About this Report
Clean Heat, Clean Air: Health Benefits of Modern Industrial Technologies evaluates the potential health and climate benefits of replacing fossil fueled industrial boilers across the United States with zero-emission heat pump alternatives. It finds that increasing use of zero-emission heat pump technologies in the temperature ranges in which they are feasible could significantly improve air quality, mitigate greenhouse gases and reduce health harms associated with air pollution and climate change.
This project was developed by the American Lung Association and executed with technical support from ICF Incorporated (ICF), LLC. Following a detailed review of recent work on industrial process heat and evaluation of publicly available data, ICF built an inventory of industrial boilers across the United States.
This study estimates there to be 33,528 industrial boilers operating under 200 °Celsius that use fossil fuels across the country (circa 2020). It builds a new, bottom-up emissions inventory of the criteria and climate pollutants emitted from them. It forecasts the emissions under a business as usual (BAU) growth scenario through 2050 without significant technology changes in this combustion boiler fleet.
The study develops a “Clean Heat” scenario for industry where heat pumps replace combustion boilers, considering feasibility based on operating temperature, technology readiness, the different fuels used in boilers, the different industrial sectors in which they are used, and heat pump performance characteristics. Under this scenario, the report illustrates how much air pollution could be avoided from boilers by switching to heat pumps. It takes into account the increase in electric grid emissions from the additional load on the grid that would be required to support the transition over the coming decades.
1 Clean Heat, Clean Air: Health Benefits of Modern Industrial Technologies Clean Heat, Clean Air
American manufacturing
is a critical element of
the nation’s economy
and is projected to grow
and expand. At the same
time, industrial processes
historically reliant on
combustion of fossil fuels
in the United States are
responsible for a significant
share of harmful pollutants.
This study by the American
Lung Association finds that
replacing combustion-
based industrial boilers with
modern, zero-emission heat
pumps could significantly
improve air quality, mitigate
greenhouse gases and
reduce health harms
associated with air pollution
and climate change.
A phased-in shift within
industrial sectors most
ready for zero-emission
technologies could yield over
$1.1 trillion in health benefits
and avoid over 77,000
pollution-related deaths and
33 million asthma attacks
over the coming decades.
This shift could also yield
over $350 billion in global
climate benefits.
2 The study used the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (US EPA) Co- Benefits Risk Assessment Health Impacts Screening and Mapping Tool (COBRA) to explore how the changes in emissions would affect public health, including premature deaths, asthma attacks, respiratory and cardiac emergency room visits, work and school days lost, and other impacts of air pollution, as well as to provide a monetization of the health benefits of avoided pollution. All these health endpoints show strong, positive results from implementing the “Clean Heat” Scenario, which would reduce thousands of tons of air pollution including average PM
2.5 concentrations, avoid tens
of thousands of premature deaths and result in over $1 trillion in public health benefits through the year 2050.
Exploring the potential global benefits of greenhouse gas reductions associated with these scenarios, the report found that 1.6 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) could be avoided through 2050. Applying the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gas metric updated by US EPA in 2023, we found these emissions reductions would result in $351 billion in accrued global climate benefits by 2050 (expressed in 2023$).
Full results, methodology, assumptions, and tools used are available online at:
Lung.org/clean-heat
Clean Heat, Clean Air: Health Benefits of Modern Industrial Technologies The results are
clear: moving from
combustion-fueled
industrial heat
to more modern,
efficient, zero-
emission heat pump
technologies will
save lives, reduce
health emergencies
and curb climate
pollution.
Executive Summary
This report from the American Lung Association illustrates the potential for dramatic air quality and public health improvements in America’s industrial manufacturing sector. The analysis relies on a “Clean Heat” Scenario envisioning the phased-in replacement of combustion-based industrial boilers with more efficient, modern, zero-emission heat pump boiler technologies as demand for American manufacturing and industrial heating processes grows over the coming decades. It focuses on the low- and medium-temperature processes (below 200 °Celsius) where heat pump boilers are most feasible.
Fuel Type
Methane Gas
Biomass
Oil Products
Coal
Other Fuels
Unclassified
Total
Boiler Count
26,241
2,502
2,430
615
725
1,015
33,528
U.S. Boiler Inventory (2020)The transition to cleaner, more efficient heat technologies over the coming decades could yield staggering benefits in terms of avoided health emergencies and deaths, and more than $1 trillion in cumulative public health benefits through the year 2050.
