Carpinteria City Council
February 9, 2026

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City Organizational Chart

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COUNCIL ADVISORY GROUPS
Council Advisory Groups are created by the City Council to obtain increased public input and community participation in the determination of policies and programs. Council Advisory Groups make recommendations to the City Council on matters within the group’s scope of responsibility. Each group’s duties are established by law and/or Council action and are summarized below.

The City Council has established 10 Council Advisory Groups, with formation documents, duties/responsibilities, membership, meeting schedule, and assigned department:

1. Planning Commission
Formed: by Carpinteria Municipal Code Chapter 2.32.

Duties: Reviews and recommends changes to the General Plan and Zoning Regulations, conducts hearings and makes decisions regarding applications for development, pursuant to State law and Chapter 2.32 of the Carpinteria Municipal Code.

Membership: The Planning Commission consists of five members with the qualifications for membership being residency within the city at the time of their appointment and during their tenure in office.

Meeting Schedule: Meets the first Monday of every month in the City Council Chambers at 5:30 pm.

Assigned Department: Community Development
Compensation: $60 per meeting attended

2. Architectural Review Board (ARB)
Formed: by Carpinteria Municipal Code Chapter 2.36.

Duties: Evaluates the architectural merit of commercial, residential, and public building projects as established through Chapter 2.36 of the Carpinteria Municipal Code. The Board also advises City staff and the Planning Commission on design standards, architectural and landscape design, and site planning. Board goals are 1) harmonious, aesthetic development within the City and 2) preservation of the City's natural beauty and visual resources.

Membership: The ARB consists of five members with the qualifications for membership being residency within the City at the time of appointment and during

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their tenure in office. The membership consist of a mix of lay and professional citizens skilled in the interpretation of architectural and landscape drawings and ability to evaluate the effects of proposed development upon surrounding areas.

Meeting Schedule: Set to meet twice a month on Thursdays at the City Council Chambers at 5:30 pm. Oftentimes, one of the two monthly meetings is cancelled due to lack of agenda matters being ready for ARB consideration.

Assigned Department: Community Development
Compensation: $25 per meeting attended

3. Mobile Home Park Rent Stabilization Board (MHPRSB)
Formed: by Carpinteria Municipal Code Section 5.69.030
Duties: The MHPRSB administers the City's rent stabilization ordinance (Carpinteria Municipal Code Chapter 5.69) for the City's mobile home parks. The Boards is empowered to approve, set, and adjust the rent schedule and maximum rents for the mobile home tenancies within the City.

Membership: The MHPRSB consists of five members, all of which shall be appointed on an at-large basis.

Meeting Schedule: Meets as needed in the City Council Chambers.

Assigned Department: General Government / Community Development Compensation: N/A

4. Carpinteria Open Space Management Advisory Board (COSMAB) Formed: Originally formed as Bluffs Management Advisory Board via Resolution No. 4694, and reformed as Carpinteria Open Space Management Advisory Board via Resolution No. 6002. Formed to meet the terms of the Conservation Easement, Carpinteria Bluffs Open Space Preserve, recorded October 16, 2000.

Duties: The Board will assist the City in its compliance with the applicable terms of relevant Conservation and Trail Easements. The Board will provide input to the City for the acquisition, creation, development, operation, and maintenance of the Coastal open space and City owned or managed trail system.

Membership: The COSMAB is comprised of seven members appointed on an atlarge basis.

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Meeting Schedule: Meets at 3:00 pm on the third Thursday of every month at the City Council Chambers.

Assigned Department: Parks, Recreation and Community Services Compensation: N/A

5. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Committee
Formed: by Resolution No. 5355
Duties: The committee focuses on methods to reduce the use of pesticides while considering maintenance standards for City parks, open spaces, roadways, and buildings. Conducts public outreach and information programs to help guide private citizens on best management practices to reduce the use of pesticides in public spaces and prepares an annual report to disclose pest issues encountered and tactics used and/or pesticides used to combat the issues.

Membership: The IPM Committee is comprised of no fewer than five and no more than nine members that include representation from the Parks, Recreation, and Community Services Department, the Public Works Department, the Carpinteria Open Space Management Advisory Board, and at least two at-large community members.

Meeting Schedule: Meets as needed.

Assigned Department: Public Works
Compensation: N/A

6. Tree Advisory Board (TAB)
Formed: by Carpinteria Municipal Code Section 12.28.080 Duties: The TAB assists City Staff in implementation of the City's Street Tree Management Plan, and local regulations established for the maintenance of street trees.

Membership: The TAB consists of five members with the qualifications for membership being residency within the Carpinteria Valley and a composition of a mix of lay citizens and professionals from a pertinent discipline. Carpinteria Municipal Code Section 12.28.080A provides examples of some of the characteristics or attributes to be used in creating a composition of board members.

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Meeting Schedule: Meets quarterly in the City Hall Council Chambers at 5:30 pm.

Assigned Department: Public Works
Compensation: N/A

7. Downtown “T” Business Advisory Board (DTBAB)
Formed: by Resolution No. 1882 and amended via Resolution No. 5902 Duties: The DTBAB advises the City Council on parking and business improvement matters within the Downtown retail business area of the City. The Board has a duty to file an annual report with the City Council making recommendations on the expenditure of revenues derived from the levy of assessments, an estimate of the costs of providing the improvements and activities, the method used of levying the assessment, the amount of any surpluses carried over from the previous year, and any contributions made from other sources.

Membership: The DTBAB is comprised of seven members with four of those members paying assessments within Parking and Business Improvement District No. 4, and three at-large members from the general public. There are also three alternate assessment paying members in addition to the seven members that may fill-in for any absent assessment-paying member. The position of Chair and Vice Chair are drawn from assessment-paying members only.

Meeting Schedule: Meets on the first Thursday of every month at 8:30 am in the City Council Chambers.

Assigned Department: Public Works
Compensation: N/A

8. Environmental Review Committee (ERC)
Formed: by Resolution No. 4082 and amended via Resolution No. 4418 Duties: Its function is to serve the public interest by providing direct input on the City's environmental review process. The Committee is chaired by the Community Development Office who also acts as the Secretary.

Membership: The ERC is a five-member committee made up of the City Manager or his designee, the City Engineer, the Community Development Director or his designee, the City Biological Resource Specialist, and a member of the general public.

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Meeting Schedule: Meets as needed.

Assigned Department: Community Development
Compensation: N/A

9. Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Committee
Formed: by Council minute order on December 11, 2006
Duties: The committee’s basic duty is to review grant applications for CDBG funds and to make recommendations to the City Council on which applications to fund and support the community’s interests and help address identified needs. The CDBG Committee shall perform the following functions: (1) establish procedures in conjunction with the Santa Barbara County Housing and Community Development Department for applying for funds, setting criteria for allocations, and making funding recommendations to the City Council; (2) Coordinate CDBG funding so that basic human service needs are met; and (3) Provide recommendations to the City Council concerning matters relating to the CDBG Program. The Committee may adopt such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary to carry out its functions.

Membership: The CDBG Committee is comprised of one member of the Planning Commission, two at-large community members, and one alternate at-large member.

Meeting Schedule: Typically meets in January/February of each year.

Assigned Department: Community Development
Compensation: N/A

10. Library Advisory Commission (LAC)
Formed: by Resolution No. 6074
Duties: Act in an advisory capacity to the Library Board of Trustees and City Librarian in matters pertaining to the management, administration, operation, development, improvement and maintenance of the library.

Membership: The LAC shall be composed of five members representative of the Library service area with an option to expand as needed. The Commission shall be representative of the Library service area population demographic; library user

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groups, including underrepresented user groups; and person(s) knowledgeable in library management and operations.

Meeting Schedule: Meets on the first Monday of each month at 3:30 pm in the Carpinteria Community Library Community Meeting Room.

Assigned Department: Parks, Recreation and Community Services Compensation: $30 per meeting attended

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CAG MEMBER ELIGIBILITY & APPOINTMENT PROCESS
General Qualifications
Generally, individuals appointed to Council Advisory Groups (“Council Advisory Group Members”, “CAG Members”, or “Members”) must be residents and qualified electors (a U.S. citizen, 18 years of age or older, who resides within the city limits of the City of Carpinteria) when appointed and remain a resident through the duration of their appointment. Some Council Advisory Groups have special or additional membership requirements for particular backgrounds/expertise and do not require residency, but do require owning, operating, or managing a business enterprise within the City, as outlined below. Former Councilmembers may not be appointed to serve on a CAG until one year after expiration of their term of office. CAG Members may not hold full-time paid office or employment in City government.

CAG Members must fill out the attached Acknowledgment of Receipt and Statement of Commitment (found in the Appendix to this Handbook) and return it to the City Clerk’s Office. Failure to do so may result in the Member being removed from the Council Advisory Group by the City Council.

All Council Advisory Group Members are required to be in good standing with the City (e.g., payment of fines, taxes, have no open administrative citations, etc.).

Appointment of City Employee Relatives
Applicants are required to disclose any relation to a current City employee, particularly in the City department the Council Advisory Group serves. “Employed Relative” is defined as an employee with a familial relationship to either the Council Advisory Group Member or the Member’s spouse as follows:

Relative of Member Relative of Member’s Spouse
Spouse Brother
Brother Sister
Sister Parent or Stepparent
Brother’s Spouse Grandparent
Sister’s Spouse Child or Stepchild
Parent or Stepparent
Grandparent
Child or Stepchild
Child’s Spouse
Furthermore, Members are required to abstain from any discussion or recommendation on matters that may directly or indirectly benefit, influence, or affect their Employed

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Relative. Failure to follow these requirements and guidelines may lead to a member being removed by the Council.

Appointment of City Council or City Manager Relatives
No relative of a Councilmember or of the City Manager may be appointed to or serve on any Council Advisory Group. If any such relationship arises, the relative’s seat is immediately vacated. “Relative” shall be defined as a Councilmember’s or City Manager’s:
• Spouse
• Sibling
• Child or Stepchild
• Child’s Spouse
• Brother’s Spouse / Sister’s Spouse
• Parent / Parent-in-law
• Grandparent / Souse’s grandparent
• Grandchild
• Cousin
• Uncle or Aunt
• Nephew or Niece
Term of Office
Per Carpinteria Municipal Code Section 2.24.010, the term of office for all Council Advisory Group Members is two years expiring on January 31st of every odd-numbered year; however, terms will be automatically extended until a successor has been appointed.

Individual Serving on Multiple Council Advisory Groups
The City Council strongly discourages individuals from serving on multiple Council Advisory Groups in order to allow all interested individuals to have a chance to serve.

Participation in Political Activities
Local government elections in California are nonpartisan. City Council appointments to Council Advisory Groups are made without regard to political party affiliation. Acceptance of an appointment to a Council Advisory Group does not in any manner restrict citizen participation in political activities of an individual’s choosing at any level of government be it local, state, or federal. However, Members may not use their appointed role or title in the conduct of political activity.

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Appointment Process
The City Council has the sole discretion in making appointments to Council Advisory Groups. There is no guarantee the City Council will make an appointment even if there is an open Council Advisory Group position and an interested individual(s).

During the biennial (every two years) appointment process, all Council Advisory Group member positions will be open for appointment, irrespective of whether there is currently a sitting member. In November/December of every even year, the City Clerk will notify existing Council Advisory Group Members that their terms are coming to an end and ask if they would like to be re-appointed to their Council Advisory Group. Those Members wishing to continue are required to complete and submit an application to the City Clerk and will be considered by Council along with any new applications. Appointment occurs at a City Council meeting in January of every odd year. If an existing Member wishes to retire/resign, their position will become vacant upon the effective date of resignation/retirement.

On occasion, there may be an “Unscheduled Vacancy” when an individual resigns from a position before their term ends or otherwise leaves office. If this occurs, a Vacancy Notice will be posted and the application and nomination/selection process will begin. If a vacancy occurs after less than six months of a term, the selection process will begin from applications on file from the prior biennial appointment process. If there are no applications on file from the prior biennial appointment process, the selection process is the same as a vacancy occurring after more than six months For those interested in serving on a Council Advisory Group, an application and supplemental questionnaire (both available on the City’s website) pertaining to the selected Council Advisory Group must be filled out and turned in to the City Clerk. The City Clerk will notify the individual when the City Council will make appointments to the Council Advisory Group. The City strongly encourages individual(s) to attend the Council meeting to make a brief statement about their qualifications and/or respond to any questions from the Council.

Removal from Office
All Council Advisory Group Members serve at the pleasure of the City Council. Carpinteria Municipal Code Section 2.24.010 states that the City Council may declare the seat of any Council Advisory Group Member vacant by a majority vote of the Council and such vacant seat may be filled for the unexpired term.

Leaving Office
Council Advisory Group Members may resign at any time. The City strongly encourages providing sixty (60) days’ notice to enable a replacement to be identified and appointed without causing a gap in Council Advisory Group membership. Each CAG Member must

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file a Fair Political Practices Commission (FPPC) Form 700 Leaving Office Statement within 30 days of leaving office (see also “Conflict of Interest”).

Resignation
Members who are unable or unwilling to continue their service due to health, business, personal obligations, or extended travel should submit a written letter of resignation to the staff liaison and the City Clerk’s Office. The letter should be directed to the City Council and state the effective date of resignation. A Member who relocates their residence outside the City shall immediately notify the City Clerk’s Office and resign from the CAG, if residing in the City is a requirement for the CAG.

Independent Governmental Agency Appointments
The City Council makes citizen appointments to the following independent governmental agencies. Since these are independent governmental agencies, they are not bound by the City of Carpinteria CAG Handbook. Each of these governmental agencies/bodies develops their own regulations.

Independent Governmental Agency Appointments
Name Website
Santa Barbara Mosquito and Vector
Management District
https://www.mvmdistrict.org/
Community Media Access Center Board
of Directors
https://tvsantabarbara.org/
County Library Advisory Committee https://www.countyofsb.org/1348/CountyLibrary-Advisory-Committee

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CAG MEMBER ROLES, RESPONSIBILITIES &

EXPECTATIONS
Although the specific duties of each Council Advisory Group vary widely with the purpose for which they are formed, there are certain roles, responsibilities, and expectations that are common to all Council Advisory Group Members. Members should be aware that the City Council may remove a Council Advisory Group Member from their seat if their conduct does not conform with the outlined roles, responsibilities, and expectations.

Members are expected to fill the following roles as a CAG Member:
• Serve as a Liaison between the City and its citizens in helping to reconcile contradictory viewpoints and to build a consensus around common goals and objectives.
• Identify and Frame Key Issues. CAG Members should help identify and frame key issues for the City Council to help focus the Council’s discussion by highlighting pros, cons, alternatives, and possible actions. • Serve the General Interest of the City. CAG Members should not represent the interests of or advocate for specific interest groups or special program areas.

Instead, CAG Members must balance competing priorities and demands for resources and consider the general interest of the City when evaluating programs and policies within the Council Advisory Group’s authorized area of responsibility. • Assure Consideration of Community Values and Goals. In serving the general interest of the City, CAG Members should consider City Council goals and priorities when weighing competing programs and policies within the Council Advisory Group’s scope of interest.
• Educate the Public on the Democratic Process. CAG Members should use their role in local government to educate the public on the democratic process and subject matters within the Council Advisory Group’s area of responsibility. • Be a Resource for New Members. CAG Members should help incorporate new Members into the Council Advisory Group by sharing knowledge about how the CAG operates, the CAG’s responsibilities, and available resources.

The role of a CAG Member does not include involvement in administrative matters of City departments. Members should not direct City staff to establish departmental work programs or determine departmental priorities. CAG Members may not take unilateral action as a City representative and are not responsible for City personnel matters such as hiring, transfers, terminations, or discipline.

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Members are expected to act in line with the following responsibilities and expectations as a CAG Member:
• Remain within Scope of CAG. CAG Members are expected to limit their discussions to evaluating programs and policies within the Council Advisory Group’s authorized area of responsibility.
• Prepare for Meetings. CAG Members are expected to prepare for meetings by thoroughly reviewing the agenda and staff reports prior to each meeting. This may require making on-site visits if the agenda item involves a site or facility. • Attend Meetings. CAG Members are expected to attend and stay for the duration of all scheduled meetings. If a Member cannot attend a meeting or must step down from an item due to conflict of interest, they must notify their staff liaison as far in advance as possible. When a Member fails for any reason to attend two consecutive regular meetings without advance notice to the staff liaison, their position will be deemed vacant and their term terminated. Leaves of absence are not granted to Council Advisory Group Members except under unusual circumstances and when authorized in advance by the Council. • Be Objective in Fact Finding. CAG Members are expected to objectively consider facts and information presented during meetings and in staff reports to minimize the impact of personal feelings or biases in making recommendations. • Use Proper Channels of Communication. CAG Members are expected to effectively communicate with City Council and City staff through the Chair to the staff liaison when discussing Council Advisory Group business. • Establish Good Working Relationships. CAG Members are expected to reconcile contradictory viewpoints with other Council Advisory Committee Members and show a willingness to objectively consider the issues. • Understand the Basic Rules of Parliamentary Procedure. CAG Members are responsible for becoming familiar with the accepted rules, ethics, and customs that govern CAG meetings. (see also “Overview of Open Meeting Laws Under the Brown Act” and “Overview of Meeting Procedures”).
• Follow Established Policies and Programs. CAG Members are responsible for acting in accordance with policies and programs adopted by the City Council. If personal ethical problems arise, resignation from the Council Advisory Group is the appropriate response (see also “Conflicts of Interest”). • Do Not Misrepresent Personal Views. CAG Members are responsible for ensuring that their public statements do not misrepresent personal views or recommendations as those of the Council Advisory Group, unless a majority of the Council Advisory Group has voted on a particular position. Public statements

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may not contain promises to the public that purport to be binding on the Council Advisory Group, City staff, or City Council.
• Do Not Respond to Press Inquiries. CAG Members are expected to direct press inquiries to the City’s Public Information Officer. • Proper Use of Personal Social Media Accounts. CAG Members have a responsibility to ensure that they do not use personal social media accounts to conduct or represent City business, including posting, captioning, or responding to public comments.

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CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The Political Reform Act of 1974 (Government Code Sections 81000, et seq.) requires public officials to disclose certain personal financial interests that could foreseeably cause conflicts. Public officials may also be required to disqualify themselves from making, participating in, or attempting to influence any government decisions that would affect any of their financial interests, not just those that are required to be disclosed (e.g., Form 700).

The City of Carpinteria has adopted a local conflict of interest code as required by the Political Reform Act.

Prior to a meeting, Council Advisory Group Members are required to review the agenda to evaluate potential financial conflicts of interest on actions to be taken. Council Advisory Group Members are required to alert the staff liaison, Chair, or the City Clerk immediately of a potential conflict of interest. If a conflict of interest exists, the CAG Member may not directly or indirectly influence City staff, other CAG Members, the proceeding, or the vote.

At the subject meeting, the Council Advisory Group Member may be required to state the basis for the conflict of interest immediately after the Chair announces the time for consideration. For example, “Madame Chair, I have a conflict of interest on this item because [state reason]…, and I will not be participating in the deliberations.” Members should be aware that the penalties for violating the conflict-of-interest laws are serious and may include fines and criminal prosecution.

Contact the City Attorney’s Office regarding any questions about a possible conflict of interest. The Fair Political Practices Commission (FPPC) Office is also available at their toll-free telephone number 866-ASK-FPPC (866-275-3772), via email at [email protected], or at www.fppc.ca.gov, to answer questions regarding a conflict of interest, disclosure of certain personal financial interests, or when the law requires disqualification.

Assuming Office Statement
Most Council Advisory Group Members (see table below) are required to complete/file a Fair Political Practices Commission Form 700 within thirty (30) days after the date of assumed office (date of City Council appointment) and every year thereafter that they remain CAG Members.

A Member will not be allowed to participate in meetings if their Form 700 statement is not complete and/or filed with the City Clerk’s Office. Failure to do so in a timely manner may be cause for termination of the position.

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Council Advisory Group Form 700 Required? Ethics Training Required?
Planning Commission Yes Yes
Architectural Review Board Yes Yes
Mobile Home Park Rent
Stabilization Board
Yes Yes
Carpinteria Open Space
Management Advisory
Board
No Yes
Integrated Pest
Management Committee
No Yes
Tree Advisory Board No Yes
Downtown “T” Business
Advisory Board
Yes Yes
Environmental Review
Committee
No Yes
Community Development
Block Grant Committee
No Yes
Library Advisory
Commission
Yes Yes
All economic disclosure documents are filed online via the eDisclosure system. The City Clerk’s Office will send an email notification with links and instructions for filing online.

The email will come from [email protected].

The notification will include information on how to e-file the Assuming Office Statement:

1. Log in to the system at https://CarpinteriaCity.southtechhosting.com/eDisclosure/.

2. Use the email address provided as Login ID.

3. Set up permanent password.

4. Login to begin the Form 700 filing process.

5. E-file the document. Do not print, sign, and submit a paper copy of the e-filed statement.

Leaving Office Statements
Council Advisory Group Members are required to complete and file the appropriate conflict of interest forms within thirty (30) days of leaving office.

The City Clerk’s Office (via [email protected] email address) will send Council Advisory Group Members a notification to e-file a leaving office statement.

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Ethics Laws
Ethics laws impose rules on the manner in which public officials conduct themselves. The goal of ethics laws is to maximize the likelihood that the decisions of a public agency are made solely with the public’s interests in mind. Ethics laws represent the minimum standards for the conduct of public officials.

State ethics law (Assembly Bill “AB” 1234) requires local agency officials to attend ethics training. The basic requirement is two hours no later than one year from the date appointed and thereafter two hours at least once every two years. An online training program is available that will allow Members to satisfy the requirements of AB 1234 on a cost-free basis. Upon appointment, the City Clerk’s Office will send Members a link to complete their online ethics training through the Fair Political Practices Commission.

Members are required to sign and submit to the City Clerk’s Officer a completion certificate that shows at least two hours of training.

A Council Advisory Group Member will not be allowed to participate in meetings if their ethics completion certificate has not been properly completed and/or filed with the City Clerk’s Office, and failure to do so may be cause for termination of the position.

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OVERVIEW OF OPEN MEETING LAWS UNDER THE BROWN
ACT
The Ralph M. Brown Act (“Brown Act”) (Gov. Code § 54950 et seq.) is designed to ensure that public meetings are conducted openly without restrictions on the right of the public to attend or to make comments. The salient purpose of the Brown Act is to protect the public’s right to be informed. In satisfaction of Brown Act requirements, a copy of the Brown Act is provided to CAG Members as Appendix A of this Handbook.

Meetings
• Definition of a “Meeting.” In general, a meeting is a quorum of the Council Advisory Group Members, no matter how informal, or where business is discussed or transacted.
• Definition of a “Quorum.” A majority of the Members of the Council Advisory Group constitute a quorum.
• Quorum Requirements. A meeting cannot be convened if a quorum is not present. If during the meeting a quorum is no longer present, the Members present must adjourn the meeting. If no Members are present, the staff liaison may adjourn the meeting.
• Alternate Members. An Alternate CAG Member may fill-in and act as a voting Member on the Board when an assessment-paying Member is absent. (Note: not all Council Advisory Groups have alternate members.)
• Ad Hoc Subcommittees. Generally, ad hoc subcommittees of the Council Advisory Group composed solely of its Members are not subject to the Brown Act if the subcommittee is less than a quorum of the Council Advisory Group. • Standing Subcommittees. Standing committees that have been formally established by the City Council and that have either a continuing subject matter jurisdiction or a set meeting schedule are subject to the Brown Act. • Meetings Between Subcommittees. Generally, a meeting between a subcommittee of a CAG and a subcommittee of the City Council may constitute a public meeting subject to the Brown Act.
• Regular Meetings. Regular meetings of the Council Advisory Group must be held at a regular date, time, and place that the CAG has approved. • Special Meetings. Special meetings are meetings held outside of the regular meeting date, time, and/or place. Special meetings may be held at any time upon the call of the Chair or a majority of CAG Members. The agenda for such meetings is required to be posted 24 hours before the meeting.

