impacts is different than the local impacts.

4 Weights are applied in reverse. In other words, the respondent's most preferred choice (which they rank as #1) has the larges t weight, and their least preferred choice (which they rank in the last position) has a weight of 1. In this case, the #1 choice has a weight of 6, because it was the first out of 6 options, and the #6 choice has a weight of 1. Average ranking is calculated as follows, where: w = weight of ranked position, x = response count for answer choice and:
1w1 + x2w2 + x3w3 ... xnwn
-----------------------
Total response count
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 184 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

14 Theme 3: Promote Equity and Public Awareness
The Climate Action Plan Update can help improve quality of life, and equity should be integrated throughout the document. In addition, connecting with more people can help drive climate action by individuals.

Integrate equity throughout the Climate Action Plan Update. • Work with underrepresented communities
• Help meet the everyday needs of people
• Link housing and jobs with sustainable transportation options • Low-income communities are most likely to be impacted by climate change • Protect vulnerable communities and adapt to the impacts of climate change • The City of Oakland’s Climate Action Plan has equity in the title • Every section in the Climate Action Plan should have an equity component • Create a Climate Equity Index (like the Cities of San Diego and Chula Vista); if not, use CalEnviroScreen
• Consider subsidies for low-income households to increase solar, e-bikes & hybrid vehicles • Increase access to microgrids in lower income areas
• Assess the impacts of Climate Action Plan measures by neighborhood • Improved air quality benefits everyone
• Prioritize underrepresented communities in the EV siting plan • Relieve multi-family housing projects with at least 20 percent affordable units from Climate Action Plan requirements
• Job transition programs for workers in the fossil fuel industry, we must also create a pathway for jobs in environmental justice communities
• Carlsbad is generally a very wealthy place, so planning regionally so that cities like Oceanside, Vista and San Marcos can learn from our steps in the right direction • The city should have an inclusionary housing ordinance (with a 10 to 15 percent requirement)
0 0.5
1 1.5
2 2.5
3 3.5
4 4.5
5 Wildfire and
wildfire smoke
Extreme heat and
heat waves
Drought Sea level rise Storm events and
flooding
Other
Average Ranking 3
Figure 1. Climate Change Impacts of Most Concern
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 185 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

15 • More equitable land use policies will be the most impactful • Concerns about displacement as buildings are upgraded to meet Climate Action Plan goals • Make incentives easy and free of barriers so everyone can take advantage • Provide information in Spanish to make programs accessible to all Public outreach, education and increased awareness are essential to achieving success. • Ask citizens within the community how the Climate Action Plan Update would impact their daily lives
• More education and community engagement
• Educate on what an individual can do and reinforce with kudos • We are the problem and need to be part of the solution • More specific engagement of employers
• Create and then hire a climate communication and engagement position to ensure better community engagement
• Communicate through multiple methods
• Create a Sustainability Commission that reports to City Council • Create a Spare the Air Program (like Bay Area Air Quality Management District’s) for days when air quality is expected to be unhealthy to educate residents about air pollution and encourage actions to improve air quality
The Climate Action Plan Update provides an opportunity to modernize the document to connect with more people.
• The Climate Action Plan is lengthy and not approachable for laypeople • Improve readability, remove jargon and make it more interesting, compel people to act • Provide a one or two-page snapshot of the Climate Action Plan • Educational links help make it more readable
• Emphasize the need for urgent action
• Get rid of soft verbs within measures like “promote” and “encourage” • Provide more educational information on how individuals can help with their own actions Themes from Phase II Public Engagement
Many of the themes and sub-themes that emerged from the second phase of public engagement mirrored those reflected in the first phase, emphasizing some of the most important priorities for the community. These themes and sub-themes are presented in the list below, but for the sake of brevity and to avoid redundancy, many of the more specific details are not repeated here (see Themes from Phase I Public Engagement for more context):
• Theme 1: Take Bold Actions
o Setting aggressive goals (i.e., zero carbon)
o Establishing ambitious targets (i.e., near-term emissions reduction) o Strengthening implementation, monitoring and reporting • Theme 2: Consider a Range of Actions
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 186 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

16 o Providing mobility choices instead of just driving o Promoting the adoption of EVs and help provide charging infrastructure o Renewable energy sources
o Building electrification
• Theme 3: Promote Equity and Public Awareness
o Integrate equity throughout the Climate Action Plan Update o Public outreach, education and awareness are essential to achieving success In addition to these themes and sub-themes that were reflective of those established in Phase I, the additional list below identifies some of the more specific, notable ideas that were prominent across Phase II. It should be noted that this list does not nearly reflect the entirety of input received but includes ideas that were notably repeated in several instances. It should also be noted that though certain ideas had broad, general support, there were some instances where concerns were expressed too (e.g., electric vehicles and building electrification). • Electrification/decarbonization of new and existing buildings • Increased focus on transportation demand management (TDM) strategies • Sustainable transportation and land use planning (e.g., traffic calming measures, mixed-use development, creating jobs where people live)
• Electric vehicles and charging infrastructure
• Public support/education is needed (e.g., on climate/sustainability topics) for successful implementation
• Tree planting for a variety of benefits; green/natural infrastructure • More aggressive/ambitious GHG reduction goals/targets • Establishing clear, interim benchmarks for implementation • Strong emphasis on municipal operations (i.e., the city should “walk the walk”) • Focused efforts on priority actions with the highest GHG reduction potential (e.g., buildings, transportation)
The themes, sub-themes and ideas presented above are a synthesis of comments shared during Phase II of public engagement and are intended to provide a snapshot of the type of feedback received. They do not necessarily reflect all the ideas and perspectives shared. However, all verbatim responses and meeting summaries are included in the appendices to provide a comprehensive record of all the input gathered.

How Input was Incorporated into Climate Action Plan Update Phase I input was used to develop the list of potential measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the Climate Action Plan Update. This was done by focusing on the three themes that emerged and input on specific measures. Other considerations when developing the potential measures included:
• Leveraging existing city efforts to defray additional costs and staff time as much as possible Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 187 of 637
Summary of Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update

17 • Including successful and applicable measures from the previous Climate Action Plan, as well as greenhouse gas emissions reduction strategies included in state guidance documents • Incorporating input from city staff across all departments so the measures can be implemented; and
• Creating reportable measures so the Climate Action Plan Update process is transparent.

