Industry City Council
February 27, 2025

Fund 165 - CARB
Department 300 - Expenditures
6414 Electric Purchased Power 450,000.00 450,000.00
6415 Energy Rebate 250.000.00 : 250,000.00 (250,000.00) Department 300 - Expenditures Total 250,000.00 250,000.00 200,000.00 450,000.00 Fund 165 - CARB Total
REVENUE Total 250,000.00 250000000 200,000.00 450,000.00 EXPENSE Total
Fund 360 - CRIA
Department 800 - CRIA Administration City
5120.01 Professional Services 235,000.00 235,000.00 100,000.00 335,000.00 8510 Property Maintenance 300,000.00 300,000.00 100,000.00 400,000.00 Department 800 - CRIA Administration City Total 535,000.00 535,000.00 200,000.00 735,000.00 Fund 360 - CRIA Total
EXPENSE Total 535,000.00 535,000.00 200,000.00 735,000.00 Fund 361 - CRIA EXPO Center
Department 814 - Banquet Revenue
4440 Miscellaneous Income 400.00 400.00 500.00 900.00
8141 Banquet Rentals 212,800.00 212,800.00 25,200.00 238,000.00 8142 Bar Sales 181,900.00 181,900.00 37,200.00 219,100.00 8164 Security Revenue 43,000.00 43,000.00 3,600.00 46,600.00 8165 1,300.00 1,300.00 300.00 1,600.00
8168 Equipment Rental - Banquet 1,300.00 1,300.00 1,500.00 2,800.00 8189 7,300.00 7,300.00 1,200.00 8,500.00
Departm selanes. Arena recanevenue 20,800.00 (800.00) 20,000.00 4444 20,800.00
8035 Show Barn Stall Rental 79,100.00 79,100.00 (27,700.00) 51,400.00 8042 Lighting 19,000.00 19,000.00 350000 21,700.00
8044 Audio/Video Tech Support 57,00.000 5,000.00
8045 RV Parking 57,600.00 8,600.00 66,200.00
8046 Ground Prep Fee 2,600.00 2,600.00 (1,300.00) 1,300.00 8142 Bar Sales 502,600.00 502,600.00 (120,000.00) 382,600.00 8151 Arena Rentals 182,600.00 182,600.00 300.00 182,900.00 8153 Shavings Sales 5,400.00 5,400.00 1,400.00 6,800.00 8155 Clean Up & Tear Down Fees 32,200.00 32,200.00 7,500.00 39,700.00 8156 Vendor Fee 45,600.00 45,600.00 700.00 46,300.00
8157 Parking Fees 261,200.00 261,200.00 1,100.00 262,300.00 8158 Outdoor Arena 4,200.00 4,200.00 3,800.00 8,000.00
8164 Security Revenue 77,900.00 17,900.00 4,900.00 82,800.00 8165 Concession Sales 200.00 200.00 (100.00) 100.00
8168 quipment Rental - Banqu 12,000.00 12,000.00 2,600.00 14,600.00 8225 and by outside services for Are 2,200.00 2,200.00 (1,100.00) 1,100.00

Department 816 - Administrative Account (EQ)
4440 Miscellaneous Income 1,200.00 1.757,20000 (400.00) 800.00 Department 800s- Revenue Total 1,754,400.00 (43,300.00) 1,711,100.00 Department 814 - Banquet Expenditures
5550 Repair and Maintenance Equipment 600.00 600.00 (300.00) 300.00 5560 Equipment Rental 2,200.00 2,200.00 (100.00) 2,100.00 5630 Insurance & Bond 1,100.00 1,100.00 (1,100.00)
5745 Sales Tax - Expo Center 700.00 700.00
5754 Bar Supplies 500.00 500.00 400.00 900.00
5757 Promotional Expenses 700.00 700.00 (300.00) 400.00 5761 Cost of Alcohol 52,400.00 52,400.00 (11,900.00) 40,500.00 5790 Miscellaneous 900.00 900.00 9,900.00 10,800.00
6140 Special Security Exp 52,800.00 52,800.00 3,800.00 56,600.00 6220 Contract Labor 284,500.00 284,500.00 32,300.00 316,800.00 6225 Outside Service 17,000.00 17,000.00 16,500.00 33,500.00 8510 Property Maintenance 5,600.00 5,600.00 (2,800.00) 2,800.00 Department 815 - Grand Arena Expenditures
5560 Equipment Rental 15,900.00 15,900.00 2,900.00 18,800.00 5750 Supplies 22,900.00 22,900.00 7,300.00 30,200.00
5754 Bar Supplies 5,300.00 5,300.00 1,300.00 6,600.00
5757 Promotional Expenses 18,900.00 18,900.00 (9,400.00) 9,500.00 5761 Cost of Alcohol 119,900.00 119,900.00 (11,700.00) 108,200.00 5762 Cost of Shavings 4,400.00 4,400.00 800.00 5,200.00 5763 Cost of Feed 400.00 400.00 (400.00)
5790 Miscellaneous 3,400.00 3,400.00 (1,500.00) 1,900.00 6140 Special Security Exp 97,500.00 97,500.00 (10,300.00) 87,200.00 6220 Contract Labor 205,700.00 205,700.00 (2,100.00) 203,600.00 6225 Outside Service 106,100.00 106,100.00 (37,400.00) 68,700.00 8510 Property Maintenance 6,000.00 6,000.00 9,100.00 15,100.00 9010 13,500.00 13,500.00 3,800.00 17,300.00
Denturen lime. & Fosurave Expenditures
4441.01 Cash Short/Over 200.00 200.00
5120 70,500.00 70,600.00 55,800.00 126,400.00
5530 Computer Software & Supplies 5,300.00 5,300.00 13,700.00 19,000.00 5550 Repair and Maintenance Equipment 700.00 700.00 (100.00) 600.00 5560 Equipment Rental 12,200.00 12,200.00 (2,100.00) 10,100.00 5610 ravel and Meeting: 1,200.00 1,200.00 (500.00) 700.00 5690 Dues, Subscriptions, Books, Et 25,400.00 25,400.00 (4,000.00) 21,400.00 5720 Telephone 11,000.00 11,000.0 (100.00) 10,900.00
5731 Postage 1,000.00 1,000.0 200.00 1,200.00
5750 Supplies 27,500.00 27,500.00 (700.00) 26,800.00
5770 Bank Fees 22,700.00 22,700.00 (1,800.00) 20,900.00 5790 Miscellaneous 1,200.00 1,200.00 2,400.00 3,600.00
6220 Contract Labor 175,900.00 175,900.00 51,400.00 227,300.00 9010 Furniture, Equipment & Fixtures 7,700.00 7,700.00 (1,300.00) 6,400.00 Department 817 - General Expenditures
5120 Outside Services 286,800.00 286,800.00 (41,600.00) 245,200.00 5550 Repair and Maintenance Equipment 3,700.00 3,700.00 (1,800.00) 1,900.00 5620 Vehicle Expenses 47,100.00 47,100.00 (9,200.00) 37,900.00

5630 Insurance & Bond 14,000.00 : 14,000.00 (2,200.00) 11,800.00 5720 Telephone 7,100.00 7,100.00 300.00 7,400.00
5750 Supplies 16,200.00 16,200.00 200.00 16,400.00
5790 Miscellaneous 300.00 300.00 (100.00) 200.00
6220 Contract Labor 226,000.00 226,000.00 67,900.00 293,900.00 8040 Utilities 235,300.00 235,300.00 54,900.00 290,200.00 8510 Property Maintenance 151,700.00 151,700.00 700.00 152,400.00 9010 Furniture, Equipment & Fixtures 700.00 700.00 (300.00) 400.00 Department 800s- Expenditures Total 2,389,500.00 : 2,389,500.00 181,400.00 2,570,900.00 Fund 361 - CRIA EXPO Center Total
REVENUE Total 1,754,400.00 1,754,400.00 (43,300.00) 1,711,100.00 [EXPENSE Total 2,389,500.00 2,389,500.00 181,400.00 2,570,900.00 Fund 561 - IPUC-Potable Water
Department 200 - Revenue
4000 Water Sale 1,497,600.00 1,497,600.00 145,700.00 1,643,300.00 Department 200 - Revenue Total 1,497,600.00 : 1,497,600.00 145,700.00 1,643,300.00 Department 300 - Expenditures
5012 General Insurance and Bonding 22,000.00 22,000.00 4,600.00 26,600.00 8510 Property Maintenance 15,000.00 15,000.00 10,000.00 25,000.00 Department 300 - Expenditures Total 37,000.00 37,000.00 14,600.00 51,600.00 Fund 561 - IPUC-Potable Water Total
REVENUE Total 1,497,600.00 : 1,497,600.00 145,700.00 1,643,300.00 EXPENSE Total 37,000.00 37,000.00 14,600.00 51,600.00
NET REVENUE INCREASE/(DECREASE) 5,374,400.00
NET EXPENSE INCREASE/(DECREASE) and CIP EXPENSE (EXHIBIT F) 1,003,500.00 TOTAL NET MID-YEAR BUDGET AMENDMENTS FY 24-25 4,370,900.00

CITY OF INDUSTRY

PROPOSED ANNUAL BUDGET
FISCAL YEAR 2024-2025
Exhibit E

MID-YEAR BUDGET

FUND TRANSFERS IN TRANSFERS OUT AMENDMENTS
1) CRIA - EXPO CENTER 361 173,300 224,700
CRIA- CAPITAL PROJECTS 360 (173,300) (224,700)
2) CRIA- CAPITAL PROJECTS 360 1,406,700 424,700
CITY GENERAL FUND 100 (1,406,700) (424,700)
3) CITY- IPHMA 160 717,000
CITY GENERAL FUND 100 (717,000)
4) CITY- IPHMA 160 700,000
CITY - CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT: 120 (700,000)
IPHMA - CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS 124 700,000
CITY- IPHMA 160 (700,000)
5) CRIA- CAPITAL PROJECTS 360 4,750,000
CITY - CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT: 120 (4,750,000)
CRIA - CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS 121 4,750,000
CRIA-CAPITAL PROJECTS 360 (4,750,000)
6) ELECTRIC CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT 122 2,050,000
CITY ELECTRIC 161 (2,050,000)
7) WATER CAPITAL IMRPOVEMENT 123 3,325,000
CITY WATER 560 (3,325,000)
8) CITY DEBT SERVICE 140 36,968,000 (1,968,000)
CITY GENERAL FUND 100 (36,968,000) 1,968,000
CITY GENERAL FUND 100 12,640,000
CITY DEBT SERVICE 140 (12,640,000)
9) PUBLIC FACILITIES AUTHORITY 440 9,200
CITY GENERAL FUND 100 (9,200)
68,189,200 (68,189,200)

CITY OF INDUSTRY

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT BUDGET

MID-YEAR BUDGET UPDATE
FISCAL YEAR 2024-2025
CITY FUNDED BY CIP Exhibit F

ADOPTED BUDGET FY BUDGET AMENDED MID-YEAR BUDGE PROPOSED AMENDED Project Description 24-25 APROPRIATION BUDGET IMENDMENTS BUDGET FY 24-25 GRADE SEPARATION PROJECTS 305,000.00 305,000.00 305,000.00 STREET WIDENING, RECONSTRUCTION, RESURFACING AND SLURRY SEAL 27,525,000.00 27,525,000.00 463.50.00 27,988,500.00 STORM DRAIN IMPROVEMENTS 190,000.00 190,000.00 190,000.00 TRAFFIC SIGNAL IMPROVEMENTS 7,955,000.00 7,955,000.00 10,000.00 7,995,000.00 BRIDGE WIDENING, SEISMIC RETROFIT AND MAINTEANCE IMPROVEMENTS 325,000 325,000.00 75,000.00 400,000.00 HOMESTEAD MUSEUM 180,000 180,000.00 155,000.00 335,000.00 INDUSTRY HILLS GOLF & CONVENTION FACILITIES 175,000 175,000.00 (9,000.00) 166,000.00 EL ENCANTO C.I.P. 635,000 635,000.00 635,000.00
OPEN SPACES/ TONNER CANYON/TRES HERMANOS 1,250,000 (20,000.00) 1,230,000.00 TRES HERMANOS RANCH PROPERTY 1,100,000 (200,000.00) 900,000.00 PROPERTY REDEVELOPMENT & DEMO 25,000 25,000.00
MISCELLANEOUS 715,000.00 715,000.00 125,000.00 840,000.00 CIVIC CENTER FACILITIES 3,740,000.00 3,740,000.00 (149,000.00) 3,591,000.00 FACILITIES IMPROVEMENTS 2,675,000.00 2,675,000.00 60,000.00 2,735,000.00 Total CITY funded by CIP 46,795,000.00 46,795,000.00 540,500.00 47,335,500.00

CITY FUNDED BY MEASURE W

ADOPTED BUDGET FY BUDGET AMENDED MID-YEAR BUDGET PROPOSED AMENDED Project Description APROPRIATION BUDGET AMENDMENTS BUDGET FY 24-25 24-25
STORM DRAIN IMPROVEMENTS 1,450,000.00 1,450,000.00 (750,000.00) 700,000.00 Total CITY funded by CIP 1,450,000.00 1,450,000.00 (750,000.00) 700,000.00 Total CITY 48,245,000.00 48,245,000.00 (209,500.00) 48,035,500.00

CRIA FUNDED BY CIP

ADOPTED BUDGET FY BUDGET AMENDED MID-YEAR BUDGET PROPOSED AMENDED Project Description 24-25 AMENDMENTS BUDGET AMENDMENTS BUDGET FY 24-25 EXPO CENTER AT INDUSTRY HILLS 4,750,000.00 4,750,000.00 4,750,000.00 Total CRIA funded by CIP 4,750,000.00 4,750,000.00 4,750,000.00

PUC FUNDED BY CIP

ADOPTED BUDGET FY BUDGET AMENDED MID-YEAR BUDGET PROPOSED AMENDED Project Description 24-25 AMENDMENTS BUDGET AMENDMENTS BUDGET FY 24-25 IPUC - WATER UTILITY (IPU) 3,325,000 3,325,000.00 3,325,000.00 IPUC - ELECTRIC UTILITY (IPU) 2,050,000 2,050,000.00 2,050,000.00 Total IPUC funded by CIP 5,375,000.00 5,375,000.00 5,375,000.00

IPHMA FUNDED BY CIP

ADOPTED BUDGET FY BUDGET AMENDED MID-YEAR BUDGET PROPOSED AMENDED Project Description 24-25 AMENDMENTS BUDGET AMENDMENTS BUDGET FY 24-25 IPHIMA Capital Imrovements 700,000.00 700,000.00 700,000.00 Total IPHMA funded by CIP 700,000.00 700,000000 700,000.00 Total CIP 59,070,000.00 59,070,000.00 (209,500.00) 58,860,500.00

CITY OF INDUSTRY

CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT BUDGET- NEW PROJECTS ADDED

MID-YEAR BUDGET UPDATE
FISCAL YEAR 2024-2025
Exhibit G
FY 24-25
Project Name
Proposed Budget
Open Spaces/Tonner Canyon/Tres Hermanos (City)
Sports Park Improvements at Tonner Canyon - 50,000
IPU - Electric Improvements (IPU)
Feasibility Study of Substation at Auto Mall West 100,000 Distribution Line Extension to Puente Hills Mall Site 125,000 WDAT Installation at Puente Hills Mall 150,000
WDAT Relocation at Pacific Palms Hotel and Line Extension to Water Park 80,000 Miscellaneous (City)
9th Avenue Sewer Improvements 100,000
Mountain Biking Trail at Industry Hills 200,000
New projects proposed for the Capital Improvement Budget The proposed funds for the new projects have been shifted from some of the existing projects

RESOLUTION NO. CC 2025-08

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF INDUSTRY, CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING THE CITY'S FISCAL YEAR 2024-2025
PROPOSED MID-YEAR BUDGET AMENDMENTS, AND FY 2024-2025

PROPOSED MID-YEAR BUDGET AMENDMENTS FOR THE CAPITAL

IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM BUDGET
WHEREAS, on May 23, 2024, the City Council ("Council") adopted the City's FY 2024-2025 ("FY 25") Operating Budget for its General Fund, and all its other funds and affiliated entities; and
WHEREAS, throughout a fiscal year, unanticipated revenues and expenditures may arise that could potentially impact the adopted budget and require budget amendments; and
WHEREAS, on February 27, 2025, the FY 25 Mid-Year Budget Report was presented to the Council and the Council was provided an update on the City's fiscal performance through the mid-point of the fiscal year, from July 1, 2024, througt December 31, 2024, comparing all revenues and expenditures to the same period in the prior fiscal year and against adopted budget levels; and WHEREAS, the FY 25 Mid-Year Budget Report also presented an overview of the FY 25 Mid-Year Budget Amendments for Council's consideration to approve and amend the FY 25 Adopted Budget.

NOW, THEREFORE, THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF INDUSTRY, CALIFORNIA, DOES HEREBY FIND, DETERMINE, AND RESOLVE AS FOLLOWS:

Section 1. The above recitals are true and correct and are incorporated herein by reference.