The industrial sector that uses low- and medium temperature boilers is responsible for manufacturing everyday consumer goods and raw materials including food and beverage processing, production of textiles, paper, plastics, and chemicals.
These diverse industrial systems depend on tens of thousands of combustion-based boilers to produce hot water and steam, approximately 87% of which burn fossil fuels in the process.
1 Others burn wood, other biomass products, and/or waste fuels to generate heat.
3 Combustion-based industrial heat production spews various air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides (NOx), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sulfur oxides (SO2) and others that harm public health. The U.S. manufacturing sector is also responsible for almost one- quarter (23%) of directly emitted greenhouse gases (GHG), making it the third leading contributor of these health-threatening pollutants. If fossil fuel-driven power generation for industrial use were factored in, the sector’s share rises to 30% of the nation’s total greenhouse gas emissions.
2 Key to this analysis was the evaluation of the baseline fleet of combustion-based boilers currently in operation across the United States. A detailed analysis based on current research
3 of equipment used in industrial processes found that approximately 33,500 boilers are in use across the country, utilizing a mix of combustion fuels that create health risk in their communities.
Many of these boilers serve low- and medium-temperature industrial processes in various economic sectors such as food and beverage production or paper and pulp manufacturing. These lower-temperature boilers have the greatest potential for replacement with modern, efficient, zero-emission heat pump boiler technologies in the near-term. From that foundation, we applied a set of assumptions for technology shift, specifically the replacement of combustion-based boilers (not including existing electric boilers that may be currently in use) with heat pumps at the following intervals based on technology thresholds and readiness at lower temperature applications:
• Near-
term (<100 °C) installation year of 2030.
• Medium-t
erm (100 oC -140 °C) installation year of 2035.
• Longer
-term (140 oC – 200 °C) installation year of 2040.
We also estimate the emissions impacts from upstream energy demand to fuel the heat pump boilers by relying on BAU projections from the US DOE through 2050.
4 By incorporating changes across end-use heat pumps and factoring in pollution associated with increased power demand, this analysis attempts to provide a more comprehensive illustration of health impacts and benefits as industrial heat demand increases over time.
This analysis shows that the transition to zero-emission industrial technologies is essential to reducing health impacts and protecting clean air progress while growing our industrial economy.
Clean Heat, Clean Air: Health Benefits of Modern Industrial Technologies Cumulative Nationwide Health and Climate Benefits of Clean Heat (2030-2050) Public Health Benefits (2030-2050) Value of Benefits (2030-2050) Premature
Deaths
Avoided
77,200
Asthma
Attacks
Avoided
33.2 Million
New
Asthma Cases
Avoided
204,000
Lost
School Days
Avoided
13 Million
Lost
Work Days
Avoided
3.4 Millionb
Total
Health Benefit
$1.11 Trilliona
Total Climate
Benefit
$351 Billiona
a Calculated in 2023$ with a 2% discount rate. b Considering PM2.5 exposure only Additional benefits would be achieved in longer time horizons by further decarbonizing the electric grid. Robust policy responses to encourage and ensure this transition to more efficient and less harmful technologies in the near term will support community- level air quality and health improvements as the industrial sector continues to expand in the United States. Further, ongoing research and development efforts related to expansion of zero-emission technologies in higher-temperature applications will be critical to longer-term emission reductions and health protection.
Health Risks Due to Combustion-Based Industrial Heat
To produce steam or hot water in industrial manufacturing settings, tens of thousands of combustion-based boilers burn methane gas, oil, coal and other fuels which contribute to air pollution burdens across the United States and to global climate change.
Like power generation, transportation and other economic sectors, antiquated combustion technologies are far less efficient and far more harmful to health than modern zero-emission technologies.
Approximately 33,500 boilers across the United States burn fuel and emit various air pollutants that worsen local and regional air quality and contribute to climate change impacts. In some cases, these boilers can play an important, additive role in local air pollution burdens. A report by the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy noted that smaller boilers are currently operating in 147 counties that fail to meet National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone pollution. 5 According to the American Lung Association’s “State of the Air” 2025 report, nearly half of the U.S. population – 156 million people – lives in a community with unhealthy levels of air pollution. 6 Air pollution harms respiratory and cardiovascular health, and these health risks disproportionately impact vulnerable populations including seniors, children, and people with existing diseases. Furthermore, lower-income populations and people of color are more likely to live in areas with higher air pollution exposure. Other socioeconomic factors such as poverty, inadequate access to healthcare, and social stressors contribute to the increased disparity of air pollution burdens and worsened health outcomes.