Phase II input reiterated and amplified the themes identified in Phase I. Several proposed measures reflected these themes and individual comments made through the survey and at public meetings.

However, some input focused on how to improve the Climate Action Plan Update. The table below summarizes this input and how these comments were addressed:

Phase II public input received How input was addressed
Establish clear, interim benchmarks between
the 2035 and 2045 target years for
transparency and accountability
Benchmarks were added into the proposed
measures
Add in more measures so the total greenhouse
gas emissions reductions are higher than the
2045 reduction target
Three additional measures were added to the
Climate Action Plan Update – two measures
proposing updates to the city’s reach code and
one measure to install solar PV in city-owned
parking lots.

Add a measure to install solar PV in city-owned
parking lots
This was included as a supporting measure
during Phase II. Staff moved this from a
supporting measure and made it a standalone
measure; however, staff were not able to
calculate greenhouse gas emissions for this
measure. This measure would require an
analysis of how many parking lots would be
suitable for solar PV and how large these
systems could be; once this analysis is
complete, a reduction calculation could be
added to the Climate Action Plan Update.

Add a measure banning artificial turf within the
city
Staff had analyzed this as a potential measure
after reviewing Phase I public input. It was
deemed infeasible then since there were no
greenhouse gas reductions associated with the
action. After Phase II concluded, staff re-
analyzed this measure. Not only did it lack
emissions reductions, but the cost to replace
artificial turf was extremely high. Because of
this combination, staff did not include it in the
Climate Action Plan Update.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 188 of 637
18 S
ummary of Public Engagement for Cli mate Action Plan Update Conclusion
The city made a concerted effort to engage the community throughout the Climate Action Plan Update development process between January 2022 and November 2023. The city utilized numerous strategies to reach many different types of stakeholders, and as such was able to solicit input and comments from various perspectives. Input and comments received during public engagement for Phase I of engagement were reviewed and considered by the city and informed the tone and approach for preparation of the Climate Action Plan Update. The feedback on GHG reduction measures and key community priorities received in Phase I and II were incorporated, as appropriate, into the GHG reduction measures to be included in the Public Draft Climate Action Plan
Update.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 189 of 637
Summary of Phase I Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update A-1
Appendix A – Stakeholder Contact List
A list of all stakeholders that were contacted by the city and invited to participate in stakeholder interviews and complete the online survey is included in the subsequent pages.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 190 of 637
Name Organization Stakeholder Group Date(s) E‐Mailed Response? Follow ‐Up Meeting? Date + Type of Follow‐Up Meeting Judy Frankel Bike Walk Carlsbad Bike/Pedestrian 3/7/2022; 3/9/2022 No N/A N/A Cindy Cremona Bike Walk Carlsbad Bike/Pedestrian 3/9/2022 No N/A N/A Nicole Burgess Bike Walk Carlsbad Bike/Pedestrian 3/9/2022 No N/A N/A Michael von Neumann Bike Walk Carlsbad Bike/Pedestrian 3/9/2022 Yes No; declined N/A Michell Thitathan Bike Walk Carlsbad Bike/Pedestrian 3/9/2022 No N/A N/A Colin Parent Circulate San Diego Bike/Pedestrian 3/7/2022; 3/14/2022 Yes Forwarded to below N/A Dara Braitman Circulate San Diego
Bike/Pedestrian 3/14/2022; 5/5/2022 Yes
No; providing written
comments pending
review N/A
Andy Hanshaw
San Diego County Bicycle Coalition Bike/Pedestrian 3/3/2022 No Yes 3/9/2022; Zoom Will Rhatigan San Diego County Bicycle Coalition Bike/Pedestrian 3/3/2022 Yes Yes 3/9/2022; Zoom Norval Lyon North County Cycle Club Bike/Pedestrian 3/7/2022 Yes Forwarded to below N/A Ken Chin‐Purcell North County Cycle Club Bike/Pedestrian 3/9/2022; 5/5/2022 Yes Pending CAP review N/A NOT IN MASTER SHEET Bike the Coast San Diego Bike/Pedestrian 3/7/2022; 3/14/2022 No N/A N/A NOT IN MASTER SHEET Celo Pacific Bicycle Racing Team Bike/Pedestrian 3/7/2022 UNDELIVERED N/A N/A Christine Davis Carlsbad Village Association Business Association 3/3/2022;
3/11/2022; 5/5/2022 Yes Pending CAP review N/A
Tommy Thompson North County SD Association of Realtors Business Association 3/3/2022; 3/11/2022 No N/A N/A Debra Rosen North San Diego Business Chamber Business Association 3/3/2022; 3/11/2022 No N/A N/A W. Erik Bruvold San Diego North Economic Developmet Council Business Association 3/3/2022;
3/11/2022; 5/5/2022 Yes Pending CAP review N/A
Mark Cafferty
San Diego Regional Economic Development
Corporation Business Association 3/3/2022; 3/11/2022 No N/A N/A Brett Schanzenbach Carlsbad Chamber of Commerce Business Association 3/3/2022; 3/11/2022 Yes Yes 3/24/2022; Zoom Deborah Mossa Batiquitos Lagoon Foundation Environmental 3/7/2022; 3/14/2022 No N/A N/A Don Rideout Carlsbad Watershed Network Environmental 3/7/2022; 3/14/202 UNDELIVERED N/A N/A Diane Nygaard Preserve Calavera Environmental 3/3/2022 Yes Yes 3/28/2022; Zoom Natalie Shapiro Buena Vista Audubon Society Environmental 3/7/2022; 3/14/2022 No No; other BVAS member
attended a meeting N/A
Ron Wooton Buena Vista Lagoon Society Environmental 3/7/2022; 3/14/202 UNDELIVERED

