As reflected in the Vulnerability Assessment, energy delivery and communication services are highly vulnerable to extreme heat. Extreme heat can regularly cause power outages due to a combination of mechanical failure of electrical grid equipment, heat damage to the wires themselves, and high demand for electricity as a result of cooling equipment, all of which causes stress on the grid. Indirectly, extreme heat stresses power lines, causing them to run less efficiently. The heat also causes more demand for electricity (usually to run air conditioning units), and in combination with the stress on the power lines, may lead to brownouts and blackouts.
Potential Changes to Extreme Heat in Future Years
Likelihood of Future Occurrence
Extreme heat tends to occur on an annual basis and is likely to continue occurring. Due to Cupertino ’s inland location south of San Francisco Bay and relatively low elevation, high temperatures will continue to be a more common than cold temperatures.
Climate Change and Extreme Heat
The warmer temperatures brought on by climate change are likely to cause an increase in extreme heat events locally. Depending on the location and emissions levels, the state Cal-Adapt database indicates the number of extreme heat days is expected to rise from a historical annual average of 5 to 14 days by the middle of the century (2035 to 2064), and an average of 2 4 days by the end of the century (2070 to 2099).24
Overall, Cupertino is expected to see an increase in the average daily high temperatures. Depending on the future severity of climate change, the state Cal -Adapt database indicates the annual average maximum temperature is expected to increase from a historical annual average of 6 9.4°F to an average of up to 73.5°F by the middle of the century (2035 to 2064), and an average of up to 76.5°F by the end of the century (2070 to 2099).2 Although the temperature increases may appear modest, the projected high temperatures are substantially greater than historical norms. These increases make it more likely that an above-average high temperature will cross the extreme heat threshold. As temperatures increase, Cupertino residents, employees, and visitors will face increased risk of dehydration, heat stroke, heat exhaustion, heart attack, stroke, and respiratory distress caused by extreme heat.
2.6.4 Severe Weather
Severe weather is generally any destructive weather event, but usually occurs in Cupertino as localized storms that bring heavy rain, hail, thunderstorms, and strong winds. Severe weather is usually caused by intense storm systems, although types of strong winds can occur without a storm. The types of dangers posed by severe weather vary widely and may include injuries or deaths, damage to buildings and structures, fallen trees, roads and railways blocked b y debris, and fires sparked by lightning. Severe weather often produces high winds and lightning that can damage structures and cause power outages.
Lightning from these storms can ignite wildfires and structure fires that can cause damage to buildings and endanger people. Objects such as vehicles, unprotected structures (e.g., bus stops, carports), fences, telephone poles, or trees can also be struck directly by lightning, which may result in an explosion or fire.
A relatively common weather pattern that brings southwest winds and heavy rain to California is often referred to as an atmospheric river. Atmospheric rivers can be associated with severe weather in the following ways:
Appendix H: Health and Safety Element Background Report | March 2025 Page SE-43 Heavy precipitation: Atmospheric rivers can bring large amounts of moisture to a region, which can lead to heavy precipitation and flooding. This level of precipitation can be especially problematic in areas with steep terrain or poor drainage, where the water can accumulate quickly and cause damage.
Landslides: Heavy precipitation associated with atmospheric rivers can also increase the risk of landslides and debris flows in areas with steep terrain. This risk is because the excess water can saturate the soil and destabilize slopes, leading to landslides or rockfalls. High winds: In addition to heavy precipitation, atmospheric rivers can also be associated with strong winds. This risk increase because the strong temperature contrast between the warm, moist air in the atmospheric river and the cold air surrounding it can lead to the formation of strong low-pressure systems and high winds.
A thunderstorm is a rain event that includes thunder and lightning. According to NOAA’s National Severe Storms Laboratory, a thunderstorm is classified as “severe” when it contains one or more of the following:
hail with a diameter of one inch or greater, wind gusts exceeding 57.5 miles per hour (mph), or tornado.
However, tornadoes are uncommon in Santa Clara County; only six have been recorded in the county since 1950.
High winds, often accompanying severe storms, can cause significant property damage, threaten public safety, and have adverse economic impacts from business closures and power loss. High winds, as defined by the National Weather Service, are sustained wind speeds of 40 mph or greater lasting one hour or longer or wind gusts of 58 mph or greater for any duration. These winds may occur as part of a seasonal climate pattern or in relation to other severe weather events, such as thunderstorms.