Replacing boilers with industrial heat pump technologies over the coming decades can yield significant pollution reductions and protect public health as the nation’s industrial demand grows. 4 Clean Heat, Clean Air: Health Benefits of Modern Industrial Technologies Air pollution can harm
children and adults
in many ways
Nationwide Clean Heat Findings
The transition to zero-emission technology for low- and mid-temperature industrial boilers would generate substantial reductions in both climate-forcing emissions and local air pollutants that threaten public health, including smog-forming nitrogen oxides, deadly fine particle pollution and sulfur oxides.
Specifically, the total tons of NO
x, PM2.5 and SO2 that are projected to drop under the Clean Heat scenario compared to the base case amount to significant percentage reductions from current baseline levels. The figure below represents the reductions in these pollutants in specific years evaluated during the study time horizon.
The substantial reductions in health-harming pollution across the fleet of industrial heat resources in the United States could yield major benefits to community health: 77,200 pollution-related deaths and 33.2 million asthma attacks could be avoided by 2050 across the United States. Additionally, 204,000 new cases of asthma could also be avoided over that period.
By shifting to more efficient industrial heat technologies, lost work and school days due to illness would drop by the millions in communities across the nation, meaning these investments in clean technology are also investments in productivity and educational attainment.
Similarly, the climate-related social cost benefits calculated from federal estimates 7 could reach $351 billion globally by 2050,
resulting from avoiding 1.6 billion metric tons of CO2e emitted into the atmosphere. ↓60%
↓74%
↓73%
5 Clean Heat, Clean Air: Health Benefits of Modern Industrial Technologies Year NOx Reduction PM2.5 Reduction S02 Reduction
2030
2040
2050
↓65%
↓76%
↓74%
↓56%
↓71%
↓72%
Avoided
Premature
Deaths
7,580
5,760
4,680
4,570
4,310
4,080
3,590
3,220
3,040
2,960
3,010
2,890
2,620
2,280
2,230
6 Cumulative Nationwide Health and Climate Benefits of Clean Heat (2030-2050) Public Health Benefits (2030-2050) Value of Benefits (2030-2050) Premature
Deaths
Avoided
77,200
Asthma
Attacks
Avoided
33.2 Million
New
Asthma Cases
Avoided
204,000
Lost
School Days
Avoided
13 Million
Lost
Work Days
Avoided
3.4 Millionb
Total
Health Benefit
$1.11 Trilliona
Total Climate
Benefit
$351 Billiona
a Calculated in 2023$ with a 2% discount rate. b Considering PM2.5 exposure only Clean Heat, Clean Air: Health Benefits of Modern Industrial Technologies Additional health benefit information (i.e., additional health endpoints, underlying research) is available within the technical documentation included as a resource to the online version of this report.
Local Findings
The staggering national findings are driven by major health benefits seen in states with populations that reside in close proximity to industrial sources where the emission reductions are occurring. Notably, 26 of the 48 states included in the results (Alaska and Hawaii are not included in the EPA COBRA modeling tool) achieved health benefits of $25 billion or more over the course of this assessment, with state-specific results ranging from $504 million to $107 billion by 2050. Details for each state are available in the appendices to this report. The following table presents the 15 states with the highest total public health benefits on a monetized basis:
State
Florida
Pennsylvania
North Carolina
New York
Illinois
Ohio
Texas
California
New Jersey
Georgia
Michigan
Virginia
Tennessee
South Carolina
Indiana
Cumulative
Health Benefits
(2030-2050)
$107.0 B
$82.1 B
$67.6 B
$65.0 B
$61.6 B
$58.3 B
$53.7 B
$47.5 B
$43.9 B
$43.4 B
$42.8 B
$42.1 B
$37.7 B
$32.7 B
$31.9 B
Avoided
Asthma
Symptoms
2,170,000
2,010,000
2,110,000
1,740,000
1,700,000
1,510,000
2,560,000
1,870,000
1,370,000
1,660,000
1,060,000
1,460,000
1,050,000
888,000
895,000
Avoided
New Asthma
Cases
13,000
12,100
13,200
10,200
10,200
9,170
16,300
11,700
8,300
10,500
6,350
9,040
6,460
5,500
5,460
Avoided
Lost Work
Days
334,000
222,000
196,000
289,000
241,000
154,000
193,000
162,000
135,000
124,000
121,000
128,000
101,000
79,100
93,000
Avoided
Lost School
Days
668,000
756,000
874,000
479,000
523,000
579,000
1,100,000
800,000
553,000
751,000
384,000
624,000
419,000
370,000
328,000
7 Policy Recommendations for Clean Heat
Policies and investments made in the near term can help capture the health benefit potential of clean heat technologies in the low- to medium-temperature industrial setting, while also driving research and development for additional, higher-temperature applications. Providing clear market signals through stronger pollution controls and incentives for investment at the state and federal level can ensure that cleaner heat becomes the foundation for more efficient, cost-effective, and less polluting American manufacturing for decades to come.
Policy recommendations to facilitate the transition to clean heat technologies in the low- to medium-temperature industrial setting could include:
• Stat
e and local permitting requirements and zero-emission standards to ensure stronger pollution controls for industrial heat equipment
.
• Stat
e and Federal programs to incentivize the shift to modern manufacturing processes over combustion-based technologie
s by eliminating barriers to initial purchase and ongoing operating costs. • Consistent and sust
ained investment in research and development of efficient, zero-emission technologies across all industrial heat applications, e
specially for the development of higher-temperature applications. • Public and privat
e educational efforts, calculators, and other tools to support informed choices about the feasibility, efficienc
y, and cost-effectiveness of modern industrial technologies. • Utility-le
vel grid readiness planning and investment to meet increased zero-emission industrial needs, reliability and sy
stem stability while continuing a shift to cleaner, non-combustion energy sources.
Against the backdrop of EPA’s current agenda of regulatory rollbacks, the above policy recommendations assume special significance, particularly at the state or air district level, in incentivizing and investing in modern, efficient zero-emission alternatives in industrial technologies as well as in energy production, buildings and transportation. This is essential for securing healthy air for all. 1United States Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Lab. Opportunities for Solar Industrial Process Heat in the United States. January 2021. https://research-hub.nrel.gov/en/publications/opportunities-for-solar-industrial-process-heat-in-the-united-sta 2 US EPA. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2022. April 2024. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas- emissions-and-sinks
3 Much of the inventory is derived from Embracing Clean Heat, Opportunities for Zero-Emission Industrial Boilers, Trevor Dolan, Andres Restrepo, Cassandra Lopina, Melanie Law, Madison Carroll. May 2025. Available at: https://collaborative.evergreenaction.com/policy-hub/embracing-clean-heat. 4 Electric grid emissions modeled from United States Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy’s (EERE) Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies (GREET) model and EERE’s National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) CAMBIUM model. Cambium datasets. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (2023). Available at: https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/cambium.html GREET® (Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Technologies) models. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)’s Argonne National Laboratory. (2024). Available at: https://www.energy.gov/eere/greet 5 The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE). Industrial Boilers Keep Burning in Areas Exceeding Air Pollution Limits. February 2025. https://www.aceee.org/blog-post/2025/02/industrial-boilers-keep-burning-areas-exceeding-air-pollution-limits 6 American Lung Association. State of the Air 2025. April 2025. www.lung.org/sota 7 United States Environmental Protection Agency. Report on the Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases: Estimates Incorporating Recent Scientific Advances.