N/A N/A
Lisa Cannon‐Rodman Agua Hedionda Lagoon Foundation Environmental 3/7/2022; 3/14/2022 Yes No; will complete survey N/A Travis Kemnitz SD Audobon Society Environmental 3/9/2022; 3/17/2022 Yes No; will complete survey N/A Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 191 of 637
Name Organization Stakeholder Group Date(s) E‐Mailed Response? Follow ‐Up Meeting? Date + Type of Follow‐Up Meeting Lee Carlsbad Community Gardens Collaborative Environmental 3/9/2022; 3/17/2022 No N/A N/A Mitch Silverstein Surfrider Environmental 3/3/2022; 5/5/2022 Yes Pending CAP review N/A Matt O'Malley SD Coastkeeper Environmental 3/9/2022; 3/17/2022 No N/A N/A Steve Morris I Love a Clean San Diego Environmental 3/9/2022; 5/4/2022 Yes No; will complete survey N/A Kathleen Friends of Cardiff & Carlsbad State Beaches Environmental 3/7/2022 UNDELIVERED N/A N/A Dee Dee Flynn Friends of Cardiff & Carlsbad State Beaches Environmental 3/9/2022 No N/A N/A John Hamilton Friends of Cardiff & Carlsbad State Beaches Environmental 3/9/2022 No N/A N/A Stephen Flynn Friends of Cardiff & Carlsbad State Beaches Environmental 3/9/2022 No No; completed survey N/A Karl Adlinger Sierra Club Environmental 3/2/2022 Yes Yes 3/10/2022; Zoom Madison Coleman Climate Action Campaign Environmental 3/2/2022 Yes Yes 3/9/2022; Zoom Masada Disenhouse SD 350 Environmental 3/9/2022; 3/17/2022 Yes Forwarded to below N/A Anne Sheridan SD 350 Environmental 3/17/2022 Yes Yes 3/23/2022; Zoom Livia Borak Coast Law Group Environmental 3/9/2022; 3/17/2022 No N/A N/A Marco Gonzalez Coastal Environmental Rights Foundation Environmental 3/9/2022; 3/17/2022 No N/A N/A Howard Krausz North County Advocates Environmental 3/28/2022 Yes Yes (Diane Nygaard
invited) 3/28/2022; Zoom
Jay Klopfenstein Carlsbad Community Gardens Collaborative Environmental 4/13/2021 Completed survey N/A N/A Ellen Bartlett Preserve Calavera Environmental N/A N/A Yes: Diane Nygaard
invited 3/28/2022; Zoom
Joan Herskowitz Buena Vista Audubon Society Environmental N/A N/A Yes; Diane Nygaard
Invited 3/28/2022; Zoom
Paige DeCino Sierra Club Environmental 3/2/2022 Yes Yes 3/10/2022; Zoom Simon Freedman Sierra Club Environmental 3/2/2022 Yes Yes 3/10/2022; Zoom Mike McMahon Sierra Club Environmental 3/2/2022 Yes Yes 3/10/2022; Zoom Sarah Stay Cool 4 Grandkids
Environmental /
Underrepresented 3/9/2022 Yes
No; declined, but will
complete survey N/A
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 192 of 637
Name Organization Stakeholder Group Date(s) E‐Mailed Response? Follow ‐Up Meeting? Date + Type of Follow‐Up Meeting Suzanne Hume Clean Earth 4 Kids
Environmental /
Underrepresented 4/7/2022; 4/14/2022 No N/A N/A
Matthew Adams Building Industry Association San Diego Industry Association 3/3/2022; 3/11/2022 No N/A N/A Kelly Batten Building Industry Association San Diego Industry Association 5/5/2022; 5/12/2022 Yes Yes 5/16/2022; Zoom Nate Fairman IBEW 465 Industry Association 5/5/2022; 5/31/2022 Yes No; will complete survey N/A Craig Bendetto SD Building Owners & Managers; NAIOP SD Industry Association 5/5/2022 Yes Yes 5/16/2022; phone call ‐ Craig setting up
presentation
Genevieve Black Woman's Club of Carlsbad Underrepresented 4/13/2022;
5/11/2022 No

N/A N/A
Linda Kurokawa
Mira Costa College Community Education and
Workforce Development Underrepresented 4/13/2022; 5/5/2022 No N/A N/A Kristen Huyck
Mira Costa College Community Education and
Workforce Development Underrepresented 4/13/2022; 5/5/2022 No N/A N/A NOT IN MASTER SHEET North San Diego County NAACP Underrepresented 4/13/2022; 5/5/2022 No N/A N/A Yusef Miller North County Equity and Justice Coalition Underrepresented 4/13/2022;
5/5/2022; 5/12/2022
(call)
Yes ‐ also represents
Clean Earth 4 Kids
and North SD
County NAACP
No; declined, but will
complete survey N/A
Max North County LGBTQ Resource Center Underrepresented 4/13/2022; 5/5/2022 Yes No; declined N/A
Marylynn McCorkle Alliance for Regional Solutions Underrepresented 4/13/2022;
5/5/2022; 5/11/2022
(web form) No N/A N/A
Craig Jones Alliance for Regional Solutions Underrepresented 5/18/2022;
5/26/2022 Yes No; completed survey N/A
Carmen Mojado
Saving Sacred Sites / San Luis Rey Band of
Mission Indians Underrepresented 4/13/2022; 5/5/2022 No