All wind events pose several different types of threats. By themselves , the winds threaten the health of people and structures in Cupertino . Dust and plant pollen blown by the wind can create breathing problems. The winds can blow roofs off buildings and cause tree limbs to fall on structures. High winds also increase the threat of wildfires. Winds may dry out brush and forest areas, increasing the fuel load in fire-prone areas. Winds may spark wildfires by knocking down power lines or causing them to arc, creating sparks. If wildfires do start, high winds can push flames quickly into new areas, contributing to the rapid spread of wildfires and making them harder to control.
As reflected in the Vulnerability Assessment, energy communication infrastructure, e nergy delivery and communication services, homes and residential structures, and public transit access are highly vulnerable to severe weather. Electricity transmission and distribution lines can be damaged or destroyed by high - velocity winds. This can cause secondary impacts, such as power outages, which would impact Cupertino residents and businesses. Homes, particularly older ones, may be constructed to less rigorous stan dards and/or may not be well maintained. This can increase their risk of damage during severe weather events, particularly high winds, and hail. High winds could disrupt energy delivery , causing the electrical grid to not function properly. If multiple sections or element s of the system fail (substations, power plants, electricity lines), City residents and businesses could be without power for hours, days, or weeks if severe.
Communication services may be knocked out by severe weather that damages communic ation towers.
Public transit access may be delayed or rerouted if roadways become impassable due to storms and other severe weather. If roadways completely fail, the transit services could be suspended for days or weeks.
Public Safety Power Shutoff Events
Electricity utilities throughout California, including PG&E, have begun to occasionally “de -energize”, or turn off the electricity for power lines that run through areas w ith an elevated fire risk. PSPS events are intended to reduce the risk of power lines sparking or being damaged and starting a wildfire. As previously described, these activities, called PSPS events, result in a loss of power for customers served by the affected power lines. A PSPS event may occur at any time of the year, usually during high wind events and dry conditions. PSPS events may be limited to specific communities or affect broad swaths of the state. In October 2019, PG&E conducted one large-scale PSPS event, shutting off power to approximately 740,000 customers in 35 counties across the state, including customers in Cupertino . Several PSPS events also occurred in 2020 during widespread wildfires across northern California. While PSPS events have been smaller and less frequent recently, these events still pose a risk to PG&E customers across Santa Clara County, including Cupertino.
PSPS events can impact emergency management activities. A loss of power can make it more difficult for homes or businesses to receive emergency notifications. PSPS events can also create vulnerabilities for community members who lack backup power supplies and depend on electricity for heating or cooling homes and buildings, medical devices, lighting, and the internet. Additionally, community members may face economic hardships and be deprived of important services, such as grocery stores, gas stations, and banks/ATMs. Traffic lights and other traffic -control systems may not work, which can complicate evacuation needs and hinder emergency response . Although critical public health and safety facilities often have backup generators, the loss of power may also disable other key infrastructure systems.
Potential Changes to Severe Weather in Future Years
Likelihood of Future Occurrence
According to historical hazard data, severe weather is an annual occurrence in Santa Clara County.
Damage and disaster declarations related to severe weather have occurred and will continue to occur in the future. Heavy rain and thunderstorms are the county's most frequent type of severe weather occurrences. Wind and lightning often accompany these storms and have caused damage in the past.
However, damage associated with severe weather's primary effects has been limited. The secondary hazards caused by severe weather, such as floods and fire, have had the greatest impact on the county.
In general, any severe storm that affects Santa Clara County has local effects in Cupertino as well.
Thunderstorms, high winds, and lightning can each have localized impacts on infrastructure, properties, and public safety.
Climate Change and Severe Weather
Climate change is expected to cause an increase in intense rainfall and strong storm systems , such as atmospheric rivers. This increase means that Cupertino could see more intense weather resulting from these storms in the coming years and decades , although such an increase may not affect all forms of severe weather. While average annual rainfall may increase only slightly, climate change is expected to cause an increase in the number of years with intense levels of precipitation. Heavy rainfall can increas e the frequency and severity of other hazards, including flooding.