Section 2. The City Council received a presentation on the FY 2024-25 Mid- Year Budget Report and hereby receives and files same.

Section 3. The City Council hereby approves the FY 25 Mid-Year Budget Amendments, attached hereto as Exhibit A, and incorporated herein by reference.

Section 4. The City Council hereby authorizes the City Manager, or his designee, to make the appropriate changes and budget amendments in the City's Financial System.

Section 5. The provisions of this Resolution are severable and if any provision, clause, sentence, word or part thereof is held illegal, invalid, unconstitutional, or inapplicable to any person or circumstances, such illegality, invalidity, unconstitutionality, or inapplicability shall not affect or impair any of the remaining provisions, clauses,

sentences, sections, words or parts thereof of the Resolution or their applicability to other persons or circumstances.

Section 6. The City Clerk shall certify to the adoption of this Resolution, and that the same shall be in full force and effect.

PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED by the City Council of the City of Industry, at a regular meeting held on February 27, 2025, by the following vote:

AYES: COUNCIL MEMBERS:

NOES: COUNCIL MEMBERS
ABSTAIN: COUNCIL MEMBERS
ABSENT: COUNCIL MEMBERS
Cory C. Moss, Mayor
ATTEST:

Julie Gutierrez-Robles, City Clerk
2

CITY COUNCIL
ITEM NO. 6.9

BIT OF INOUSEDL

CITY OF INDUSTRY

MEMORANDUM
TO: Honorable Mayor and Members of the City Council
FROM: Joshua Nelson, City Manager
STAFF: Bing Hyun, Asst. City Manager
DATE: February 27, 2025
SUBJECT: City of Industry's Response to Earthquake Safety Readiness, Los Angeles County Civil Grand Jury Report 2023-2024
Background:

On June 17, 2024, the County of Los Angeles Civil Grand Jury submitted a letter to the City of Industry (see Exhibit 1) providing a copy of their report regarding Earthquake Safety Readiness and requesting that the City provide a written response on all recommendations. Pursuant to Section 933(c) of the California Penal Code, the City was required to submit a response within 90 days and provide comment on the findings and recommendations. Further, the Mayor must comment on the findings and recommendations. The City's comments will be submitted to the presiding judge of the superior court who impaneled the grand jury, and a copy will be placed on file with the City Clerk, the County Clerk, and with the applicable grand jury final report, where it shall be maintained for a minimum of five years. Subsequently, the Continuity Committee Chairperson of the County of Los Angeles Civil Grand Jury reached out to the City asking for an update to the response and, based upon direction given by telephone conversation, the City notified the County of Los Angeles Civil Grand Jury by email that this matter would be transmitted to the City Council for consideration at their February 27, 2025 meeting.

In short, the following lists the recommendations of the County of Los Angeles Civil Grand Jury, followed by the proposed response in the attached Draft Letter (see Exhibit 2):
• Corrections were provided to the report regarding the regulatory status of certain types of construction.

The draft report stated that the City had not adopted regulations to require retrofitting of soft story (multi-story building with a weak or flexible ground floor, such as an open carport, at risk of collapsing during an earthquake), non-ductile cement (concrete that lacks reinforcing steel), and unreinforced masonry (brick, stone, or other masonry buildings without reinforcing steel bars) construction. In fact, the City of Industry Municipal Code adopts the County of Los Angeles

Building Code by reference. Given that the County of Los Angeles Building Code provides retrofitting requirements for both soft story and non-ductile cement construction and the Los Angeles County Department Public Works (the "Department") for building and safety services, which the City contracts for building and safety services, is drafting regulations to address these matters, the City should be classified as taking actions to plan for the retrofit for both soft story and non-ductile cement. With regard to unreinforced masonry construction, the City of Industry Code also adopts by reference Chapter 96 of Title 26 Building Code of Los Angeles County, which has provided regulations for unreinforced masonry construction since 2010. • Recommendation R15.11 (and comment on page 378) - The Cities of Industry and Vernon should consider having a Back to Business program to benefit the large number of businesses in their cities and to help the economy recover. "Back to Business" programs allow businesses to be voluntarily inspected now and, if meeting current code, after a major earthquake, those businesses would be the first buildings to be re- inspected, with the intention of encouraging owners to voluntarily retro-fit now to avoid excess damage later while also re-opening their businesses sooner. The City needs to consult with that Department to understand the feasibility of implementing such a program, with consideration to matters such as cost, availability of resources, regulatory changes, and contract amendment, if necessary. Therefore, the City reports that this recommendation has not been implemented and that the recommendation requires further analysis, with completion likely requiring six (6) months from the date of publication of the grand jury report for discussion with the City Council and any necessary action.
• Recommendation R15.15 - If there is a lot of damage to buildings, more building inspectors would be needed. Plan for how temporary inspectors will be obtained and how they will be assigned, keeping in mind that businesses in the medical field should be inspected first, followed by those who were enrolled in the Back to Business program.

Since the City contracts with the Department for building and safety services, the City would coordinate with that Department for provision of additional building inspectors. Under the Safety Assessment Program of the California Office of Emergency Services, the Department has indicated their intent to utilize volunteers and mutual aid resources to provide professional engineers, architects, and certified building inspectors to assist with safety evaluation of the City's built environment in the aftermath of a disaster. Therefore, the City reports that this recommendation has been implemented.

Discussion:

Fiscal Impact:

No fiscal impact at this time. The City commits to analyzing the feasibility of implementing a "Back to Business" program and will present those findings at a future date.

Recommendation:

That the Mayor and City Council direct staff to submit the attached letter (Exhibit 2) to the presiding judge of the superior court who impaneled the grand jury, and place a copy on file with the City Clerk and the County Clerk.

Exhibits:

1. County of Los Angeles Civil Grand Jury Earthquake Safety Readiness Report

2. City of Industry's Response to Earthquake Safety Readiness, Los Angeles County Civil Grand Jury Report 2023-2024

Exhibit 1
SALTOP LOS ANCEST County of Los Angeles

CIVIL GRAND JURY
22 South Hill Street • Sixth Floor • Suite 670 • Los Angeles, California 9001:
elephone (213) 893-0411 • Fax (213) 893-042
CALIFORNIA 4 www.grandjury.co.la.ca.us
June 17, 2024
City of Industry
Joshua Nelson, City Manager
15625 Mayor Dave Way
City of Industry, CA 91744

EARTHQUAKE SAFETY READINESS
How to Survive the 'Big One'!
Pre-Release of a report by the 2023-2024 Los Angeles County Civil Grand Jury NOTE: DO NOT DISCLOSE ANY REPORT CONTENTS PRIOR TO JUNE 28, 2024 Dear Mr. Nelson,
California Penal Code Section 933.05 (f) provides: "A grand jury shall provide the affected agency a copy of the portion of the grand jury report relating to that person or entity two working days prior to its public release and after approval by the presiding judge. No office, agency, department, or governing body of a public agency shall disclose any contents of the report prior to the public release of the Final Report." The enclosed report will be released to the public on June 28, 2024.

California Penal Code Sections 933(c) and 933.05 require a written response to all recommendations contained in this report. Responses by elected county officials and agency heads shall be made no later than sixty (60) days after the Los Angeles County Civil Grand Jury publishes its report and files with the Clerk of the Court. Responses by the governing body of public agencies shall be ninety (90) days after the Los Angeles County Civil Grand Jury publishes its reports and files with the Clerk of the Court.

Responses shall be made in accordance with Penal Code Section 933.05 (a) and (b).

All responses to the recommendations of the 2023-2024 Los Angeles Los Angeles County Civil Grand Jury must be submitted to:

Presiding Judge
Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles
Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center
210 W. Temple Street, Thirteenth Floor, Room 13-303
Los Angeles, CA 90012
Sincerely,
in Shandel-says,

IRENE SHANDELL-TAYLOR, FOREPERSON
2023-2024 Los Angeles County Civil Grand Jury
Enclosure: How to respond to recommendations in this report

Section 933.05. Responses to findings
(a) For purposes of subdivision (b) of Section 933, as to each grand jury finding, the responding person or entity shall indicate one of the following:
(1) The respondent agrees with the finding.
(2) The respondent disagrees wholly or partially with the finding, in which case the response shall specify the portion of the finding that is disputed and shall include an explanation of the reasons therefor.
(b) For purposes of subdivision (b) of Section 933, as to each grand jury recommendation, the responding person or entity shall report one of the following actions:
(1) The recommendation has been implemented, with a summary regarding the implemented action.
(2) The recommendation has not yet been implemented, but will be implemented in the future, with a timeframe for implementation.
(3) The recommendation requires further analysis, with an explanation and the scope and parameters of an analysis or study, and a timeframe for the matter to be prepared for discussion by the officer or head of the agency or department being investigated or reviewed, including the governing body of the public agency when applicable. This timeframe shall not exceed six months from the date of publication of the grand jury report. (4) The recommendation will not be implemented because it is not warranted or is not reasonable, with an explanation therefor.
(c) However, if a finding or recommendation of the grand jury addresses budgetary or personnel matters of a county agency or department headed by an elected officer, both the agency or department head and the board of supervisors shall respond if requested by the grand jury, but the response of the board of supervisors shall address only those budgetary or personnel matters over which it has some decision making authority. The response of the elected agency or department head shall address all aspects of the findings or recommendations affecting his or her agency or department.
(d) A grand jury may request a subject person or entity to come before the grand jury for the purpose of reading and discussing the findings of the grand jury report that relates to that person or entity in order to verify the accuracy of the findings prior to their release. (e) During an investigation, the grand jury shall meet with the subject of that investigation regarding the investigation, unless the court, either on its own determination or upon request of the foreperson of the grand jury, determines that such a meeting would be detrimental. (f) A grand jury shall provide to the affected agency a copy of the portion of the grand jury report relating to that person or entity two working days prior to its public release and after the approval of the presiding judge. No officer, agency, department, or governing body of a public agency shall disclose any contents of the report prior to the public release of the final report.

EARTHQUAKE SAFETY READINESS
How to Survive the Big 'One'!
CALIFORNIA **
2023 - 2024

LOS ANGELES COUNTY

CIVIL GRAND JURY
355

ACRONYMS
AISC American Institute of Steel Construction
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers
BOS Board of Supervisors
CEO Chief Executive Officer
CERT Community Emergency Response Teams
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
IBC International Building Code
ISBN International Standard Book Number
LA Los Angeles
PW Public Works
RFP Request For Proposal
RYLAN Ready Your Los Angeles Neighborhood
UBC Uniform Building Code
UCLA University of California Los Angeles
UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Risk Reduction URM Unreinforced Masonry (a building technique)
US United States
USC University of Southern California

DEFINITIONS
Earthquake - a natural violent event involving movement of faults that produces vibrations Earthquake Probabilities - describe the long-term chances that an earthquake of a certain magnitude will happen during a time window. Most earthquake probabilities are determined from the average rate of historical events. Assuming the annual rate is constant, one can make a probability statement about the likelihood of such an event in the next so-many years. These probabilities might range from one-in-thirty to one-in-three hundred Earthquake Safety Retrofit - The effort involved to upgrade the building to meet current structural safety codes. This effort not only includes the actual structure but also office preparation, telecommunications upgrades, and utility upgrades. The official Los Angeles County definition is "an improvement of the lateral force resisting system by alteration of existing 356

structural elements or addition of new structural elements to the standards required by Section 9707." I
Fault - Faults are planes of weakness in the earth's crust where one side has moved relative to the other?
High Rise Building - In Los Angeles County, a high rise building is any building over 75 feet tall from ground level to the highest floor used for human occupancy except for hospitals.? Non-Ductile Cement - used in building construction. A type of cement that is brittle and inflexible that was typically used in pre-1980's construction when building codes allowed this type of cement. Non-ductile cement is prone to damage during earthquakes due to intense vibrations.

Resilience - The UNISDR defines resilience as "the ability of a system, community, or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, which includes preserving and restoring basic structures and functions.4
Seismic - pertaining to earthquakes or other vibrations of the earth and its crust.

Soft-story - A building with a non-reinforced first floor such as a retail establishment or a garage. ' Draft Ordinance prepared by LA County Department of Public Works amending Title 26 of the Los Angeles County Building Code. The draft ordinance is in Appendix 2. = Earthquakes (ca.gov) https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/earthquakes 3 Earthquakes (ca.gov) https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/earthquakes * Resilience - The Ultimate Sustainability, page 11, Aris Papadopoulus, ISBN 978-0-9861816-1-0, copyright 2016 357

"Los Angeles owes its existence to earthquakes.

Its location, in the arid southwest, could have left it an uninhabitable desert had it not been for the mountains that surround it, pushed up by active faults, capturing moisture from the clouds that come off the ocean.

Those same faults trap groundwater,
creating the springs that were used by the original settlers to irrigate their crops.

The modern city began to flourish at the beginning
of the twentieth century with the discovery of oil—
oil that was likewise collected by faults,
with the biggest deposits near the Newport-Inglewood Fault, which runs through Long Beach and Los Angeles's Westside. "5 --Lucy Jones, Seismologist

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Short Summary
The Earthquake Preparedness Committee (Committee) found many useful studies, projects, and maps that explain what is already known about earthquakes. Some steps have already been taken towards mitigating their impact, especially in the area of retrofitting of buildings. Many sources are cited so readers can look further into the details that are of interest to them. This report ends with recommendations so that agencies and cities can be better prepared for earthquakes than they are today.

Long Summary
Older residents of Los Angeles County (LA/County) remember and recognize the immense damage an earthquake can do. Thirty years after the devastating Northridge earthquake occurred, the aftershock can still be felt. Sixty people lost their lives and whole neighborhoods had to be rebuilt
Buildings made of non-ductile cement are especially prone to earthquake damage because they are not resistant to vibrations caused by earthquakes. Any cement building for which a building permit processed before November 1, 1977 is considered to be made of non-ductile cement.? The Earthquake Committee investigated what has changed since the Northridge earthquake. A primary mover: Los Angeles City Council unanimously approving the program "Resilience by Design." The program identified the most significant vulnerabilities, and feasible solutions to:
5 Dr. Lucy Jones, "The Big Ones: How Natural Disasters Have Shaped Us (and What We Can Do About Them)" • Los Angeles Times, 17 Jan 2024. The 1994 Northridge Earthquake was a Shock, Here is Why the Next One Won't 7 Draft Ordnance prepared by LA County Department of Public Works amending Title 26 of the Los Angeles County Building Code
358

• Protect the lives of our residents;
• Improve the capacity of LA to respond to earthquakes; • Prepare LA to recover quickly from earthquakes; and
• Protect the economy of LA and all of southern California.® Despite the Resilience plan only officially applying to the City of Los Angeles, the County, City of Long Beach, and other cities within County in joined in support of the goals set forth in the Resilience Plan. The Resilience Plan evaluated what can be done in the following categories:
• Pre-1980 "non-ductile" reinforced concrete buildings; • Pre-1980 "soft-story-story" buildings;
• Water system infrastructure (including impact on firefighting capability); and • Telecommunications infrastructure?
Earthquakes cannot be predicted. By definition, earthquake prediction must include three elements: 1) the date and time, 2) the location and 3) the magnitude of the earthquake. There is currently no science that currently allows this type or specificity of prediction.1o As a result, we need to prepare for earthquakes of any size given their potential for calamitous mass destruction.

In "Resilience: The Ultimate Sustainability," Aris Papadopoulos" has promulgated four rules of disaster risk. He cites that:
1) Disaster risk grows exponentially with hazard risk;
2) Disaster risk grows with urban density even when hazard risk remains constant; • Disaster risk is inversely proportional to resilience capacity; and 4) Emergency capability required is inversely proportional to resilience capacity.!2 All of these disaster risks apply to the County. The County is a major urban area. The risk of earthquakes in the County has not abated over time. In addition, LA has grown to be the second largest city in the United States, which is within the most populated county in America. Since the founding of the Los Angeles pueblo, the potential for disaster in both the County and LA has grown monumentally.

The County needs to address these disaster risks. It is imperative to make buildings earthquake resistant. There are numerous buildings, many of them government buildings, in Southern California that do not meet current building codes related to seismic safety. Again, this is a disaster waiting to happen at any moment of any day.
8 The Mayoral Seismic Task Force, City of Los Angeles, "Resilience by Design", 2014, p.4, www.ladbs.org/docs/default-source/publications/misc-publications/resilience-by-design.pdf 10 US Geological society. Can You Predict Earthquakes? 2024. https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/can-you-predict- earthquakes
' A recognized expert in resilience from Florida International University 12 Aris Papadopoulus, Resilience - The Ultimate Sustainability, p. 22-25, ISBN 978-0-9861816-1-0, copyright 2016
359

Southern California is prone to major earthquakes. Fortunately, the County has not had a major earthquake since the Northridge earthquake in 1994. Many experts continue to indicate that we are "overdue" for a major earthquake in southern California. The U.S. Geological Survey says the probability of a magnitude 6.7 quake hitting the L.A. area again within 30 years is sixty percent.