N/A N/A
Valerie A. Gómez Mexican‐American National Association Underrepresented 4/13/2022; 5/5/2022 No N/A N/A Aly Vredenburgh
(president) Carlsbad Equality Coalition Underrepresented 4/13/2022;
5/5/2022; 5/12/2022
(web form) Yes No; will complete survey N/A
Graciela Gutierrez North County Lifeline Underrepresented 4/13/2022; 5/5/2022 No N/A N/A Cheryl Madrigal Rincon Band of Luiseño Indians Underrepresented 4/13/2022; 5/5/2022 Yes; submitted
letter
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 193 of 637
Name Organization Stakeholder Group Date(s) E‐Mailed Response? Follow ‐Up Meeting? Date + Type of Follow‐Up Meeting Tina Jimenez Torres Martinez Desert Cahuuilla Indians Underrepresented 4/13/2022; 5/5/2022 No N/A N/A Jesse Morales, Acting
Chairman
Mesa Grande Band of Diegueno Mission
Indians Underrepresented 4/13/2022; 5/5/2022 No N/A N/A Norma M. Contreras La Jolla Band of Luiseño Indians Underrepresented 4/13/2022; 5/5/2022 No N/A N/A KC Krause N/A N/A N/A Completed survey N/A N/A
Daniel McLoughlin N/A N/A N/A Completed survey N/A N/A Bruce Olson N/A N/A N/A Completed survey N/A N/A
Katrina Olson N/A N/A N/A Completed survey N/A N/A
Vanessa Marshall Interfaith Community Services Underrepresented 4/13/2022; 5/5/2022 No N/A N/A Mary Ferro Interfaith Community Services Underrepresented 5/11/2022;
5/18/2022; web form No N/A N/A
Sierra Lambert, Zoe
Goldstein Carlsbad Cleanup Crew (student group)
Underrepresented /
Environmental
4/7/2022;
4/14/2022; 5/5/2022 Yes No; will copmlete survey N/A
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 194 of 637
Summary of Phase I Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update B-1
Appendix B – Stakeholder Interviews
The table below documents the stakeholder interviews that were conducted as part of the CAP.

Detailed notes are included in subsequent pages.

Table A-1. Stakeholder Interviews Conducted for the CAP Update Date Stakeholder Participants
March 9, 2022 Madison Coleman, Climate Action Campaign
March 9, 2022 Will Rhatigan, San Diego County Bicycle Coalition March 10, 2022 Mike McMahon, Sierra Club
Paige DeCino, Sierra Club
Karl Aldinger, Sierra Club
Simon Freedman, Sierra Club
March 23, 2022 Anne Sheridan, SanDiego350
March 24, 2022 Bret Schanzenbach, Carlsbad Chamber of Commerce March 28, 2022 Diane Nygaard, Preserve Calavera
Howard Krausz, North County Advocates
Joan Herskowitz, Buena Vista Audubon Society
Ellen Bartlett, Preserve Calavera
May 16, 2022 Kelly Batten, BIA SD

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 195 of 637

MEETING SUMMARY

Carlsbad CAP Update Outreach
Climate Action Campaign

Wednesday, March 9, 9 to 10 a.m.

Zoom (Virtual)

Attendees
Katie Hentrich, City of Carlsbad
Jamie Wood, City of Carlsbad
Poonam Boparai, Ascent Environmental
Madison Coleman, Climate Action Campaign
Serena Schlosser, City of Carlsbad

Meeting Goal: Initial stakeholder outreach for CAP Update.

1. What does climate action mean to you?

Center equity; zero carbon future; holistic; reaching out to CoCs in Carlsbad; people just want clean air and streets to bike and walk to their jobs and community benefits/grocery stores; don’t want to be stuck in heat islands

2. What climate change impacts are you most concerned about?

Sea level rise; extreme heat and heat waves; wildfire and wildfire smoke; storm events and flooding; drought; other

Wildfire; heat; TPAs

3. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan is important to keep in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?

100% renewable energy with CEA; charging station siting plan (but can add to language to prioritize adding charging to CoCs); TDM plan; Sustainable Mobility Plan

4. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan would you like to see changed in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?

adding 5 year benchmarks for monitoring for each reduction measure; equity throughout each measure (Oakland’s CAP has equity in the title); just transition plan for workers for zero carbon shift; stronger mode shift goals (biking, walking, and transit) to cumulate to 50% but not realistic for a lot of jurisdictions

5. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean transportation? Why?

mode shift goals (see above); 100% municipal fleet to ZEVs; bicycle/pedestrian master plan; Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 196 of 637
{city of
Carlsbad
Complete Streets policy

6. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean energy? Why?

already committed to CEA and 100% renewable energy; ordinance for all new construction to be all electric; equitable retrofit measures; all electric municipal buildings by 2035 to align with State goals

7. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote water and wastewater? Why?

ordinances for water conservation for all buildings; setting a target is good but an ordinance is more significant; reducing water/wastewater/recycled water supply emissions already exists but ordinance would strengthen

8. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean solid waste? Why?

specific target of 90% waste diversion by 2035; eliminate or significantly reduce single use plastics (e.g., Vista); divert organic and food waste through best use strategies; edible food recovery

9. What can the city do to make sure the benefits of climate action are felt equally in Carlsbad?

every section in the CAP should have an equity component; create a Climate Equity Index (like SD and CV); if not, using CalEnviroScreen as much as possible when developing policies and plans; prioritizing smart growth and affordable housing near job centers and transit; inclusionary housing ordinance (SD ordinance is 4% currently – want between 10-15% for all new development over a certain amount of units); outreach to specific stakeholders consistently

10. What other actions could the city prioritize to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Carlsbad?

green infrastructure (tree canopy percentage target – SD is 35%, want between 30-35%); holistic urban forestry plan / green streets / stormwater capture; food systems (climate smart food production and carbon smart farming practices – locally sourced foods)

11. Any other questions or comments?

CAC will be sending multiple letters throughout the process; draft report card coming soon Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 197 of 637

MEETING SUMMARY

Carlsbad CAP Update Outreach
San Diego County Bicycle Coalition

Wednesday, March 9, 2 to 3 p.m.

Zoom (Virtual)

Attendees
Katie Hentrich, City of Carlsbad
Will Rhatigan, San Diego County Bicycle
Coalition

Meeting Goal: Initial stakeholder outreach for CAP Update.

1. What does climate action mean to you?

Reducing GHG emissions; climate justice (links to housing and mobility justice); allowing people to live without a car; making sure consequences of climate action are benefitting everyone equitably

2. What climate change impacts are you most concerned about? Please rank in order from most concerned to least concerned.

Sea level rise; extreme heat and heat waves; wildfire and wildfire smoke; storm events and flooding; drought; other

Wildfire; extreme heat; SLR (more globally); crop failure (globally)

3. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan is important to keep in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?