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• Joint Meetings. Joint meetings may be necessary between the City Council and Architectural Review Board and/or Planning Commission. Joint meetings are subject to the Brown Act.
• Serial Meetings. Serial meetings occur when a quorum privately confers in sequence on City business and may be subject to the Brow Act. A serial meeting may be a chain, in which Member A contacts Member B, B then contacts C, C contacts D, and so on, until a quorum is involved. Serial meetings also occur when a majority of the Council Advisory Group Members confer with each other through an intermediary, by e-mail, text, or phone. A Council Advisory Group Member has the right to confer with a colleague about public business but if and when a “collective concurrence as to action to be taken” is reached by a quorum of Members, the Brown Act is violated.
• Traditional Teleconferencing Rules. Traditional Brown Act teleconferencing rules allow CAG Members to participate in a public meeting via teleconference if a quorum of the CAG participates from locations within the City, the teleconference location is identified in the meeting notice and agenda, the teleconference location is accessible to the public and has technology to enable public participation, the meeting agenda is posted at the teleconference location, and voting is conducted by roll call vote. CAG Members must let the staff liaison know in advance to ensure teleconferencing rules are followed.
• “Just Cause” Teleconferencing Rules. The Brown Act allows teleconferencing for “just cause”1in certain circumstances, in which case the teleconferenced meeting location does not need to be accessible to the public. However, a quorum of the CAG must participate in person from a single physical location that is identified on the agenda and open to the public. CAG Members must let the staff liaison know as soon as reasonably possible if they plan to participate remotely for “just cause” to ensure teleconferencing rules are followed. For example, there is a cap on the number of times a Member may teleconference for “just cause” in a year based on the frequency of the CAG’s meetings.
• Reasonable Accommodation Teleconferencing Rules. The Brown Act allows CAG Members with a disability to participate in meetings remotely as a reasonable accommodation. Generally, the Member must participate through audio and visual technology, unless a physical condition related to the disability requires a need to 1 A “just cause” includes providing childcare or caregiving of a child, parent, grandparent, grandchild, sibling, spouse or domestic partner that requires the official to participate remotely; a contagious illness that prevents a member from attending in person; a need related to a physical or mental disability; travel while on official business of the legislative body or another agency; care for an immunocompromised child, parent, grandparent, grandchild, sibling, spouse, or domestic partner of the member that requires the member to participate remotely; military service obligations that result in the member being unable to attend in person because they are serving under official written orders for active duty, drill, annual training, or any other duty required as a member of the California National Guard or a United States Military Reserve organization that requires the member to be at least 50 miles outside the boundaries of the local agency; and, a physical or family medical emergency that prevents a member from attending in person. (Gov. Code § 54953.8.3(c).)

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participate off-camera. The teleconferencing Member’s participation is treated as in-person attendance for all purposes and counts towards a quorum at the physical location where Members participate in-person.

Agenda
• Notice Requirement. In general, the Brown Act requires that the agenda for all meetings be in writing and posted 72 hours before the scheduled time of the meeting. The agenda for a special meeting must be posted at least 24 hours in advance.
• Actions Limited to Agenda Items. The Council Advisory Group may not take action on any matter that is not listed on the agenda.
• Public Comment. The meeting agenda must allow the public to speak on issues within the jurisdiction of the Council Advisory Group. Members of the public cannot be required to give their names, or otherwise identify themselves, as a condition of attendance and/or speaking at Council Advisory Group meetings. • Right to Record. Members of the public have the right to record the meeting proceedings in the absence of a reasonable finding by the Council Advisory Group that such recording constitutes a disruption of the proceedings.

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OVERVIEW OF MEETING PROCEDURES
Council Advisory Group meetings follow parliamentary procedures to guide the conduct of meetings. The City of Carpinteria follows Rosenberg’s Rules of Order (rev. 2011), which can be accessed here:
https://www.cacities.org/UploadedFiles/LeagueInternet/77/77d4ee2b-c0bc-4ec2-881b42ccdbbe73c9.pdf.

Order of Business
The agenda is prepared by City staff and is made available to Council Advisory Group Members prior to the meeting. The agenda is generally laid out in accordance with the following order of business unless otherwise specified:
• Call to Order
• Roll Call
• Public Comment on Items Not on the Agenda
• Consent Calendar
• Approval of Minutes
• Regular Business Items
• Council Advisory Group Communications
• Staff Communications
• Adjournment
Placing an Item on the Agenda
Either the Chair or at least two Council Advisory Group Members can request an item be placed on a future agenda by bringing it up at a regular meeting under Council Advisory Group Communications. The Council Advisory Group will make a determination (i.e., majority of the Council Advisory Group) whether the item should be agendized and at what meeting.

Consideration and Action on an Agenda Item
Most agenda items can be handled with the following 4-step process:

1. Presenting Item
a. Opening Item – The Chair announces the agenda item number and subject and any special procedures (e.g., if the item is a quasi-public hearing).

Member(s) announce conflict of interest, if any exists, recuse themselves, and leave the room.

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b. Hearing the Report – The Chair invites the appropriate people (typically the staff liaison) to report on the item. The Chair may provide an opportunity for Members to ask any clarifying questions.

2. Asking for Public Input – The Chair opens the meeting to public input.

3. Considering the Item – The Chair requests the Council Advisory Group deliberate. Council Advisory Group Members are required to indicate that the statement is “for the record” before making the comments if they want the comment to be included in the minutes.

4. Council Advisory Group Decision – The Council Advisory Group acts by a motion and voting. For all action items, the Chair invites a motion from the Members. Once a motion is made, the Chair asks for a second. Once a motion and second are made, the Chair should allow any additional desired discussion.

Questions for clarification of the motion should be heard at this time. The Chair must ask for a vote and publicly report any action taken and the vote on that action (e.g., the motion passes 3-2, with Council Advisory Group Members A and B opposed).

Preparing a Motion
Members are required to make a motion if they would like to propose an idea for the Council Advisory Group to consider. If the idea is spelled out in written form, a motion is still needed to adopt the statement. A motion goes through the following steps:

1. The Member asks to be recognized by the Chair.

2. After being recognized, the Member makes the motion (e.g., “I move to …”); which should be clearly and concisely stated.

3. Another Member seconds the motion.

4. The Chair states the motion and asks for discussion.

5. When the Chair feels that there has been enough discussion, the debate is closed.

Any Member may move to close debate by stating, “I move that debate on this motion be closed,” or “I move the previous question.” This motion must be seconded. A motion to close debate cannot be amended or debated. The Chair immediately requests a roll call vote.

6. If no one asks for permission to speak, the Chair then puts the question to a vote.

The Chair may ask, “All in favor say AYE, those opposed NO,” or a roll call vote may be taken.

7. After the vote, the Chair announces the decision (“The motion is carried” or “The motion failed”).

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General Notes About Motions
• Only one motion may be considered at a time.
• The maker of the motion is entitled to speak first.
• The maker of the motion may withdraw their motion before the motion is seconded or, if seconded, if there is no objection from the maker of the second. • The motion of record is as stated by the Chair unless clarified or amended by the Members.
• A tie vote means the motion fails. Tie votes may be reconsidered on motion by any Member voting aye or no during the original vote.
• Before a motion is made on the next item on the agenda, any Member may make a motion to continue the matter to another date. Any continuance for this purpose suspends the running of any time in which action of the Committee is required by law.
• City staff can assist in the phrasing and writing of difficult motions.

Chair Meeting Responsibilities
The Chair presides over all Council Advisory Group meetings and has the authority to preserve order at the meetings, which includes removing any person from a meeting for disorderly conduct, enforcing the rules of the Council Advisory Group, and determining the order of business under the rules of the Council Advisory Group.

Absence of Chairperson
The Vice Chair acts in the absence or disability of the Chair. When the Chair and Vice Chair are absent from any meeting of the Council Advisory Group, the Members present may choose another Member to act as Chair Pro Tempore, and that person has the powers of the Chair for that meeting.

Public Hearings
The only Council Advisory Group to hold public hearings is the Planning Commission.

The Planning Commission sometimes acts in a quasi-judicial capacity (“like a judge”) when it applies existing laws to specific facts at a public hearing concerning one person or a small number of people rather than the entire City. The most common quasi-judicial matters that come before the Planning Commission relate to ruling on whether to grant land use entitlements, such as permits or licenses. The Council Advisory Group procedure for public hearings is generally as follows:
• Notice. The public hearing must be noticed.
• Ex Parte Communications. Council Advisory Group Members disclose any ex parte communications (See “Ex Parte Communications”).

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• City Staff Presentation. City staff presents its report of and recommendation for the project. Council Advisory Group Members may ask questions of City staff. • Applicant or Appellant Presentation. The applicant and/or appellant then has the opportunity to present comments, testimony, or arguments. • Public Comment. Members of the public have the opportunity to present their comments, testimony, or arguments (time limit of 3 minutes per person per item). • Applicant or Appellant Rebuttal. The applicant and/or appellant is given an opportunity for rebuttal or closing comments.
• CAG Deliberation. The Council Advisory Group deliberates on the issue. If the Council Advisory Group raises new issues through deliberation and seeks to take additional public testimony (i.e., questions of the applicant, or the public), the public hearing must be reopened. At the conclusion of the public testimony, the public hearing is again closed.
• CAG Action. After deliberation, the Council Advisory Group takes action on the item.

Continuation of a hearing may be ordered to afford the applicant, their opponents or City staff adequate time to assemble additional evidence for the Council Advisory Group’s consideration. A continuation may occur when the Chair or the majority of the Council Advisory Group, through the Chair, determines that inadequate evidence has been presented to afford judicious consideration of the matter. Any continuation must be to a date certain that is publicly announced and constitutes notice to the applicant and opponents.

Ex Parte Communications
Ex parte communications are substantive oral or individual written communications or sensory observations concerning quasi-judicial matters that occur outside of noticed public hearings. Communications include conversations, meetings, site visits, mailings, or presentations during which substantial factual information about the item is gathered by or submitted to the Council Advisory Group Member. Casual or non-substantive communications do not violate the due process rights of non-present parties.

Recordings of Meetings
Recordings are maintained in accordance with the City’s adopted records retention schedule. Only City Council, Planning Commission, and Architectural Review Board meetings are videorecorded. All other Council Advisory Groups meetings may be audio recorded to assist in minute preparation.

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Action Minutes
Minutes of Council Advisory Group meetings will be action minutes. Action minutes include final motions with votes. The minutes will also reflect the names of public speakers. Council Advisory Group and City staff discussion and comments will not be included in the minutes, unless specifically identified as a comment “for the record.” Minutes of all meetings will be prepared by the staff liaison and are required to be kept by the City.

Generally, minutes are submitted to the Council Advisory Group at the next regular meeting for approval and once approved they become the permanent record of the Council Advisory Group. Minutes are made available to the public.

Public Records
Materials provided to Council Advisory Group Members at a public meeting must be made available for inspection and copying by the public.

Members should be aware that activities on electronic devices during meetings, including reviewing social media posts, emails and text messages, may be subject to the City’s Records Retention Schedule and disclosable under the Public Records Act. The City strongly encourages Members to avoid using electronic devices during meetings..

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CODE OF CONDUCT
In March 2025, the City of Carpinteria adopted a Code of Conduct for the City Council and Council Advisory Groups. Members are required to reference and follow the Code of Conduct. The code of conduct can be accessed here: https://carpinteriaca.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2025/03/Code-of-Conduct_FINAL.pdf.

Member Misconduct
All Council Advisory Group Members serve at the pleasure of the City Council. Violations of the Code of Conduct or other misconduct will be addressed in the manner outlined in the Code of Conduct (see Code of Conduct § 5).

Discipline of Council Advisory Group Members by the City Council Should the City Council determine, in its sole discretion, that a Council Advisory Group Member may have allegedly acted in a manner inconsistent with law or a City Council policy, the City Council may impose any or all of the following:

1. Provide direction to the City Manager to meet with the Member to informally investigate alleged misconduct and provide counseling to the Member to indicate behavior consistent with law and City Council policy.

2. Provide direction to the City Manager to investigate Member alleged misconduct and report findings to the City Council.

3. Determine, in the City Council’s sole discretion and with or without cause, to remove a Member from their seat. Such removal will only be effective upon a majority vote of the City Council.

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APPENDIX
A. The Ralph M. Brown Act (Gov. Code § 54950 et seq.)
B. Open & Public VI – A Guide to the Ralph M. Brown Act – Revised January 2024 by the League of California Cities
C. Rosenberg’s Rules of Order – Revised 2011 – Simple Rules of Parliamentary Procedure for the 21st Century by Judge Dave Rosenberg D. Acknowledgment of Receipt and Statement of Commitment

YOUNG, MINNEY & CORR, LLP
SACRAMENTO < LOS ANGELES < SAN DIEGO < WALNUT CREEK | 916.646.1400 < YMCLEGAL.COM Champions of Outstanding Choices in Education
Ralph M. Brown Act
(CAL. GOVT. CODE SECTIONS 54950-54963)
Current law as of October 2025

The Law Offices of Young, Minney & Corr, LLP
Greetings!
As California’s foremost authority in education law, Young, Minney & Corr LLP (“YM&C”) is pleased to provide an electronic version of the Ralph M. Brown Act (“Brown Act”) for use by school leaders, administrators, and board members.

This compilation meets SB 707’s requirement. Beginning January 1, 2026, Government Code § 54952.7 requires local agencies to provide a copy of the Brown Act to every person elected or appointed to a legislative body. You may give this compilation to new or appointed board members at swearing-in or orientation to satisfy that obligation.

What’s inside.
• The full Brown Act text with clear effective-date banners (e.g., showing the AB 2449 sunset and the SB 707 changes now in effect).
• Teleconferencing updates under SB 707: the unified “just cause” standard, annual usage limits tied to meeting frequency, required minutes notation for remote attendance, disability accommodations, and the separate emergency track.
• This edition is current as of January 2026 and reflects SB 707’s operative language and timelines (including provisions that run through January 1, 2030). Where the law transitions, we flag the dates in the margin.

YM&C offers expertise in every facet of school operation, and we are proud to serve as a valuable resource to over 700 public and private schools, colleges, and nonprofits across California. We are dedicated to our clients’ success and our team will be happy to answer any questions or concerns regarding Brown Act compliance, 916.646.1400. The YM&C Team This publication is intended for informational purposes only and should not be relied upon in reaching a conclusion in a particular area of law. Applicability of the legal principles discussed may differ substantially in individual situations.

Receipt of this or any other publication does not create an attorney-client relationship. YM&C is not responsible for inadvertent errors that may occur in the publishing process.

BROWN ACT

i

THE BROWN ACT
GOVERNMENT CODE .....................................................................................................................................................................................................1 TITLE 5: LOCAL AGENCIES.............................................................................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 9......................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 MEETINGS .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Section 54950 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Section 54950.5 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Section 54951 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Section 54952 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Section 54952.1….............................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Section 54952.2….............................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Section 54952.3….............................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Section 54955.6 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Section 54952.7 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Section 54952.7 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Section 54953 ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Section 54953.1 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 Section 54953.2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 Section 54953.3 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................7 Section 54953.5 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................8 Section 54953.6 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................8 Section 54953.7 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................8 Section 54953.8 ................................................................................................................................................................................................................8 Section 54953.9 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................10 Section 54954 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................13 Section 54954.1 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................14 Section 54954.2 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................14 Section 54954.3 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................16 Section 54954.4 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................17 Section 54954.5 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................18 Section 54954.6 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................19 Section 54955 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................20 Section 54955.1 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................20 Section 54956 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................20 Section 54956.5 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................21 Section 54956.6 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................22 Section 54956.7 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................22 Section 54956.75 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................22 Section 54956.8 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................22 Section 54956.81 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................23 Section 54956.86 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................23 Section 54956.87 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................23 Section 54956.9 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................23 Section 54956.95 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................24 Section 54956.96 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................24 Section 54956.97 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................25 Section 54956.98 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................25 Section 54957 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................25 Section 54957.1 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................26

ii
Section 54957.2 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................27 Section 54957.5 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................27 Section 54957.6 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................28 Section 54957.7 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................28 Section 54957.8 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................28 Section 54957.9 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................29 Section 54957.95 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................29 Section 54957.10 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................29 Section 54958 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................29 Section 54959 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................30 Section 54960 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................30 Section 54960.1 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................30 Section 54960.2 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................31 Section 54960.5 ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................32 Section 54961 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................32 Section 54962 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................32 Section 54963 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................32

1 GOVERNMENT CODE
TITLE 5: LOCAL AGENCIES
CHAPTER 9

MEETINGS
Section 54950
Declaration, intent; sovereignty
In enacting this chapter, the Legislature finds and declares that the public commissions, boards and councils and the other public agencies in this State exist to aid in the conduct of the people’s business. It is the intent of the law that their actions be taken openly and that their deliberations be conducted openly.

The people of this State do not yield their sovereignty to the agencies which serve them. The people, in delegating authority, do not give their public servants the right to decide what is good for the people to know and what is not good for them to know. The people insist on remaining informed so that they may retain control over the instruments they have created.

Section 54950.5
Short title
This chapter shall be known as the Ralph M. Brown Act.

Section 54951
Local agency
As used in this chapter, “local agency” means a county, city, whether general law or chartered, city and county, town, school district, municipal corporation, district, political subdivision, or any board, commission or agency thereof, or other local public agency.

Section 54952
Legislative body, definition
As used in this chapter, “legislative body" means:
(a) The governing body of a local agency or any other local body created by state or federal statute. (b) A commission, committee, board, or other body of a local agency, whether permanent or temporary, decisionmaking or advisory, created by charter, ordinance, resolution, or formal action of a legislative body.

However, advisory committees, composed solely of the members of the legislative body that are less than a quorum of the legislative body are not legislative bodies, except that standing committees of a legislative body, irrespective of their composition, which have a continuing subject matter jurisdiction, or a meeting schedule fixed by charter, ordinance, resolution, or formal action of a legislative body are legislative bodies for purposes of this chapter.
(c)(1) A board, commission, committee, or other multimember body that governs a private corporation, limited liability company, or other entity that either:
(A) Is created by the elected legislative body in order to exercise authority that may lawfully be delegated by the elected governing body to a private corporation, limited liability company, or other entity. (B) Receives funds from a local agency and the membership of whose governing body includes a member of the legislative body of the local agency appointed to the governing body as a full voting member by the legislative body of the local agency.
(2) Notwithstanding subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1), no board, commission, committee, or other multimember body that governs a private corporation, limited liability company, or other entity that receives funds from a local agency and, as of February 9, 1996, has a member of the legislative body of the local agency as a full voting member of the governing body of that private corporation, limited liability company, or other entity shall be relieved from the public meeting requirements of this chapter by virtue of a change in status of the full voting member to a nonvoting member.
(d) The lessee of any hospital the whole or party of which is first leased pursuant to subdivision (p) of Section 32121 of the Health and Safety Code after January 1, 1994, where the lessee exercises any material authority of a legislative body of a local agency delegated to it by that legislative body whether the lessee is organized and operated by the local agency or by a delegated authority.

Section 54952.1
Member of a legislative body of a
local agency; conduct
Any person elected to serve as a member of a legislative body who has not yet assumed the duties of office shall conform his or her conduct to the requirements of this chapter and shall be treated for purposes of enforcement of this chapter as if he or she has already assumed office.

Section 54952.2
Meeting; prohibited
communications; social media;
exclusions from chapter
(a) As used in this chapter, “meeting” means any congregation of a majority of the members of a legislative body at the same time and location, including teleconference location as permitted by Section 54953, to hear, discuss, deliberate, or take action on any item that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body. (b)(1) A majority of the members of a legislative body shall not, outside a meeting authorized by this chapter, use a series of communications of any kind, directly or through intermediaries, to discuss, deliberate, or take action on any item of business that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body. (2) Paragraph (1) shall not be construed as preventing an employee or official of a local agency, from engaging in separate conversations or communications outside of a meeting authorized by this chapter with members of a legislative body in order to answer questions or provide information regarding a matter that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the local agency, it that person does not communicate to members of the legislative body the comments or position of any other member or members of the legislative body. (3)(A) Paragraph (1) shall not be construed as preventing a member of the legislative body from engaging in separate conversations or communications on an internet-based social media platform to answer questions, provide information to the public, or to solicit information from the public regarding a matter that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body provided that a majority of the members of the legislative body do not use the internet-based social media platform to discuss among themselves business of a specific nature that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body. A member of the legislative body shall not respond directly to any communication on an internet-based social media platform regarding a matter that is within the

2 subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body that is made, posted, or shared by any other member of the legislative body.
(B) For purposes of this paragraph, all of the following definitions shall apply:
(i) “Discuss among themselves” means communications made, posted, or shared on an internet-based social media platform between members of a legislative body, including comments or use of digital icons that express reactions to communications made by other members of the legislative body. (ii) “Internet-based social media platform” means an online service that is open and accessible to the public. (iii) “Open and accessible to the public” means that members of the general public have the ability to access and participate, free of charge, in the social media platform without the approval by the social media platform or a person or entity other than the social media platform, including any forum and chatroom, and cannot be blocked from doing so, except when the internet-based social media platform determines that an individual violated its protocols or rules.
(c) Nothing in this section shall impose the requirements of this chapter upon any of the following:
(1) Individual contacts or conversations between a member of a legislative body and any other person that do not violate subdivision (b).
(2) The attendance of a majority of the members of a legislative body at a conference or similar gathering open to the public that involves a discussion of issues of general interest to the public or to public agencies of the type represented by the legislative body, provided that a majority of the members do not discuss among themselves, other than as part of the scheduled program, business of a specified nature that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the local agency. Nothing in this paragraph is intended to allow members of the public free admission to a conference or similar gathering at which the organizers have required other participants or registrants to pay fees or charges as a condition of attendance. (3) The attendance of a majority of the members of a legislative body at an open and publicized meeting organized to address a topic of local community concern by a person or organization other than the local agency, provided that a majority of the members do not discuss among themselves, other than a spart of the scheduled program, business of a specific nature that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body of the local agency.
(4) The attendance of the majority members of a legislative body at an open and noticed meeting of another body of the local agency, or at an open and noticed meeting of a legislative body of another local agency, provided that a majority of the members do not discuss among themselves, other than as part of the scheduled meeting, business of a specific nature that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body of the local agency. (5) The attendance of a majority of the members of a legislative body at a purely social or ceremonial occasion, provided that a majority of the members do not discuss among themselves business of a specific nature that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body of the local agency. (6) The attendance of a majority of the members of a legislative body at an open and noticed meeting of a standing committee of that body, provided that the members of the legislative body who are not members of the standing committee attend only as observers.
(d) This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2026, and as of that date is repealed.

Section 54952.2
Meeting; prohibited
communications; exclusions
from chapter
Beginning January 1, 2026
(a) As used in this chapter, “meeting” means any congregation of a majority of the members of a legislative body at the same time and location, including teleconference location as permitted by Section 54953, to hear, discuss, deliberate, or take action on any item that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body. (b)(1) A majority of the members of a legislative body shall not, outside a meeting authorized by this chapter, use a series of communications of any kind, directly or through intermediaries, to discuss, deliberate, or take action on any item of business that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body. (2) Paragraph (1) shall not be construed as preventing an employee or official of a local agency, from engaging in separate conversations or communications outside of a meeting authorized by this chapter with members of a legislative body in order to answer questions or provide information regarding a matter that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the local agency, it that person does not communicate to members of the legislative body the comments or position of any other member or members of the legislative body. (c) Nothing in this section shall impose the requirements of this chapter upon any of the following:
(1) Individual contacts or conversations between a member of a legislative body and any other person that do not violate subdivision (b).
(2) The attendance of a majority of the members of a legislative body at a conference or similar gathering open to the public that involves a discussion of issues of general interest to the public or to public agencies of the type represented by the legislative body, provided that a majority of the members do not discuss among themselves, other than as part of the scheduled program, business of a specified nature that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the local agency. Nothing in this paragraph is intended to allow members of the public free admission to a conference or similar gathering at which the organizers have required other participants or registrants to pay fees or charges as a condition of attendance. (3) The attendance of a majority of the members of a legislative body at an open and publicized meeting organized to address a topic of local community concern by a person or organization other than the local agency, provided that a majority of the members do not discuss among themselves, other than a spart of the scheduled program, business of a specific nature that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body of the local agency.
(4) The attendance of the majority members of a legislative body at an open and noticed meeting of another body of the local agency, or at an open and noticed meeting of a legislative body of another local agency, provided that a majority of the members do not discuss among themselves, other than as part of the scheduled meeting, business of a specific nature that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body of the local agency. (5) The attendance of a majority of the members of a legislative body at a purely social or ceremonial occasion, provided that a majority of the members do not discuss among themselves business of a specific nature that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body of the local agency. (6) The attendance of a majority of the members of a legislative body at an open and noticed meeting of a

3 Section 54952.3
Simultaneous or serial order
Meetings of a subsequent
legislative body; compensation
and stipends
Section 54955.6
Action taken
Section 54952.7
Copies of chapter to members
of legislative body of local
agencies
Section 54952.7
Copies of chapter to members
of legislative body of local
agencies
Beginning January 1, 2026
Section 54953
Meetings to be open and public;
attendance; teleconferencing
standing committee of that body, provided that the members of the legislative body who are not members of the standing committee attend only as observers.
(d) This section shall become operative on January 1, 2026.