In addition, there is a 46% chance of a magnitude 7.0 and a 31% probability of a magnitude 7.5.!3 The probability of an earthquake of a magnitude greater than 6.7 striking somewhere in California within the next 30 years is greater than 99%. '4
Following devastating earthquakes near the Syrian/Turkish border (February 2023), County Board of Supervisors (BOS) approved a motion by Supervisor Holly Mitchell, which states:
"To Instruct the Director of Public Works, in collaboration with the Interim County Counsel, to prepare proposed updates to the County's Building Code to require that all high-rise non-ductile concrete buildings, in the unincorporated areas of the County or owned by the County, be retrofitted within ten years from the date the updated ordinance goes into effect."I5
There have been several reports published over that last few years what have highlighted the many County owned buildings that are not resilient to a major earthquake. ' One of the purposes of this Committee investigation is to determine the progress made to retrofit older County owned buildings and measure progress against stated goals. It should be noted that although other jurisdictions within the County own buildings that require seismic retrofit, this report focuses on those buildings owned by the County only.

There are more than 100 faults within the County.! A major earthquake on any of the faults that crisscross the LA basin, could topple many buildings in the County Including major County governmental buildings, which were constructed prior to 1977.Importantly, the building codes allowed for the use of non-ductile cement in their construction before that date.

To prepare for the powerful shocks of a high-magnitude earthquake, cities must first prioritize building resiliency.
"There is a recognition that we're not going to make our infrastructure earthquake-proof. There's just no way that that's affordable. So resilience is the key," UCLA Professor Scott Brandenberg recognized. ' "Resilience is not about preventing damage from happening. It's about being ready 13 https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/other/is-los-angeles-due-for-another-major-earthquake/ar-AA1n8NIH 1 California Earthquake Map -Fault Lines, Zones & Risks by County| CEA (earthquakeauthority.com) 1528 Feb 2023 LA County Board of Supervisors Meeting Statement Of Proceedings (lacounty gov) https://file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/bos/sop/1138590_022823.pdf https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/pp|360 & https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2021-03-24/los-angeles- biggest-earthquake-threat-san-andreas-big-one
1 California Earthquake Map - Fault Lines, Zones & Risks by County | CEA (earthquakeauthority.com) 18 https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/weaving-earthquake-risk-into-city-resiliency-plans/586771/ 360

so that you can recover quickly without significant disruption to society."'' It's pre-planning for mitigation of disaster.

This Report will address a short history of earthquakes in the County and what has been done regarding earthquakes in the County since the 1994 Northridge earthquake. Further, the Report will also focus on how existing programs can be expanded to include larger geographic areas, without having the entire County compete for a limited number of structural engineers and building contractors, that will be needed to retrofit substandard buildings. Finally, this report will describe which County buildings should be subject to retrofitting or, in the alternative be re-built.

The Committee will also provide real-time observation of an earthquake in progress to aid in their understanding of what can happen during a major earthquake.

A relevant video can be viewed at the following: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixVVuN-mF1M This report will not discuss landslides, soil liquefaction or tsunamis, which can be side effects of a large earthquake.
19 Ibid
361

BACKGROUND
History of Earthquakes Using Maps
California has a long history of earthquakes. But some of them were so long ago, that many of the current residents of the County have never experienced one. The following maps and table show and refer to the largest earthquakes that have appeared throughout the state and on each known major fault within the County.

EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE
EUREKA, 1980
M 5.6-6.5
M 6.6-7.0
EUREKA, 1954
)M 7.1-7.9
OROVILLE, 1975
CAPE MENDOCINO.

TAHOE, 1966
WINTERS/Vacaville, 1892
SANTA ROSA, 1969-
MAMMOTH LAKES, 1980
SOUTH NAPA, 2014 CHALFANT VALLEY, 1986
SAN FRANCISCO, 1906 OWENS VALLEY, 1872
MORGAN HILL, 1984
LOMA PRIETA. 1989-
RIDGECREST, 2019
COALINGA, 1983 - FORT TEJON, 1857
SAN SIMEON. 2003 KERN COUNTY, 1952
BIG BEAR, 1992
, HECTOR MINE, 1999
LANDERS. 1992

PALM SPRINGS,
1986
Lovel of Earthquake Hazard
These recus are mean faults and
all cut averan:
even strong, modem buikings SANTA BARBARA, 1925
Increasing SAN FERNANDO, 1971
Intensity NORTHRIDGE, 1994
SIER MADRE, 1991/
ese regions are distant from know WHITTER NARROWS. 1987/ alts and wil experience lower lave LONG BEACH, 1933
al shaking less frapently in mos
watersk wine ker, massary
muever, very infereen earhake SUPERSTION HILLS, 1987
add st conse strong shaking her IMPERIAL VALLEY, 1940
IMPERIAL VALLEY, 1979-
Water
EL MAYOR CUCAPAH, 2010
Source: California Geological Survey Map and U.S. Geological Survey20 20 This state-wide map is from the California Seismic Safety Commission, "Home Owners Guide to Earthquake Safety", 2020 Edition, Page 10.
362

HISTORY
The following table detail the history of major earthquakes in Los Angeles County: 2122 23,24 Recorded Date of Geographic Fault Line's
Historie Location Corresponding Earthquake's Estimated Fault Line Earthquake Coordinates for Fault Line Name Richter Scale Maximum Color for Event the Event's within Los Angeles Magnitude Map
(Chronologically) Epicenter County endinge Output
(Next Page)
January 9, 1857 35° 43' N, 120° Fort Tejon 7.9 8.0
19' W (San Andreas) (Southern
Section)
March 10, 1933 33° 37' N, 117° Long Beach 6.4 7.4
58'W (Newport/Inglewood)
February 9, 1971 34° 24.67' N, San Fernando 6.5 8.0
118° 24.04' W (San Fernando Fault Zone)
October 1, 1987 34° 03.68' N, Whittier 5.9 7.2
118° 04.71' W (Whittier Narrows)
January 17, 1994 34° 12.80' N, Northridge* 6.7 8.0
118° 32.22' W (Northridge Blind Thrust)
No Historic Event Palos Verdes 8.0
On Record
No Historic Event Puente Hills 8.0
On Record (Thrust Fault)
28 March 1992 34° 13'N, Emerson/Landers ** 7.3 7.5
116° 26' W
*Northridge Blind Thrust is within the San Fernando Fault Zone. ** Even though the epicenter for this earthquake is not in Los Angeles County the earthquake was felt throughout the County.
** The source of the base of the following map is identified as being from esri. The highlights were added by th Committee. The highlights added by the Committee are approximations of the locations of the major faults. Th Committee could not find another map that presents the information in this way. 21 https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/science/ / https://scedc.caltech.edu/earthquake/
23 https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/california-earthquake-risk/california-earthquake-history-timeline 24 https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/earthquakes/bi
363

Largest fault zones impacting LA County:

Tasers

LOSES SCA ERA USDA DAS
Toni Street Ma
alius
Lo: Angele
in. tral The m.r

15. ... ...
364

There are numerous earthquake faults that crisscross southern California and especially the County. These faults can produce severe earthquakes. The major faults crossing southern California and the severity of earthquakes they can produce are shown [below/above].

The San Andreas Fault is the most worrisome since it is the one that has the potential to do the most damage. The San Andreas Fault is a continental right-lateral strike-slip transform fault that extends roughly 1,200 kılometers (/50 mi) through the U.S. state of California. It forms part of the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. Currently, the accumulated stress on the Southern Part of the fault for an earthquake of 7.0 magnitude or greater to occur. 25
Faulting in California26:

SAN
PINE

ANDREAS

GABRIEL

ASAN CAYETAND FAULT

VENTURAF
FLT.

SIMI ZONE

SIERRA MADRE CUCAMONGA
1101
MALIBU - COAST.: Los Angeles San

FAULT MISSIOI
Bernardinos
BANA
'TA CRUZ-: SAN PEr PALOS NHITTER FLT. ZONE SAN
KEROR
Building Code Changes due to Earthquakes
At the time of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many municipalities had building codes, but none of them addressed seismic impacts.?? After the earthquake, there was much discussion about addressing earthquake engineering and these building codes. Professional associations in this field advocated for building code changes by requiring buildings to withstand some horizontal forces.

In 1925, Santa Barbara became the first known city to change their code.?8 The Uniform Building Code (UBC) was first published in 1927. It was meant to promote public safety and standardize the code for many cities primarily in the western US. Updates were made 25 https://scedc.caltech.edu/earthquake/sanandreas.html 26 https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/Documents/Publications/Map-Sheets/MS_054-2018-Faulting-in-California- Educators.pdf
17 Stanford University and the 1906 Earthquake Centennial Commemoration, "Evolution of Codes", 2006, (accessed 21 March 2024), http://quake06.stanford.edu/centennial/tour/stop10.html 365

to it approximately every three years until 1997, when it merged into the International Building Code (IBC). 29 30 31
The 1933 Long Beach earthquake occurred at 5:54 pm on a Friday after school was out--time which likely saved thousands of lives. One hundred and twenty schools in the Long Beach area were damaged of which seventy were completely destroyed 32 It wasn't long before it was recognized that unreinforced masonry (URM) and/or shoddy workmanship were responsible, along with unfavorable soil conditions, which caused ground shaking and resulting liquefaction. 34
Within a month, California passed the Field Act that mandated earthquake-resistant construction for public schools in California. Other laws passed at the same time that banned URM construction37 and that earthquake forces be taken into account, and that school buildings must be able to withstand lateral forces. The Act also established the Office of the State Architect (now known as the Division of the State Architect) to establish design standards. The plans for schools must be approved by the State Architect and on-going construction would be inspected periodically. 38
The 1939 Garrison Act applied the Field Act standards to existing school buildings and if a structural engineer found a pre-1933 school building to be unsafe, it had to be updated to the California Building Code. 40 As of 2010, the Field Act currently applies to the design, construction, and renovation of all public K-12 and community college buildings in the state.41 By the late 1960s, structural engineers started considering not only the seismic forces, but also the movement or "ductility" of a structure during the earthquake.42 After the 1971 San Fernando earthquake which damaged many reinforced concrete buildings, these recommendations for providing ductility in concrete were adopted widely.43 This earthquake also caused several hospitals to collapse.* As a result, the 1973 Alquist Hospital Safety Act mandated that new hospitals would have higher seismic safety standards. Just like the Field Act, it did not originally 29 Handbook to the Uniform Building Code: an Illustrative Commentary. Whittier, Calif.: International Conference of Building Officials, c1988.
30 www.iccsafe.org/about/who-we-are/
31 https://.finehomebuilding.com/2023/07/19/a-history-of-u-s-building-codes 32 California Department of Conservation, (accessed 21 March 2024), www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/earthquakes/long-beach
33 https://ssc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/08/cssc_2007-03_field act report.pdf 34 California Department of Conservation, (accessed 21 March 2024), www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/earthquakes/long-beach
35 https://ssc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/08/cssc_2007-03_field_act_report.pdf 36 Ibid.
37 https://ssc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/08/cssc_2007-03_field_act report.pdf 38 Ibid.
39 https://ssc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/08/cssc_2007-03_field_act_report.pdf 40 Stanford University
4 https://ssc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/08/cssc_2007-03_field_act_report.pdf Act 42 Stanford University
43 Ibid.
44 Tbid.
366

apply to existing structures until pressure mounted that the 90% of hospitals that were built before the Act should also be retrofitted. 45 Senate Bill 1953 was then passed in 1994 to require acute care facilities that were built before 1973 to be upgraded by 2008 so that the structure should not pose a significant threat to life and also by 2030 to be able to continue providing service to the public after disasters. A hospital's license would then be revoked if it was not in compliance by these What Has Been Done Since the Northridge Earthquake?
The ShakeOut Scenario (2008)
For the last 300 years, there hasn't been a single earthquake on the southernmost part of the San Andreas Fault. Plate tectonics are still pushing Los Angeles towards San Francisco at the same rate as fingernails grow—about two inches per year. Los Angeles is on the Pacific plate, while San Francisco is on the North American plate. The boundary between these plates is the San Andreas Fault. There is no way to stop their movements.47
It may seem strange, but the San Andreas Fault produces only big earthquakes because it is what is considered a "weak" fault. The edges have been ground so smooth, across millions of years, that it no long has rough spots to stop a rupture. They have been smoothed down so much that when an earthquake begins, there is nothing to stop it. If it ruptures as far as central California (in the San Luis Obispo area, it will hit an area that acts differently. The energy there "oozes" in small amounts, possibly acting like a pressure valve. 48 In 2008, Dr. Lucy Jones was a science advisor for risk reduction at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). She led a team of more than 300 experts in a project called "The ShakeOut Scenario". It looked at the implications of a major earthquake in Southern California. The research team created a model of an earthquake that moved across the lower 200 miles of the San Andreas Fault, from near the Mexican border to the mountains north of Los Angeles. Their project, which covered 8 counties, was to be used as a foundational baseline for emergency responses and preparedness. It was intended to also lead to public discussion and feedback about the project.*9 47 Dr. Lucy Jones, p 1-2, The Big Ones: How Natural Disasters Have Shaped Us (and What We Can Do About Them), New York: Doubleday, 2018
48 Ibid, p 4
19 Lucile Jones et al., for the U.S. Geological Survey (Report 2008-1150) and the California Geological Survey (Report 25), The ShakeOut Scenario, 2008, p 2, https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1150/of2008-1150small.pdf 367

KERN

SAN BERNARDIND
LOS

ANGELES

VENTURA RIVERSIDE

C ORANGE IMPERIAL

SAN DIEGO
Map of Counties Included in The ShakeOut Scenario
Further, the ShakeOut Scenario was to identify the physical, social, and economic consequences of a major earthquake. This would enable residents to identify what they can change now, before the earthquake, and how to avoid catastrophic impacts after the earthquake. They chose to model a magnitude 7.8 earthquake on the southern part of the San Andreas Fault as a plausible event, and the fault most likely to produce a major earthquake. A magnitude 7.8 is not the largest earthquake that the San Andreas Fault can produce, nor is it the only fault to threaten our populated areas.

However, the other earthquakes have a history of recurring in much longer intervals (i.e., thousands of years), whereas the San Andreas has generated earthquakes of the ShakeOut size, on an average of every 150 years. Moreover, for the portion of the fault being considered for the project, the last earthquake happened 300 years ago. Since the most likely initiation point would be one of the ends of the fault, it was decided to "start" the earthquake on the southern end, near the Salton Sea.S°
Physics-based computer simulations calculated the strength and length of shaking in various places and also the ground motion parameters that engineers use when estimating damage to buildings.

Damage from the ShakeOut surface rupture was most serious where lifelines (roads, railroads, and utilities) cross the fault. These are mostly concentrated in mountain passes and this disruption has a major economic impact. The count of how many lines cross the San Andreas Fault in the area being considered was:
50 Ibid.
368

• 966 roads that cross the faults (including 2 interstate and 4 state highways) • 90 crossings of fiber optic cables
• 39 crossings of petroleum and natural gas pipelines
• 21 railroad crossings
• 32 aqueduct crossings and
• 141 overhead power lines.51
The ShakeOut Scenario estimated there would be between 10,000 and 100,000 separate landslides, with most in the eastern San Gabriel Mountains. Conditions that can lead to liquefaction are widespread throughout the 8-county area but require both strong shaking and a high ground-water table. However, tsunamis are not a big risk because fault lines evaluated in this study are not near the coast. 52
Engineering Impacts
In 2008, damages to buildings was estimated to be $33 billion with two known building types posing the most risk to lives. These were the unreinforced masonry (where bricks or stone blocks with mortar form the load bearing walls) and non-ductile reinforced concrete buildings, which at that time, hadn't yet been retrofitted. 53 Although these buildings could no long be built, some still exist and more recent ordinances aim to have them retrofitted.

Wood-framed buildings generally fare better during earthquake shaking, but some losses should still be expected, especially these 4:
"older homes where the house is not bolted to the foundation or the cripple wall is not reinforced
-- buildings with a "soft first story" --- a large opening such as garage door or display windows on the first floor and without compensating reinforcement - buildings where building codes were not rigorously followed—a condition difficult to recognize until after the earthquake.?'5s
Steel frame buildings built before 1994 were found with cracks after the 1994 Northridge earthquake. In the 1995 Kobe in Japan earthquake, similar damage was found buildings collapsing. There were special studies to compare these situations and it was thought that these buildings were subject to specific ground conditions that led to "amplified long period motions caused by resonance in the sedimentary basins, particularly the very deep Los Angeles Basin." The area where this can happen is very large, as it was once a sea floor, and includes "much of the 5' Ibid., ps
52 Ibid., p 5
53 Ibid., p6
sit Ibid., p7
35 Ibid., p7
369

urbanized areas of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties." Further study was outside the scope of the ShakeOut Scenario project.S6 California had been investing in some mitigation efforts that the Project felt had paid off. By having previously retrofitted highway bridges, converted ceramic insulators in the electric grid to polymers, and replaced cast iron pipes, this meant that many utilities would be better off and able to restore function more quickly.