Appendix H: Health and Safety Element Background Report | March 2025 Page SE-45
2.6.5 Human Health Hazards
Human health hazards are bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other organisms that can cause diseases and illness in people. Some of these diseases may cause only mild inconvenience, but others are potentially life-threatening. These diseases can be and often are carried by animals, such as mice and rats, ticks, and mosquitos. Warmer temperatures and high precipitation levels can lead to increased populations of disease-carrying animals, creating a greater risk of disease and increased rates of infection.
Populations most vulnerable to human health hazards are those who spend a disproportionate amount of time outdoors (such as outdoor workers or persons experiencing homelessness), those with fragile immune systems or existing illnesses (which may include persons with chronic illnesses and seniors), and those who may live in sub -standard housing or not have access to health insurance and medical care (households in poverty, low-resourced people of color, immigrant/linguistically isolated communities, and cost-burdened/low-income/overcrowded households). These persons may be living in conditions that increase their chances of catching vector -borne illnesses, lack the ability to fight off infections that may occur, or lack the financial resources to seek timely medical care. As reflected in the Vulnerability Assessment, several groups within Cupertino’s population are vulnerable to human health hazards, such as households in poverty, immigrant communities/linguistically isolated persons, low -resourced people of c olor, outdoor workers, persons experiencing homelessness, persons with chronic illnesses and/or disabilities, and seniors. According to the 2023 MJHMP, 9 past occurrences of human health hazards in
Santa Clara County since 2018 include COVID-19, Lyme disease, Valley Fever, and West Nile Virus.
Potential Changes to Human Health Hazards in Future Years Likelihood of Future Occurrence
Human health hazards have occurred in the past and , therefore, will likely occur in the future at various scales and levels of severity.
Climate Change and Human Health Hazards
Increases in average temperature and changes in precipitation patterns favoring larger precipitation events may facilitate the growth and activity of disease -carrying vectors. Many of the vector -carrying organisms thrive in warmer and wetter conditions. The overall risk of human health hazards is thus expected to increase.
3.1 OVERVIEW
The Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment analyzes how climate -related hazards may harm the community using the four-step process recommended in the California Adaptation Planning Guide. Figure S-10 illustrates the recommended four-step process. This analysis describes the degree to which natural, built, and human systems are susceptible to harm from exposure to stresses associated with environmental and social change and from the absence of capacity to adapt.
Figure S-10 California Adaptation Planning Guide Vulnerability Assessment Process
The Vulnerability Assessment considers the threats from all relevant natural hazards, which are events or physical conditions that have the potential to cause harm or loss and will emphasize changes to hazard frequency and severity due to climate change. The Vulnerability Assessment includes eight climate-related hazards: air quality and smoke, drought, extreme heat, flooding, human health hazards, landslides, severe storms, and wildfire . The Vulnerability Assessment assesses 45 different population groups and community assets facing potential harm from the hazards. This assessment includes the risk of physical damage to buildings and infrastructure, the social vulnerability of persons likely to be disproportionately harmed by hazards, potential disruption to the city’s economic engines, and loss of essential services.
Step 4: Prioritize Vulnerability
Determine how susceptible a population or asset is to harm from a particlar hazard.
Step 3: Assess Adaptive Capacity
Assess the ability of populations and community assets to prepare for, respond to, and recover from the impacts of climate change using existing resources and programs.
Step 2: Identify Sensitivities and Potential Impacts
Identify populations and assets Evaluate potential impacts of each relevant hazard Step 1: Identify Exposure
Characterize the community’s exposure to current and projected climate change hazards
3. VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Appendix H: Health and Safety Element Background Report | March 2025 Page SE-47
3.2 ITEMS INCLUDED IN THE CUPERTINO VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT The City included the following populations and other assets in the Vulnerability Assessment. Each list includes a description and source of data needed to support the Vulnerability Assessment.
3.2.1 Populations
The City collected population data from the U.S. Census (American Community Survey and Decennial Census), the California Healthy Places Index, and the Santa Clara County Homeless Point-in-Time Count.
The American Community Survey data is an estimate only with some margin of error. The 16 populations evaluated include:
1. Children and youth (under 18).
2. Cost-burdened/low-income/overcrowded households: households paying 30 percent or more of their income towards housing expenses.25 The State identifies $131,750 as the low-income threshold for a household of four people in Santa Clara County in 2022.26 Six percent of Cupertino residents earn incomes at or below poverty level.27 Overcrowded households include housing units that have 1.0 persons or more per room (excluding bathrooms and kitchens).