“realistically, most of it”; a lot of short-term emissions measures of what already exists in Carlsbad; “I don’t see anything I’d remove”

4. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan would you like to see changed in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?

building on existing CAP; “a plan to actually transform Carlsbad into a sustainable city”; Carlsbad is sprawling and car dependent city that is extremely unaffordable for people; walkable, transit- friendly, increased affordable housing to live and work near jobs

5. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean transportation? Why?

implementing bicycle master plan; existing master plan does not have a lot of Class 4 bikeways; upgrade Class 2 to Class 4 wherever possible (Class 2 is majority of what’s planned for in master Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 198 of 637
{city of
Carlsbad
plan, but plan to upgrade to buffered Class 2); don’t want to slow down implementation of master plan but can look at opportunities to upgrade to Class 4 while installing on project by project basis

Pedestrian accessibility; traffic calming (speed bumps, bulb outs, etc); street lighting and shade trees along pedestrian routes; enhanced crosswalks; does Carlsbad have a sidewalk master plan? Is it in the Sustainable Mobility Plan? Yes!

Increasing transit service in Carlsbad (Coaster, SPRINTER)

6. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean energy? Why?

N/A

7. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote water and wastewater? Why?

N/A

8. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean solid waste? Why?
N/A

9. What can the city do to make sure the benefits of climate action are felt equitably in Carlsbad?

existing programs aren’t super linked to transportation; more equitable land use policies in CAP Update, will be the most impactful to change behaviors and get people out of cars; eliminate new sprawl and development (VMT fees?); “Carlsbad can grow if it allows itself to” but focus growth that’s accessible to transit and have huge emphasis on walkability and bike-ability; “what’s missing most in Carlsbad is the mixed use factor”; updating the zoning code to allow for greater mixed use projects; more housing units can help with affordability; “my one pet peeve is parking minimums”, certain # of parking units are mandated and changing those minimums will help to reduce VMT, abolish parking minimums at TPAs or ban citywide; opposing parking maximums at TPAs (e.g., Carlsbad Village) aka building unnecessary parking in developments

10. What other actions could the city prioritize to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Carlsbad?

current CAP’s emphasis is heavier on vehicle electrification, which is great; should be one component of a greater strategy to reduce transportation emissions; EVs still have emissions associated with them that are higher than biking or walking and also has resource bottlenecks with production side; shouldn’t be a substitute to getting people out of their cars entirely

Mode share data; commuter incentive program (definitely for City employees and ways to provide incentives) – layer on top of existing TDM ordinance

Bike parking, lockers, showers, etc., bikes on busses

11. Any other questions or comments?

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 199 of 637

MEETING SUMMARY

Carlsbad CAP Update Outreach
Sierra Club

Thursday, March 10, 1:30 to 2:30 p.m.

Zoom (Virtual)

Attendees
Katie Hentrich, City of Carlsbad
Jamie Wood, City of Carlsbad
Poonam Boparai, Ascent Environmental
Mike McMahon, Sierra Club

Paige DeCino, Sierra Club
Karl Aldinger, Sierra Club
Simon Freedman, Sierra Club
Meeting Goal: Initial stakeholder outreach for CAP Update.

1. What does climate action mean to you?

Decarbonizing; limit emissions as quickly as possible to zero; mitigate emissions that we have so far as much as we can; transformational shift away from fossil fuels to renewable energy as quickly as reasonably possible; knowing that we have a climate emergency and having a CAP that measures our progress

2. What climate change impacts are you most concerned about? Please rank in order from most concerned to least concerned.

Sea level rise; extreme heat and heat waves; wildfire and wildfire smoke; storm events and flooding; drought; other

Agricultural food supplies; loss of biodiversity and habitat; overall tipping point is more of a concern (global tipping point); continuing pumping of poisonous foods into the air; ocean plastics; reaching

1.5 centigrade tipping point, not backing away from

Second most concern – impacts to droughts and the water supply (human and habitat)

Failure to address in reasonable amount of time means rush to address it at a later point will be chaotic and poorly done. Setting self up badly for disarray of reactionary changes

3. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan is important to keep in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?

CEA/CCA; Measure B (commercial and industrial PV) but augment to include building electrification; Measure L (ZEV miles traveled) because transportation emissions are biggest contributor; TDM ordinance – upgrading bike lanes because of boom of electric bike usage, tricky to put TDM onto the backs of employers only since mode shift is larger than workforce, may still be a need for SOVs within the timeframe of this CAP but should not be the only thing considered (e.g., micromobility and transit); large commercial/industrial uses don’t use their large real estate most effectively and Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 200 of 637
{city of
Carlsbad
now with COVID some of those office parks are no longer being used effectively – can land use shifts be addressed within the CAP?

4. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan would you like to see changed in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?

get rid of soft verbs like “promote” and “encourage”; such a lag between getting the GHG inventories and so we need to be aggressive to account for data delays; “toothless tiger approach”; new construction should be all electric to mirror other jurisdictions; account for off-road emissions such as leafblowers; improve readability, remove jargon and make it more interesting, compel people to want to take action; 100% clean energy target, use CEA to make that happen; converting existing building to electric – may not be specific measures for how to do that in the CAP but maybe setting timelines

5. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean transportation? Why?

electrify city fleet faster – no need to buy PHEV anymore, set up a rebate program (Simon’s e-mail); improve bike infrastructure; increase charging infrastructure (e.g., charging corridor along the 78); 101 bike lane improvements from Palomar Airport Road to Tamarack; increase mode share; EVs will be hard to make towards 2050 as we strive towards zero carbon goals; TDM has too high of a threshold for businesses (is there any follow up with how businesses are implementing their TDM plans?)

6. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean energy? Why?

building electrification; 100% clean energy; switch default for CEA customers into the 100% clean energy; educate rooftop solar customers that they can opt up to 100% clean energy; municipal services should opt up to 100% clean energy; advancement of distributed renewable energy in the city (through Carlsbad’s board seat at CEA) versus procuring from other locations; check MW goals for solar installation; add commitments to energy storage; rebates for homeowners to install storage; info on how residents can replace appliances with electric (rebates); pilot program to work with CEA to have electricians respond to home electrification requests (existing buildings)

7. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote water and wastewater? Why?

educating the public better about stormwater pollution; better job monitoring; water conservation; drought tolerant landscaping; policing process for water users (or promoting water savers)

8. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean solid waste? Why?

practice sustainability at home level; promote composting at neighborhood level; shift recycling and trash trucks to electric; do cleaned and properly disposed of recyclables actually get recycled?; France pays for trash that they actually put out (by weight, or if they don’t put out trash cans); increase bulk food options from shop owners; reusable takeout containers

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 201 of 637

9. What can the city do to make sure the benefits of climate action are felt equitably in Carlsbad?

always target low-income and vulnerable communities first (e.g., GRID Alternatives to install solar on low-income housing); don’t compel lower income residents to switch over to 100% clean electricity as quickly; rebates for EVs; understand relationships with landlords to avoid gentrification as buildings are upgraded; careful about how we use incentives and instead make transition to electric easy and available and natural (point of purchase rebate versus income need); senior populations; retrofitting natural gas kitchens for health purposes

10. What other actions could the city prioritize to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Carlsbad?

create a Sustainability Commission; off-road transportation emissions reduction (leaf blowers) – even City staff are using them; lead by example; demand response at the city level

11. Any other questions or comments?
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 202 of 637

MEETING SUMMARY

Carlsbad CAP Update Outreach
SanDiego350

Wednesday, March 23, 9:30 to 10:30 a.m.

Zoom (Virtual)

Attendees
Katie Hentrich, City of Carlsbad
Jamie Wood, City of Carlsbad
Matt Gelbman, Ascent Environmental

Anne Sheridan, SanDiego350

Meeting Goal: Initial stakeholder outreach for CAP Update.

1. What does climate action mean to you?

What are the actions that the city can take that are in its jurisdiction both structurally and to encourage individual change; the trickier part is individual behavior

2. What climate change impacts are you most concerned about? Please rank in order from most concerned to least concerned.

Sea level rise; extreme heat and heat waves; wildfire and wildfire smoke; storm events and flooding; drought; other

Personally – ability to produce food; city/regionally – sea level rise, wildfire

3. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan is important to keep in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?

Building electrification; transportation

4. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan would you like to see changed in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?

Building electrification; implementation can not be an afterthought and needs to be central to development of the CAP – what’s the goal, can there be more calculations between 2035/2045 and present? annual reporting

5. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean transportation? Why?

Focusing on VMT and reducing VMT; public transportation and transit; mode share targets; increasing EV usage (municipal especially)

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 203 of 637
{city of
Carlsbad

6. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean energy? Why?

Building electrification; incentivizing retrofits; plan for retrofitting existing building; commit to 100% renewable energy for municipal operations; require rooftop solar for commercial to reach 85% of load; require rooftop solar for schools/city buildings/nonprofits

7. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote water and wastewater? Why?

treating wastewater and methane recapture; use less; rain collection/rain barrel program

8. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean solid waste? Why?

municipal zero waste plan; SB 1383 compliance; edible food recovery

9. What can the city do to make sure the benefits of climate action are felt equitably in Carlsbad?

definitely a concern; include CoCs in outreach; public health and pollution and how those are connected and how the CAP can address that issue; Climate Equity Index (like SD or CV); how will jobs be impacted by different measures

10. What other actions could the city prioritize to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Carlsbad?

zero carbon goal; is there funding to implement and can that be described?, better communication within and across departments

11. Any other questions or comments?

good CAPs – latest City of SD CAP (but needs more with implementation), also includes a big gap related to future technology but doesn’t identify what it is or how the reductions could be met; County’s Regional Decarbonization Framework menu of options; don’t rely too much on unknowns Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 204 of 637

MEETING SUMMARY

Carlsbad CAP Update Outreach
Carlsbad Chamber of Commerce

Thursday, March 24, 11 a.m. to 12 p.m.

Zoom (Virtual)

Attendees
Katie Hentrich, City of Carlsbad
Jamie Wood, City of Carlsbad
Matt Sanford, City of Carlsbad

Bret Schanzenbach, Carlsbad Chamber of
Commerce

Meeting Goal: Initial stakeholder outreach for CAP Update.

1. What does climate action mean to you?

Approach to try and reduce greenhouse gases within a given jurisdiction by a variety of means; proactive means environmentally; like planting more trees to absorb climate impacts and carbon dioxide; reducing carbon dioxide emissions; finding ways to incentivize people to use less

2. What climate change impacts are you most concerned about? Please rank in order from most concerned to least concerned.

Sea level rise; extreme heat and heat waves; wildfire and wildfire smoke; storm events and flooding; drought; other

Fires and Santa Ana’s; there used to be a “fire season” and there’s no such thing as a fire season anymore, there is an ever-present threat of fire; there’s just no seasonality anymore and it is a constant threat; always just one bad rainy season away from another drought and any given drought could turn into an extended drought, you have no idea how long it is going to last; we are a coastal community and sea level rise makes sense

3. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan is important to keep in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?

Not sure I know it well enough to speak authoritatively enough; it is really important to have proactive measures like “how many more trees do we want to have in our community” since trees can help beautify and reduce carbon emissions; government has set aggressive goal with electric cars; until charging infrastructure gets more robust then there’s no incentive to drive EVs; incentivize businesses to install EV charging stations since there are only so many new developments that will be built, incentivizing with existing buildings; the more chargers are available the easier it is to adopt; want people coming from elsewhere for tourism to be able to charge

4. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan would you like to see changed in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 205 of 637
{city of
Carlsbad

tree planting measure; existing building charging infrastructure (as mentioned above); EV charging in Coaster station parking lot

5. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean transportation? Why?