Based on previous earthquakes, ShakeOut projected the number of fires that would be big enough to call the fire department. From the estimated 1,600 projected fires, 1,200 would be too big for one fire engine company to manage. The fires can grow quite large where there are many wood frame buildings and have a possible lack of water. This has been confirmed given the recent experience with wildfires in Southern California related to drought, and random events such as gender reveal parties, arson, and electric equipment malfunctions. 57 Social Impacts
Emergency services will be needed in the following areas:

Crisis information (public information and responder communications); • Search and rescue;
"Victim" services (shelter, food, donated goods and services); • Law enforcement (control, security, traffic control;
• Functions of emergency operation center;
• Fire suppression;
• Medical emergency response;
• Repair of utilities; and
• Debris removal.58
Results from past earthquakes found that:
• "95% of rescues from downed buildings are carried out by fellow victims. Training ordinary citizens how to search safely could greatly reduce injuries. • Many Emergency Operations Centers have not considered the impact of earthquakes on the contents of their Centers. Securing computers and desks and other non-structural mitigation activities would have large payoffs at low cost. "59 Some deaths will be caused by collapsed buildings, falling debris and flying objects, or loss-of- control by drivers of automobiles, while some, as mentioned above, will be from fires. The ShakeOut Scenario estimated only 1,800 deaths, of which about half would be from fires, because of retrofitting over the years. There would be about 750 people with severe injuries who will require rapid medical care to survive. An estimated 50,000 people will have injuries that need 56 Ibid., p 7
57 Ibid., p 7
58 Ibid., p 8-9
59 Ibid., p 9
370

emergency room care. Further, mortality rates may also be higher if hospitals cannot function because damage roads may inhibit emergency personnel from transporting the injured to the emergency rooms. 60
Business Interruption
"The economic impact of the earthquake is not be limited to the structures and goods broken or burnt in the event. Much of the economic activity of the southern California region will be interrupted by the damage to structures and infrastructure. In particular, beyond their direct losses in stock (such as buildings, machines, and inventory), businesses will be unable to function because of loss of electricity, gas, water, and a transportation system. Some of the losses can be recaptured when the business resume but the amount recaptured decreases with time as customers and suppliers find alternatives. Because the duration of outage is so long, the lack of water conveyance becomes the largest factor in business interruption losses for the ShakeOut earthquake, resulting in $50 billion [in 2008 dollars] in lost economic activity."61
The ShakeOut Scenario will be far enough from the Los Angeles International Airport and the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach that their damage will be minimal. But this is not the case for other earthquakes. Since trains carry most of their cargo after it enters the county, and rail lines would be unusable, the economic disruption will depend on how rapidly the railways and highways can be re-built.

The ShakeOut Scenario found that previous efforts to reduce loss through mitigation before the event have been successful, but there are many more actions and policies that could be taken to improve resiliency and reduce loss from business interruption. Planning and preparedness can improve both personal and business resiliency. 62
The first ShakeOut Drill was performed on November 13 of the same year. The number of participants has steadily increased each year since and is even practiced in other countries. 63 City of Los Angeles's "Resilience by Design" (2014)
Dr. Lucy Jones met Eric Garcetti soon after he became mayor of the City of Los Angeles. After he named her as the city's Science Advisor for Seismic Safety64, they formed a team to identify and address the city's earthquake vulnerabilities. The city and her agency, the US Geological Survey (USGS), entered into a technical assistance agreement to use the results of the ShakeOut 61 Ibid., p 9
62 Ibid., p 11
63 https://www.shakeout.org/history/
6" Brianna Crandall, "Mayor Garcetti Announces Earthquake Plan for Los Angeles Buildings", FmLink, January 21, 2015 (accessed 8 Apr 2024), www.fmlink.com/articles/mayor-garcetti-announces-carthquake-plan-for-los-angeles- 371

Scenario to help create a long-term plan for the city,65 The city's plan was the result of a year- long collaboration among policymakers, technical experts, and community stakeholders. The policymakers represented all the divisions in the mayor's office while the USGS brought in technical experts."
The plan was released in 2014 by Mayor Garcetti under the title of "Resilience by Design" 67 The specific goals therein were:

STRENGTHEN OUR BUILDINGS

1. Soft-story retro-fit within 5 years. (How many buildings originally needed it and how many of those were public buildings?);

2. Non-ductile retro-fit within 25 years. (How many buildings originally needed it and how many of those were public buildings?);

3. Implement a Seismic Safety Rating System

4. Create a Back to Business Program; and

5. Mandatory Retrofit of Buildings that are Excessively Damaged in Earthquakes.

FORTIFY OUR WATER SYSTEM --

6. Develop an Alternative Water System for Firefighting;

7. Fortify the Los Angeles Aqueduct;

8. Fortify Other Aqueducts;

9. Fortify Water Storage;

10. Increase Local Water Sources;

11. Create a Seismic Resilient Pipe Network;

12. Implement a Resilience by Design Program at DWP; and

13. Develop a Statewide Seismic Resilience Bond Measure.

ENHANCE RELIABLE TELECOMMUNICATIONS -

14. Maintain Internet Access After Earthquakes;

15. Protect the Power System at Fault Crossings;

16. Create a Citywide Backup Internet System;

17. Fortify Cellular Towers; and

18. Advancement of Earthquake Early Warning.

As for the progress made on these goals, the Committee was able to find some progress on many of them:
65 Science Application for Risk Reduction, "Dr, Lucy Jones to Advise the City of Los Angeles on Earthquake Vulnerabilities", February 19, 2014 (accessed 8 April 2024), www.usgs.gov/news/dr-lucy-jones-advise-city-los- angeles-earthquake-vulnerabilities
372

Goal 1 and Goal 2. Retrofitting ordinance for soft-story and non-ductile cement buildings were passed in 2015 as ordinances 184081 and 183893 respectively, 6869 As of 2021, Los Angeles City has retrofitted more than 7,000 buildings. " Of the remaining 12,558 soft-story buildings and 1,222 non-ductile buildings that needed retrofitting, about 93% of these building have submitted their plans.?' A year later, 8,000 buildings were complete with an estimated $1.3 billion spent.? In 2016, the year after the retrofit ordinances were passed, a cost-sharing agreement that had been previously debated with tenant rights organizations and apartment owners associations was resolved by ordinance 184080. The ordinance allowed building owners to pass though up to 50% of the cost of the required work, up to $38 per month for each tenant.73 Goal 3. The rationale behind having a building seismic rating system was to encourage buildings to be able to withstand larger stresses than we have had in the past by encouraging the owner to do more than the minimum building requirement. In other words, why retro-fit as needed just to satisfy today's requirements for the particular building type, when future earthquakes could reveal more shortcomings in how buildings were built?
Goal 4. A "Back To Business" program would allow businesses within a city to be voluntarily inspected now and if they appear to be up to current code, after a major earthquake, they would be the first buildings to be re-inspected. If the buildings were then found to still be safe, they could open up their business right away. This would also encourage the owners to voluntarily retro-fit now so they would be more likely to avoid excess damage later while also re-opening their businesses sooner 74
The Dr. Lucy Jones Center for Science and Society, a non-profit, along with the North Valley Community Foundation and Wells Fargo have also developed a resource guide for small businesses and civic leaders to plan for how small business can become resilient. See their "Small Business Recovery to Resilience Guide»75
Goal 7. There are three aqueducts that are independently owned that import water to Southern California. They are the California Aqueduct that is part of a state system, the Colorado River 68 https://www.ladbs.org/docs/default-source/publications/ordinances/14-1697-s2_ord_184081_2-19-

16.pdf?sfvrsn=8e28e253
69 https://www.ladbs.org/docs/default-source/publications/misc- publications/ordinance 183893.pdf?sfvrsn=cf96e053 6
70 Ali Sahabi for Optimum Seismic, "Los Angeles Marks Earthquake Resilience Milestone", October 26, 2021, Accessed 18 March 2024, https://www.optimumseismic.com/earthquake-resilience/los-angeles-marks-earthquake- resilience-milestone/
72 Rong-Gong Lin II for Los Angeles Times, "L.A. hits $1-billion earthquake milestone: 8,000 buildings retrofitted", October 20,2020 (accessed 18 March, 2024), https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-10-20/1-a-hits-1- billion-earthquake
73 Jones and Aho
74 A sample plan can be licated onpages 48-49 and Appendix C of page 111 in the "Resilience By Design" report, at d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/mayorofla/pages/16797/attachments/original/1420504740/Resilience_by_Design_F ull_Report_Dec_11_FINAL.pdf
75 Dr. Lucy Jones Center for Science and Society et al, Small Business Recovery to Resilience Guide", January 2023, accessed 22 April 2024, www.drlucyjonescenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Small-Business-Recovery- to-Resilience-Guide-2023.pdf
373

Aqueduct, and the Los Angeles Aqueduct. Together, they provide about half of the water that is used in the County, but they all cross the San Andreas Fault.

The DWP developed a seismic enhancement project through the 5-mile-long Elizabeth Tunnel.

They reinforced the tunnel at vulnerable locations, then installed two 24-inch diameter high- density polyethylene pipes for 800 feet. The objective was to increase the probability of being able to supply water across the fault zone for earthquake events that do not fully rupture the 9-foot wide horseshoe-shaped concrete-lined tunnel.?"
Goal 11. The company Kubota (in Japan) has over a 100 year history of developing pipes. In 1974, they developed an earthquake-resistant ductile pipe and have several kinds of pipes today that have withstood earthquakes. Representatives from the DWP met with them and have since installed some of them here in a trial project. 78&79
Goal 12. Although the County still has a long way to go in making our water supplies more resilient, the DWP has identified many things yet to be done in a plan.8 Goal 18. In 2019, an early warning app call Shake AlertLA8! was released to the public for Apple and Android phones. It was the first early warning app in the county and would alert users if a magnitude 5.0 earthquake or higher occurred with the warning "EARTHQUAKE, EARTHQUAKE, EXPECT STRONG SHAKING. DROP, COVER, AND HOLD ON.

PROTECT YOURSELF NOW!"
Since then, the original app has been replaced by a newer app called MyShake®2 which covers the states of Washington, Oregon, and California, and is planned to go global eventually. It is created at UC Berkeley and is able to take the motion of the phone into account if the user allows it in their phone's settings. After the earthquake, the user can also provide feedback as part of a citizen science project to learn more about earthquakes.
76 Craig A. Davis and John E. Shamma, "Improving the Resilience of Southern California Water Supply Aqueduct Systems to Regional Earthquake Threats", National Academy of Engineering: The Bridge, vol. July 1, 2019, pp 60- 69, www.nae.edu/19579/19582/21020/212135/212175/Resilience-by-Design " Scott Lindvall et al, "Recharacterizing the Los Angeles Aqueduct Crossing of the San Andreas Fault for Improved Earthquake Resilience", conference paper, 2018, usgs.gov/publications/characterizing-los-angeles-aqueduct- crossing-san-andreas-fault-improved-earthquake and/or www.pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70210080 78 "Water Pipes that Won't Break in an Earthquake: The Mission Inherited by Kubota's Engineers", February 28, 202, accessed 22 April 2024, www.kubota.com/kubotastories/earthquake-resistant-water-pipes/index.html 19 Art Haddaway (for WaterWorks.com), "Earthquake-Resistant Ductile Iron Pipe Makes U.S. Debut in Los Angeles", April 15, 2015, accessed 22 April 2024, www.waterworld.com/drinking- water/distribution/article/16193807/earthquake-resistant-ductile-iron-pipe-makes-us-debut-in-los-angeles 80 Craig A. Davis, "Implementing A Water System Seismic Resilience and Sustainability Program in Los Angeles", accessed 22 April 2024, www.jwwa.or.jp/jigyou/kaigai_file/seminar_04/america_06.pdf 81 Josh Haskell (for ABC7.com), "Earthquake Early Warning App for Los Angeles County Now Available for Download", January 3, 2019, accessed 22 April 2024, abc7.com/early-warning-system-earthquake-alent-usgs- shakealert/5005402
82 myshake.berkeley.edu
374

There is also a desktop version that is being tested in some schools. The advantage here is that employees and students who do not have access to their phones during the day can still be alerted®.

LA County's Sustainability Plan "OurCounty" (2019)
This county-wide plan 4 has a general goal of resilience and recovering from disasters. But there aren't specific goals related to earthquakes. But it does have specific goals for water supplies and Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) training (in English and other community languages).

Goal 1 of the plan is to have "Resilient and healthy community environments where residents thrive in place". Strategy IF is to "develop community capacity to respond to emergencies". The action item referred to here is:

Countywide, the county started with an estimated 10,000 people having already taken Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) training since the program's introduction in the 1980s. Today a limited number of classes are offered in Spanish.
2025 Targets: 5,000 people trained on emergency response through the CERT program. Make 30% of CERT trainings available in non-English languages 2035 Targets: 10,000 people trained on emergency response through the CERT program. Make 40% of CERT trainings available in non-English languages 2045 Targets: 15,000 people trained on emergency response through CERT program. Make 60% of CERT trainings available in non-English languages
Work Planned for the County (2023-2024)
In 2023, the BOS asked Public Works (PW) to draft an ordinance for retrofitting that would only apply to non-ductile buildings but only for those over 75 feet tall.

In 2024, PW was prepared to present the proposed ordinance to the BOS at about the same time as this report was scheduled to be published probably in May 2024. The proposed text is shown in Appendix 2.

Ordinances in Other Cities
The website "SeismicOrdinances.com" has been making an attempt to follow the progress of various cities in their planning and enforcement of building retro-fits. Since the Committee will be making recommendations for the largest cities in the county to participate in retrofit projects, the table below includes the five largest cities (by population) after Los Angeles. The intent of this table is to capture where the county stands over-all as far as building retro-fits at this time. 83 Julien Marty (for the Berkeley Seismology Lab), "MyShake Desktop App", accessed 22 April 2024, www.caloes.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Earthquake-Tsunami-Volcano/Documents/Partner-Presentation-No-3-UC- Berkeley.pdf
84 Los Angeles Countywide Sustainability Plan, 2019, (accessed 28 March 2024), https://ourcountyla.lacounty.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/OurCounty-Final-Plan.pdf 375

Key for Table 1 below:

The year range is the time span when an ordinance enforces retrofitting. • "Plan" means the City is planning for the retrofit.
• "Proposal" means an ordinance is in the process of being implemented. • "Rec" means the Committee will be making a recommendation.

Year Back To
Incorp. Population Non-Ductile Unreinforce Steel Business City Soft Story Cement d Masonry Frame plan
Los Angeles 1850 3,898,747 2015-2022 87,8689 2015-2041909192 Yes Unincorp. County n/a 1,022,167 Plan Proposal
Long Beach 3 1897 464,759 Plan, Rec Plan, Rec Plan
Santa Clarita 1987 228,673 Rec Rec
Glendale 1906 196,543 Rec Rec
Lancaster 1977 173,516 Rec Rec
Palmdale 1962 169,450 Rec Rec
Torrance 1921 147,067 Plan Plan Plan
Pasadena 1886 138,699 2019-202694
Burbanks 1911 107,337 2020-202396
Santa Monica 798 1886 93,076 2017-2025 2017-2027 2017-2019 2017-2037 Culver City 1917 40,779 2021-202699
West Hollywood '° 1984 35,757 2017-2028101 2017-2037102 Beverly Hills 1914 32,701 2019-2023103, 104
City of Industry 1957 264 Rec
Vernon 1905 222 Rec
85https://file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/lac/1043530_09-10CitiesAlpha.pdf 86 Ibid
87www.ladbs.org/services/core-services/plan-check-permit/plan-check-permit-special-assistance/mandatory-retrofit- programs/soft-story-retrofit-program
88 www.ladbs.org/docs/default-source/publications/misc-publications/ordinance_183893.pdf?sfvrsn=cf96e053 6 89 www.ladbs.org/docs/default-source/publications/ordinances/14-1697-s2_ord_184081 2-19-16.pdf?sfvrsn=828c253_8 9www.ladbs.org/services/core-services/plan-check-permit/plan-check-permit-special-assistance/mandatory-retrofit- programs/non-ductile-concrete-retrofit-program
91 ladbs.org/docs/default-source/publications/misc-publications/non-ductile-concrete-retrofit-owner- guide.pdf?sfvrsn=666df853_8
92 www.nonductieretrofit.com/assets/pdf/ordinance_183893-los-angeles.pdf 93 Long Beach Building Resiliency Program, Sept 25, 2023 (accessed 19 April 2024), https://caanet.org/u/2023/11/Long-Beach- Building-Resiliency-Program-9-25-23.pdf
94 Soft-Story Retro-fit Ordinance, May 20, 2019, https://www.cityofpasadena.net/planning/soft-story-retrofit-ordinance/ 95 Burbank Seismic Retrofitting, (accessed 18 April 2024), www.burbankca.gov/web/community-development/building-codes %6 Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings, Seismic Ordinances.com, www.seismicordinances.com/reinforced- concrete-andor-masonry-wall-buildings/burbank
97 Santa Monica Retrofit Program, (accessed 18 April 2024), www.santamonica.gov/programs/seismic-retrofit-program 98 Years extracted from https://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/PCD/Programs/Seismic- Retrofit/Seismic%20Retrofit%20Noticing%20Schedule.pdf
" Culver City Seismic Retrofit Ordinance, accessed 18 April 2024, www.culvercity.org/City-Hall/Reports-policies-local- laws/Seismic-Retrofit-Program
100 WeHo Seismic Retrofit Program, accessed 18 April 2024, www.weho.org/city-government/city-departments/community- development-department/building-and-safety/seismic-retrofit 101 https://www.weho.org/home/showpublisheddocument/31443/636293170195230000 102 https://www.weho.org/home/showpublisheddocument/34421/636404642325770000 103 www.beverlyhills.org/departments/communitydevelopment/developmentservicespermitcenter/seismicretrofitprogram/ 104 www.beverlyhills.org/cbhfiles/storage/files/405179943937472210/SeismicRetrofitOrdinance- WoodframeSoftstoryBuildingsNo.18-O-2767.PDF
376

Table 1. Current and Future Building Retrofitting by City Long Beach Earthquake Ordinances105
Long Beach is planning to build a Building Resiliency Program. They will be inventorying the types of buildings they have but are planning on focusing on businesses and multi-family buildings. They currently have voluntary retrofit for soft-story and reinforced concrete and non- ductile cement.