December 2023. https://www.epa.gov/environmental-economics/scghg Clean Heat, Clean Air: Health Benefits of Modern Industrial Technologies 8 Clean Heat, Clean Air: Health Benefits of Modern Industrial Technologies Conclusion
Modern, industrial heat pump technologies are available and will soon be ready to replace thousands of low- and medium- temperature combustion-based boilers in the coming years. This transition can generate significant local health benefits by delivering cleaner and more efficient heat for industrial settings. Educational efforts, policies and investments in more efficient industrial technologies will yield major benefits for American communities and American manufacturers. 9 Appendix A: State Results (2023$ Billions)
Clean Heat, Clean Air: Health Benefits of Modern Industrial Technologies Avoided
Deaths
1,420
141
941
3,220
194
935
330
143
7,580
2,960
123
4,310
2,230
473
279
1,510
1,610
221
1,980
1,800
3,010
1,050
801
1,120
43 138
168
307
3,040
64 4,570
4,680
38 4,080
569
236
5,760
State
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Cumulative
Health Benefits
(2030-2050)
$20.4 B
$2.2 B
$13.5 B
$47.5 B
$2.9 B
$13.5 B
$4.8 B
$2.1 B
$107.0 B
$43.4 B
$1.8 B
$61.6 B
$31.9 B
$6.8 B
$4.1 B
$21.7 B
$23.3 B
$3.2 B
$28.9 B
$25.8 B
$42.8 B
$15.0 B
$11.6 B
$16.1 B
$0.6 B
$2.0 B
$2.5 B
$4.4 B
$43.9 B
$1.0 B
$65.0 B
$67.6 B
$0.6 B
$58.3 B
$8.3 B
$3.5 B
$82.1 B
Avoided
Asthma
Attacks
596,000
106,000
366,000
1,870,000
146,000
389,000
155,000
109,000
2,170,000
1,660,000
78,200
1,700,000
895,000
208,000
158,000
620,000
758,000
68,100
1,020,000
724,000
1,060,000
460,000
353,000
480,000
21,600
81,000
93,400
103,000
1,370,000
42,000
1,740,000
2,110,000
20,100
1,510,000
279,000
155,000
2,010,000
Avoided
New Asthma
Cases
3,700
715
2,240
11,700
960
2,370
965
684
13,000
10,500
511
10,200
5,460
1,290
1,000
3,830
4,680
413
6,230
4,440
6,350
2,790
2,180
2,970
139
513
629
626
8,300
273
10,200
13,200
125
9,170
1,750
1,010
12,100
Avoided
Lost Work
Days
44,200
2,940
36,000
162,000
8,720
39,300
13,700
12,100
334,000
124,000
4,270
241,000
93,000
19,400
11,500
53,000
63,300
5,740
90,700
84,700
121,000
61,500
25,700
43,400
857
6,300
3,020
10,100
135,000
1,470
289,000
196,000
1,730
154,000
22,200
7,440
222,000
Avoided
Lost School
Days
268,000
59,000
137,000
800,000
71,100
163,000
65,900
46,800
668,000
751,000
37,400
523,000
328,000
80,800
68,000
257,000
316,000
30,600
432,000
285,000
384,000
141,000
157,000
194,000
11,200
33,200
51,400
44,700
553,000
22,400
479,000
874,000
8,250
579,000
115,000
79,400
756,000
10 Clean Heat, Clean Air: Health Benefits of Modern Industrial Technologies Avoided
Deaths
257
2,280
48 2,620
3,590
94 101
2,890
527
694
1,970
34 State
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Cumulative
Health Benefits
(2030-2050)
$3.7 B
$32.7 B
$0.7 B
$37.7 B
$53.7 B
$1.5 B
$1.4 B
$42.1 B
$7.8 B
$9.9 B
$28.1 B
$0.5 B
Avoided
Asthma
Attacks
96,600
888,000
27,600
1,050,000
2,560,000
127,000
32,800
1,460,000
313,000
228,000
731,000
21,000
Avoided
New Asthma
Cases
597
5,500
173
6,460
16,300
864
199
9,040
1,980
1,370
4,410
135
Avoided
Lost Work
Days
9,600
79,100
2,040
101,000
193,000
3,880
2,940
128,000
25,000
20,000
88,100
1,010
Avoided
Lost School
Days
41,800
370,000
11,200
419,000
1,100,000
66,000
15,300
624,000
138,000
97,800
247,000
10,300
NOTE: Monetized health benefits calculated in 2023$ with a 2% discount rate. COBRA modeling results exclude Alaska and Hawaii. Lost work day calculation reflects fine particle exposures only.
Appendix A: State Results (2023$ Billions) continued
11 Appendix B: State Results by Cumulative Health Benefit (2023$ Billions) Clean Heat, Clean Air: Health Benefits of Modern Industrial Technologies Avoided
Deaths
7,580
5,760
4,680
4,570
4,310
4,080
3,590
3,220
3,040
2,960
3,010
2,890
2,620
2,280
2,230
1,980
1,970
1,800
1,610
1,510
1,420
1,120
1,050
941
935
801
694
569
527
473
330
307
279
257
236
221
194
State
Florida
Pennsylvania
North Carolina
New York
Illinois
Ohio
Texas
California
New Jersey
Georgia
Michigan
Virginia
Tennessee
South Carolina
Indiana
Maryland
Wisconsin
Massachusetts
Louisiana
Kentucky
Alabama
Missouri
Minnesota
Arkansas
Connecticut
Mississippi
West Virginia
Oklahoma
Washington
Iowa
Delaware
New Hampshire
Kansas
Rhode Island
Oregon
Maine
Colorado
Cumulative
Health Benefits
(2030-2050)
$107.0 B
$82.1 B
$67.6 B
$65.0 B
$61.6 B
$58.3 B
$53.7 B
$47.5 B
$43.9 B
$43.4 B
$42.8 B
$42.1 B
$37.7 B
$32.7 B
$31.9 B
$28.9 B
$28.1 B
$25.8 B
$23.3 B
$21.7 B
$20.4 B
$16.1 B
$15.0 B
$13.5 B
$13.5 B
$11.6 B
$9.9 B
$8.3 B
$7.8 B
$6.8 B
$4.8 B
$4.4 B
$4.1 B
$3.7 B
$3.5 B
$3.2 B
$2.9 B
Avoided
Asthma
Attacks
2,170,000
2,010,000
2,110,000
1,740,000
1,700,000
1,510,000
2,560,000
1,870,000
1,370,000
1,660,000
1,060,000
1,460,000
1,050,000
888,000
895,000
1,020,000
731,000
724,000
758,000
620,000
596,000
480,000
460,000
366,000
389,000
353,000
228,000
279,000
313,000
208,000
155,000
103,000
158,000
96,600
155,000
68,100
146,000
Avoided
New Asthma
Cases
13,000
12,100
13,200
10,200
10,200
9,170
16,300
11,700
8,300
10,500
6,350
9,040
6,460
5,500
5,460
6,230
4,410
4,440
4,680
3,830
3,700
2,970
2,790
2,240
2,370
2,180
1,370
1,750
1,980
1,290
965
626
1,000
597
1,010
413
960
Avoided
Lost Work
Days
334,000
222,000
196,000
289,000
241,000
154,000
193,000
162,000
135,000
124,000
121,000
128,000
101,000
79,100
93,000
90,700
88,100
84,700
63,300
53,000
44,200
43,400
61,500
36,000
39,300
25,700
20,000
22,200
25,000
19,400
13,700
10,100
11,500
9,600
7,440
5,740
8,720
Avoided
Lost School
Days
668,000
756,000
874,000
479,000
523,000
579,000
1,100,000
800,000
553,000
751,000
384,000
624,000
419,000
370,000
328,000
432,000
247,000
285,000
316,000
257,000
268,000
194,000
141,000
137,000
163,000
157,000
97,800
115,000
138,000
80,800
65,900
44,700
68,000
41,800
79,400
30,600
71,100
12 Clean Heat, Clean Air: Health Benefits of Modern Industrial Technologies Avoided
Deaths
168
141
143
138
123
94 101
64 48
43 38
34 State
Nevada
Arizona
District of Columbia
Nebraska
Idaho
Utah
Vermont
New Mexico
South Dakota
Montana
North Dakota
Wyoming
Cumulative
Health Benefits
(2030-2050)
$2.5 B
$2.2 B
$2.1 B
$2.0 B
$1.8 B
$1.5 B
$1.4 B
$1.0 B
$0.7 B
$0.6 B
$0.6 B
$0.5 B
Avoided
Asthma
Attacks
93,400
106,000
109,000
81,000
78,200
127,000
32,800
42,000
27,600
21,600
20,100
21,000
Avoided
New Asthma
Cases
629
715
684
513
511
864
199
273
173
139
125
135
Avoided
Lost Work
Days
3,020
2,940
12,100
6,300
4,270
3,880
2,940
1,470
2,040
857
1,730
1,010
Avoided
Lost School
Days
51,400
59,000
46,800
33,200
37,400
66,000
15,300
22,400
11,200
11,200
8,250
10,300
NOTE: Monetized health benefits calculated in 2023$ with a 2% discount rate. COBRA modeling results exclude Alaska and Hawaii. Lost work day calculation reflects fine particle exposures only.
Appendix B: State Results by Cumulative Health Benefit (2023$ Billions) continued 55 W. Wacker Drive, Suite 1150 | Chicago, IL 60601 | Ph: 312-801-7630 | Lung.org