EV charging infrastructure; start the Carlsbad Connector again, making transit convenient and building out first mile last mile connections from transit stations to business park areas; better bike infrastructure and making sure it is thought through and safe and more separate than what they are now, there could be times where removing parking to install better bike lanes could occur because there theoretically would be a little less need for parking for automobiles; still very poor mass transit to Palomar Airport Corridor, Legoland is huge and majority of its employees should be able to take mass transit to work

6. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean energy? Why?

looking at city facilities where solar could be added and where practical; CEA and being greener in how we procure energy; incentivize existing buildings to install solar (discounts on business license fees for a period of time if they go solar)

7. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote water and wastewater? Why?

the desalination plant is great; Oceanside just opened a recycling water facility; how to reuse water that we already have in our system? Like growing out purple pipe network; no ideas for stormwater

8. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean solid waste? Why?

food recycling and recovery via SB 1383; a lot of education around the “why” of food recycling because it is such a change in behaviors and want to capture the full benefit of it; businesses will be the biggest consumers of it and have the biggest incentives to do it correctly, but residents should be doing it as well to support the impact; it’s uncomfortable to go places that don’t have the same mentality that we do

9. What can the city do to make sure the benefits of climate action are felt equitably in Carlsbad?

translating things into Spanish or other languages to make any programs that we do accessible

10. What other actions could the city prioritize to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Carlsbad?

Carlsbad Green Business Network should get more marketing attention so more businesses are aware of it, there are a lot of businesses that would want their name associated with those practices; capture promotion of this in the plan

11. Any other questions or comments?
None
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 206 of 637

MEETING SUMMARY

Carlsbad CAP Update Outreach
Preserve Calavera / North County Advocates / Buena Vista Audubon Society

Monday, March 28, 11 a.m. to 12 p.m.

Zoom (Virtual)

Attendees
Katie Hentrich, City of Carlsbad
Jamie Wood, City of Carlsbad
Poonam Boparai, Ascent Environmental

Diane Nygaard, Preserve Calavera
Howard Krausz, North County Advocates
Joan Herskowitz, Buena Vista Audubon
Society
Ellen Bartlett, Preserve Calavera

Meeting Goal: Initial stakeholder outreach for CAP Update.

1. What does climate action mean to you?

skip

2. What climate change impacts are you most concerned about? Please rank in order from most concerned to least concerned.

Sea level rise; extreme heat and heat waves; wildfire and wildfire smoke; storm events and flooding; drought; other

skip

3. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan is important to keep in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?

Annual reporting is important to keep but ones without updated data (like inventories) is less impactful than ones that do (like with SANDAG snapshot); make sure measures have meaningful and measurable data but still isn’t excessively costly

4. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan would you like to see changed in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?

Prioritize measures with co-benefits and balancing costs of implementation; the CAP isn’t a standalone document for the City and is integrated with other environmental documents (HMP needs updates to incorporate adaptive management); interrelated with sea level rise documents and the triggers included, IPCC report released and results are alarming; set targets higher so margin of safety of not hitting reduction targets can accommodate GHG reductions to help with climate change impacts
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 207 of 637
{city of
Carlsbad

Electrification; CCE still figuring out programs but City can coordinate and can be a driver for things like energy retrofit programs for existing buildings; good focused locally produced research about how to get “biggest bang for the buck” for reduction measures; capture mitigation from projects (locally and not elsewhere in state or country)

Adaptive management and building in a system of how things are changing and triggers can push city towards next level of action (without having to do a full CAP update) – baseline assumptions assume CA fleet mix (assume State and federal legislation won’t be as successful?) will be very high so an example could be to build in something related to EV measures as stopgaps if fleet conversion isn’t as high as anticipated

5. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean transportation? Why?

TDM ordinance (e.g., Aldea project was conditioned to have a TDM program but then TDM wasn’t needed); Marja Acres had a similar issue (poorly written and no monitoring enforcement, no assurance there will be any TDM improvements); monitoring and follow-up for TDM ordinance needs to be more involved to show trip reductions, thresholds need to be lower; mode share/split and increasing bicycle infrastructure outside of the downtown/Village area, strategic programs to capture data with large employers; Carlsbad Connector was a good program but needs some tweaking; undergrounding the railroad tracks through Carlsbad – transportation dollars would be better spent elsewhere and undergrounding doesn’t reduce GHGs; strategically implementing public transit; parking management as another strategy to change mode split and further integrate with other city documents

Increase usage of EVs, city needs to do “everything possible” to encourage people to use EVs and to charge them; municipal charging for employees; need to have inexpensively generated electricity available, have both “carrots” and “sticks”, uniform system for charging at parking lots; charging stations for delivery vans or encouraging delivery services to go electric

6. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean energy? Why?

electrification; CEA; energy retrofits for existing buildings (cost factor to scale that up)

7. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote water and wastewater? Why?

Carlsbad has the benefit of the very high energy water production from the desal plant; integrating so how energy to clean and transport water becomes a more important part of the decision making; percentage of municipal operations is still a relatively small percent and water is a small percent of that; always looks good for public agencies to be leaders; water conservation programs were seemingly effective; will have to depend more and more on recycled water in the future; new construction for higher density buildings can lead to problems with water usage if the tenants aren’t paying for the water; mandatory conservation like with previous droughts; xeriscaping and drought tolerant plants; water harvesting/cisterns; lots of restrictions with greywater and reuse and sometimes ordinances can make this more complicated

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 208 of 637

8. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean solid waste? Why?

zero waste; food waste handling and doing so in a way that uses less energy; encouraging backyard composting

9. What can the city do to make sure the benefits of climate action are felt equitably in Carlsbad?

EV adoption and charging installation; harder in suburban areas; don’t have groups locally that have good feedback on that; air quality impacts (Holiday Park is next to the freeway); to really do that right it will take some effort

Financial incentives for leaf blowers

Let the community come up with their own projects; integrate with street planning and water quality improvements/stormwater

10. What other actions could the city prioritize to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Carlsbad?

carbon sequestration (restoring native habitat), can track and show if we are losing or gaining habitat, building in how much sequestration we can have by keeping lands natural and can support adding more natural lands, LIDAR tree canopy study which shows canopy percentage data, tree planting per year is meaningless but percentage of canopy cover is more meaningful (life cycle of trees); where are trees located and are we strategically placing them, add as development criteria to add shade to the buildings and other ped/bike infrastructure; Vista has strong focus on native trees

Prohibit gas powered leaf blowers

11. Any other questions or comments?

None
Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 209 of 637

MEETING SUMMARY

Carlsbad CAP Update Outreach
Building Industry Association

Monday, May 16, 11 a.m. to 12 p.m.