Santa Clarita Ordinance
Santa Clarita does not appear to have an earthquake ordinance. Although it is one of the youngest cities in the county and there has been a lot of building recently, the buildings that existed before it was incorporated should be analyzed to see which, if any, should be retrofitted.

Glendale Earthquake Safety Element
It appears that Glendale does not have an ordinance on earthquakes, but their Safety Element contains information on hazardous earthquakes that happen in Glendale.

The Safety Element Technical Background Report to the Safety Element contains the detailed technical analysis and maps used to prepare the Element. They can be found here on the City of Glendale Website. 06.107
Because of the statewide Unreinforced Masonry Law of 1986 that required cities in seismic zone 4 to identify hazardous unreinforced masonry buildings in their jurisdiction to be notified of potential seismic hazards and needed to be retrofitted, most of the buildings were improved. As of 2002, of the 703 buildings that were identified, only 2 were still not.!08 Lancaster Municipal Code
Lancaster does not appear to have an earthquake ordinance.

Palmdale Municipal Code
According to the Palmdale Municipal Code section 113.5, construction limitations requires that:
"No building or structure shall be constructed over or upon the trace of a known active earthquake fault which is shown on maps maintained by the City Engineer. The absence of a known active earthquake fault trace at the proposed building location shall be determined by the city engineer or a geologist..." "1. When the proposed building is within 50 feet (15,240 mm) of that line designated by the Building Official as the assumed location of a known active earthquake fault on the aforementioned maps" and "2. When the proposed building is within 50 feet (15,240 mm) 105 www.seismicordinances.com/wood-frame-soft-story-structures/long-beach 106 www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/4541/635242148291600000 107 www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/4543/635242148297370000 108 p 2-2 of www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/4551/635242148319870000 377

of the most probable ground location of the trace of a known active earthquake fault shown on the aforementioned maps." 109
Pasadena' Mandatory Seismic Retrofit Ordinance
In May 2019, Pasadena passed the Mandatory Seismic Retrofit Ordinance. The city did so because:
"With an aging building stock in a seismically active region, Pasadena understood the need for a local ordinance requiring seismic retrofits to certain categories of potentially vulnerable buildings.

The ordinance covers soft-story buildings, which are "wood-framed buildings with more than one story that typically have extensive ground story windows, garage doors, or open-air spaces (such as parking, with or without garage doors, large window openings, etc.) with little or no solid walls." According to the Pasadena city website, in the 1989 La Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes ... soft-story buildings accounted for significant human loss and property damage." Wood soft- story buildings in Pasadena require evaluation and possible retrofit. '10 Santa Monica Seismic Retrofit Ordinances
Not only does Santa Monica have a retrofit ordinance for each building type discussed in this report, but it also has one for Concrete Tilt-Up, a building type not discussed in this Report.''' City of Industry
This city is geographically small at 12.5 square miles with an estimated population of 800, although the 2022 census showed less than that. They have many business there that are primarily devoted to light manufacturing, warehousing and distribution.'2 Rather than focusing on earthquake retrofitting here, the Committee thinks their businesses would benefit from a Back To Business plan with voluntary retrofitting where needed.

City of Vernon
Vernon was founded as the first exclusively industrial city in the Southwestern US. As an industrial city of 5.2 square miles just southeast of downtown Los Angeles, they have about 1,800 businesses that employ about 50,000 people. The businesses are in the categories of food and agriculture, apparel, steel, plastics, logistics, and home furnishings. '3 The Committee would also like to see them create a Back to Business plan, for any businesses that need retrofitting, to do it voluntarily.
109 https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/Palmdale/#:/html/Palmdale08/Palmdale0804.html 110 https://www.cityofpasadena.net/planning/soft-story-retrofit-ordinance/ I'www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/PCD/Programs/Seismic- Retrofit/Seismic%20Retrofit%20Noticing%20Schedule.pdf
112 ww.cityofindustry.org/city-hall
113 cityofvernon.org/about/about-vernon
378

METHODOLOGY
To conduct this investigation, the Committee started by searching online for what steps the County has taken to help its citizens prepare for an earthquake since the Northridge earthquake. Scientists, engineers, and other interested people often learn from each earthquake and as a result, sometimes the state building code is updated. '4 For instance, after earthquakes in Turkey and Syria killed 50,000 people, the BOS voted that the County's building code should require all non-ductile high- rises to be retrotitted within 10 years. The motion by the BOS will apply to all buildings in the unincorporated areas of the county and buildings owned by the county.!!S The Committee searched the archives of the Los Angeles Times to determine which County-owned buildings are made of non-ductile cement that require retrofitting to comply with the structural integrity requirements of the State of California Building Code. The Committee confirmed this information with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works. We also discussed earthquake preparedness with representatives from the Los Angeles County Internal Services Division. The committee interviewed personnel at the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works to learn about the process to retrofit these buildings. The committee also interviewed the Los Angeles County Chief Executive Officer (CEO) to learn about the contracting process for the building retrofit. The committee reviewed various web sites to gain an understanding of non- ductile cement. We reviewed FEMA documents to learn about earthquake (seismic) retrofit considerations. We also reviewed earthquake data on the Southern California Earthquake Data Center (scedc.caltech.edu) site, the United States Geological Survey (usgs.gov) site, the California Geological Survey (conservation.ca.gov/cgs) and the California Earthquake Authority (earthquakeauthority.com).
114 Los Angeles Building Code -http://lacounty-ca.elaws.us/code/coor title26/ https://library.municode.com/ca/los_angeles_county/codes/code_of_ordinances I'S Minutes from the Feb 28, 2023 BOS meeting, (accessed 29 Mar 2024), www.file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/bos/sop/1138590_022823.pdf 379

DISCUSSION

HALL OF JUSTICE
The Hall of Justice suffered damage severe enough in the 1994 Northridge Earthquake to cause Los Angeles County to remove all occupants from this building. The building was renovated but was not allowed to be occupied until 2015.!16

MEDICAL EXAMINER OFFICE
The Medical Examiner informed us during an interview that sufficient facilities for handling the deceased may not be available following a major earthquake since the Medical Examiner facilities have not been retrofitted for earthquake safety. Also, since the San Andreas fault bisects Los Angeles County the auxiliary facilities in the Antelope Valley may not be accessible. The Medical Examiner doesn't have specific plans to accommodate this type of disruption.

PORTS OF LOS ANGELES AND LONG BEACH
In the event of an earthquake, transportation venues from the ports to distribution centers may be blocked or otherwise unavailable. Plans should be made to accommodate possible transportation disruption.

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
It should be noted that no one can predict an earthquake. An earthquake prediction must include three elements: 1) the date and time, 2) the location, and 3) the magnitude. There is no science that currently allows this type of prediction. " Therefore, one has to prepare for an earthquake that might occur at any time and without warning.

Mr. Papadopoulos who was identified earlier in this report has promulgated four rules of disaster risk. They are:
1) Disaster risk grows exponentially with hazard risk
2) Disaster risk grows with Urban Density even when hazard risk remains constant 3) Disaster risk is inversely proportional to resilience capacity and 4) Emergency capability required is inversely proportional to resilience capacity. 18 All of these tenets apply to Los Angeles County. Los Angeles County is a major urban area which is prone to earthquakes. The risk of earthquakes in Los Angeles County has not changed in historic times but the city has grown to the second largest urban area in the United States in the last 250 years. Therefore, the potential for disaster in Los Angeles County has grown significantly. This needs to be addressed.
116 https://www.historicresourcesgroup.com/projects/hall-justice? I https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/can-you-predict-carthquakes 118 Resilience - The Ultimate Sustainability, page 22, Aris Papadopoulus, ISBN 978-0-9861816-1-0, copyright 2016 380

There are more than 100 faults within Los Angeles County'!?. A major earthquake on any of the faults that crisscross the Los Angeles basin could topple many buildings in Los Angeles County including major Los Angeles County governmental buildings all of which were constructed prior to 1977 when the building codes allowed for the use of non-ductile cement in their construction.

This report will address a short history of earthquakes in the county, what has been done since the 1994 Northridge earthquake, and how the existing programs can be expanded to include larger geographic areas without having the entire county compete for the limited number of structural engineers and building contractors at the same time. It will also describe which public buildings should be subject to retrofitting or be re-built.

This includes making buildings earthquake resistant. There are numerous buildings in Southern California that do not meet current building codes related to seismic safety. Many of these are government buildings. Southern California is prone to major earthquakes. Fortunately, Los Angeles County has not had a major earthquake since the Northridge Earthquake in 1994. Many experts continue to indicate that we are "overdue" for a major earthquake in Southern California.

The U.S. Geological Survey says the probability of a magnitude 6.7 quake hitting the L.A. area again within 30 years is 60%. There's a 46% chance of a magnitude 7.0 and a 31% probability of a magnitude 7.5. 120 The probability of an earthquake of a magnitude greater than 6.7 striking somewhere is California within the next 30 years is greater than 99%. 121 There have been several reports published over that last few years that highlight that many Los Angeles County owned buildings are not sufficiently sturdy to withstand a major earthquake. The Los Angeles Times published an extensive report. 122
The County of Los Angeles is currently working on what they identify as "High Rise" buildings made of non-ductile cement. There are five such buildings owned by Los Angeles County. They are the Hall of Administration, Hall of Records, County General Hospital, County/USC Intern and Residence Building, and the Health Services Building. 123 Building Construction Types with Examples
The four problematic building methods that have impacts on being able to survive an earthquake are:
1) Soft-First Story;
2) Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete;
3) Unreinforced Masonry (URM); and
4) Steel Framed.
119 California Earthquake Map - Fault Lines, Zones & Risks by County CEA (earthquakeauthority.com) 120 Is Los Angeles due for another major earthquake? (msn.com) 121 California Earthquake Map - Fault Lines, Zones & Risks by County | CEA (earthquakeauthority.com) 122 https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-03-277/concrete-buildings-la-county 123 Interview with Los Angeles County Department of Public Works personnel 381

Each of these methods is described and pictured below along with how much progress has been made in strengthening buildings of each type.

Soft-First Story
Soft-First Story buildings have a ground floor with a large door or window on at least one side where reinforcement is absent. Some examples of Soft-First Story buildings are garages with typical garage doors or showcase windows in stores. 124 ssc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/08/20-01_hog.pdf-page 22 Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete
Non-ductile concrete buildings are structures that contain brittle concrete elements (columns, beams, walls, and connections) that tend to perform poorly during earthquakes due to the limited 124 What is soft-story seismic retrofitting? | How StuffWorks 382

amount of provided reinforcing steel. In a concrete building designed per today's code standards, the reinforcing steel is designed to act as a strong cage, holding the concrete intact inside of the elements during an earthquake and allowing it to continue to support the building weight.

In a non-ductile concrete building, typically designed using older pre-1980's building codes, the elements have limited steel reinforcement to form a confining cage. As a result, the concrete element cracks and crushes, losing its ability to continue to support load as the concrete pieces spall or fall out of the cage. The building consequently may partially or fully collapse because of a large earthquake.?
This potential for damage puts the occupant's safety at a tremendous risk, in addition to reducing or eliminating its ability to function. This type of non-ductile concrete construction has caused the loss of lives during earthquakes including the Mexico City earthquake (1985), Northridge earthquake (1994), and Christchurch New Zealand earthquake (2011). Concrete buildings designed and constructed prior to the 1976 building code are usually non-ductile, even if they are categorized as "reinforced concrete" buildings on building permits. 126 Non-ductile concrete refers to a type of concrete that lacks the ability to deform or stretch under stress. Unlike ductile materials that can withstand significant strain without fracturing, non-ductile concrete is brittle and prone to cracking. This lack of flexibility and tensile strength makes it vulnerable to structural failure, especially during seismic events. 127 Older high-rise buildings owned by Los Angeles County in and near downtown Los Angeles are made of non-ductile cement.
125 Projects: Non-Ductile Concrete Buildings (degenkolb.com) https://degenkolb.com/work/non-ductile-concrete- buildings/
126 Ibid
126 Unveiling Non-Ductile Concrete: Understanding Its Properties - ScienceSphere.blog (semaforobares.com) 383

Picture from Non-Ductile Concrete Buildings (degenkolb.com) https://degenkolb.com/seismic- ordinances/non-ductile-concrete-buildings/
Frequently Asked Questions about non-Ductile Concrete buildings and Soft-Story Buildings in Los Angeles can be read at the website for the Structural Engineers Association of Southern California: https://www.seaosc.org/la-retrofit-faq
Unreinforced Masonry (URM)
[Grab photos from California Seismic Safety Commission, "Home Owners Guide to Earthquake Safety", 2020 Edition, Pages 19 and 21. ]
ssc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/08/20-01_hog.pdf An unreinforced masonry building (UMB or URM building) is a type of building where load- bearing walls, non-load-bearing walls, or other structures, such as chimneys, are made of brick, cinderblock, tiles, adobe or other masonry material that is not braced by reinforcing material, such as rebar in a concrete or cinderblock. 128
128 https://mitigation.eeri.org/wp-content/uploads/femap774.pdf 384

ssc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/08/20-01 _hog.pdf An unreinforced masonry building (UMB or URM building) is a type of building where load- bearing walls, non-load-bearing walls, or other structures, such as chimneys, are made of brick, cinderblock, tiles, adobe or other masonry material that is not braced by reinforcing material, such as rebar in a concrete or cinderblock.

If a home has walls built of unreinforced masonry— brick, hollow clay tiles, stone, concrete blocks, or adobe—-the walls may be too brittle to resist earthquake shaking. As a result, the walls could collapse in an earthquake. 130
In California, a URM retrofit law was passed in 1986 but left up to the cities in earthquake-prone areas to enforce it. A few cities did that while in others they only required the owner to identify/ acknowledge it.
"In California, there are also other types of mandatory seismic ordinances that apply to structure types such as unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings. The California URM Law was passed in 1986 and required local governments in high seismic zones to develop an inventory for URM buildings and establish a loss-reduction program. For a handful of California cities, ordinances requiring seismic retrofit were passed but in the majority of cities, the local ordinances only required that owners identify buildings as being vulnerable. Typically, mandatory compliance dates for URM buildings in California covered by this older generation of seismic ordinances have passed, meaning that most of the buildings in California covered by these older ordinances should be in compliance. Because of this, SeismicOrdinances.com does not address URM ordinances in 129 Ibid
130 Homeowner's Guide to Earthquake Safety (ca.gov) https://ssc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/08/20- 01_hog.pdf Page 21
385

California. Those requiring specific information on URM ordinances in California should contact their municipality directly."-from Seismic Ordinances.com]'31 Steel Framed
Steel frame is a building technique with a "skeleton frame" of vertical steel columns and horizontal I-beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to support the floors, roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the frame. The development of this technique made the construction of the skyscraper possible. 132
FEMA Guidelines
Design of the structural system of a building must incorporate several important features whether they are new buildings or older buildings undergoing seismic safety retrofit: 133 • Stable foundations;
• Continuous load paths;
• Adequate stiffness and strength;
• Redundancy;
• Regularity;
• Ductility and toughness; and
• Adequate separation from neighboring construction.
131 https://ssc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2020/08/cssc_2005-02_urm.pdf Status of the Unreinforced Masonry Building Law
132 https://www.aisc.org/globalassets/modern-steel/archives/2007/03/2007v03_seismic-resistant_structures.pdf 133 Earthquake Resistant Design Concepts, An Introduction to Seismic Concepts for New Buildings, Edition 2, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), P-749, September 2022, Paraphrased from Chapter 3, https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/risk-management/earthquake/training/fema-p-749 386

1. Stable Foundations - In addition to being able to support the weight of the structure without excessive settlement, the foundation system must be able to resist earthquake-induced overturning forces and be capable of transferring large horizontal forces between the structure and the ground without excessive settlement or sliding. Foundation systems also must be capable of resisting both transient and permanent ground deformations without inducing excessively large displacements in the supported structures.