3. Households in poverty: households with an income below the poverty line, which is $27,750 for a household of four.28
4. Immigrant communities/linguistically isolated persons: Communities consisting of foreign-born populations, including immigrants, refugees, and undocumented persons. Linguistically isolated persons include households without a member who is fluent in English. Chinese, Hindi, and Japanese are the primary languages in Cupertino among households that are not fluent in English. 29 5. Low-resourced people of color: Persons identifying as a member of a racial and/or ethnic group and facing limited access to resources, such as financial, social, healthcare, or educational assistance.30, 31
6. Outdoor workers: Workers in landscaping, construction, outdoor recreation, etc.
7. Persons experiencing homelessness: 2022 Point-in-Time count reported 102 total persons experiencing homelessness (all unsheltered) within the City of Cupertino.32
8. Persons living on single-access roads (roads with only a single entry or exit point). Single-access roads are generally to the west, near the hillsides of the community.
9. Persons with chronic illnesses and/or disabilities.
10. Persons without a high school degree.
11. Persons without access to lifelines: Persons without reliable access to a car, transit, or communication systems.
12. Renters.
13. Seniors (age 65 and older). Seniors constitute 15 percent of Cupertino’s population. 33 14. Seniors living alone.
15. Students.
16. Unemployed persons.
3.2.2 Infrastructure
The City gathered details on infrastructure from State and local GIS data, and the 2023 Santa Clara County Multi-Jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan. These seven asset groups are:
1. Energy and communication infrastructure:
a. Transmission Lines: PG&E
b. Natural gas pipelines and structures: PG&E
c. Cell towers, radio sites, fiber-optic lines, and internet lines
2. Flood-control and stormwater infrastructure
3. Vehicle fuel stations
a. Electric vehicle charging stations: 13 public charging stations b. Gas stations
4. Hazardous materials sites: 13 cleanup sites
5. Transportation infrastructure
a. Freeways: I-280
b. State highways: SR-85
c. Local roads: Stevens Creek Boulevard, North De Anza Boulevard, South De Anza Boulevard, North Wolfe Road, Miller Avenue, North Stelling Road, South Stelling Road, McClellan Road, Steven Canyons Road, South Foothills Boulevard, Rainbow Drive, Bubb Road, Prospect Road, Bollinger Road, North Blaney Avenue, South Blaney Avenue d. Bridges and culverts: Seven local bridges
e. Transit facilities: Valley Transportation Authority stops f. Railway: Union Pacific Railroad
6. Parks, Open Space, and Trails
a. Community Parks: McClellan Ranch, McClellan Ranch West (Simms Property), Blackberry Farm Park, Blackberry Farm Golf Course, Franco Park, Memorial Park, Sports Center, Mary Avenue Dog Park, Cali Mill Plaza Park, Civic Center Park, Library Plaza, Civic Center Plaza, Main Street Park Easement, Town Square Easement, Little Rancho Park b. Neighborhood Parks: Linda Vista, Varian Park, Monta Vista, Villa Serra, Sommerset Square, Jollyman, Wilson Park, Library Field, Creekside, Sterling Barnhart, Portal Park, Three Oaks, Hoover
c. Open Space Areas: Stocklmeir Ranch, Stevens Creek Trail, Oak Valley, Canyon Oak Park
7. Bicycling and pedestrian trails.
34, 35, 36
8. Water and wastewater infrastructure: California Water Service (north of Stevens Creek Boulevard), San Jose Water (south of Stevens Creek Boulevard), Cupertino Sanitary District, San José-Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility.