Zoom (Virtual)

Attendees
Katie Hentrich, City of Carlsbad
Poonam Boparai, Ascent Environmental

Kelly Batten, BIA SD
Meeting Goal: Initial stakeholder outreach for CAP Update.

1. What does climate action mean to you?

Having a smaller footprint, producing more efficient homes, more fire-safe homes, a lot more technologies have to be installed in homes now, being good stewards of the environment

2. What climate change impacts are you most concerned about? Please rank in order from most concerned to least concerned.

Sea level rise; extreme heat and heat waves; wildfire and wildfire smoke; storm events and flooding; drought; other

Everything is a lot more cleaner burning now and we should continue on that path, especially with corporations

3. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan is important to keep in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?

Wouldn’t get rid of anything in particular, it’s just a matter of how it’s all regulated. More incentivizing things rather than mandating. Layer on top of existing measures, already going above and beyond, already on a trajectory of making a difference. Want to see how we are doing before making so many substantive changes. Going beyond state standards is where we are most

4. What about the adopted Climate Action Plan would you like to see changed in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?

Going beyond state standards is where we are most concerned / most issues. Decarbonization is a big one that is new. Some things are fine – we all know we have to add solar now – but it does add costs and housing is already so expensive.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 210 of 637
{city of
Carlsbad

5. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean transportation? Why?

Incentivizing folks to drive EVs, incentivizing builders to have charging stations on site. Right now there is no incentive because it’s not a mitigation factor for VMT. Who is responsible for building all of those charging stations? Cost of installation and maintenance are barriers to builders, also working with whatever utility to pay for the fees associated. Who pays – property owner? Also expensive to purchase the plugs for “EV ready” in homes, supply chain issues to acquire. Challenges for charging in multifamily buildings.

6. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean energy? Why?

Electrification makes a small difference, building a trench for all utilities (natural gas and electricity).

Electric heat pumps are hard to get. Electric water heaters don’t meet Title 24 requirements.

Installing electric tank water heater takes up just as much energy of gas water heater so it’s running all the time to keep that water warm. Supply chain issues to get water heaters and more expensive.

Technology is going to continue to improve and we’ll be using less and less as a result. Taking into consideration with all electrification – SDG&E has done a study showing that we don’t have enough electricity to get through the summer (brownouts, blackouts). Adding more electricity to the grid doesn’t help that situation, we’re a little ahead of ourselves in a way.

Battery storage needs to get up to par to support the electric load. How do we even keep up with the demand (e.g., electric charging stations for EVs)? Energy resilience coupled with using less in a home (e.g., better windows, better HVAC).

7. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote water and wastewater? Why?

see above for water heating. Everything is very water efficient now as far as usage. Some of the codes now for stormwater are almost impossible (e.g., cleaning water for runoff on site and capturing). One of the top things BIA is working on. Specifically related to construction, already codes in state law. Compliance around it delays projects and is costly, looking into managing this better and more realistic to apply.

8. What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean solid waste? Why?

Nothing super specific in the industry for solid waste, infrastructure related. How to work with cities on infill projects – if you’re going to build infill development, the developers responsible for replacing and upgrading sewage and water pipes that may be older. First person to come in and build is responsible for all of the costs (even if there are multiple parcels). Would cities help with that burden or are there federal funds? Not so much of an issue outside of infill.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 211 of 637

9. What can the city do to make sure the benefits of climate action are felt equitably in Carlsbad?

retrofitting current buildings. 350 new units a year on average in Carlsbad, so any regulations for new buildings would be a small impact. Incentivizing older homes to be retrofitted will really see more savings.

10. What other actions could the city prioritize to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Carlsbad?

a lot of movement on sidewalks and accessibility to transit, for new homes it’s a matter of incentivizing e-scooters and e-bike charging and EV infrastructure, it’ll be up to SANDAG/NCTD/MTS to get more transit in north county, easier pathways to using transit

11. Any other questions or comments?

Reach codes are always an issue. Really concerned about the strain on the grid already. SDG&E presentation was really concerning and way more storage is needed than we already have. Building storage is sometimes not supported by the community and the projects don’t get built. Always reach out. Appreciate a phase in of policies versus an up front mandate, it takes time to change how homes are built. Battery storage and how do you replace them or dispose of them.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 212 of 637
Summary of Phase I Public Engagement for Climate Action Plan Update C-1
Appendix C – Online Survey Results
The online survey questions and a summary of responses are included in subsequent pages.

Nov. 12, 2024
Item #8 Page 213 of 637
Help shape the City of Carlsbad's Climate Action Plan Update 1 / 28
Q1
What does climate action mean to you?
Reduce industrial and transportation and other greenhouse effect sources.

Q2
What climate change impacts are you more concerned about? Please rank in order from most concerned to least concerned.

Sea level rise 3
Extreme heat and heat waves 2
Wildfire and wildfire smoke 1
Storm events and flooding 4
Drought 5
Other 6
Q3
What about the adopted Climate Action Plan is important to keep in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?
Respondent skipped this question
Q4
What about the adopted Climate Action Plan would you like to see changed in the Climate Action Plan Update? Why?
Respondent skipped this question
Q5
What is the top action the city should prioritize in the Climate Action Plan Update to further promote clean
transportation? Why?
Respondent skipped this question
#1

COMPLETECOMPLETE
Collector: Web Link 1 (We b Link)
Started: Wednesday, March 09, 2022 2:59:52 PM
Last Modified: Wednesday, March 09, 2022 3:20:49 PM Time Spent: 00:20:56
IP Address: 104.178.252.176

Page 1 ends

Carlsbad City CouncilNovember 12, 2024

Carlsbad City Council
November 12, 2024