2. Continuous Load Paths - A load path is a series of connected elements designed to deliver loads from their origin to the foundation. In steel construction, load path is achieved by bolted or welded connections between each of the framing elements. In reinforced concrete and masonry structures, continuous reinforcing bars must run throughout the structure to tie it together.

3. Adequate Stiffness and Strength - Strong earthquake shaking will induce both vertical and lateral forces in a structure. The lateral forces that tend to move structures horizontally have proven to be particularly damaging. If a structure has inadequate lateral stiffness or strength, these lateral forces can produce large horizontal displacements in the structure and potentially cause instability.

4. Regularity - A structure is considered regular if the distribution of its mass, strength, and stiffness is such that it will sway in a uniform manner when subjected to ground shaking.

For a regular building, lateral movement in each story and on each side of the structure will be about the same, as will the strength of the structure relative to the supported mass.

5. Redundancy - If all the strength and earthquake resistance of a structure are concentrated in only one or a few elements, the structure will not have any residual strength if those elements are seriously damaged, and this can lead to structural collapse. If a structure has redundancy, a large number of elements participate in providing the strength of the structure. If only a few are badly damaged, the remaining elements may have enough residual strength to prevent collapse.

6. Ductility and Toughness - Ductility and toughness are structural properties that relate to the ability of a structural element to sustain damage when overloaded while continuing to carry load without failure. These are extremely important properties for structures designed to sustain damage without collapse.

DESIGN PROCESS FOR RETROFITTING
Structural Engineer and Construction Manager normally take the lead in designing an earthquake retrofit for a building. However, they are assisted by designers of cladding, ceilings, lighting, HVAC, electrical and other systems. The overall design phase also includes accommodating current employees during the seismic retrofit process and ensuring that offices are secure. For example, can the employees work in the same locations during the retrofit or do they have to be 387

moved around the building or moved to another facility. The overall process involves the following.

1. Find original building design plans;

2. Inspect interior and exterior building to ensure current design actually matches original design plans;

3. Update design plans to match actual building design;

4. Design and document required seismic retrofit updates;

5. Determine Complete Cost to Retrofit;

6. Compare retrofit costs to demolish/re-build and/or purchase new facility to determine most efficient methodology;

7. Submit plans to approving authority to gain permits;

8. Approving authority issues required permits;

9. Permits posted at construction site;

10. Complete construction effort;

11. Test construction as necessary; and

12. Have independent inspector inspect construction to ensure compliance with building codes. 135
134 Interview with Los Angeles County Department of Public Works 14 Dec 2023 and 26 Feb 2024 and Interview with Los Angeles County CEO 11 Jan 2024
135 Earthquake Resistant Design Concepts, An Introduction to Seismic Concepts for New Buildings, Edition 2, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), P-749, September 2022, Paraphrased from Chapter 3, https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/risk-management/earthquake/training/fema-p-749 388

Forces That Impact Buildings during an Earthquake
Compression Tension Shear
Masonry and concrete, for example, will crush when overloaded in compression and will crack and pull apart when placed in tension or shear. Wood will crush when overloaded in compression, split when overloaded in shear, and break when overloaded in tension. Steel will buckle if overloaded in compression and will twist when loaded in bending, if not properly braced, but will yield when overloaded in tension. When steel yields, it stretches a great deal while continuing to carry load, and this property allows it to be used in structures of all types to provide them with ductility and toughness. 136
4 strong earthquake car
cause the two sides of.
fault to suddenly slide by
structural damage requiring
Pilar Villamor, GNS Science, 2016
Picture from the California Seismic Safety Commision Homeowners Guide to Earthquake Safety

Los Angeles County-Owned Buildings
136 136 Earthquake Resistant Design Concepts, An Introduction to Seismic Concepts for New Buildings, Edition 2, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), P-749, September 2022, Paraphrased from Chapter 4, https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/risk-management/earthquake/training/fema-p-749 389

Sample of Los Angeles County Buildings Using Non-Ductile Cement Building Name Date Constructed
Los Angeles County Hall of Administration 1960
Los Angeles County Hall of Records 1962
Los Angeles County Hall of Justice 1925 - Damaged in Northridge Earthquake in 1994. Renovation Complete for occupation
2015
Chief Medical Examiner's Office Building 1969
(1100 N. Mission)
Los Angeles City Hall 1928 - Renovated in 1998
L.A. County targets 33 buildings for seismic https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023- upgrades - Los Angeles Times (latimes.com) 03-27/concrete-buildings-la-county There are 33 Los Angeles County-owned buildings that were built prior to 1977 that have not been renovated. The above table is a partial listing. The entire listing appears in Appendix 1. Many cities such as Los Angeles and Long Beach also have buildings of this vintage which have not been renovated. Most buildings built prior to 1977 use non-ductile concrete which at that time complied with existing building codes. Today building codes require reinforced ductile concrete to be used in building construction. The complete list of Los Angeles County owned buildings requiring earthquake safety retrofit is in Appendix 1.

The Capital Projects Department within the Building and Safety Division of the Public Works Department is responsible for ensuring Los Angeles County Buildings are compliant with the current building code. The current California Building Code (California Code of Regulations Title 24 Building Standards Code) incorporates earthquake safety standards. Part 2 contains structural safety requirements.

The process of retrofitting a building involves several steps. The first step is to locate the original plans to compare the actual construction of the building with the original plans and update the plans as necessary. The next step is to inspect the building to ensure that the building was actually constructed in accordance with the plans. The LA County Public Works Division has hired an independent construction manager to oversee this process. Part of this phase is to compare the actual construction of the building with the current building codes to plan the retrofit, which, in and of itself, is a several million-dollar effort. It involves locating plumbing lines, electrical lines, rebar, and other items that need to be accounted for and then determining what has to be improved.

During this phase it has to be determined whether the retrofit process involves moving the current employees to another building or moving within the building. Then an analysis must be completed to determine whether the retrofit is the most economically viable solution. During this phase the effort to retrofit is compared to other options such as moving the employees and offices to other county-owned buildings, leasing or buying another acceptable building, or leveling the current 390

building and building a new facility from scratch. The next phase is to contract for the retrofit and begin the actual construction. Public Works would actually author the contract and oversee the construction effort. The CEO's office would ensure that the contract covers the construction effort and includes provisions for contingencies. It is estimated that the cost of the retrofit for the Hall of Administration is $400 to $700 million dollars. The other high-rise buildings that are the priority of the County are estimated to have a similar cost. Currently there is no funding available to complete the seismic safety retrofit effort.

Current Status of Los Angeles County Retrofit Effort
Los Angeles County is concentrating on retrofitting the five County-owned high rise buildings (More than 75 feet from ground level to highest occupied floor) made of non-ductile cement.

These buildings are the Hall of Administration (500 W Temple), Hall of Records (320 W Temple), General Hospital (1200 N. State Street), LAC/USC Medical Center Interns and Residence Buildings (2020 Zonal), Health Services Building (313 N. Figueroa). The first building to be retrofitted is the Hall of Administration. Currently, the effort is in the design phase. A construction manager was hired to manage this process. A construction manager oversees and coordinates construction projects. Construction managers are responsible for planning, organizing, and managing all aspects of the construction process, from project initiation to completion. The first phase is to compare the as built configuration of the Hall of Administration to the original design drawings and update the drawings as necessary. This effort is estimated to cost about $3 million dollars. A construction schedule and estimated cost to retrofit cannot be completed until the design phase is complete. However, very preliminary estimates indicate the cost to retrofit the Hall of Administration is between $400 million and $700 million.

This is the initial stages of this project. Once the design phase is complete a cost estimate and schedule need to be completed. Then a comparison of the retrofit activity with a "demolish and rebuild" activity with a purchase an existing building activity must be completed. Then a Request for Proposal needs to be completed and bids solicited. Finally, the winning bidder must be selected and actual construction initiated. '37

LESSONS FROM JAPAN
Japan has about one-fifth of the world's earthquakes!38 and they don't talk about earthquakes by magnitude, but by how much the earth shakes on a scale of 1 to 7.139 (In this section of the report, Richter scores have a decimal indication in the number while Japanese earth movement scores are integers.) When there is a lot of damage, they figure out the problem and then upgrade the building code to make buildings more resilient. 140
137 Interview with management of the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works - 23 Dec 2023 138 Justin McCurry for The Guardian, "Tokyo Braces for Another 'Big One' on 100"h Anniversary of Deadly Quake: Japan Has Learned Key Lessons from the 1923 Earthquake that Killed 105,000 People, but Rapid Growth of the Capital has Raised the stakes", August 31, 2023, (accessed 15 March 2024), www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/01/tokyo-braces-for-another-big-one-on-100th-anniversary-of-deadly-quake 139 Rupert Wingfield-Hayes for the BBC, "What a Century of Earthquakes has Taught Japan, January 2, 2024, (accessed 15 March 2024), www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67860334 140 Justin McCurry
391

To see the vast changes over the past century or so, compare the damage of the 2011 Fukushima earthquake to the 1923 massive Great Kanto Quake. The Kanto earthquake flattened huge areas and had a shaking level of 5 in the capital city of Tokyo. The Fukushima earthquake was a massive

9.0 on the northern coastline but was also felt as an earth movement level of 5 in Tokyo. In 1923, Tokyo was flattened and 140,000 people died. In 2011, the tall skyscrapers swayed, but no buildings fell. It was the tsunami that killed thousands of people, not the shaking. '41 But over the last century, the population and density of the city has grown dramatically. In 1923, many of Tokyo's four million residents were at home, preparing their lunch over open fires just before noon when the earthquake hit. 42 The fires raged for two days while smaller shaking and wind continued.

The wooden buildings burned and 290,000 buildings were lost. Scenes from the earthquake are preserved in a museum where a pile of nails, printing machines, and damaged bikes were "welded" together by the heat. [But some of the lives lost were not due to the earthquake, since mobs with swords and iron bars killed 6,000 Korean residents after xenophobic rumors that they were exploiting the chaos.] 143144
Seismologists have used statistics based on past patterns to predict that there is a 70% chance that a magnitude 7 or higher quake will hit Tokyo in the next 30 years. However, due to better planning and technology, the worst-case scenario is that only 6,000 people would die, but millions of lives will be altered and the economy could be challenging, especially with their current public debt.

Global supply chains would also be disrupted.

Planning and preparation is a significant indicator of who will survive a large earthquake in Japan.

The Japanese government collects large amounts of data using state of the art seismometer networks and early-alert systems. 45 Disaster-preparedness groups have sprung up in the last 25 years as they organize drills and cultivate neighborly ties. When one of the disaster-prevention leaders was asked what worried him the most, he paused, then said "toilets".

Construction companies and developers often invest in more safety measures than are mandated For example, one firm installed a 1,350-ton pendulum on a skyscraper to reduce the building's sway. 146 And the government has purchased land to enable wider roads for fire breaks and have planned evacuation routes. (In 1923, 40,000 people died in a field when they were surrounded by flames on all sides.) 147
Today, Tokyo has over 14 million residents. 148 Even though the chance of fire has decreased, there are still many wooden buildings and more people live alone without a strong support system. 141 Rupert Wingfield-Hayes
142 Mel Haasch for The Economist, "The Next Big One, A Century After its Last Big Quake, Tokyo Braces for a Successor", September 10, 2023
143 Justin McCurry
144 The Economist
145 The Economist
146 The Economist
147 The Economist
148 https://www.statista.com/topics/9914/tokyo/#topicOverview 392

Surveys show that those who live alone are less likely to be prepared. And as the population ages, more seniors will need help in a disaster. 149
Personal and Office Earthquake Preparedness
There are several simple ways one can prepare their home or office for an earthquake and minimize the impact. They can also help others in the process if they know what to do.

The ShakeOut Drill
The ShakeOut drill began in 2008 as part of the ShakeOut Scenario where over 300 scientists and specialists studied what kind of large earthquake would be likely for southern California and what kind of impact it would have. The earthquake drill was designed to educate the public about how to prepare for and protect themselves during a large earthquake. The number of people who participate each year keeps growing and it is very easy to do:

Drop... Cover... and Hold On...

This means you should:

DROP to the floor if you are able to, preferably facing away from a window.

COVER your head, either by being under a table or desk and shield your head from anything falling or flying through the air.

HOLD ON to a table or chair leg as long as there is shaking.

The Seven Steps
One can review the seven preparation steps at the Earthquake Country Alliance website:
https://www.earthquakecountry.org/sevensteps
Although this list of steps was designed to apply to individual homes and families, it also applies to office areas.

Ready Your Los Angeles Neighborhood (RYLAN)
The Rylan Program (Ready Your LA Neighborhood) (RYLAN) was created and implemented by the City of Los Angeles Emergency Management Department (EMD). RYLAN provides free and convenient step by step tools to help families, businesses and local neighborhoods of Los Angeles prepare for earthquakes and other disasters. RYLAN also addresses the steps to take immediately after a natural disaster. Through the RYLAN program, the local community will be able to assist the EMD to help communities not only prepare for earthquakes, but will also help communities avoid injuries, protect property and save lives if and when a natural disaster occurs. 150 The RYLAN Emergency Preparedness Guide for LA can be found here:
149 The Economist
150 https://ready.lacity.gov/
393

https://ready.lacity.gov/sites/g/files/wph2196/files/2021-04/rylan-emergency-preparedness- guide-english-digital.pdf
Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)

LOS ANGELES COUNTY CERT
The County of Los Angeles' Fire Department's (LACFD) CERT created a neighborhood reparedness network for County communities. Local fire department and law entorcement offer free 20-hour FEMA approved training curriculum that teaches County residents on basic disaste response skills including earthquake preparedness, fire safety, light search and rescue, team organization and medical operations for disasters. CERT members work alongside first responders like the LACFD by aiding them when they respond to an emergency in their community.!5! To sign up for the Los Angeles County CERT training, go here:
https://lacountyfire.galaxydigital.com/event/

LA CITY CERT
The Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD) offers CERT members seventeen and a half hours (one day a week for seven weeks) of initial training. This CERT course is followed by full-day bi- annual refresher drills as well as several opportunities to assist the LAFD at local disaster incidents.

CERT training is free for LA citizens and available to anyone 18 or over. Classes are conveniently available mornings, afternoons and evenings on a continuous bases throughout the year in locations all over Los Angeles.!52
You can sign up for LA Cert here:
www.eventbrite.com/o/lafd-cert-program-7803155391

LONG BEACH CERT
According to the Long Beach Community Emergency Response Team's (LB CERT) website, LB CERT's mission is to: ''Do the greatest good for the greatest number of people" when a major disaster strikes Long Beach's business community or community in general. CERT volunteers work closely with the Long Beach Fire Department to participate in the community's disaster preparation. '53 LB CERT provides the necessary training required by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The LB CERT program will provides skills and knowledge to participants to assist neighbors, co-workers and professional rescue personnel when a disaster strikes. LB CERT training is usually 24 hours. Training usually takes place over Friday 6pm-10pm and Saturday and Sunday 8am-5pm.
151 ready.lacounty.gov/cert/
152 www.lafd.org/join/volunteer/cert
153 www.longbeach.gov/fire/community-outreach/cert/mission-and-purpose/ 394

You can sign up for LB Cert here:
https://www.longbeach.gov/fire/community-outreach/cert

ANTELOPE VALLEY CERT
The Antelope Valley Community Emergency Response Team (AV CERT) provides disaster preparedness training to the public on the hazards that "may impact desert & rural communities." AV CERT teaches fire safety, light search & rescue, team organization, amateur radio and disaster medical operations. '4 Basic AV free Cert training are offered three consecutive Saturdays from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM. Participants must attend all three sessions to be awarded a certificate of completion which is a requirement to join AV CERT.

You can sign up for AV CERT here:
https://www.antelopevalleycert.org/training
FEMA CERT:

To find the nearest CERT training available for any area, please see the following site:
https://community.fema.gov/PreparednessCommunity/s/cert-find-a-program?language=en_US 154 www.antelopevalleycert.org/
395

PREPARING AT HOME
Ten Essential Emergency Supplies155

1. Water for 7-10 days (1 gallon per person per day);

2. Food for 7-10 days (including pet food);

3. First Aid Kit and instructions;

4. Flashlights (and extra batteries);

5. Radio (and extra batteries);

6. Medications;

7. Cash and important documents (small bills and coins, birth certificates, tax returns, deeds, titles, insurance papers, medical cards);

8. Clothing and sturdy shoes;

9. Tools (wrench, duct tape, fire extinguisher, sturdy gloves, whistle); and

10. Sanitation and hygiene supplies.

How to Prepare Your Home
Prepare and protect your home BEFORE an earthquake. Decrease your risk of damage and injury from an earthquake by identifying possible home hazards. Complete your earthquake plan by identifying and securing the following hazards:
• Tall, heavy furniture that could topple, such as bookcases, china cabinets, or modular wall units.
• Water heaters that are not up to California code could rupture. • Stoves and appliances that could move enough to rupture gas or electrical lines. • Hanging plants in heavy pots that could swing free of hooks. • Heavy picture frames or mirrors over a bed.
• Latches on kitchen cabinets or other cabinets that will not hold the door closed during shaking.
• Breakables or heavy objects that are kept on high or open shelves. • A masonry chimney that could crumble and fall through an unsupported roof into your home.
• Flammable liquids, such as painting or cleaning products, which would be safer in a garage or outside in a shed. 156
Last but not least, protect the investment in your home with CEA earthquake home insurance. Earthquake insurance will provide your with the peace of mind, when, not if, the big one hits.