A legislative body that has convened a meeting and whose membership constitutes a quorum of any other legislative body may convene a meeting of that other legislative body, simultaneously or in serial order, only if a clerk or a member of the convened legislative body verbally announces, prior to convening any simultaneous or serial order meeting of that subsequent legislative body, the amount of compensation or stipend, if any, that each member will be entitled to receive as a result of convening the simultaneous or serial meeting of the subsequent legislative body and identifies that the compensation or stipend shall be provided as a result of convening a meeting for which each member is entitled to collect compensation or a stipend. However, the clerk or member of the legislative body shall not be required to announce the amount of compensation if the amount of compensation is prescribed in statute and no additional compensation has been authorized by a local agency.

For purposes of this section, compensation and stipend shall not include amounts reimbursed for actual and necessary expenses incurred by a member in the performance of the member’s official duties, including, but not limited to, reimbursement of expenses related to travel, meals, and lodging.

As used in this chapter, “action taken” means a collective decision made by a majority of the members of a legislative body, a collective commitment or promise by a majority of the members of a legislative body to make a positive or a negative decision, or an actual vote by a majority of the members of a legislative body when sitting as a body or entity, upon a motion, proposal, resolution, or ordinance.

A legislative body of a local agency may require that a copy of this chapter be given to each member of the legislative body and any person elected to serve as a member of the legislative body who has not assumed the duties of office. An elected legislative body of a local agency may require that a copy of this chapter be given to each member of each legislative body all or a majority of whose members are appointed by or under the authority of the elected legislative body.

A local agency shall provide a copy of this chapter to any person elected or appointed to serve as a member of a legislative body of the local agency.
(a) All meetings of the legislative body of a local agency shall be open and public, and all persons shall be permitted to attend any meeting of the legislative body of a local agency, except as otherwise provided in this chapter.
(b)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the legislative body of a local agency may use teleconferencing for the benefit of the public and the legislative body of a local agency in connection with any meeting or proceeding authorized by law. The teleconferenced meeting or proceeding shall comply with all otherwise applicable requirements of this chapter and all otherwise applicable provisions of law relating to a specific type of meeting or proceeding.
(2) Teleconferencing, as authorized by this section, may be used for all purposes in connection with any meeting within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body. If the legislative body of a local agency elects to use teleconferencing, the legislative body of a local agency shall comply with all of the following:
(A) All votes taken during a teleconferenced meeting shall be by rollcall. (B) The teleconferenced meetings shall be conducted in a manner that protects the statutory and constitutional rights of the parties or the public appearing before the legislative body of a local agency. (C) The legislative body shall give notice of the meeting and post agendas as otherwise required by this chapter. (D) The legislative body shall allow members of the public to access the meeting and the agenda shall provide an opportunity for members of the public to address the legislative body directly pursuant to Section 54954.3. (3) If the legislative body of a local agency elects to use teleconferencing, it shall post agendas at all teleconference locations. Each teleconference location shall be identified in the notice and agenda of the meeting or proceeding, and each teleconference location shall be accessible to the public. During the teleconference, at least a quorum of the members of the legislative body shall participate from locations within the boundaries of the territory over which the local agency exercises jurisdiction, except as provided in subdivisions (d) and (e). (c)(1) No legislative body shall take action by secret ballot, whether preliminary or final. (2) The legislative body of a local agency shall publicly report any action taken and the vote or abstention on that action of each member present for the action.
(3) Prior to taking final action, the legislative body shall orally report a summary of a recommendation for a final action on the salaries, salary schedules, or compensation paid in the form of fringe benefits of a local agency executive, as defined in subdivision (d) of Section 3511.1, during the open meeting in which the final action is to be taken. This paragraph shall not affect the public’s right under the California Public Records Act (Division 10 (commencing with Section 7920.000) of Title 1) to inspect or copy records created or received in the process of developing the recommendation.
(d)(1) Notwithstanding the provisions relating to a quorum in paragraph (3) of subdivision (b), if a health authority conducts a teleconference meeting, members who are outside the jurisdiction of the authority may be counted toward the establishment of a quorum when participating in the teleconference if at least 50 percent of the number

4 of members that would establish a quorum are present within the boundaries of the territory over which the authority exercises jurisdiction, and the health authority provides a teleconference number, and associated access codes, if any, that allows any person to call in to participate in the meeting and the number and access codes are identified in the notice and agenda of the meeting.
(2) Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed as discouraging health authority members from regularly meeting at a common physical site within the jurisdiction of the authority or from using teleconference locations within or near the jurisdiction of the authority. A teleconference meeting for which a quorum is established pursuant to this subdivision shall be subject to all other requirements of this section. (3) For purposes of this subdivision, a health authority means any entity created pursuant to Sections 14018.7, 14087.31, 14087.35, 14087.36, 14087.38, and 14087.9605 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, any joint powers authority created pursuant to Article 1 (commencing with Section 6500) of Chapter 5 of Division 7 for the purpose of contracting pursuant to Section 14087.3 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, and any advisory committee to a county-sponsored health plan licensed pursuant to Chapter 2.2 (commencing with Section 1340) of Division 2 of the Health and Safety Code if the advisory committee has 12 or more members. (e)(1) The legislative body of a local agency may use teleconferencing without complying with the requirements of paragraph (3) of subdivision (b) if the legislative body complies with the requirements of paragraph (2) of this subdivision in either of the following circumstances:
(A) The legislative body holds a meeting during a proclaimed state of emergency for the purpose of determining, by majority vote, whether as a result of the emergency, meeting in person would present imminent risks to the health or safety of attendees.
(B) The legislative body holds a meeting during a proclaimed state of emergency and has determined, by majority vote, pursuant to subparagraph (A), that, as a result of the emergency, meeting in person would present imminent risks to the health or safety of attendees.
(2) A legislative body that holds a meeting pursuant to this subdivision shall do all of the following:
(A) In each instance in which notice of the time of the teleconferenced meeting is otherwise given or the agenda for the meeting is otherwise posted, the legislative body shall also give notice of the means by which members of the public may access the meeting and offer public comment. The agenda shall identify and include an opportunity for all persons to attend via a call-in option or an internet-based service option. (B) In the event of a disruption that prevents the legislative body from broadcasting the meeting to members of the public using the call-in option or internet-based service option, or in the event of a disruption within the local agency's control that prevents members of the public from offering public comments using the call-in option or internet-based service option, the legislative body shall take no further action on items appearing on the meeting agenda until public access to the meeting via the call-in option or internet-based service option is restored. Actions taken on agenda items during a disruption that prevents the legislative body from broadcasting the meeting may be challenged pursuant to Section 54960.1.
(C) The legislative body shall not require public comments to be submitted in advance of the meeting and must provide an opportunity for the public to address the legislative body and offer comment in real time. (D) Notwithstanding Section 54953.3, an individual desiring to provide public comment through the use of an internet website, or other online platform, not under the control of the local legislative body, that requires registration to log in to a teleconference may be required to register as required by the third-party internet website or online platform to participate.
(E)(i) A legislative body that provides a timed public comment period for each agenda item shall not close the public comment period for the agenda item, or the opportunity to register, pursuant to subparagraph (D), to provide public comment until that timed public comment period has elapsed. (ii) A legislative body that does not provide a timed public comment period, but takes public comment separately on each agenda item, shall allow a reasonable amount of time per agenda item to allow public members the opportunity to provide public comment, including time for members of the public to register pursuant to subparagraph (D), or otherwise be recognized for the purpose of providing public comment. (iii) A legislative body that provides a timed general public comment period that does not correspond to a specific agenda item shall not close the public comment period or the opportunity to register, pursuant to subparagraph (D), until the timed general public comment period has elapsed. (3) If a state of emergency remains active, in order to continue to teleconference without compliance with paragraph (3) of subdivision (b), the legislative body shall, not later than 45 days after teleconferencing for the first time pursuant to subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1), and every 45 days thereafter, make the following findings by majority vote:
(A) The legislative body has reconsidered the circumstances of the state of emergency. (B) The state of emergency continues to directly impact the ability of the members to meet safely in person. (4) This subdivision shall not be construed to require the legislative body to provide a physical location from which the public may attend or comment.
(f)(1) The legislative body of a local agency may use teleconferencing without complying with paragraph (3) of subdivision (b) if, during the teleconference meeting, at least a quorum of the members of the legislative body participates in person from a singular physical location clearly identified on the agenda, which location shall be open to the public and situated within the boundaries of the territory over which the local agency exercises jurisdiction and the legislative body complies with all of the following:
(A) The legislative body shall provide at least one of the following as a means by which the public may remotely hear and visually observe the meeting, and remotely address the legislative body:
(i) A two-way audiovisual platform.
(ii) A two-way telephonic service and a live webcasting of the meeting. (B) In each instance in which notice of the time of the teleconferenced meeting is otherwise given or the agenda for the meeting is otherwise posted, the legislative body shall also give notice of the means by which members of the public may access the meeting and offer public comment. (C) The agenda shall identify and include an opportunity for all persons to attend and address the legislative body directly pursuant to Section 54954.3 via a call-in option, via an internet-based service option, and at the in-person

5 location of the meeting.
(D) In the event of a disruption that prevents the legislative body from broadcasting the meeting to members of the public using the call-in option or internet-based service option, or in the event of a disruption within the local agency's control that prevents members of the public from offering public comments using the call-in option or internet-based service option, the legislative body shall take no further action on items appearing on the meeting agenda until public access to the meeting via the call-in option or internet-based service option is restored. Actions taken on agenda items during a disruption that prevents the legislative body from broadcasting the meeting may be challenged pursuant to Section 54960.1.
(E) The legislative body shall not require public comments to be submitted in advance of the meeting and must provide an opportunity for the public to address the legislative body and offer comment in real time. (F) Notwithstanding Section 54953.3, an individual desiring to provide public comment through the use of an internet website, or other online platform, not under the control of the local legislative body, that requires registration to log in to a teleconference may be required to register as required by the third-party internet website or online platform to participate.
(2) A member of the legislative body shall only participate in the meeting remotely pursuant to this subdivision, if all of the following requirements are met:
(A) One of the following circumstances applies:
(i) The member notifies the legislative body at the earliest opportunity possible, including at the start of a regular meeting, of their need to participate remotely for just cause, including a general description of the circumstances relating to their need to appear remotely at the given meeting. The provisions of this clause shall not be used by any member of the legislative body for more than two meetings per calendar year. (ii) The member requests the legislative body to allow them to participate in the meeting remotely due to emergency circumstances and the legislative body takes action to approve the request. The legislative body shall request a general description of the circumstances relating to their need to appear remotely at the given meeting.

A general description of an item generally need not exceed 20 words and shall not require the member to disclose any medical diagnosis or disability, or any personal medical information that is already exempt under existing law, such as the Confidentiality of Medical Information Act (Chapter 1 (commencing with Section 56) of Part 2.6 of Division 1 of the Civil Code). For the purposes of this clause, the following requirements apply:
(I) A member shall make a request to participate remotely at a meeting pursuant to this clause as soon as possible. The member shall make a separate request for each meeting in which they seek to participate remotely. (II) The legislative body may take action on a request to participate remotely at the earliest opportunity. If the request does not allow sufficient time to place proposed action on such a request on the posted agenda for the meeting for which the request is made, the legislative body may take action at the beginning of the meeting in accordance with paragraph (4) of subdivision (b) of Section 54954.2. (B) The member shall publicly disclose at the meeting before any action is taken, whether any other individuals 18 years of age or older are present in the room at the remote location with the member, and the general nature of the member's relationship with any such individuals.
(C) The member shall participate through both audio and visual technology. (3)(A) The provisions of this subdivision shall not serve as a means for any member of a legislative body to participate in meetings of the legislative body solely by teleconference from a remote location for more than the following number of meetings, as applicable:
(i) Two meetings per year, if the legislative body regularly meets once per month or less. (ii) Five meetings per year, if the legislative body regularly meets twice per month. (iii) Seven meetings per year, if the legislative body regularly meets three or more times per month. (B) For the purpose of counting meetings attended by teleconference under this paragraph, a “meeting” shall be defined as any number of meetings of the legislative body of a local agency that begin on the same calendar day. (g) The legislative body shall have and implement a procedure for receiving and swiftly resolving requests for reasonable accommodation for individuals with disabilities, consistent with the federal Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12132), and resolving any doubt in favor of accessibility. In each instance in which notice of the time of the meeting is otherwise given or the agenda for the meeting is otherwise posted, the legislative body shall also give notice of the procedure for receiving and resolving requests for accommodation. (h) The legislative body shall conduct meetings subject to this chapter consistent with applicable civil rights and nondiscrimination laws.
(i)(1) Nothing in this section shall prohibit a legislative body from providing the public with additional teleconference locations.
(2) Nothing in this section shall prohibit a legislative body from providing the public with additional physical locations in which the public may observe and address the legislative body by electronic means. (j) For the purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply:
(1) “Emergency circumstances” means a physical or family medical emergency that prevents a member from attending in person.
(2) “Just cause” means any of the following:
(A) A childcare or caregiving need of a child, parent, grandparent, grandchild, sibling, spouse, or domestic partner that requires them to participate remotely. “Child,” “parent,” “grandparent,” “grandchild,” and “sibling” have the same meaning as those terms do in Section 12945.2.
(B) A contagious illness that prevents a member from attending in person. (C) A need related to a physical or mental disability as defined in Sections 12926 and 12926.1 not otherwise accommodated by subdivision (g).
(D) Travel while on official business of the legislative body or another state or local agency. (3) “Remote location” means a location from which a member of a legislative body participates in a meeting pursuant to subdivision (f), other than any physical meeting location designated in the notice of the meeting.

Remote locations need not be accessible to the public.
(4) “Remote participation” means participation in a meeting by teleconference at a location other than any physical meeting location designated in the notice of the meeting. Watching or listening to a meeting via webcasting or

6 Section 54953
Meetings to be open and public;
attendance; teleconferencing
Beginning January 1, 2026
another similar electronic medium that does not permit members to interactively hear, discuss, or deliberate on matters, does not constitute remote participation.
(5) “State of emergency” means a state of emergency proclaimed pursuant to Section 8625 of the California Emergency Services Act (Article 1 (commencing with Section 8550) of Chapter 7 of Division 1 of Title 2). (6) “Teleconference” means a meeting of a legislative body, the members of which are in different locations, connected by electronic means, through either audio or video, or both. (7) “Two-way audiovisual platform” means an online platform that provides participants with the ability to participate in a meeting via both an interactive video conference and a two-way telephonic function. (8) “Two-way telephonic service” means a telephone service that does not require internet access, is not provided as part of a two-way audiovisual platform, and allows participants to dial a telephone number to listen and verbally participate.
(9) “Webcasting” means a streaming video broadcast online or on television, using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners and viewers. (k) This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2026, and as of that date is repealed. (a) All meetings of the legislative body of a local agency shall be open and public, and all persons shall be permitted to attend any meeting of the legislative body of a local agency, except as otherwise provided in this chapter.
(b)(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the legislative body of a local agency may use teleconferencing for the benefit of the public and the legislative body of a local agency in connection with any meeting or proceeding authorized by law. The teleconferenced meeting or proceeding shall comply with all otherwise applicable requirements of this chapter and all otherwise applicable provisions of law relating to a specific type of meeting or proceeding.
(2) Teleconferencing, as authorized by this section, may be used for all purposes in connection with any meeting within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body. If the legislative body of a local agency elects to use teleconferencing, the legislative body of a local agency shall comply with all of the following:
(A) All votes taken during a teleconferenced meeting shall be by rollcall. (B) The teleconferenced meetings shall be conducted in a manner that protects the statutory and constitutional rights of the parties or the public appearing before the legislative body of a local agency. (C) The legislative body shall give notice of the meeting and post agendas as otherwise required by this chapter. (D) The legislative body shall allow members of the public to access the meeting and the agenda shall provide an opportunity for members of the public to address the legislative body directly pursuant to Section 54954.3. (3) If the legislative body of a local agency elects to use teleconferencing, it shall post agendas at all teleconference locations. Each teleconference location shall be identified in the notice and agenda of the meeting or proceeding, and each teleconference location shall be accessible to the public. During the teleconference, at least a quorum of the members of the legislative body shall participate from locations within the boundaries of the territory over which the local agency exercises jurisdiction, except as provided in subdivisions (d) and (e). (c)(1) No legislative body shall take action by secret ballot, whether preliminary or final. (2) The legislative body of a local agency shall publicly report any action taken and the vote or abstention on that action of each member present for the action.
(3) Prior to taking final action, the legislative body shall orally report a summary of a recommendation for a final action on the salaries, salary schedules, or compensation paid in the form of fringe benefits of a local agency executive, as defined in subdivision (d) of Section 3511.1, during the open meeting in which the final action is to be taken. This paragraph shall not affect the public’s right under the California Public Records Act (Division 10 (commencing with Section 7920.000) of Title 1) to inspect or copy records created or received in the process of developing the recommendation.
(d)(1) Notwithstanding the provisions relating to a quorum in paragraph (3) of subdivision (b), if a health authority conducts a teleconference meeting, members who are outside the jurisdiction of the authority may be counted toward the establishment of a quorum when participating in the teleconference if at least 50 percent of the number of members that would establish a quorum are present within the boundaries of the territory over which the authority exercises jurisdiction, and the health authority provides a teleconference number, and associated access codes, if any, that allows any person to call in to participate in the meeting and the number and access codes are identified in the notice and agenda of the meeting.
(2) Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed as discouraging health authority members from regularly meeting at a common physical site within the jurisdiction of the authority or from using teleconference locations within or near the jurisdiction of the authority. A teleconference meeting for which a quorum is established pursuant to this subdivision shall be subject to all other requirements of this section. (3) For purposes of this subdivision, a health authority means any entity created pursuant to Sections 14018.7, 14087.31, 14087.35, 14087.36, 14087.38, and 14087.9605 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, any joint powers authority created pursuant to Article 1 (commencing with Section 6500) of Chapter 5 of Division 7 for the purpose of contracting pursuant to Section 14087.3 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, and any advisory committee to a county-sponsored health plan licensed pursuant to Chapter 2.2 (commencing with Section 1340) of Division 2 of the Health and Safety Code if the advisory committee has 12 or more members. (e)(1) The legislative body of a local agency may use teleconferencing without complying with the requirements of paragraph (3) of subdivision (b) if the legislative body complies with the requirements of paragraph (2) of this subdivision in either of the following circumstances:
(A) The legislative body holds a meeting during a proclaimed state of emergency for the purpose of determining, by majority vote, whether as a result of the emergency, meeting in person would present imminent risks to the health or safety of attendees.
(B) The legislative body holds a meeting during a proclaimed state of emergency and has determined, by majority vote, pursuant to subparagraph (A), that, as a result of the emergency, meeting in person would present imminent

7 Section 54953.1
Testimony of members before
grand jury
Section 54953.2
Legislative body meetings to
meet protections and
prohibitions of the Americans
with Disabilities Act
Section 54953.3
Conditions to attendance
risks to the health or safety of attendees.
(2) A legislative body that holds a meeting pursuant to this subdivision shall do all of the following:
(A) In each instance in which notice of the time of the teleconferenced meeting is otherwise given or the agenda for the meeting is otherwise posted, the legislative body shall also give notice of the means by which members of the public may access the meeting and offer public comment. The agenda shall identify and include an opportunity for all persons to attend via a call-in option or an internet-based service option. (B) In the event of a disruption that prevents the legislative body from broadcasting the meeting to members of the public using the call-in option or internet-based service option, or in the event of a disruption within the local agency's control that prevents members of the public from offering public comments using the call-in option or internet-based service option, the legislative body shall take no further action on items appearing on the meeting agenda until public access to the meeting via the call-in option or internet-based service option is restored. Actions taken on agenda items during a disruption that prevents the legislative body from broadcasting the meeting may be challenged pursuant to Section 54960.1.
(C) The legislative body shall not require public comments to be submitted in advance of the meeting and must provide an opportunity for the public to address the legislative body and offer comment in real time. (D) Notwithstanding Section 54953.3, an individual desiring to provide public comment through the use of an internet website, or other online platform, not under the control of the local legislative body, that requires registration to log in to a teleconference may be required to register as required by the third-party internet website or online platform to participate.
(E)(i) A legislative body that provides a timed public comment period for each agenda item shall not close the public comment period for the agenda item, or the opportunity to register, pursuant to subparagraph (D), to provide public comment until that timed public comment period has elapsed. (ii) A legislative body that does not provide a timed public comment period, but takes public comment separately on each agenda item, shall allow a reasonable amount of time per agenda item to allow public members the opportunity to provide public comment, including time for members of the public to register pursuant to subparagraph (D), or otherwise be recognized for the purpose of providing public comment. (iii) A legislative body that provides a timed general public comment period that does not correspond to a specific agenda item shall not close the public comment period or the opportunity to register, pursuant to subparagraph (D), until the timed general public comment period has elapsed. (3) If a state of emergency remains active, in order to continue to teleconference without compliance with paragraph (3) of subdivision (b), the legislative body shall, not later than 45 days after teleconferencing for the first time pursuant to subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1), and every 45 days thereafter, make the following findings by majority vote:
(A) The legislative body has reconsidered the circumstances of the state of emergency. (B) The state of emergency continues to directly impact the ability of the members to meet safely in person. (4) This subdivision shall not be construed to require the legislative body to provide a physical location from which the public may attend or comment.
(f) The legislative body shall have and implement a procedure for receiving and swiftly resolving requests for reasonable accommodation for individuals with disabilities, consistent with the federal Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12132), and resolving any doubt in favor of accessibility. In each instance in which notice of the time of the meeting is otherwise given or the agenda for the meeting is otherwise posted, the legislative body shall also give notice of the procedure for receiving and resolving requests for accommodation. (g) The legislative body shall conduct meetings subject to this chapter consistent with applicable civil rights and nondiscrimination laws.
(h)(1) Nothing in this section shall prohibit a legislative body from providing the public with additional teleconference locations.
(2) Nothing in this section shall prohibit a legislative body from providing the public with additional physical locations in which the public may observe and address the legislative body by electronic means. (i) For the purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply:
(1) “State of emergency” means a state of emergency proclaimed pursuant to Section 8625 of the California Emergency Services Act (Article 1 (commencing with Section 8550) of Chapter 7 of Division 1 of Title 2). (2) “Teleconference” means a meeting of a legislative body, the members of which are in different locations, connected by electronic means, through either audio or video, or both. (j) This section shall become operative January 1, 2026.

The provisions of this chapter shall not be construed to prohibit the members of the legislative body of a local agency from giving testimony in private before a grand jury, either as individuals or as a body.

All meetings of a legislative body of a local agency that are open and public shall meet the protections and prohibitions contained in Section 202 of the American with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12132), and the federal rules and regulations adopted in implementation thereof.

A member of the public shall not be required, as a condition to attendance at a meeting of a legislative body of a local agency, to register his or her name, to provide other information, to complete a questionnaire, or otherwise to fulfill any condition precedent to his or her attendance.

If an attendance list, register, questionnaire, or other similar document is posted at or near the entrance to the room where the meeting is to be held, or is circulated to the persons present during the meeting, it shall state

8 Section 54953.5
Right to record proceedings;
conditions; audio or video
recordings made by or under
direction of local agencies
Section 54953.5
Right to record proceedings;
conditions; audio or video
recordings made by or under
direction of local agencies
Beginning January 1, 2026
Section 54953.6
Prohibitions or restrictions on
broadcasts of proceedings of
legislative body; reasonable
findings
Section 54953.7
Allowance of greater access to
meetings than minimal
standards in this chapter
Section 54953.7
Allowance of greater access to
meetings than minimal
standards in this chapter
Beginning January 1, 2026
Section 54953.8
Eligible legislative bodies; use
of alternative teleconferencing
provisions for notice and public
participation
clearly that the signing, registering, or completion of the document is voluntary, and that all persons may attend the meeting regardless of whether a person signs, registers, or completes the document. (a) Any person attending an open and public meeting of a legislative body of a local agency shall have the right to record the proceedings with an audio or video recorder or a still or motion picture camera in the absence of a reasonable finding by the legislative body of the local agency that the recording cannot continue without noise, illumination, or obstruction of view that constitutes, or would constitute, a persistent disruption of the proceedings. (b) Any audio or video recording of an open and public meeting made for whatever purpose by or at the direction of the local agency shall be subject to inspection pursuant to the California Public Records Act (Division 10 (commencing with Section 7920.000) of Title 1), but, notwithstanding Section 34090, may be erased or destroyed 30 days after the recording. Any inspection of an audio or video recording shall be provided without charge on equipment made available by the local agency. (a) Any person attending an open and public meeting of a legislative body of a local agency shall have the right to record the proceedings in the absence of a reasonable finding by the legislative body of the local agency that the recording cannot continue without noise, illumination, or obstruction of view that constitutes, or would constitute, a persistent disruption of the proceedings.
(b) Any recording of an open and public meeting made for whatever purpose by or at the direction of the local agency shall be subject to inspection pursuant to the California Public Records Act (Division 10 (commencing with Section 7920.000) of Title 1), but, notwithstanding Section 34090, may be erased or destroyed 30 days after the recording. Any inspection of an audio or video recording shall be provided without charge on equipment made available by the local agency.

No legislative body of a local agency shall prohibit or otherwise restrict the broadcast of its open and public meetings in the absence of a reasonable finding that the broadcast cannot be accomplished without noise, illumination, or obstruction of view that would constitute a persistent disruption of the proceedings.

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, legislative bodies of local agencies may impose requirements upon themselves which allow greater access to their meetings than prescribed by the minimal standards set forth in this chapter. In addition thereto, an elected legislative body of a local agency may impose such requirements on those appointed legislative bodies of the local agency of which all or a majority of the members are appointed by or under the authority of the elected legislative body.

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, legislative bodies of local agencies may impose requirements upon themselves which allow greater access to their meetings than prescribed by the minimal standards set forth in this chapter. In addition thereto, an elected legislative body of a local agency may impose those requirements on appointed legislative bodies of the local agency.
(a)(1) An eligible legislative body may use teleconferencing without complying with paragraph (3) of subdivision (b) of Section 54953 if the eligible legislative body complies with paragraphs (2) to (4), inclusive. (2) An eligible legislative body may only use teleconferencing as described in this section after all the following have occurred:
(A) The city council for a city described in subdivision (c) considers whether to adopt a resolution to authorize eligible legislative bodies to use teleconferencing as described in paragraph (1) at an open and regular meeting. (B) If the city council adopts a resolution described in subparagraph (A), an eligible legislative body may elect to use teleconferencing pursuant to this section if two-thirds of the eligible legislative body votes to do so. The eligible legislative body shall notify the city council if it elects to use teleconferencing pursuant to this section and its justification for doing so.
(C) Upon receiving notification from a legislative body as described in subparagraph (B), the city council may adopt a resolution to prohibit the eligible legislative body from using teleconferencing pursuant to this section. (3) After completing the requirements in paragraph (2), an eligible legislative body that holds a meeting pursuant to this subdivision shall do all of the following:
(A) In each instance in which notice of the time of the teleconferenced meeting is otherwise given or the agenda for the meeting is otherwise posted, the eligible legislative body shall also give notice of the means by which members of the public may access the meeting and offer public comment. The agenda shall identify and include an opportunity for all persons to attend via a call-in option or an internet-based service option. (B) In the event of a disruption that prevents the eligible legislative body from broadcasting the meeting to members of the public using the call-in option or internet-based service option, or in the event of a disruption within the eligible legislative body's control that prevents members of the public from offering public comments using the call-in option or internet-based service option, the eligible legislative body shall take no further action on items appearing on the meeting agenda until public access to the meeting via the call-in option or internet-based service option is restored. Actions taken on agenda items during a disruption that prevents the eligible legislative body from broadcasting the meeting may be challenged pursuant to Section 54960.1. (C) The eligible legislative body shall not require public comments to be submitted in advance of the meeting and shall provide an opportunity for the public to address the legislative body and offer comment in real time.

9 Section 54953.8
Eligible legislative bodies; use
of alternative teleconferencing
provisions for notice and public
participation
Beginning January 1, 2026
(D) Notwithstanding Section 54953.3, an individual desiring to provide public comment through the use of an internet website, or other online platform, not under the control of the eligible legislative body, that requires registration to log in to a teleconference may be required to register as required by the third-party internet website or online platform to participate.
(E)(i) An eligible legislative body that provides a timed public comment period for each agenda item shall not close the public comment period for the agenda item, or the opportunity to register, pursuant to subparagraph (D), to provide public comment until that timed public comment period has elapsed. (ii) An eligible legislative body that does not provide a timed public comment period, but takes public comment separately on each agenda item, shall allow a reasonable amount of time per agenda item to allow public members the opportunity to provide public comment, including time for members of the public to register pursuant to subparagraph (D), or otherwise be recognized for the purpose of providing public comment. (iii) An eligible legislative body that provides a timed general public comment period that does not correspond to a specific agenda item shall not close the public comment period or the opportunity to register, pursuant to subparagraph (D), until the timed general public comment period has elapsed. (F) At least a quorum of the members of the eligible legislative body shall participate from locations within the boundaries of the city in which the eligible legislative body is established. (G) At least once per year, at least a quorum of the members of the eligible legislative body shall participate in person from a singular physical location that is open to the public and within the boundaries of the eligible legislative body.
(4) An eligible legislative body that holds a meeting pursuant to this subdivision shall do the following, as applicable:
(A) If the meeting is during regular business hours of the offices of the city council member that represents the area that includes the eligible legislative body, the eligible legislative body shall provide a publicly accessible physical location from which the public may attend or comment, which shall be the offices of the city council member who represents the area where the eligible legislative body is located, unless the eligible legislative body identifies an alternative location.
(B) If the meeting is outside regular business hours, the eligible legislative body shall make reasonable efforts to accommodate any member of the public that requests an accommodation to participate in the meeting. For the purposes of this subparagraph, “accommodation” means providing a publicly accessible physical location for the member of the public to participate from, providing access to technology necessary to participate in the meeting, or identifying locations or resources available that could provide the member of the public with an opportunity to participate in the meeting.
(b) The legislative body shall comply with all other requirements of Section 54953. (c) As used in this section, “eligible legislative body” means a neighborhood council that is an advisory body with the purpose to promote more citizen participation in government and make government more responsive to local needs that is established pursuant to the charter of a city with a population of more than 3,000,000 people that is subject to this chapter.
(d) This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2026, and as of that date is repealed. (a) The legislative body of a local agency may use teleconferencing as authorized by subdivision (b) of Section 54953 without complying with the requirements of paragraph (3) of subdivision (b) of Section 54953 in any of the circumstances described in Sections 54953.8.1 to 54953.8.7, inclusive. (b) A legislative body that holds a teleconference meeting pursuant to this section shall, in addition to any other applicable requirements of this chapter, comply with all of the following:
(1) The legislative body shall provide at least one of the following as a means by which the public may remotely hear and visually observe the meeting, and remotely address the legislative body:
(A) A two-way audiovisual platform.
(B) A two-way telephonic service and a live webcasting of the meeting. (2) In each instance in which notice of the time of the teleconference meeting held pursuant to this section is otherwise given or the agenda for the meeting is otherwise posted, the legislative body shall also give notice of the means by which members of the public may access the meeting and offer public comment. The agenda shall identify and include an opportunity for all persons to attend via a call-in option or an internet-based service option. (3) In the event of a disruption that prevents the legislative body from broadcasting the meeting to members of the public using the call-in option or internet-based service option, or in the event of a disruption within the local agency's control that prevents members of the public from offering public comments using the call-in option or internet-based service option, the legislative body shall take no further action on items appearing on the meeting agenda until public access to the meeting via the call-in option or internet-based service option is restored. Actions taken on agenda items during a disruption that prevents the legislative body from broadcasting the meeting may be challenged pursuant to Section 54960.1.
(4) The legislative body shall not require public comments to be submitted in advance of the meeting and must provide an opportunity for the public to address the legislative body and offer comment in real time. (5) Notwithstanding Section 54953.3, an individual desiring to provide public comment through the use of an internet website, or other online platform, not under the control of the local legislative body, that requires registration to log in to a teleconference may be required to register as required by the third-party internet website or online platform to participate.
(6)(A) A legislative body that provides a timed public comment period for each agenda item shall not close the public comment period for the agenda item, or the opportunity to register, pursuant to paragraph (5), to provide public comment until that timed public comment period has elapsed. (B) A legislative body that does not provide a timed public comment period, but takes public comment separately on each agenda item, shall allow a reasonable amount of time per agenda item to allow public members the opportunity to provide public comment, including time for members of the public to register pursuant to paragraph (5), or otherwise be recognized for the purpose of providing public comment.

10 Section 54953.9
Student body associations or
other student-run community
college organizations;
meetings; teleconferencing;
requirements
(C) A legislative body that provides a timed general public comment period that does not correspond to a specific agenda item shall not close the public comment period or the opportunity to register, pursuant to paragraph (5), until the timed general public comment period has elapsed. (7) Any member of the legislative body who participates in a teleconference meeting from a remote location pursuant to this section and the specific provision of law that the member relied upon to permit their participation by teleconferencing shall be listed in the minutes of the meeting. (8) The legislative body shall have and implement a procedure for receiving and swiftly resolving requests for reasonable accommodation for individuals with disabilities, consistent with the federal Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12132), and resolving any doubt in favor of accessibility. In each instance in which notice of the time of the meeting is otherwise given or the agenda for the meeting is otherwise posted, the legislative body shall also give notice of the procedure for receiving and resolving requests for accommodation. (9) The legislative body shall conduct meetings subject to this chapter consistent with applicable civil rights and nondiscrimination laws.
(c) A local agency shall identify and make available to legislative bodies a list of one or more meeting locations that may be available for use by the legislative bodies to conduct their meetings. (d)(1) Nothing in this section shall prohibit a legislative body from providing the public with additional teleconference locations.
(2) Nothing in this section shall prohibit a legislative body from providing the public with additional physical locations in which the public may observe and address the legislative body by electronic means. (e) A member of a legislative body who participates in a teleconference meeting from a remote location pursuant to this section shall publicly disclose at the meeting before any action is taken whether any other individuals 18 years of age or older are present in the room at the remote location with the member, and the general nature of the member's relationship with those individuals.
(f) The teleconferencing provisions described in Section 54953 and Sections 54953.8.1 to 54953.8.7, inclusive, are cumulative. A legislative body may elect to use any teleconferencing provisions that are applicable to a meeting, regardless of whether any other teleconferencing provisions would also be applicable to that meeting. (g) For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:
(1) “Remote location” means a location from which a member of a legislative body participates in a meeting pursuant to paragraph (7) of subdivision (b), other than any physical meeting location designated in the notice of the meeting. Remote locations need not be accessible to the public. (2) “Teleconference” means a meeting of a legislative body, the members of which are in different locations, connected by electronic means, through either audio or video, or both. (3) “Two-way audiovisual platform” means an online platform that provides participants with the ability to participate in a meeting via both an interactive video conference and a two-way telephonic service. A two-way audiovisual platform may be structured to disable the use of video for the public participants. (4) “Two-way telephonic service” means a telephone service that does not require internet access and allows participants to dial a telephone number to listen and verbally participate. (5) “Webcasting” means a streaming video broadcast online or on television, using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners and viewers. a) As used in this section, “eligible legislative body” means a student body association organized pursuant to Section 76060 of the Education Code, or any other student-run community college organization that is required to comply with the meeting requirements of this chapter. (b)(1) An eligible legislative body may use teleconferencing without complying with paragraph (3) of subdivision (b) of Section 54953 if the eligible legislative body complies with paragraphs (2) to (4), inclusive. (2) An eligible legislative body may only use teleconferencing as described in this section after all the following have occurred:
(A) The board of trustees for a community college district considers whether to adopt a resolution to authorize eligible legislative bodies to use teleconferencing as described in paragraph (1) at an open and regular meeting. (B) If the board of trustees for a community college district adopts a resolution described in subparagraph (A), an eligible legislative body may elect to use teleconferencing pursuant to this section if two-thirds of the eligible legislative body votes to do so. The eligible legislative body shall notify the board of trustees if it elects to use teleconferencing pursuant to this section and its justification for doing so. (C) Upon receiving notification from a legislative body as described in subparagraph (B), the board of trustees may adopt a resolution to prohibit the eligible legislative body from using teleconferencing pursuant to this section. (3) After completing the requirements in paragraph (2), an eligible legislative body that holds a meeting pursuant to this subdivision shall do all of the following:
(A) In each instance in which notice of the time of the teleconferenced meeting is otherwise given or the agenda for the meeting is otherwise posted, the eligible legislative body shall also give notice of the means by which members of the public may access the meeting and offer public comment. The agenda shall identify and include an opportunity for all persons to attend via a call-in option or an internet-based service option. (B) In the event of a disruption that prevents the eligible legislative body from broadcasting the meeting to members of the public using the call-in option or internet-based service option, or in the event of a disruption within the eligible legislative body's control that prevents members of the public from offering public comments using the call-in option or internet-based service option, the eligible legislative body shall take no further action on items appearing on the meeting agenda until public access to the meeting via the call-in option or internet-based service option is restored. Actions taken on agenda items during a disruption that prevents the eligible legislative body from broadcasting the meeting may be challenged pursuant to Section 54960.1. (C) The eligible legislative body shall not require public comments to be submitted in advance of the meeting and shall provide an opportunity for the public to address the legislative body and offer comment in real time. (D) Notwithstanding Section 54953.3, an individual desiring to provide public comment through the use of an internet website, or other online platform, not under the control of the eligible legislative body, that requires

11 registration to log in to a teleconference may be required to register as required by the third-party internet website or online platform to participate.
(E)(i) An eligible legislative body that provides a timed public comment period for each agenda item shall not close the public comment period for the agenda item, or the opportunity to register, pursuant to subparagraph (D), to provide public comment until that timed public comment period has elapsed. (ii) An eligible legislative body that does not provide a timed public comment period, but takes public comment separately on each agenda item, shall allow a reasonable amount of time per agenda item to allow public members the opportunity to provide public comment, including time for members of the public to register pursuant to subparagraph (D), or otherwise be recognized for the purpose of providing public comment. (iii) An eligible legislative body that provides a timed general public comment period that does not correspond to a specific agenda item shall not close the public comment period or the opportunity to register, pursuant to subparagraph (D), until the timed general public comment period has elapsed. (F)(i) At least a quorum of the members of the eligible legislative body shall participate from a singular physical location that is accessible to the public and is within the community college district in which the eligible legislative body is established.
(ii) Notwithstanding the requirements of clause (i), a person may count toward the establishment of a quorum pursuant to clause (i) regardless of whether the person is participating at the in-person location of the meeting or remotely if the person meets any of the following criteria:
(I) The person has a disability that requires accommodation pursuant to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12132).
(II) The person is under 18 years of age.
(III) The person is incarcerated.
(IV) The person is unable to disclose the location that they are participating from because of either of the following circumstances:
(ia) The person has been issued a protective court order, including, but not limited to, a domestic violence restraining order.
(ib) The person is participating in a program that has to remain confidential, including, but not limited to, an independent living program.
(a) As used in this section, “eligible legislative body” means a student body association organized pursuant to Section 76060 of the Education Code, or any other student-run community college organization that is required to comply with the meeting requirements of this chapter. (b)(1) An eligible legislative body may use teleconferencing without complying with paragraph (3) of subdivision (b) of Section 54953 if the eligible legislative body complies with paragraphs (2) to (4), inclusive. (2) An eligible legislative body may only use teleconferencing as described in this section after all the following have occurred:
(A) The board of trustees for a community college district considers whether to adopt a resolution to authorize eligible legislative bodies to use teleconferencing as described in paragraph (1) at an open and regular meeting. (B) If the board of trustees for a community college district adopts a resolution described in subparagraph (A), an eligible legislative body may elect to use teleconferencing pursuant to this section if two-thirds of the eligible legislative body votes to do so. The eligible legislative body shall notify the board of trustees if it elects to use teleconferencing pursuant to this section and its justification for doing so. (C) Upon receiving notification from a legislative body as described in subparagraph (B), the board of trustees may adopt a resolution to prohibit the eligible legislative body from using teleconferencing pursuant to this section. (3) After completing the requirements in paragraph (2), an eligible legislative body that holds a meeting pursuant to this subdivision shall do all of the following:
(A) In each instance in which notice of the time of the teleconferenced meeting is otherwise given or the agenda for the meeting is otherwise posted, the eligible legislative body shall also give notice of the means by which members of the public may access the meeting and offer public comment. The agenda shall identify and include an opportunity for all persons to attend via a call-in option or an internet-based service option. (B) In the event of a disruption that prevents the eligible legislative body from broadcasting the meeting to members of the public using the call-in option or internet-based service option, or in the event of a disruption within the eligible legislative body's control that prevents members of the public from offering public comments using the call-in option or internet-based service option, the eligible legislative body shall take no further action on items appearing on the meeting agenda until public access to the meeting via the call-in option or internet-based service option is restored. Actions taken on agenda items during a disruption that prevents the eligible legislative body from broadcasting the meeting may be challenged pursuant to Section 54960.1. (C) The eligible legislative body shall not require public comments to be submitted in advance of the meeting and shall provide an opportunity for the public to address the legislative body and offer comment in real time. (D) Notwithstanding Section 54953.3, an individual desiring to provide public comment through the use of an internet website, or other online platform, not under the control of the eligible legislative body, that requires registration to log in to a teleconference may be required to register as required by the third-party internet website or online platform to participate.
(E)(i) An eligible legislative body that provides a timed public comment period for each agenda item shall not close the public comment period for the agenda item, or the opportunity to register, pursuant to subparagraph (D), to provide public comment until that timed public comment period has elapsed. (ii) An eligible legislative body that does not provide a timed public comment period, but takes public comment separately on each agenda item, shall allow a reasonable amount of time per agenda item to allow public members the opportunity to provide public comment, including time for members of the public to register pursuant to subparagraph (D), or otherwise be recognized for the purpose of providing public comment. (iii) An eligible legislative body that provides a timed general public comment period that does not correspond to a specific agenda item shall not close the public comment period or the opportunity to register, pursuant to subparagraph (D), until the timed general public comment period has elapsed. (F)(i) At least a quorum of the members of the eligible legislative body shall participate from a singular physical

12 location that is accessible to the public and is within the community college district in which the eligible legislative body is established.
(ii) Notwithstanding the requirements of clause (i), a person may count toward the establishment of a quorum pursuant to clause (i) regardless of whether the person is participating at the in-person location of the meeting or remotely if the person meets any of the following criteria:
(I) The person has a disability that requires accommodation pursuant to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12132).
(II) The person is under 18 years of age.
(III) The person is incarcerated.
(IV) The person is unable to disclose the location that they are participating from because of either of the following circumstances:
(ia) The person has been issued a protective court order, including, but not limited to, a domestic violence restraining order.
(ib) The person is participating in a program that has to remain confidential, including, but not limited to, an independent living program.
(V) The person provides childcare or caregiving to a child, parent, grandparent, grandchild, sibling, spouse, or domestic partner that requires them to participate remotely. For purposes of this subclause, “child,” “parent,” “grandparent,” “grandchild,” and “sibling” have the same meaning as those terms are defined in Section 12945.2. (4) An eligible legislative body that holds a meeting pursuant to this subdivision shall do the following, as applicable:
(A) If the meeting is during regular business hours of the offices of the board of trustees of the community college district, the eligible legislative body shall provide a publicly accessible physical location from which the public may attend or comment, which shall be the offices of the board of trustees of the community college district, unless the eligible legislative body identifies an alternative location. (B) If the meeting is outside regular business hours, the eligible legislative body shall make reasonable efforts to accommodate any member of the public that requests an accommodation to participate in the meeting. For the purposes of this subparagraph, “accommodation” means providing a publicly accessible physical location for the member of the public to participate from, providing access to technology necessary to participate in the meeting, or identifying locations or resources available that could provide the member of the public with an opportunity to participate in the meeting.
(c) The legislative body shall comply with all other requirements of Section 54953. (d) This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2026, and as of that date is repealed.

As used in this section, “eligible legislative body” means a student body association organized pursuant to Section 76060 of the Education Code, or any other student-run community college organization that is required to comply with the meeting requirements of this chapter.
(b)(1) An eligible legislative body may use teleconferencing without complying with paragraph (3) of subdivision (b) of Section 54953 if the eligible legislative body complies with paragraphs (2) to (4), inclusive. (2) An eligible legislative body may only use teleconferencing as described in this section after all the following have occurred:
(A) The board of trustees for a community college district considers whether to adopt a resolution to authorize eligible legislative bodies to use teleconferencing as described in paragraph (1) at an open and regular meeting. (B) If the board of trustees for a community college district adopts a resolution described in subparagraph (A), an eligible legislative body may elect to use teleconferencing pursuant to this section if two-thirds of the eligible legislative body votes to do so. The eligible legislative body shall notify the board of trustees if it elects to use teleconferencing pursuant to this section and its justification for doing so. (C) Upon receiving notification from a legislative body as described in subparagraph (B), the board of trustees may adopt a resolution to prohibit the eligible legislative body from using teleconferencing pursuant to this section. (3) After completing the requirements in paragraph (2), an eligible legislative body that holds a meeting pursuant to this subdivision shall do all of the following:
(A) In each instance in which notice of the time of the teleconferenced meeting is otherwise given or the agenda for the meeting is otherwise posted, the eligible legislative body shall also give notice of the means by which members of the public may access the meeting and offer public comment. The agenda shall identify and include an opportunity for all persons to attend via a call-in option or an internet-based service option. (B) In the event of a disruption that prevents the eligible legislative body from broadcasting the meeting to members of the public using the call-in option or internet-based service option, or in the event of a disruption within the eligible legislative body's control that prevents members of the public from offering public comments using the call-in option or internet-based service option, the eligible legislative body shall take no further action on items appearing on the meeting agenda until public access to the meeting via the call-in option or internet-based service option is restored. Actions taken on agenda items during a disruption that prevents the eligible legislative body from broadcasting the meeting may be challenged pursuant to Section 54960.1. (C) The eligible legislative body shall not require public comments to be submitted in advance of the meeting and shall provide an opportunity for the public to address the legislative body and offer comment in real time. (D) Notwithstanding Section 54953.3, an individual desiring to provide public comment through the use of an internet website, or other online platform, not under the control of the eligible legislative body, that requires registration to log in to a teleconference may be required to register as required by the third-party internet website or online platform to participate.
(E)(i) An eligible legislative body that provides a timed public comment period for each agenda item shall not close the public comment period for the agenda item, or the opportunity to register, pursuant to subparagraph (D), to provide public comment until that timed public comment period has elapsed. (ii) An eligible legislative body that does not provide a timed public comment period, but takes public comment separately on each agenda item, shall allow a reasonable amount of time per agenda item to allow public members the opportunity to provide public comment, including time for members of the public to register pursuant to subparagraph (D), or otherwise be recognized for the purpose of providing public comment.

13 (iii) An eligible legislative body that provides a timed general public comment period that does not correspond to a specific agenda item shall not close the public comment period or the opportunity to register, pursuant to subparagraph (D), until the timed general public comment period has elapsed. (F)(i) At least a quorum of the members of the eligible legislative body shall participate from a singular physical location that is accessible to the public and is within the community college district in which the eligible legislative body is established.
(ii) Notwithstanding the requirements of clause (i), a person may count toward the establishment of a quorum pursuant to clause (i) regardless of whether the person is participating at the in-person location of the meeting or remotely if the person meets any of the following criteria:
(I) The person has a disability that requires accommodation pursuant to the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12132).
(II) The person is under 18 years of age.
(III) The person is incarcerated.
(IV) The person is unable to disclose the location that they are participating from because of either of the following circumstances:
(ia) The person has been issued a protective court order, including, but not limited to, a domestic violence restraining order.
(ib) The person is participating in a program that has to remain confidential, including, but not limited to, an independent living program.
(V) The person provides childcare or caregiving to a child, parent, grandparent, grandchild, sibling, spouse, or domestic partner that requires them to participate remotely. For purposes of this subclause, “child,” “parent,” “grandparent,” “grandchild,” and “sibling” have the same meaning as those terms are defined in Section 12945.2. (4) An eligible legislative body that holds a meeting pursuant to this subdivision shall do the following, as applicable:
(A) If the meeting is during regular business hours of the offices of the board of trustees of the community college district, the eligible legislative body shall provide a publicly accessible physical location from which the public may attend or comment, which shall be the offices of the board of trustees of the community college district, unless the eligible legislative body identifies an alternative location. (B) If the meeting is outside regular business hours, the eligible legislative body shall make reasonable efforts to accommodate any member of the public that requests an accommodation to participate in the meeting. For the purposes of this subparagraph, “accommodation” means providing a publicly accessible physical location for the member of the public to participate from, providing access to technology necessary to participate in the meeting, or identifying locations or resources available that could provide the member of the public with an opportunity to participate in the meeting.
(c) The legislative body shall comply with all other requirements of Section 54953. (d) This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2026, and as of that date is repealed.

The person provides childcare or caregiving to a child, parent, grandparent, grandchild, sibling, spouse, or domestic partner that requires them to participate remotely. For purposes of this subclause, “child,” “parent,” “grandparent,” “grandchild,” and “sibling” have the same meaning as those terms are defined in Section 12945.2. (4) An eligible legislative body that holds a meeting pursuant to this subdivision shall do the following, as applicable:
(A) If the meeting is during regular business hours of the offices of the board of trustees of the community college district, the eligible legislative body shall provide a publicly accessible physical location from which the public may attend or comment, which shall be the offices of the board of trustees of the community college district, unless the eligible legislative body identifies an alternative location. (B) If the meeting is outside regular business hours, the eligible legislative body shall make reasonable efforts to accommodate any member of the public that requests an accommodation to participate in the meeting. For the purposes of this subparagraph, “accommodation” means providing a publicly accessible physical location for the member of the public to participate from, providing access to technology necessary to participate in the meeting, or identifying locations or resources available that could provide the member of the public with an opportunity to participate in the meeting.
(c) The legislative body shall comply with all other requirements of Section 54953. (d) This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2026, and as of that date is repealed.

Section 54954
Time and place of regular
meetings; special meetings;
emergencies
(a) Each legislative body of a local agency, except for advisory committees or standing committees, shall provide, by ordinance, resolution, bylaws, or by whatever other rule is required for the conduct of business by that body, the time and place for holding regular meetings. Meetings of advisory committees or standing committees, for which an agenda is posted at least 72 hours in advance of the meeting pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 54954.2, shall be considered for purposes of this chapter as regular meetings of the legislative body. (b) Regular and special meetings of the legislative body shall be held within the boundaries of the territory over which the local agency exercises jurisdiction, except to do any of the following:
(1) Comply with state or federal law or court order, or attend a judicial or administrative proceeding to which the local agency is a party.
(2) Inspect real or personal property which cannot be conveniently brought within the boundaries of the territory over which the local agency exercises jurisdiction provided that the topic of the meeting is limited to items directly related to the real or personal property.
(3) Participate in meetings or discussions of multiagency significance that are outside the boundaries of a local agency's jurisdiction. However, any meeting or discussion held pursuant to this subdivision shall take place within the jurisdiction of one of the participating local agencies and be noticed by all participating agencies as provided for in this chapter.
(4) Meet in the closest meeting facility if the local agency has no meeting facility within the boundaries of the territory over which the local agency exercises jurisdiction, or at the principal office of the local agency if that office is located outside the territory over which the agency exercises jurisdiction.

14 Section 54954.1
Mailed or electronic notice to
persons who filed written
request; time; duration and
renewal of requests; fee
Section 54954.2
Agenda; posting; action on
other matters; posting on
internet website
(5) Meet outside their immediate jurisdiction with elected or appointed officials of the United States or the State of California when a local meeting would be impractical, solely to discuss a legislative or regulatory issue affecting the local agency and over which the federal or state officials have jurisdiction. (6) Meet outside their immediate jurisdiction if the meeting takes place in or nearby a facility owned by the agency, provided that the topic of the meeting is limited to items directly related to the facility. (7) Visit the office of the local agency's legal counsel for a closed session on pending litigation held pursuant to Section 54956.9, when to do so would reduce legal fees or costs. (c) Meetings of the governing board of a school district shall be held within the district, except under the circumstances enumerated in subdivision (b), or to do any of the following:
(1) Attend a conference on nonadversarial collective bargaining techniques. (2) Interview members of the public residing in another district with reference to the trustees' potential employment of an applicant for the position of the superintendent of the district. (3) Interview a potential employee from another district. (d) Meetings of a joint powers authority shall occur within the territory of at least one of its member agencies, or as provided in subdivision (b). However, a joint powers authority which has members throughout the state may meet at any facility in the state which complies with the requirements of Section 54961. (e) If, by reason of fire, flood, earthquake, or other emergency, it shall be unsafe to meet in the place designated, the meetings shall be held for the duration of the emergency at the place designated by the presiding officer of the legislative body or his or her designee in a notice to the local media that have requested notice pursuant to Section 54956, by the most rapid means of communication available at the time.

Any person may request that a copy of the agenda, or a copy of all the documents constituting the agenda packet, of any meeting of a legislative body be mailed to that person. If a local agency has an internet website, the legislative body or its designee shall email a copy of, or website link to, the agenda or a copy of all the documents constituting the agenda packet if the person requests that the item or items be delivered by email. If the local agency determines it is technologically infeasible to send a copy of all documents constituting the agenda packet or a link to a website that contains the documents by email or by other electronic means, the legislative body or its designee shall send by mail a copy of the agenda or a website link to the agenda and mail a copy of all other documents constituting the agenda packet in accordance with the mailing requirements established pursuant to this section. If requested, the agenda and documents in the agenda packet shall be made available in appropriate alternative formats to persons with a disability, as required by Section 202 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12132), and the federal rules and regulations adopted in implementation thereof. Upon receipt of the written request, the legislative body or its designee shall cause the requested materials to be mailed at the time the agenda is posted pursuant to Section 54954.2 and 54956 or upon distribution to all, or a majority of all, of the members of a legislative body, whichever occurs first. Any request for mailed copies of agendas or agenda packets shall be valid for the calendar year in which it is filed, and must be renewed following January 1 of each year. The legislative body may establish a fee for mailing the agenda or agenda packet, which fee shall not exceed the cost of providing the service. Failure of the requesting person to receive the agenda or agenda packet pursuant to this section shall not constitute grounds for invalidation of the actions of the legislative body taken at the meeting for which the agenda or agenda packet was not received. (a)(1) At least 72 hours before a regular meeting, the legislative body of the local agency, or its designee, shall post an agenda containing a brief general description of each item of business to be transacted or discussed at the meeting, including items to be discussed in closed session. A brief general description of an item generally need not exceed 20 words. The agenda shall specify the time and location of the regular meeting and shall be posted in a location that is freely accessible to members of the public and on the local agency's internet website, if the local agency has one. If requested, the agenda shall be made available in appropriate alternative formats to persons with a disability, as required by Section 202 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12132), and the federal rules and regulations adopted in implementation thereof. The agenda shall include information regarding how, to whom, and when a request for disability-related modification or accommodation, including auxiliary aids or services, may be made by a person with a disability who requires a modification or accommodation in order to participate in the public meeting. (2) For a meeting occurring on and after January 1, 2019, of a legislative body of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state that has an internet website, the following provisions shall apply:
(A) An online posting of an agenda shall be posted on the primary internet website home page of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state that is accessible through a prominent, direct link to the current agenda. The direct link to the agenda shall not be in a contextual menu; however, a link in addition to the direct link to the agenda may be accessible through a contextual menu. (B) An online posting of an agenda, including, but not limited to, an agenda posted in an integrated agenda management platform, shall be posted in an open format that meets all of the following requirements:
(i) Retrievable, downloadable, indexable, and electronically searchable by commonly used internet search applications.
(ii) Platform independent and machine readable.
(iii) Available to the public free of charge and without any restriction that would impede the reuse or redistribution of the agenda.
(C) A legislative body of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state that has an internet website and an integrated agenda management platform shall not be required to comply with subparagraph (A) if all of the following are met:
(i) A direct link to the integrated agenda management platform shall be posted on the primary internet website home page of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by

15 Section 54954.2
Agenda; posting; action on
other matters; posting on
internet website
Beginning January 1, 2026
the state. The direct link to the integrated agenda management platform shall not be in a contextual menu. When a person clicks on the direct link to the integrated agenda management platform, the direct link shall take the person directly to an internet website with the agendas of the legislative body of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state. (ii) The integrated agenda management platform may contain the prior agendas of a legislative body of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state for all meetings occurring on or after January 1, 2019.
(iii) The current agenda of the legislative body of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state shall be the first agenda available at the top of the integrated agenda management platform.
(iv) All agendas posted in the integrated agenda management platform shall comply with the requirements in clauses (i), (ii), and (iii) of subparagraph (B).
(D) For the purposes of this paragraph, both of the following definitions shall apply:
(i) “Integrated agenda management platform” means an internet website of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state dedicated to providing the entirety of the agenda information for the legislative body of the city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state to the public. (ii) “Legislative body” has the same meaning as that term is used in subdivision (a) of Section 54952. (E) The provisions of this paragraph shall not apply to a political subdivision of a local agency that was established by the legislative body of the city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state.
(3) No action or discussion shall be undertaken on any item not appearing on the posted agenda, except that members of a legislative body or its staff may briefly respond to statements made or questions posed by persons exercising their public testimony rights under Section 54954.3. In addition, on their own initiative or in response to questions posed by the public, a member of a legislative body or its staff may ask a question for clarification, make a brief announcement, or make a brief report on their own activities. Furthermore, a member of a legislative body, or the body itself, subject to rules or procedures of the legislative body, may provide a reference to staff or other resources for factual information, request staff to report back to the body at a subsequent meeting concerning any matter, or take action to direct staff to place a matter of business on a future agenda. (b) Notwithstanding subdivision (a), the legislative body may take action on items of business not appearing on the posted agenda under any of the conditions stated below. Prior to discussing any item pursuant to this subdivision, the legislative body shall publicly identify the item. (1) Upon a determination by a majority vote of the legislative body that an emergency situation exists, as defined in Section 54956.5.
(2) Upon a determination by a two-thirds vote of the members of the legislative body present at the meeting, or, if less than two-thirds of the members are present, a unanimous vote of those members present, that there is a need to take immediate action and that the need for action came to the attention of the local agency subsequent to the agenda being posted as specified in subdivision (a). (3) The item was posted pursuant to subdivision (a) for a prior meeting of the legislative body occurring not more than five calendar days prior to the date action is taken on the item, and at the prior meeting the item was continued to the meeting at which action is being taken. (4) To consider action on a request from a member to participate in a meeting remotely due to emergency circumstances, pursuant to Section 54953, if the request does not allow sufficient time to place the proposed action on the posted agenda for the meeting for which the request is made. The legislative body may approve such a request by a majority vote of the legislative body. (c) This section is necessary to implement and reasonably within the scope of paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 3 of Article I of the California Constitution.
(d) For purposes of subdivision (a), the requirement that the agenda be posted on the local agency's internet website, if the local agency has one, shall only apply to a legislative body that meets either of the following standards:
(1) A legislative body as that term is defined by subdivision (a) of Section 54952. (2) A legislative body as that term is defined by subdivision (b) of Section 54952, if the members of the legislative body are compensated for their appearance, and if one or more of the members of the legislative body are also members of a legislative body as that term is defined by subdivision (a) of Section 54952. (e) This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2026, and as of that date is repealed. (a)(1) At least 72 hours before a regular meeting, the legislative body of the local agency, or its designee, shall post an agenda containing a brief general description of each item of business to be transacted or discussed at the meeting, including items to be discussed in closed session. A brief general description of an item generally need not exceed 20 words. The agenda shall specify the time and location of the regular meeting and shall be posted in a location that is freely accessible to members of the public and on the local agency's internet website, if the local agency has one. If requested, the agenda shall be made available in appropriate alternative formats to persons with a disability, as required by Section 202 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12132), and the federal rules and regulations adopted in implementation thereof. The agenda shall include information regarding how, to whom, and when a request for disability-related modification or accommodation, including auxiliary aids or services, may be made by a person with a disability who requires a modification or accommodation in order to participate in the public meeting. (2) For a meeting occurring on and after January 1, 2019, of a legislative body of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state that has an internet website, the following provisions shall apply:
(A) An online posting of an agenda shall be posted on the primary internet website home page of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state that is accessible

16 Section 54954.3
Opportunity for public to
address legislative body;
adoption of regulations; public
criticism of policies
through a prominent, direct link to the current agenda. The direct link to the agenda shall not be in a contextual menu; however, a link in addition to the direct link to the agenda may be accessible through a contextual menu. (B) An online posting of an agenda, including, but not limited to, an agenda posted in an integrated agenda management platform, shall be posted in an open format that meets all of the following requirements:
(i) Retrievable, downloadable, indexable, and electronically searchable by commonly used internet search applications.
(ii) Platform independent and machine readable.
(iii) Available to the public free of charge and without any restriction that would impede the reuse or redistribution of the agenda.
(C) A legislative body of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state that has an internet website and an integrated agenda management platform shall not be required to comply with subparagraph (A) if all of the following are met:
(i) A direct link to the integrated agenda management platform shall be posted on the primary internet website home page of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state. The direct link to the integrated agenda management platform shall not be in a contextual menu. When a person clicks on the direct link to the integrated agenda management platform, the direct link shall take the person directly to an internet website with the agendas of the legislative body of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state. (ii) The integrated agenda management platform may contain the prior agendas of a legislative body of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state for all meetings occurring on or after January 1, 2019.
(iii) The current agenda of the legislative body of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state shall be the first agenda available at the top of the integrated agenda management platform.
(iv) All agendas posted in the integrated agenda management platform shall comply with the requirements in clauses (i), (ii), and (iii) of subparagraph (B).
(D) For the purposes of this paragraph, both of the following definitions shall apply:
(i) “Integrated agenda management platform” means an internet website of a city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state dedicated to providing the entirety of the agenda information for the legislative body of the city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state to the public. (ii) “Legislative body” has the same meaning as that term is used in subdivision (a) of Section 54952. (E) The provisions of this paragraph shall not apply to a political subdivision of a local agency that was established by the legislative body of the city, county, city and county, special district, school district, or political subdivision established by the state.
(3) No action or discussion shall be undertaken on any item not appearing on the posted agenda, except that members of a legislative body or its staff may briefly respond to statements made or questions posed by persons exercising their public testimony rights under Section 54954.3. In addition, on their own initiative or in response to questions posed by the public, a member of a legislative body or its staff may ask a question for clarification, make a brief announcement, or make a brief report on their own activities. Furthermore, a member of a legislative body, or the body itself, subject to rules or procedures of the legislative body, may provide a reference to staff or other resources for factual information, request staff to report back to the body at a subsequent meeting concerning any matter, or take action to direct staff to place a matter of business on a future agenda. (b) Notwithstanding subdivision (a), the legislative body may take action on items of business not appearing on the posted agenda under any of the conditions stated below. Prior to discussing any item pursuant to this subdivision, the legislative body shall publicly identify the item. (1) Upon a determination by a majority vote of the legislative body that an emergency situation exists, as defined in Section 54956.5.
(2) Upon a determination by a two-thirds vote of the members of the legislative body present at the meeting, or, if less than two-thirds of the members are present, a unanimous vote of those members present, that there is a need to take immediate action and that the need for action came to the attention of the local agency subsequent to the agenda being posted as specified in subdivision (a). (3) The item was posted pursuant to subdivision (a) for a prior meeting of the legislative body occurring not more than five calendar days prior to the date action is taken on the item, and at the prior meeting the item was continued to the meeting at which action is being taken. (c) This section is necessary to implement and reasonably within the scope of paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 3 of Article I of the California Constitution.
(d) For purposes of subdivision (a), the requirement that the agenda be posted on the local agency's internet website, if the local agency has one, shall only apply to a legislative body that meets either of the following standards:
(1) A legislative body as that term is defined by subdivision (a) of Section 54952. (2) A legislative body as that term is defined by subdivision (b) of Section 54952, if the members of the legislative body are compensated for their appearance, and if one or more of the members of the legislative body are also members of a legislative body as that term is defined by subdivision (a) of Section 54952. (e) This section shall become operative January 1, 2026. (a) Every agenda for regular meetings shall provide an opportunity for members of the public to directly address the legislative body on any item of interest to the public, before or during the legislative body's consideration of the item, that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body, provided that no action shall be taken on any item not appearing on the agenda unless the action is otherwise authorized by subdivision (b) of Section 54954.2. However, the agenda need not provide an opportunity for members of the public to address the legislative body on any item that has already been considered by a committee, composed exclusively of members

17 Section 54954.3
Opportunity for public to
address legislative body;
adoption of regulations; public
criticism of policies
Beginning January 1, 2026
Section 54954.4
Reimbursements to local
agencies and school districts
for costs
of the legislative body, at a public meeting wherein all interested members of the public were afforded the opportunity to address the committee on the item, before or during the committee's consideration of the item, unless the item has been substantially changed since the committee heard the item, as determined by the legislative body. Every notice for a special meeting shall provide an opportunity for members of the public to directly address the legislative body concerning any item that has been described in the notice for the meeting before or during consideration of that item.
(b)(1) The legislative body of a local agency may adopt reasonable regulations to ensure that the intent of subdivision (a) is carried out, including, but not limited to, regulations limiting the total amount of time allocated for public testimony on particular issues and for each individual speaker. (2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), when the legislative body of a local agency limits time for public comment, the legislative body of a local agency shall provide at least twice the allotted time to a member of the public who utilizes a translator to ensure that non-English speakers receive the same opportunity to directly address the legislative body of a local agency.
(3) Paragraph (2) shall not apply if the legislative body of a local agency utilizes simultaneous translation equipment in a manner that allows the legislative body of a local agency to hear the translated public testimony simultaneously.
(c) The legislative body of a local agency shall not prohibit public criticism of the policies, procedures, programs, or services of the agency, or of the acts or omissions of the legislative body. Nothing in this subdivision shall confer any privilege or protection for expression beyond that otherwise provided by law. (a)(1) Every agenda for regular meetings shall provide an opportunity for members of the public to directly address the legislative body on any item of interest to the public, before or during the legislative body's consideration of the item, that is within the subject matter jurisdiction of the legislative body, provided that no action shall be taken on any item not appearing on the agenda unless the action is otherwise authorized by subdivision (b) of Section 54954.2.
(2)(A) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the agenda need not provide an opportunity for members of the public to address the legislative body on any item that has already been considered by a committee, composed exclusively of members of the legislative body, at a public meeting wherein all interested members of the public were afforded the opportunity to address the committee on the item.
(B) Subparagraph (A) shall not apply if any of the following conditions are met:
(i) The item has been substantially changed since the committee heard the item, as determined by the legislative body.
(ii) When considering the item, a quorum of the committee members did not participate from a singular physical location, that was clearly identified on the agenda, open to the public, and situated within the boundaries of the territory over which the local agency exercises jurisdiction. (iii) The committee has primary subject matter jurisdiction, as defined by the charter, an ordinance, a resolution, or any formal action of the legislative body that created the subsidiary body, that focuses on elections, budgets, police oversight, privacy, removing from, or restricting access to, materials available in public libraries, or taxes or related spending proposals. This clause shall not apply to an item if the local agency has adopted a law applicable to the meeting of the committee at which the item that was considered prohibits the committee from placing a limit on the total amount of time for public comment on the item. (3) Every notice for a special meeting shall provide an opportunity for members of the public to directly address the legislative body concerning any item that has been described in the notice for the meeting before or during consideration of that item.
(b)(1) The legislative body of a local agency may adopt reasonable regulations to ensure that the intent of subdivision (a) is carried out, including, but not limited to, regulations limiting the total amount of time allocated for public testimony on particular issues and for each individual speaker. (2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), when the legislative body of a local agency limits time for public comment, the legislative body of a local agency shall provide at least twice the allotted time to a member of the public who utilizes a translator to ensure that non-English speakers receive the same opportunity to directly address the legislative body of a local agency.
(3) Paragraph (2) shall not apply if the legislative body of a local agency utilizes simultaneous translation equipment in a manner that allows the legislative body of a local agency to hear the translated public testimony simultaneously.
(c) The legislative body of a local agency shall not prohibit public criticism of the policies, procedures, programs, or services of the agency, or of the acts or omissions of the legislative body. Nothing in this subdivision shall confer any privilege or protection for expression beyond that otherwise provided by law. (a) The Legislature hereby finds and declares that Section 12 of Chapter 641 of the Statutes of 1986, authorizing reimbursement to local agencies and school districts for costs mandated by the state pursuant to that act, shall be interpreted strictly. The intent of the Legislature is to provide reimbursement for only those costs which are clearly and unequivocally incurred as the direct and necessary result of compliance with Chapter 641 of the Statutes of 1986.
(b) In this regard, the Legislature directs all state employees and officials involved in reviewing or authorizing claims for reimbursement, or otherwise participating in the reimbursement process, to rigorously review each claim and authorize only those claims, or parts thereof, which represent costs which are clearly and unequivocally incurred as the direct and necessary result of compliance with Chapter 641 of the Statutes of 1986 and for which complete documentation exists. For purposes of Section 54954.2, costs eligible for reimbursement shall only include the actual cost to post a single agenda for any one meeting. (c) The Legislature hereby finds and declares that complete, faithful, and uninterrupted compliance with the Ralph M. Brown Act (Chapter 9 (commencing with Section 54950) of Part 1 of Division 2 of Title 5 of the Government

18 Section 54954.5
Closed session item
descriptions
Code) is a matter of overriding public importance. Unless specifically stated, no future Budget Act, or related budget enactments, shall, in any manner, be interpreted to suspend, eliminate, or otherwise modify the legal obligation and duty of local agencies to fully comply with Chapter 641 of the Statutes of 1986 in a complete, faithful, and uninterrupted manner.

For purposes of describing closed session items pursuant to Section 54954.2, the agenda may describe closed sessions as provided below. No legislative body or elected official shall be in violation of Section 54954.2 or 54956 if the closed session items were described in substantial compliance with this section.

Substantial compliance is satisfied by including the information provided below, irrespective of its format. (a) With respect to a closed session held pursuant to Section 54956.7:

LICENSE/PERMIT DETERMINATION
Applicant(s): (Specify number of applicants)
(b) With respect to every item of business to be discussed in closed session pursuant to Section 54956.8:

CONFERENCE WITH REAL PROPERTY NEGOTIATORS
Property: (Specify street address, or if no street address, the parcel number or other unique reference, of the real property under negotiation)
Agency negotiator: (Specify names of negotiators attending the closed session) (If circumstances necessitate the absence of a specified negotiator, an agent or designee may participate in place of the absent negotiator so long as the name of the agent or designee is announced at an open session held prior to the closed session.) Negotiating parties: (Specify name of party (not agent)) Under negotiation: (Specify whether instruction to negotiator will concern price, terms of payment, or both) (c) With respect to every item of business to be discussed in closed session pursuant to Section 54956.9:

CONFERENCE WITH LEGAL COUNSEL--EXISTING LITIGATION
(Paragraph (1) of subdivision (d) of Section 54956.9)
Name of case: (Specify by reference to claimant's name, names of parties, case or claim numbers) or
Case name unspecified: (Specify whether disclosure would jeopardize service of process or existing settlement negotiations)

CONFERENCE WITH LEGAL COUNSEL--ANTICIPATED LITIGATION
Significant exposure to litigation pursuant to paragraph (2) or (3) of subdivision (d) of Section 54956.9: (Specify number of potential cases)
(In addition to the information noticed above, the agency may be required to provide additional information on the agenda or in an oral statement prior to the closed session pursuant to paragraphs (2) to (5), inclusive, of subdivision (e) of Section 54956.9.)
Initiation of litigation pursuant to paragraph (4) of subdivision (d) of Section 54956.9: (Specify number of potential cases)
(d) With respect to every item of business to be discussed in closed session pursuant to Section 54956.95:

LIABILITY CLAIMS
Claimant: (Specify name unless unspecified pursuant to Section 54961) Agency claimed against: (Specify name)
(e) With respect to every item of business to be discussed in closed session pursuant to Section 54957:

THREAT TO PUBLIC SERVICES OR FACILITIES
Consultation with: (Specify name of law enforcement agency and title of officer, or name of applicable agency representative and title)

PUBLIC EMPLOYEE APPOINTMENT
Title: (Specify description of position to be filled)

PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT
Title: (Specify description of position to be filled)

PUBLIC EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
Title: (Specify position title of employee being reviewed)

PUBLIC EMPLOYEE DISCIPLINE/DISMISSAL/RELEASE
(No additional information is required in connection with a closed session to consider discipline, dismissal, or release of a public employee. Discipline includes potential reduction of compensation.) (f) With respect to every item of business to be discussed in closed session pursuant to Section 54957.6:

CONFERENCE WITH LABOR NEGOTIATORS
Agency designated representatives: (Specify names of designated representatives attending the closed session) (If circumstances necessitate the absence of a specified designated representative, an agent or designee may participate in place of the absent representative so long as the name of the agent or designee is announced at an open session held prior to the closed session.)
Employee organization: (Specify name of organization representing employee or employees in question) Or Unrepresented employee: (Specify position title of unrepresented employee who is the subject of the negotiations)
(g) With respect to closed sessions called pursuant to Section 54957.8:

CASE REVIEW/PLANNING
(No additional information is required in connection with a closed session to consider case review or planning.) (h) With respect to every item of business to be discussed in closed session pursuant to Sections 1461, 32106, and 32155 of the Health and Safety Code or Sections 37606 and 37624.3 of the Government Code:

REPORT INVOLVING TRADE SECRET
Discussion will concern: (Specify whether discussion will concern proposed new service, program, or facility) Estimated date of public disclosure: (Specify month and year)

HEARINGS
Subject matter: (Specify whether testimony/deliberation will concern staff privileges, report of medical audit

19 Section 54954.6
New or increased taxes or
assessments; public meetings
and public hearings; joint notice
requirements
committee, or report of quality assurance committee)
(i) With respect to every item of business to be discussed in closed session pursuant to Section 54956.86:

CHARGE OR COMPLAINT INVOLVING INFORMATION PROTECTED BY FEDERAL LAW (No additional information is required in connection with a closed session to discuss a charge or complaint pursuant to Section 54956.86.)
(j) With respect to every item of business to be discussed in closed session pursuant to Section 54956.96:

CONFERENCE INVOLVING A JOINT POWERS AGENCY (Specify by name) Discussion will concern: (Specify closed session description used by the joint powers agency) Name of local agency representative on joint powers agency board: (Specify name) (Additional information listing the names of agencies or titles of representatives attending the closed session as consultants or other representatives.)
(k) With respect to every item of business to be discussed in closed session pursuant to Section 54956.75:

AUDIT BY CALIFORNIA STATE AUDITOR'S OFFICE
(a)(1) Before adopting any new or increased general tax or any new or increased assessment, the legislative body of a local agency shall conduct at least one public meeting at which local officials shall allow public testimony regarding the proposed new or increased general tax or new or increased assessment in addition to the noticed public hearing at which the legislative body proposes to enact or increase the general tax or assessment.