3.2.3 Buildings
The City collected buildings data from Google Maps, the California School Database, and local agency websites and GIS records. These six assets are:
1. Government and community facilities: Cupertino City Offices, Cupertino Emergency Operations Center, Quinlan Community Center, Cupertino Library, Cupertino Senior Center, and Cupertino Sports Center
2. Commercial centers: Homestead Square Shopping Center, De Anza Shopping Center, Main Street Cupertino, the Crossroads, the Marketplace, and Cupertino Village
3. Medical and care facilities: Kaiser Permanente, Urgent Care Cupertino, Sunshine Health Care Center, Sacred Heart Clinic, Foothill Medical Clinic, Prairie Health, Golden Apple Medical Group, and adult care and senior living facilities
4. Homes and residential structures: Multifamily and single-family residences
5. Public safety buildings: Santa Clara County Sheriff’s Office and Santa Clara County Fire Department (Cupertino Fire Station)
Appendix H: Health and Safety Element Background Report | March 2025 Page SE-49
6. Schools: Cupertino Union School District (20 elementary schools and 5 middle schools), Fremont Union High School District (Cupertino High School, Homestead High School, and Monte Vista High School), De Anza College, and private schools (Monta Vista Christian School, Stratford School - Cupertino Raynor Campus, St. Joseph of Cupertino School, West Valley Christian School, Villa Montessori)
3.2.4 Economic Drivers
The City determined important economic assets based on the 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report and land uses within the city. These five assets are:
1. Major employers: Apple Inc., Cupertino Union School District, Corinthian International Parking Services, Synophic Systems Inc., and De Anza Community College District
2. Education services
3. Technology, research, and development
4. Commercial and retail centers
5. Outdoor recreation
3.2.5 Ecosystems and Natural R esources
The City determined the ecosystems and natural resources based on information from the Environmental Resources Element of the General Plan. These four resource types include:
1. Riparian
2. Grasslands
3. Brushlands
4. Foothill Woodlands and Forests
3.2.6 Key Services
These assets are based on typical services provided in cities throughout California, which are supported by the infrastructure and buildings listed previously . Key community services include the operation and functions needed to provide and maintain services. The Vulnerability Assessment assesses the infrastructure and people needed to support them separately. These seven services are:
1. Education services: Cupertino Union School District, Fremont Union High School District, private schools, and childcare.
2. Emergency services: Emergency Operations Center, Santa Clara County Fire Department, and Santa Clara County Sheriff’s Office
3. Energy delivery and communication services: Silicon Valley Clean Energy, PG&E, radio, television, cellular and landline phone, and internet
4. Government administration and community services
5. Public transit access: Valley Transportation Authority Bus Routes
6. Solid waste removal: Recology South Bay
7. Water and wastewater: California Water Service (north of Stevens Creek Boulevard), San Jose Water (south of Stevens Creek Boulevard), and Cupertino Sanitary District
3.3 VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT R ESULTS
Table 5-1 shows the results of the Vulnerability Assessment prepared for Cupertino , in accordance with the requirements of Senate Bill 379. For each population or asset that may be vulnerable to each climate- related hazard, the population or asset is scored on a scale of low to high. The vulnerability scores reflect both the severity of climate-related impacts and the ability of populations and assets to resist and recover from these effects. The City assessed 287 different pairings for vulnerability, 89 of which scored as highly vulnerable. The following matrix provides the scores for each population and assets to each relevant hazard. Gray cells with a dash ( -) indicate that a specific hazard is not applicable to a specific population or asset, and therefore was not scored. Refer to the “Climate Change” and “Vulnerable Populations and Assets” sections of the Health and Safety Element for additional details on the Vulnerability Assessment method.
Appendix H: Health and Safety Element Background Report | March 2025 Page SE-51 Table S-1. Vulnerability Assessment Results
Populations & Assets
Hazards
Air Quality and
Smoke Drought Extreme Heat Flooding Human Health
Hazards Sea Level Rise Landslides Severe Weather Wildfire Populations
Children and youth (under 18) High Low High Medium Medium - Medium Medium Medium Cost-burdened/low-income/overcrowded households Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium - Low Medium Medium Households in poverty High Medium High High High - Medium High High Immigrant communities/linguistically isolated persons Medium Medium High Medium High - High High High Low-resourced people of color Medium Medium High High High - Medium High Medium Outdoor workers High Medium High Medium High - Medium Medium High Persons experiencing homelessness High Medium High High High - Low High High Persons living on single access roads (roads with only a single entry or exit point) Low Low Low High Low - High High High Persons with chronic illnesses and/or disabilities High Medium High High High - High High High Persons without a high school degree Low Low Low Medium Low - Low Low Low Persons without access to lifelines Medium Low High High Medium - Medium Medium Medium Renters Medium Low Medium High Low - Medium Low Low
Seniors (65+) High Low High High High - Medium Medium High Seniors living alone High Low High High High - High High High Students Low Low Low Medium Low - Low Medium Medium
Unemployed persons Low Low Medium Medium Medium - Low Medium Medium Buildings and Infrastructure
Government and community facilities - - Low Medium - - - Low - Commercial centers - - Low Medium - - - Medium -
Energy and communication infrastructure - - High - - - High High - Flood control and stormwater infrastructure - - - High - Low Medium Medium Low Vehicle fuel stations - - Low Medium - - - Low -
Hazardous materials sites - - - Medium - - - Medium -
Transportation Infrastructure - - Low High - High Medium Medium Medium Medical care and assisted living facilities - - Low Low - - Low Medium - Homes and residential structures - - Medium High - - Medium High Medium Parks, Open Space, and Trails - High Medium Low - - Medium Medium Medium Public safety buildings - - Low Medium - - - Medium -
Schools - - Medium High - - Low Medium -
Water and wastewater infrastructure - Medium Low High - - High Low Low Economic Drivers
Major employers - Low Medium Medium Medium - - Low -
Education services Medium Low Medium Medium Medium - Medium Medium -
Populations & Assets
Hazards
Air Quality and
Smoke Drought Extreme Heat Flooding Human Health
Hazards Sea Level Rise Landslides Severe Weather Wildfire Technology, research, and development Low Low Low Medium Medium - - Low - Commercial and retail centers Medium Medium Medium Low High - - Medium - Outdoor recreation High Medium High Medium Low - Medium Medium Medium Ecosystem and Natural Resources
Riparian - High Medium Medium - - Medium High High
Grasslands - Low Low Low - - Low Low Medium
Brushlands - Medium Medium Low - - Low Low High
Foothill woodlands and forests - Medium Medium Low - - Low Medium High Key Services
Education services Medium Low Medium Medium Medium - Medium Medium - Emergency services Medium - Low Medium High - Medium Medium Low Energy delivery and communication services Low Low High High Low - High High High Government administration & community services Medium - Low High Low - Low Low Low Public transit access High - High High Low - Medium High Medium Solid waste removal Medium - Medium Medium Medium - Medium - Medium Water and wastewater Medium High Medium - - High High - High
Appendix H: Health and Safety Element Background Report | March 2025 Page SE-53
1 BestPlaces, n.d. Climate in Cupertino. https://www.bestplaces.net/city/california/cupertino. 2 Cal-Adapt. 2023. Annual Averages. https://cal-adapt.org/tools/annual-averages. 3 United States Census Bureau. 2024. Cupertino city, California. https://data.census.gov/profile/Cupertino_city,_California?g=160XX00US0617610. Accessed January 17, 2024.
4 Cupertino, City of. 2023. 6th Cycle Housing Element 2023-2031: Second Draft. Submitted to HCD on October 16, 2023. https://engagecupertino.org/public-documents. 5 Bedsworth, Louise, Dan Cayan, Guido Franco, Leah Fisher, Sonya Ziaja (California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, California Energy Commission, California Public Utilities Commission). 2018. Statewide Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUMCCCA4-2018-013.
6 Cal OES. Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS). https://www.caloes.ca.gov/office-of- the-director/operations/planning-preparedness-prevention/california-specialized-training- institute/hazardous-materials-program/standardized-emergency-management-system-sems/ 7 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2023. Storm Events Database. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/
8 United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2003. Map of Active Fault Traces, Geomorphic Features and Quaternary Surficial Deposits Along The Central Calaveras Fault, Santa Clara County, California.https://earthquake.usgs.gov/cfusion/external_grants/reports/01HQGR0212.pdf. 9 IEM. 2023. Draft Santa Clara County Multi-jurisdictional Hazard Mitigation Plan. Volume 1: Base Plan. 10 U.S. Geological Survey. 2015, March. UCEFR3: A New Earthquake Forecast for California’s Complex Fault System. https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3009/pdf/fs2015-3009.pdf. 11 United States Geological Survey (USGS). M 6.9 - The 1989 Loma Prieta, California Earthquake. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/nc216859/impact 12 CAL FIRE. 2025, February 3 (accessed). Historical Fire Perimeters. https://www.fire.ca.gov/what-we- do/fire-resource-assessment-program/fire-perimeters
13 U.S. Department of Transportation. 2023. Incident Statistics. https://portal.phmsa.dot.gov/analytics/saw.dll?Portalpages&PortalPath=%2Fshared%2FPublic%20Webs ite%20Pages%2F_portal%2FHazmat%20Incident%20Report%20Search. 14 California Department of Toxic Substances Control. 2023. EnviroStor Database. https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/map/?myaddress. 15 Bay Area Air Quality Management District. 2023. Air Quality Summary Reports. https://www.baaqmd.gov/about-air-quality/air-quality-measurement/air-quality-summaries. 16 Bay Area Air Quality Management District. April 19, 2017. Final 2017 Clean Air Plan. Appendix C.
Available: https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/planning-and-research/plans/2017-clean-air- plan/attachment-a-proposed-final-cap-vol-1-pdf.pdf?la=en. 17 David Ackerly, Andrew Jones, Mark Stacey, and Bruce Riordan. University of California, Berkeley. 2018.
San Francisco Bay Area Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-11/Reg_Report-SUM-CCCA4-2018- 005_SanFranciscoBayArea_ADA.pdf.
18 Cal-Adapt. 2023. Snowpack. https://cal-adapt.org/tools/snowpack/.
END NOTES
19 National Weather Service. N.D. July 12-15, 1995 Deadly Heat Wave. https://www.weather.gov/mkx/1995_heat-wave.
20 Vaidyanathan A, Malilay J, Schramm P, Saha S. Heat-Related Deaths - United States, 2004-2018.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Jun 19;69(24):729-734. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6924a1. PMID:
32555133; PMCID: PMC7302478.
21 United States Census Bureau. 2023. Cupertino city, California. ACS 5-Year Estimates, Year Structure Built. B25034. https://data.census.gov/table?q=B25034:+Year+Structure+Built&g=160XX00US0617610. 22 Huang, J., H. Akbari, and H. Taha. 1990. The Wind-Shielding and Shading Effects of Trees on Residential Heating and Cooling Requirements. ASHRAE Winter Meeting, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Atlanta, Georgia.
23 Kurn, D., S. Bretz, B. Huang, and H. Akbari. 1994. The Potential for Reducing Urban Air Temperatures and Energy Consumption through Vegetative Cooling. ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy. Pacific Grove, California. 24 Cal-Adapt. 2024.Extreme Heat Days and Warm Nights. https://cal-adapt.org/tools/extreme-heat. 25 City of Cupertino. 2015. City of Cupertino Housing Element 2015-2023. https://www.cupertino.org/home/showpublisheddocument/12736/636317559509530000. 26 California Department of Housing and Community Development. 2022. State Income Limits for 2022. https://www.hcd.ca.gov/docs/grants-and-funding/inc2k22.pdf. 27 United States Census Bureau. 2023. Cupertino city, California. https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US0617610. 28 Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. 2023. “HHS Poverty Guidelines for 2023.” https://aspe.hhs.gov/topics/poverty-economic-mobility/poverty-guidelines. 29 American Community Survey. 2015. 2015: ACS 5-Year Estimates, Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over, B16001. https://data.census.gov/table?q=Table+B16001&g=160XX00US0617610&tid=ACSDT5Y2015.B16001. 30 Public Health Alliance of Southern California. 2018. Healthy Places Index. https://map.healthyplacesindex.org/
31 Roos, Michelle (E4 Strategic Solutions). 2018. Climate Justice Summary Report. California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Publication number: SUM-CCCA4-2018-012. 32 County of Santa Clara. 2022. Santa Clara County: 2022 Homeless Point in Time Count and Survey. https://osh.sccgov.org/sites/g/files/exjcpb671/files/documents/2022%20PIT%20Report%20Santa%20Clar a%20County.pdf.
33 United States Census Bureau. 2023. QuickFacts Cupertino city, California. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/cupertinocitycalifornia/PST045219. 34 Valley Transportation Authority. 2015. Valley Transportation Plan 2040: The Long-Range Transportation Plan for Santa Clara County.
https://www.vta.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/VTP-2040_Final.pdf. 35 City of Cupertino. Bicycle Transportation Plan. 2016. https://www.cupertino.org/home/showpublisheddocument/3479/636443578340030000. 36 City of Cupertino. 2018. Pedestrian Transportation Plan. https://www.cupertino.org/home/showpublisheddocument/16864/636650034974470000.