Also check to see if there is grant money available!57. , if you need to retrofit your house.

IsS https://ready.lacounty.gov/ten-essential-emergency-supplies/ 156 www.earthquakeauthority.com/blog/2020/what-to-do-before-an-earthquake 1S7 www.earthquakeauthority.com/prepare-your-house-earthquake-risk/brace-and-bolt-grants 396

FINDINGS

15.1 The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors directed Los Angeles County Department of Public Works to develop and gain approval for a Los Angeles County ordinance for retrofit of non-ductile cement buildings. They did not request a draft ordinance for any other type of building. However, they also asked for an inventory of the soft-story buildings.

15.2 The draft ordinance is complete and awaiting public comment and formal approval by the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors but it only applies to buildings over 75 foot tall.

15.3 The design phase for the seismic retrofit for the Hall of Administration is in progress.

15.4 A construction manager has been hired to facilitate the design process.

15.5 Until the design phase for the Hall of Administration is complete an actual schedule and estimate to complete cannot be developed.

15.6 There is no funding identified for the actual retrofit construction activity for the Hall of Administration or any subsequent retrofit effort.

15.7 Los Angeles County doesn't appear to have a formal earthquake resilience plan.

15.8 The City of Los Angeles has a "Resilience by Design" program that addresses building retrofitting, water supply and storage, telecommunications, and a quicker return-to-work after the buildings that the agencies/companies work in are inspected. It could be used as an example for other large cities. Appendix C of that plan also discusses a Back to Business program.

15.9 The City of Los Angeles's DWP appears to still need to find solutions for more water storage and conveyance.

15.10 A few cities have earthquake retrofitting ordinances while others are still considering it. To increase the number of buildings that can withstand an earthquake, more cities should pass earthquake retrofit ordinances.

15.11 There are two small cities in the county (City of Industry and Vernon) that don't have many residents but they have many businesses there. To help the economy recover and get more people back to work, these small cities could implement Back To Business programs.

15.12 Big earthquakes are often followed by fires. Roads many be blocked with fallen debris at the same time and/or water to fight the fires may not be available since about half of the county's water comes from the aqueducts that cross over the San Andreas fault.

15.13 The Medical Examiner currently works out of three buildings near downtown LA and two of these buildings need retrofitting. They also have three satellite locations, one of which is in the Antelope Valley (on the north side of the San Andreas fault).

In the event of a large earthquake where many people die, the Antelope Valley may become separated from the rest of the County. The Medical Examiners may not have a viable place to work from. Mutual aid medical examiners who arrive to help 397

may not have a place to work either. The Committee could not find any plan that covers this contingency,

15.14 It is possible that after an earthquake, the cell towers and internet providers would not be able to provide service for a while. Satellite phones may then be useful. The Committee could not find any plan that addresses this contingency.

15.15 The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together handle 40% of the cargo entering and leaving the U.S. They may not be able to move along the cargo entering/ leaving their facilities due to limited access out of the region if the San Andreas Fault is activated and railways and highways are damaged. If a major earthquake occurs in the southern part of the country, such as on the Newport- Inglewood fault, the ports themselves can be damaged. The Committee could not find any plan that addresses this contingency.

15.16 If there is a lot of damage, more building inspectors would be needed (Neighboring cities/ counties would also likely need to do inspections at the same time.)

15.17 CERT classes are currently offered but the number of residents being trained to do basic first aid and search and rescue are insufficient should a large earthquake occur and cause severe damage. And, of those who have already been trained, some of them have moved away or may not be able to perform the physical tasks any more.

Our multi-ethnic communities have some people who do not speak English, so CERT classes should be taught in a variety of languages.

15.18 Southern California topography was created by eons of seismic activity which continues to this day. Therefore, Southern California and particularly Los Angeles County is prone to earthquakes some of which pose a risk ranging from significant to catastrophic. Earthquake faults and earthquakes themselves do not respect county and city jurisdictional boundaries. Therefore, major earthquakes can and usually do cause damage in more than one county and multiple cities.

15.19 The San Andreas Fault crosses Northern Los Angeles County. A major earthquake on the San Andreas Fault could cause a ground rupture which could damage transportation venues significantly rendering them unusable effectively isolating the Antelope Valley from the rest of Los Angeles County. This type of damage could make it difficult to provide aid to residents of the Antelope Valley.

15.20 Buildings designed prior to 1977 were built to existing building codes for that time which allowed the use of non-ductile cement in the construction. Non- ductile cement is NOT properly reinforced and therefore is prone to damage and collapse from vibrations associated with earthquakes. There are 33 buildings in the Los Angeles area owned by Los Angeles County that were designed prior to 1977 that are assumed to be constructed of non-ductile cement. These buildings require a seismic safety/earthquake safety retrofit for them to be safer for human occupancy. The Department of Public Works maintains these buildings are currently safe for human occupancy. Five of these identified buildings are over 75 feet from ground level to the highest human occupied floor and are considered 398

high rise buildings. Los Angeles County is concentrating on these buildings for seismic safety retrofit activities.
399

RECOMMENDATIONS
R15.1 County should draft an ordinance for retrofitting soft-story first floor buildings.

R15.2 County should extend the proposed non-ductile retro-fit to buildings of every height, not just those over 75 feet.

R15.3 LAC PW should complete design phase for earthquake safety retrofit for Hall of R15.4 One the design, phase for the earthquake safety/sionie reto fit is complete for the Hall of Administration LAC PW should develop a project schedule.

R15.5 Once the design phase for the Hall of Administration is complete LAC PW should obtain a cost estimate
R15.6 Once the cost estimate is complete LAC PW should develop a Request to Proposal (RFP) to gain detailed cost estimates. Once the RFP is complete LA( CEO should solicit bids for Hall of Administration retrofit project and chose winning bidder.

R15.7 LAC CEO should develop and earthquake recovery/resilience plan.

R15.8 The City of LA is requested to comment on each of its 18 goals in their "Resilience By Design Plan" as to any misunderstandings the Civil Grand Jury may have had as well as progress that has been made that was not mentioned. This is meant to help those who build on this in the future.

R15.9 The City of LA's DWP should continue to work on water transport and storage, especially in regards to putting out fires.

R15.10 Long Beach, Santa Clarita, Glendale, Lancaster, and Palmdale should inventory their buildings to determine if they have enough need in their city for retrofitting buildings of certain types. If so, create appropriate ordinances.

R15.11 The Cities of Industry and Vernon should consider having a Back to Business program to benefit the large number of businesses in their cities and to help the economy recover.

R15.12 The Medical Examiner should make/update their emergency plans to include no ground access to the Antelope Valley (Lancaster, Palmdale). Where will autopsies and exams be done? Where will mutual aid volunteers from other medical examiners work, eat, park their vehicles? How can people work without water or electricity?
R15.13 The County should buy enough radio or satellite phones so that each agency and city referenced in the Responses section has at least two phones. ISD should track who the phones are assigned to, provide video or written training for how to use the phones, and ask that the agency or city use them in their annual ShakeOut Drill as well as report their success/ failure to ISD each year.

R15.14 The Los Angeles and Long Beach ports should make/update plans for cargo that needs to be moved, especially perishables, when roads and railways out of the county may be damaged. They also need to create/update their plans for damage in their harbors, including things that can possibly fall over. 400

R15.15 If there is a lot of damage to buildings, more building inspectors would be needed.

Plan for how temporary inspectors will be obtained and how they will be assigned, keeping in mind that businesses in the medical field should be inspected first, followed by those who were enrolled in the Back to Business program.

R15.16 All Fire Departments within the county should grow their CERT training so that one out every 2,000 residents in their jurisdiction is trained each year. Repeat this level of training for at least three years. Attempt to conduct 30% of the training in languages other than English. Add "refresher" classes for those who were previously trained. (When responding, please indicate the languages that would be included.) By August 1 each year, report the number of trainees and the language in which they were trained during the previous 12 months to the County's Chief Sustainability Office (in the Department of the County CEO). The Department of Sustainability should include this information in their annual reports.
401

REQUIRED RESPONSES
California Penal Code section 933(c), 933.05(a), and 933.05(b) require a written response to all Recommendations contained in this report. Such responses shall be made no later than ninety (90) days after the Civil Grand Jury publishes its report to the public.

All responses to the recommendations of the 2023-2024 Los Angeles County Civil Grand Jury must be submitted on or before Monday, September 30, 2024:

Presiding Judge
Los Angeles Superior Court
Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center
210 West Temple Street, 13th Floor, Room 13-303
Los Angeles, CA 90012
Responses are required from:

RECOMMENDATIONS RESPONDING AGENCY
R15.1, R15.2, R15.6, R15.7, Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors R15.12
R15.1, R15.2, R15.6, R15.7, Los Angeles County Chief Executive Office R15.12
R15.1, R15.2, R15.3, R15.4, Los Angeles County Department of Public Works R15.5, R15.6, R15.15
R15.13 Los Angeles County Internal Services Department
R15.12 Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner R15.16 Los Angeles County Fire Department
R15.14 Port of Los Angeles
R15.14 Port of Long Beach
R15.8 City of Los Angeles
R15.9 Los Angeles Department of Water and Power
R15.10, R15.15 City of Long Beach
R15.10, R15.15 City of Santa Clarita
R15.10, R15.15 City of Glendale
R15.10, R15.15 City of Lancaster
R15.10, R15.15 City of Palmdale
R15.11, R15.15 City of Industry
R15.11, R15.15 City of Vernon
402

R15.16 Alhambra Fire Department
R15.16 Arcadia Fire Department
R15.16 Beverly Hills Fire Department
R15.16 Burbank Fire Department
R15.16 Compton Fire Department
R15.16 Downey Fire Department
R15.16 Glendale Fire Department
R15.16 Long Beach Fire Department
R15.16 Los Angeles Fire Department
R15.16 Montebello Fire Department
R15.16 Monterey Park Fire Department
R15.16 Pasadena Fire Department
R15.16 Redondo Beach Fire Department
R15.16 Santa Monica Fire Department
R15.16 Sierra Madre Fire Department
R15.16 South Pasadena Fire Department
R15.16 Torrance Fire Department
R15.16 West Covina Fire Department
COMMITTEE MEMBERS:

Wayne Dodds, Chairperson
Christine Elia
Noel Larson
Maureen Smith
Mary Leos-Pacheco
403

APPENDIX 1 - Los Angeles County Buildings That Need Retrofitting due to Having Non-ductile Cement
Los Angeles County Seismic Retrofit List for NDC Buildings Year
Department Building Name Address Built
Board of Supervisors Hall of Administration 500 W Temple St. Los Angeles. CA 90012 1962 Medical-Examiner Coroner Chief Medical Examiner Service 1101 N Mission Rd, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Medical-Examiner Coroner Chief Medical Examiner Administration/Investigation 1102 N Mission Rd, Los Angeles, CA 90033 1972 District Attorney Hall of Records 320 W Temple St. Los Angeles. CA 90012 Fire District Fire Station 171 141 W Regent St, Ingiewood. CA 90301 1972 Fire District Fire Station 8 7613W Santa Monica Bya, West Ho ywood CA CA90045 Health Services General Hospital 1200 N State St, Los Angeles, CA 90033 1932 Health Services ¡LACtUSC S Mark Taper Foundation Family Advocacy 1721 Griffin Ave Los Angeles. CA 90031 1932 Health Services MLK - Interns & Residents Building 12012 Compton Ave. Los Angeles. CA 90059 1973 Health Services LAC+USC Dutpatient Clinic 2010 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033 1963 Heaith Services H H Humphrey Comprehensive Health Center 5850 S Main St. Los Angeles. CA 90003 1976 Health Services LAC+USC Medical Center - Parking Structure (Lot 12) 2020 Zonal Ave. Las Angeles, CA 90033 1972 Heath Services LAC+USC Medical Center-Interns & Residents Building 2020 Zonal Ave. Los Angeles. CA 90033 1965 Health Services LAC+USC Medical Center-Pharmacy Building 1100 Mission Rd. Los Angeles, CA 90033 1917 Health Services LAC +USC Medical Center-Science Hall - Building 90 1733 Griffin Ave. Los Angeles CA 90031 1932 Health Services MLK - Leroy Weekes Medical Support Building - North |12021 Wilmington Ave, Los Angeles. CA 90059 1976 Health Services MLK - Service And Supply Building - South 12021 Wilmington Ave Los Angeles, CA 90059 1976 Health Services Health Services Administration 313 N Figueroa St. L.as Angeles. CA 90012 1967 Health Services H Claude Hudson Comprehensive Health Center 2829 S Grand Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90007 1977 HISD Adams / Grand Complex Parking Garage (Lot 46) 318 W Adams Bid. Los Angeles. CA 90007 1964 RSD Alameda Street Garage 1055 N Alameda St, los Angeles, CA 90012 1968 RSD Health Services Headquarter Lot 29 Parking Structure 346 N Fremont Ave, Los Angeles. CA 90012 1967 ISD ISD Administrative Headquarters 1100 N Eastern Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90063 1972 LA County library Huntington Park Library 6518 Miles Ave. Huntington Park, CA 90255 1970 LA County Library Montebello Library 1550 W Beverly Bivd, Montebello, CA 90640 1966 Compton Library 240 W Compton BI. Compton, CA 90220 1914 LA County Library
Probation Eastlake Juvenile Court Parking Structure 1605 Eastlake Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033 1960 Public Health Ferguson Administratve Services Center 5555 Ferguson Dr. Commerce, CA 90022 1949 Public Health Central Public Health Center 241 N Figueroa St. Los Angeles. CA 90012 1950 Public Health tollywood / Wilshire Public Health Center 5205 Meirose Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90038 1966 Public Social Services Metro Special District Ofice 2707 S Grand Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90007 1964 Public Social Services Adams & Grand 2615 S Grand Ave. Los Angeles. CA 90007 1952 Sherff Pitchess Detention Center East 29340 The Old Road, Castaic. CA 91384 1959 https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/c1/c0/5912f31541d1a8554193cебb80a8/county-seismic- retrofit-list-for-ndc-buildings.pdf
404

APPENDIX 2

DRAFT LOS ANGELES COUNTY ORDINANCE NO FOR NON-DUCTILE
CEMENT HIGH RISE BUILDINGS - Document provided to the Committee from the Director of Public Works, Mark Pestrellas, scanned.

An ordinance amending Title 26 - Building Code and Title 27 - Electrical Code - of the Los Angeles County Code, to establish regulations for the seismic retrofit of high-rise non-ductile concrete buildings; to define minor or standard excavation or grading pursuant to the California Permit Streamlining Act; and to modify Consumer Price Index adjustments for fees in Title 27 - Electrical Code to be consistent with the Building Code.

The Board of Supervisors of the County of Los Angeles ordains as follows:

SECTION 1. Chapter 97 is hereby added to read as follows:

CHAPTERS? EARTHQUAKEJ4AZARD REDUCTION FOR EXISTING

HIGH-RISE NON-DUCTILE CONCRETE BUILDINGS
SECTION 9701 PURPOSE ANDISCOPE
The purpose of this Chapter is to promote pub|lp saf^ and welfare by reducing the risk of death or injury which might otherwise result from earthquake damage to high-rise non-ductile concrete buildings constructed or for which an application for a building permit was submitted prior to November 1,1977. The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to any existing high-rise concrete building determined by the Building Official to have been built under building standards enacted before the 1977 Los Angeles County Building Code. Such buildings have been recognized as having a potentially significant risk of damage, including partial or complete collapse during moderate to strong earthquakes, due to non-ductile detailing of structural elements that HOA. 104439047.4
render the building deficient in sustaining gravity loads when the building is subjected to earthquake-induced lateral displacements.

This Chapter sets forth minimum standards for structural seismic resistance to improve the performance of these buildings during earthquakes and to reduce, but not necessarily prevent, the loss of life, injury or earthquake-related damage. This Chapter does not require existing electrical, plumbing, mechanical or fire protection systems to 405

be altered unless determined by the Building Official to constitute a hazard to life or property.

The owner of each building subject to this Chapter shall cause an investigation of the existing construction and a seismic evaluation to be performed on the building by a civil or structural engineer or architect licerised by the State of Celifprnia. If the building does not meet the minimum standards specifipd in this Chapter, the owner shall cause it to be retrofitted to conform to such standards within the period provided in this Chapter.