For purposes of this section, the term “new or increased assessment” does not include any of the following:
(A) A fee that does not exceed the reasonable cost of providing the services, facilities, or regulatory activity for which the fee is charged.
(B) A service charge, rate, or charge, unless a special district's principal act requires the service charge, rate, or charge to conform to the requirements of this section.
(C) An ongoing annual assessment if it is imposed at the same or lower amount as any previous year. (D) An assessment that does not exceed an assessment formula or range of assessments previously specified in the notice given to the public pursuant to subparagraph (G) of paragraph (2) of subdivision (c) and that was previously adopted by the agency or approved by the voters in the area where the assessment is imposed. (E) Standby or immediate availability charges.
(2) The legislative body shall provide at least 45 days' public notice of the public hearing at which the legislative body proposes to enact or increase the general tax or assessment. The legislative body shall provide notice for the public meeting at the same time and in the same document as the notice for the public hearing, but the meeting shall occur prior to the hearing.
(b)(1) The joint notice of both the public meeting and the public hearing required by subdivision (a) with respect to a proposal for a new or increased general tax shall be accomplished by placing a display advertisement of at least one-eighth page in a newspaper of general circulation for three weeks pursuant to Section 6063 and by a firstclass mailing to those interested parties who have filed a written request with the local agency for mailed notice of public meetings or hearings on new or increased general taxes. The public meeting pursuant to subdivision (a) shall take place no earlier than 10 days after the first publication of the joint notice pursuant to this subdivision.

The public hearing shall take place no earlier than seven days after the public meeting pursuant to this subdivision. Notwithstanding paragraph (2) of subdivision (a), the joint notice need not include notice of the public meeting after the meeting has taken place. The public hearing pursuant to subdivision (a) shall take place no earlier than 45 days after the first publication of the joint notice pursuant to this subdivision. Any written request for mailed notices shall be effective for one year from the date on which it is filed unless a renewal request is filed.

Renewal requests for mailed notices shall be filed on or before April 1 of each year. The legislative body may establish a reasonable annual charge for sending notices based on the estimated cost of providing the service. (2) The notice required by paragraph (1) of this subdivision shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
(A) The amount or rate of the tax. If the tax is proposed to be increased from any previous year, the joint notice shall separately state both the existing tax rate and the proposed tax rate increase. (B) The activity to be taxed.
(C) The estimated amount of revenue to be raised by the tax annually. (D) The method and frequency for collecting the tax.
(E) The dates, times, and locations of the public meeting and hearing described in subdivision (a). (F) The telephone number and address of an individual, office, or organization that interested persons may contact to receive additional information about the tax. (c)(1) The joint notice of both the public meeting and the public hearing required by subdivision (a) with respect to a proposal for a new or increased assessment on real property or businesses shall be accomplished through a mailing, postage prepaid, in the United States mail and shall be deemed given when so deposited. The public meeting pursuant to subdivision (a) shall take place no earlier than 10 days after the joint mailing pursuant to this subdivision. The public hearing shall take place no earlier than seven days after the public meeting pursuant to this subdivision. The envelope or the cover of the mailing shall include the name of the local agency and the return address of the sender. This mailed notice shall be in at least 10-point type and shall be given to all property owners or business owners proposed to be subject to the new or increased assessment by a mailing by name to those persons whose names and addresses appear on the last equalized county assessment roll, the State Board of Equalization assessment roll, or the local agency's records pertaining to business ownership, as the case may be.
(2) The joint notice required by paragraph (1) of this subdivision shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
(A) In the case of an assessment proposed to be levied on property, the estimated amount of the assessment per parcel. In the case of an assessment proposed to be levied on businesses, the proposed method and basis of levying the assessment in sufficient detail to allow each business owner to calculate the amount of assessment to be levied against each business. If the assessment is proposed to be increased from any previous year, the joint notice shall separately state both the amount of the existing assessment and the proposed assessment increase. (B) A general description of the purpose or improvements that the assessment will fund.

20 Section 54955
Adjournment; adjourned
meetings
Section 54955.1
Continuance
Section 54956
Special meetings; call; notice;
meetings regarding local
agency executive salaries,
salary schedules, or
compensation in form of fringe
benefits; posting on Internet
Web site
(C) The address to which property owners may mail a protest against the assessment. (D) The telephone number and address of an individual, office, or organization that interested persons may contact to receive additional information about the assessment. (E) A statement that a majority protest will cause the assessment to be abandoned if the assessment act used to levy the assessment so provides. Notice shall also state the percentage of protests required to trigger an election, if applicable.
(F) The dates, times, and locations of the public meeting and hearing described in subdivision (a). (G) A proposed assessment formula or range as described in subparagraph (D) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) if applicable and that is noticed pursuant to this section. (3) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), in the case of an assessment that is proposed exclusively for operation and maintenance expenses imposed throughout the entire local agency, or exclusively for operation and maintenance assessments proposed to be levied on 50,000 parcels or more, notice may be provided pursuant to this subdivision or pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) and shall include the estimated amount of the assessment of various types, amounts, or uses of property and the information required by subparagraphs (B) to (G), inclusive, of paragraph (2) of subdivision (c).
(4) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), in the case of an assessment proposed to be levied pursuant to Part 2 (commencing with Section 22500) of Division 2 of the Streets and Highways Code by a regional park district, regional park and open-space district, or regional open-space district formed pursuant to Article 3 (commencing with Section 5500) of Chapter 3 of Division 5 of, or pursuant to Division 26 (commencing with Section 35100) of, the Public Resources Code, notice may be provided pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (b). (d) The notice requirements imposed by this section shall be construed as additional to, and not to supersede, existing provisions of law, and shall be applied concurrently with the existing provisions so as to not delay or prolong the governmental decisionmaking process.
(e) This section shall not apply to any new or increased general tax or any new or increased assessment that requires an election of either of the following:
(1) The property owners subject to the assessment.
(2) The voters within the local agency imposing the tax or assessment. (f) Nothing in this section shall prohibit a local agency from holding a consolidated meeting or hearing at which the legislative body discusses multiple tax or assessment proposals. (g) The local agency may recover the reasonable costs of public meetings, public hearings, and notice required by this section from the proceeds of the tax or assessment. The costs recovered for these purposes, whether recovered pursuant to this subdivision or any other provision of law, shall not exceed the reasonable costs of the public meetings, public hearings, and notice.
(h) Any new or increased assessment that is subject to the notice and hearing provisions of Article XIII C or XIII D of the California Constitution is not subject to the notice and hearing requirements of this section.

The legislative body of a local agency may adjourn any regular, adjourned regular, special or adjourned special meeting to a time and place specified in the order of adjournment. Less than a quorum may so adjourn from time to time. If all members are absent from any regular or adjourned regular meeting the clerk or secretary of the legislative body may declare the meeting adjourned to a stated time and place and he shall cause a written notice of the adjournment to be given in the same manner as provided in Section 54956 for special meetings, unless such notice is waived as provided for special meetings. A copy of the order or notice of adjournment shall be conspicuously posted on or near the door of the place where the regular, adjourned regular, special or adjourned special meeting was held within 24 hours after the time of the adjournment. When a regular or adjourned regular meeting is adjourned as provided in this section, the resulting adjourned regular meeting is a regular meeting for all purposes. When an order of adjournment of any meeting fails to state the hour at which the adjourned meeting is to be held, it shall be held at the hour specified for regular meetings by ordinance, resolution, bylaw, or other rule.

Any hearing being held, or noticed or ordered to be held, by a legislative body of a local agency at any meeting may by order or notice of continuance be continued or recontinued to any subsequent meeting of the legislative body in the same manner and to the same extent set forth in Section 54955 for the adjournment of meetings; provided, that if the hearing is continued to a time less than 24 hours after the time specified in the order or notice of hearing, a copy of the order or notice of continuance of hearing shall be posted immediately following the meeting at which the order or declaration of continuance was adopted or made. (a) A special meeting may be called at any time by the presiding officer of the legislative body of a local agency, or by a majority of the members of the legislative body, by delivering written notice to each member of the legislative body and to each local newspaper of general circulation and radio or television station requesting notice in writing and posting a notice on the local agency's Internet Web site, if the local agency has one. The notice shall be delivered personally or by any other means and shall be received at least 24 hours before the time of the meeting as specified in the notice. The call and notice shall specify the time and place of the special meeting and the business to be transacted or discussed. No other business shall be considered at these meetings by the legislative body. The written notice may be dispensed with as to any member who at or prior to the time the meeting convenes files with the clerk or secretary of the legislative body a written waiver of notice. The waiver may be given by telegram. The written notice may also be dispensed with as to any member who is actually present at the meeting at the time it convenes.

The call and notice shall be posted at least 24 hours prior to the special meeting in a location that is freely accessible to members of the public.
(b) Notwithstanding any other law, a legislative body shall not call a special meeting regarding the salaries, salary schedules, or compensation paid in the form of fringe benefits, of a local agency executive, as defined

21 Section 54956
Special meetings; call; notice;
meetings regarding local
agency executive salaries,
salary schedules, or
compensation in form of fringe
benefits; posting on Internet
Web site
Beginning January 1, 2026
Section 54956.5
Emergency meetings in
emergency situations
in subdivision (d) of Section 3511.1. However, this subdivision does not apply to a local agency calling a special meeting to discuss the local agency's budget.
(c) For purposes of subdivision (a), the requirement that the agenda be posted on the local agency's Internet Web site, if the local agency has one, shall only apply to a legislative body that meets either of the following standards:
(1) A legislative body as that term is defined by subdivision (a) of Section 54952. (2) A legislative body as that term is defined by subdivision (b) of Section 54952, if the members of the legislative body are compensated for their appearance, and if one or more of the members of the legislative body are also members of a legislative body as that term is defined by subdivision (a) of Section 54952. (a)(1) A special meeting may be called at any time by the presiding officer of the legislative body of a local agency, or by a majority of the members of the legislative body, by delivering written notice to each member of the legislative body and to each local newspaper of general circulation and radio or television station requesting notice in writing and posting a notice on the local agency's internet website, if the local agency has one. The notice shall be delivered personally or by any other means and shall be received at least 24 hours before the time of the meeting as specified in the notice. The call and notice shall specify the time and place of the special meeting and the business to be transacted or discussed. No other business shall be considered at these meetings by the legislative body. The written notice may be dispensed with as to any member who at or prior to the time the meeting convenes files with the clerk or secretary of the legislative body a written waiver of notice. The waiver may be given by telephone or electronic mail. The written notice may also be dispensed with as to any member who is actually present at the meeting at the time it convenes. (2) The call and notice shall be posted at least 24 hours prior to the special meeting in a location that is freely accessible to members of the public.
(b) Notwithstanding any other law, a legislative body shall not call a special meeting regarding the salaries, salary schedules, or compensation paid in the form of fringe benefits, of the legislative body or of a local agency executive, as defined in subdivision (d) of Section 3511.1. However, this subdivision does not apply to a local agency calling a special meeting to discuss the local agency's budget. (c) For purposes of subdivision (a), the requirement that the agenda be posted on the local agency's Internet Web site, if the local agency has one, shall only apply to a legislative body that meets either of the following standards:
(a) For purposes of this section, “emergency situation” means both of the following:
(1) An emergency, which shall be defined as a work stoppage, crippling activity, or other activity that severely impairs public health, safety, or both, as determined by a majority of the members of the legislative body. (2) A dire emergency, which shall be defined as a crippling disaster, mass destruction, terrorist act, or threatened terrorist activity that poses peril so immediate and significant that requiring a legislative body to provide one-hour notice before holding an emergency meeting under this section may endanger the public health, safety, or both, as determined by a majority of the members of the legislative body. (b)(1) Subject to paragraph (2), in the case of an emergency situation involving matters upon which prompt action is necessary due to the disruption or threatened disruption of public facilities, a legislative body may hold an emergency meeting without complying with either the 24-hour notice requirement or the 24-hour posting requirement of Section 54956 or both of the notice and posting requirements. (2) Each local newspaper of general circulation and radio or television station that has requested notice of special meetings pursuant to Section 54956 shall be notified by the presiding officer of the legislative body, or designee thereof, one hour prior to the emergency meeting, or, in the case of a dire emergency, at or near the time that the presiding officer or designee notifies the members of the legislative body of the emergency meeting. (A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the notice required by this paragraph shall be given by telephone and all telephone numbers provided in the most recent request of a newspaper or station for notification of special meetings shall be exhausted. In the event that telephone services are not functioning and the legislative body is not a school board, the notice requirements of this paragraph shall be deemed waived, and the legislative body, or designee of the legislative body, shall notify those newspapers, radio stations, or television stations of the fact of the holding of the emergency meeting, the purpose of the meeting, and any action taken at the meeting as soon after the meeting as possible.
(B) For an emergency meeting held by a school board pursuant to this section, the presiding officer of the school board, or designee thereof, may send the notifications required by this paragraph by email instead of by telephone, as provided in subparagraph (A), to all local newspapers of general circulation, and radio or television stations, that have requested those notifications by email, and all email addresses provided by representatives of those newspapers or stations shall be exhausted. In the event that internet services and telephone services are not functioning, the notice requirements of this paragraph shall be deemed waived, and the school board, or designee of the school board, shall notify those newspapers, radio stations, or television stations of the fact of the holding of the emergency meeting, the purpose of the meeting, and any action taken at the meeting as soon after the meeting as possible.
(c) During a meeting held pursuant to this section, the legislative body may meet in closed session pursuant to Section 54957 if agreed to by a two-thirds vote of the members of the legislative body present, or, if less than two-thirds of the members are present, by a unanimous vote of the members present. (d) All special meeting requirements, as prescribed in Section 54956 shall be applicable to a meeting called pursuant to this section, with the exception of the 24-hour notice requirement. (e) The minutes of a meeting called pursuant to this section, a list of persons who the presiding officer of the legislative body, or designee of the legislative body, notified or attempted to notify, a copy of the rollcall vote, and any actions taken at the meeting shall be posted for a minimum of 10 days in a public place as soon after the meeting as possible.

22 Section 54956.5
Emergency meetings in
emergency situations
Beginning January 1, 2026
Section 54956.6
Fees
Section 54956.7
Closed sessions; license
applications; rehabilitated
criminals
Section 54956.75
Closed session; response to
confidential final draft audit
report; public release of report
Section 54956.8
Real property transactions;
closed meeting with negotiator
(a) For purposes of this section, “emergency situation” means both of the following:
(1) An emergency, which shall be defined as a work stoppage, crippling activity, or other activity that severely impairs public health, safety, or both, as determined by a majority of the members of the legislative body. (2) A dire emergency, which shall be defined as a crippling disaster, mass destruction, terrorist act, or threatened terrorist activity that poses peril so immediate and significant that requiring a legislative body to provide one-hour notice before holding an emergency meeting under this section may endanger the public health, safety, or both, as determined by a majority of the members of the legislative body. (b)(1) Subject to paragraph (2), in the case of an emergency situation involving matters upon which prompt action is necessary due to the disruption or threatened disruption of public facilities, a legislative body may hold an emergency meeting without complying with either the 24-hour notice requirement or the 24-hour posting requirement of Section 54956 or both of the notice and posting requirements. (2) Each local newspaper of general circulation and radio or television station that has requested notice of special meetings pursuant to Section 54956 shall be notified by the presiding officer of the legislative body, or designee thereof, one hour prior to the emergency meeting, or, in the case of a dire emergency, at or near the time that the presiding officer or designee notifies the members of the legislative body of the emergency meeting. (A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), the notice required by this paragraph shall be given by telephone and all telephone numbers provided in the most recent request of a newspaper or station for notification of special meetings shall be exhausted. In the event that telephone services are not functioning, the notice requirements of this paragraph shall be deemed waived, and the legislative body, or designee of the legislative body, shall notify those newspapers, radio stations, or television stations of the fact of the holding of the emergency meeting, the purpose of the meeting, and any action taken at the meeting as soon after the meeting as possible. (B) For an emergency meeting held pursuant to this section, the presiding officer legislative body, or designee thereof, may send the notifications required by this paragraph by email instead of by telephone, as provided in subparagraph (A), to all local newspapers of general circulation, and radio or television stations, that have requested those notifications by email, and all email addresses provided by representatives of those newspapers or stations shall be exhausted. In the event that internet services and telephone services are not functioning, the notice requirements of this paragraph shall be deemed waived, legislative body, or designee of the legislative body, shall notify those newspapers, radio stations, or television stations of the fact of the holding of the emergency meeting, the purpose of the meeting, and any action taken at the meeting as soon after the meeting as possible.
(c) During a meeting held pursuant to this section, the legislative body may meet in closed session pursuant to Section 54957 if agreed to by a two-thirds vote of the members of the legislative body present, or, if less than two-thirds of the members are present, by a unanimous vote of the members present. (d) All special meeting requirements, as prescribed in Section 54956 shall be applicable to a meeting called pursuant to this section, with the exception of the 24-hour notice requirement. (e) The minutes of a meeting called pursuant to this section, a list of persons who the presiding officer of the legislative body, or designee of the legislative body, notified or attempted to notify, a copy of the rollcall vote, and any actions taken at the meeting shall be posted for a minimum of 10 days in a public place as soon after the meeting as possible.

No fees may be charged by the legislative body of a local agency for carrying out any provision of this chapter, except as specifically authorized by this chapter.

Whenever a legislative body of a local agency determines that it is necessary to discuss and determine whether an applicant for a license or license renewal, who has a criminal record, is sufficiently rehabilitated to obtain the license, the legislative body may hold a closed session with the applicant and the applicant's attorney, if any, for the purpose of holding the discussion and making the determination. If the legislative body determines, as a result of the closed session, that the issuance or renewal of the license should be denied, the applicant shall be offered the opportunity to withdraw the application. If the applicant withdraws the application, no record shall be kept of the discussions or decisions made at the closed session and all matters relating to the closed session shall be confidential. If the applicant does not withdraw the application, the legislative body shall take action at the public meeting during which the closed session is held or at its next public meeting denying the application for the license but all matters relating to the closed session are confidential and shall not be disclosed without the consent of the applicant, except in an action by an applicant who has been denied a license challenging the denial of the license.
(a) Nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed to prevent the legislative body of a local agency that has received a confidential final draft audit report from the Bureau of State Audits from holding closed sessions to discuss its response to that report.
(b) After the public release of an audit report by the Bureau of State Audits, if a legislative body of a local agency meets to discuss the audit report, it shall do so in an open session unless exempted from that requirement by some other provision of law.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, a legislative body of a local agency may hold a closed session with its negotiator prior to the purchase, sale, exchange, or lease of real property by or for the local agency to grant authority to its negotiator regarding the price and terms of payment for the purchase, sale, exchange, or lease.

However, prior to the closed session, the legislative body of the local agency shall hold an open and public session in which it identifies its negotiators, the real property or real properties which the negotiations may concern, and the person or persons with whom its negotiators may negotiate.

23 Section 54956.81
Investment of pension funds;
closed session
For purposes of this section, negotiators may be members of the legislative body of the local agency.

For purposes of this section, “lease” includes renewal or renegotiation of a lease.

Nothing in this section shall preclude a local agency from holding a closed session for discussions regarding eminent domain proceedings pursuant to Section 54956.9.

Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, a legislative body of a local agency that invests pension funds may hold a closed session to consider the purchase or sale of particular, specific pension fund investments. All investment transaction decisions made during the closed session shall be made by rollcall vote entered into the minutes of the closed session as provided in subdivision (a) of Section 54957.2.

Section 54956.86
Charges or complaints from
members of local agency health
plans; closed hearings;
members’ rights
Section 54956.87
Records of certain health plans;
meetings on health plan trade
secrets
Section 54956.9
Pending litigation; closed
session; lawyer-client privilege;
notice; memorandum
Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, a legislative body of a local agency which provides services pursuant to Section 14087.3 of the Welfare and Institutions Code may hold a closed session to hear a charge or complaint from a member enrolled in its health plan if the member does not wish to have his or her name, medical status, or other information that is protected by federal law publicly disclosed. Prior to holding a closed session pursuant to this section, the legislative body shall inform the member, in writing, of his or her right to have the charge or complaint heard in an open session rather than a closed session. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, the records of a health plan that is licensed pursuant to the Knox-Keene Health Care Service Plan Act of 1975 (Chapter 2.2 (commencing with Section 1340) of Division 2 of the Health and Safety Code) and that is governed by a county board of supervisors, whether paper records, records maintained in the management information system, or records in any other form, that relate to provider rate or payment determinations, allocation or distribution methodologies for provider payments, formulas or calculations for these payments, and contract negotiations with providers of health care for alternative rates are exempt from disclosure for a period of three years after the contract is fully executed. The transmission of the records, or the information contained therein in an alternative form, to the board of supervisors shall not constitute a waiver of exemption from disclosure, and the records and information once transmitted to the board of supervisors shall be subject to this same exemption.
(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the governing board of a health plan that is licensed pursuant to the Knox-Keene Health Care Service Plan Act of 1975 (Chapter 2.2 (commencing with Section 1340) of Division 2 of the Health and Safety Code) and that is governed by a county board of supervisors may order that a meeting held solely for the purpose of discussion or taking action on health plan trade secrets, as defined in subdivision (f), shall be held in closed session. The requirements of making a public report of action taken in closed session, and the vote or abstention of every member present, may be limited to a brief general description without the information constituting the trade secret.
(c) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the governing board of a health plan may meet in closed session to consider and take action on matters pertaining to contracts and contract negotiations by the health plan with providers of health care services concerning all matters related to rates of payment. The governing board may delete the portion or portions containing trade secrets from any documents that were finally approved in the closed session held pursuant to subdivision (b) that are provided to persons who have made the timely or standing request.
(d) Nothing in this section shall be construed as preventing the governing board from meeting in closed session as otherwise provided by law.
(e) The provisions of this section shall not prevent access to any records by the Joint Legislative Audit Committee in the exercise of its powers pursuant to Article 1 (commencing with Section 10500) of Chapter 4 of Part 2 of Division 2 of Title 2. The provisions of this section also shall not prevent access to any records by the Department of Managed Health Care in the exercise of its powers pursuant to Article 1 (commencing with Section 1340) of Chapter 2.2 of Division 2 of the Health and Safety Code. (f) For purposes of this section, “health plan trade secret” means a trade secret, as defined in subdivision (d) of Section 3426.1 of the Civil Code, that also meets both of the following criteria:
(1) The secrecy of the information is necessary for the health plan to initiate a new service, program, marketing strategy, business plan, or technology, or to add a benefit or product. (2) Premature disclosure of the trade secret would create a substantial probability of depriving the health plan of a substantial economic benefit or opportunity.
(a) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent a legislative body of a local agency, based on advice of its legal counsel, from holding a closed session to confer with, or receive advice from, its legal counsel regarding pending litigation when discussion in open session concerning those matters would prejudice the position of the local agency in the litigation.
(b) For purposes of this chapter, all expressions of the lawyer-client privilege other than those provided in this section are hereby abrogated. This section is the exclusive expression of the lawyer-client privilege for purposes of conducting closed-session meetings pursuant to this chapter. (c) For purposes of this section, “litigation” includes any adjudicatory proceeding, including eminent domain, before a court, administrative body exercising its adjudicatory authority, hearing officer, or arbitrator. (d) For purposes of this section, litigation shall be considered pending when any of the following circumstances exist:
(1) Litigation, to which the local agency is a party, has been initiated formally. (2) A point has been reached where, in the opinion of the legislative body of the local agency on the advice of its legal counsel, based on existing facts and circumstances, there is a significant exposure to litigation against the local agency.
(3) Based on existing facts and circumstances, the legislative body of the local agency is meeting only to decide whether a closed session is authorized pursuant to paragraph (2).

24 Section 54956.95
Closed sessions; insurance
pooling; tort liability losses;
public liability losses; workers’
compensation liability
Section 54956.96
Joint powers agency; legislative
body; Clean Power Alliance of
Southern California; closed
session; confidential
information
(4) Based on existing facts and circumstances, the legislative body of the local agency has decided to initiate or is deciding whether to initiate litigation.
(e) For purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3) of subdivision (d), “existing facts and circumstances” shall consist only of one of the following:
(1) Facts and circumstances that might result in litigation against the local agency but which the local agency believes are not yet known to a potential plaintiff or plaintiffs, which facts and circumstances need not be disclosed.
(2) Facts and circumstances, including, but not limited to, an accident, disaster, incident, or transactional occurrence that might result in litigation against the agency and that are known to a potential plaintiff or plaintiffs, which facts or circumstances shall be publicly stated on the agenda or announced. (3) The receipt of a claim pursuant to the Government Claims Act (Division 3.6 (commencing with Section 810) of Title 1 of the Government Code) or some other written communication from a potential plaintiff threatening litigation, which claim or communication shall be available for public inspection pursuant to Section 54957.5. (4) A statement made by a person in an open and public meeting threatening litigation on a specific matter within the responsibility of the legislative body.
(5) A statement threatening litigation made by a person outside an open and public meeting on a specific matter within the responsibility of the legislative body so long as the official or employee of the local agency receiving knowledge of the threat makes a contemporaneous or other record of the statement prior to the meeting, which record shall be available for public inspection pursuant to Section 54957.5. The records so created need not identify the alleged victim of unlawful or tortious sexual conduct or anyone making the threat on their behalf, or identify a public employee who is the alleged perpetrator of any unlawful or tortious conduct upon which a threat of litigation is based, unless the identity of the person has been publicly disclosed. (f) Nothing in this section shall require disclosure of written communications that are privileged and not subject to disclosure pursuant to the California Public Records Act (Division 10 (commencing with Section 7920.000) of Title 1).
(g) Prior to holding a closed session pursuant to this section, the legislative body of the local agency shall state on the agenda or publicly announce the paragraph of subdivision (d) that authorizes the closed session. If the session is closed pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (d), the body shall state the title of or otherwise specifically identify the litigation to be discussed, unless the body states that to do so would jeopardize the agency's ability to effectuate service of process upon one or more unserved parties, or that to do so would jeopardize its ability to conclude existing settlement negotiations to its advantage. (h) A local agency shall be considered to be a “party” or to have a “significant exposure to litigation” if an officer or employee of the local agency is a party or has significant exposure to litigation concerning prior or prospective activities or alleged activities during the course and scope of that office or employment, including litigation in which it is an issue whether an activity is outside the course and scope of the office or employment. (a) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent a joint powers agency formed pursuant to Article 1 (commencing with Section 6500) of Chapter 5 of Division 7 of Title 1, for purposes of insurance pooling, or a local agency member of the joint powers agency, from holding a closed session to discuss a claim for the payment of tort liability losses, public liability losses, or workers' compensation liability incurred by the joint powers agency or a local agency member of the joint powers agency.
(b) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent the Local Agency Self-Insurance Authority formed pursuant to Chapter 5.5 (commencing with Section 6599.01) of Division 7 of Title 1, or a local agency member of the authority, from holding a closed session to discuss a claim for the payment of tort liability losses, public liability losses, or workers' compensation liability incurred by the authority or a local agency member of the authority. (c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to affect Section 54956.9 with respect to any other local agency. (a) Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent the legislative body of a joint powers agency formed pursuant to Article 1 (commencing with Section 6500) of Chapter 5 of Division 7 of Title 1, from adopting a policy or a bylaw or including in its joint powers agreement provisions that authorize either or both of the following:
(1) All information received by the legislative body of the local agency member in a closed session related to the information presented to the joint powers agency in closed session shall be confidential. However, a member of the legislative body of a local agency member may disclose information obtained in a closed session that has direct financial or liability implications for that local agency to the following individuals:
(A) Legal counsel of that local agency member for purposes of obtaining advice on whether the matter has direct financial or liability implications for that local agency member. (B) Other members of the legislative body of the local agency present in a closed session of that local agency member.
(2) Any designated alternate member of the legislative body of the joint powers agency who is also a member of the legislative body of a local agency member and who is attending a properly noticed meeting of the joint powers agency in lieu of a local agency member's regularly appointed member to attend closed sessions of the joint powers agency.
(b)(1) In addition to the authority described in subdivision (a), the Clean Power Alliance of Southern California, or its successor entity, may adopt a policy or a bylaw or include in its joint powers agreement a provision that authorizes both of the following:
(A) A designated alternate member of the legislative body of the Clean Power Alliance of Southern California, or its successor entity, who is not a member of the legislative body of a local agency member and who is attending a properly noticed meeting of the Clean Power Alliance of Southern California, or its successor entity, in lieu of a local agency member's regularly appointed member, to attend closed sessions of the Clean Power Alliance of Southern California, or its successor entity.
(B) All information that is received by a designated alternate member of the legislative body of the Clean Power Alliance of Southern California, or its successor entity, who is not a member of the legislative body of a local

25 Section 54956.97
Public bank; governing board or
committee of governing board;
closed session
Section 54956.98
Public bank; policy or bylaw;
information from a closed
session considered confidential
Section 54957
Closed sessions; definitions;
personnel matters; exclusion of
witnesses
agency member, and that is presented to the Clean Power Alliance of Southern California, or its successor entity, in closed session, shall be confidential. However, the designated alternate member may disclose information obtained in a closed session that has direct financial or liability implications for the local agency member for which the designated alternate member attended the closed session, to the following individuals:
(i) Legal counsel of that local agency member for purposes of obtaining advice on whether the matter has direct financial or liability implications for that local agency member. (ii) Members of the legislative body of the local agency present in a closed session of that local agency member. (2) If the Clean Power Alliance of Southern California, or its successor entity, adopts a policy or bylaw or includes in its joint powers agreement a provision authorized pursuant to paragraph (1), the Clean Power Alliance of Southern California, or its successor entity, shall establish policies to prevent conflicts of interest and to address breaches of confidentiality that apply to a designated alternate member who is not a member of the legislative body of a local agency member who attends a closed session of the Clean Power Alliance of Southern California, or its successor entity.
(c) If the legislative body of a joint powers agency adopts a policy or a bylaw or includes provisions in its joint powers agreement pursuant to subdivision (a) or (b), then the legislative body of the local agency member, upon the advice of its legal counsel, may conduct a closed session in order to receive, discuss, and take action concerning information obtained in a closed session of the joint powers agency pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) or paragraph (1) of subdivision (b).
(d) This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2030, and as of that date is repealed.

Notwithstanding any provision of law, the governing board, or a committee of the governing board, of a public bank, as defined in Section 57600 of the Government Code, may meet in closed session to consider and take action on matters pertaining to all of the following:
(a) A loan or investment decision.
(b) A decision of the internal audit committee, the compliance committee, or the governance committee. (c) A meeting with a state or federal regulator.
(a) For purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply:
(1) “Shareholder, member, or owner local agency” or “shareholder, member, or owner” means a local agency that is a shareholder of a public bank.
(2) “Public bank” has the same meaning as defined in Section 57600. (b) The governing board of a public bank may adopt a policy or a bylaw or include in its governing documents provisions that authorize any of the following:
(1) All information received by a shareholder, member, or owner of the public bank in a closed session related to the information presented to the governing board of a public bank in closed session shall be confidential.

However, a member of the governing board of a shareholder, member, or owner local agency may disclose information obtained in a closed session that has direct financial or liability implications for that local agency to the following individuals:
(A) Legal counsel of that shareholder, member, or owner local agency for purposes of obtaining advice on whether the matter has direct financial or liability implications for that shareholder local agency. (B) Other members of the governing board of the local agency present in a closed session of that shareholder, member, or owner local agency.
(2) A designated alternate member of the governing board of the public bank who is also a member of the governing board of a shareholder, member, or owner local agency and who is attending a properly noticed meeting of the public bank governing board in lieu of a shareholder, member, or owner local agency's regularly appointed member may attend a closed session of the public bank governing board. (c) If the governing board of a public bank adopts a policy or a bylaw or includes provisions in its governing documents pursuant to subdivision (b), then the governing board of the shareholder, member, or owner local agency, upon the advice of its legal counsel, may conduct a closed session in order to receive, discuss, and take action concerning information obtained in a closed session of the public bank governing board pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (b).
(a)(1) This chapter does not prevent the legislative body of a local agency from holding closed sessions with the Governor, Attorney General, district attorney, agency counsel, sheriff, or chief of police, or other law enforcement or security personnel, or a security consultant or a security operations manager, on matters posing a threat to the security of public buildings, a threat to the security of essential public services, including water, drinking water, wastewater treatment, natural gas service, and electric service, a threat to the public's right of access to public services or public facilities, or a threat to critical infrastructure controls or critical infrastructure information relating to cybersecurity.
(2) For purposes of this subdivision, the following definitions apply:
(A) “Critical infrastructure controls” means networks and systems controlling assets so vital to the local agency that the incapacity or destruction of those networks, systems, or assets would have a debilitating impact on public health, safety, economic security, or any combination thereof. (B) “Critical infrastructure information” means information not customarily in the public domain pertaining to any of the following:
(i) Actual, potential, or threatened interference with, or an attack on, compromise of, or incapacitation of critical infrastructure controls by either physical or computer-based attack or other similar conduct, including, but not limited to, the misuse of, or unauthorized access to, all types of communications and data transmission systems, that violates federal, state, or local law or harms public health, safety, or economic security, or any combination thereof.
(ii) The ability of critical infrastructure controls to resist any interference, compromise, or incapacitation, including,

26 Section 54957.1
Closed sessions; public report
of action taken
but not limited to, any planned or past assessment or estimate of the vulnerability of critical infrastructure. (iii) Any planned or past operational problem or solution regarding critical infrastructure controls, including, but not limited to, repair, recovery, reconstruction, insurance, or continuity, to the extent it is related to interference, compromise, or incapacitation of critical infrastructure controls. (b)(1) Subject to paragraph (2), this chapter does not prevent the legislative body of a local agency from holding closed sessions during a regular or special meeting to consider the appointment, employment, evaluation of performance, discipline, or dismissal of a public employee or to hear complaints or charges brought against the employee by another person or employee unless the employee requests a public session. (2) As a condition to holding a closed session on specific complaints or charges brought against an employee by another person or employee, the employee shall be given written notice of their right to have the complaints or charges heard in an open session rather than a closed session, which notice shall be delivered to the employee personally or by mail at least 24 hours before the time for holding the session. If notice is not given, any disciplinary or other action taken by the legislative body against the employee based on the specific complaints or charges in the closed session shall be null and void.
(3) The legislative body also may exclude from the public or closed meeting, during the examination of a witness, any or all other witnesses in the matter being investigated by the legislative body. (4) For the purposes of this subdivision, the term “employee” shall include an officer or an independent contractor who functions as an officer or an employee but shall not include any elected official, member of a legislative body or other independent contractors. This subdivision shall not limit local officials' ability to hold closed session meetings pursuant to Sections 1461, 32106, and 32155 of the Health and Safety Code or Sections 37606 and 37624.3 of the Government Code. Closed sessions held pursuant to this subdivision shall not include discussion or action on proposed compensation except for a reduction of compensation that results from the imposition of discipline.
(a) The legislative body of any local agency shall publicly report any action taken in closed session and the vote or abstention on that action of every member present, as follows:
(1) Approval of an agreement concluding real estate negotiations pursuant to Section 54956.8 shall be reported after the agreement is final, as follows:
(A) If its own approval renders the agreement final, the body shall report that approval and the substance of the agreement in open session at the public meeting during which the closed session is held. (B) If final approval rests with the other party to the negotiations, the local agency shall disclose the fact of that approval and the substance of the agreement upon inquiry by any person, as soon as the other party or its agent has informed the local agency of its approval.
(2) Approval given to its legal counsel to defend, or seek or refrain from seeking appellate review or relief, or to enter as an amicus curiae in any form of litigation as the result of a consultation under Section 54956.9 shall be reported in open session at the public meeting during which the closed session is held. The report shall identify, if known, the adverse party or parties and the substance of the litigation. In the case of approval given to initiate or intervene in an action, the announcement need not identify the action, the defendants, or other particulars, but shall specify that the direction to initiate or intervene in an action has been given and that the action, the defendants, and the other particulars shall, once formally commenced, be disclosed to any person upon inquiry, unless to do so would jeopardize the agency's ability to effectuate service of process on one or more unserved parties, or that to do so would jeopardize its ability to conclude existing settlement negotiations to its advantage. (3) Approval given to its legal counsel of a settlement of pending litigation, as defined in Section 54956.9, at any stage prior to or during a judicial or quasi-judicial proceeding shall be reported after the settlement is final, as follows:
(A) If the legislative body accepts a settlement offer signed by the opposing party, the body shall report its acceptance and identify the substance of the agreement in open session at the public meeting during which the closed session is held.
(B) If final approval rests with some other party to the litigation or with the court, then as soon as the settlement becomes final, and upon inquiry by any person, the local agency shall disclose the fact of that approval, and identify the substance of the agreement.
(4) Disposition reached as to claims discussed in closed session pursuant to Section 54956.95 shall be reported as soon as reached in a manner that identifies the name of the claimant, the name of the local agency claimed against, the substance of the claim, and any monetary amount approved for payment and agreed upon by the claimant.
(5) Action taken to appoint, employ, dismiss, accept the resignation of, or otherwise affect the employment status of a public employee in closed session pursuant to Section 54957 shall be reported at the public meeting during which the closed session is held. Any report required by this paragraph shall identify the title of the position. The general requirement of this paragraph notwithstanding, the report of a dismissal or of the nonrenewal of an employment contract shall be deferred until the first public meeting following the exhaustion of administrative remedies, if any.
(6) Approval of an agreement concluding labor negotiations with represented employees pursuant to Section 54957.6 shall be reported after the agreement is final and has been accepted or ratified by the other party. The report shall identify the item approved and the other party or parties to the negotiation. (7) Pension fund investment transaction decisions made pursuant to Section 54956.81 shall be disclosed at the first open meeting of the legislative body held after the earlier of the close of the investment transaction or the transfer of pension fund assets for the investment transaction. (b) Reports that are required to be made pursuant to this section may be made orally or in writing. The legislative body shall provide to any person who has submitted a written request to the legislative body within 24 hours of the posting of the agenda, or to any person who has made a standing request for all documentation as part of a request for notice of meetings pursuant to Section 54954.1 or 54956, if the requester is present at the time the closed session ends, copies of any contracts, settlement agreements, or other documents that were finally

27 Section 54957.2
Minute book record of closed
sessions; inspection
Section 54957.5
Agendas of public meetings;
writings distributed less than 72
hours prior to meeting; public
records; inspection
approved or adopted in the closed session. If the action taken results in one or more substantive amendments to the related documents requiring retyping, the documents need not be released until the retyping is completed during normal business hours, provided that the presiding officer of the legislative body or his or her designee orally summarizes the substance of the amendments for the benefit of the document requester or any other person present and requesting the information.
(c) The documentation referred to in subdivision (b) shall be available to any person on the next business day following the meeting in which the action referred to is taken or, in the case of substantial amendments, when any necessary retyping is complete.
(d) Nothing in this section shall be construed to require that the legislative body approve actions not otherwise subject to legislative body approval.
(e) No action for injury to a reputational, liberty, or other personal interest may be commenced by or on behalf of any employee or former employee with respect to whom a disclosure is made by a legislative body in an effort to comply with this section.
(f) This section is necessary to implement, and reasonably within the scope of, paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) of Section 3 of Article I of the California Constitution.
(a) The legislative body of a local agency may, by ordinance or resolution, designate a clerk or other officer or employee of the local agency who shall then attend each closed session of the legislative body and keep and enter in a minute book a record of topics discussed and decisions made at the meeting. The minute book made pursuant to this section is not a public record subject to inspection pursuant to the California Public Records Act (Division 10 (commencing with Section 7920.000) of Title 1), and shall be kept confidential. The minute book shall be available only to members of the legislative body or, if a violation of this chapter is alleged to have occurred at a closed session, to a court of general jurisdiction wherein the local agency lies. The minute book may, but need not, consist of a recording of the closed session.
(b) An elected legislative body of a local agency may require that each legislative body all or a majority of whose members are appointed by or under the authority of the elected legislative body keep a minute book as prescribed under subdivision (a).
(a) Agendas of public meetings are disclosable public records under the California Public Records Act (Division 10 (commencing with Section 7920.000) of Title 1), and shall be made available upon request without delay and in compliance with Section 54954.2 or Section 54956, as applicable. However, this section shall not apply to a writing, or portion thereof, that is exempt from public disclosure. (b)(1) If a writing is a public record related to an agenda item for an open session of a regular meeting of the legislative body of a local agency and is distributed to all, or a majority of all, of the members of a legislative body of a local agency by a person in connection with a matter subject to discussion or consideration at an open meeting of the body less than 72 hours before that meeting, the writing shall be made available for public inspection pursuant to paragraph (2) at the time the writing is distributed to all, or a majority of all, of the members of the body.
(2)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), a local agency shall comply with both of the following requirements:
(i) A local agency shall make any writing described in paragraph (1) available for public inspection at a public office or location that the agency shall designate for this purpose. (ii) A local agency shall list the address of the office or location designated pursuant to clause (i) on the agendas for all meetings of the legislative body of that agency. (B) A local agency shall not be required to comply with the requirements of subparagraph (A) if all of the following requirements are met:
(i) An initial staff report or similar document containing an executive summary and the staff recommendation, if any, relating to that agenda item is made available for public inspection at the office or location designated pursuant to clause (i) of subparagraph (A) at least 72 hours before the meeting. (ii) The local agency immediately posts any writing described in paragraph (1) on the local agency's internet website in a position and manner that makes it clear that the writing relates to an agenda item for an upcoming meeting.
(iii) The local agency lists the web address of the local agency's internet website on the agendas for all meetings of the legislative body of that agency.
(iv)(I) Subject to subclause (II), the local agency makes physical copies available for public inspection, beginning the next regular business hours for the local agency, at the office or location designated pursuant to clause (i) of subparagraph (A).
(II) This clause is satisfied only if the next regular business hours of the local agency commence at least 24 hours before that meeting.
(c) Writings that are public records described in subdivision (b) and distributed during a public meeting shall be made available for public inspection at the meeting if prepared by the local agency or a member of its legislative body, or after the meeting if prepared by some other person. These writings shall be made available in appropriate alternative formats upon request by a person with a disability, as required by Section 202 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12132), and the federal rules and regulations adopted in implementation thereof.
(d) This chapter shall not be construed to prevent the legislative body of a local agency from charging a fee or deposit for a copy of a public record pursuant to Section 7922.530, except that a surcharge shall not be imposed on persons with disabilities in violation of Section 202 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C.

Sec. 12132), and the federal rules and regulations adopted in implementation thereof. (e) This section shall not be construed to limit or delay the public's right to inspect or obtain a copy of any record required to be disclosed under the requirements of the California Public Records Act (Division 10 (commencing

28 Section 54957.6
Closed sessions; salaries,
salary schedules or fringe
benefits
with Section 7920.000) of Title 1), including, but not limited to, the ability of the public to inspect public records pursuant to Section 7922.525 and obtain copies of public records pursuant to either subdivision (b) of Section 7922.530 or Section 7922.535. This chapter shall not be construed to require a legislative body of a local agency to place any paid advertisement or any other paid notice in any publication. (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a legislative body of a local agency may hold closed sessions with the local agency's designated representatives regarding the salaries, salary schedules, or compensation paid in the form of fringe benefits of its represented and unrepresented employees, and, for represented employees, any other matter within the statutorily provided scope of representation.

However, prior to the closed session, the legislative body of the local agency shall hold an open and public session in which it identifies its designated representatives.

Closed sessions of a legislative body of a local agency, as permitted in this section, shall be for the purpose of reviewing its position and instructing the local agency's designated representatives.

Closed sessions, as permitted in this section, may take place prior to and during consultations and discussions with representatives of employee organizations and unrepresented employees.

Closed sessions with the local agency's designated representative regarding the salaries, salary schedules, or compensation paid in the form of fringe benefits may include discussion of an agency's available funds and funding priorities, but only insofar as these discussions relate to providing instructions to the local agency's designated representative.

Closed sessions held pursuant to this section shall not include final action on the proposed compensation of one or more unrepresented employees.

For the purposes enumerated in this section, a legislative body of a local agency may also meet with a state conciliator who has intervened in the proceedings.
(b) For the purposes of this section, the term “employee” shall include an officer or an independent contractor who functions as an officer or an employee, but shall not include any elected official, member of a legislative body, or other independent contractors.

Section 54957.6
Closed sessions; salaries,
salary schedules or fringe
benefits
Beginning January 1, 2026
Section 54957.7
Disclosure of items to be
discussed in closed sessions
Section 54957.8
Multijurisdictional law
enforcement agency; closed
sessions by legislative or
advisory body of agency
(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a legislative body of a local agency may hold closed sessions with the local agency's designated representatives regarding the salaries, salary schedules, or compensation paid in the form of fringe benefits of its represented and unrepresented employees, and, for represented employees, any other matter within the statutorily provided scope of representation, subject to all of the following conditions:
(1) Prior to the closed session, the legislative body of the local agency shall hold an open and public session in which it identifies its designated representatives.
(2) The closed session shall be for the purpose of reviewing its position and instructing the local agency's designated representatives.
(3) The closed session may take place prior to and during consultations and discussions with representatives of employee organizations and unrepresented employees.
(4) Any closed sessions with the local agency's designated representative regarding the salaries, salary schedules, or compensation paid in the form of fringe benefits may include discussion of an agency's available funds and funding priorities, but only insofar as these discussions relate to providing instructions to the local agency's designated representative.
(5) The closed sessions shall not include final action on the proposed compensation of one or more unrepresented employees.
(6) For the purposes enumerated in this section, a legislative body of a local agency may also meet with a state conciliator who has intervened in the proceedings.
(b) For the purposes of this section, the term “employee” shall include an officer or an independent contractor who functions as an officer or an employee, but shall not include any elected official, member of a legislative body, or other independent contractors.
(a) Prior to holding any closed session, the legislative body of the local agency shall disclose, in an open meeting, the item or items to be discussed in the closed session. The disclosure may take the form of a reference to the item or items as they are listed by number or letter on the agenda. In the closed session, the legislative body may consider only those matters covered in its statement. Nothing in this section shall require or authorize a disclosure of information prohibited by state or federal law.
(b) After any closed session, the legislative body shall reconvene into open session prior to adjournment and shall make any disclosures required by Section 54957.1 of action taken in the closed session. (c) The announcements required to be made in open session pursuant to this section may be made at the location announced in the agenda for the closed session, as long as the public is allowed to be present at that location for the purpose of hearing the announcements.
(a) For purposes of this section, “multijurisdictional law enforcement agency” means a joint powers entity formed pursuant to Article 1 (commencing with Section 6500) of Chapter 5 of Division 7 of Title 1 that provides law enforcement services for the parties to the joint powers agreement for the purpose of investigating criminal activity involving drugs; gangs; sex crimes; firearms trafficking or felony possession of a firearm; high technology, computer, or identity theft; human trafficking; or vehicle theft. (b) Nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed to prevent the legislative body of a multijurisdictional law enforcement agency, or an advisory body of a multijurisdictional law enforcement agency, from holding closed sessions to discuss the case records of any ongoing criminal investigation of the multijurisdictional law enforcement agency or of any party to the joint powers agreement, to hear testimony from persons involved in the investigation, and to discuss courses of action in particular cases.

29 Section 54957.9
Disorderly conduct of general
public during meeting; clearing
of room
Section 54957.9
Disorderly conduct of general
public during meeting; clearing
of room
Beginning January 1, 2026
Section 54957.95
Disruptive behavior during
meeting; removal of individual
Section 54957.95
Disruptive behavior during
meeting; removal of individual
Beginning January 1, 2026
Section 54957.10
Closed sessions; local agency
employee application for early
withdrawal of funds in deferred
compensation plan; financial
hardship
Section 54958
Application of chapter
In the event that any meeting is willfully interrupted by a group or groups of persons so as to render the orderly conduct of such meeting unfeasible and order cannot be restored by the removal of individuals who are willfully interrupting the meeting, the members of the legislative body conducting the meeting may order the meeting room cleared and continue in session. Only matters appearing on the agenda may be considered in such a session.

Representatives of the press or other news media, except those participating in the disturbance, shall be allowed to attend any session held pursuant to this section. Nothing in this section shall prohibit the legislative body from establishing a procedure for readmitting an individual or individuals not responsible for willfully disturbing the orderly conduct of the meeting.

In the event that any meeting is willfully interrupted by a group or groups of persons so as to render the orderly conduct of the meeting unfeasible and order cannot be restored by the removal of individuals who are willfully interrupting the meeting, the members of the legislative body conducting the meeting may order the meeting room cleared and continue in session. Only matters appearing on the agenda may be considered in such a session.

Representatives of the press or other news media, except those participating in the disturbance, shall be allowed to attend any session held pursuant to this section. Nothing in this section shall prohibit the legislative body from establishing a procedure for readmitting an individual or individuals not responsible for willfully disturbing the orderly conduct of the meeting.
(a)(1) In addition to authority exercised pursuant to Sections 54954.3 and 54957.9, the presiding member of the legislative body conducting a meeting or their designee may remove, or cause the removal of, an individual for disrupting the meeting.
(2) Prior to removing an individual, the presiding member or their designee shall warn the individual that their behavior is disrupting the meeting and that their failure to cease their behavior may result in their removal. The presiding member or their designee may then remove the individual if they do not promptly cease their disruptive behavior. This paragraph does not apply to any behavior described in subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (b).
(b) As used in this section:
(1) “Disrupting” means engaging in behavior during a meeting of a legislative body that actually disrupts, disturbs, impedes, or renders infeasible the orderly conduct of the meeting and includes, but is not limited to, one of the following:
(A) A failure to comply with reasonable and lawful regulations adopted by a legislative body pursuant to Section 54954.3 or any other law.
(B) Engaging in behavior that constitutes use of force or a true threat of force. (2) “True threat of force” means a threat that has sufficient indicia of intent and seriousness, that a reasonable observer would perceive it to be an actual threat to use force by the person making the threat. (a)(1) In addition to authority exercised pursuant to Sections 54954.3 and 54957.9, the presiding member of the legislative body conducting a meeting or their designee may remove, or cause the removal of, an individual for disrupting the meeting, including any teleconferenced meeting. (2) Prior to removing an individual, the presiding member or their designee shall warn the individual that their behavior is disrupting the meeting and that their failure to cease their behavior may result in their removal. The presiding member or their designee may then remove the individual if they do not promptly cease their disruptive behavior. This paragraph does not apply to any behavior described in subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1) of subdivision (b).
(b) As used in this section:
(1) “Disrupting” means engaging in behavior during a meeting of a legislative body that actually disrupts, disturbs, impedes, or renders infeasible the orderly conduct of the meeting and includes, but is not limited to, one of the following:
(A) A failure to comply with reasonable and lawful regulations adopted by a legislative body pursuant to Section 54954.3 or any other law.
(B) Engaging in behavior that constitutes use of force or a true threat of force. (2) “True threat of force” means a threat that has sufficient indicia of intent and seriousness, that a reasonable observer would perceive it to be an actual threat to use force by the person making the threat.

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a legislative body of a local agency may hold closed sessions to discuss a local agency employee's application for early withdrawal of funds in a deferred compensation plan when the application is based on financial hardship arising from an unforeseeable emergency due to illness, accident, casualty, or other extraordinary event, as specified in the deferred compensation plan.

The provisions of this chapter shall apply to the legislative body of every local agency notwithstanding the conflicting provisions of any other state law.

30 Section 54959
Penalty for unlawful meeting
Section 54960
Actions to stop or prevent
violations of meeting
provisions; applicability of
meeting provisions; validity of
rules or actions on recording
closed sessions
Section 54960.1
Unlawful action by legislative
body; action for mandamus or
injunction; prerequisites
Each member of a legislative body who attends a meeting of that legislative body where action is taken in violation of any provision of this chapter, and where the member intends to deprive the public of information to which the member knows or has reason to know the public is entitled under this chapter, is guilty of a misdemeanor. (a) The district attorney or any interested person may commence an action by mandamus, injunction, or declaratory relief for the purpose of stopping or preventing violations or threatened violations of this chapter by members of the legislative body of a local agency or to determine the applicability of this chapter to ongoing actions or threatened future actions of the legislative body, or to determine the applicability of this chapter to past actions of the legislative body, subject to Section 54960.2, or to determine whether any rule or action by the legislative body to penalize or otherwise discourage the expression of one or more of its members is valid or invalid under the laws of this state or of the United States, or to compel the legislative body to audio record its closed sessions as hereinafter provided.
(b) The court in its discretion may, upon a judgment of a violation of Section 54956.7, 54956.8, 54956.9, 54956.95, 54957, or 54957.6, order the legislative body to audio record its closed sessions and preserve the audio recordings for the period and under the terms of security and confidentiality the court deems appropriate.
(c)(1) Each recording so kept shall be immediately labeled with the date of the closed session recorded and the title of the clerk or other officer who shall be custodian of the recording. (2) The audio recordings shall be subject to the following discovery procedures:
(A) In any case in which discovery or disclosure of the audio recording is sought by either the district attorney or the plaintiff in a civil action pursuant to Section 54959, 54960, or 54960.1 alleging that a violation of this chapter has occurred in a closed session that has been recorded pursuant to this section, the party seeking discovery or disclosure shall file a written notice of motion with the appropriate court with notice to the governmental agency that has custody and control of the audio recording. The notice shall be given pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 1005 of the Code of Civil Procedure.
(B) The notice shall include, in addition to the items required by Section 1010 of the Code of Civil Procedure, all of the following:
(i) Identification of the proceeding in which discovery or disclosure is sought, the party seeking discovery or disclosure, the date and time of the meeting recorded, and the governmental agency that has custody and control of the recording.
(ii) An affidavit that contains specific facts indicating that a violation of the act occurred in the closed session. (3) If the court, following a review of the motion, finds that there is good cause to believe that a violation has occurred, the court may review, in camera, the recording of that portion of the closed session alleged to have violated the act.
(4) If, following the in camera review, the court concludes that disclosure of a portion of the recording would be likely to materially assist in the resolution of the litigation alleging violation of this chapter, the court shall, in its discretion, make a certified transcript of the portion of the recording a public exhibit in the proceeding. (5) This section shall not permit discovery of communications that are protected by the attorney-client privilege. (a) The district attorney or any interested person may commence an action by mandamus or injunction for the purpose of obtaining a judicial determination that an action taken by a legislative body of a local agency in violation of Section 54953, 54954.2, 54954.5, 54954.6, 54956, or 54956.5 is null and void under this section.

Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent a legislative body from curing or correcting an action challenged pursuant to this section.
(b) Prior to any action being commenced pursuant to subdivision (a), the district attorney or interested person shall make a demand of the legislative body to cure or correct the action alleged to have been taken in violation of Section 54953, 54954.2, 54954.5, 54954.6, 54956, or 54956.5. The demand shall be in writing and clearly describe the challenged action of the legislative body and nature of the alleged violation. (c)(1) The written demand shall be made within 90 days from the date the action was taken unless the action was taken in an open session but in violation of Section 54954.2, in which case the written demand shall be made within 30 days from the date the action was taken.
(2) Within 30 days of receipt of the demand, the legislative body shall cure or correct the challenged action and inform the demanding party in writing of its actions to cure or correct or inform the demanding party in writing of its decision not to cure or correct the challenged action.
(3) If the legislative body takes no action within the 30-day period, the inaction shall be deemed a decision not to cure or correct the challenged action, and the 15-day period to commence the action described in subdivision (a) shall commence to run the day after the 30-day period to cure or correct expires. (4) Within 15 days of receipt of the written notice of the legislative body's decision to cure or correct, or not to cure or correct, or within 15 days of the expiration of the 30-day period to cure or correct, whichever is earlier, the demanding party shall be required to commence the action pursuant to subdivision (a) or thereafter be barred from commencing the action.
(d) An action taken that is alleged to have been taken in violation of Section 54953, 54954.2, 54954.5, 54954.6, 54956, or 54956.5 shall not be determined to be null and void if any of the following conditions exist:
(1) The action taken was in substantial compliance with Sections 54953, 54954.2, 54954.5, 54954.6, 54956, and 54956.5.
(2) The action taken was in connection with the sale or issuance of notes, bonds, or other evidences of indebtedness or any contract, instrument, or agreement thereto. (3) The action taken gave rise to a contractual obligation, including a contract let by competitive bid other than compensation for services in the form of salary or fees for professional services, upon which a party has, in good faith and without notice of a challenge to the validity of the action, detrimentally relied.

31 Section 54960.2
Actions to determine past
violations by legislative body;
conditions; cease and desist
letters; responses by legislative
body; unconditional
commitments to cease;
resolutions to rescind
commitments
(4) The action taken was in connection with the collection of any tax. (5) Any person, city, city and county, county, district, or any agency or subdivision of the state alleging noncompliance with subdivision (a) of Section 54954.2, Section 54956, or Section 54956.5, because of any defect, error, irregularity, or omission in the notice given pursuant to those provisions, had actual notice of the item of business at least 72 hours prior to the meeting at which the action was taken, if the meeting was noticed pursuant to Section 54954.2, or 24 hours prior to the meeting at which the action was taken if the meeting was noticed pursuant to Section 54956, or prior to the meeting at which the action was taken if the meeting is held pursuant to Section 54956.5.
(e) During any action seeking a judicial determination pursuant to subdivision (a) if the court determines, pursuant to a showing by the legislative body that an action alleged to have been taken in violation of Section 54953, 54954.2, 54954.5, 54954.6, 54956, or 54956.5 has been cured or corrected by a subsequent action of the legislative body, the action filed pursuant to subdivision (a) shall be dismissed with prejudice. (f) The fact that a legislative body takes a subsequent action to cure or correct an action taken pursuant to this section shall not be construed or admissible as evidence of a violation of this chapter. (a) The district attorney or any interested person may file an action to determine the applicability of this chapter to past actions of the legislative body pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 54960 only if all of the following conditions are met:
(1) The district attorney or interested person alleging a violation of this chapter first submits a cease and desist letter by postal mail or facsimile transmission to the clerk or secretary of the legislative body being accused of the violation, as designated in the statement pertaining to that public agency on file pursuant to Section 53051, or if the agency does not have a statement on file designating a clerk or a secretary, to the chief executive officer of that agency, clearly describing the past action of the legislative body and nature of the alleged violation. (2) The cease and desist letter required under paragraph (1) is submitted to the legislative body within nine months of the alleged violation.
(3) The time during which the legislative body may respond to the cease and desist letter pursuant to subdivision (b) has expired and the legislative body has not provided an unconditional commitment pursuant to subdivision (c).
(4) Within 60 days of receipt of the legislative body's response to the cease and desist letter, other than an unconditional commitment pursuant to subdivision (c), or within 60 days of the expiration of the time during which the legislative body may respond to the cease and desist letter pursuant to subdivision (b), whichever is earlier, the party submitting the cease and desist letter shall commence the action pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 54960 or thereafter be barred from commencing the action. (b) The legislative body may respond to a cease and desist letter submitted pursuant to subdivision (a) within 30 days of receiving the letter. This subdivision shall not be construed to prevent the legislative body from providing an unconditional commitment pursuant to subdivision (c) at any time after the 30-day period has expired, except that in that event the court shall award court costs and reasonable attorney fees to the plaintiff in an action brought pursuant to this section, in accordance with Section 54960.5. (c)(1) If the legislative body elects to respond to the cease and desist letter with an unconditional commitment to cease, desist from, and not repeat the past action that is alleged to violate this chapter, that response shall be in substantially the following form:

To ______________________:

The [name of legislative body] has received your cease and desist letter dated [date] alleging that the following described past action of the legislative body violates the Ralph M. Brown Act:
[Describe alleged past action, as set forth in the cease and desist letter submitted pursuant to subdivision (a)] In order to avoid unnecessary litigation and without admitting any violation of the Ralph M. Brown Act, the [name of legislative body] hereby unconditionally commits that it will cease, desist from, and not repeat the challenged past action as described above.

The [name of legislative body] may rescind this commitment only by a majority vote of its membership taken in open session at a regular meeting and noticed on its posted agenda as “Rescission of Brown Act Commitment.” You will be provided with written notice, sent by any means or media you provide in response to this message, to whatever address or addresses you specify, of any intention to consider rescinding this commitment at least 30 days before any such regular meeting. In the event that this commitment is rescinded, you will have the right to commence legal action pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 54960 of the Government Code. That notice will be delivered to you by the same means as this commitment, or may be mailed to an address that you have designated in writing.

Very truly yours,
______________________________
[Chairperson or acting chairperson of the legislative body] (2) An unconditional commitment pursuant to this subdivision shall be approved by the legislative body in open session at a regular or special meeting as a separate item of business, and not on its consent agenda. (3) An action shall not be commenced to determine the applicability of this chapter to any past action of the legislative body for which the legislative body has provided an unconditional commitment pursuant to this subdivision. During any action seeking a judicial determination regarding the applicability of this chapter to any

32 Section 54960.5
Costs and attorney fees
Section 54961
Meetings prohibited in facilities;
grounds; identity of victims of
tortious sexual conduct or child
abuse
Section 54962
Closed session by legislative
body prohibited
Section 54963
Confidential information
acquired during an authorized
closed legislative session;
authorization by legislative
body; remedies for violation;
exceptions
past action of the legislative body pursuant to subdivision (a), if the court determines that the legislative body has provided an unconditional commitment pursuant to this subdivision, the action shall be dismissed with prejudice.

Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed to modify or limit the existing ability of the district attorney or any interested person to commence an action to determine the applicability of this chapter to ongoing actions or threatened future actions of the legislative body.
(4) Except as provided in subdivision (d), the fact that a legislative body provides an unconditional commitment shall not be construed or admissible as evidence of a violation of this chapter. (d) If the legislative body provides an unconditional commitment as set forth in subdivision (c), the legislative body shall not thereafter take or engage in the challenged action described in the cease and desist letter, except as provided in subdivision (e). Violation of this subdivision shall constitute an independent violation of this chapter, without regard to whether the challenged action would otherwise violate this chapter. An action alleging past violation or threatened future violation of this subdivision may be brought pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 54960, without regard to the procedural requirements of this section. (e) The legislative body may resolve to rescind an unconditional commitment made pursuant to subdivision (c) by a majority vote of its membership taken in open session at a regular meeting as a separate item of business not on its consent agenda, and noticed on its posted agenda as “Rescission of Brown Act Commitment,” provided that not less than 30 days prior to such regular meeting, the legislative body provides written notice of its intent to consider the rescission to each person to whom the unconditional commitment was made, and to the district attorney. Upon rescission, the district attorney or any interested person may commence an action pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 54960. An action under this subdivision may be brought pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 54960, without regard to the procedural requirements of this section.

A court may award court costs and reasonable attorney fees to the plaintiff in an action brought pursuant to Section 54960, 54960.1, or 54960.2 where it is found that a legislative body of the local agency has violated this chapter. Additionally, when an action brought pursuant to Section 54960.2 is dismissed with prejudice because a legislative body has provided an unconditional commitment pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (c) of that section at any time after the 30-day period for making such a commitment has expired, the court shall award court costs and reasonable attorney fees to the plaintiff if the filing of that action caused the legislative body to issue the unconditional commitment. The costs and fees shall be paid by the local agency and shall not become a personal liability of any public officer or employee of the local agency.

A court may award court costs and reasonable attorney fees to a defendant in any action brought pursuant to Section 54960 or 54960.1 where the defendant has prevailed in a final determination of such action and the court finds that the action was clearly frivolous and totally lacking in merit. (a) No legislative body of a local agency shall conduct any meeting in any facility that prohibits the admittance of any person, or persons, on the basis of ancestry or any characteristic listed or defined in Section 11135, or which is inaccessible to disabled persons, or where members of the public may not be present without making a payment or purchase. This section shall apply to every local agency as defined in Section 54951. (b) No notice, agenda, announcement, or report required under this chapter need identify any victim or alleged victim of tortious sexual conduct or child abuse unless the identity of the person has been publicly disclosed.

Except as expressly authorized by this chapter, or by Sections 1461, 1462, 32106, and 32155 of the Health and Safety Code, or by Sections 37606, 37606.1, and 37624.3 of the Government Code as they apply to hospitals, or by any provision of the Education Code pertaining to school districts and community college districts, no closed session may be held by any legislative body of any local agency. (a) A person may not disclose confidential information that has been acquired by being present in a closed session authorized by Section 54956.7, 54956.8, 54956.86, 54956.87, 54956.9, 54957, 54957.6, 54957.8, or 54957.10 to a person not entitled to receive it, unless the legislative body authorizes disclosure of that confidential information.
(b) For purposes of this section, “confidential information” means a communication made in a closed session that is specifically related to the basis for the legislative body of a local agency to meet lawfully in closed session under this chapter.
(c) Violation of this section may be addressed by the use of such remedies as are currently available by law, including, but not limited to:
(1) Injunctive relief to prevent the disclosure of confidential information prohibited by this section. (2) Disciplinary action against an employee who has willfully disclosed confidential information in violation of this section.
(3) Referral of a member of a legislative body who has willfully disclosed confidential information in violation of this section to the grandjury.1
(d) Disciplinary action pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (c) shall require that the employee in question has either received training as to the requirements of this section or otherwise has been given notice of the requirements of this section.
(e) A local agency may not take any action authorized by subdivision (c) against a person, nor shall it be deemed a violation of this section, for doing any of the following:
(1) Making a confidential inquiry or complaint to a district attorney or grand jury concerning a perceived violation of law, including disclosing facts to a district attorney or grand jury that are necessary to establish the illegality of an action taken by a legislative body of a local agency or the potential illegality of an action that has been the subject of deliberation at a closed session if that action were to be taken by a legislative body of a local agency.

33 4903-9547-8385, v. 1
(2) Expressing an opinion concerning the propriety or legality of actions taken by a legislative body of a local agency in closed session, including disclosure of the nature and extent of the illegal or potentially illegal action. (3) Disclosing information acquired by being present in a closed session under this chapter that is not confidential information.
(f) Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit disclosures under the whistleblower statutes contained in Section 1102.5 of the Labor Code or Article 4.5 (commencing with Section 53296) of Chapter 2 of this code.

Open & Public VI
A GUIDE TO THE RALPH M. BROWN ACT
REVISED JANUARY 2024
Photo credit: Courtesy of the City of West
Hollywood. Photo by Jon Viscott.

ii OPEN & PUBLIC VI: A GUIDE TO THE RALPH M. BROWN ACT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Cal Cities thanks the following individuals for their work on this publication:

Brown Act Committee
Tracy M. Noonan, Committee Chair
City Attorney, Thousand Oaks
Amy Ackerman
Town Attorney, Corte Madera; Renne Public Law Group
Sheri Damon
City Attorney, Seaside
Christopher Diaz
City Attorney, Colma and Hillsborough
Best Best & Krieger LLP
Megan J. Marevich
Assistant City Attorney, Mountain View
Javan N. Rad
Chief Assistant City Attorney, Pasadena
Prasanna W. Rasiah
City Attorney, San Mateo
Sujata Reuter
Chief Assistant City Attorney, Santa Clara
Robert Schultz
Attorney
Frank A. Splendorio
City Attorney, Atwater and Plymouth
Best Best & Krieger LLP
Osa Wolff
City Attorney, Orinda
Shute, Mihaly & Weinberger LLP
Cal Cities Staff
Sheri Chapman, General Counsel
Alison Leary, Senior Deputy General Counsel
Janet Leonard, Executive Assistant, Legal Services

OPEN & PUBLIC VI: A GUIDE TO THE RALPH M. BROWN ACT 1
REVISED JANUARY 2024
Open & Public VI
A GUIDE TO THE RALPH M. BROWN ACT
CHAPTER 1: IT IS THE PEOPLE’S BUSINESS.................................................5 CHAPTER 2: LEGISLATIVE BODIES............................................................11 CHAPTER 3: MEETINGS............................................................................17 CHAPTER 4: AGENDAS, NOTICES, AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ..............29 CHAPTER 5: CLOSED SESSIONS ...............................................................41 CHAPTER 6: REMEDIES ............................................................................55

2 OPEN & PUBLIC VI: A GUIDE TO THE RALPH M. BROWN ACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: IT IS THE PEOPLE’S BUSINESS............................................... 5 The right of access ...................................................................................................................6 Broad coverage ........................................................................................................................6 Narrow exemptions .................................................................................................................7 Public participation in meetings ..............................................................................................7 Controversy..............................................................................................................................8 Beyond the law — good business practices............................................................................8 Achieving balance ....................................................................................................................9 Historical note ..........................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 2: LEGISLATIVE BODIES ........................................................... 11 What is a “legislative body” of a local agency? .....................................................................12 What is not a “legislative body” for purposes of the Brown Act? .........................................14 CHAPTER 3: MEETINGS ...........................................................................17 Brown Act meetings...............................................................................................................18 Six exceptions to the meeting definition...............................................................................18 Collective briefings.................................................................................................................21 Retreats, trainings, and workshops of legislative bodies.......................................................21 Serial meetings.......................................................................................................................22 Informal gatherings ................................................................................................................24 Technological conferencing ...................................................................................................25 Location of meetings..............................................................................................................26 CHAPTER 4: AGENDAS, NOTICES, AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION.............. 29 Agendas for regular meetings................................................................................................30 Mailed agenda upon written request.....................................................................................31 Notice requirements for special meetings ............................................................................32 Notices and agendas for adjourned and continued meetings and hearings ........................32 Notice requirements for emergency meetings .....................................................................33 Notice of compensation for simultaneous or serial meetings ..............................................33 Educational agency meetings ................................................................................................33 Notice requirements for tax or assessment meetings and hearings....................................33

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Non-agenda items..................................................................................................................34 Responding to the public .......................................................................................................35 The right to attend and observe meetings ............................................................................36 Records and recordings .........................................................................................................37 The public’s right to speak during a meeting ........................................................................38 CHAPTER 5: CLOSED SESSIONS ..............................................................41 Agendas and reports..............................................................................................................42 Litigation.................................................................................................................................43 Real estate negotiations ........................................................................................................45 Public employment ................................................................................................................46 Labor negotiations .................................................................................................................47 Labor negotiations — school and community college districts ............................................48 Other Education Code exceptions .........................................................................................48 Joint powers authorities.........................................................................................................48 License applicants with criminal records ..............................................................................49 Public security........................................................................................................................49 Multijurisdictional law enforcement agency .........................................................................49 Hospital peer review and trade secrets.................................................................................49 Other legislative bases for closed session.............................................................................50 Who may attend closed sessions ..........................................................................................50 The confidentiality of closed session discussions .................................................................51 CHAPTER 6: REMEDIES .......................................................................... 55 Invalidation of action taken....................................................................................................56 Declaratory relief to determine whether past action violated the act..................................57 Civil action to prevent future violations.................................................................................57 Costs and attorney’s fees ......................................................................................................58 Misdemeanor penalties..........................................................................................................58 Voluntary resolution...............................................................................................................59