Failure to comply within the required time period may result in enforcement and nuisance abatement.

Each building within the scope of this Chapter, which has been evaluated to demonstrate compliance or has been retrofitted to comply with the minimum standards in this Chapter, shall be maintained in conformity with the requirements of this Chapter in effect at the time of such evaluation or retrofit.

SECTION 9702 DEFINITIONS
For purposes of this Chapter, words and terms shall be defined as set forth in this Section. Where terms are not defined in this Section and are defined elsewhere in HOA.104439047.42
this Code, such terms shall have the meanings ascribed to them as in this Code.

Where terms are not defined through the methods authorized by this Section, such terms shall have ordinary accepted meanings such as the context implies.

CONCRETE BUILDING. A building, or any portion thereof, having concrete floors and/or roofs, either with or without beams, and a lateral resisting system composed of concrete walls and/or concrete frames with or without masonry infills, or any combination thereof. A lift-slab building shall be considered a concrete building with or without a concrete lateral resisting system.

HIGH-RISE BUILDING. A building of any type of construction or occupancy having floors used for human occupancy located more than seventy-five (75) feet above the lowest floor level having high-rise building access, except buildings used as hospitals as defined in Health and Safety Gode section 1250.

HIGH-RISE BUILDING ACCESS. An exterior door opening conforming to all of the following:
406

1. Suitable and available for fire department use.

2. Located not more than two (2) feet (610 mm) above the adjacent ground level.

3. Leading to a space, room or area having foot traffic communication capabilities with the remainder of the building.

4. Designed to permit penetration through the use of fire department forcible- entry tools and equipment unless other approved arrangements have been made with the fire authority having jurisdiction.

HOA. 104439047.43
HIGH-RISE NON-DUCTILE CONCRETE BUILDING. A high-rise concrete building determined by the Building Official to have been builtaccording to the building standards enacted before the effective date of the 1977 Los Angeles County Building Code.

HISTORICAL BUILDING. Any building designated as a qualified historical building as defined in Part 8, Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations.

MASONRY INFILL. Unreinforced or reinforced masonry wall construction within a reinforced concrete frame.

OWNER. Any person, agent, operator, entity, firm, or corporation, including successors and assigns, with legal or equitable interest in a building subject to this Chapter; is a record owner of the property in the official records of the County Registrar-Recorder; or otherwise has rights to authorize evaluation and retrofit of the building.

RETROFIT. An improvement of the lateral-force resisting system by alteration of existing structural elements or addition of new structural elements to the standards required by Section 9707.

SECTION 9703 ADMINISTRATION
9703.1 Issuance of Earthquake Hazard Reduction Compliance Order.

The Building Official shall attempt to identify those high-rise concrete buildings within the scope of this Chapter and shall take reasonable measures to issue an Earthquake Hazard Reduction Compliance Order ("Order") as provided in this Section. 407

HOA.104439047.44
9703.2 Service and Contents of Order.

The Order shall be in writing and shall be served either personally or by registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, upon the owner and by posting on the building. The Order shall specify that the building has been determined by the Building Official to be within the scope of this Chapter and, therefore, is required to meet the requirements of this Chapter. The Order shall specify the time limits for appeal of the Order and for compliance with the Order. The Order shall include a Non-ductile Concrete Building Checklist to be completed per Section 9704.1.1.

The Building Official may, but is not required to, send copies of the Order to any party concerned as defined in Section 102.1.

Failure of any owner, party concerned or other interested party to receive the Order shall not affect the validity of any proceedings taken thereunder. 9703.3 Appeal of Order.

The owner may appeal the Order to the Building Board of Appeals established by Section 105. Such appeal shall be filed with the Building Board of Appeals within sixty (60) days from the service date of the Order. Such appeal shall be made in writing and the grounds thereof shall be stated clearly and concisely. Appeals shall be made in accordance with the procedures established in this Code. The Building Board of Appeal's decision on the appeal shall be final.

The time for appeal may be extended by the Building Official for good cause shown. Failure to submit a timely written request for appeal or to appear at a scheduled HOA. 104439047.4
hearing shall be deemed a waiver of the rightto a hearing before the Building Board of Appeals.
9703.4 Recordation.

At or about the time the Order is served, the Building Official shall file with the office of the County Recorder a certificate stating that the subject building appears to be within the scope of this Chapter 97. The certificate shall state that the owner thereof has been ordered to conduct a seismic evaluation of the building, and if necessary, to retrofit or demolish the building as set forth in this Chapter. The certificate shall also 408

state that the owner has sixty (60) days from the date of the Order to appeal the determination, and that if such an appeal is not submitted, the determination will be final and binding.

If the building is subsequently determined to not be within the scope of this Chapter, or is demolished, or is retrofitted, the Building Official shall file with the Office of the County Recorder a certificate terminating the status of the building as being subject to the Order.

SECTION 9704 TIME PERIOD FOR COMPLIANCE
9704.1 Compliance Time Period.

The owner of a building subject to this Chapter shall complete the following actions according to the compliance time periods stated below:

1. Within three (3) years after service of the Order described in Section 9703, obtain approval of the Non-ductile Concrete Building Checklist provided by the Building Official. The checklist shall be completed by a civil or structural engineer or architect HOA.104439047.46
licensed by the State of California. Such licensed professional shall complete the form and determine, to the satisfaction of the Building Official, whether the high-rise concrete building is non-ductile and retrofitting is required in accordance with this Chapter.

2. Within seven (7) years after service of the Order, submit a complete permit application consistent with Section 106.4.1 and an engineering report from a licensed professional consisting of an evaluation report per ASCE 41-17 Section 1.4.5, the structural analysis, and plans for retrofit of the building; or submit plans for demolition of the building-

3. VVjthin nine (9) years after servipe pf the Order, obtain the permit for retrofit or demolition of the building according to Section 106.5.1. The permit shall be maintained active and not allowed to expirdv according to Section 106.5.4, unless extended pursuant to 9704.2.

4. Within ten (1Q) years after service of the Order, when opting to demolish the building, complete the demolition of the building.

5. Within twenty (20) years after service of the Order, complete all necessary retrofitwork on the building consistent with the structural analysis and plans approved 409

by the Building Official.

Time limits for compliance shall be based on the service date of the Order from the Building Official. Transfer of title shall not change the compliance time periods.

Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Code to the contrary, a building that is found to be within the scope of this Chapter and is not brought into compliance with HOA. 104439047.4
this Chapter within the compliance time period, is subject to enforcement pursuant to Section 9708.
9704.2 Extensions.

The owner may request an extension to the time period set forth in Section 106.4.1.1. The Building Official may, for good cause shown, grant additional extensions beyond the two extensions authorized by Section 106.4.1.1. Extensions approved by the Building Official shall not exceed 180 days and shall require payment of an extension fee as determined by the Building Official, not to exceed 25 percent of the plan check fee per extension.

The owner may request an extension to the time period for compliance set forth in Section 9704.1.3, in Section 9704.1.5, or in Section 106.5.4. A written request for extension may only be filed after the owner has submitted an engineering report to the County with a structural analysis pursuant to Section 9704.1.2, and the retrofit plans have been approved by the County. The owner must also provide a proposed schedule for compliance. The Building Official may, for good cause shown, approve, approve with modifications, or deny the extension request in writing. The extension timeframe determined by the Building Official shall be commensurate with the justification.

Extensions shall require payment of an extension fee as determined by the Building Official, not to exceed 25 percent of the plan check fee for extensions to time limits required by Section 9704.1.3 or the permit fee for extension to time limits required by Sections 9704.1.5 or 106.5.4.

HOA.104439047.48
9704.3 Appeal of Time Period for Compliance.

The owner of the building may appeal the determination of the Building Official pursuant to Section 9704.2 to the Building Board of Appeals. Such appeal shall be filed 410

with the Board within sixty (60) days of the Building Official's determination. Such appeal shall be made in writing and the grounds thereof shall be stated clearly and concisely. Appeals shall be made in accordance with the procedures established in this Code. The Building Board of Appeal's decision on the appeal shall be final. Failure to submit a timely written request for appeal or to appear at a scheduled hearing shall be deemed a waiver of the right to a hearing before fhe Building Board of Appeals^.

SECTION 9705 OCCUPANCY AND TENANT ADVISORY
The owner shall provide written notification to all current and prospective residential and nonresidential tenants, subtenants, lessees, sublessees, or any other person(s) entitled to the use and/or occupancy of the building of a retrofit project approved pursuant to this Chapter. The notice shall include information for the retrofit project, including the scope of and expected duration of the work.

SECTION 9706 HISTORICAL BUILDINGS
Historical Buildings shall comply with the Califomia Historical Building Code and the provisions of this Chapter. Modifications to the standards set forth in this Chapter may be permitted when such modifications are consistent with the provision of the California Historical Building Code. Such modifications shall be clearly specified in the engineering report and plans for retrofit of the building.

HOA.104439047.4
SECTION 9707 BUILDING STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, DESIGN AND

EVALUATION
Buildings subject to this Chapter shall meet or exceed the requirements specified for the "Structural Performance Level" for the associated earthquake hazard levels as indicated in Table A based on the Risk Category as defined in the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 41-17.

TABLE A

SEISMIC PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS BY RISK CATEGORY
Risk Category Hazard Level 1 Hazard Level 2
1&11 BSE-1E.S-3 BSE-2E, S-5
III & IV BSE-1E. S-2 BSE-2E, S-5
SECTION 9708 ENFORCEMENT AND PROSECUTION
411

It shall be unlawful to own, use, occupy, maintain or be in control of a building for which an Order requiring compliance with this Chapter has been served and where said Order and/or decision of the Building Board of Appeals has not been complied with.

Such a building may be declared unsafe pursuant to Section 102.

In case the owner shall fail, neglect, or refuse to comply with the Order or with any decision of the Building Board of Appeals, the owner shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and the Building Official may cause such owner of the building to be prosecuted as a violator of this Code. The ownershall be responsible for costs incurred by the County, as provided in this Code, resulting from owner's failure to comply.

HOA.104439047.4 10
The provisions of this Chapter shall not in any manner limit or restrict the County or the District Attorney from enforcing any other County Ordinances or abating public nuisances in any other manner provided by law.

EXCEPTION; This Section 9708 shall not apply to any building on which work is proceeding in compliance with the time limits set forth in this Chapter, or in compliance with any extensions of time granted by the Building Official, or in compliance with any action, order or determination made by the Building Official in the implementation of this Chapter.

SECTION 9709 SEVERABILITY
If any section, subsection, sentence, clause, or phrase of this Chapter is for any reason held to be Invalid or unconstitutional by a court of competent jurisdiction or by reason of any preemptive legislation, such decision or legislation shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this ordinance. The County Board of Supervisors hereby declares that it would have adopted this Chapter, and each and every section, subsection, sentence, clause and phrase thereof not declared invalid or unconstitutional, without regard to whether any portion of the ordinance would be subsequently declared invalid or unconstitutional.

HOA.104439047.4 11
412

Search Results - Tessa: Photos and Digital Collections (lapl.org) Digital Collection of Los Angeles Public Library
Compton City Hall 1933 Earthquake
Compton Junior College 1933 Earthquake
413

Security Pacific National Bank Collection
Damage to Olive View Hospital 1971 Earthquake
414

Herald Examiner Collection
Santa Monica Freeway (110) Collapsed Overpass 1994 earthquake Gary Leonard Collection
Los Angeles Photographers Collection
415

Apartment Building damaged 1994 earthquake
Cary Moore Collection
Los Angeles Photographers Collection
416

Granada Hills Library - 1994 earthquake
Los Angeles Public Library Institutional Collection
417

Exhibit 2
February 28, 2025
Presiding Judge
Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles
Clara Shortridge Foltz Criminal Justice Center
210 W. Temple Street, Thirteen Floor, Room 13-303
Los Angeles, CA 90012
SUBJECT: City of Industry's Response to Earthquake Safety Readiness, Los Angeles County Civil Grand Jury Report 2023-2024
Dear Presiding Judge:

In accordance with Section 933(c) of the California Penal Code, the following responds to the 2023-2024 Los Angeles County Civil Grand Jury Earthquake Safety Readiness Report ("Report"). Per Section 933.05(a), the City of Industry ("City") partially disagrees with the finding as follows.

Please update Table 1 on Page 376 to read (revisions shown in both italics and shading):

Non- Back to
Year Soft Ductile Unreinforced Steel Business
City Incorp Population Story Cement Masonry Frame Plan
City of
Industry 1957 264 Plan* Plan* 2010** Rec
orovided, Title 26 Building Code, of the Los Angeles County Code, as amended and in effect on January 1, 2023, adopting the California Building Code, 2022 Edition (Part 2 of Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations) is incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth below and shall be known and may be cited as the building code of the City of Industry. Given that the City of Industry adopts the County of Lo:

Angeles Building Code by reference, and that the County of Los Angeles is drafting regulations to address these matters, the City is taking actions to plan for the retrofit for both soft story and non-ductile cement. **By reference, Section 15.04.010 of Title 15 of the City of Industry Code adopted Chapter 96 of Title 26 Building Code of Los Angeles County, which provides regulations for unreinforced masonry construction.

In addition to information contained in the report, the Earthquake Preparedness Committee made certain recommendations. The following responds to each of those recommendations, pursuant to Section 933.05(b) of the California Penal Code:
• R15.11 (and comment on page 378)- The Cities of Industry and Vernon should consider having a Back to Business program to benefit the large number of businesses in their cities and to help the economy recover.

As outlined on Page 373 of the Report, "Back to Business" programs allow businesses to be voluntarily inspected now and, if meeting current code, after a major earthquake, those businesses would be the first buildings to be re-inspected, with the intention of encouraging owners to voluntarily retro-fit now to avoid excess damage later while also re-opening their businesses sooner. The City contracts with the Los Angeles County Department Public Works (the "Department") for building and safety services and needs to consult with that Department to understand the feasibility of implementing such a program, with consideration to matters such as cost, availability of resources, regulatory changes, and contract amendment, if necessary. Therefore, the City reports that this recommendation has not been implemented, pursuant to California Penal Code Section 933.05(b)(3), and that the recommendation requires further analysis, with completion of this analysis likely requiring six (6) months from the date of publication of the grand jury report for discussion with the City Council and any necessary action.
• R15.15 - If there is a lot of damage to buildings, more building inspectors would be needed. Plan for how temporary inspectors will be obtained and how they will be assigned, keeping in mind that businesses in the medical field should be inspected first, followed by those who were enrolled in the Back to Business program.

Since the City contracts with the Department for building and safety services, the City would coordinate with that Department for provision of additional building inspectors. Under the Safety Assessment Program of the California Office of Emergency Services, the Department has indicated their intent to utilize volunteers and mutual aid resources to provide professional engineers, architects, and certified building inspectors to assist with safety evaluation of the City's built environment in the aftermath of a disaster. Therefore, the City reports that this recommendation has been implemented, pursuant to California Penal Code Section 933.05(b)(1).

Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact Bing Hyun, Assistant City Manager, at (626) 333-2211 or by email at [email protected].

Sincerely,
Cory C. Moss
Mayor

CITY COUNCIL
ITEM NO. 6.10
Back up Material will be provided prior to the Meeting

CITY COUNCIL
ITEM NO. 7.1

CUT OF INDUSTRY

CITY OF INDUSTRY
1957

MEMORANDUM
TO: Honorable Mayor and Members of the City Council
FROM: Joshua Nelson, City Manager
STAFF: Sam Pedroza, Asst. City Manager
DATE: February 27, 2025
SUBJECT: Discussion and direction regarding fireworks regulations Background:

Under Section 15.28.070 of the City's Code, the sale of "safe and sane" fireworks is permitted within the City's boundaries during a discrete time period. The general process of issuing firework sale permits begins when non-profit organizations submit firework permit applications to the Planning Department before May 1st. Planning reviews the applications, and the City Manager recommends the City Council consider up to 20 applications for approval or denial.

Due to the recent wildfires, City Staff is seeking the City Council's direction regarding the sale of fireworks within the City to help prevent future fires and out of respect for those affected by the Eaton and Pacific Palisades fires.

Discussion:

A growing number of cities prohibit the sale of any fireworks as a general fire preventive measure and public safety precaution, including Claremont, La Habra, Hayword, and Petaluma.

City Staff is seeking direction from the City Council regarding the sale of fireworks for the upcoming July 4th holiday and in the future. Below are options for consideration:

1. No change - Staff will accept applications for the upcoming July 4th holiday, and present them to City Council for approval or denial.

2. Direct Staff to revise the City's Code to prohibit the sale of fireworks in the City.

3. Any other options suggested by the City Council.

Fiscal Impact:

There is no impact to General Fund expenditures. Concurrently, the City does not charge a

firework permit fee, therefore, there is no impact to General Fund revenue.

Recommendation:

Staff recommends that the City Council discuss and provide direction to Staff.

Exhibits: