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Agenda, first session

Del Mar City Council
September 22, 2026

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Agenda, first session
Meeting
September 22, 2026
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Del Mar City Council
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Text extracted from the city's file for reading and search. Open the original on www.delmar.ca.us. That file is the official record.

Del Mar City Council Meeting Agenda
Del Mar Town Hall
1050 Camino del Mar, Del Mar, California
September 22, 2026 City Council Meeting

INFORMATION RECEIVED

AFTER THE COUNCIL AGENDA

WAS DISTRIBUTED
(“Red Dots”)
1 Robert Silva
From: Brooke Miller <[email protected]>
Sent: Friday, September 18, 2026 12:24 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Cc: John Spelich; Terry Gaasterland; Dan Quirk; Tracy Martinez; Coy, Melinda@HCD; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; Ashley Jones; Ralph Hicks; carolsten Subject: Red Dot- Item 5 Del Mar City Council Meeting September 22 2026 Attachments: Comment Letter Agenda Item 5 DM City Council 9_22_26 4927-9230-3057 v.2.pdf Follow Up Flag: Follow up
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Mayor MarƟnez and Members of the City Council:

AƩached please find a comment leƩer relaƟng to Item 5 on Tuesday’s City Council meeƟng agenda, requesƟng you direct City staff and consultants to implement the City’s legal obligaƟons to rezone the North Bluff to the Housing Element ImplementaƟon Overlay Zone to accommodate housing by right at a density of up to 25 du/ ac subject to the applicable statutory exempƟon from CEQA for rezoning to implement your approved Housing Element (PRC SecƟon 21080.085).

Please include these comments in the Red Dots for this item. We are also sending this to you directly due to the volume of Red Dot comments for Tuesday’s meeƟng. We appreciate your careful review.

Brooke Miller
Partner
501 West Broadway, 18th Floor
San Diego, CA 92101
Direct +1.619.338.6530 | Office +1.619.338.6500
[email protected] | Bio | LinkedIn | sheppard.com
Attention: This message is sent by a law firm and may contain information that is privileged or confidential. If you received this transmission in error, please notify the sender by reply e-mail and delete the message and any attachments.

September 22, 2026 Item 5
Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP
501 West Broadway, 18th Floor
San Diego, CA 92101
T: +1.619.338.6500 | F: +1.619.234.3815 sheppard.com
September 18, 2026 +1.619.338.6530
[email protected]
File Number: 47WF-387822

VIA ELECTRONIC MAIL ONLY
City of Del Mar
Mayor Tracy Martinez and City Council
1050 Camino Del Mar
Del Mar, CA 92014
E-Mail: [email protected]
Re: Comment Letter to September 22, 2026 Regular City Council Meeting Agenda Item 5:

Approval of Professional Services Agreement with Moore Iacofano Goltsman, Inc. (MIG) for Environmental and Planning Services
Dear Mayor Martinez and Members of the City Council:

As you know, this firm represents Carol Lazier, the owner of residential real property in the City of Del Mar (“City”) identified as 929 Border Avenue, Assessor’s Parcel Numbers (“APNs”) 298- 241-06 and 298-241-07.

Please review these comments as part of your consideration of Item 5 on the September 22, 2026 agenda, which proposes the approval of a Professional Services Agreement relating to preparation and processing of environmental review documentation and amendments to land use policies and regulations to create a new land use designation and base zone in the Del Mar Community Plan, Zoning Code and certified LCP to apply to property in the North Bluff planning area to allow multifamily uses at a density of up to 20 dwelling units per acre (“du/ac”).

While we appreciate the City’s efforts to accommodate housing, there are several deficiencies in the proposed rezoning project as well as inaccuracies in the Staff report that pose significant risks to the status of the City’s certified Housing Element Law and compliance with other State housing laws. The City Council should immediately direct its staff and consultants to comply with the City’s legal obligations to rezone the North Bluff to the Housing Element Implementation Overlay Zone to accommodate housing by right at a density of up to 25 du/ ac as outlined herein in order to avoid further violations of State law.

1. The City Does Not Have Adequate Capacity to Accommodate its Lower Income RHNA Contrary to statements in the Staff report, according to the State Department of Housing and Community Development (“HCD”), Del Mar has permitted zero lower income units in the 6th Housing Element Cycle. (Attachment A.) The 10 referenced lower income units (provided by the Watermark project) do not count towards the 6th Cycle lower income Regional Housing Need September 22, 2026 Item 5
City of Del Mar
September 18, 2026

Page 2 ends

Allocation (“RHNA”) (101 units), as they relate to 5th Cycle carryover of unmet lower income RHNA. (Attachment B.)
The Staff report also claims the City has adequate sites to accommodate its 6th Cycle lowerincome RHNA; however, this is not true. The City’s certified Housing Element relies on the Del Mar Fairgrounds to accommodate 61 lower income units1, and the City has no binding agreement with the State to accommodate these units on the Fairgrounds.2 Sites identified in the Housing Element are insufficient to satisfy the City’s lower income RHNA as required by the Housing Element Law. As shown in Housing Element Table B-2, lower income units previously planned for the State Fairgrounds property must be accommodated by rezoning pursuant to Program 1E. (Attachment C)
Nor does the proposed rezoning density of 20 du/ ac accommodate the required 61 lower income units, as a maximum of only 47 lower income units could be provided assuming the entire North Bluff area is developed at the maximum base density and a 20% set-aside. A density of up to 25 du/ ac is required in order to implement the City’s certified Housing Element and accommodate its lower income RHNA.

As the City is in violation of its obligations to maintain adequate capacity to accommodate its RHNA, its Housing Element is at risk of decertification, in addition to a variety of other legal consequences.

2. Rezoning Must Allow Housing By Right at a Density of Up to 25 Du/ Ac The staff report indicates that the Agreement is proposed to be funded, in part, using Special Project Funds allocated for “6th Cycle Housing Element Program 1E”. However, Program 1E requires implementation of the Housing Element Implementation Overlay Zone (“HEI-OZ”), not creation of a new land use designation and base zone as proposed by Staff.

The certified Housing Element requires specifically that “The rezone action would be addressed by applying the Housing Element Implementation Overlay Zone to accommodate development of housing at 20-25 dwelling units per acre ‘by right’ per Government Code Sections 65583.2(h) and (i).” Government Code section 65583.2(h) states explicitly that the required rezone action “shall accommodate 100 percent of the need for housing for lower income households . . . on sites that shall be zoned to permit owner-occupied and rental multifamily residential use by right for developments in which at least 20 percent of the units are affordable to lower income households during the planning period.” (Emphasis added.)
Further, subdivision (i) defines “use by right” to mean “that the local government’s review of the owner-occupied or multifamily residential use may not require a conditional use permit, planned unit development permit, or other discretionary local government review or approval that would constitute a ‘project’ for purposes of Division 13 (commencing with Section 21000) of the Public Resources Code.” (Id., emphasis added.)
1 The 54 unit figure in the Housing Element was adjusted pursuant to GPA20-003 to 61 units to account for 7 lower income units previously tied to two City-owned small sites. 2 Reference our previous Red Dot correspondence relating to Closed Session Agenda Item III(A), Special City Council Meeting of August 25, 2026 and transcript of August 18, 2026 meeting of the 22nd DAA Board, at https://downloads.delmarfairgrounds.com/downloads/DMF/board/2026/2026-08-18-DAA-Transcript.pdf.

September 22, 2026 Item 5
City of Del Mar
September 18, 2026

Page 3 ends

As such, the City’s rezone action must comply with the requirement that multifamily residential development that includes at least 20% lower income units (which includes all multifamily projects in the City pursuant to Del Mar Municipal Code [“DMMC”] Chapter 24.21) be allowed by right, without discretionary permits. The HEI-OZ was selected as the appropriate zone in the certified Housing Element precisely because it satisfies this requirement, providing for “an administrative level ministerial approval process”. (DMMC § 30.92.030(A).) The HEI-OZ also provides for density of up to 25 du/ ac in order to accommodate the required lower income units. (DMMC §

30.92.040(A).) Moreover, the Coastal Commission has already reviewed and approved the HEIOZ in anticipation of its application to the North Bluff parcels.3 The Housing Element has not been
amended to modify Program 1E to allow rezoning to a different designation, and any such amendment would require HCD review and approval, which has not occurred. (Gov. Code § 65585(b).)
As such, the City Council should direct implementation of Program 1E by rezoning the North Bluff to the Housing Element Implementation Overlay Zone to accommodate a density of up to 25 du/ ac.

3. Rezoning is Exempt from CEQA and May Not Be Subjected to Environmental Review As noted above, the Staff Report states that the proposed rezoning is being funded by Special Project Funds allocated for the “6th Cycle Housing Element Program 1E”. The proposed Scope for the MIG Agreement includes a “CEQA Section 15162 checklist”, indicating that the City is requiring CEQA review for implementation of the rezone action. However, a rezoning that implements the schedule of actions contained in an approved Housing Element is statutorily exempt pursuant to Public Resources code section 21080.085. This exemption broadly includes rezoning and related legislative approvals to implement the Housing Element.4 Requiring further environmental review for a statutorily exempt project is an abuse of discretion and violation of State law.

The Staff report also states that the proposed Agreement would have a term of up to five years “to ensure compliance with CEQA and the Coastal Act” although the Staff report indicates a “target to obtain City Council approvals of the CEQA determination and amendments/ rezone by October 2027”. This timeline demonstrates that the City is aware that its election to subject the rezoning program to CEQA review notwithstanding its statutory exemption would significantly delay implementation of the rezone and development of any housing on the North Bluff. In combination with its determination to create a new land use designation and base zone rather than implement the HEI-OZ as required by the certified Housing Element and approved by the Coastal Commission, this evidences potential bad faith intent to delay housing, rather than to facilitate it.

The City has a duty to affirmatively further fair housing by taking meaningful actions that address significant disparities in housing needs and in access to opportunity pursuant to Government 3 See Coastal Commission staff report, May 11-13, 2022, Item W16b (https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2022/5/W16b/w16b-5-2022-report.pdf) (“[T]he City created the new overlay in anticipation of applying it to various parcels during the City’s 6th Housing Element Cycle (2021-2028). These include, but are not limited to, up to six parcels along Border Avenue/North Bluff [. . . ].”)
4 See HCD Memorandum dated May 19, 2026 “California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Reforms for Housing Element Rezoning (Public Resources Code Section 21080.085)” (https://www.hcd.ca.gov/sites/default/files/docs/planning-and-community/memos/ceqa-rezone-exemptionmemo-051926.pdf) September 22, 2026 Item 5
City of Del Mar
September 18, 2026

Page 4 ends

Code section 8899.50. This obligation requires public agencies “to do more than simply refrain from housing discrimination.” (Martinez v. City of Clovis (2023) 90 Cal. App. 5th 193, 283.) One purpose of the Housing Element Law and its requirement that municipalities zone sufficient sites to accommodate their RHNA is to further affordable housing for lower income households. (Id. at p. 289.) The City’s failure to implement Program 1E in accordance with the certified Housing Element by rezoning the North Bluff sites to the HEI-OZ at a density of up to 25 du/ ac to allow multifamily housing including at least 20% low income units by right compels a finding, as a matter of law, that the City has failed to meet its obligations, in violation of section 8899.50. (Ibid.) For all of these reasons we urge the City Council to immediately direct Staff and its consultant to implement Program 1E as certified and subject to an exemption from CEQA pursuant to State law. As noted above, we appreciate the time and attention dedicated to the pursuit of housing on the North Bluff and remain open to being a partner to the City and a part of the solution. We welcome the opportunity to continue this dialogue.

Sincerely,
Brooke Miller
for SHEPPARD, MULLIN, RICHTER & HAMPTON LLP
SMRH:4927-9230-3057.2
cc: Ashley Jones, City Manager
Ralph Hicks, Devaney Pate Morris & Cameron LLP
Department of Housing and Community Development
Office of the Attorney General
Carol Lazier
September 22, 2026 Item 5
Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP
501 West Broadway, 18th Floor
San Diego, CA 92101
T: +1.619.338.6500 | F: +1.619.234.3815 sheppard.com
Attachment A
September 22, 2026 Item 5
Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP
501 West Broadway, 18th Floor
San Diego, CA 92101
T: +1.619.338.6500 | F: +1.619.234.3815 sheppard.com
Attachment B
September 22, 2026 Item 5
Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP
501 West Broadway, 18th Floor
San Diego, CA 92101
T: +1.619.338.6500 | F: +1.619.234.3815 sheppard.com
Attachment C
September 22, 2026 Item 5
1 Leslie Carrillo
From: Angela Louise Tiangco <[email protected]> Sent: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 11:22 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: YIMBY Law Correspondence re: 9/22/26 City Council Meeting Agenda Item 5 Attachments: 22.09.2026 YL Corresponde re_ Del Mar HE Compliance.pdf Follow Up Flag: Follow up
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Good morning,
Please find the attached correspondence from YIMBY Law regarding Agenda Item 5 on today's City Council meeting.

Best,
Angela
Angela Tiangco she/her/hers
Research Attorney
571-499-1556
To help protect your privacy, Microsoft Office prevented automatic download of this picture from the Internet.

Check out everything we achieved in 2025!
September 22, 2026 Item 5
YIMBY Law
2261 Market Street STE 10416
San Francisco, CA 94114
[email protected]
09/22/2026
City of Del Mar
Mayor Tracy Martinez and City Council
1050 Camino Del Mar
Del Mar, CA 92014
Via e-Mail: [email protected]
Re: September 22, 2026 Regular City Council Meeting Agenda Item 5: Approval of Professional Services Agreement with Moore Iacofano Goltsman, Inc. (MIG) for Environmental and Planning Services
Dear Mayor Martinez and Members of the Del Mar City Council:

YIMBY Law is a 501(c)3 non-profit corporation, whose mission is to increase the accessibility and affordability of housing in California. YIMBY Law sues local governments when they fail to comply with state housing laws, including the Housing Element Law. YIMBY Law writes to remind the City of Del Mar of its obligations under California Housing Element Law, Government Code §§ 65580 et seq. In particular:

Programs in the Housing Element Are Mandatory
Government Code § 65583 requires each jurisdiction’s housing element to include “a program which sets forth a schedule of actions” that the city “is undertaking or intends to undertake” to implement the goals, policies, and objectives of the housing element.

Once adopted and certified by HCD, these programs are not optional. They are enforceable commitments, and jurisdictions are required to follow through.

Government Code § 65583(c) uses mandatory language: programs “shall” identify actions, timelines, and responsible agencies. The Legislature’s intent is clear—cities must not simply adopt programs as aspirational statements but must carry them out in good faith.

September 22, 2026 Item 5
Program 3A (Pursue a Binding Agreement with the State to Develop Housing on the Fairgrounds Property) and Program 1E (Rezone of Vacant North Bluff and/or South Stratford Properties)
Program 1E of the City’s certified Housing Element states:

Housing Program 1E: Rezone of Vacant North Bluff and/or South Stratford Properties (This contingency program is required only if Program 3A is not timely implemented). The Housing Element proposes to develop at least 54 affordable units on the State Fairgrounds property through a binding agreement with the State (Program 3A). By April 2024, the City must either achieve a binding agreement or implement this rezone program. For this rezone program, the City Council will take action to consider which sites to rezone (of the nine total sites listed in Program 1E) as needed to address the deficit of 54 lower income affordable units. The rezone action would be addressed by applying the Housing Element Implementation Overlay Zone to accommodate development of housing at 20-25 dwelling units per acre “by right” per Government Code Sections 65583.2(h) and (i). The rezone action will apply to as many of the nine candidate sites on the North Bluff and/orSouth Stratford as necessary to demonstrate sufficient capacity to meet the City’s RHNA for lower income units.

Implementation of this contingency program is anticipated to address the City’s RHNA and fair housing needs for extremely low-income households in a manner that will integrate lower income units into the overall development and demonstrate connectedness to the greater City of Del Mar community.

As HCD stated in its January 15, 2026 letter to the Del Mar City Council: The City has identified Program 1E as a contingency measure, to be implemented if Program 3A cannot be implemented in a timely manner… Specifically, HCD reminds the City that Program 1E is required should Program 3A’s binding agreement be suspended or terminated or should development of the Fairgrounds Affordable Housing project be rendered infeasible within the 6th cycle planning period by additional delays or extensions of key milestones.

The City Council should comply with the City’s legal obligations to rezone the North Bluff to the Housing Element Implementation Overlay Zone to accommodate housing by right at a density of up to 25 du/ac in order to avoid any further violations of State law.

If the City does not make progress on its programs, its Housing Element cannot remain in compliance. Whether or not HCD has signaled that it will revoke compliance status is irrelevant. Under Government Code § 65585, housing element compliance is ultimately determined by the courts. If the City fails to proceed as required under Housing Element YIMBY Law, 2261 Market Street STE 10416, San Francisco, CA 94114 September 22, 2026 Item 5
law, YIMBY Law reserves its right to independently seek a court ruling declaring the City out of compliance and subject to the Builder’s Remedy under Government Code § 65589.5(d).

Amending Housing Element Obligations Requires a Formal Amendment If Del Mar wishes to alter or remove commitments in its housing element, it may only do so by following the statutory amendment process set forth in Government Code § 65585.

This requires a public process including a public review period, HCD’s review and comment, and a duly noticed public hearing and adoption of the amendment by the City Council.

Without going through this process, Del Mar cannot simply ignore or abandon the programs it committed to in its adopted housing element. Further, under Government Code § 65863, at no time may the City’s Housing Element fail to maintain adequate capacity to accommodate its remaining unmet share of the regional housing need.

Failure to comply with Housing Element law exposes Del Mar to significant legal risk.

This includes potential litigation under Government Code § 65587, enforcement actions by the California Attorney General, loss of state funding eligibility, and the risk of being subject to Builder’s Remedy projects.

Conclusion
YIMBY Law respectfully urges the Del Mar City Council to fulfill its obligations by carrying out all housing element programs as adopted and certified, within the timelines specified in the certified Housing Element. We are also willing to offer support and technical assistance for this process. YIMBY activists are committed to the success of the City’s efforts, and can be on hand to assist with identifying sites and programs that will ensure its compliance with Housing Element law.

I am signing this letter both in my capacity as the Executive Director of YIMBY Law, and as a resident of California who is affected by the shortage of housing in our state.

Sincerely,
Sonja Trauss
Executive Director
YIMBY Law
YIMBY Law, 2261 Market Street STE 10416, San Francisco, CA 94114 September 22, 2026 Item 5
1 Leslie Carrillo
From: Janet Wilson <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, September 21, 2026 11:55 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Cc: Tracy Martinez; Terry Gaasterland; John Spelich; Dan Quirk; Janet Wilson Subject: City Council Item 6: Support for a De Novo Hearing on EP26-050, 149 11th Street Follow Up Flag: Follow up
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Dear City Council,
I support setting this appeal for a de novo hearing.

I have been following public right-of-way encroachments in Del Mar because the Palisades Fire was a wake-up call. Vegetation encroachments are a concern because they often affect public safety and can become fuel during a wildfire.

The DRB approval in 2014 required an encroachment permit, which was never obtained, so the City did not review the encroachments until this year.

Things have changed since 2014:

In 2015, the City adopted Policy 110, Private Encroachments into City Rights-of-Way, to support Chapter 23.28, Encroachment Permits.

In 2016, the City adopted Ordinance 919, which amended Section 23.28.070’s decision process and required findings.

In 2025, the Palisades Fire devastated Pacific Palisades and Malibu, including beachfront homes.

Advance Notice Procedures
This complaint-driven application appears to have been administratively approved without advance notice.

Complaints received: The City opened a code-enforcement case on April 15, 2026.

Application submitted: The owners applied on May 5 after being told to obtain a permit or remove the encroachments.

Advance notice unclear: The packet does not state whether notice was sent before approval.

Permit Administratively Approved: July 1, 2026.

Approval Notice Received: Dr. Abitbol states the mailed approval notice was his first notification of the application.

Appeal filed: July 16, 2026.

September 22, 2026 Item 6
2 Advance notice should be required for all complaint-driven applications. The public should not have to file an appeal to have the opportunity to comment on a complaint-driven application.

Additionally, based on Del Mar’s fire hazard designation, every application involving vegetation should require advance notice whether or not a complaint triggered the application.

Council should grant a de novo hearing to ensure public comments are heard.

Policy 110 Private Encroachments into City Rights-of-Way This policy sets standards for appropriate use of City rights-of-way in support of Chapter 23.28 Encroachments.

Encroachments are frequently on the agenda. The safe-harbor standard keeps coming up, and our fire hazard designations have changed.

I have attended several hearings where staff quoted and relied on Policy 110’s continuous fivefoot safe-harbor standard to deny an encroachment application. Now, three feet is being accepted. I don’t object to considering a three-foot standard, but Council should address that change openly through a policy update.

Policy 110 was adopted 11 years ago, so it may be time for a comprehensive review, including how vegetation encroachments should be evaluated given Del Mar’s updated fire hazard designations.

The City should proactively enforce its ordinances rather than leave neighbors to report violations.

Encroachments are now prevalent, but many people are reluctant to complain because they do not want to start a conflict. When someone does speak up, they are often blamed for causing trouble rather than the person responsible for the violation. Enforcement is the City’s responsibility. Residents should not have to risk their neighborhood relationships to get the rules followed.

I support hearing this appeal de novo to ensure public concerns are heard. I also respectfully suggest Council direct staff to review notice procedures for complaint-driven applications and conduct a comprehensive review of Policy 110.

Janet Wilson

September 22, 2026 Item 6
1 Leslie Carrillo
From: Lynn Walanski <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 11:41 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Cc: Tracy Martinez; Terry Gaasterland; Dan Quirk; John Spelich Subject: EP26-050: Appellant’s Response to Staff Report for EP 26-050 Attachments: 2026 09 22 Response to Staff Report.pdf
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
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Dear City Council,
Please find attached the Appellant’s Response to the Staff Report regarding Agenda Item X.6 for your review.

Thank you for your time and consideration of this matter.

Lynn Walanski
Paralegal/Legal Assistant
Aannestad Andelin & Corn LLP
160 Chesterfield Drive, Suite 102
Cardiff-by-the-Sea, California 92007
Office: (760) 944-9006
[email protected]
www.aac.law
September 22, 2026 Item 6
September 22, 2026 Item 6
September 22, 2026 Item 6
September 22, 2026 Item 6
City of Del Mar
Memorandum
TO: Honorable Mayor and City Councilmembers
FROM: Clem Brown, Assistant City Manager
Ashlea Houston, Associate Management Analyst
Via Ashley Jones, City Manager
DATE: September 17, 2026
SUBJECT: Staff Red Dot for Item 7: Shores Park Master Plan Recommended Concept Design
The Shores Park Master Plan Ad-hoc Advisory Committee (Shores Ad-hoc Committee) has received numerous written public communications regarding the Shores Park master planning process. These communications were previously distributed to Shores Ad-hoc Committee members and Council Liaisons, and made available for public viewing at the March 9, June 8, and July 24 committee meetings.

To provide the City Council and public with a record of the written community input received during this phase of the master planning process, the following red dot includes all written public communications submitted to the Shores Ad-hoc Committee.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Richard Griko <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 2:50 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Del Mar shores Master plan park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
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Hello I'm a current local member of the dog park whose been going 5 days a week for the past 5 years now, I won't be able to attend the meeting tomorrow so I'm writing this letter saying I support option 1. I've been going to the dog park for 5 years it's my dogs most favorite time of the day, it also brings the community together and it's nice when all of us local Del mar townies get together and get to see each other with our dogs and get to spend time with one another. It's also nice seeing the dogs run around because there really isn't a place to run around here other then dog beach and thats more of a tourist spot with people bringing all kinds of dogs from all over who are aggressive and don't respect the rules and all that other stuff.. that's what makes the shores park great because there's never no drama and everybody looks out and helps one another out it's a good time and good thing to see everybody helping each other out. Hope this leter helps thanks for your time.

Brandon Flannery
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Joy Ehrenfeld <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 6:44 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Cc: Terry Gaasterland; John Spelich
Subject: RED DOT: MARCH 9TH- SHORES PARK ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
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Hello Shores Park Advisory Committee and Council Members Gaasterland and Spelich, RE: PLAYGROUND FOR PARK
I am very disappointed by the three new options for the Shores Park. I knew that the neighborhood kids were Tier 2 in 2018 but I was hoping that with all the new children in the neighborhood they would move up to Tier 1 and we would have a playground for them. Your guidelines state that the park should serve all ages but I don’t see anything for young children.

I do remember the recent discussions where a committee member said that the old plans for the park were outdated. I remember Terry Gaasterland saying at a recent Council meeting that soon we would have a new park and the neighborhood kids could play at the playground. Couldn’t we update the plan to at least include a play structure? Just in my immediate neighborhood several new families have moved in and I can count 7 very young children, babies and toddlers who would love to use a neighborhood playground in a few years. And of course there are always visiting grandchildren.

I know that a lot of the dog owners pushing for a dog park don’t live in the City. The City bought the Park and the residents raised funds for it; it shouldn’t be a regional dog park. It should be a neighborhood park for the residents of the City, including our young children.

Sincerely,
Joy Shadle Ehrenfeld
10th Street
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Charlie Gaylord <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 7:42 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Shores Park Master Plan Advisory Cpmmittee
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
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Hi all,
As many of you know we have a new puppy, Henry, so I am wrifing this on behalf of him as well as our former dogs, Barley and Miss Pepper.

The Shores Park has been, and hopefully will confinue to be, a wonderful place for us to meet other Del Mar community dog owners as well as a great place for the dogs to run and chase each other, and excitedly fetch balls and frisbees. They love seeing each other as we do seeing other Del Marfians. It is a wonderful coming together every morning for an hour and three fimes a week in the afternoon. The intermiftent fimes bring us together at the same fime and that is what is fun for the humans and the dogs. And just as importantly, the larger field is essenfial for their running around as anything smaller would turn into a mud bowl.

Without quesfion, Opfion #1 is the best of the three alternafives where we share the larger field with intermiftent use. It is also wonderful that the Alvarado House would be placed on the property with this opfion. We are long overdue in this town to having a place for our historical documents to be displayed and safely kept.

Thank you for all you do and let’s hope you recommend Opfion #1.

Sincerely,
Charles Gaylord
Ocean Front
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Jane Lerum <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 8:26 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: RED DOT: MARCH 9TH- SHORES PARK ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
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Hello,
My name is Jane Lerum and I am the owner of 931 Stratford Court. I am very excited to hear about Shores Park and the opportunity to add a new playground to the community. I am a mother of two young children, ages 3.5 and 1.5. We are very much in the playground phase of life, and I want to voice my support for a playground and also offer any assistance if it would be helpful.

Playgrounds add so much to a community. They create spaces where parents and grandparents can connect with neighbors while children play and build friendships. Playgrounds can also have measurable economic benefits. For example, a study published in the journal Landscape and Urban Planning found that homes located within 300 meters of a small playground sold for about 4.6% more on average, demonstrating that neighborhood playgrounds can positively influence nearby property values.

A playground at Shores Park would be a wonderful asset for families in our community, and I appreciate the City considering this investment.

Thank you for your time and for your work on this project! I am very excited about it.

Sincerely,
Jane Lerum
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Robert Silva
Sent: Thursday, March 5, 2026 4:59 PM
To: Robert Silva
Subject: FW: Winston's History at Shores Park and Future Planning Considerations From: Laura <[email protected]>
Sent: Thursday, March 5, 2026 1:41 PM
To: Ashlea Houston <[email protected]>
Cc: Kim Kanetis <[email protected]>
Subject: Winston's History at Shores Park and Future Planning Considerations CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Chair and Members of the Shores Park Master Plan Advisory Committee:

The Winston School is excited about the restart of the Shores Park Master Planning process. Shores Park is a vital open space, serving as the only area available for sports in the City of Del Mar. For our students, it is an integral part of their educational experience.

The Winston School’s Historic Partnership with Shores School site The Winston School has been located at the Shores School site since 1988. We initially leased the campus from the Del Mar Union School District. The Winston School played an essential role in the purchase of the site by the City. Not only did the land deed require the presence of a school, but Winston raised $3 million and served as the non-profit agent to manage donations for both the School and Friends of Shores Park.

Why The Winston School Matters
The Winston School serves approximately 120 students in grades 6 through 12 with learning differences. We are the only remaining non-public school in the region providing students with an in-person, accredited high school diploma tailored for those with learning disabilities. Our program boasts a remarkable 95% graduation rate, with most graduates enrolling in college. This success stems from our dedicated, highly accredited teachers who identify and nurture each student’s unique strengths.

Winston is the largest non-profit in Del Mar and one of its largest employers. For nearly 40 years, Winston has been an active part of the Del Mar community. Our students volunteer with local organizations, and our families and staff regularly support Del Mar businesses, stores, and restaurants.

Benefits of Our Amended Lease Agreement
Our amended lease agreement provides clear benefits to both the City and the School. This includes defined parking rights that provide public access to 18 parking spaces at the corner of 9th and Stratford during non-school hours. Lease payments have been affirmed with appropriate COLA adjustments, protecting revenue streams for the City while providing stability for the School. The lease clearly defines playing field rights and usage schedules, providing certainty and protection for all users.

Winston School Campus Renovation Plans
In alignment with our educational mission, we are undertaking a comprehensive renovation of our aging 1940s-era buildings to create a modern learning environment. These improvements will not only better serve our students but will also create a beautiful campus that fits in with the Del Mar neighborhood.

Respecting Lease Rights in the Park Renovation
The Winston School shares the goal that a successful Shores Park renovation enhances the space for all users.

As we move forward with planning, it is essential that the design fully respects the specific rights granted to the School under our September 22, 2026 Item 7
2 lease agreement. The School has both a basketball and softball team that compete against other schools in the area. We are confident that a collaborative approach will allow us to achieve an outstanding outcome for everyone. Specifically, the renovation should ensure:
 No material impact to our field usage or the paved sports court as detailed in the lease agreement,  A playing field fully suitable for softball games,
 A full-size, high school regulation basketball court, which can be striped for multiple uses including basketball, and volleyball to benefit residents during off-school hours,  A safe, clean space for our students at all times.

Shared Use
The School fully understands the limited space available to meet the needs of all park users. Of particular concern to both the School and local families is the joint use of the playing fields with a dog park. The City currently allows for off-leash dogs in the park with usage and time requirements. However, despite the clearly posted rules, unauthorized use continues: dogs are frequently off-leash during non-dog park use hours, waste is regularly left behind, and sadly School staff are often harassed.

We realize that challenges with shared use at schools is a common challenge. A recent article in the San Diego Union-Tribune highlighted this in the following excerpt:
“When off-leash dogs damage the fields, leave waste behind or present a safety risk to other joint-use field users, it creates an environment where students and their families no longer want to use the space intended for them during the school day, nor after hours when these facilities are intended to serve as a community park.” For years prior to repairs and maintenance by the approved youth baseball league, the School was unable to effectively use the playing fields because of dangerous conditions. The School is not suggesting that there should not be dog use at the park, rather supports the creation of separate dog and recreation use areas.

Commitment to Ongoing Collaboration
We are eager to collaborate and be a positive part of the Shores Park Master Plan process. Thank you for your dedication to improving the park for all users.

Sincerely,
Laura Cunitz
President, Winston School Board of Directors
[email protected]
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: [email protected]
Sent: Saturday, March 7, 2026 7:05 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Cc: [email protected]
Subject: Fwd: Grand Renewal Plans For Shores Park - Please Take A Look Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hello,
I would like to give my comment about the Shores Park renewal. We live in Del Mar and have two small children aged 1 and 5. We would love to have this park available for our kids, especially since powerhouse park is sloped and usually too crowded to practice sports. We need a dedicated space to practice soccer and baseball, and this space is currently missing in the City of Del Mar because of the dog park.

The new multipurpose field needs to be separated from the dog park as shown in layout 2. Sharing the field with dogs essentially makes it unusable for small kids. Right now, we don’t take our kids there because of all of the dog poo and pee in the grass, we don’t want them falling or rolling around in that. Instead we drive to Del Mar Heights or Del Mar Hills elementary schools which of course are in the City of San Diego.

Please choose layout #2 or something similar, otherwise, the field will likely not get used by the kids as intended.

We are Looking forward to this project and are very excited to see what happens! Thank you!
Corbin Donnelley
224 18th Street
---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Terry Gaasterland <[email protected]> Date: Sat, Mar 7, 2026 at 4:16 PM
Subject: Grand Renewal Plans For Shores Park - Please Take A Look To: Knowledge For The Vote <[email protected]> Dear Del Mar Friends, Neighbors, and Residents,
This is an exciting time for Shores Park. We are finally moving forward with the planning needed to replace the aging Community Center that faces 9th St and add some new improvements to the Park.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: ulla rang <[email protected]>
Sent: Saturday, March 7, 2026 7:16 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Comment to Shores Park meeting, Monday 03.09.26 Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Shores Park committee,
Please please please, find room for a playground. My son and I played so much at the old playground there, despite the bad and sad shape it was in (and then later fully removed). We had so much fun up there. And he learned to bike without his safety-wheels there.

Please, prioritize a playground. We need to attract families over here! There is not a single kid around! When my boy grew up (he is now 28 yrs old), there was ONE kid on 11th and ONE kid on 12th and it has not changed to the better.

We need MORE CHILDREN!! They are what makes life fun and full of life. We don't want Old Del Mar to turn into just that OLD for old people!
I will try to come to the meeting but since it is in daytime during work hours, I am not sure I can make it. But thank you for all that you do!! Much appreciated!
Best,
Camilla Rang
159 10th Street.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Robert Olliver <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 9:59 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: The dog park at Shores Park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hello. I see that a meeting is planned for March 9th... tomorrow. Unfortunately, I cannot attend. I often visit the dog park with my dog, Jack, and love the chance for him to run and play with the other dogs. I strongly recommend and hope for your support of Option 1 for the master plan. There really are no other places where dogs can run free in a large fenced in area.... except at Shores Park. Please support Option 1.

Respectfully,
Robert Olliver and Patty O'Sullivan
1364 Crest Rd. Del Mar. 92014
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Brad Becker <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 10:35 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Plans for WinstonSchool.

Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Completed
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Hi I own 152 8th st and 153 Shippey lane.Please accept this letter as a strong endorsement of keeping the dog park as a shared field at a minimum.The dog park is far more popular and used then the baseball field.My kids played there.But that was a long time ago and the active baseball scene has changed especially in old Del Mar.It doesn’t get used for that.

If it was my choice it would be a full time dog bark.I have met more neighbors there then anywhere.

Reducing its size to a small box is worthless and frankly not even worth doing.

Do something the community really is behind-thats a dog bark at a minimum its current size.

Thanks
Brad Becker
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Janet Wilson <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 12:58 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Cc: Terry Gaasterland; John Spelich
Subject: Support for Shores Park Concept Options 1 and 3 Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Shores Park Advisory Committee,
Please find below my comments on the Shores Park concept options, including my support for Options 1 and

3. The shared athletic field and dog park are used regularly by many residents. As someone who frequently visits the park with my dogs, I have seen firsthand how well this shared space works. I strongly support Options 1 and 3 because they both retain this important feature.

Between the two options, I prefer Option 3 because the picnic area is located adjacent to the field rather than between buildings. This creates a gathering space for both dog owners and families attending games or activities and establishes an active edge along the field. Including pergolas or small pavilions for shade in that area would make the space comfortable and usable all day.

Option 3 also consolidates the 9th Street parking along the street rather than extending into the park interior.

Keeping the parking along the street edge clearly separates the parking area from the park itself and helps establish a more defined park edge. A walking path from the parking area along the eastern edge of the buildings could create an alternative entrance to the park.

Placing the Alvarado House along with a second picnic area near the basketball court in the lower part of the park would create another gathering spot. The court location might be adjusted so the Alvarado House and picnic area overlook its playing surface, creating a place for spectators and helping define this lower area as a second activity space within the park. Since not everyone plays basketball, I assume the court will be designed as a flexible, multi-use space for other hard-surface games such as volleyball, hopscotch, and similar activities, with color-coded lines and removable equipment so the space can serve a wider range of interests.

Thank you for all your hard work on this important project.

Janet Wilson
619.733.1428
September 22, 2026 Item 7
2 To help protect your priv acy, Microsoft Office prevented automatic download of this picture from the Internet.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Ken <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 2:41 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Del Mar Dog Park at Shores Park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Council Members and City Staff:

I am a resident of Del Mar and frequently bring my dog to Dog Park. I truly enjoy and support the existing dog park and am in full support of Option #1.

I am a responsible dog owner making sure to clean up after my dog. My dog is well socialized and behaved around other dogs and people. I believe our existing dog park is special. The dogs and dog owners have a wonderful community, and the existing park provides space enough for the dogs to run and play in a large and safe environment. It has been my observation that the other dog owners are also responsible cleaning up after our dogs, and the dogs are well behaved.

I intend to be at the meeting Monday at 2:30pm. I respectfully request support of Option #1.

All my best,
Ken Van Damme
Del Mar Resident
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Richard Griko <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 2:50 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Del Mar shores Master plan park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
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Hello I'm a current local member of the dog park whose been going 5 days a week for the past 5 years now, I won't be able to attend the meeting tomorrow so I'm writing this letter saying I support option 1. I've been going to the dog park for 5 years it's my dogs most favorite time of the day, it also brings the community together and it's nice when all of us local Del mar townies get together and get to see each other with our dogs and get to spend time with one another. It's also nice seeing the dogs run around because there really isn't a place to run around here other then dog beach and thats more of a tourist spot with people bringing all kinds of dogs from all over who are aggressive and don't respect the rules and all that other stuff.. that's what makes the shores park great because there's never no drama and everybody looks out and helps one another out it's a good time and good thing to see everybody helping each other out. Hope this leter helps thanks for your time.

Brandon Flannery
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Joy Ehrenfeld <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 6:44 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Cc: Terry Gaasterland; John Spelich
Subject: RED DOT: MARCH 9TH- SHORES PARK ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hello Shores Park Advisory Committee and Council Members Gaasterland and Spelich, RE: PLAYGROUND FOR PARK
I am very disappointed by the three new options for the Shores Park. I knew that the neighborhood kids were Tier 2 in 2018 but I was hoping that with all the new children in the neighborhood they would move up to Tier 1 and we would have a playground for them. Your guidelines state that the park should serve all ages but I don’t see anything for young children.

I do remember the recent discussions where a committee member said that the old plans for the park were outdated. I remember Terry Gaasterland saying at a recent Council meeting that soon we would have a new park and the neighborhood kids could play at the playground. Couldn’t we update the plan to at least include a play structure? Just in my immediate neighborhood several new families have moved in and I can count 7 very young children, babies and toddlers who would love to use a neighborhood playground in a few years. And of course there are always visiting grandchildren.

I know that a lot of the dog owners pushing for a dog park don’t live in the City. The City bought the Park and the residents raised funds for it; it shouldn’t be a regional dog park. It should be a neighborhood park for the residents of the City, including our young children.

Sincerely,
Joy Shadle Ehrenfeld
10th Street
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Charlie Gaylord <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 7:42 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Shores Park Master Plan Advisory Cpmmittee
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hi all,
As many of you know we have a new puppy, Henry, so I am wrifing this on behalf of him as well as our former dogs, Barley and Miss Pepper.

The Shores Park has been, and hopefully will confinue to be, a wonderful place for us to meet other Del Mar community dog owners as well as a great place for the dogs to run and chase each other, and excitedly fetch balls and frisbees. They love seeing each other as we do seeing other Del Marfians. It is a wonderful coming together every morning for an hour and three fimes a week in the afternoon. The intermiftent fimes bring us together at the same fime and that is what is fun for the humans and the dogs. And just as importantly, the larger field is essenfial for their running around as anything smaller would turn into a mud bowl.

Without quesfion, Opfion #1 is the best of the three alternafives where we share the larger field with intermiftent use. It is also wonderful that the Alvarado House would be placed on the property with this opfion. We are long overdue in this town to having a place for our historical documents to be displayed and safely kept.

Thank you for all you do and let’s hope you recommend Opfion #1.

Sincerely,
Charles Gaylord
Ocean Front
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Jane Lerum <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 8:26 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: RED DOT: MARCH 9TH- SHORES PARK ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hello,
My name is Jane Lerum and I am the owner of 931 Stratford Court. I am very excited to hear about Shores Park and the opportunity to add a new playground to the community. I am a mother of two young children, ages 3.5 and 1.5. We are very much in the playground phase of life, and I want to voice my support for a playground and also offer any assistance if it would be helpful.

Playgrounds add so much to a community. They create spaces where parents and grandparents can connect with neighbors while children play and build friendships. Playgrounds can also have measurable economic benefits. For example, a study published in the journal Landscape and Urban Planning found that homes located within 300 meters of a small playground sold for about 4.6% more on average, demonstrating that neighborhood playgrounds can positively influence nearby property values.

A playground at Shores Park would be a wonderful asset for families in our community, and I appreciate the City considering this investment.

Thank you for your time and for your work on this project! I am very excited about it.

Sincerely,
Jane Lerum
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Lisa Katriel <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, March 9, 2026 9:01 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Please vote for Option 1
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
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Dear Del Mar Council Members,
Please vote in favor of Option !! It is the only option that preserves the Del Mar Dog Park hours which have been an incredible source of community for Del Mar residents and dog owners. Under the diligent stewardship of Lynn Gaylord, this community has flourished and grown. Residents take great care to keep the park well kept and clean. Everyone is kind and friendly, and we all play a part in keeping the park clean and safe for all. Friendships have blossomed and dogs have a chance to run free in a safe and confined space. Losing this important community gem would greatly harm all the goodwill and community that has been created over the years.

Del Mar is a special place, in large part because of the close relationships our residents have formed being together in local spaces like our beloved dog park.

Please allow our dog community to continue to congregate and thrive. Vote in favor of Option 1.

Respectfully,
Lisa Katriel
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Francesco Tedeschi <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, March 9, 2026 10:23 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Shores Park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Greetings,
Separating the dog park and athletic field will only guarantee that the dog park will eventually turn into a neglected, unsanitary dust bowl.

Any layout that contemplates a dedicated stand-alone dog park should be scrapped for that reason alone.

I visit and walk around many parks across America, Europe, and Asia, and as a personal observation, this is a reality in most cases.

Sincerely,
Francesco Tedeschi
402 9th Street
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Kelly Welch <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, March 9, 2026 10:34 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: dog park
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hi…my husband and I have been going to the dog park near Winston School for many years and love it. We definitely vote for option 1 which is to keep it the same as it is now. If it were to be made smaller, the dogs would not have the space to spread out and there might be problems being too close together. As it is now, it works.

Thankyou,
Kelly and Pat Welch
431 8th Street
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Susan Taylor <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, March 9, 2026 11:19 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Dog Park Plan
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear City of Del Mar,
I have enjoyed the Del Mar Dog Park for more than 15 years and I strongly recommend going forward with redevelopment of the park. We have a lovely vibrant community that gathers to interact with each other while providing a safe space for our furry friends. It helps us exercise and socialize with our neighbors.

We are adamant about only allowing nice, well behaved dogs to come to the park. If a dog exhibits nasty behavior we make them leave and tell them they can't return until the dog has undergone professional retraining.

1. With intermittent hours on a shared field, the dog people are there at the same time for great camaraderie for both humans and dogs.

2. People will not be coming to our community dog park from all over SD county if we keep intermittent hours.

3. The larger field means less turf ruin. A smaller dedicated field will become a dirt bowl and won't provide the dogs with adequate space to run around.

I strongly urge you to keep this vital community together by adopting Option 1.

Thanks..

Warm Regards,
Susan Taylor
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Tami Dokken <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, March 9, 2026 11:47 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Shores Park Master Plan - Option 1
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Shores Park Master Plan Decision Makers,
I strongly support Option 1 for the Shores Park Master Plan. Leaving Del Mar Dog Park as a shared use space on the baseball field, with limited hours of use for off-leash dogs, is the preferred alternative for the entire community. Sharing the larger field with intermittent use for off-leash dog use has many advantages, including:
 With intermittent hours on a shared field, the dog people are there at the same time for great camaraderie. For dogs too.
 People will not be coming to our community dog park from all over SD county if we keep intermittent hours.
 The larger field means less turf ruin. A smaller dedicated field will become a dirt bowl.  Many of the holes if not all are caused by gophers not dogs!  And kids develop great immune systems from being around dogs! Thank you for your work on this issue, which is very important to our community.

Tami Dokken
2150 Via Mar Valle, Del Mar, CA 92014
612-270-0871
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Bruce Watson <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, March 9, 2026 12:19 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Shores Park Master Plan
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

We wholeheartedly support the effort to maintain Dog Park at Shores Park as a shared-use space with intermittent hours for off-leash dogs.

After careful consideration, Option #1 is our preference.

Thanks
Bruce and Sandy Watson
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Lesley MacArthur-Chang <[email protected]> Sent: Monday, March 9, 2026 2:54 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Children's Playground at the Shores Park
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

I am writing to express my support of the proposal to include a new playground in the plans for the new Shores Park. When my adult children were young, we spent quite a bit of time at the playground there. I sincerely hope that plans for a new playground will be included in the proposed design of the park.

Sincerely,
Lesley MacArthur
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Lynn Wight <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, March 9, 2026 3:19 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Shores Park
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

I have lived the past 42 years between Carmel Valley Rd and Via de la Valley.

One of my favorite parts of Del Mar is Dog beach and the Shores Park.

I have been fortunate enough to meet some wonderful dogs and their humans at both.

Bleu (my dog) and I look forward to every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday when we both get to visit with friends, play and talk about life.

Please keep the park as is, I am voting for option 1.

Thank you,
Lynn Wight
Sent from my T-Mobile 5G Device
Get Outlook for Android
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Kim Mueller <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, March 9, 2026 4:29 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Shared space
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

To Whom It May Concern,
I was not able to attend the meeting today. Regarding the Shores Park Master Plan, I’m very much in favor of Option #1.

I enjoy the shared space on the baseball field and have enjoyed the hours spent with my dog and other community members.

Kim Mueller
2542 Via Pisa
Del Mar, CA 92014
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: sasha novikov <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, March 9, 2026 5:49 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Cc: [email protected]
Subject: Playground at new shores park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

To the council,
To echo other Del Mar residents and as a parent of two small children in the area I would love to see playground space for children. An area with play structures wooden/ built into the landscape would be wonderful. Something on the slope could include a slide and climbing structures.

We do not currently use the open space with our children due to high waste on the grass. Imagine having a picnic or rolling around in grass with this amount of waste on it. We would very much appreciate taking into consideration families with children when planning this space. Consider placing playground in the activity node.

Thanks very much
Aleksandra Novikov, Ben Arena
223 10th street
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: sasha novikov <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, March 9, 2026 5:52 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Cc: [email protected]
Subject: Re: Playground at new shores park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
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I would also like to comment I would prioritize clean green space and a playground for play for children above Alvarado house. I agree with separate play area and dog area.

Sent from my iPhone
On Mar 9, 2026, at 5:49 PM, sasha novikov <[email protected]> wrote:

To the council,
To echo other Del Mar residents and as a parent of two small children in the area I would love to see playground space for children. An area with play structures wooden/ built into the landscape would be wonderful. Something on the slope could include a slide and climbing structures.

We do not currently use the open space with our children due to high waste on the grass. Imagine having a picnic or rolling around in grass with this amount of waste on it. We would very much appreciate taking into consideration families with children when planning this space. Consider placing playground in the activity node.

Thanks very much
Aleksandra Novikov, Ben Arena
223 10th street
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: michael gross <[email protected]>
Sent: Wednesday, March 11, 2026 6:51 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

I have lived in Del Mar for the past 57 years, and I have watched as many family-friendly activities, such as the Fourth of July parade and holidays in the village, slowly disappear. This decline has made Del Mar a less family-oriented place.

I encourage the city to maintain a thoughtful balance in the park by preserving the upper portion as a welcoming space for children and families while designating the lower portion for sports and active recreation. Keeping these areas distinct allows families with young children to enjoy a safe and relaxed environment while still accommodating community members who use the park for athletic activities.

Furthermore, the park would significantly benefit from a dedicated play area for children, providing a safe and engaging space for kids to play. This addition would support family use of the park and strengthen its role as a gathering place for the entire community.

Michael Gross
232 11th Street
Del Mar
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: ulla rang <[email protected]>
Sent: Wednesday, March 11, 2026 6:44 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: To City Council and Shores Committee
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear City Council and Shores Committee Members,
Unfortunately I could not attend The Shores workshop last Monday. However, I sent in a red dot expressing my wishes to get the playground back. My son and I played there daily when he grew up. Regardless of the sad and bad shape that the playground was in, we had so much fun there. Please let the children of Del Mar growing up today have that same magical experience. We also need to attract more families to Old Del Mar and a playground could do the trick..

I also heard that there were big discussions about whether the grass area should be a combined dog park and children's games/sports, or separate the two. As a microbiologist, I cannot stress enough that the two should be separated. It is extremely unsanitary to have children play on the exact same grass area where dogs go every morning for their bathroom business.

I have been a dog parent and she was the best of my children, but human children must come first. The play area of the two has to be separated and if that means that the dogs get a smaller place to run around at than now, it's unfortunate but so be it. Don't misunderstand me, I love dogs. I go for walks just to run into dogs, but the unsanitary situation of mixing children's play and dogs' bathroom business is just not safe.This should not even be an issue and has been going on long enough as is.

In regards to the Alvarado house, it is wonderful that it has been saved, but does it really have to be at this small park, our only green play area? How about putting it back on 10th street at parcel 3 which is a City owned lot. I know it is set aside for Affordable housing, but the lot can house both the Alvarado house plus two 2-bedroom Affordable Units, and the other 6 Affordable Units can be placed at Parcel 1. Leave the park for play. Put the Alvarado house back on 10th street where it belongs. Alternatively it could stay at the Fairground.

All my best and thank you for all that you are doing.

Camilla Rang
10th Street
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Robert Silva
Sent: Thursday, March 5, 2026 4:59 PM
To: Robert Silva
Subject: FW: Winston's History at Shores Park and Future Planning Considerations From: Laura <[email protected]>
Sent: Thursday, March 5, 2026 1:41 PM
To: Ashlea Houston <[email protected]>
Cc: Kim Kanetis <[email protected]>
Subject: Winston's History at Shores Park and Future Planning Considerations CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Chair and Members of the Shores Park Master Plan Advisory Committee:

The Winston School is excited about the restart of the Shores Park Master Planning process. Shores Park is a vital open space, serving as the only area available for sports in the City of Del Mar. For our students, it is an integral part of their educational experience.

The Winston School’s Historic Partnership with Shores School site The Winston School has been located at the Shores School site since 1988. We initially leased the campus from the Del Mar Union School District. The Winston School played an essential role in the purchase of the site by the City. Not only did the land deed require the presence of a school, but Winston raised $3 million and served as the non-profit agent to manage donations for both the School and Friends of Shores Park.

Why The Winston School Matters
The Winston School serves approximately 120 students in grades 6 through 12 with learning differences. We are the only remaining non-public school in the region providing students with an in-person, accredited high school diploma tailored for those with learning disabilities. Our program boasts a remarkable 95% graduation rate, with most graduates enrolling in college. This success stems from our dedicated, highly accredited teachers who identify and nurture each student’s unique strengths.

Winston is the largest non-profit in Del Mar and one of its largest employers. For nearly 40 years, Winston has been an active part of the Del Mar community. Our students volunteer with local organizations, and our families and staff regularly support Del Mar businesses, stores, and restaurants.

Benefits of Our Amended Lease Agreement
Our amended lease agreement provides clear benefits to both the City and the School. This includes defined parking rights that provide public access to 18 parking spaces at the corner of 9th and Stratford during non-school hours. Lease payments have been affirmed with appropriate COLA adjustments, protecting revenue streams for the City while providing stability for the School. The lease clearly defines playing field rights and usage schedules, providing certainty and protection for all users.

Winston School Campus Renovation Plans
In alignment with our educational mission, we are undertaking a comprehensive renovation of our aging 1940s-era buildings to create a modern learning environment. These improvements will not only better serve our students but will also create a beautiful campus that fits in with the Del Mar neighborhood.

Respecting Lease Rights in the Park Renovation
The Winston School shares the goal that a successful Shores Park renovation enhances the space for all users.

As we move forward with planning, it is essential that the design fully respects the specific rights granted to the School under our September 22, 2026 Item 7
2 lease agreement. The School has both a basketball and softball team that compete against other schools in the area. We are confident that a collaborative approach will allow us to achieve an outstanding outcome for everyone. Specifically, the renovation should ensure:
 No material impact to our field usage or the paved sports court as detailed in the lease agreement,  A playing field fully suitable for softball games,
 A full-size, high school regulation basketball court, which can be striped for multiple uses including basketball, and volleyball to benefit residents during off-school hours,  A safe, clean space for our students at all times.

Shared Use
The School fully understands the limited space available to meet the needs of all park users. Of particular concern to both the School and local families is the joint use of the playing fields with a dog park. The City currently allows for off-leash dogs in the park with usage and time requirements. However, despite the clearly posted rules, unauthorized use continues: dogs are frequently off-leash during non-dog park use hours, waste is regularly left behind, and sadly School staff are often harassed.

We realize that challenges with shared use at schools is a common challenge. A recent article in the San Diego Union-Tribune highlighted this in the following excerpt:
“When off-leash dogs damage the fields, leave waste behind or present a safety risk to other joint-use field users, it creates an environment where students and their families no longer want to use the space intended for them during the school day, nor after hours when these facilities are intended to serve as a community park.” For years prior to repairs and maintenance by the approved youth baseball league, the School was unable to effectively use the playing fields because of dangerous conditions. The School is not suggesting that there should not be dog use at the park, rather supports the creation of separate dog and recreation use areas.

Commitment to Ongoing Collaboration
We are eager to collaborate and be a positive part of the Shores Park Master Plan process. Thank you for your dedication to improving the park for all users.

Sincerely,
Laura Cunitz
President, Winston School Board of Directors
[email protected]
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: [email protected]
Sent: Saturday, March 7, 2026 7:05 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Cc: [email protected]
Subject: Fwd: Grand Renewal Plans For Shores Park - Please Take A Look Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hello,
I would like to give my comment about the Shores Park renewal. We live in Del Mar and have two small children aged 1 and 5. We would love to have this park available for our kids, especially since powerhouse park is sloped and usually too crowded to practice sports. We need a dedicated space to practice soccer and baseball, and this space is currently missing in the City of Del Mar because of the dog park.

The new multipurpose field needs to be separated from the dog park as shown in layout 2. Sharing the field with dogs essentially makes it unusable for small kids. Right now, we don’t take our kids there because of all of the dog poo and pee in the grass, we don’t want them falling or rolling around in that. Instead we drive to Del Mar Heights or Del Mar Hills elementary schools which of course are in the City of San Diego.

Please choose layout #2 or something similar, otherwise, the field will likely not get used by the kids as intended.

We are Looking forward to this project and are very excited to see what happens! Thank you!
Corbin Donnelley
224 18th Street
---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: Terry Gaasterland <[email protected]> Date: Sat, Mar 7, 2026 at 4:16 PM
Subject: Grand Renewal Plans For Shores Park - Please Take A Look To: Knowledge For The Vote <[email protected]> Dear Del Mar Friends, Neighbors, and Residents,
This is an exciting time for Shores Park. We are finally moving forward with the planning needed to replace the aging Community Center that faces 9th St and add some new improvements to the Park.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: ulla rang <[email protected]>
Sent: Saturday, March 7, 2026 7:16 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Comment to Shores Park meeting, Monday 03.09.26 Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Shores Park committee,
Please please please, find room for a playground. My son and I played so much at the old playground there, despite the bad and sad shape it was in (and then later fully removed). We had so much fun up there. And he learned to bike without his safety-wheels there.

Please, prioritize a playground. We need to attract families over here! There is not a single kid around! When my boy grew up (he is now 28 yrs old), there was ONE kid on 11th and ONE kid on 12th and it has not changed to the better.

We need MORE CHILDREN!! They are what makes life fun and full of life. We don't want Old Del Mar to turn into just that OLD for old people!
I will try to come to the meeting but since it is in daytime during work hours, I am not sure I can make it. But thank you for all that you do!! Much appreciated!
Best,
Camilla Rang
159 10th Street.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Robert Olliver <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 9:59 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: The dog park at Shores Park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hello. I see that a meeting is planned for March 9th... tomorrow. Unfortunately, I cannot attend. I often visit the dog park with my dog, Jack, and love the chance for him to run and play with the other dogs. I strongly recommend and hope for your support of Option 1 for the master plan. There really are no other places where dogs can run free in a large fenced in area.... except at Shores Park. Please support Option 1.

Respectfully,
Robert Olliver and Patty O'Sullivan
1364 Crest Rd. Del Mar. 92014
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Brad Becker <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 10:35 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Plans for WinstonSchool.

Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Completed
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hi I own 152 8th st and 153 Shippey lane.Please accept this letter as a strong endorsement of keeping the dog park as a shared field at a minimum.The dog park is far more popular and used then the baseball field.My kids played there.But that was a long time ago and the active baseball scene has changed especially in old Del Mar.It doesn’t get used for that.

If it was my choice it would be a full time dog bark.I have met more neighbors there then anywhere.

Reducing its size to a small box is worthless and frankly not even worth doing.

Do something the community really is behind-thats a dog bark at a minimum its current size.

Thanks
Brad Becker
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Janet Wilson <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 12:58 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Cc: Terry Gaasterland; John Spelich
Subject: Support for Shores Park Concept Options 1 and 3 Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Shores Park Advisory Committee,
Please find below my comments on the Shores Park concept options, including my support for Options 1 and

3. The shared athletic field and dog park are used regularly by many residents. As someone who frequently visits the park with my dogs, I have seen firsthand how well this shared space works. I strongly support Options 1 and 3 because they both retain this important feature.

Between the two options, I prefer Option 3 because the picnic area is located adjacent to the field rather than between buildings. This creates a gathering space for both dog owners and families attending games or activities and establishes an active edge along the field. Including pergolas or small pavilions for shade in that area would make the space comfortable and usable all day.

Option 3 also consolidates the 9th Street parking along the street rather than extending into the park interior.

Keeping the parking along the street edge clearly separates the parking area from the park itself and helps establish a more defined park edge. A walking path from the parking area along the eastern edge of the buildings could create an alternative entrance to the park.

Placing the Alvarado House along with a second picnic area near the basketball court in the lower part of the park would create another gathering spot. The court location might be adjusted so the Alvarado House and picnic area overlook its playing surface, creating a place for spectators and helping define this lower area as a second activity space within the park. Since not everyone plays basketball, I assume the court will be designed as a flexible, multi-use space for other hard-surface games such as volleyball, hopscotch, and similar activities, with color-coded lines and removable equipment so the space can serve a wider range of interests.

Thank you for all your hard work on this important project.

Janet Wilson
619.733.1428
September 22, 2026 Item 7
2 To help protect your priv acy, Microsoft Office prevented automatic download of this picture from the Internet.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Ken <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, March 8, 2026 2:41 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Del Mar Dog Park at Shores Park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Council Members and City Staff:

I am a resident of Del Mar and frequently bring my dog to Dog Park. I truly enjoy and support the existing dog park and am in full support of Option #1.

I am a responsible dog owner making sure to clean up after my dog. My dog is well socialized and behaved around other dogs and people. I believe our existing dog park is special. The dogs and dog owners have a wonderful community, and the existing park provides space enough for the dogs to run and play in a large and safe environment. It has been my observation that the other dog owners are also responsible cleaning up after our dogs, and the dogs are well behaved.

I intend to be at the meeting Monday at 2:30pm. I respectfully request support of Option #1.

All my best,
Ken Van Damme
Del Mar Resident
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: ulla rang <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, May 31, 2026 11:02 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Re: To the Shores Park Committee
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Completed
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear clerk, please replace my first submission from this morning to the Shores committee with this corrected version.

Autocorrect did a number on the first one that completely changed the meaning of an important word.

Thank you,
Camilla Rang
On Sun, May 31, 2026 at 9:54 AM ulla rang <[email protected]> wrote:

Dear Shores committee,
Thank you for planning the remake of our park. I understand it is hard work and difficult to make room for everything and you are pulled in all directions. So I here add my little piece to it :) I am a microbiologist. I have a doctorate in microbiology and have been a microbiology researcher for the last 30 years.

I suppose you now know where this is going and yes, it's about the continuous use or not of shared grass for a dog park and children's and youth play.

I love dogs, There is nothing better than a dog. However, science speaks the truth and does not take feelings into consideration. It is extremely unsanitary to have shared play space for dogs and children because dogs do not go to a bathroom when nature calls. They do it right there and then. Dog faeces can harbor a multitude of zoonotic (spreading to humans) infection from viruses, bacteria and parasites, some life threatening and especially if it infects a child with suppressed immune system, I wrote a summary that I attach to this letter of some of the zoonotic diseases dog faeces can spread. Please make sure to make room for a large as possible separate dog park. The dogs could have all of the lower area,hillside and all. For sanitary reasons, there should not be a shared dog park and children's play area. These are modern times and we know better.

The other thing I feel very heartfelt for is a real playground for the little ones. A slide, climbing thing, a swing. I have such wonderful memories of my own little boy growing up here and all the time we spent at the little playground that used to be at the Shores park. It is so sad that it was removed and it would be beyond wonderful if it came back. A park without a playground is not a park.

Since it is so difficult to find room for everything, I would suggest to prioritize those things that make a park - green space, play ground, sport area, dog park, benches. Things that are not necessary could find room elsewhere, such as the Alvadaro house could stay at the Fairground where it actually gets lots of visitors yearly. People at the Fair go visit it out of pure curiosity while walking by. The amount of visitors will surely go down if it is moved to the Shores Park.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
2 The community buildings seem to take up a lot of precious land at the new plans for the park. They are really taking up an unnecessary amount of space. We still have parcel 1 over at City Hall where to the community offices could move. It would make sense to gather all the city businesses to the same area. This way we would free up more space for real park activities.

I will be at the June 8 meeting.

Sincerely,
Camilla Rang
September 22, 2026 Item 7
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Brad Becker <[email protected]>
Sent: Saturday, June 6, 2026 11:10 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Winston School plan
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hi I live at 152 8th st.I am strongly in support of either exhibit 3 or 4 with a shared dog park and the baseball field.The dog park is one of the best community assets for those with dogs which are plentiful.The proposed small dog park on the lower level is too small and not an effective dog park to adequately run a dog.Plus it gives you another amenity which is a multi purpose grass area.

To me the decision is very easy.

Thanks
Brad Becker
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Caren Kelley <[email protected]>
Sent: Saturday, June 6, 2026 5:34 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Del Mar Shores Property Plans
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Shores Park Master Planning Advisory Commiftee,
I am out of town and cannot aftend the June 8th afternoon meefing. We have lived within a few blocks of the Del Mar Shores property for 23 years. My husband and I contributed an amount that was very significant to us at the fime (as a working family with two young children) to the purchase of the property when the City was fund raising for that purpose with what seemed to be a promise at the fime that both the current dog park and the small baseball field were uses that we all (community and City) believed strongly in preserving. We have enjoyed the field with several different dogs during this fime and our son (now grown) played baseball there when he was young.

I would like to go on record that the plan that preserves the exisfing grass field for a dog park and other shared uses is very important to my family. I believe the City raised funds originally to preserve this, and I sincerely hope the commiftee keeps these promises to the community.

Thank you for your considerafion,
Caren
Caren Kelley
Mobile: (858) 775-1034
[email protected]
www.equestrianre.com
DRE# 01003787
Compass DRE# 01527365
September 22, 2026 Item 7
To Shores Park Committee.

In talking with a large number of people who currently use the Shores property for off-leash dog activity, there was a significant majority that favors the shared use option. Most of the reasons given for this choice come from comparing other off-leash parks in the area. Those that are dog-only parks, were seen to be over-used with highly degraded turf. Those that are shared use were seen to have better maintained turf, better self-policing of dog droppings, and a more congenial and local group of dog owners, who gather regularly at the specific times of field use.

The currently presented option of a dog-only off-leash area also has the negative effect of both reducing the current off-leash area by more than half of what is currently available. Thus I would like to see the option of a shared use grassy area for people and dogs as detailed in the first option.

In addition, I prefer option 1 since it gives more space for actual recreational use than option

2. Thanks for your work on this important addition to our city.

Sincerely
Art Olson
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Wendelyn Bradley <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, June 8, 2026 8:03 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Dog Park Options
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear City officials,
I would like to mention that we have worked hard over the years to keep our city open and available to enjoy including for our dogs./owners. As your team considers the options on the table for decision today, please consider the value of Option 2 that will keep our doggie park unchanged. As a family that has grown up in Del Mar, we are hopeful we can keep the great experience open to our furry family/friends.

Best,
Wendelyn Bradley
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Kelly Hollingsworth <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, June 8, 2026 8:35 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Shores Park Options
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

We are unable to make the meeting today, but wanted to put in our vote for option one or two being able to use the entire field with intermittent use. There isn’t any other gated location that gives the dogs in our community a place to exercise and enjoy. Del Mar is filled with dogs and families and feel that these are definitely aren’t best options.

We live on 7th Street so it is an amazing spot for us in our family.

Thank you for your consideration!
Kelly Griffin Hollingsworth
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Tami Dokken <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, June 8, 2026 11:30 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Shores Park Master Plan - Support for Option 2 CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Members of the Shores Park Master Plan Ad Hoc Advisory Committee, As you consider the current options for the Shores Park Master Plan, please accept this email in support of Option 2.

With the Shores Park Master Plan, a priority for many includes maintaining the current off-leash dog park on the baseball field with intermittent use. While options 1 and 2 provide for this, Option 2 with the sport court running eastwest seems to be less crowded than option 1 with the sport court running north-south. Option 3 creates a separate, smaller space for off-leash dogs which is concerning for a number of reasons, and eliminates the open grass area shown in options 1 and 2 that the public views as desirable.

Specifically, the benefits and detriments from the perspective of dog owners include:

Options 1 and 2 (maintaining current off-leash dog park on the baseball field with intermittent use):
 Is an efficient use of space:
o Winston School is not in session, does not use the field, during dog hours o Little league does not use the field during dog hours o Field would sit empty while dogs are relegated to a small area o Larger field gives dogs room to run and people to socialize o Allows for other desired amenities such as the open grassy area o Intermittent hours helps preserves the grass
 Is community focused:
o Set hours brings people and dogs together at the same time every day and week o Set hours reduces likelihood of use from dog owners outside of Del Mar o Reflects and respects the growing dog community (more dogs and more dog owners) o Dog owners are diligent and hold each other accountable for picking up after their dogs o Has been successful since 2012
 Is an efficient use of community resources:
o These are the least effort, lowest cost options
o Allows for funds to be used for other Master Plan priorities Option 3 (creating a separate, smaller space for off-leash dogs):
 Is an inefficient use of space:
o Eliminates the opportunity for a desirable open grass area o A smaller dog park will be too crowded for the growing dog community, reducing the ability for dogs to run and increasing the likelihood of antagonistic behavior September 22, 2026 Item 7
2 o Eliminating dogs from the baseball field will not reduce holes and damage to the field caused by gophers and others
o Eliminating dogs from the baseball field will not eliminate germs on the field from wildlife o Baseball field would sit empty and unused while dogs are relegated to a too-small space o Continuous use of a dedicated dog park will result in torn and muddy terrain and will require routine maintenance
 Is not community focused:
o A dog park open 24/7 will bring more people from outside our community o A dog park open 24/7 makes it harder for people and dogs to naturally and organically gather and socialize
 Is an inefficient use of community resources:
o A separate dog park is an unnecessary expense to build and maintain We will present to the Committee at its meeting today a petition signed by hundreds of community members that demonstrates community support for these views. We hope this is helpful in assisting the Committee as it considers the options for the Shores Park Master Plan.

Thank you for your time, service, and thoughtful consideration, Tami Dokken
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: becky beckywalkerinc.com <[email protected]> Sent: Monday, June 8, 2026 12:20 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Cc: Wade Walker
Subject: RED DOT LETTER in favor of Shared Use Dog Park CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Shores Park Advisory Committee members,
Unfortunately I am unable to attend the meeting this afternoon and hope it isn’t too late to send my Red Dot letter.

I am in favor of the Shared Use with Intermittent Hours option for the dog park. The Dog Park in Del Mar has become a very important gathering spot for many Del Martians over the years. It is a happy place with neighbors meeting and visiting while their dogs play. We’ve been going since 2010 and joined in the effort get the shared use option agreed upon in 2012. It has been a very successful council decision and has proven to be one the things that makes Del Mar special.

Having the Shared Athletic field has been very successful in it’s focus on the Community:
 The dogs have room to run and there is enough room for the small dogs to play separately from the larger dogs if necessary.
 Intermittent hours preserves the grass
 The set hours brings people together on the same days and times, which adds to it’s social advantage and makes it less likely that people outside of the Del Mar area will use the park  Currently the dog park is only open to the dog community during the time that it is not used otherwise. It would sit empty while the dogs would be relegated to a very small area if the separate Dedicated Dog Park were to pass.
 The Shared Use option would be the least effort, lowest cost option and those funds could be used for other Master Plan priorities. It is an unnecessary expense to build and maintain a new and separate dog park.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
2 I implore you to please leave the dog park where it is with shared use and adopt the “Dog Park with Intermittent Hours on the Shared Athletic Field”.

Thank you,
Becky Walker
1440 Oribia Rd.

Del Mar, CA 92014
[email protected]
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: wade walker <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, June 8, 2026 12:32 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: community dog park
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

I would like to voice an opinion re the proposed changes in dog park in Del Mar. The hours and location should remain unchanged because:

The current arrangement allows for the use of the entire field by both the dog and little league baseball community. Dogs play by running, and a smaller field constricts their ability to exercise. In addition the shared use means that there is a community interest in keeping the grass in good shape. Other dog parks often devolve into unkempt dirt patches that are unpleasant for both dogs and people. Dog owners have been very good in keeping the field clean. I go there, and other owners are quick to call out any offender who happened not to notice what their pet did across the field. This builds community.

The shorter hours have been adequate for Del Mar users, but constrict the use by those outside the community. Ask any regular user and they will tell you that it is the local community that are the primary users. This is not true of full time facilities.

We have one of the best dog playgrounds I've ever seen. It is a source of pride and community gathering. Please don't change it!
wade walker
[email protected]
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Jane L <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, June 8, 2026 12:36 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: RED DOT: JUNE 8th-Shores park advisory committee meeting Attachments: IMG_2973.jpeg; IMG_2980.jpeg
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hello,
My name is Jane Lerum, and I have two young children, ages 3.5 and 1.5. I am urging the board to consider adding a playground.

Del Mar currently has only one playground for children, and it is located by the beach and is almost always overflowing with kids. Del Mar desperately needs another playground to better serve its community. This is the perfect opportunity to create one.

There are several examples of playgrounds and dog parks coexisting successfully. My favorite example is the San Diego Children’s Park downtown, where there is a fenced children’s playground next to a fenced dog park. To my knowledge, there have not been any issues. Another example is Encinitas Viewpoint Park, where the children’s playground is fenced while the dog park area is not. I have attached photos for reference.

Playgrounds give neighbors the chance to meet, become friends, and build a stronger sense of community. Please do not waste this prime opportunity to make Del Mar better for families and children.

Thank you,
Jane Lerum
September 22, 2026 Item 7
September 22, 2026 Item 7
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Richard Bockoff <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, June 8, 2026 1:26 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Dog park/baseball field
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

To help
protect your
privacy,
Micro so ft
Office
prevented
auto matic
download of
this picture
from the
Internet.

I would like to voice an opinion re the proposed changes in dog park in Del Mar. The hours and location should remain unchanged because:

The current arrangement allows for the use of the entire field by both the dog and little league baseball community. Dogs play by running, and a smaller field constricts their ability to exercise. In addition the shared use means that there is a community interest in keeping the grass in good shape. Other dog parks often devolve into unkempt dirt patches that are unpleasant for both dogs and people. Dog owners have been very good in keeping the field clean. I go there, and other owners are quick to call out any offender who happened not to notice what their pet did across the field. This builds community.

The shorter hours have been adequate for Del Mar users, but constrict the use by those outside the community. Ask any regular user and they will tell you that it is the local community that are the primary users. This is not true of full time facilities.

We have one of the best dog playgrounds I've ever seen. It is a source of pride and community gathering. Please don't change it!
--
"The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated." -Mahatma Gandhi
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: ulla rang <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, June 8, 2026 8:32 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: To The Shores Committee
Attachments: Leptospirosis in San Diego.pdf
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Shores Committee,
I attended, and spoke at, your meeting on June 8, 2026. In my speech, I brought up a few zoonotic diseases, one of them Leptospirosis. Dr. Alessandra commented afterwards, with no chance tor me to rebut, that Leptospirosis is an exclusively tropical disease and does not affect San Diego. I want to point out that Leptospirosis does exist in San Diego and I hereby attach a report from CAHAN (California Health Alert Network) from 2020 where they had over 30 cases in dogs reported in San Diego County only between October-December. There was also an outbreak among dogs in San Diego in 2024. https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/dam/sdc/hhsa/programs/phs/cahan/communications_documents/12-16- 2020+attachments.pdf
Leptospirosis is only one of the many zoonotic infections that can transmit from dog faeces (even urine) to humans, but it is one of the most serious diseases. In pregnant women, it can lead to fetal complications and even fetal death and abortion.

The risks for these transmission of infection are fortunately small, but is it really worth it, just so that the dogs have a larger area to run? Is it really worth risking children and pregnant women getting infected by even one of these pathogens or parasites? When I was first pregnant in my late twenties, I contracted an EHEC infection (Enterohaemorrhagic E,coli), which Shiga toxin caused my body to abort my fetus (baby). I do not wish for this to happen to anyone else from something that could so easily have been avoided by dividing the dog field from the kid field..

I am beyond disappointed that you are not taking these risks seriously but waving it off as "it has not been a problem" (despite speakers reporting it IS a problem):, or "there is dog poop in the streets in Rome and no one gets sick there".

How do you know that no one gets sick from the dog poop in the streets in Rome? Or perhaps the reason why kids don't get sick from the dog poop in the streets of Rome is because it's not a playground. It is a totally different situation and not comparable.

It is a selfish, self serving decision. I neither have a dog nor a small child anymore so I have no skin in the game. I just want what is right and following the science, and the right thing to do is to divide the field between kids and dogs. In some way you DID divide the field because no one lets their small kids use the dog poop field (the baseball field) so in essence you gave the large field to the dogs and the small field at the lower area to the kids. There is something very wrong with your priorities and the first reported severely ill child or aborted fetus caused by an infection contracted at the combined dog/child field is on you. Ask yourselves - is it worth it? Sincerely,
September 22, 2026 Item 7
2 Camilla Rang
September 22, 2026 Item 7
CAHAN San Diego Alerts are intended for the use of public health, medical and laboratory professionals in San Diego County. This alert has been approved for reproduction and distribution to interested professionals. An online CAHAN San Diego application is available at http://www.cahansandiego.com for appropriate and interested individuals.

Page 1 of 4 ends

To: CAHAN San Diego Participants
Date: December 16, 2020
From: Epidemiology and Immunization Services Branch, Public Health Services Health Advisory: Leptospirosis outbreak in dogs
This health advisory informs physician and veterinary health providers about a recent outbreak of leptospirosis in dogs.

Situation
Since October 2020, thirty-four confirmed and presumptive cases of leptospirosis have been reported in the local dog population in San Diego County, primarily originating from the Hillcrest and Mission Hills areas. Several cases required hospitalization and at least one dog was euthanized. Although combinations of serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of blood and urine were used to diagnose the dogs, the causative Leptospira species or serovar(s) involved are not known.

A major risk factor noted in the reported canine leptospirosis cases was boarding at kennels that allow dog-to-dog interactions. Two cases had no apparent links to boarding, one of which frequented dog parks. The kennels that were linked to cases notified the owners of all potential contacts of diagnosed cases and closed for at least two weeks for cleaning and disinfection.

No human cases from exposure to the infected dogs have been reported to date.

Key Messages
• Since October 2020, over 30 cases of canine leptospirosis have been reported in San Diego County, primarily originating from the Hillcrest and Mission Hills areas. • Boarding at kennels that allow dog-to-dog interaction is a major risk factor. • Leptospira spirochetes are shed in urine and transmission to other dogs and people can occur via direct contact with mucous membranes and broken skin. Contaminated soil, water, bedding, and food can act as fomites.
• No human cases from this canine outbreak have been reported; however, vigilance is recommended especially in those presenting with fever, myalgias, negative tests for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, and history of ill canine contact. • Clinical signs in dogs and people are varied and can range from mild fever to renal, hepatic, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and hemorrhagic syndromes. • Quadrivalent Leptospira vaccine is recommended for dogs, especially those boarding in kennels.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
CAHAN San Diego Alerts are intended for the use of public health, medical and laboratory professionals in San Diego County. This alert has been approved for reproduction and distribution to interested professionals. An online CAHAN San Diego application is available at http://www.cahansandiego.com for appropriate and interested individuals.

Page 2 of 4 ends

Background
Leptospirosis is a disease caused by various species of spirochete bacteria called Leptospira. These bacteria can infect multiple species of mammals, including humans, dogs, rats, mice, raccoons, skunks, opossums, cows, and pigs. The bacteria are shed in the urine of infected animals (especially rodents) and may contaminate food, water, soil, or bedding. Organisms enter through direct contact with skin abrasions, mucous membranes, or drinking contaminated water.

Although leptospirosis in humans is a reportable disease in California, it is not reportable in animals, and the local incidence in canines is unknown. According to California Department of Public Health veterinary subject matter experts, outbreaks of canine leptospirosis are uncommon in the state and individual cases do not often come to the attention of public health. Only 29 canine leptospirosis cases were reported over a ten-year period in Los Angeles County, where veterinary laboratories began reporting cases in 2014.

In the United States, human leptospirosis is uncommon (100-150 cases annually) and usually occurs after recreational exposure to contaminated lakes or streams, not from canine contact. The disease more frequently occurs in Mexico and Hawaii and is considered one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases in the world, with over one million cases annually. Since 2010, there have been seven confirmed and probable cases in humans in San Diego County. No cases had onset in 2020 and two cases had onset in 2019, both acquired during foreign travel.

Canine leptospirosis has an incubation period of 5-15 days, or longer when associated with chronic infections. Dogs may have subclinical infection or present with signs that include fever, lethargy, vomiting, anorexia, and icterus. Illness can progress to renal, hepatic, pulmonary, hemorrhagic, and gastrointestinal syndromes, and death or chronic renal disease can result in untreated cases. Due to the zoonotic potential, protective clothing, especially gloves, are recommended when handling suspected cases. Cats are more resistant to infection but may exhibit mild disease.

Rodent control is an important tool to prevent leptospirosis in pets. In addition, a quadrivalent vaccine available for dogs is protective against the included or heterologous serogroups. The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) recommends annual leptospirosis vaccination for all at-risk dogs, especially those that frequently visit dog parks and nature areas or spend time outdoors, including the backyard. Infrequently, vaccine reactions can occur, but are thought to relate to other vaccine components and at a rate no different than with other vaccines. Additional diagnostic, treatment, and vaccination information on canine leptospirosis can be found in the references below.

Although human cases linked to direct contact with an infected dog are rare, care should be exercised by owners of infected dogs. The disease is not transmitted from human to human. The incubation period in people is 2-30 days but is usually 5-14 days. The disease presentation can be subtle with fever (classically biphasic) and myalgias (typically of the calves and lower back). Other symptoms may include headache, conjunctival suffusion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cough, and a skin rash.

More severe cases are associated with transaminase and creatinine elevation. Overlap with multiple potential presentations of COVID-19 (flu-like illness, weakness, vomiting, mental confusion) is notable.

Laboratory diagnosis in humans can include urine PCR (first seven days of illness) or IgM antibody testing (low sensitivity in the first week of disease). A fourfold rise in IgG titer greater than two weeks after initial infection is confirmatory. Treatment for the milder forms of infection in adults include oral September 22, 2026 Item 7
CAHAN San Diego Alerts are intended for the use of public health, medical and laboratory professionals in San Diego County. This alert has been approved for reproduction and distribution to interested professionals. An online CAHAN San Diego application is available at http://www.cahansandiego.com for appropriate and interested individuals.

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antibiotic regimens with doxycycline, amoxicillin, or azithromycin; more severe illness is treated with parenteral ceftriaxone or penicillin G. Infectious diseases consultation is recommended for complex cases. See the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Fact Sheet for Clinicians for more information on presentation, diagnosis, management and prevention.

Recommendations for Veterinary Providers
• Include leptospirosis in differential diagnoses of dogs with fever of unknown origin or acute renal disease that were at kennels or dog parks within the prior 30 days. • Use appropriate personal protective equipment and procedures while handling suspect and infected dogs; minimize urinary contamination of the environment, immediately decontaminate contact surfaces but do not pressure wash so aerosols are not created. • Isolate infected dogs (can be at home – educate owners of appropriate preventative measures) for at least one week while being treated with appropriate antibiotics to prevent spread. • Immunize at-risk dogs annually using a quadrivalent Leptospira vaccine, including those that board at kennels and frequent dog parks, streams, and lakes.
• Canine or other animal leptospirosis cases can be reported to the County Epidemiology Unit by calling 619-692-8499 during normal business hours or by sending an Animal Disease/Death Report Form by fax to 858-715-6458 or by secure email to [email protected].

Recommendations for Medical Providers
• Consider leptospirosis in differential diagnosis of individuals presenting with febrile illness (especially with myalgia, headache, conjunctivitis, skin rash, and/or abdominal symptoms) and an exposure history to an ill dog, especially one that has been kennel boarded. Fresh water swimming exposure is also an epidemiologic clue, especially as part of overseas travel. • Obtain appropriate laboratory leptospirosis confirmation and exclude infection with novel coronavirus and influenza. See attached CDC Fact Sheet for Clinicians for details. • Strongly suspected milder cases could be empirically treated with oral doxycycline, amoxicillin, or azithromycin.
• Human leptospirosis cases should be reported to the County Epidemiology Unit within one week by calling 619-692-8499 during normal business hours or by submitting a Confidential Morbidity Report by fax to 858-715-6458 or by secure email to [email protected].

Resources
• CDC Leptospirosis website (includes sections on pets and technical information for providers) • The Center for Food Security and Public Health Leptospirosis website • 2010 ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Leptospirosis: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prevention. 2011; J Vet Intern Med, Jan; 25(1):1-13 • Klaasen H, Adler B. Recent advances in canine leptospirosis: focus on vaccine development. 2015; Vet Med (Auckl), 6:245-260
• Brook W. Leptospirosis in Dogs. Veterinary Partner rev. 10/10/2019 • Moore GE, Guptill LF, Ward MP, Glickman NW, Faunt KK, Lewis HB, Glickman LT. Adverse events diagnosed within three days of vaccine administration in dogs. 2005; J Am Vet Med Assoc, 227(7):1102-1108.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
CAHAN San Diego Alerts are intended for the use of public health, medical and laboratory professionals in San Diego County. This alert has been approved for reproduction and distribution to interested professionals. An online CAHAN San Diego application is available at http://www.cahansandiego.com for appropriate and interested individuals.

Page 4 of 4 ends

Thank you for your participation.

CAHAN San Diego
County of San Diego Health& Human Services Agency
Epidemiology and Immunization Services Branch
Phone: (619) 692-8499; Fax: (858) 715-6458
E-mail: [email protected]
Secure Website: https://member.everbridge.net/892807736722952/login Public-AccessWebsite: http://www.cahansandiego.com
September 22, 2026 Item 7
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Fax 2-page form to: (213) 481-2375
5/2013
Species of Animal
Other Identifying Information
Breed Color
Sex Name
Age Animal/Case ID
Number of Animals Multiple (give number )
Livestock Wild animal
Zoo animal
Domestic Pet
Exotic
One
Type of Animal Involved

1. Animal Information
NO

2. Animal Owner (if applicable)
Name(s)
Address
City, ZIP
Telephone
Is it okay for Public Health to call the owner(s) to ask more aboutthe history? YES

3. Animal Location (where in community animal originated, if not same as owner) Name(s)
Address
City, ZIP
E‐mail

4. Reporting Veterinary Clinic or Shelter
Name of Veterinarian or Technician
Vet Clinic Name
Address
City, ZIP
Telephone Fax
Date of presentation

5. History
Date of onset of first symptoms
Date of death(s), if applicable
History (include vaccine history, if applicable):

County of San Diego Epidemiology Unit
Fax (858) 715-6458
[email protected]
Animal Disease/Death Reporting Form
(if the disease you are reporting has a specific form, ideally use that form instead) Date form completed
SUSPECTED DISEASE/CONDITION BEING REPORTED:
page 1 of 2
Fax form to: (858)715-6458 or emailto [email protected] 12/15/2020
September 22, 2026 Item 7
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Fax 2-page form to: (213) 481-2375
5/2013

6. Clinical Findings
Highest Body Temperature
Physical Examination
Treatment Date Describe Treatment

1. 2.

3. 7. Treatment. Please describe treatment given, particularly antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic.

8. Laboratory Results Please fax all laboratory results to us along with this form.

Animal Disease/Death Reporting Form, page 2
Normal
Yes No
Comments
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
General
Skin
Head Area
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Abdomen/digestive
Reproductive/Urogenital
Musculoskeletal
Nervous
Lymph nodes
Other Yes No
Fax form to: (858) 715-6458 or email to [email protected] p. 2 of 2

9. Additional Comments. Please use an additional sheet if needed.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
CS287535B January 30, 2018

LEPTOSPIROSIS
Fact Sheet for Clinicians
Background
• Leptospirosis is a disease that is caused by
spirochete bacteria in the genus Leptospira.

There are 10 pathogenic species, and more
than 250 pathogenic serovars.
• While leptospirosis occurs worldwide, it is
more common in tropical or sub-tropical
climates.
• It is estimated that more than 1 million cases
occur worldwide annually, including almost
60,000 deaths.
• In the United States, approximately
100–150 leptospirosis cases are reported
annually. Puerto Rico reports the majority of
leptospirosis cases, followed by Hawaii.
• Outbreaks of leptospirosis tend to occur
after heavy rainfall or flooding in endemic
areas, especially areas with poor housing
and sanitation conditions.

Transmission
• Leptospires are spread
by the urine of infected
animals (rodents, dogs,
livestock, pigs, horses,
wildlife).
• The bacteria can survive
for weeks to months in
urine-contaminated
water and soil.
• People can be infected through
» Direct contact with the urine or reproductive
fluids from infected animals
» Contact with urine-contaminated water
(floodwater, rivers, streams, sewage) and
wet soil
» Ingestion of food or water contaminated
by urine or urine-contaminated water
• Transmission occurs through mucous
membranes, conjunctiva, and skin cuts
or abrasions.
• Human-to-human transmission is very rare
but has been documented through sexual
intercourse and breastfeeding. Transmission
has also rarely occurred through animal bites.
• High-risk activities can include wading,
swimming, or boating in floodwater or
freshwater (rivers, streams, lakes) that
may be contaminated with animal urine.

Some actions like prolonged immersion
in, submerging head in, or swallowing
contaminated water can particularly
increase risk.
• Other high risk activities can include direct
contact with animals and activities that can
lead to skin abrasions and water or soil
exposure, such as clearing brush, trekking,
and gardening.

Leptospira spp. bacteria
September 22, 2026 Item 7
Clinical Findings
• Incubation period is 2–30 days; most illnesses occur 5–14 days after exposure.
• Most infections are thought to be asymptomatic.
• Approximately 90% of clinical illnesses present as a nonspecific acute febrile illness, while approximately 10% progress to severe, potentially fatal illness with multi-organ dysfunction.
• Illness may be biphasic, with the patient briefly recovering from mild illness, but then developing more severe illness. • Symptoms can include fever, headache, myalgia (typically of the calves and lower back), conjunctival suffusion,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cough, and
sometimes a skin rash.
• Severe symptoms can include jaundice, renal failure,
hemorrhage (especially pulmonary), aseptic meningitis,
cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary insufficiency, and
hemodynamic collapse. Combined renal and liver failure
associated with leptospirosis is referred to as Weil’s
disease.
• Leptospirosis during pregnancy can cause fetal
complications including fetal death or abortion.
• The case fatality rate for leptospirosis is approximately 5%–15% among patients with severe illness. Among
patients with severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome,
the case fatality rate can exceed 50%.

Treatment
Early treatment may decrease
the severity and duration
of disease. In patients with
a high clinical suspicion of
leptospirosis, initiating antibiotic
treatment as soon as possible
without waiting for laboratory
results is recommended.
• For patients with mild
symptoms, doxycycline
is the drug of choice (100
mg orally, twice daily), if
not contraindicated. Other
options include azithromycin
(500 mg orally, once daily),
ampicillin (500-750 mg orally,
every 6 hours), amoxicillin
(500 mg orally, every 6 hours).
• For patients with severe
disease, IV penicillin is
the drug of choice (1.5
MU IV, every 6 hours), and
ceftriaxone (1 g IV, every
24 hours) can be equally
effective.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
Laboratory Testing
• Antibodies for leptospirosis develop
between 3-10 days after symptom onset,
thus any serologic test must be interpreted
accordingly – negative serologic test results
from samples collected in the first week
of illness do not rule out disease, and
serologic testing should be repeated on a
convalescent sample collected 7-14 days
after the first.
• In the acute phase of illness, leptospires
are present in the blood (septicemia) for
approximately the first 4–6 days of illness.

Leptospires may be shed intermittently in
the urine after approximately the first week
of illness onset. Due to the transience of
leptospires in body fluids, a negative PCR
test does not rule out leptospisosis.
• It is best to submit as many specimen
types as possible. Recommended
specimens based on collection timing:
» Acute illness (first week): whole blood
and serum
» Convalescent illness (after first week):
serum +/- urine
Supportive Diagnostic Tests
• IgM-based commercial assays, such as
» ELISA IgM
» ImmunoDOT
» Lateral flow tests
• IgM assays are screening tests and
results should be confirmed using one
of the confirmatory methods below.

Confirmatory Diagnostic Tests

1. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) — confirmatory serologic testing, available at CDC » Acute and convalescent serum samples collected 7–14 days apart is ideal. » If only one serum sample can be sent for testing, a sample collected after the first 7–10 days of illness is preferred.

2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – available at CDC and some commercial labs Recommended samples
» Whole blood collected in the first week of illness (in the first 4 days is ideal) » Urine (collected at least 1 week after symptom onset is ideal) » Cerebrospinal fluid from a patient with signs of meningitis » Fresh frozen kidney and/or liver (if available from deceased patients) — kidney preferred

3. Pathology (immunohistochemistry) — available at CDC
» Formalin-fixed tissues: from the kidney (preferred), liver, lung, heart, or spleen Sample Submission
To submit specimens to CDC for confirmatory
testing, or if you have questions regarding
leptospirosis diagnostic testing, contact CDCINFO at 800-232-4636. Information on sample submission, including the sample submission form
(DASH Form 50.34) and shipping instructions can
be found at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dhcpp/
bacterial_special/zoonoses_lab.html.

Unless authorized to send directly to
CDC, all specimens should be sent
and processed through the state/
territorial public health laboratory.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
Prevention
• The first line of leptospirosis prevention is to
avoid exposure.
• Avoid wading, swimming, bathing,
swallowing, or submersing head in
potentially contaminated freshwater (rivers,
streams) especially after periods of heavy
rainfall or flooding.
• Avoid contact with floodwater, and do not
eat food contaminated with floodwater.
• If exposure cannot be avoided, wear
appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE) (rubber boots, waterproof coveralls/
clothing, gloves). Cover open wounds with
waterproof dressings.
• Treat unsafe or potentially contaminated
drinking water by boiling or chemically
treating.
• Keep rodent populations (rats and mice) or
other animal pests under control. Do not
eat food that may have been exposed to
rodents and possibly contaminated with
their urine.
• Some studies have shown that
chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline might
be effective in preventing clinical disease
and could be considered for people at high
risk and with short-term exposures.

Surveillance and Reporting
• Leptospirosis is a nationally notifiable
disease.
• The Council of State and Territorial
Epidemiologists (CSTE) leptospirosis case
definition can be found at: https://wwwn.
cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/leptospirosis/
case-definition/2013/. Please note the
difference between laboratory tests
that are “supportive” of a “probable”
case classification versus those that
provide evidence for a “confirmed” case
classification.
• Please report confirmed and probable cases
of leptospirosis to CDC via your state/
territorial health department using the CDC
leptospirosis case report form found at:
https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/health_
care_workers/index.html
For more information about leptospirosis, call
1-800-CDC-INFO or visit www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
For more information visit cdc.gov/leptospirosis
To report canine and human cases, please contact the
County of San Diego Epidemiology Unit at (619) 692-8499, or [email protected]
Leptospirosis in Dogs
What is leptospirosis?
 A bacterial disease that affects humans and animals, including dogs.  Symptoms can vary and might include fever, decreased energy, lack of appetite, conjunctivitis, vomiting, and diarrhea, and might progress to more severe illness.

How is it spread?
 In the urine and birthing fluids of infected animals.  Dogs and people can be exposed to the bacteria through contact with contaminated urine, and urine-contaminated water, soil, bedding, or food.

What is the risk to dogs and people?
 The bacteria can be shed intermittently in the urine of infected dogs, including those that are not showing signs of being sick. It can be spread from dog to dog and, rarely, to people. The bacteria can be present in a dog’s urine for several months after recovery from illness if not properly treated with antibiotics. The shedding period can be shorter if the dog is treated with antibiotics.

Recommendations
• Infected dogs should be placed in floor-level cages, if possible, and housed away from high-traffic areas to limit urine-contamination. • Kennels should be clearly marked with warning label to alert people to the presence of a leptospirosis positive dog.
• Pregnant or immunocompromised staff should avoid contact with infected dogs.
• Staff should wear gloves when handling an infected dog, and additional protective equipment such as a face shield and a gown when cleaning up the dog’s urine.
• Staff should wash their hands after handling an infected dog, the dog’s urine, or anything that may have been contaminated by the dog’s urine. • Avoid pressure-washing areas where infected dogs are housed, to avoid aerosolization of bacteria.
• Infected dogs should be walked in a designated and easy to clean area, with hard, non-permeable surfaces, away from other dogs. • Disinfectants, such as a 1:10 bleach solution (1 part bleach, 9 parts water), should be used to clean areas where infected dogs are housed and where they have urinated.
• Normal laundering of urine-contaminated bedding and towels will inactivate the bacteria.
• Ask owners if their dog has been recently ill or been previously vaccinated against leptospirosis.
• Notify public health if staff that have been caring for infected dogs develop signs of illness.
12/15/2020
September 22, 2026 Item 7
CAHAN San Diego Alerts are intended for the use of public health, medical and laboratory professionals in San Diego County. This alert has been approved for reproduction and distribution to interested professionals. An online CAHAN San Diego application is available at http://www.cahansandiego.com for appropriate and interested individuals.

Page 1 of 4 ends

To: CAHAN San Diego Participants
Date: December 16, 2020
From: Epidemiology and Immunization Services Branch, Public Health Services Health Advisory: Leptospirosis outbreak in dogs
This health advisory informs physician and veterinary health providers about a recent outbreak of leptospirosis in dogs.

Situation
Since October 2020, thirty-four confirmed and presumptive cases of leptospirosis have been reported in the local dog population in San Diego County, primarily originating from the Hillcrest and Mission Hills areas. Several cases required hospitalization and at least one dog was euthanized. Although combinations of serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of blood and urine were used to diagnose the dogs, the causative Leptospira species or serovar(s) involved are not known.

A major risk factor noted in the reported canine leptospirosis cases was boarding at kennels that allow dog-to-dog interactions. Two cases had no apparent links to boarding, one of which frequented dog parks. The kennels that were linked to cases notified the owners of all potential contacts of diagnosed cases and closed for at least two weeks for cleaning and disinfection.

No human cases from exposure to the infected dogs have been reported to date.

Key Messages
• Since October 2020, over 30 cases of canine leptospirosis have been reported in San Diego County, primarily originating from the Hillcrest and Mission Hills areas. • Boarding at kennels that allow dog-to-dog interaction is a major risk factor. • Leptospira spirochetes are shed in urine and transmission to other dogs and people can occur via direct contact with mucous membranes and broken skin. Contaminated soil, water, bedding, and food can act as fomites.
• No human cases from this canine outbreak have been reported; however, vigilance is recommended especially in those presenting with fever, myalgias, negative tests for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, and history of ill canine contact. • Clinical signs in dogs and people are varied and can range from mild fever to renal, hepatic, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and hemorrhagic syndromes. • Quadrivalent Leptospira vaccine is recommended for dogs, especially those boarding in kennels.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
CAHAN San Diego Alerts are intended for the use of public health, medical and laboratory professionals in San Diego County. This alert has been approved for reproduction and distribution to interested professionals. An online CAHAN San Diego application is available at http://www.cahansandiego.com for appropriate and interested individuals.

Page 2 of 4 ends

Background
Leptospirosis is a disease caused by various species of spirochete bacteria called Leptospira. These bacteria can infect multiple species of mammals, including humans, dogs, rats, mice, raccoons, skunks, opossums, cows, and pigs. The bacteria are shed in the urine of infected animals (especially rodents) and may contaminate food, water, soil, or bedding. Organisms enter through direct contact with skin abrasions, mucous membranes, or drinking contaminated water.

Although leptospirosis in humans is a reportable disease in California, it is not reportable in animals, and the local incidence in canines is unknown. According to California Department of Public Health veterinary subject matter experts, outbreaks of canine leptospirosis are uncommon in the state and individual cases do not often come to the attention of public health. Only 29 canine leptospirosis cases were reported over a ten-year period in Los Angeles County, where veterinary laboratories began reporting cases in 2014.

In the United States, human leptospirosis is uncommon (100-150 cases annually) and usually occurs after recreational exposure to contaminated lakes or streams, not from canine contact. The disease more frequently occurs in Mexico and Hawaii and is considered one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases in the world, with over one million cases annually. Since 2010, there have been seven confirmed and probable cases in humans in San Diego County. No cases had onset in 2020 and two cases had onset in 2019, both acquired during foreign travel.

Canine leptospirosis has an incubation period of 5-15 days, or longer when associated with chronic infections. Dogs may have subclinical infection or present with signs that include fever, lethargy, vomiting, anorexia, and icterus. Illness can progress to renal, hepatic, pulmonary, hemorrhagic, and gastrointestinal syndromes, and death or chronic renal disease can result in untreated cases. Due to the zoonotic potential, protective clothing, especially gloves, are recommended when handling suspected cases. Cats are more resistant to infection but may exhibit mild disease.

Rodent control is an important tool to prevent leptospirosis in pets. In addition, a quadrivalent vaccine available for dogs is protective against the included or heterologous serogroups. The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) recommends annual leptospirosis vaccination for all at-risk dogs, especially those that frequently visit dog parks and nature areas or spend time outdoors, including the backyard. Infrequently, vaccine reactions can occur, but are thought to relate to other vaccine components and at a rate no different than with other vaccines. Additional diagnostic, treatment, and vaccination information on canine leptospirosis can be found in the references below.

Although human cases linked to direct contact with an infected dog are rare, care should be exercised by owners of infected dogs. The disease is not transmitted from human to human. The incubation period in people is 2-30 days but is usually 5-14 days. The disease presentation can be subtle with fever (classically biphasic) and myalgias (typically of the calves and lower back). Other symptoms may include headache, conjunctival suffusion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cough, and a skin rash.

More severe cases are associated with transaminase and creatinine elevation. Overlap with multiple potential presentations of COVID-19 (flu-like illness, weakness, vomiting, mental confusion) is notable.

Laboratory diagnosis in humans can include urine PCR (first seven days of illness) or IgM antibody testing (low sensitivity in the first week of disease). A fourfold rise in IgG titer greater than two weeks after initial infection is confirmatory. Treatment for the milder forms of infection in adults include oral September 22, 2026 Item 7
CAHAN San Diego Alerts are intended for the use of public health, medical and laboratory professionals in San Diego County. This alert has been approved for reproduction and distribution to interested professionals. An online CAHAN San Diego application is available at http://www.cahansandiego.com for appropriate and interested individuals.

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antibiotic regimens with doxycycline, amoxicillin, or azithromycin; more severe illness is treated with parenteral ceftriaxone or penicillin G. Infectious diseases consultation is recommended for complex cases. See the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Fact Sheet for Clinicians for more information on presentation, diagnosis, management and prevention.

Recommendations for Veterinary Providers
• Include leptospirosis in differential diagnoses of dogs with fever of unknown origin or acute renal disease that were at kennels or dog parks within the prior 30 days. • Use appropriate personal protective equipment and procedures while handling suspect and infected dogs; minimize urinary contamination of the environment, immediately decontaminate contact surfaces but do not pressure wash so aerosols are not created. • Isolate infected dogs (can be at home – educate owners of appropriate preventative measures) for at least one week while being treated with appropriate antibiotics to prevent spread. • Immunize at-risk dogs annually using a quadrivalent Leptospira vaccine, including those that board at kennels and frequent dog parks, streams, and lakes.
• Canine or other animal leptospirosis cases can be reported to the County Epidemiology Unit by calling 619-692-8499 during normal business hours or by sending an Animal Disease/Death Report Form by fax to 858-715-6458 or by secure email to [email protected].

Recommendations for Medical Providers
• Consider leptospirosis in differential diagnosis of individuals presenting with febrile illness (especially with myalgia, headache, conjunctivitis, skin rash, and/or abdominal symptoms) and an exposure history to an ill dog, especially one that has been kennel boarded. Fresh water swimming exposure is also an epidemiologic clue, especially as part of overseas travel. • Obtain appropriate laboratory leptospirosis confirmation and exclude infection with novel coronavirus and influenza. See attached CDC Fact Sheet for Clinicians for details. • Strongly suspected milder cases could be empirically treated with oral doxycycline, amoxicillin, or azithromycin.
• Human leptospirosis cases should be reported to the County Epidemiology Unit within one week by calling 619-692-8499 during normal business hours or by submitting a Confidential Morbidity Report by fax to 858-715-6458 or by secure email to [email protected].

Resources
• CDC Leptospirosis website (includes sections on pets and technical information for providers) • The Center for Food Security and Public Health Leptospirosis website • 2010 ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Leptospirosis: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prevention. 2011; J Vet Intern Med, Jan; 25(1):1-13 • Klaasen H, Adler B. Recent advances in canine leptospirosis: focus on vaccine development. 2015; Vet Med (Auckl), 6:245-260
• Brook W. Leptospirosis in Dogs. Veterinary Partner rev. 10/10/2019 • Moore GE, Guptill LF, Ward MP, Glickman NW, Faunt KK, Lewis HB, Glickman LT. Adverse events diagnosed within three days of vaccine administration in dogs. 2005; J Am Vet Med Assoc, 227(7):1102-1108.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
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Thank you for your participation.

CAHAN San Diego
County of San Diego Health& Human Services Agency
Epidemiology and Immunization Services Branch
Phone: (619) 692-8499; Fax: (858) 715-6458
E-mail: [email protected]
Secure Website: https://member.everbridge.net/892807736722952/login Public-AccessWebsite: http://www.cahansandiego.com
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Leslie Carrillo
From: ulla rang <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, May 31, 2026 11:02 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Re: To the Shores Park Committee
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Completed
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear clerk, please replace my first submission from this morning to the Shores committee with this corrected version.

Autocorrect did a number on the first one that completely changed the meaning of an important word.

Thank you,
Camilla Rang
On Sun, May 31, 2026 at 9:54 AM ulla rang <[email protected]> wrote:

Dear Shores committee,
Thank you for planning the remake of our park. I understand it is hard work and difficult to make room for everything and you are pulled in all directions. So I here add my little piece to it :) I am a microbiologist. I have a doctorate in microbiology and have been a microbiology researcher for the last 30 years.

I suppose you now know where this is going and yes, it's about the continuous use or not of shared grass for a dog park and children's and youth play.

I love dogs, There is nothing better than a dog. However, science speaks the truth and does not take feelings into consideration. It is extremely unsanitary to have shared play space for dogs and children because dogs do not go to a bathroom when nature calls. They do it right there and then. Dog faeces can harbor a multitude of zoonotic (spreading to humans) infection from viruses, bacteria and parasites, some life threatening and especially if it infects a child with suppressed immune system, I wrote a summary that I attach to this letter of some of the zoonotic diseases dog faeces can spread. Please make sure to make room for a large as possible separate dog park. The dogs could have all of the lower area,hillside and all. For sanitary reasons, there should not be a shared dog park and children's play area. These are modern times and we know better.

The other thing I feel very heartfelt for is a real playground for the little ones. A slide, climbing thing, a swing. I have such wonderful memories of my own little boy growing up here and all the time we spent at the little playground that used to be at the Shores park. It is so sad that it was removed and it would be beyond wonderful if it came back. A park without a playground is not a park.

Since it is so difficult to find room for everything, I would suggest to prioritize those things that make a park - green space, play ground, sport area, dog park, benches. Things that are not necessary could find room elsewhere, such as the Alvadaro house could stay at the Fairground where it actually gets lots of visitors yearly. People at the Fair go visit it out of pure curiosity while walking by. The amount of visitors will surely go down if it is moved to the Shores Park.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
2 The community buildings seem to take up a lot of precious land at the new plans for the park. They are really taking up an unnecessary amount of space. We still have parcel 1 over at City Hall where to the community offices could move. It would make sense to gather all the city businesses to the same area. This way we would free up more space for real park activities.

I will be at the June 8 meeting.

Sincerely,
Camilla Rang
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Leslie Carrillo
From: Tracy Mull <[email protected]>
Sent: Thursday, June 4, 2026 10:34 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Shores park yes on children’s play structures
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Attn Joe Sullivan
Committee ChairShores Park planning
Good day to you,
I Support building play structures for children of all ages to be able to physically exercise themselves at the proposed designs for the Shores park.

I have lived next to the shores park off and on since 2006. And adjacent prior from 1995.

I have previously observed children at play independently, as well as within organized volunteer events, and activities in work that I have done over the course of a five year period within an elementary school and garden program.

I walk the perimeter of the Shores property field and parking lots regularly, as I am a dog owner, and also a fan of the ball players and young people.

I enjoy watching people and see the needs and logic for planning for many sporting /training and recreational simultaneously sharing the space.

In my opinion, for quite some time, we have missed having some play area for the children here besides playing ball.

Nothing was ever done after they removed the kids area and monkey bars/ pull up /climbing bars that were there in the past near the basketball court.

There is an accumulation of local neighbors, visiting kids, and sibling kids of ball players that would love to flex their muscles too .

I think anyone who spends time walking around this area and observing all that takes place on this beloved property shared by all of the community would likely agree.

As an elderly woman who has raised a couple generations and been a volunteer in the community, I wholeheartedly believe it our responsibility to provide outdoor recreational facilities that have interactive opportunities for every age.

How nice would it be to acknowledge the intentions of everyone who worked so hard to make this park become one of our forever open spaces.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
2 It is our responsibility to work together peacefully and purposefully, in an organized… And organic environment, with the community working together as the fruition finally is coming together. It took a community to make this spark. Into a park. So we need to consider all the needs of outdoor activities within the boundaries of possibility. As we are recognizing the present and the future uses as the park finally comes together.

This can happen. Let’s do this.

Tracy Mull
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Leslie Carrillo
From: Joshua Jansen <[email protected]>
Sent: Thursday, June 4, 2026 10:21 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box; Clement Brown
Subject: Written Comments for June 8th town hall meeting Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hi - I'm unable to attend the 4:30 Town Hall meeting on Monday and wanted to provide a few comments which I hope could be addressed in relation to the 3 proposed drawings of the shores park project.

Ultimately - I'm concerned that we're rushing to deliver proposed solutions when we haven't sufficiently scoped the utilization of the existing facilities which is a bit backwards from best practices in design. I also worry that we're starting from a point of "keeping what we have" vs asking ourselves how we would design this park if starting from scratch (which is the opportunity we have in front of us). A few questions I would appreciate clarity on:

1. The current baseball/softball field is not fit for purpose and does not conform to any official league requirements. Why do we have to have a baseball field? Does the Winston lease explicitly say we need a traditional baseball field? or can we simply deliver to them a field suitable for their sporting needs? There are approx 110 students enrolled..and usually no more than 10 students on the grass at any time. Allocating all of this space to a non-conforming baseball field doesn't make sense given current utilization/needs. Not to mention - I've never seen Winston actually use the field as a traditional baseball field. Who is tasked with actually figuring out what we must provide and working with Winston to clear up any ambiguities?

2. Why do we need a dog park that is 0.86 acres? We need a traffic study to understand how many dogs are currently using the space so that we can size accordingly. I've counted at most 13 dogs on a busy weekend morning and often far less which indicates we're over-allocating space based on usage. There is also a mix of large and small dogs that use the park. If we were designing a dog park from scratch we wouldn't design it as a shared use with an athletic field and we would contemplate how we separate small and large dogs. It seems like we have more homework to do on what we are really working to accommodate and ensuring the design supports the demand (and the demands to ensure healthy turf).

Thanks
Joshua
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Joy Ehrenfeld <[email protected]>
Sent: Friday, June 5, 2026 4:33 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Playground request to the Shores Park Master Plan Ad-hoc Advisory Committee Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hello Chair Joe Sullivan and the Committee members,
I’m happy to see that one of your new “Key Takeaways” is an “interest in attracting new park users and creating community gathering opportunities beyond the current park amenities and user groups.” One new user group I’d like you to consider are the many young children and their parents who live in the Shores Park neighborhood. Please add a play structure for them. It would be wonderful to have a local neighborhood meeting spot for the moms, dads and nannies to take their children to for a few hours of active play. The Tot Lot is great but it is up to 12 blocks away for many people and it’s geared to older children and is often very crowded.

I have been asking people who live near the park if they know anything about the changes. So far, none of the parents, nannies or anyone I asked knows anything about what you are doing! New parents don’t come to City meetings but they should be considered. After all this is a neighborhood park and what is a park without a playground? We are willing to do fundraising for a play structure and will be happy get started as soon as possible.

Thank you for all of your work on the Shores Park,
Joy Shadle Ehrenfeld
220-10th Street
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Claudia Obermann <[email protected]>
Sent: Friday, June 5, 2026 5:07 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Shores Park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Hello,
We would really like to keep the Shores Park partly open as a dog park and a way to connect the community.

Thank you!
Claudia Obermann
858-500-2513
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: [email protected]
Sent: Friday, June 5, 2026 6:37 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Shores Park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

To whom it may concern,
We are regular users of the park for off-lease time during the current posted hours. We, and our early morning group, are most grateful for the opportunity and do everything we can to minimize the impact. We all feel this is of great benefit to the community and hope the use of the full athletic field during the early morning and limited afternoon hours does not change.

All the best,
Peter and Janet Simon,
121 27th Street,
92014
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September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Janet Wilson <[email protected]>
Sent: Wednesday, July 22, 2026 2:45 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Cc: Janet Wilson
Subject: Parking for the Shores Park Community Building Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Committee Members,
At the last meeting, a plan with 22 parking spaces next to the Community Building was approved. Since then, the basketball court has been properly reoriented north-south, and the Del Mar Historical Society has withdrawn the Alvarado House. Both changes make sense, but now the revised plan also shows the Community Building pushed back north and parking there reduced from 22 to 19 spaces.

Why? The report says the north-south court orientation is incompatible with the 22-space parking plan because a second drive aisle cannot be accommodated. I'm not sure I agree with that assessment, because now that the Alvarado House is no longer in play, this simple overlay shows it might be possible.

Parking is important.

In 2019, City staff reported that DMCC wanted a number closer to 40 spaces! TPAC also said that 12 to 19 spaces seemed low and that 22 was a better number, particularly near the building. Larry Brooks’s recent letter refers to the growing number of DMCC programs and patrons, many of whom have mobility issues.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
2 The Community Building is intended to serve Community Connections, the Del Mar Foundation, the Historical Society, and possibly other community organizations, but its day-to-day use is still defined only by floor-plan bubbles. Do we know:
 how many individual offices or workstations are planned?  how many employees will work there on a typical day?
 whether any first-floor space will be used for offices or staff work areas? or  how many people the building is expected to accommodate during simultaneous programs, meetings, or events?
These are some of the factors that would help determine how much adjacent parking will be required.

The question is whether 19, or even 22, parking spaces will be enough for the anticipated expanded use of the Community Building. Even if the final count remains 19, the City should consider how those spaces will be managed. Otherwise, employees and general park users could fill the convenient spaces before seniors, program participants, instructors, and visitors arrive.

Parking is an ongoing challenge in Del Mar, so instead of fitting parking spaces into whatever space remains and hoping it will be enough, first confirm how the building will be used, that will confirm how much parking is needed and where the building should be located.

Thank you,
Janet Wilson
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Winnie Moran <[email protected]>
Sent: Wednesday, July 22, 2026 6:14 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: To City Council and Shores Park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Council and Committee,
Please include a tot lot and playground to the Shores Park. Thank you.

Sincerely,
Winnie Moran
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Barbara Aufiero <[email protected]>
Sent: Wednesday, July 22, 2026 8:29 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Dear Members of the Shores Park Committee,
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Members of the Shores Park Committee,
Thank you for the extraordinary time, energy, and thoughtful consideration you have devoted to developing a vision for Shores Park. I recognize that creating a plan that balances the needs and interests of so many community members is a significant undertaking, and I sincerely appreciate the countless volunteer hours you have invested in this process.

As a Del Mar resident whose home is directly across from the park on 9th Street, I have a personal interest in its future and a deep appreciation for the important role it plays in our community.

I support a plan that prioritizes green space over additional hardscape. Specifically, I favor reducing the amount of concrete and minimizing parking along 9th Street, allowing the park to remain an inviting, pedestrian-friendly open space while reducing unnecessary impacts on the surrounding neighborhood. I would support exhibit #3 which calls for 16 parking spaces next to the community building.

I also strongly favor preserving the existing dog park and athletic field. These amenities are well used and contribute significantly to the park’s unique character, bringing together residents of all ages—from neighbors exercising with their dogs to community members enjoying recreational sports. They have become valued community assets and should remain an integral part of Shores Park.

In addition, I support the inclusion of a thoughtfully designed playground for young children. Shores Park is one of Del Mar’s most treasured gathering places, and providing a safe, welcoming play area would encourage families with young children to enjoy the park while serving future generations of residents.

Shores Park is a special place that reflects the character of Del Mar. I encourage the Committee to adopt a plan that preserves the park’s most valued features while thoughtfully enhancing it for future generations. By emphasizing open space, recreation, and opportunities for neighbors to gather—while respecting the surrounding residential community— you will create a park that reflects the very best of Del Mar.

Thank you again for your dedication and service. I appreciate your willingness to listen to community input and wish you every success as you finalize a plan that will benefit Del Mar for years to come.

Sincerely,
September 22, 2026 Item 7
2 Barbara Aufiero
Sent from my iPhone
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: JoyDelMar <[email protected]>
Sent: Thursday, July 23, 2026 2:53 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Shores Park Committee
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear members of the Shores Park Committee,
Please include a playground in your park plans. The children of my neighborhood, especially the preschoolers, would love to have a place to play!
Sincerely,
A park neighbor on 10th Street,
Joy Shadle Ehrenfeld
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Alexa McGuire <[email protected]>
Sent: Friday, July 24, 2026 2:06 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box; Jeff McGuire
Subject: SHORES PARK
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Completed
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Del Mar Shores Committee,
We would like assurances that there will be a wall of landscaping or a hedge that runs the entire length of the 9th Street block to beautify and upscale this end of town and reflect the rest of the city.

If the final design for the Shores Park includes a parking lot and/or entrance on 9th Street, we request that landscaping be put in place so that we cannot see the parking lot. In addition, we are requesting an entranceway design that is consistent with the aesthetic of Del Mar—for example, an archway designed by Betty Schulz.

Sincerely,
Jeff and Alexa McGuire
(858) 945-2564
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Jeanne Blumenfeld <[email protected]>
Sent: Monday, July 27, 2026 4:27 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: To City Council and Shores Park
Importance: High
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
Dear Council and Committee,
Please include a tot lot and a playground to the Shores Park. This is something the residents of Del Mar desperately need. It would also be wonderful to have a separate dog park.

Sincerely
Jeanne Blumenfeld
215 10th Street, Del Mar
September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: John Rahon <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, July 21, 2026 7:33 AM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: To City Council and Shores Park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Completed
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

My name is John Rahon and I reside at 541 Stratford Court in Olde Del Mar. The residents in this southern section of the city need a tot lot and playground within a reasonable walking distance. The Powerhouse Park playground is to far a walk for many young children and their families. The Shores Park is the perfect location for a tot lot and playground for the residents in Olde Del Mar and it certainly appears that there is plenty of space to accommodate. Thank you for your consideration.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Steve Shapiro <[email protected]>
Sent: Sunday, July 19, 2026 6:26 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: To City Council and Shores Park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Completed
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Council and Commiftee,
Please include a tot lot and playground to the Shores Park.

Sincerely,
Steve Shapiro
155 Sherrie Ln
Del Mar, CA 92014
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September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: ulla rang <[email protected]>
Sent: Friday, July 17, 2026 12:49 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: To City Council and Shores committee
Attachments: Zoonotic diseases from dogs.docx; Leptospirosis in San Diego.pdf Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Completed
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear Shores committee,
Thank you for your hard work in regards to planning out our park, the only green space in this end of town. I'm writing this letter in preparation for the June 24 Shores meeting.

I hear that the Alvarado house will stay at the Fairground due to moving and insurance costs, which I think will work out to the best for everyone, including the Alvorado house itself. It will get far more visitors and represent Del Mar better at the Fairground than at the Shores Park. This should also free up space for a tot lot and proper playground at the park, which both are sorely missed. There are plenty of children over Los Arboles that have no playground or place to hang out at this end of town. We also want to attract more families to this area and we are hoping to get families to the Affordable Housing planned over at 10th Street (parcel 3).

A park should be just that - a park, not a collection of buildings and parking spots for those buildings. I object to the excessive parking spots for/at the Community buildingS. There is plenty of street parking both on 9th street and Stratford. There is no need to take up extra space from the park besides what is required by law. I have suggested it before and I'll suggest it again - rebuild the Community Center over at Parcel 1 by Town Hall. There is already a fantastic kitchen over there so that would not have to be rebuilt. Parcel 1 at this point is only used for selling orchids on Saturdays between 12-4. I am sure we can find another spot at the Farmers Market to sell those beautiful plants. Additionally, parking is plentiful at Town Hall, both in the garage and Farmer's market area (except for Saturdays between 12-4 at the latter).

WIth the buildings relocated, there will be plenty of space for what the park is meant for and what people donated money for - a recreational park. There would be room both for a large, proper, separate dog park and the baseball field.

If the two are separated, we could even get Little League back AND we could have our movie nights and picnics back. As for now, no one wants to put down their blanket on a dog-urine soaked grass with left-over dog feces that have been accidentally left behind..After the dogs were allowed to take over the baseball field, no kids or parents use it anymore because it is an unsanitary environment that should not be allowed.

Dogs are a big part of Del Mar life so let's give them their own area to play and run around without the owners having to feel responsible for dug up grass, the occasional left over feces or taking space away from kids and Little League. As I have claimed earlier, a shared dog and kid field is a very unhealthy and unsanitary situation. This is not a popularity contest. This is a health question and we know better today than mixing the two. For everyone that was at the June 8 meeting - the amount of dog poo on the streets in Rome is completely irrelevant. Is that what we are striving for - dog poo infested streets and parks? This is a case of "When in Rome", We are not in Rome.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
2 As a reminder, I will once again send you my summaries of all zoonotic diseases that can be spread from dog feces to humans, and especially to children playing on the grass with perhaps scraped knees which can function as an entrance for pathogens.

As we all know, Dr. Ignaz Semmelweiss was laughed out of the room and viciously opposed when he introduced hand hygiene when going between autopsies and childbirth. Don't be those people. Let's create a safe environment for all and not hang onto old, unsanitary bad habits.

Sincerely,
Camilla Rang
September 22, 2026 Item 7
CAHAN San Diego Alerts are intended for the use of public health, medical and laboratory professionals in San Diego County. This alert has been approved for reproduction and distribution to interested professionals. An online CAHAN San Diego application is available at http://www.cahansandiego.com for appropriate and interested individuals.

Page 1 of 4 ends

To: CAHAN San Diego Participants
Date: December 16, 2020
From: Epidemiology and Immunization Services Branch, Public Health Services Health Advisory: Leptospirosis outbreak in dogs
This health advisory informs physician and veterinary health providers about a recent outbreak of leptospirosis in dogs.

Situation
Since October 2020, thirty-four confirmed and presumptive cases of leptospirosis have been reported in the local dog population in San Diego County, primarily originating from the Hillcrest and Mission Hills areas. Several cases required hospitalization and at least one dog was euthanized. Although combinations of serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of blood and urine were used to diagnose the dogs, the causative Leptospira species or serovar(s) involved are not known.

A major risk factor noted in the reported canine leptospirosis cases was boarding at kennels that allow dog-to-dog interactions. Two cases had no apparent links to boarding, one of which frequented dog parks. The kennels that were linked to cases notified the owners of all potential contacts of diagnosed cases and closed for at least two weeks for cleaning and disinfection.

No human cases from exposure to the infected dogs have been reported to date.

Key Messages
• Since October 2020, over 30 cases of canine leptospirosis have been reported in San Diego County, primarily originating from the Hillcrest and Mission Hills areas. • Boarding at kennels that allow dog-to-dog interaction is a major risk factor. • Leptospira spirochetes are shed in urine and transmission to other dogs and people can occur via direct contact with mucous membranes and broken skin. Contaminated soil, water, bedding, and food can act as fomites.
• No human cases from this canine outbreak have been reported; however, vigilance is recommended especially in those presenting with fever, myalgias, negative tests for SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, and history of ill canine contact. • Clinical signs in dogs and people are varied and can range from mild fever to renal, hepatic, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and hemorrhagic syndromes. • Quadrivalent Leptospira vaccine is recommended for dogs, especially those boarding in kennels.

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Background
Leptospirosis is a disease caused by various species of spirochete bacteria called Leptospira. These bacteria can infect multiple species of mammals, including humans, dogs, rats, mice, raccoons, skunks, opossums, cows, and pigs. The bacteria are shed in the urine of infected animals (especially rodents) and may contaminate food, water, soil, or bedding. Organisms enter through direct contact with skin abrasions, mucous membranes, or drinking contaminated water.

Although leptospirosis in humans is a reportable disease in California, it is not reportable in animals, and the local incidence in canines is unknown. According to California Department of Public Health veterinary subject matter experts, outbreaks of canine leptospirosis are uncommon in the state and individual cases do not often come to the attention of public health. Only 29 canine leptospirosis cases were reported over a ten-year period in Los Angeles County, where veterinary laboratories began reporting cases in 2014.

In the United States, human leptospirosis is uncommon (100-150 cases annually) and usually occurs after recreational exposure to contaminated lakes or streams, not from canine contact. The disease more frequently occurs in Mexico and Hawaii and is considered one of the most widespread zoonotic diseases in the world, with over one million cases annually. Since 2010, there have been seven confirmed and probable cases in humans in San Diego County. No cases had onset in 2020 and two cases had onset in 2019, both acquired during foreign travel.

Canine leptospirosis has an incubation period of 5-15 days, or longer when associated with chronic infections. Dogs may have subclinical infection or present with signs that include fever, lethargy, vomiting, anorexia, and icterus. Illness can progress to renal, hepatic, pulmonary, hemorrhagic, and gastrointestinal syndromes, and death or chronic renal disease can result in untreated cases. Due to the zoonotic potential, protective clothing, especially gloves, are recommended when handling suspected cases. Cats are more resistant to infection but may exhibit mild disease.

Rodent control is an important tool to prevent leptospirosis in pets. In addition, a quadrivalent vaccine available for dogs is protective against the included or heterologous serogroups. The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) recommends annual leptospirosis vaccination for all at-risk dogs, especially those that frequently visit dog parks and nature areas or spend time outdoors, including the backyard. Infrequently, vaccine reactions can occur, but are thought to relate to other vaccine components and at a rate no different than with other vaccines. Additional diagnostic, treatment, and vaccination information on canine leptospirosis can be found in the references below.

Although human cases linked to direct contact with an infected dog are rare, care should be exercised by owners of infected dogs. The disease is not transmitted from human to human. The incubation period in people is 2-30 days but is usually 5-14 days. The disease presentation can be subtle with fever (classically biphasic) and myalgias (typically of the calves and lower back). Other symptoms may include headache, conjunctival suffusion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cough, and a skin rash.

More severe cases are associated with transaminase and creatinine elevation. Overlap with multiple potential presentations of COVID-19 (flu-like illness, weakness, vomiting, mental confusion) is notable.

Laboratory diagnosis in humans can include urine PCR (first seven days of illness) or IgM antibody testing (low sensitivity in the first week of disease). A fourfold rise in IgG titer greater than two weeks after initial infection is confirmatory. Treatment for the milder forms of infection in adults include oral September 22, 2026 Item 7
CAHAN San Diego Alerts are intended for the use of public health, medical and laboratory professionals in San Diego County. This alert has been approved for reproduction and distribution to interested professionals. An online CAHAN San Diego application is available at http://www.cahansandiego.com for appropriate and interested individuals.

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antibiotic regimens with doxycycline, amoxicillin, or azithromycin; more severe illness is treated with parenteral ceftriaxone or penicillin G. Infectious diseases consultation is recommended for complex cases. See the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Fact Sheet for Clinicians for more information on presentation, diagnosis, management and prevention.

Recommendations for Veterinary Providers
• Include leptospirosis in differential diagnoses of dogs with fever of unknown origin or acute renal disease that were at kennels or dog parks within the prior 30 days. • Use appropriate personal protective equipment and procedures while handling suspect and infected dogs; minimize urinary contamination of the environment, immediately decontaminate contact surfaces but do not pressure wash so aerosols are not created. • Isolate infected dogs (can be at home – educate owners of appropriate preventative measures) for at least one week while being treated with appropriate antibiotics to prevent spread. • Immunize at-risk dogs annually using a quadrivalent Leptospira vaccine, including those that board at kennels and frequent dog parks, streams, and lakes.
• Canine or other animal leptospirosis cases can be reported to the County Epidemiology Unit by calling 619-692-8499 during normal business hours or by sending an Animal Disease/Death Report Form by fax to 858-715-6458 or by secure email to [email protected].

Recommendations for Medical Providers
• Consider leptospirosis in differential diagnosis of individuals presenting with febrile illness (especially with myalgia, headache, conjunctivitis, skin rash, and/or abdominal symptoms) and an exposure history to an ill dog, especially one that has been kennel boarded. Fresh water swimming exposure is also an epidemiologic clue, especially as part of overseas travel. • Obtain appropriate laboratory leptospirosis confirmation and exclude infection with novel coronavirus and influenza. See attached CDC Fact Sheet for Clinicians for details. • Strongly suspected milder cases could be empirically treated with oral doxycycline, amoxicillin, or azithromycin.
• Human leptospirosis cases should be reported to the County Epidemiology Unit within one week by calling 619-692-8499 during normal business hours or by submitting a Confidential Morbidity Report by fax to 858-715-6458 or by secure email to [email protected].

Resources
• CDC Leptospirosis website (includes sections on pets and technical information for providers) • The Center for Food Security and Public Health Leptospirosis website • 2010 ACVIM Small Animal Consensus Statement on Leptospirosis: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Treatment, and Prevention. 2011; J Vet Intern Med, Jan; 25(1):1-13 • Klaasen H, Adler B. Recent advances in canine leptospirosis: focus on vaccine development. 2015; Vet Med (Auckl), 6:245-260
• Brook W. Leptospirosis in Dogs. Veterinary Partner rev. 10/10/2019 • Moore GE, Guptill LF, Ward MP, Glickman NW, Faunt KK, Lewis HB, Glickman LT. Adverse events diagnosed within three days of vaccine administration in dogs. 2005; J Am Vet Med Assoc, 227(7):1102-1108.

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CAHAN San Diego Alerts are intended for the use of public health, medical and laboratory professionals in San Diego County. This alert has been approved for reproduction and distribution to interested professionals. An online CAHAN San Diego application is available at http://www.cahansandiego.com for appropriate and interested individuals.

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Thank you for your participation.

CAHAN San Diego
County of San Diego Health& Human Services Agency
Epidemiology and Immunization Services Branch
Phone: (619) 692-8499; Fax: (858) 715-6458
E-mail: [email protected]
Secure Website: https://member.everbridge.net/892807736722952/login Public-AccessWebsite: http://www.cahansandiego.com
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Fax 2-page form to: (213) 481-2375
5/2013
Species of Animal
Other Identifying Information
Breed Color
Sex Name
Age Animal/Case ID
Number of Animals Multiple (give number )
Livestock Wild animal
Zoo animal
Domestic Pet
Exotic
One
Type of Animal Involved

1. Animal Information
NO

2. Animal Owner (if applicable)
Name(s)
Address
City, ZIP
Telephone
Is it okay for Public Health to call the owner(s) to ask more aboutthe history? YES

3. Animal Location (where in community animal originated, if not same as owner) Name(s)
Address
City, ZIP
E‐mail

4. Reporting Veterinary Clinic or Shelter
Name of Veterinarian or Technician
Vet Clinic Name
Address
City, ZIP
Telephone Fax
Date of presentation

5. History
Date of onset of first symptoms
Date of death(s), if applicable
History (include vaccine history, if applicable):

County of San Diego Epidemiology Unit
Fax (858) 715-6458
[email protected]
Animal Disease/Death Reporting Form
(if the disease you are reporting has a specific form, ideally use that form instead) Date form completed
SUSPECTED DISEASE/CONDITION BEING REPORTED:
page 1 of 2
Fax form to: (858)715-6458 or emailto [email protected] 12/15/2020
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Fax 2-page form to: (213) 481-2375
5/2013

6. Clinical Findings
Highest Body Temperature
Physical Examination
Treatment Date Describe Treatment

1. 2.

3. 7. Treatment. Please describe treatment given, particularly antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic.

8. Laboratory Results Please fax all laboratory results to us along with this form.

Animal Disease/Death Reporting Form, page 2
Normal
Yes No
Comments
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
General
Skin
Head Area
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Abdomen/digestive
Reproductive/Urogenital
Musculoskeletal
Nervous
Lymph nodes
Other Yes No
Fax form to: (858) 715-6458 or email to [email protected] p. 2 of 2

9. Additional Comments. Please use an additional sheet if needed.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
CS287535B January 30, 2018

LEPTOSPIROSIS
Fact Sheet for Clinicians
Background
• Leptospirosis is a disease that is caused by
spirochete bacteria in the genus Leptospira.

There are 10 pathogenic species, and more
than 250 pathogenic serovars.
• While leptospirosis occurs worldwide, it is
more common in tropical or sub-tropical
climates.
• It is estimated that more than 1 million cases
occur worldwide annually, including almost
60,000 deaths.
• In the United States, approximately
100–150 leptospirosis cases are reported
annually. Puerto Rico reports the majority of
leptospirosis cases, followed by Hawaii.
• Outbreaks of leptospirosis tend to occur
after heavy rainfall or flooding in endemic
areas, especially areas with poor housing
and sanitation conditions.

Transmission
• Leptospires are spread
by the urine of infected
animals (rodents, dogs,
livestock, pigs, horses,
wildlife).
• The bacteria can survive
for weeks to months in
urine-contaminated
water and soil.
• People can be infected through
» Direct contact with the urine or reproductive
fluids from infected animals
» Contact with urine-contaminated water
(floodwater, rivers, streams, sewage) and
wet soil
» Ingestion of food or water contaminated
by urine or urine-contaminated water
• Transmission occurs through mucous
membranes, conjunctiva, and skin cuts
or abrasions.
• Human-to-human transmission is very rare
but has been documented through sexual
intercourse and breastfeeding. Transmission
has also rarely occurred through animal bites.
• High-risk activities can include wading,
swimming, or boating in floodwater or
freshwater (rivers, streams, lakes) that
may be contaminated with animal urine.

Some actions like prolonged immersion
in, submerging head in, or swallowing
contaminated water can particularly
increase risk.
• Other high risk activities can include direct
contact with animals and activities that can
lead to skin abrasions and water or soil
exposure, such as clearing brush, trekking,
and gardening.

Leptospira spp. bacteria
September 22, 2026 Item 7
Clinical Findings
• Incubation period is 2–30 days; most illnesses occur 5–14 days after exposure.
• Most infections are thought to be asymptomatic.
• Approximately 90% of clinical illnesses present as a nonspecific acute febrile illness, while approximately 10% progress to severe, potentially fatal illness with multi-organ dysfunction.
• Illness may be biphasic, with the patient briefly recovering from mild illness, but then developing more severe illness. • Symptoms can include fever, headache, myalgia (typically of the calves and lower back), conjunctival suffusion,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, cough, and
sometimes a skin rash.
• Severe symptoms can include jaundice, renal failure,
hemorrhage (especially pulmonary), aseptic meningitis,
cardiac arrhythmias, pulmonary insufficiency, and
hemodynamic collapse. Combined renal and liver failure
associated with leptospirosis is referred to as Weil’s
disease.
• Leptospirosis during pregnancy can cause fetal
complications including fetal death or abortion.
• The case fatality rate for leptospirosis is approximately 5%–15% among patients with severe illness. Among
patients with severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome,
the case fatality rate can exceed 50%.

Treatment
Early treatment may decrease
the severity and duration
of disease. In patients with
a high clinical suspicion of
leptospirosis, initiating antibiotic
treatment as soon as possible
without waiting for laboratory
results is recommended.
• For patients with mild
symptoms, doxycycline
is the drug of choice (100
mg orally, twice daily), if
not contraindicated. Other
options include azithromycin
(500 mg orally, once daily),
ampicillin (500-750 mg orally,
every 6 hours), amoxicillin
(500 mg orally, every 6 hours).
• For patients with severe
disease, IV penicillin is
the drug of choice (1.5
MU IV, every 6 hours), and
ceftriaxone (1 g IV, every
24 hours) can be equally
effective.

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Laboratory Testing
• Antibodies for leptospirosis develop
between 3-10 days after symptom onset,
thus any serologic test must be interpreted
accordingly – negative serologic test results
from samples collected in the first week
of illness do not rule out disease, and
serologic testing should be repeated on a
convalescent sample collected 7-14 days
after the first.
• In the acute phase of illness, leptospires
are present in the blood (septicemia) for
approximately the first 4–6 days of illness.

Leptospires may be shed intermittently in
the urine after approximately the first week
of illness onset. Due to the transience of
leptospires in body fluids, a negative PCR
test does not rule out leptospisosis.
• It is best to submit as many specimen
types as possible. Recommended
specimens based on collection timing:
» Acute illness (first week): whole blood
and serum
» Convalescent illness (after first week):
serum +/- urine
Supportive Diagnostic Tests
• IgM-based commercial assays, such as
» ELISA IgM
» ImmunoDOT
» Lateral flow tests
• IgM assays are screening tests and
results should be confirmed using one
of the confirmatory methods below.

Confirmatory Diagnostic Tests

1. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) — confirmatory serologic testing, available at CDC » Acute and convalescent serum samples collected 7–14 days apart is ideal. » If only one serum sample can be sent for testing, a sample collected after the first 7–10 days of illness is preferred.

2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – available at CDC and some commercial labs Recommended samples
» Whole blood collected in the first week of illness (in the first 4 days is ideal) » Urine (collected at least 1 week after symptom onset is ideal) » Cerebrospinal fluid from a patient with signs of meningitis » Fresh frozen kidney and/or liver (if available from deceased patients) — kidney preferred

3. Pathology (immunohistochemistry) — available at CDC
» Formalin-fixed tissues: from the kidney (preferred), liver, lung, heart, or spleen Sample Submission
To submit specimens to CDC for confirmatory
testing, or if you have questions regarding
leptospirosis diagnostic testing, contact CDCINFO at 800-232-4636. Information on sample submission, including the sample submission form
(DASH Form 50.34) and shipping instructions can
be found at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dhcpp/
bacterial_special/zoonoses_lab.html.

Unless authorized to send directly to
CDC, all specimens should be sent
and processed through the state/
territorial public health laboratory.

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Prevention
• The first line of leptospirosis prevention is to
avoid exposure.
• Avoid wading, swimming, bathing,
swallowing, or submersing head in
potentially contaminated freshwater (rivers,
streams) especially after periods of heavy
rainfall or flooding.
• Avoid contact with floodwater, and do not
eat food contaminated with floodwater.
• If exposure cannot be avoided, wear
appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE) (rubber boots, waterproof coveralls/
clothing, gloves). Cover open wounds with
waterproof dressings.
• Treat unsafe or potentially contaminated
drinking water by boiling or chemically
treating.
• Keep rodent populations (rats and mice) or
other animal pests under control. Do not
eat food that may have been exposed to
rodents and possibly contaminated with
their urine.
• Some studies have shown that
chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline might
be effective in preventing clinical disease
and could be considered for people at high
risk and with short-term exposures.

Surveillance and Reporting
• Leptospirosis is a nationally notifiable
disease.
• The Council of State and Territorial
Epidemiologists (CSTE) leptospirosis case
definition can be found at: https://wwwn.
cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/leptospirosis/
case-definition/2013/. Please note the
difference between laboratory tests
that are “supportive” of a “probable”
case classification versus those that
provide evidence for a “confirmed” case
classification.
• Please report confirmed and probable cases
of leptospirosis to CDC via your state/
territorial health department using the CDC
leptospirosis case report form found at:
https://www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis/health_
care_workers/index.html
For more information about leptospirosis, call
1-800-CDC-INFO or visit www.cdc.gov/leptospirosis.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
For more information visit cdc.gov/leptospirosis
To report canine and human cases, please contact the
County of San Diego Epidemiology Unit at (619) 692-8499, or [email protected]
Leptospirosis in Dogs
What is leptospirosis?
 A bacterial disease that affects humans and animals, including dogs.  Symptoms can vary and might include fever, decreased energy, lack of appetite, conjunctivitis, vomiting, and diarrhea, and might progress to more severe illness.

How is it spread?
 In the urine and birthing fluids of infected animals.  Dogs and people can be exposed to the bacteria through contact with contaminated urine, and urine-contaminated water, soil, bedding, or food.

What is the risk to dogs and people?
 The bacteria can be shed intermittently in the urine of infected dogs, including those that are not showing signs of being sick. It can be spread from dog to dog and, rarely, to people. The bacteria can be present in a dog’s urine for several months after recovery from illness if not properly treated with antibiotics. The shedding period can be shorter if the dog is treated with antibiotics.

Recommendations
• Infected dogs should be placed in floor-level cages, if possible, and housed away from high-traffic areas to limit urine-contamination. • Kennels should be clearly marked with warning label to alert people to the presence of a leptospirosis positive dog.
• Pregnant or immunocompromised staff should avoid contact with infected dogs.
• Staff should wear gloves when handling an infected dog, and additional protective equipment such as a face shield and a gown when cleaning up the dog’s urine.
• Staff should wash their hands after handling an infected dog, the dog’s urine, or anything that may have been contaminated by the dog’s urine. • Avoid pressure-washing areas where infected dogs are housed, to avoid aerosolization of bacteria.
• Infected dogs should be walked in a designated and easy to clean area, with hard, non-permeable surfaces, away from other dogs. • Disinfectants, such as a 1:10 bleach solution (1 part bleach, 9 parts water), should be used to clean areas where infected dogs are housed and where they have urinated.
• Normal laundering of urine-contaminated bedding and towels will inactivate the bacteria.
• Ask owners if their dog has been recently ill or been previously vaccinated against leptospirosis.
• Notify public health if staff that have been caring for infected dogs develop signs of illness.
12/15/2020
September 22, 2026 Item 7
Dog waste and human health risks
As much as dogs by tradition are humans’ best friend, their waste, just like humans, can carry pathogenic microorganisms and parasites that can transmit to humans, so called zoonotic infections.

The vast majority of dog owners are very responsible and pick up after their dog, but then there is the occasional one that doesn’t – mistakenly or not. Additionally, if a dog has a more serious digestive infection, that waste is impossible to be picked up but will seep into the grass and dirt. These bacteria and parasites survive in the environment for weeks to months, which is why a youth/kid play area and a dog park should not be a combined space but separated. Listed below are the most well known zoonotic infections that can occur from dogs to humans via the fecal-oral route, especially to children who play on the ground.

Parasites:

Dogs and cats with roundworms and/ or hook worms pass worm eggs in their feces. These eggs might contaminate a large area quickly and can survive for weeks (even years in areas such as parks and playgrounds).

Roundworms1: Once round worm eggs enter the body, they hatch into larvae and travel through the liver, lungs and other organs, most commonly without damage. However, serious cases can cause liver damage, nerve damage and blindness.

Hookworms1: Hookworm eggs hatch into larvae in the soil and cause skin infections if touched by bare feet or hands. Hookworm infection symptoms are red, itchy tracks in the affected skin, with the rare occasion of one particular sub-species finding its way into deeper tissue with serious damage to the intestine and other organs.

Giardia2.3: Despite the risks are smaller getting infected by Giardia from dog to human (most often not zoonotic), the so called giardia cysts that are formed in the intestine of an infected dog/individual are passed through the feces and can via its protective shell survive in the dirt for months. Once a zoonotic giardia cyst infects a human, the cyst breaks down, allowing the parasite to cause the symptomatic infection of severe intestinal discomfort and disease, weeks of painful stomach cramping, diarrhea, followed by dehydration and malnutrition. The infection also often leads to lactose intolerance for years, long after the infection is cleared.

Cryptosporidium4: Thick-walled cysts (oocysts) of the parasite is shed from the intestine to the environment through the feces of an infected dog. Due to its thick walls, it is extremely resistant to harsh environmental conditions and can survive for months outside the body. Infection occurs via ingestion from contact with infected material. Once inside the body, the thick wall dissolves and the parasite can start its lifecycle in the intestine of the infected individual. As few as 10 cysts of the parasite can cause illness. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, dehydration and muscle aches.

September 22, 2026 Item 7
Bacterial pathogens:

Non-typhoid Salmonella, such as Salmonella enterica, S. typhimurium, S. anatum, and S. enteritidis is shed via feces of infected dogs that sometimes are symptom-free5,6. These bacteria can be transmitted to humans via the fecal-oral route and cause severe intestinal illness including diarrhea (sometimes for months and sometimes bloody), stomach cramps and fever. Alarmingly, often these bacteria also carry antibiotic resistant genes.

Pathogenic E. coli 7,8 shed via feces from infected dogs can survive for weeks after deposition. The pathogen can be transferred to humans via the fecal-oral route and causes diarrhea, intestinal discomfort and dehydration.

Campylobacter jejuni,9,10 is shed via feces from infected dogs and can be transmitted to humans via the fecal-oral route. Symptoms include diarrhea (often bloody), vomiting, abdominal pain and fever.

Leptospirosis12 can transfer to humans via contact with infected dogs’ urine. It enters the person via cuts or skin abrasions upon contact with infected body fluids, such as urine. Symptoms include fever, muscle aches and can also lead to severe kidney and liver damage.

Antibiotic resistant Enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus, both opportunistic pathogens, can be shed via dog feces and cause severe wound infections in humans via contact with open wounds11.

References:

1. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/parasites/resources/roundworms_hookworms.html

2. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/giardia-infection/symptoms-causes/syc20372786

3. https://www.cdc.gov/giardia/about/index.html

4. https://www.cdc.gov/cryptosporidium/about/index.html

5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39547953/

6. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/signs-symptoms/index.html

7. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015 Jun 19;81(14):4801–4808. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00705-15

8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32076735/

9. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6737a3.htm

10. https://dph.georgia.gov/epidemiology/acute-disease-epidemiology/foodborne-andwaterborne-diseases/campylobacter

11. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3564131/

12. https://www.gideononline.com/blogs/10-bacterial-infections-from-your-pets-how-to-stay-safe/ by Camilla Rang, PhD Microbiology and Molecular Biology September 22, 2026 Item 7
1 Robert Silva
From: Megan Tevrizian <[email protected]>
Sent: Tuesday, July 21, 2026 4:01 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Re: To City Council and Shores Park
Follow Up Flag: Follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
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Can I also add, when/if you plan to build a playground, can you please keep shade in mind? So many of the local parks have no shade and tree covering, and it's something a lot of us parents talk about.

Thank you so much for this consideration.

On Mon, Jul 20, 2026 at 8:11 AM Megan Tevrizian <[email protected]> wrote:

Dear Council and COmmittee,
Please include a tot lot and a playground to the Shores Park. We have a two year old daughter and another one on the way. We live in the neighborhood and always looking for more toddler-friendly activities.

Thank you,
Megan Shapiro
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1 Robert Silva
From: ulla rang <[email protected]>
Sent: Thursday, September 17, 2026 5:38 PM
To: City Clerk Mail Box
Subject: Item 7, City Council meeting 09/22/2026
Attachments: Zoonotic diseases from dogs.docx; 1. Zoonotic risks at parks, Keegan et al.pdf; 2. Health perspectives with pets, Overgaauw et al.pdf; 3. Dog fecal contamintation in parks, Mori et al.pdf; 4. California Waterboards, 23 million coliforms per gram dog feces.pdf; Off leash and poop problems, San Diego Trrbune.docx; Shared field closed in PB due to dog poop and holes.docx; Leptospirosis in San Diego.pdf
Follow Up Flag: Flag for follow up
Flag Status: Flagged
CAUTION: This email originated from outside of the organization. Do not click links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know the content is safe.

Dear City Council,
I see that you will consider the proposed plans from the Shores' Committee for further instructions. I need to be honest here. The Shores Committee Has listened to NOBODY outside the so-called dog group and the Community Building.

There are many of us who do NOT want continuous shared use between children and dogs on the baseball fields.

I am a microbiologist by profession. I have a PhD in microbiology and have worked with bacteria, both pathogenic and commensal, for 35 years. It is unsanitary and completely unacceptable to have a shared dog field and baseball field for kids. I am hereby attaching all the diseases that can spread from infected dog feces to humans (so called zoonotic diseases). I have shared this information with The Shore's Committee over and over, both orally and written. I have sent them scientific articles. Their response has been a/ There is dog poop all over the streets in Rome (?), and b/ rabbits also poop on the field so what is the problem?
I don't think I even have to comment on the dog poop on the streets of Rome. It speaks for itself. But I would like to correct the notion that the fecal pellet of the solitary animal rabbit is the same threat as 50 social dogs pooping on the field twice a day. It is not. Rabbits are solitary animals and their spillings are dry pellets in which the bacteria are contained and will be killed by the sun shortly. Dog poop on the other hand, is wet, the bacteria escapes into the grass, and what is worse is when the dogs are sick with diarrhea, the pathogens, bacteria and parasites, seep right into the grass and are impossible to pick up. Roundworm and Hookworm eggs can survive in the environment for years.

Here is a list of potential zoonotic parasites and pathogens. I attach a document with more details about each and every one (Zoonotic diseases from dogs).

Roundworm, Hookworm, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Salmonella enterica, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella anatum, Salmonella enteritidis, Pathogenic E.coli (of which the SHiga toxin from EHEC can induce an abortion), Campylobacter jejuni, Leptospirosis. antibiotic resistant E,coli and Staphylococcus aureus. And more.

Is it worth the risk of making even one kid severely sick just for the convenience of having a used shared play field between dogs and kids? Is it worth the risk of even one mother's fetus being aborted just for the convenience of having a used shared play field between dogs and children? Now that you know the risks, the used share should be shut down when the Park is being rebuilt. Now that you know the health risks, you will be liable if someone becomes seriously ill because of transmitted diseases from the field.

September 222026 Item 7
2 The dogs can have the whole lower field. Dogs are a big part of life in Del Mar and they need exercise and play too. But not on the same baseball field as is being used for play by humans, big and small. We used to have both picnics and movie nights on that field. The Little League used to practice there and had their games there. Once the dogs started using it, the Little League left because it was just too unsanitary for the kids sliding around on leftover dog poop. In their words - it was disgusting.

Also, you never see anyone using the field either for playing with their kids, or a picnic and we definitely have no movie nights anymore. Who would want to put down a blanket on a urine smelling grass area? Not many.

If the dog owners want a larger field than the lower area, either the Community building can be rebuilt elsewhere (by Public Works or Parcel 1), or a large dog park can be created by Public Works close to the Fire Station. Personally, I rather see the dogs staying at the Park and having the Community building rebuilt elsewhere, but both options are OK.

For those of you who don't know where Parcel 1 is, it's the north east corner of the Community Plaza that is only used to sell orchids during Farmer's Market hours. I think that is a perfect location for the Community building. There is already a nice kitchen up there, there is a parking garage with an elevator, there is space outside for yoga, bocce, picnics, with a stunning ocean view and ocean breeze.

Next - The Shores committee has also not listened to the community who want the playground back. There is nothing for young children. Nothing. There is a small play area in the foothills between upper and lower parts, but that's it. That climbing area is not appropriate for young children. We need a tot lot, a real play ground.

All in all, The Shores Committee has done a terrible job and only went for what they themselves wanted - a dog field and a community building. They have not listened neither to the Community (outside those dog owners who want a shared field bcs there are many dog owners who think a shared field is disgusting for the kids), nor to the Winston school.

It is almost like they volunteered to be on the Committee to get what THEY wanted, not what was best for the community. It has been a farce.

One or two of the committee members have tried to be the voice of reason, but they have quickly been shut down. I would recommend either replacing the whole committee or send them back to the drawing board and start from scratch. Their suggested plan is the worst possible outcome. Please, do not approve of it. We need a playground and we need separate fields for dogs and kids and kids should not have the smallest. On their plan now, kids who do not want to run around on dog poop have been demoted to the lower, smaller field while it should be the other way around.

That's where the dogs should play. Their plan is ridiculous.

To a better future,
Camilla Rang
10th Street, Del Mar
September 222026 Item 7
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917 March 27, 2025 1 / 17

OPEN ACCESS
Citation: Keegan JD, Airs PM, Brown C,
Dingley AR, Courtney C, Morgan ER,
et al. (2025) Park entrances, commonly
contaminated with infective Toxocara canis
eggs, present a risk of zoonotic infection and
an opportunity for focused intervention. PLoS
Negl Trop Dis 19(3): e0012917. https://doi.
org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917
Editor: Amy J Davis, US Department of
Agriculture, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Received: September 25, 2024
Accepted: February 12, 2025
Published: March 27, 2025
Peer Review History: PLOS recognizes the
benefits of transparency in the peer review
process; therefore, we enable the publication
of all of the content of peer review and
author responses alongside final, published
articles. The editorial history of this article is
available here: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pntd.0012917
Copyright: © 2025 Keegan et al. This is an
open access article distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.

RESEARCH ARTICLE
Park entrances, commonly contaminated
with infective Toxocara canis eggs, present a
risk of zoonotic infection and an opportunity
for focused intervention
Jason D. Keegan 1*, Paul M. Airs2, Claire Brown2, Anya Rishi Dingley1, Conor Courtney1, Eric R. Morgan2, Celia V. Holland1
1 Parasitology Research Group, Department of Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, 2 School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom * [email protected]
Abstract
Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, the common roundworms of dogs and cats respectively are commonly found in the soil of public parks. This zoonotic parasite can also infect humans causing difficult to diagnose diseases. Direct contact with contaminated soil is considered one of the primary routes of transmission from animals to humans with the contamination of public places common around the world. In this study we aimed to employ an easily repeatable soil sampling methodology to identify differences in contamination levels between and within parks. Egg density was found to differ significantly between parks and park entrances were the most heavily contaminated locations within parks, followed by playgrounds. Species confirmation by polymerase chain reaction was conducted on a proportion of the recovered eggs and identified most as T. canis (n=36) while three eggs were identified as T. cati. These results indicate that dogs are responsible for the majority of environmental contamination in Dublin City parks, with the highest levels of contamination found around park entrances. Concentration of preventive efforts on dog fouling at these sites is recommended to reduce risks of zoonotic disease transmission.

Author summary
The common roundworms of dogs and cats are also capable of infecting other animals, including humans. Infected dogs and cats can release parasite eggs into the environment, where they develop if the conditions are warm and moist enough. Accidental ingestion of these eggs can cause difficult to diagnose illness in humans. The aim of this study was to measure the number of Toxocara spp. eggs in soil samples of public parks in Dublin City.

We aimed to do this in a clear and repeatable manner, using freely available software to help standardise the selection of soil sampling locations, as well as providing a detailed methodology regarding how soil samples were actually taken, information which is often lacking from similar studies. In addition, we aimed to establish the species of each September 222026 Item 7
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917 March 27, 2025 2 / 17 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases Park entrances contaminated with Toxocara eggs present a risk of infection egg detected using PCR, to identify whether dogs or cats were likely responsible for the presence of eggs in the environment. Based on the results of this study, park entrances were the most commonly contaminated location within each park. The majority of eggs detected were potentially infective, and dogs were responsible for the majority of this contamination.

Introduction
Dogs and cats, our closest animal companions, are commonly infected with the roundworm parasites, Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati. Recent meta-analyses have shown that 11.1% of the world’s dogs [1] and 17% of cats [2] are infected with their respective roundworms T. canis and T. cati. Adult Toxocara worms in the intestines of their definitive hosts release large numbers of eggs into the environment with the animal’s faeces. After some time at the appropriate temperature and humidity levels, these eggs can become infective to dogs, cats and other hosts, including humans. Contamination of the environment is also commonplace, again emphasised by a recent meta-analysis, with a pooled global prevalence of 21% reported from 109 studies investigating contamination in soil samples from public spaces [3]. Humans can become infected after the accidental ingestion of these eggs. Symptoms are generally non-specific and can easily go unnoticed making it difficult to quantify the full impact of infection on the human population. Human infection with Toxocara is known as Toxocariasis which can manifest as distinct syndromes including ocular or visceral larva migrans [4].

To definitively diagnose a human Toxocara infection, biopsy material is required to isolate the larvae, which are then identified using morphological and/or molecular methods. However, performing a biopsy does not guarantee that the larvae will be present in the sample, and so this invasive method is rarely employed, leaving serological methods of detection as the primary method of diagnosis [5]. Based on serological data, another recent meta-analysis has demonstrated that up to 19% of the world’s population has been exposed to Toxocara.

Despite the large number of people infected throughout the world, our knowledge of the relationship between seropositivity and toxocariasis symptoms remains limited [6]. However, some authors have demonstrated significant associations between asthma, epilepsy, cognitive decline and Toxocara seropositivity [7,8]. This degree of seropositivity identifies Toxocara as one of the most widespread parasitic infections in the world [9]. Considering the ubiquity of this parasite in both the developed and developing world [10], it is surprising that there remains a variety of important gaps in our knowledge about the epidemiology of this disease [6,11].

One such knowledge gap is the relative importance of the different routes of transmission.

Contact with soil contaminated with embryonated Toxocara eggs is considered the primary route of human infection, although, other routes of transmission are also possible. Toxocara eggs have been found on unwashed vegetables [12], in dog hair [13] and on dog owners’ shoes [14], representing multiple potential routes of egg ingestion. In addition, larvae present in the tissues of infected paratenic hosts also represent a route of transmission to humans through meat consumption [15]. The relative importance of each of these routes of transmission is difficult to determine, but as some time in the environment is required before the eggs become infective, the investigation of soil contamination remains important. Studies investigating levels of soil contamination are common, and overall show that public places frequented by dogs and cats are regularly contaminated with Toxocara eggs [3].

In their meta-analysis investigating the global levels of soil contamination, Fakhri et al., [3] emphasised the high frequency of environmental contamination with eggs of Toxocara Data availability statement: All relevant data
are within the manuscript and its Supporting
information files.

Funding: This research was funded by
The Irish Research Council's Postdoctoral
Fellowship programme (GOIPD/2020/510 to
JDK and CVH). https://research.ie/ The funders
had no role in study design, data collection and
analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of
the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have
declared that no competing interests exist.

September 222026 Item 7
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917 March 27, 2025 3 / 17 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases Park entrances contaminated with Toxocara eggs present a risk of infection but also highlighted pieces of information that were often lacking from these kinds of studies. Firstly, the species of Toxocara egg is rarely reported in such studies. Knowledge of the species responsible for environmental contamination is essential as it allows control methods to be focused on the host species responsible for the majority of the contamination.

Recent modelling has suggested that pet dogs are likely to be responsible for the majority of environmental contamination in urban environments in the UK, but cats and foxes still have the potential to be important sources of Toxocara eggs [16], with the relative importance of different sources varying locally. It is difficult to differentiate between T. canis and T. cati eggs under the microscope, but with molecular detection methods becoming more sensitive, accurate and affordable, identification of the eggs to species level should be considered essential when conducting environmental contamination studies. Fakhri et al., [3] also drew attention to the fact that there was substantial heterogeneity between the studies included in the meta-analysis, some of which is likely attributable to variations in methodology which are often insufficiently described. A move towards standardised or at least transparent and repeatable methodology would enable direct comparison between studies and support improved understanding of factors influencing Toxocara spp. environmental egg density.

In this study, we aimed to use freely available geographical information system (GIS) software to guide an easily repeatable, standardised sampling strategy to establish the current level of environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in city parks in Dublin, Ireland.

We also aimed to establish the Toxocara species responsible for contamination using molecular methods, as well as assessing the viability of any unembryonated eggs detected. Finally, we aimed to compare different areas within parks in terms of their degree of contamination with Toxocara eggs.

Materials and methods
Validation of egg sedimentation/flotation technique
The method of recovery from soil was based on the extraction method reported by O’Lorcain [17] and modified by Santarem [18] and Keegan and Holland [19]. The amount of soil under investigation was much higher in the current study, making it necessary to validate this modified method. Additionally, a different flotation solution (sugar/salt) was tested, as it was easier to source and dispose of safely than previously used solutions.

Preparation of egg seeded soil
To establish the rate of recovery of Toxocara eggs from 50g of soil, a validation of the flotation and sieving technique was first conducted. Soil, previously determined as egg-free using the method described below, was first autoclaved to remove any undetected eggs that may have been present. This soil was then passed through a sieve with apertures of either 0.5mm or 2mm to assess which size was more beneficial in terms of egg recovery. Replicate conical flasks were then filled with either the 0.5mm or 2mm sieved soil. Stocks of T.canis and T.cati eggs were kindly provided by Christina Strube and Marie-Kristin Raulf, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover Germany. The eggs were recovered from experimentally infected dogs and cats as described in Kliene et al., [20]. A known number of Toxocara eggs, of different species (T. canis and T. cati) and different developmental stages (unembryonated & embryonated) was then added directly to the soil in each conical flask. The eggs for each treatment were counted under the microscope and added to each flask by washing them from the glass slide into the flask with drops of distilled water. The contents of the conical flask were then mixed and allowed to dry overnight.

September 222026 Item 7
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917 March 27, 2025 4 / 17 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases Park entrances contaminated with Toxocara eggs present a risk of infection Flotation/sedimentation procedure
The following day, 50ml of 0.2% Tween was added to each flask. The flasks were then placed on an orbital shaker for 20 minutes at 170 RPM. The contents of each flask were then separated evenly between two 50ml centrifuge tubes. A wash bottle with distilled water was then used to carefully wash the sides of the flasks into the 50ml tubes. The tubes were then centrifuged at 2000 RPM for 5 minutes. The supernatant was discarded, and then each tube was filled to the 45ml mark with distilled water. The contents of the tube were then mixed using two or three wooden applicator sticks to avoid the introduction of bubbles to the tube. Once sufficiently mixed, the tubes were filled to the 50ml mark with water and were centrifuged again at 2000 RPM for 5 minutes. The supernatant was again discarded, and a saturated sugar/ salt flotation solution (SG ~ 1.29) was added up to the 45ml mark. The contents were again mixed using wooden applicator sticks. After mixing, the tubes were filled to the 50ml mark with the sugar/salt solution and were centrifuged a final time at 2000 RPM for 5 minutes. The lids were then removed and using a Pasteur pipette sugar/salt flotation solution (SG 1.28) was added to create a positive meniscus at the top of the tube. A coverslip (22mm x 22mm) was then placed on each tube and allowed to stand for at least 20 minutes. The coverslip was then carefully removed from the top of the tube and placed on a glass slide. A few drops of liquid from the top of the tube were then also added to fill any space under the coverslip. The slide was then read at 100X magnification. Once one coverslip was removed, drops of flotation solution were added to again create a positive meniscus, and a second coverslip for each tube was prepared in the same way and read at 100X magnification. Results are presented as % recovery, calculated as eggs recovered/eggs seeded*100.

Sieving procedure validation
Based on these results, the 0.5mm sieve was chosen due to the marginally superior recovery rate. To determine if the sieving process resulted in any loss of eggs, an additional validation step was conducted. Toxocara egg-free, autoclaved soil (200g) was added to each of six 500ml plastic containers. Known numbers of T. canis or T. cati eggs were added to three containers each. The contents were mixed and the containers were allowed to stand overnight. The following day, the contents of each container were passed through a 0.5mm sieve. The first 50 g of soil passed through the sieve was then placed in a conical flask. The flotation/sedimentation procedure described above was then followed.

Determining sample locations
Of the 66 parks under the management of Dublin City Council, 12 parks were chosen in order to provide a geographical spread of park locations, both north and south of the river Liffey, in addition to including parks of similar size and facilities. Very small parks with few facilities were usually not sampled, unless there was no other suitable park in the area. For example, parks closer to the city centre had fewer playing field facilities, so smaller parks were included in these locations. Soil samples were taken from twelve parks under the management of Dublin City Council from May 2021 to July 2022. Four different location types were chosen to be sampled in each park: entrances; playgrounds; playing field side-lines; and areas where people were observed sitting on the grass. For each location within a park, a similar sampling strategy was employed. For entrances, and sitting areas, a 15 x 15 m border was generated using QGIS

3.2 (QGIS Development Team, 2022) prior to visiting each park. These borders were placed adjacent to entrances and on areas that people could be seen sitting based on google satellite images. For the playing field side-lines, a border of 5 x 20 meters was generated using QGIS.

This different shape was used to capture the smaller area people would be likely to stand along September 222026 Item 7
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917 March 27, 2025 5 / 17 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases Park entrances contaminated with Toxocara eggs present a risk of infection the side-lines of playing fields. Depending on the park facilities, we aimed to sample at least two entrances, two seating areas and two playing field side-lines per park, however some parks did not have all of these location types. Once the border was generated, QGIS was then used to place 10 random coordinates within each boundary (with 2 meters at least between each sample). With the coordinates predetermined, using smartphones and google earth, these locations were then visited and soil samples were taken. As the playgrounds were highly variable in terms of their size, shape and soil substrate, predetermined coordinates could not be used to sample these locations. The judgement of the sampler was used with 10 samples taken from locations in and around the playground boundaries. Areas where people, especially children, were considered likely to interact with the soil were preferentially chosen.

Soil sampling procedure
Once the sampling location was identified, the following sampling procedure was conducted.

A bulb planter was used to take five plugs of soil, to a depth of approximately 2-5 cm, providing soil samples of about 50g each. These five samples were randomly chosen by the sampler at the predetermined GPS locations and combined in a plastic resealable bag to form one composite sample of approximately 250 g. Using a garden thermometer (Biogrod, 4 in 1 tester) the soil temperature and moisture (wet or dry) were also recorded. The sampler also recorded whether there was plant or tree cover directly above the sampling location. Grassy soil alone was not considered as having plant cover, the sampled soil needed to be covered by bushes or trees. In addition, whether or not the sampler would consider sitting down on each sampling location was also recorded. This subjective decision was based mainly on the amount of grass coverage, presence of bare soil or faeces and the general appearance of the cleanliness of the ground, but also proximity to the path and entrances. The soil samples were then returned to the lab and stored in a refrigerator for no more than three weeks before being processed. In addition, any faeces detected within the boundaries was collected and nematode eggs were recovered using the method described by Nissje et. al., [21]. The day prior to processing, the approximately 250g composite soil samples were emptied from their plastic bags and placed in large trays to allow the soil to dry out. Any large clumps were broken up and large stones or pebbles were removed. Overnight was usually sufficient but two days of drying was appropriate for wetter samples. Once sufficiently dry, the samples were passed through a

0.5mm sieve and the first 50g of soil was placed in a conical flask, after which the sedimentation/flotation technique described above was then carried out.

Egg imaging and DNA extraction
Any detected eggs were photographed and measured using Capture 2.0 software. Once recorded and photographed, an attempt was then made to recover the egg(s). The coverslip was removed, and the egg was again located and removed using a pipette. This was a technically difficult process and occasionally resulted in the loss of the egg. The recovered eggs were then pipetted individually into microcentrifuge tubes containing 70% ethanol and stored at -20 ⁰C.

In preparation for DNA extraction, individual eggs were transferred to microscope slides in 10 µl droplets and rehydrated in 100 µl of nuclease free water. The rehydrated eggs were then transferred in 1-2 µl droplets to 100 µl of 1x nemabiome lysis buffer. The egg was then transferred along with 10 µl of lysis buffer into a 0.2ml tube and kept on ice. The eggs were then freeze cracked by placing them in a - 80 freezer for 10 minutes after which they were removed and allowed to defrost. This process was repeated 3 more times. Proteinase K (0.8mg/ml) was then added to the freeze cracked individual eggs and incubated overnight at 56 ⁰C in a water September 222026 Item 7
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PCR and Sanger sequencing
PCR was performed using GoTaq G2 Hot Start polymerase (Promega, Cat: M7401) as per the manufacturer’s instructions, using previously designed ascarid-specific XZ1 (5′-ATT GCGCCATCG GGTTCATTCC-3′) forward and NC2 (5′-TTAGTTTCTTTTCCTCCGCT-3′) reverse primers [22–24]. A T. canis specific PCR was also conducted using the previously described YY1 primer (5′-CGGTGAGCTATGCTGGTGTG-3′) and NC2 reverse and a T. cati specific PCR was also conducted using the previously described forward primer (5′-GGAGAAGTAAGATCGTGGCACGCGT-3′) and NC2 reverse primer. Crude DNA lysate (1 μl) was used in each 25 μl reaction. A touchdown PCR protocol as described by French et al., [25] was used for all primer sets under the following conditions: initial activation of 15min at 95 °C, 12 cycles of 95 °C for 30 s, annealing for 30 s (starting at 60 °C, reducing by 0.5 °C per cycle), and 72 °C for 30 s, followed by a further 35 cycles of 95 °C for 30 s, 54 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 30 s, and final elongation at 72 °C for 7min. PCR products were assessed by 1.3% agarose gel electrophoresis, with single bands purified by Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega, Cat: A9281), and assessed by Nan-o Drop ND-1000 (Thermo-Fisher). Purified PCR products were sequenced using Eurofins TubeSeq service.

Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was conducted using Minitab (Minitab version 19, State College, USA).

The numbers of Toxocara spp. eggs detected were compared between the twelve parks using a Kruskal-Wallis test as the data were not normally distributed. The numbers of Toxocara spp. eggs at each of the different locations within parks (Entrance, Playground, Playing field, Seating area) were also compared using a Kruskal-Wallis test. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed using Minitab, which automatically adjusts the test statistic for ties using a correction factor to maintain the validity of the chi-square approximation.. Standardised absolute mean rank differences were performed to identify significant differences with pairwise comparisons following the Kruskal-Wallis Tests. The Mann-Whitney-U test was used to compare the level of contamination observed in samples that were determined to be a) wet or dry; b) with or without plant cover; c) a place where the sampler would or would not choose to sit; and d) close to visible faeces or not.

Results
Validation of egg sedimentation/flotation technique
The flotation/sedimentation procedure had an overall recovery rate of 49% (95% C.I. ± 4.58) when both species, embryonation stages and sieve sizes were taken into account (Table 1). Soil passed through the 0.5mm sieve had a marginally better recovery rate than soil from the 2mm sieve, but also resulted in coverslips that were easier to work with, as floating debris between

0.5 and 2mm occasionally made the coverslip difficult to place and read. For these reasons, the

0.5mm sieve was chosen for further study.

Validation of sieving procedure
To test whether the sieving process resulted in a loss of eggs, 200 g of soil was seeded with an average of 250 eggs after which the mixture was sieved and the first 50 g tested using the sedimentation/flotation technique described above. The overall recovery rate from soil that September 222026 Item 7
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A summary of the overall level of Toxocara spp. egg contamination of soil samples taken from Dublin City parks is provided in Table 3, with the information regarding each individual park provided in S1 Table. Overall, 4.66% of samples were found to have Toxocara eggs. The highest number of eggs detected in one 50g soil sample was 15, with the majority of positive samples containing one or two eggs (S1 Table). There was a significant difference in the level of contamination between the parks (H-value = 40.93, df =11, p ≤ 0.001), with two parks being more highly contaminated than the others (Fig 1). Park entrances were the most heavily contaminated locations surveyed, followed by playgrounds (Fig 2). Park entrances had significantly more Toxocara eggs than both playing field sidelines and areas where people were seen sitting (H-value = 25.79, df =3 p ≤ 0.001).

Additional variables that may have affected egg abundance in soil were also investigated.

More eggs were recovered from locations with plant cover and those at which the researcher would not choose to sit, but no difference in egg density was observed in wet versus dry soil samples, or those taken near visible faeces (Table 4). If a faecal sample was detected within the boundaries of the soil sampling location, such samples were collected and tested for the Table 1. Recovery rate of Toxocara spp. using our sedimentation/flotation technique.

Egg species Stage of Development Sieve size Replicates Mean Number of eggs added (range)
Mean Number of eggs
Recovered (%)
Recovered %
± 95% C.I.

Toxocara canis Unembryonated 0.5 6 50 (46-58) 25 (50%) 11.3 Toxocara cati Unembryonated 0.5 6 70 (43-94) 34 (47%) 12.9 Toxocara canis Embryonated 0.5 3 63 (51-79) 34 (55%) 2.6 Toxocara cati Embryonated 0.5 3 77 (64-100) 41 (54%) 7.6 Toxocara canis Unembryonated 2 6 81 (60-106) 35 (42%) 9.0 Toxocara cati Unembryonated 2 6 70 (46-103) 37 (53%) 10.1 Toxocara canis Embryonated 2 6 58 (49-65) 29 (48%) 17.9 Toxocara cati Embryonated 2 6 74 (55-97) 36 (47%) 12.1
Overall mean recovery 67.5 33 (49%) 4.6
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917.t001
Table 2. Recovery rate of Toxocara eggs following sieving of soil seeded with known numbers of Toxocara spp. eggs. Percent recovery is based on the fraction expected in 50/200g of soil, i.e., 25% of eggs added.

Unembryonated
eggs added in 200g
of soil
Embryonated eggs
added in 200g of
soil
Total eggs in
200g of soil
Estimated eggs
per 50g of soil
Unembryonated eggs
recovered in first
50g(%)
Embryonated eggs
recovered in first
50g (%)
Total eggs
recovered
in first
50g
(%)
T. canis 111 129 240 60 33 (119%) 34 (105%) 67 (112%)
T. canis 106 105 211 52.75 39 (147%) 36 (137%) 75 (142%) T. canis 100 108 208 52 36 (144%) 51 (189%) 87 (167%)
T. cati 114 114 228 57 49 (172%) 47 (165%) 96 (168%)
T. cati 105 287 392 98 50 (190%) 184 (187%) 184 (188%)
T. cati 100 142 242 60.5 41 (164%) 52 (146%) 93 (154%)
Toxocara spp. contamination in Dublin City parks.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917.t002
September 222026 Item 7
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Microscopic and molecular analysis of Toxocara spp. eggs Of the 94 eggs detected, 55 were successfully recovered to determine the species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR was successful for 39 individual eggs. The majority of the eggs were identified as T. canis (n=36), while only three T. cati eggs were identified. The mean size Table 3. Overall summary of the level of Toxocara spp. egg contamination of soil samples taken from Dublin City parks. EPG = eggs per gram of soil.

Details Number
Number of parks sampled 12
Number of soil samples taken 836
Number of positive samples 39
Overall % positive samples 4.66%
Range of % positive samples between parks 0 – 23%
Number of eggs detected 94
Number of motile larvae detected 87
% Eggs with motile larvae 92.55%
Mean number of eggs per sample 0.112 (± SE 0.0266)
Mean number of eggs per gram (EPG) of soil 0.0022 (± SE 0.0005) Mean number of eggs per positive sample 2.41 (± SE 0.434) Median number of eggs per positive sample 1
Mean EPG per positive sample 0.0482 (± SE 0.009)
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917.t003
Fig 1. Mean (± 95% Confidence Interval (C.I.) number of Toxocara eggs recovered per 50g soil sample per park. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917.g001
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Discussion
Contamination of soil with Toxocara spp. eggs is an important step in parasite transmission and zoonotic disease risk. While many studies have sampled soil from public parks for eggs [3,26], few have compared the distribution of eggs from different areas within parks [27–29].

Fig 2. Mean (± 95% C.I.) number of Toxocara eggs detected in each park location. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917.g002
Table 4. Mann-Whitney-U tests comparing the effects of sample characteristics on the number of Toxocara eggs in soil.

Yes
n
(Mean ± S.E)
No
n
(Mean ± S.E)
W value p-value
Dry Sample 350
(0.101 ± 0.029)
486
(0.129 ± 0.049)
202702.5 0.585
Would sit? 533
(0.053 ± 0.022)
303
(0.22 ± 0.062)
217272.0 <0.001
Faeces visible? 107
(0.047 ± 0.024)
729
(0.122 ± 0.030)
44345.0 0.611
Plant cover? 308
(0.162 ± 0.057)
525
(0.083 ± 0.026)
131659.0 0.025
Total number of samples in each category is given followed by the mean number of eggs recovered from per 50g sample.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917.t004
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PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917 March 27, 2025 10 / 17 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases Park entrances contaminated with Toxocara eggs present a risk of infection The current study sought to describe Toxocara egg distribution between and within parks in Dublin city, in order to inform potential control strategies. Further, the study presents a validated methodology for egg recovery from soil and a transparent method for spatial sampling of eggs.

Park entrances were the locations most heavily contaminated by Toxocara eggs in the parks of Dublin City. Many owners have anecdotally reported that their dogs often defecate as soon as they reach the park, and the findings of this study would support those statements, with the vast majority of eggs being found around park entrances. Other authors have also detected higher levels of dog fouling around park entrances and near car parks attached to parks [26,29]. This suggests that park entrances could be an important place to target with specific dog waste bins and signage. Interestingly, the second most contaminated location identified was playgrounds, all but one of which included in this study was surrounded by a fence. Most playgrounds also had signage indicating that dogs were not allowed in the playground areas.

Molecular characterisation of the eggs found within the playgrounds indicated that dogs were most likely responsible for this contamination (noting that foxes are also sources of T. canis [30]). If this characterisation was not conducted, it may be assumed that cats were more likely to be responsible for this contamination due to their ability to pass through or over the fences more easily than dogs or foxes. It has also been suggested that eggs could be carried into fenced off areas as a result drainage patterns following rain. However, during sample collection, the authors of this study witnessed dog owners with puppies in fenced off playgrounds, (with signs saying no dogs allowed) on more than one occasion, suggesting puppies as likely contamination culprits. That fenced playgrounds were the second most contaminated locations, also suggests that simple signposting prohibiting dogs and dog fouling does not prevent environmental contamination. As such, future interventions need to explore other methods that encourage consistent engagement from park users.

It is striking that despite a long history of efforts to reduce dog fouling, the evidence base for their effectiveness is weak [31]. It is therefore essential that greater attempts are made to measure the impact of any anti-dog fouling intervention conducted. Despite dogfouling being one of the most complained about issues involving the public realm [32], there are surprisingly few published studies that have measured dog fouling before and after an intervention. Success has been achieved with reductions of up to 60% in dog-fouling observed following a campaign that enlisted primary school students to draw attention to the problem in public spaces by empowering them to create posters and stencils that drew attention to and discouraged dog fouling in their local area [33,34]. In another intervention designed to reduce dog fouling, the use of a poster including eyes (which also glow in the dark), a message that cleaning up after your dog is the norm and information that you can use any bin (as opposed to specific dog fouling bins only), achieved a reduction in dog fouling of 49% across a number of sites in the UK [35]. More recently, identifying dog faeces using bright pink, environmentally friendly, spray paint to highlight dog faeces, in addition to the installation of bright, glow in the dark footprints guiding people to the nearest bins has also been shown to reduce dog fouling by 40.9% in a Slovakian park [36]. The methods described in the present study could be applied to track the effects of such interventions, if sustained, on egg contamination rates and zoonotic hazard.

In terms of the other sample characteristics measured, the moisture of the sample was not found to affect the amount of eggs recovered from the soil. Moisture is an important factor for egg development and survival [19]. The moisture measurement, taken during this work, was a one-off recording heavily influenced by the weather in the days prior to sampling. As such, this measurement may not reflect the actual impact of moisture levels on the eggs over time. The presence of faeces visible within 1 metre of the sample was also not found to impact September 222026 Item 7
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917 March 27, 2025 11 / 17 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases Park entrances contaminated with Toxocara eggs present a risk of infection the number of Toxocara eggs detected in soil. The aim if this measurement was to associate detected faeces with the level of soil contamination in the immediate vicinity of the faecal deposit. This lack of association between faecal and soil positivity is likely due to eggs persisting in the soil long after faeces has decomposed. Overall, in this study, entrances were more commonly contaminated with faeces than the other park locations, increasing the likelihood that a proportion of the dogs defecating there may have a patent infection. Other authors have also correlated the perceived level of dog fouling with the level of egg contamination [37].

Importantly, these results demonstrate that the absence of faeces does not suggest an absence of Toxocara contamination.

Interestingly, more eggs were detected in locations in which the sampler would not choose to sit, (based mainly on presence of grass or bare soil, proximity to a path, and general appearance of cleanliness) possibly suggesting that accidental contact with more contaminated areas is less likely due to the unappealing appearance of the particular spot. Finally, significantly more eggs were recovered from soil samples that had some plant cover. Plant cover has been identified by other authors as having a protective effect on eggs in soil, helping to prevent the loss of moisture and to shade the eggs from direct sunlight [38,39]. Knowledge of these factors could help to guide intervention strategies, for example by mowing grass short and concentrating anti-fouling efforts near park entrances and playgrounds.

Degree of park contamination and relationship to other studies It is clear from the literature that the contamination of public spaces with the eggs of Toxocara spp. is common globally [3]. As such, the finding that 75% of parks sampled in the current study were contaminated with Toxocara eggs is not a surprise. This result is similar to other surveys assessing Toxocara soil contamination in the parks of the UK and Ireland, with park contamination rates of 74 [28] and 85% [37] reported in recent years (Table 5). These findings demonstrate that public parks remain a potentially significant source of Toxocara infection.

In terms of the number of Toxocara positive soil samples overall, the level of contamination in other European countries ranges between 4 and 53%, placing our finding of 4.6% prevalence near the lower end of this range. However, the level of contamination differed significantly between parks, ranging from 0 - 23.7% (S1 Table). This low level of contamination still presents a risk, with infections caused by a few or even by just one larva of Toxocara spp. potentially more damaging to humans than infections with larger amounts of larvae [40].

A recent report on the public use of Dublin City Parks during the Covid Pandemic suggests that the contamination levels observed are not simply a reflection of the number of people visiting the park. Six of the ten most popular parks were sampled for Toxocara with four of those Table 5. Rates of soil contamination recorded in selected studies.

Reference,
year sampled
Location Positive parks (%) Positive soil samples (%)
Current Study, 2021-2022 Dublin, Ireland 9/12 (75%) 38/826 (4.6) [29], 2020 UK and Ireland 123/142 (86%) n/a*
[28], 2018 Midlands, UK 17/23 (74%) 32/405 (7.9)
[3], various Europe region n/a 1815/11834 (15)
[42], 2015-2016 New York, USA n/a 35/91 (38.5)
[40], 2015 Lisbon, Portugal 6/12 (50) 80/151 (53)
[43], 1994- 2013 Poland n/a 493/3309 (14.9)
*
Sampling methodology precludes estimation.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917.t005
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Sources of environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs With the majority of eggs identified as T. canis by molecular methods, it is likely that dogs are responsible for the majority of the contamination in the public parks in Dublin. These results are in keeping with the modelled predictions that owned dogs likely represent the main source of environmental contamination in urban settings, due primarily to their greater densities when compared to cats and foxes, and greater associated volumes of faeces [16]. In contrast, other authors have demonstrated that T. cati is more common in certain localities [40,42,43].

We detected three T. cati eggs, in two samples, from two different park entrances. Various factors can impact which host species is responsible for the observed contamination and addressing contamination by different hosts may require some differing control strategies. As such, the molecular identification of recovered eggs should be considered an essential step in future environmental contamination studies.

Of the faecal samples recovered, only 1/49 was positive for Toxocara eggs. This prevalence of 2% is lower than those reported for dogs in Ireland (6% [44]) and Europe (10.8%, [1]). However, as the faecal samples in this study were found on the ground, and not taken directly from a dog, it is possible that the same dogs could have been sampled more than once, downwardly biasing prevalence. It was considered unlikely that foxes or cats were responsible for the faecal samples tested, due to the appearance and location of the deposits, further suggesting dogs as the primary cause of the contamination observed in these locations. It has also recently been reported that dog owners in Ireland often dispose of their dog’s faeces inappropriately and worm their dogs insufficiently frequently to reduce the level of environmental contamination with Toxocara spp. [45].

Contamination in Dublin parks over time
In terms of the degree of contamination in Dublin over time, the prevalence of positive soil samples was relatively low in the current study, with only 4.6% of samples having at least one Toxocara egg. The previous surveys of public parks and private gardens in Dublin carried out in 1991 and 1994 found a pooled prevalence of 13% suggesting that the level of environmental contamination in Dublin has decreased in this time [3,46]. Since those initial studies were conducted, there has been a significant reduction in the numbers of stray/unwanted dogs in Ireland. In 2002, over 21,000 dogs were euthanized in dog pounds mainly due to being unwanted, with similar numbers euthanized in the preceding years [47]. A national stray dog forum was established to address this issue and the number of stray dogs in Ireland has dramatically decreased since then, with 168 dogs euthanised in 2021 [48]. It has been difficult to estimate the dog population in Ireland, but the evidence suggests that it has at least been relatively stable since 2005 with approximately 200,000 dog licences issued in most years since then. However, dog ownership is likely to be much higher with the dog food industry estimating the dog population at over 400,000 [49]. This reduction in the number of stray dogs is likely to have had an impact on the level of environmental contamination with Toxocara canis eggs, and the results of the current study support this hypothesis. However, as mentioned earlier, it can be difficult to reliably compare studies using different methodologies.

Based on the experience of the authors of this study, there are a number of important methodological steps that are often poorly reported in environmental contamination studies September 222026 Item 7
PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917 March 27, 2025 13 / 17 PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases Park entrances contaminated with Toxocara eggs present a risk of infection [3]. Specific information detailing how researchers chose their soil sample locations is often lacking, making repeating the study, or even resampling the same location to a similar degree very difficult. Once the location is chosen by the researcher, the soil sample must then be taken, which again invites considerable differences in approach. Many authors discard the top, grassy layer, which presumably may also be contaminated with Toxocara eggs. Some scrape an entire 1m2 area while others adopt different approaches, or do not clearly state how the soil samples were obtained. Once the soil samples are acquired, the eggs must then be concentrated, and again here we see a variety of different methodologies published, with few authors also providing an established recovery rate for their specified methods. Once Toxocara eggs are identified from the soil samples, information regarding their developmental stage, and their viability is also of key importance, but is also not often assessed or reported. These issues have also been reported by other authors [20,50,51], and this study represents an attempt to address these reproducibility and comparability concerns.

Proportion of eggs with motile larvae
In the present study, 93% of the recovered eggs contained motile larvae, indicating that they were potentially infective. Only seven eggs were recovered that were not fully embryonated, three of which developed motile larvae after incubation for at least two weeks at 25 °C. Only one egg was considered not viable, displaying no development after two weeks incubation (the remaining three developing eggs were lost prior to incubation). In their survey of New York City parks, Tyungu, et al., [42] reported that one locality had similarly high levels of embryonated eggs, with 70% of the eggs recovered from Bronx playgrounds found to be embryonated. However, in the same study, all eggs recovered from the other sampling locations were unembryonated. Otero et al., [40] found that 11% of the eggs they recovered from public parks in Lisbon were embryonated, and following incubation of unembryonated eggs, demonstrated that 53.1% of the detected eggs were viable, so could be considered potentially infective. The high levels of larvation in the current study suggest that conditions in Dublin parks are generally suitable for larval development and emphasise the zoonotic risk from contact with these eggs.

Methodology and recovery rates
The results of the soil recovery method used fall within the range of values presented by other authors [20]. As mentioned earlier and by other authors, making comparisons between Toxocara environmental contamination studies is particularly challenging. One of the primary aims of this study was to describe a method of collection that could be repeated by others, and that would represent the same degree of sampling effort in the different locations. This was achieved for entrances and seating areas, with a similarly sized, computer-generated boundary being applied, and the same number of random sample locations assigned by the software to GPS locations that were then visited by the researchers. Using freely available GIS software to assign sampling locations, is a strategy that could be employed by other authors to ensure the same degree of sampling effort is observed between studies. We also used a bulb planter, a tool that can be easily carried and used to dig out a standardised amount of soil required for egg recovery in an easily repeatable manner. Additionally, we did not remove the top layer of grass/soil as many other authors report, but instead excluded these components following drying and sieving. The overall recovery rate of 49% established in the method validation suggests that the number of eggs actually present in samples in the present study was approximately twice that estimated. Notably, egg recovery was measured using seeded samples, and was not affected by the species or embryonation status of the eggs. An additional validation September 222026 Item 7
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Conclusion
In Ireland and around the world, the widespread contamination of public places with the eggs of Toxocara spp. represents a potential risk to public health. Interventions designed to reduce dog fouling and prevent egg excretion through regular deworming of pet dogs and cats are required. With the majority of contamination detected around park entrances, these locations could be selected to concentrate dog fouling reduction interventions. However, these interventions need to be coupled with studies measuring the level of dog fouling and environmental contamination with Toxocara eggs, to ensure that they are having the desired effect.

Here we report a standardised sampling strategy using freely available GIS software to allow researchers to conduct environmental sampling in different locations, to a similar degree of intensity. Using a strategy like this should allow for more valid comparisons between studies conducted at different locations and at different times.

Supporting information
S1 Table. Summary of the results for each park.
(DOCX)
S1 Data. Excel spreadsheet containing all the data related to soil sampling (sheet 1, Full Dataset) as well as all of the egg related information (sheet 2, Egg information). (XLSX)
S1 File. Egg photos and measurements. Photographs and measurements of the eggs recovered as part of the study. (ZIP)
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Christina Strube and Marie-Kristin Raulf for providing the Toxocara eggs to conduct the recovery method validation. We thank Dublin City Council for their permission to conduct this research in their beautiful parks. We would also like to thank all the interested park goers for chatting to us while collecting our soil samples. Finaly, we would like to thank the Irish Research Council for funding this research.

Author contributions
Conceptualization: Jason Keegan, Paul M. Airs, Eric R Morgan, Celia V. Holland.

Data curation: Jason Keegan, Anya Rishi Dingley.

Formal analysis: Jason Keegan.

Funding acquisition: Jason Keegan, Celia V. Holland.

Investigation: Jason Keegan, Anya Rishi Dingley, Conor Courtney, Celia V. Holland.

Methodology: Jason Keegan, Paul M. Airs, Claire Brown, Anya Rishi Dingley, Conor Courtney, Eric R Morgan, Celia V. Holland.

September 222026 Item 7
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Supervision: Jason Keegan, Celia V. Holland.

Visualization: Jason Keegan.

Writing – original draft: Jason Keegan.

Writing – review & editing: Jason Keegan, Paul M. Airs, Claire Brown, Anya Rishi Dingley, Conor Courtney, Eric R Morgan, Celia V. Holland.

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International Journal of
Environmental Research
and Public Health
Review
A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion
Animal Relationship with Emphasis on
Zoonotic Aspects
Paul A.M. Overgaauw 1, Claudia M. Vinke 2, Marjan A.E. van Hagen 2 and Len J.A. Lipman 1,* 1 Department Population Health Sciences, Division of Veterinary Public Health, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; [email protected]
2 Unit Animals in Science & Society, Animal Behaviour, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80166, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; [email protected] (C.M.V.); [email protected] (M.A.E.v.H.) * Correspondence: [email protected]
Received: 12 May 2020; Accepted: 24 May 2020; Published: 27 May 2020 

Abstract: Over time the human–animal bond has been changed. For instance, the role of pets has changed from work animals (protecting houses, catching mice) to animals with a social function, giving companionship. Pets can be important for the physical and mental health of their owners but may also transmit zoonotic infections. The One Health initiative is a worldwide strategy for expanding collaborations in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment.

However, in One Health communications the role of particularly dogs and cats is often underestimated.

Objective: Evaluation of positive and negative One Health issues of the human–companion animal relationship with a focus on zoonotic aspects of cats and dogs in industrialized countries. Method:

Literature review. Results: Pets undoubtedly have a positive effect on human health, while owners are increasing aware of pet’s health and welfare. The changing attitude of humans with regard to pets and their environment can also lead to negative effects such as changes in feeding practices, extreme breeding, and behavioral problems, and anthropozoonoses. For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. Conclusions: One Health issues need frequently re-evaluated as the close human–animal relationship with pet animals can totally differ compared to decennia ago.

Because of the changed human–companion animal bond, recommendations regarding responsible pet-ownership, including normal hygienic practices, responsible breeding, feeding, housing, and mental and physical challenges conforming the biology of the animal are required. Education can be performed by vets and physicians as part of the One Health concept.

Keywords: One Health; companion animals; pets; human–animal bond; anthropomorphism; zoonoses; hygiene hypothesis

1. One Health in Companion Animals
The One Health initiative or concept is a worldwide strategy that recognizes that public health is connected with animal health and the environment. It concerns multidisciplinary collaboration between physicians, veterinarians, environmental scientists, public health professionals, wildlife experts, and many others [1,2]. With a multisectoral and transdisciplinary approach, public health threats can be better monitored and controlled. The resulting synergism enhances the knowledge of how diseases, known as zoonotic diseases, can be shared between animals and people with the goal of Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789; doi:10.3390/ijerph17113789 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph September 222026 Item 7
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 2 of 29 achieving optimal health outcomes [1,3]. One Health is not a new concept, but it has become more important since 2006 as a result of emerging and re-emerging diseases [3].

The concept of One Health is nothing new and it started more than a century earlier with the theme One Medicine by the 19th century German physician and pathologist, Rudolf Virchow. He introduced the term “zoonosis” and did not distinguish a dividing line between human and animal medicine [4].

Other visionary scientists in this field were the Canadian physician and pathologist Sir William Osler, James Steele who developed the discipline of veterinary public health at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the US, and Calvin Schwabe widely known as the father of veterinary epidemiology who wrote the first handbook in 1964: Veterinary Medicine and Human Health. The One Medicine term has evolved into One Health, placing emphasis on health promotion rather than treating diseases [5–7].

Many One Health initiatives focus mainly on the relationship between humans and livestock or wildlife health, because several zoonotic disease pandemics and (re)emerging infectious diseases originated from these animal species. Examples of such infections are West-Nile virus, corona virus (SARS, Covid-19), zika virus, avian H5N1 influenza virus, Nipah virus, and Hendra virus [8].

The recently founded One Health European Joint Programme (OHEJP) also focuses on foodborne zoonoses, antimicrobial resistance and emerging threats, while companion animals are absent [9].

However, the role of companion animals, particularly dogs and cats, is often underestimated in One Health communications. During past decades, dogs and cats more often spend their life indoors in very close physical contact with their owners. There are a number of zoonotic infectious diseases, as well as resistant bacteria, that may be transmitted directly or indirectly from these species [5,10].

On the other hand, companion animals may be effective sentinels, as they share a common environment with their owners. They can help in the early identification of food contamination, infectious disease transmission, environmental contamination, and even bioterrorism or chemical terrorism events [11].

The World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) One Health Committee considered that there are three key areas of One Health regarding companion animals: (1) The human–companion animal bond, (2) comparative and translational medicine, and (3) zoonotic infectious disease [12].

The relationship between animal health and public health with regard to companion animals, can be described as sharing the same living environment (both indoors and outdoors), being sensitive to a number of similar pathogens—zoonoses, and often treating with the same medicines if infections occur. In the latter, the development of antibiotic resistance plays a role.

The trends of pet ownership will first be briefly explained. Subsequently, the changing positive and negative attitude of humans (pet owners as well as non-pet owners) towards (pet) animals, mainly dogs and cats, and their environment in industrialized countries will be discussed. This change in attitude can lead to a disturbed human–animal relationship resulting in animals with behavior problems and immune suppression due to stress and associated high cortisol blood levels. Such animals are also more sensitive to contract infections and may therefore at higher risk of transmission of pet-associated zoonotic infections to humans. This paper will focus on the zoonotic aspects within the relationship between humans and pets as part of the One Health concept. The problems associated with keeping unusual exotic animals will be briefly discussed. Recommendations to prevent the transmission of zoonotic pathogens from pets will be formulated.

2. Methods
This article is based on an existing post-graduate course for veterinarians, vet technicians, family doctors, midwifes, and specialists such as pediatricians which explores healthy human–animal relationships. The existing evidence-based knowledge contained in this course has been actualized by performing a literature search to add new relevant publications. A literature search was conducted through 2 March 2020, using the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed for the terms “One Health” and “companion animals”; “pet ownership”; “households” and “pets”; “dogs” or “cats” or “pets” and “mental” or “physical health” or “children”; “animal assisted therapy”; “dogs” or “cats” and “nutritional problems” or “overweight” or “obesity” or “homemade” or “raw meat diets”; “dogs” or “cats” and September 222026 Item 7
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 3 of 29 “behavior problems” or “aggression” or “fear” or “anxiety” or “abnormal repetitive behavior”; “dogs” or “cats” and “breeding” or “genetic problems”; “dogs” or “cats” and “zooanthroponoses”; “pets” and “anthropomorphism”; “dogs” or “cats” or “exotic animals” or “rescue dogs” or “soil” and zoonoses.

For some topics the internet was accessed and used as reference if additional information was not available as scientific publication. The authors selected articles that described pivotal and novel insights in the different topics. All searches were carried out without filters. The titles of all found articles were screened for relevance to the topic, and appropriate titles were assessed and selected based on their abstracts. If a selected article was a review, it was read and relevant citations were used to find primary literature on the subject. Additional studies were found using the bibliographies of selected articles. Occasionally, reviews were directly used as sources, mostly to convey background information that is not in the core focus of this article. Original articles in English and different national languages (Dutch, German, French, Spanish, if available) were included. Specific searches were made for citations dated after the year 2000 to ensure more recent literature on the topic had not been missed.

3. Trends in Pet Ownership
A pet or companion animal is an animal that lives in or around the house and is fed and cared for by humans. Until the 1960s, pets were mainly kept as utility animals, for example as draft dogs or watch dogs or for pest control when it comes to cats. Due to major changes that have taken place in society since the Second World War, such as increased leisure time and prosperity, but also individualization of humans, animals are nowadays kept as pets and are regarded by many owners as valued family members, e.g., over 90% in the United Kingdom [13].

Pet ownership is still increasing in many industrialized countries and these animals are more often considered a member of the family [5]. Even in China, a country where pets were banned in urban areas until 1992, pet ownership has grown quite rapidly in the major cities. The rate of pet ownership of all USA households increased from 57.6% to 59% in 2018. Dogs continue to dominate in popularity among American households. Approximately 38% of households nationwide owned a dog, bringing the population of pet dogs to nearly 77 million, while 25% of households owned cats, with a total population of 58 million [14]. In 2018, an estimated 80 million European households owned at least one pet animal; 24% of households owned dogs and 25% owned cats [15]. There are 85 million pet dogs and 104 million pet cats in Europe which is a 15% increase of dogs within 8 years (74 million dogs in 2010) and a 22% increase of cats (85 million in 2010) [16]. Pet cats in Europe thereby are more popular than dogs.

An explanation of the higher popularity of cats may be the number of single-person households in the EU that rose on average by 2.0% per annum between 2006 and 2016 to 32.5%, and the growth of two-family households grew by 1% to 31% in this period [17]. Also, dual-earner families are widespread as a result of quite a steep growth in female employment over the past two decades [18].

4. Positive Aspects of the Human–Animal Relationship

4.1. Positive Aspects of Humans for Companion Animals
When animals live with humans, they too benefit from human interaction. Over the past decades, animal welfare has evolved to recognize that animals are sentient beings capable of experiencing positive and negative emotions. The social and ethical dimensions of animal welfare, which are concerned with how human society morally regards and treats non-human animals, are also increasingly being recognized [19]. In Dutch law, the intrinsic value of kept animals is expressly incorporated and used as a guiding ethical principle that forms the basis of any further legislation. The intrinsic value is thereby defined that animals are sentient beings that can feel pain and discomfort. Therefore, they should be kept free of stress, pain, disease, hunger, thirst, and should be able to show natural behavior known as The Five Freedoms of R. Brambell 1965 [20].

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 4 of 29 In industrialized countries animal keepers, their owners, are legally required to provide such circumstances and can be prosecuted if they infringe the law. Of course, in the field there is animal abuse, negative animal welfare conditions, and animal diseases. However, in general, caretaking for companion animals is nowadays performed at a high level. New insights into animal behavior has had its influence on the general public. For example, owners are aware or are told by vets and pet shops that rabbits should not be kept alone but at least in pairs due to their need for social contact [21].

4.2. Positive Aspects of Companion Animals for Humans
There are various reasons to keep pets, such as love, warmth, and companionship. Companion animals have an important emotional value, and promote the socialization of the lonely elderly because they facilitate additional contact with people. Pets form a goal in life, reduce stress, and ensure that the owner keeps physically active.

Around 95% of dog owners and 93% of cat owners expressed that owning their pet makes them happy and 44% of owners selected this as one of the reasons they got their pet in the first place [22].

However, the function of companion animals consists of more than just providing a socializing being.

Studies show other benefits of having a pet, such as the positive effect on individuals’ mental and physiological health status. Most research addressing the health benefits of pet ownership show reductions in distress and anxiety, decreases in loneliness and depression, and increases in physical condition [23]. The positive benefits to human health from interacting with animals, focusing on the companion animal, have also be described with the term “zooeyia” [24].

In fact, 63% of owners agreed that having a pet makes them physically healthier, with dog owners more likely to agree, most probably because dog owners exercise more (85% agreeing, compared to 41% of cat owners). Besides, 84% of owners agreed that having a pet makes them mentally healthier.

Expressed reasons are the non-judgmental nature of their pets, their playfulness, or physical contact [22].

Another demonstrated positive influence is the blood pressure and heart rate lowering effects that occurs when stroking a friendly-looking dog or even being in the presence of a friendly animal, while it is not necessary to own a pet to obtain these stress-moderating benefits [23]. Many studies have demonstrated the association between pet ownership and cardiovascular health and dog owners appear to have a significantly greater chance of survival after a heart attack compared to people without pets [25–27]. Pets can therefore play an important role in reducing absenteeism and visits to family doctors or the hospital [28]. It has been estimated that pet ownership saved Australia $1 billion in 1994 [29], while it may reduce the use of the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK to the value of £2.45 billion per year [30].

Dogs also play an increasing role as co-therapist or as supporter for people with psychological or physical disabilities. The benefits of these animal-assisted activities are improved mood, decreased physiological distress, depression, dementia, and loneliness [31,32]. Examples include resident or visiting dogs in prisons, nursing homes [33], mental institutions, and hospitals where they can reduce patient anxiety in a hospital emergency department [34], reduce pain perceptions in children after surgery [35], or calm young patients at a pediatric dental clinic [36]. Since dogs have extremely sensitive noses, they are used for several purposes such as tracking, bomb detection, and search and rescue.

In recent years, canine olfaction has also been more recognized as a diagnostic tool for identifying pre-clinical disease status, such as diabetes (ketones), different forms of cancer, and infections from biological media samples [37].

Animal-assisted therapies can act as co-therapies to facilitate psychotherapy or to provide specific types of therapeutic interventions such as improving motor skills or behavior [23]. Such interventions were effective in improving the state of children or adults with or at risk of developing mental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [38–40], and for the treatment of PTSD in military veterans [41,42].

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 5 of 29 Assistance or service animals are trained to perform tasks for the benefit of individuals who have disabilities such as hearing loss, physical disabilities, emotional disabilities, seizure disorders, or diabetes [23].

Finally, a wide range of emotional health benefits from childhood pet ownership has been identified, particularly for those suffering from low self-esteem and loneliness. There is evidence of an association between pet ownership and educational and cognitive benefits, increased social competence, social networks, social interaction, and social play behavior [43,44]. Significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets has also been reported [13]. Having a dog or cat in the house during the first year of life may protect against childhood asthma and allergy [45,46].

It can therefore be concluded that companion animals contribute significantly toward the public health, but also increasingly, the health of individually challenged persons through animal-assisted interventions [47].

5. Negative Aspects of the Human–Animal Relationship

5.1. Negative Aspects of Humans for Companion Animals

5.1.1. Changed Feeding Practices
Providing companion animals with feed by humans, has been considered an advantage for companion animals in their relationship with humans. However, the feeding practices can also have a negative impact on companion animals [48,49]. Obesity in cats and dogs is a disease which is rapidly increasing with significant and lifelong implications for animal welfare. Although no universally accepted definition of canine and feline obesity exists, the American Veterinary Medical Association defined obesity being more than 30% above the ideal weight of an animal. Overweight is defined as 10%–20% above the ideal weight. Using Body Condition Scores, it has been estimated that in the United States, 54% of dogs and 59% of cats are obese or overweight. A study in the United Kingdom reported 65% of adult dogs and 37% of juvenile dogs as being obese or overweight [50,51]. Overweight dogs are more likely to be diagnosed with, e.g., urinary tract diseases. Obese and overweight dogs are at risk developing orthopedic disorders and hypothyroidism [52,53]. Obese cats are at higher risk for developing urinary tract disease, diabetes mellitus, and neoplasia [54,55].

Other diet-related problems in companion animals can be caused by the changed feeding behavior of humans, e.g., by providing companion animals with bone and raw feed (BARF) or vegan diets.

Risks for companion animals associated with BARF or vegan diets are the presence of microbial hazards, insufficient nutrition, and in raw meat diets the presence of risk materials like thyroid tissue.

Through contact with their animals, it is possible that risks could even develop for owners. There could be an increased risk of human salmonellosis because of the presence of Salmonella spp. in the diet which can spread to humans through diet leftovers or by contact with animal feces. Recently a review was published on the risks of BARF feeding [56]. The authors concluded that the data for the nutritional, medical, and public health risks of raw feeding are fragmentary, but they are increasingly forming a compelling body of formal scientific evidence. Publications were found reporting the presence of Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter spp., and antibiotic resistant bacteria in the feed. Nutritional problems, such as calcium/phosphorous imbalances and specific vitamin deficiencies [57] are also reported. Moreover, homemade diets are inherently susceptible to nutritional imbalances and deficiencies [58].

Awareness about climate change, public health and animal welfare has incited a major change in dietary choices among many individuals. The number of vegans in the world keeps growing, even quadrupling from 150,000 to 600,000 individuals between 2014 and 2019 in affluent countries such as the UK [59]. The popularity of veganism goes beyond the scope of the human diet, as more people are interested in the possibility of feeding their companion animal a vegan diet than ever before.

To create animal-free complete cat food requires replacing nutrients in animal-based materials with plant-based materials. Different sources are used such as corn, rice, peas, soy, potato, and different oils September 222026 Item 7
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 6 of 29 and seeds. Any further nutrients that are missing from plant-based materials, such as taurine and carnitine, are replaced with synthetically produced versions [60,61]. Feeding trials using vegan animal food are either not performed due to testing costs or kept private due to the highly competitive vegan pet food market [62]. Additionally, they reported testing 24 vegetarian diets for cats and dogs and found that one was lacking protein and six did not meet all amino acid concentration requirements.

Vegan animal food may not contain meat, but it does contain grains, soy, and corn. Plant-based products, such as grains, can be a source of health problems because of the presence of mycotoxins, for example [63]. Warm, humid storage conditions can lead to the formation of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Many regular animal feeds also contain plant-based products, therefore the negative impact of feeding vegan diets to companion animals, especially obligate carnivores such as the cat or the ferret, seems therefore more related to diet insufficiency than to microbial health risks.

Additionally, addressing behavioral problems, the “free” provision of food might fulfil the consumptive part of feeding behavior of our companion animals but does not fulfil the appetitive phase. Especially this phase of feeding patterns can have consequences for the companion animals’ mental health and may result in behavioral problems if appetitive physical and mental challenges remain chronically absent in the human–animal relationship.

5.1.2. Behavioral Problems
In the human–companion animal bond, pets may develop abnormal behavior, including excessive aggression, fear and anxiety, or even abnormal repetitive behavior. Abnormal repetitive behavior (ARBs) were first noticed in zoo-, shelter-, and laboratory animals: All animals housed under stimulus-poor conditions and with limited space. However, companion animals can develop ARBs as well, if the individual’s adaptive capacity is exceeded due to, e.g., a lack of social contact, physical exercise, mental challenges, and in uncontrollable and unpredictable environments (e.g., separation, mistreatment, or inadequate application of cages).

ARBs can either be classified in stereotypies or compulsive disorders [64] with stereotypies generally defined as unvarying repetitive behavior patterns with no obvious goal or function [65].

The terminology of compulsive disorders is preferably chosen for repetitive behavior patterns that are goal-directed and show variability in the repetitive (motor) patterns [66,67]. Under chronic conditions without possibilities to adapt (cope), companion animals may develop stereotypies or compulsive disorders like, e.g., tail chasing, polyphagia, compulsively self-directed licking and/or biting the coat [68], or feather pecking in parrots [69]. Self-directed patterns can result in serious degrees of alopecia, lick granuloma, or even self-inflicted injuries (auto-mutilation) with a risk of infection.

Two main reasons underlie the development of ARBs in our companion animals. First of all, a lot of companion animals are social species eager for social contact. In the human–companion animal bond, the need for social contact with either conspecifics and/or humans [70,71] can remain unfulfilled if owners work from nine to five, five days a week with the pet staying alone at home on a daily basis.

On the other hand, a cat which is originally a solitary hunter with a complex dynamic social structure may start overgrooming or house soiling in the presence of another cat in the territory. Such situations might occur in multi-cat households, in the presence of neighboring cats, and in in-stable grouped housing conditions in shelters [72,73].

Secondly, most companion animals are species that are eager for mental and physical challenges on a daily basis. The lack of foraging opportunities, the appetitive phase of feeding behavior [74] might be another reason for the possible development of ARBs in companion animals. Foraging is often regarded as a high priority behavior [75,76], i.e., an internally motivated behavioral pattern that should be performed, or otherwise may induce a state of chronic stress, which may result in behavioral pathology like ARBs as described in many other animal species [77–79]. Foraging patterns may include walking, running, jumping, nose pushing, digging, and overseeing the area, all active patterns that imply the daily need for physical exercise and mental challenges in most of our companion animals.

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 7 of 29 Nonetheless, our pets mostly, if not always, get their food for free with minimal foraging challenges, except for going out 3–5 times a day. For some individuals (and especially some dog breeds, e.g., Malinois, border collies, and pit bull terriers) [80,81], situations and contexts with limited challenges can make them more vulnerable to the development of ARBs.

As well as ARBs, other problematic behavior may develop in our companion animals, and the prevalence of some of this behavior is even higher than that of ARBs, for example excessive interspecific and/or intraspecific aggression, fear, and anxiety. At what moment, and which type of problem behavior may develop, depends on the intermingled factors of, e.g., genetics, early life experiences (maternal–child bonding, weaning, socialization [82]), daily environment, and multiple factors in and around the human–companion animal bond.

5.1.3. Breeding and Animal Welfare Problems
The history of breeding animals goes back to a time when humans and animals shared each other’s habitat. Dogs originally have been selectively bred to support human needs, such as hunting, herding, obedience, guarding, rescuing, and for companionship. This artificial selection has generated a large number of dog breeds, displaying a large variation of behavior, size, head shape, coat color, and coat texture [83,84].

Unfortunately, in the last 100 years, intensive selection for extreme looks and a narrow gene pool of many breeds has interfered in the genetic make-up of dogs, leading to unfavorable anatomy (extreme large, or extreme “teacup” small), and genetic predisposition to numerous health, welfare, and behavioral problems [85]. Over 700 inherited disorders and traits have already been described in the domestic dog [86].

One type of dog with a distinct dysmorphology is the brachycephalic dog. Brachycephalic dogs are characterized by a large head and round face due to a shortened muzzle, a high and protruding forehead, and widely spaced large eyes. These facial features fit the concept of baby schema (“Kindchenschema”) proposed by Konrad Lorenz [87]. Infantile (cute) faces are biologically relevant stimuli for rapidly and unconsciously capturing attention and eliciting positive or affectionate behavior, including the willingness to care [88]. The appeal of brachycephalic animals has led to specimens that are the so-called “over-typed” dogs and cats with a too short nose, excessively protruding eyes, too straight angulations, etc. Breeding animals with this type of severe skull and muzzle abnormalities leads to physical and physiological hardship and limits their natural behavior [89,90]. This violates their integrity and is a big risk for their welfare.

Selectively breeding animals in order to express specific traits does not only alter existing animals, but also creates new ones, turning animals into an instrument for human use [91].

The bambino sphynx cat is an example of so called “mutant breeding”, where breeders deliberately stack in two steps the recessive inheriting mutations, which leads to hairlessness in sphynx cats, on the dominant inheriting (lethal) mutation responsible for the shortened legs of the munchkin cat. The lack of hair in combination with short legs interferes with the normal physiology of the cat with regard to the manner of movement, thermoregulation, and skin health. One may argue that artificial selection in exchange for money, status, or aesthetic reasons violates the animal’s dignity and integrity [92].

Conclusively, artificial selection for excessive traits can have direct consequences for individual health and welfare, may obstruct and prevent a pet from fulfilling its behavioral needs, and conflicts with the current moral way of thinking on animal dignity and integrity.

5.1.4. Anthropomorphism
Pet animals are not only perceived in 80%–90% as family members or partners but are almost treated like humans. In one study, up to 62% of owners agreed with the statement “My dog is more important to me than any human being” [93]. This kind of behavior is the result of the attribution of human cognitive processes and emotional states to animals, such as feelings of happiness, love, or guilt. People believe that animals have awareness, thoughts, and feelings. This behavior is September 222026 Item 7
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 8 of 29 called anthropomorphism, personification, or humanization and can also be applied to plants, gods, or objects. Anthropomorphism appears to be caused by the perceived similarity between humans and animals and the extent to which people have developed an affectionate bond with their dogs and cats [94]. Human empathy provides the basis for the attribution of empathy to other animals, as well as attributions of the communicative ability of other animals [95]. Anthropomorphistic behavior can be harmless, such as talking to pets, which many owners do and one of the reasons for this may be the unique ability of humans to recognize facial expressions. Talking to pets is also found to be linked to social intelligence [94].

However, it can lead to animal welfare problems when the feelings of owners no longer match the needs and the intrinsic values of their animal. Examples of this are designer dog clothes, animal perfumes, and jewelry, thought the use of protective coats in colder climates for small, short-haired breeds, e.g., Chihuahuas, is considered useful. The large number of obese pets can also be partly attributed to anthropomorphism. Studies from North America, Europe, and Australia to determine what proportion of animals, mainly dogs, are overweight or obese reported prevalences of between 22%–44% [96]. In 2018, an estimated 60% of cats and 56% of dogs in the USA were overweight or obese [50]. When the owner takes a treat with coffee, it is believed that the dog should also get it.

Even chocolate treats are given, when these are potentially fatal for dogs and cats. This also applies to a good meal that is shared with the pet. Dog owners who did not consider obesity to be a disease, maybe because the facial features of their pets fit the concept of baby schema [87], were more likely to have obese dogs [97].

5.1.5. Zooanthroponoses
An often-unrecognized risk for pets is reverse zoonotic disease transmission, the so-called zooanthroponosis. A review on this subject reported 56 articles dealing with human to animal disease transmission [98]. Most of the articles dealt with bacterial pathogens but also viral, parasitical, and fungal pathogens were studied in these publications. Animals reported to have been infected or inoculated with human diseases included wildlife, livestock, companion animals, and other animals or animals not explicitly mentioned. The majority of the studies focused on human to wildlife transmission with an emphasis on Mycobacterium spp. For companion animals, MRSA-infection was especially reported but M. tuberculosis, influenza A, and Candida albicans were also discussed. For all groups of animals, Microsporum spp. and Trichophyton spp. were identified as infectious agents originating from humans [99].

Recent publications report a different kind of zooanthroponosis: The transmission of high-risk, multidrug-resistant pathogens from humans to animals [100]. A major issue mentioned is the transmission of high-risk clones of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria including Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Klebsiella pneumonia [100,101]. The transmission of carbapenem-resistant NDM-5 producing E. coli from previously hospitalized humans to dogs has also been suggested [102]. Transmission of hospital acquired antibiotic resistant bacteria from human patients to their pets has been confirmed, such as the VIM-2 producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa ST233 strain in Brazil [103]. This increased transmission of high-risk multidrug-resistant pathogens from humans to animals was related to the closer relationships between humans and companion animals.

5.2. Negative Aspects of Companion Animals for Humans
Some authors doubt the generalized pet-effect on human mental and physical health because of conflicting results that are prevalent in this area of science and the lack of publication of negative results [13,104–106]. The majority of research evidence was also considered inconclusive due to methodological limitations such as reliance on self-reports, small sample sizes that may not be representative of the general population, homogeneous populations, varying research designs, narrow range of outcome variables that were examined, and the use of cross-sectional designs that do not consider long-term health outcomes [107–109].

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 9 of 29 Other studies found for example that pet ownership was associated with a higher incidence of heart attacks and readmissions in heart attack patients instead of a lower incidence [110] or that pet owners had higher diastolic blood pressure than those without pets [111]. Müllersdorf (2010) showed that pet owners had better general health but suffered more from mental problems such as anxiety, insomnia, and depression, than those who did not own pets [112]. Other studies failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced use of general practitioner services [113] or psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people [114].

Negative effects of pet ownership include dog and cat bites or scratches, the spreading of disease (zoonoses), and fall injuries, caused by falling or tripping over dogs and cats [115]. Allergic reactions may be a consequence of animal contact and affect 15%–30% of individuals (often genetically) predisposed [116]. Allergies relating to more uncommon pets such as fish, birds, and amphibians seem to be increasing in prevalence [117]. Other studies prove that pet ownership in early life did not appear to either increase or reduce the risk of asthma or allergic rhinitis symptoms in children aged 6–10 years.

Therefore, advice to avoid or to specifically acquire pets for primary prevention of asthma or allergic rhinitis in children should not be given [118].

5.2.1. Pet-Associated Zoonoses and Their Transmission Routes There are also less-positive effects that pets can have on health. More excessive forms of anthropomorphism became clear in our study for the presence of zoonotic parasites in healthy dogs and cats. Fifty percent of owners allow pets to lick their faces. Sixty percent of the pets visit the bedroom; 45–60% (dogs–cats) are allowed on the bed, and 18–30% (dogs–cats) sleep with their owner in bed. Six percent of pets always sleep in the bedroom. Of the cats, 45% are allowed to jump onto the kitchen sink [119]. This means that in addition to the detected zoonotic parasites (the hazard), there was a significant potential exposure to these pathogens. In addition to parasites, other pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi can also be transmitted by animals by direct contact through biting, licking, scratching, sneezing or coughing, handling pets or their body fluids or secretions and by indirect contact through contaminated bedding, food, water, or bites from an arthropod vector [120].

Not every individual will develop symptoms after being infected with a zoonosis. This is the result of various factors such as the causative pet species, housing, the degree of contact and contamination, the ability of a micro-organism to cause disease in humans and animals, but especially due to the degree of immunity of the recipient. In order to assess the risk of disease transmission from pets it is important that the nature and frequency of contacts between pets and their owners or other people are evaluated [120]. We traditionally know that young children (age < 5 years), the elderly (age ≥ 65 years), patients with an impaired immunity, and pregnant women that carry a fragile fetus are at more than average risk of becoming ill after an infection. Moreover, they may have more severe disease, have symptoms for a longer duration, or develop more severe complications compared to other patients. Young children (notably those aged 3–5 years) and some people with developmental disabilities often have suboptimal hygiene practices or higher risk contact with animals which further increases risk [121]. In children, hand-to-mouth behavior is part of their natural development and they mouth their fingers and other objects. In a meta-analysis, the average indoor hand-to-mouth frequency ranged from 6.7 to 28.0 contacts/hour and the average outdoor frequency ranged from 2.9 to

14.5 contacts/hour. The lowest value was attributed to the 6- to 11-year-olds and the highest to the 3- to < 6-month-olds [122]. Fifteen percent of dog owners and 8% of cat owners always wash their hands after contact with the animals [119].

In addition, due to improved healthcare in recent decades, the group of immunocompromised patients has increased sharply. This includes, for example, patients with diabetes, post-splenectomy, after placement of implants and patients being treated with chemotherapy or immunosuppressants.

The risk groups are also referred to as YOPIs (young, old, pregnant, and immune suppressed).

Patient surveys and epidemiological studies suggest that the occurrence of pet-associated zoonotic disease is low overall [121]. Many of these pathogens are not reportable and presumably September 222026 Item 7
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 10 of 29 underdiagnosed or not recognized by family doctors due to the general, mostly flu-like, symptoms.

Therefore, any reported frequency of such infections is likely underestimated.

To get a better picture of zoonotic risks, a risk analysis is required where a risk score can be calculated using exposure, contagiousness of the infection, and its consequences in the human. In addition, the disease burden of an infection for the population can be calculated and expressed in disability adjusted life years (DALYs). This quantifies the health loss based on two components: The life years lost due to premature death and secondly the proportional loss of quality of life as a result of the disease.

There is a trend towards closer physical contact between owners and their pets or their environment which poses an increased risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens. These trends (a general direction in which something is developing or changing) will be explained.

5.2.2. Pets in the Bedroom and in Bed
Our publication [119] showed that a high percentage of pets were allowed in the bedroom and in bed, with 6% always sleeping in bed with their owner. Is that a problem? Already from a hygienic point of view, it is not advisable to sleep with animals or take them into bed. They do not pay attention to where they are walking outside and do not wipe their feet after arriving home. Dogs like to roll in carcasses and both dogs and cats regularly lick the anus and thereafter the fur. In a pilot study with 28 healthy dogs and 22 healthy cats that slept with their owners, we tested 68% of the dogs (19) and 32% of the cats (7) positive for Enterobacteriaceae on the fur or footpads. Fleas and flea larvae were found on 14% of pets [123].

As a result of our publication, Chomel investigated in 2011 whether transmission of infections by sleeping with pets and licking the face could be found in literature. He reported that also in the USA, France and the UK, a relatively large number of pets slept in bed with their owner (14%–33% of dogs and 45%–60% of cats) [124]. Similar results of sleeping with pets were also reported from Canada (26% of pets slept with children), the Czech Republic (45%), and Qatar (63.3%) [125–127].

Chomel found bacterial infections such as Yersinia pestis (plague), Bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease), Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and sometimes fatal bite wound infections such as Capnocytophaga canimorsus and Pasteurella multocida. Furthermore, parasite infections such as Cheyletiella spp. were reported.

Feline cowpox is a rare viral infection, but it can be transferred to the human after direct contact.

Both animals and humans reveal local exanthema on arms and legs or on the face. In most cases the disease is self-limiting, but immunosuppressed patients can develop a lethal systemic disease resembling smallpox [128].

It can be concluded that, although uncommon with healthy pets, the risk of transmission of zoonotic agents by close contact between pets and their owners through bed sharing is real and has even been documented for life threatening infections such as plague [129,130]. Although pets do not transmit arthropod-borne diseases to people (e.g., Lyme borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis), they do bring zoonotic disease vectors such as ticks and fleas, in close proximity to people, e.g., when they are sleeping with their animals [121]. While fleas are considered a vector of Bartonella henselae (the causative agent of cat scratch disease) tickborne diseases are reported as increasing as ticks expand their ranges [131,132]. With an estimated 65,000 cases a year, Lyme borreliosis is responsible for the largest disease burden of any vector-borne disease in the European Union [133].

Another increased risk associated with close contact with fur is when it is contaminated with zoonotic parasite eggs. Especially with Echinococcus multilocularis (fox tapeworm) or E. granulosus (hydatid worm, or dog tapeworm). These eggs are immediately infective and may cause serious health problems in the human, many years post infection [134,135]. Despite a low prevalence of infectious (embryonated) eggs of Toxocara spp. on dog’s fur, the potential zoonotic risk should not be disregarded [136]. The same risk is applicable for the persistence of sporulated Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in dogs’ fur [137].

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 11 of 29 In relation to this, it is noteworthy that many publications report striking increases of ringworm, a common zoonotic fungal skin infection in mainly children caused by Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp. or Arthroderma spp., where the presence of pets is always mentioned [94]. However, nowhere has it been suggested that close contact with infected pets in bed increases the infection risk [138,139]. Rodents or rabbits are mainly infected with T. mentagrophytes, while M. canis is primarily found in dogs and cats. Infection occurs by direct or indirect contact with infected hair, scales, or materials. Infected animals may be asymptomatic carriers without clinical signs. Examples are 16% M. canis carriage in a study of European cats [140], 27% in suspected Brazilian cats [141], and the isolation of T. mentagrophytes dermatophytes from 4% of clinically healthy rabbits and 17% of guinea pigs in Dutch pet shops [142].

5.2.3. Licking the Face
Licking the face of humans by mainly dogs is an expression of their naturally submissive, positive social behavior. The owner is recognized by the dog as the dominant superior in the ranking. In a pack of dogs, submissive dogs lick their dominant counterparts at the corners of the mouth from a typical submissive attitude [143,144]. Owners apparently allow this as a token of affection from their pet.

Such behavior is more common in young animals and has been considered as attention-seeking or care-soliciting gestures. It indicates to the owner the strength of the social bond between dogs and people [120]. Licking or nudging of veterans by service dogs may help take their mind off any negative thoughts, emotions, or memories that they might be experiencing [145].

On the internet, many images can be found of mainly dogs, but also cats and even rats licking their owner’s face. Various studies show that around 40%–50% of owners allow this [119,120]. The question is whether this is harmful due to the potential transmission of infections.

The review by Chomel (2011) shows in the literature that infections, especially Pasteurella spp. and Capnocytophaga canimorsus, were reported to have transmitted to humans by dogs, cats, kittens, and rabbits [124]. Pasteurella multocida meningitis has been reported in 36 infants where 87% had been exposed directly or indirectly to the oropharyngeal secretions of household dogs or cats through licking or sniffing [146]. Zoonotic transmission via this route is also assumed for various other pathogens such as gastric Helicobacter spp. [147], periodontal pathogens [148], and Bartonella henselae the etiological agent in cat scratch disease. The B. henselae bacteria may cause ocular complications, including Parinaud oculoglandular syndrome, a severe eye infection. The route of infection is unknown, although direct conjunctival inoculation, most likely with infected flea feces, seems to be most plausible [149]. Knowing, however, that B. henselae is present in up to 40% of cat saliva [150], it is more plausible that salivary fluid could be rubbed directly into the eye from the skin after been licked by a cat. There are several anecdotal reports of infections in mainly young children that were transmitted by being licked. One recent example is an 8-month-old baby that presented with fever and preseptal cellulitis with purulent discharge. The causative agent was surprisingly Corynebacterium bovis, a bacterium that is normally found in bovine mastitis. It became clear that the dog was frequently allowed to lick the baby’s face and was fed on raw meat [151].

5.2.4. Licking Wounds
There is an ineradicable belief among a large part of the public that the licking of human wounds by dogs can disinfect them and that the saliva thereby has healing properties [152]. In addition, it is regularly reported that a dog’s tongue is believed to be sterile. This is of course not the case and the oral flora of a dog comprises hundreds of species (including pathogenic) bacteria, fungi, and viruses [153,154]. Various wound healing saliva components have indeed been demonstrated in human and animal studies [155,156]. The bactericidal effects of male and female dog saliva facilitate the hygienic function of maternal licking of the mammary and anogenital areas by protecting newborns from fatal coliform enteritis caused by E. coli and neonatal septicemia caused by Streptococcus canis.

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 12 of 29 However, the saliva is only slightly, and non-significantly, bactericidal against wound bacteria such as coagulase positive staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [157].

Capnocytophaga canimorsus and Pasteurella multocida are common commensals in the oral cavity of dogs, cats, and other species [158,159]. Transmission has been reported after the licking of mucous membranes or open wounds [160–162]. In patients at high risk, severe wound infections, sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, or death can occur. Patients with immunodeficiency, splenectomy, or alcohol dependence are at a particularly increased risk of infection with C. canimorsus[159].

Even immunocompetent persons who have been licked by a dog can develop fatal sepsis [163].

5.2.5. Bite and Scratch Accidents
A further negative effect of companion animal ownership is, of course, accidents inflicted on humans by these animals. These accidents can involve tripping over a cat or being dragged by an enthusiastic dog, but in literature, most evidence points towards biting and scratching incidents.

Dog biting and cat scratching incidents can cause physical health problems both at the time of infliction but also afterwards by triggering trauma-related secondary infections. Dog biting incident reports are numerous, and numbers vary from country to country. In the UK, 18.7 dog bites per 1000 population per year were reported [164], while a commission in the Netherlands reported in 2008, 150,000 bite accidents per year in a population of 16 million (9 events per 1000 inhabitants) [165]. Children are especially vulnerable to dog bites. The majority of dog bites occurred in children 5 years of age or younger (68.0%) and almost all (89.8%) of the dogs were known to the children [166]. Recently, a systematic review has been published that analyzed more than 26,000 bites from the literature of the past 30 years about the risk of bites relative to specific breeds of dogs, combining bite incidence with bite severity [167]. The analysis by breed revealed that pit bulls were responsible for the highest percentage of reported bites across all studies (22.5%), followed by mixed breed (21.2%), and German shepherds (17.8%). Dog bite incidents can result in medical treatment, hospitalization and even death.

In the Netherlands it was calculated that from the 150,000 dog bite victims per year, around 50,000 seek medical attention and 230 are hospitalized [165].

Between 3% and 30% of dog bites become infected and complications become more severe when infection occurs. More than 100 species of bacteria have been isolated from bacterial infections of dog bites, suggesting that most oral flora of dogs have the potential to be pathogenic [168]. The top 3 pathogens found are Pasteurella, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. In literature, specific attention is given to wound infections caused by Capnocytophaga canimorsus, because this bacterium is seen as the relatively deadliest pathogen. It was suggested that only 2% of dog bite wounds contained Capnocytophaga spp. [154] while others reported infection percentages of 4.2% [169]. Wound infection with this bacterium can lead to severe complications like septicaemia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, peritonitis, endocarditis, pneumonia, purulent arthritis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.

C. canimorsus septicaemia has been associated with 30% mortality. The true number of C. canimorsus infections is probably largely underestimated due to the fastidious growth of the organism. However, infected dog bites in predisposed persons should be taken seriously especially after splenectomy [170].

Cat bite incidents occur less frequently. In only 5%–10% of reported bite incidents in Australia, cats are to blame. The long incisor teeth inflict less severe superficial wounds but because of the penetrating effect, joint and tendon infections more easily occur. In a review it is reported that 28%–80% of cat bites become infected mostly by Pasteurella multocida [169]. The bacterium Bartonella henselae can also be transmitted by cats through biting incidents but the transmission of this bacterium is much more related to a cat scratch accident.

Even less frequently reported animal biting incidents are those inflicted by rodents (2% of cases in Australia). These bites have an infection rate of approximately 10%. This could result in rat bite fever in humans, an infection with Streptobacillus monoliformis or Spirillum minus, characterized by the triad of fever, rash, and arthritis [169].

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 13 of 29 Cat scratch disease (CSD) was first described in a French boy in 1931 and is a common, often self-limited, disease that usually presents as tender lymphadenopathy caused by Bartonella henselae[171].

The cat is considered the primary reservoir for this bacterium, with infected fleas and ticks serving as vectors and humans and dogs as accidental hosts. Vector transmission of this bacterium occurs via two primary routes: Inoculation of Bartonella contaminated arthropod feces via animal scratches, most often cat scratches, or by self-inflicted contamination of wounds induced by the host scratching arthropod bites [172]. Immunocompromised human hosts (kidney transplant patients or patients with HIV) are especially susceptible to infection. In these individuals, the disease may be present as a more disseminated form with hepatosplenomegaly, meningoencephalitis, or angiomatosis [173].

5.2.6. Keeping Unusual Exotic Animals
An increasing number of pocket pets and exotic pets are kept by humans. Numbers of ornamental birds in Europe are estimated as 50 million, fish tanks 15.5 million (300 million ornamental fish), small mammals 27 million, and reptiles 8 million [15]. These animal species can also be a source of many zoonotic diseases, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. Most cases of these conditions are not serious, and deaths are very rare but some of these diseases can be life threatening, such as rabies, rat bite fever infections, and plague [174].

However, there is also a trend to keep more unusual exotic animals, legally or illegally. These are “wild” animals that are kept in the home such as bats, foxes, skunks, raccoons, meerkats, prairie dogs, kinkajous, sloths, monkeys, apes, prosimians (mammals), parrots, mynah birds, finches (birds), crocodiles, turtles, tortoises, lizards, snakes (reptiles), frogs, toads, newts, salamanders (amphibians), fish, eels, rays (fish), crabs, crayfish, snails, insects, spiders, and millipedes (invertebrates) [175].

Even fruit bats are kept as pets [176] and it is known that bats harbor a higher proportion of zoonoses than all other mammalian orders, including rabies-like viruses that are highly pathogenic for people. [177]. Another example of a zoonosis is monkeypox following the importation of prairie dogs in the USA [178].

Most reptiles and amphibians such as turtles, lizards, and frogs carry Salmonella bacteria in their gut, in most cases without visible signs of infection. The infection may cause symptoms of sickness, diarrhea and fever in humans [179]. Zoonotic transmission of Salmonella infections causes an estimated 11% of salmonellosis annually in the United States. In cases involving pet turtles, almost half (45%) of infections occurred in children younger than 5 years [180]. Salmonella infections are often transferred by feeder rodents [181] and outbreaks highlight the importance of improving public awareness and education in countries who receive imported reptiles [182]. It is advised to exclude reptiles, amphibians, rodents, exotic species, baby poultry, and raw animal-based pet food items from the households of patients at high risk. In lower risk households, an understanding of the risk of salmonellosis and other pet-associated zoonoses and preventive hygiene measures is needed.

The pet trade in general, with its high turnover and diversity of available species, creates a reservoir for pathogens originating from all over the globe. Reptiles account for approximately 10% of live animal shipments imported to the United States [182]. Importation of live reptiles and amphibians for commercial purposes is for a great part unregulated at EU level except CITES and customs regulations [176]. In a risk assessment study, the five pathogens with the highest public health risk caused by the import of exotic animals were Salmonella spp., Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, West Nile virus, Yersinia pestis, and arenaviruses. The risk via legally imported animals was considered low, but substantial for illegally imported animals due to the unknown health status of the animals [183].

Avoiding exposure to exotic pet pathogens in the home is difficult and best achieved by not keeping them in the first place. Otherwise, it is advised to always wash the hands immediately and thoroughly after contact with exotic pets and after handling raw (including frozen or defrosted) mice, rats and chicks. Children should be supervised so that they do not put their mouths close to or kiss September 222026 Item 7
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 14 of 29 exotic animals. Reptiles and other animals should be kept out of rooms in which food is prepared and eaten.

5.2.7. Import of Rescue Dogs and Travelling with Dogs
The number of abandoned and homeless dogs and cats in Europe is estimated to be over 100 million.

Countries with more than 1 million abandoned animals are Italy, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine [184].

There is an increasing trend to rescue and import dogs from countries with stray animal problems, in Europe often from Southern or Eastern Europe and in the US from Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, the Middle East, Turkey, China, and Korea [185]. Many charities and independent groups are involved to rescue dogs and seek adoption in more animal-friendly countries [186]. New owners primarily choose to adopt from abroad based on a desire for a particular dog they had seen advertised and on concern for its situation, while some were motivated by previously having been refused dogs from local rescues [187].

In the USA 85% of all household dogs were neutered and today there are no longer enough dogs being born in the USA annually to replace the approximately 8 million dogs that die each year.

Developing countries have hundreds of millions of street dogs available for export, for example Egypt has an estimated 15 million, India, 30 million, and Afghanistan, 100 million [188]. In 2006, more than a decade ago, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimated annual dog imports at around 287,000.

Today the number of imported dogs is estimated to be more than a million a year [189].

Imported dogs are reintroducing diseases and parasites that were previously eliminated in the USA [190]. In the USA new and lethal strains of distemper and canine influenza as a result of imported rescue dogs were reported as well as canine brucellosis, rabies, and vector-borne diseases like ehrlichiosis, heartworm, babesiosis, and leishmaniasis [188,191].

In many Southern European countries, there is also a risk of exposure to diseases not encountered in the northern, importing, countries. Animals could be infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia canis, Brucella canis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm), Dirofilaria repens (subcutaneous worm), Echinococcus multilocularis (fox tapeworm), Echinococcus granulosus (hydatid or dog tapeworm), Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis, Leishmania infantum, Linguatula serrata (tongue worm), Onchocerca lupi, rabies, Rickettsia conorii, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Thelazia callipeda. Except B. canis, E. canis, and H. canis, the infections are zoonotic and regularly reported [192–202].

Most of these are transmitted by ticks, sand flies, or mosquitoes that are non-endemic in the receiving countries, but a reservoir of infections has been created and the risk is that vectors will become present as result of climate change. [203].

Animals that are infected with rabies or Echinococcus spp. may infect people directly.

The importation of dogs from endemic, predominantly Mediterranean, regions to Northern Europe, as well as travelling with dogs to these regions carries a significant risk of acquiring an infection.

Pet owners are therefore advised not to travel with dogs and to seek the advice of their veterinarian prior to importing a dog from an endemic area or travelling to such areas [193]. For this reason, ESCCAP developed maps on their website featuring European countries and regions with advice on endemic parasites, diseases and recommended treatments when travelling with dogs [204].

A three-year European Union funded project entitled CALLISTO (Companion Animal multisectoriaL interprofessionaL and interdisciplinary Strategic Think tank On zoonoses), has investigated zoonotic infectious diseases transmitted between companion animals and humans and food producing animals [176]. The committee advised that special attention should be given to stray cats and dogs. Stray dogs, in particular, may pose serious health and welfare problems for humans and animals [81], including the transmission of zoonotic diseases such as rabies. Consideration should be given to controlling companion animal movement between areas of the EU endemic for particular zoonoses and areas that are not currently endemic for that disease. Reliable figures are not available, probably because of the fact that many voluntary organizations are responsible for saving and transporting these rescue animals. Such data are essential in order to be able to quantify the actual September 222026 Item 7
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 15 of 29 risks of zoonotic diseases attributable to companion animals and to develop sustainable interventions to prevent transmission to humans and livestock [176].

As long as there are no official guidelines, to prevent the spread of (zoonotic) diseases to new countries, the time, expense, disease risk, and the implications of adopting a dog from abroad should all be carefully considered before importation. As an alternative, the conditions for native dogs could be improved by supporting local charities to organize neutering campaigns and rehoming programs, to build local animal shelters and to improve attitudes towards dogs and their living conditions [205].

5.2.8. Soil Contact
Cats and dogs harbor the enteric nematodes Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, and cats are the final host for the protozoal parasite Toxoplasma gondii. These parasites can be transmitted to humans because they have an oral–fecal transmission cycle. Humans can be infected by ingestion of infective Toxocara spp. eggs or Toxoplasma oocysts from contaminated soil (gardens, sandpits, and playgrounds) [206,207].

A recent meta-analysis of data from published records indicates that public places are often heavily contaminated with a pooled global prevalence of Toxocara eggs of 21% [208].

Both parasites are considered by CDC as part of five neglected parasitic infections. These infections are considered neglected because relatively little attention has been devoted to their surveillance, prevention, and/or treatment. The diseases that they cause have been targeted as priorities for public health action based on the number of people infected, the severity of the illnesses and the ability to prevent and treat them [209].

Tens of millions of people worldwide are estimated to be exposed to, or infected with, Toxocara spp. and recent findings suggest that the effect of toxocarosis on human health is increasing in some countries.

Almost one fifth (19%; 1.4 billion individuals) of the world’s human population is seropositive to Toxocara. The highest seroprevalence rates were found in Africa (mean: 37.7%) and the lowest in the Eastern Mediterranean region (mean: 8.2%) [210]. Toxocara larvae migrate into the body of the human to several organ systems with a preference for the central nervous system (brain, eyes).

Human toxocarosis can manifest itself as syndromes known as visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, neurotoxocarosis, and covert or common toxocarosis [211]. Asthma is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases worldwide, with a negative impact on the quality of life and socio-economic status of patients. Two decades ago, the first evidence was published that suggested that Toxocara infection is a neglected risk factor for childhood asthma [212]. The finding that children infected with Toxocara spp. are more likely to have asthma compared to non-infected children was recently confirmed in a systematic review and meta-analysis [213]. Cognitive or developmental delays in children or young adults who become infected is of particular concern. Toxocarosis appears to be associated with decreased cognitive function [214,215].

The annual Toxoplasma oocyst burden measured in community surveys has been reported as up to 434 oocysts per square foot (4670 per square meter) and is greater in areas with loose soil, that cats like to use to cover their feces in gardens, children’s play areas, and especially sandboxes, also called sandpits and sand piles [207]. Because a single oocyst can possibly cause infection, this oocyst burden represents a major potential public health problem. An estimated one third of the world’s population harbor anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. Due to keeping pigs indoors, more education and awareness, the prevalence of the disease in the USA and Europe declined by 50% over the last decades [216].

During an acute invasion of Toxoplasma parasites there is mild to major tissue damage without clinical symptoms (latent toxoplasmosis). The most important form is congenital toxoplasmosis when a woman receives her first exposure to Toxoplasma during pregnancy. In early pregnancy, this can lead to abortion or to malformations that are not compatible with life shortly after birth. Congenital infections may also be characterized by mental retardation and ocular defects. Acquired infection after birth may result in clinical symptoms such as lymphadenitis, fever, and malaise and probably leads to a clinically symptomatic disease state more frequently than the congenital condition, with an estimated incidence of 30% of all ocular toxoplasmosis cases [216].

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 16 of 29 Playing in a sandbox is also found to be a predominant risk factor for S. Typhimurium salmonellosis in children aged 4–12 years [217]. This can be the result of fecal contamination of the sand by dogs and cats that have been fed raw meat (see Section 5.1.1.).

Young children are especially at risk as they put their hands or other objects in their mouths every 2–3 min [208]. It has also been reported that children ingest a median of 40 mg of soil per day and that one child consumed 5–8 g of soil per day on average [218]. It is therefore advisable not to let children play in public places or on playgrounds with loose sand, but only in sandboxes that can be covered.

Furthermore, washing hands after playing outside is important and fingernails must be trimmed to prevent sand being left behind. In this context, a strange trend can be observed as young children play in mud baths on 29 June “as a way to connect and celebrate the natural joys of playing in the mud”.

This International Mud Day originated in 2008 and was initiated by an Australian pedagogue who had observed this phenomenon during a visit to Nepal [219]. If the origin of the soil needed for producing the mud is unknown, there is of course an infection risk for the above discussed parasites.

5.2.9. Prevention of the Transmission of Zoonotic Diseases from Pets To prevent the transmission of zoonotic diseases from pets, risk analysis is of great value. This starts with an assessment of the potential zoonoses in an area, depending on the endemicity (the hazard, H). Hazard characterization also includes prevalence in animals (the reservoir), virulence for man, transmission routes, and survival of the agent in the environment.

The second step is exposure assessment (E). Who is exposed to the potential hazard and for how long or how often? How much of the potential pathogen is needed to become a health risk? This inevitably is directly related to human behavior in relation to their pets.

The third step is to assess the impact of getting infected (I). How serious is the disease, what is the chance of complications, and what economic consequences may be expected (e.g., labor hours lost)? Each of the parameters can be ranked in classes from negligible to the most serious possibility.

Ranking is based on literature data, own observations (measuring), or experts’ opinions. The final risk assessment can be achieved by multiplying the outcome of hazard characterization, exposure assessment and impact (H × E × I = a number). The outcome can be compared with other zoonotic agents and a ranking of significance can be made [220].

There is one important parameter to reduce the risk of contracting a zoonotic infection that can directly be influenced, which is exposure. Recommendations are particularly targeted to households with very young children, the elderly, pregnant women, or immunocompromised patients. They are based on reducing exposure to hazards and involve four categories of advice (Table 1).

Table 1. Recommendations to prevent the transmission of zoonotic pathogens from pets [121,221].

Personal Hygiene
• Washing the hands thoroughly
- after animal contact, at least before eating and drinking and before preparing food or drinks - after handling raw pet food
- after handling pet habitats or equipment
- after cleaning up feces
- after removing soiled clothes or shoes
• Do not let pets lick the face or open wounds
• Do not feed raw meat to pets
• No pets allowed in the bedroom or in bed
• Keep the nails of children trimmed
• Avoid contact with exotic pets, stray animals, and sick animals Keep Pets Healthy
• Veterinarians should perform an annual health check
• Contact the veterinarian if the animal is thought to be sick • Keep up to date with the pet’s vaccinations, deworming, and flea and tick control • Let the health status of imported pets be checked by the veterinarian September 222026 Item 7
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 17 of 29 Table 1. Cont.

Environmental Hygiene
• Cover sand boxes so cats do not use them as a litter box • Wear gloves when gardening or handling soil or sandpits • Pregnant women: Have someone else empty the litter tray on a daily basis • Remove pet feces from the yard and public places
Kitchen Hygiene
• Cook all meat thoroughly
• Wash all fruit and vegetables thoroughly
• Keep pets and their supplies out of the kitchen
• Do not allow cats on the kitchen sink

6. Discussion
Reflecting on the changed human–companion animal bond, it can be concluded that pets undoubtedly have a positive effect on human health. Conversely, the human–pet bond seen nowadays is facing many challenges, putting pet welfare under more pressure due to issues such as anthropomorphism, which mainly results in obesity, breeding on extreme appearance rather than health, behavioral problems connected to unfulfilled species specific mental and physical needs, and the provision of inadequate food because owners mistakenly think they feed more naturally.

With regard to the negative effects of pets this article attempts to give an impression of increasing trends in the human–companion relationship that can be observed in society, which appears to increase the risk of transmission of infection between pets and humans. It is mainly a consequence of the increasing contacts between humans and pets and with pathogens secreted by animals in the shared environment. More than 6 out of every 10 known infectious diseases in people can be spread from animals, and 3 out of every 4 new or emerging infectious diseases in people come from animals [222].

The recent pandemic of the Covid19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), that may be originated from bats, is a good example of a recent emerging zoonotic infectious disease. A few cats and dogs have tested positive but are not considered as a source of infection for people.

The proportion of zoonotic human disease that is attributable to pets is largely unknown. Reports about the frequency of such infections are likely underestimated [120]; however, the risk of infection is relatively small for many zoonoses and the severity of the disease is often limited. A person’s age and health status may affect their immune system, and thereby increase his or her chances of getting a disease from animals. Pregnant women should avoid contact with pet rodents, reptiles, cat feces, and raw meat to prevent infection of the unborn child, abortion, or birth defects. If symptoms occur in immunocompetent, non-pregnant persons between 5 and 64 years of age, these are mainly of a general nature such as diarrhea or flu-like symptoms.

Physicians do not regularly ask about the presence of pets or pet contact, nor do they discuss the risks of zoonotic diseases with patients, regardless of the patient’s immune status, which means that many cases of zoonotic diseases go undiagnosed. The general public and people at high risk of pet-associated disease are not aware of the risks associated with high risk pet practices or recommendations to reduce them. Since unfamiliarity with hazards reinforces fear, communication plays an important role in this.

Veterinarians play a key role in education regarding risk reduction by giving advice about responsible pet ownership and the required preventive hygiene. Healthcare providers such as family doctors, school doctors, and pediatricians can also provide information about safe pet ownership.

Physicians should ask as part of the medical history about eventual contact with pets, particularly with patients at high risk [120]. The “One Health” initiative aims to reduce this professional gap between vets and physicians [2].

When giving recommendations to prevent zoonotic transmission, one of the often-made remarks is that people nowadays are already too hygienic. It is assumed that there is a protective influence of postnatal infection and that it might be lost in the presence of modern hygiene. This belief is September 222026 Item 7
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 18 of 29 based on the hygiene hypothesis that was formulated in 1989 [223]. It was observed that hay fever in young adults was inversely related to the number of siblings in their family. This hypothesis focused exclusively on allergic conditions as a result of the modern way of life and the assumption that modern hygiene was reducing contact with bacteria. Another view is that some chronic inflammatory disorders have increased over the last decades as a result of decreased frequency of infections due to pathogenic organisms [224]. Another related theory is the “Old friends” mechanism that is based on the positive influence of gut parasites, non-pathogenic environmental bacteria (saprophytes, pseudocommensals), and gut commensals or microbiota. However, decreased exposure to these microorganisms is not the only reason for the increasing frequency of allergies and chronic inflammatory disorders in industrialized countries. Nowadays there is more information about the immunological roles of skin, oral mucosa, and gut microbiota as well as helminths and the influence these have on the immune system [225]. Gut flora may be modified due to diet, obesity, hygiene, antibiotics, but also to psychological stress, vitamin D deficiency, and pollution [225–227]. Pollution also has a significant effect on the development of several respiratory problems and diseases. Not only due to outdoor pollution such as fine dust, harmful solids, liquids, or gases [228], but also due to indoor molds as result of insufficient ventilation in energy efficient homes [229]. Finally, there is a clear increase in the allergen production of house dust mites and pollen leading to more exposure and sensitization in susceptible individuals [230]. All together it must be clear that there is much more known about other causes of increasing allergies worldwide than simply excessive cleanliness as suggested in the hygiene hypothesis.

Regarding field infections with helminths such as Trichuris trichiura in early life, these are associated with a reduced prevalence of allergies later in life and infants of helminth-infected mothers have a reduced prevalence of eczema. Hookworm infections in developing countries are associated with a reduced prevalence of asthma [231]. The rate of eczema in such countries was found to be about five times higher in infants whose mothers had never had helminths compared with persistent helminth-infected mothers [232,233]. Helminths are nowadays even used under controlled conditions to stimulate immunity. Examples are Trichuris suis therapy for Crohn’s disease and Necator americanus larvae to treat Crohn’s disease and other autoimmune disorders [234].

There are no clinically apparent childhood infections found to be associated with protection from allergic disorders [235]. It can even result in an opposite effect in the case of Toxocara infection by children after soil contact. A recent meta-analysis showed that children infected with Toxocara spp. are more likely to have asthma compared to non-infected children [213]. This parasite and asthma both have elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and eosinophilia in common. That means that precautions should be taken in children to prevent soil contact not only to prevent Toxocara infection, but also to prevent acquired ocular toxoplasmosis.

There is no need, therefore, to stimulate the contraction of pathogenic bacteria or helminths to achieve a healthy gut microbiota and to reduce allergic conditions. Recommendations based on the hygiene hypothesis should preferably be based on results from controlled studies to prevent unintentional negative effects.

It is both humans and companion animals who experience negative effects of a changed human–companion animal bond. The education given by vets to their clients should therefore also focus on preventing these negative health and behavioral effects. For instance, by giving science-based advice on feeding practices. In general, regulating authorities should encourage the development of enforcement criteria for breeding dogs and cats to reduce health and welfare risks.

7. Conclusions
Pets undoubtedly have a positive effect on human health and well-being, while owners are increasingly aware of pet health, welfare, and well-being. Anthropomorphism, also resulting in behavioral problems and breeding on appearance rather than health, and trends such as keeping exotic animals and importing rescue dogs may result in an increased risk of contracting zoonotic infections.

September 222026 Item 7
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 19 of 29 Recommendations regarding responsible pet ownership, including normal hygienic practices, responsible breeding, feeding, housing, and mental and physical challenges conform the biology of the animal, are key in preventing such negative aspects of the human–animal bond. There is no need to stimulate unhygienic practices following the hygiene hypothesis.

Education can be performed by vets and physicians as part of the One Health concept.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, P.A.M.O.; writing-original draft preparation, P.A.M.O.; methodology, data curation, writing-review and editing, P.A.M.O., L.J.A.L., C.M.V. and M.A.E.v.H.; Supervision, P.A.M.O.

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding: This research received no external funding.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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www.cdc.gov/parasites/npi/index.html (accessed on 13 February 2020). 210. Rostami, A.; Ma, G.; Wang, T.; Koehler, A.V.; Hofmann, A.; Chang, B.C.H.; MacPherson, C.N.; Gasser, R.B.

Human toxocariasis—A look at a neglected disease through an epidemiological ‘prism’. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2019, 74, 104002. [CrossRef]
211. Ma, G.; Holland, C.V.; Wang, T.; Hofmann, A.; Fan, C.K.; Maizels, R.M.; Hotez, P.J.; Gasser, R.B. Human toxocariasis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2018, 18, e14–e24. [CrossRef] 212. Buijs, J.; Borsboom, G.; Renting, M.; Hilgersom, W.J.A.; van Wieringen, J.C.; Jansen, G.; Neijens, J. Relationship between allergic manifestations and Toxocara seropositivity: A cross-sectional study among elementary school children. Eur. Respir. J. 1997, 10, 1467–1475. [CrossRef] 213. Aghaei, S.; Riahi, S.M.; Rostami, A.; Mohammadzadeh, I.; Javanian, M.; Tohidi, E.; Foroutan, M.; Dooki, M.E.

Toxocara spp. infection and risk of childhood asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop. 2018, 182, 298–304. [CrossRef]
214. Walsh, M.G.; Haseeb, M.A. Reduced cognitive function in children with toxocariasis in a nationally representative sample of the United States. Int. J. Parasitol. 2012, 42, 1159–1163. [CrossRef] 215. Erickson, L.D.; Gale, S.D.; Berrett, A.; Brown, B.L.; Hedges, D.W. Association between toxocariasis and cognitive function in young to middle-aged adults. Folia Parasitol. (Praha) 2015, 62, 048. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 216. Garweg, J.G. Ocular toxoplasmosis: An update. Klin. Monbl. Augenheilkd. 2016, 233, 534–539. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
217. Doorduyn, Y.; Van Den Brandhof, W.E.; Van Duynhoven, Y.T.; Wannet, W.J.; Van Pelt, W. Risk factors for Salmonella Enteritidis and Typhimurium (DT104 and non-DT104) infections in The Netherlands:

Predominant roles for raw eggs in Enteritidis and sandboxes in Typhimurium infections. Epidemiol. Infect. 2006, 134, 617–626. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
218. Calabrese, E.J.; Barnes, R.; Stanek, E.J.; Pastides, H.; Gilbert, C.E.; Veneman, P.; Wang, X.R.; Lasztity, A.; Kostecki, P.T. How much soil do young children ingest: An epidemiologic study. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 1989, 10, 123–137. [CrossRef]
219. Celebrating International Mud Day. Available online: http://www.kodokids.org/history-international-mudday/ (accessed on 13 February 2020).

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3789 29 of 29 220. Van Knapen, F.; Overgaauw, P.A.M. Dogs and transmission of infection to man, respected member of the family? In Zoonoses: Infections Affecting Men and Animals—A Focus on Public Health Aspects; Sing, A., Ed.; Springer: Heidelberg, Germany, 2014; pp. 575–587.
221. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Healthy Pets. Available online: www.cdc.gov/healthypets/ health-benefits/index.html (accessed on 26 February 2020). 222. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Zoonotic Diseases. Available online: www.cdc.gov/ onehealth/basics/zoonotic-diseases.html (accessed on 25 February 2020). 223. Strachan, D.P. Hay fever, hygiene, and household size. Br. Med. J. 1989, 299, 1259–1260. [CrossRef] 224. Rook, G.A.W.; Brunet, L.R. Microbes, immunoregulation, and the gut. Gut 2005, 54, 317–320. [CrossRef] 225. Rook, G.A. 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders:

Darwinian medicine and the ‘hygiene’ or ‘old friends’ hypothesis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2010, 160, 70–79. [CrossRef]
226. Nobel, Y.R.; Cox, L.M.; Kirigin, F.F.; Bokulich, N.A.; Yamanishi, S.; Teitler, I.; Chung, J.; Sohn, J.; Barber, C.M.; Goldfarb, D.S.; et al. Metabolic and metagenomic outcomes from early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment.

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227. Gilbert, J.A.; Blaser, M.J.; Caporaso, J.G.; Jansson, J.K.; Lynch, S.V.; Knight, R. Current understanding of the human microbiome. Nat. Med. 2018, 24, 392–400. [CrossRef] 228. Manisalidis, I.; Stavropoulou, E.; Stavropoulos, A.; Bezirtzoglou, E. Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: A review. Front. Public Health 2020, 8, 14. [CrossRef] 229. Wiesmüller, G.A.; Heinzow, B.; Aurbach, U.; Bergmann, K.C.; Bufe, A.; Buzina, W.; Cornely, O.A.; Engelhart, S.; Fischer, G.; Gabrio, T.; et al. Abridged version of the AWMF guideline for the medical clinical diagnostics of indoor mould exposure. Allergo J. Int. 2017, 26, 168–193. [CrossRef] 230. Acevedo, N.; Zakzuk, J.; Caraballo, L. House Dust Mite Allergy under Changing Environments. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res. 2019, 11, 450–469. [CrossRef]
231. Cooper, P.J. Interactions between helminth parasites and allergy. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009, 9, 29–37. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
232. Elliott, A.M.; Kizza, M.; Quigley, M.A.; Ndibazza, J.; Nampijja, M.; Muhangi, L.; Morison, L.; Namujju, P.B.; Muwanga, M.; Kabatereine, N.; et al. The impact of helminths on the response to immunization and on the incidence of infection and disease in childhood in Uganda: Design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial trial of deworming interventions delivered in pregnancy and early childhood.

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© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Fecal contamination of urban parks
by domestic dogs and tragedy
of the commons
Kensuke Mori1, Melanie Rock2, Gavin McCormack2, Stefano Liccioli3, DimitriGiunchi4, Danielle Marceau5, Emmanuel Stefanakis5 & Alessandro Massolo4,6,7* Contamination of public parks by dogs is a potential source of conflict among park users, causing “tragedy of the commons” problems. Besides the social conflict, feces can pose serious health risks to both dogs and humans. In this study we analyzed the extent and patterns of the distribution of dog feces in the urban parks of the City of Calgary. We collected dog feces from randomly selected locations in the urban parks. The average density of dog feces by the different dog leash policies of the parks and the distribution pattern of the fecal density within the parks were assessed, and the total contamination of the public parks for the entire city was estimated. We found off-leash parks to be significantly more contaminated than other types of parks. We estimated 127.23 g/ha of dog feces are left unpicked in city parks in total every week. Dog feces were found more often and in greater amount in off-leash parks, and near park entrances and parking lots, than in on-leash parks and away from the park entrances. These results suggest that public park visitors, especially those visiting off-leash parks, are likely to be exposed to large amounts of dog feces. Designation of parks as on-leash and educating dog-owners may be an effective approach for reducing the fecal contamination.

Urban parks increase the quality of life in large metropolitan areas, providing stress relief and various health benefits for residents1–3 . Parks also provide dog-owners places for walking their dogs, promoting physical activity4–6, social interactions, and sense of community with other park visitors2,7,8 . However, dogs in urban parks can also
cause conflicts9
. Dogs can deter physical activities by making others feel unsafe4,8,10. Allocating public space as dog-parks to avoid user conflicts can results in dissatisfaction among non-dog-owners2 .

Dog fecal contamination of public parks is particularly concerning. Dog feces act as deterrents for other park users including other dog-owners, and their presence often leads to loss of trust in park managers and local authorities as negligent1,11,12. Dog feces can also transmit zoonotic parasites13,14 and contaminate water15. Fecal contamination of parks could be considered an example of “tragedy of the commons,” a type of environmental dilemma where there are finite resources that are shared by multiple groups, exclusion or regulation of the use of the resources are impossible or difficult, and the use of the resources by one group will reduce the available resources for others16,17. City parks can be considered a common resource shared by park users, whose value could be degraded by dog fecal contamination. Strict enforcement of dog-related bylaws is difficult to implement and could diminish the dog owners’ enjoyment of parks. As this tragedy of the commons is of increasingly politicized problem in many cities not just in Canada but across the world12,18–23, this should be a matter of grave interest for any urban planners.

The City of Calgary has pet policy that was highly successful in reducing dog bites and dog-related complaints, and is considered a model for other cities24–26. Calgary offers incentives to promote licensing of all the pets with city-run programs and services such as veterinary care, and runs educational campaigns for pet owners26. As such, several studies have been conducted on the park visitors and dog owners on their use of public parks and their perception in Calgary. McCormack and Rock27 studied the relationships between the socio-demographic characteristics of neighborhoods and physical features of small neighborhood parks and found that dog-walking OPEN
1 Graduate School of Human Development and Environment/Department of Human Environmental Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. 2
Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. 3
Grasslands National Park, Parks Canada Agency, Val Marie, SK, Canada. 4
Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. 5Department of Geomatics Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. 6 Department of Ecosystem
and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. 7 UMR CNRS 6249
Chrono‑Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besancon, France. *email: alessandro.massolo@ unipi.it
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and dog-related activities were some of the most common use of those parks. They then studied the process of changing and implementing an off-leash policy on these public parks in the City of Calgary, and the effects of off-leash policies on the behavior of dog-owners and their use of the public parks, including the resulting fecal contamination were studied1,28. These studies had mixed results on the relationships between fecal contamination and the off-leash designation, and had key limitations that further study was needed. One of the limitations was that it only studied small parks. The City of Calgary has several larger parks that are accessed by people from wider area. These large parks are used by many dog-owners in the city and are of great importance in understanding the overall patterns of park use by dog-owners. High prevalence of gastrointestinal and potentially zoonotic parasites in dog feces such as Giardia24, and at least one case of highly lethal Echinococcus multilocularis29, added the urgency for assessment of dog fecal contamination in the public parks of the city as a whole.

In this study we followed up on the work by Rock et al.1 and focused on dog fecal contamination of urban
parks in Calgary (Canada) in relation to their dog leash policy (no dogs, off-leash, on-leash, and mixed), environments, and landscapes. We aimed to A) estimate the quantity of dog fecal contamination in urban parks in a North-American metropolitan area (Calgary, AB, Canada); B) to understand its spatial patterns; and to C) assess the relationships between the amount of fecal contamination, park management in terms of dog leash policy, and environmental factors. Whilst we had no specific expectation on the quantity of dog feces per hectare, we expected to find higher dog fecal contamination in parks with an off-leash policy, and in areas immediately surrounding the park entry points.

Materials and methods
Study area. This study took place in the City of Calgary (AB, Canada; 51° 5ʹ N, 114° 5ʹ W), in south-eastern Alberta. The city covered an area of 848 km2
and population of 1,090,936 in 2011 at the time of the sampling, and 1,285,711 in the most recent census30. Elevation ranges from 965 to 1304 m above sea level. The climate is predominantly cold and dry (with an average annual high temperature of 10.5 °C and low temperature of − 2.4 °C).

The city encompassed 75 city parks and natural areas, and one provincial park, where residents walk their dogs.

The habitats of those parks were grasslands in dry areas, forests in well-drained areas and willow shrublands in wet soils areas31.

The Calgary bylaw requires dog owners to keep their dogs on leash in public areas except on the designated off-leash areas, and to remove their feces promptly32. However, these bylaws were not strictly adhered by dog owners1
. The city is divided into four sectors, with northeast (NE) residents generally in lower income than the other sectors, which influenced the pattern of people’s activity in the parks and the policy-making process for designation of off-leash areas28.

Sample collection. In June and August of 2011 feces of dogs, coyotes and other animals (mostly Canada goose Branta canadensis and white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus) were collected from 16 parks and one bird sanctuary in the city (Fig. 1). The 17 areas were selected to include the four sectors of the city (NW, NE, SW, SE), the main habitat types (grasslands, forests, and shrublands), and the different dog management bylaws. The sampled parks also included two of the largest parks in the city, namely Nosehill Park and Fishcreek Provincial Park, and most of the large-sized parks (>100 ha) of the city, where a lot of dog-related activities took place. The selected parks ranged in sizes from 1 to 1348 ha. Despite the overall very good socio-economic conditions in Calgary, the four sectors of the city are somehow descriptive of different socio-economic conditions, with the NE sector being the one at lower income. The dog bylaws consist of the following: dogs not permitted (“no dog”); only dogs on leash allowed (“leash on”); dogs allowed without leash (“leash off ”); and parks with both “leash on” and “leash off ” areas (“mixed”).

Within the 17 areas, we used a random sampling design to identify sites for monitoring fecal contamination:
we assigned random points in the sampled parks roughly proportional to their size (15.94 points/km2 , range

13.22–18.67). Exceptions were made for small parks (Taradale, Martindale, Meadowlark, and West Hillhurst), where two sampling points were assigned regardless of its size. Exceptions were also made for very large parks (Fishcreek Provincial Park and Nosehill Park) due to logistics, where two sub-areas of the parks were designated wherein the sampling points were assigned. Random points were generated using a random point algorithm implemented in ArcGIS10 (ESRI, CA, USA).

Each random point was marked with a 25 cm metal bar in the ground and a sampling plot was defined as the circular area within a 10 m radius surrounding the point. Plots were then visited twice in June and twice in August 2011; the first visit to clear the areas of feces, and the second visit one week later to collect the feces. This was done to assess the weekly rate of fecal deposition. The feces were identified to species by size, shape, content, and texture33. In Calgary there were only two canid species (dog and coyote), and in previous studies our group developed significant experience in identifying coyote feces and tested our efficiency with molecular tools34–36 and because coyote feces were normally visually distinct from those of dogs due to their content of animal hair, bones, and plant matters, dog feces identification was relatively simple. Each fecal sample was bagged, tagged with a unique identifier, weight, and the species. The feces were then brought to the lab and placed at − 80 °C for 48 h to inactivate any Echinococcus multilocularis eggs37. The feces were then weighed and kept at − 20 °C.

Geographical data. The size of each park was obtained from the City Parks website when available or calculated using ArcGIS10 (ESRI) otherwise. Maps of areas managed by the City Parks Services and areas of “off-leash” areas, and the city land cover map (5 m resolution; 2015) were obtained from the City of Calgary, Park Sector office.

The environmental variables characterizing each sampling points of 2011 survey were analyzed using ArcGIS10. To assess the ease of access to the sampling points by dog owners, the distances to the nearest developed September 222026 Item 7
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areas and trails from the sampling points were calculated. These distances were also associated with the ease of accesses park amenities such as trash bins and dog waste disposals bins, typically located at the park entrances and in parking lots. We defined “developed area” as the land cover types of “roads/railroads” and “buildings/paved roads.” Maps of trails and footpaths inside the parks were also obtained from the City of Calgary. The sampling points were also classified as whether they were within off-leash areas when in a mixed park. Terrain features as slope, aspect, and the ruggedness of the terrain (standard deviation of slope) were calculated using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) with a resolution of 0.75 arc per second (approximately 18 m) developed by Natural Resources Canada in 2012 as a proxy for the terrain variables characterizing each sampling point.

Data analysis. Fecal contamination by leash policy. Although feces of several species were collected, only the samples identified as dog feces were analyzed in this study. The average density of dog fecal contamination was calculated both as the “number of dog feces” and as “mass of dog fecal matter” per week per hectare. The differences in the average densities of contamination in parks with different leash policy classes (no dog, on leash, off leash, and mixed) were tested using one-way ANOVA. Martindale, Meadowlark, Nosecreek, Taradale, and West Hillhurst parks were removed from this analysis because of their small size and small number of sampling points (2 or 3). A Tukey’s honestly significant difference test was used to test the significance of pair-wise differences between the leash policy classes38.

Based on the calculated average densities (both in number and mass) of feces in off-leash areas and on-leash areas, the total amount of feces in the parks across the entire city was estimated. We assumed the survey in 2011 would be a representation only of the snow-free period of roughly 6 months, as opposed to the entire year, because we expected different behaviors of dogs and dog owners in winter, and a different detectability of feces in snow. Although not precise, this gives us at least a rough estimate of the total fecal contamination of the urban parks in the City of Calgary during a 6 months snow-free period. The total area of parks in the city was calculated using ArcGIS 10 from the map of the City Parks Services and map of off-leash area. Although the map of the Figure 1.Map showing the City of Calgary, and the locations of sampling points within the dog fecal contamination surveys carried out in 2011 in the city of Calgary (AB, Canada). The map was created with ArcGIS10 (ESRI, CA, USA), using geographic data created by the City of Calgary. The blank map showing territory governed by provinces and territories of Canada was obtained from Wikipedia under CC BY-SA 3.0.

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City Parks Services did not distinguish “no-dog” areas from other areas, the “no-dog” areas were small in sizes and therefore we assumed that they could be ignored in our estimate.

Feces distribution within parks. The spatial distribution of dog feces within the city parks were modelled by fitting a mixed-effects Poisson distribution model to estimate the number of dog feces found at each survey location (dependent variable) as a linear function of effects due to the dog leash policy at each site (fixed factor), to the environmental characteristics of the plot (fixed factors and continuous variables), after controlling for the clustering of sites within parks (random intercept).

The environmental variables considered were: the accessibility (distance from parking lots and trails), the land cover type of the surveyed plots, and average slope of the area. The land cover of the plots were defined as the land cover type that covered more than half of the plot (>150 m2 ). Ultimately only the land cover type of
“grassland” was used because the correlation of each land cover types with the fecal number, and our observation in the field, suggested natural grassland to be most relevant among the plots we sampled. The slope variable was simplified into categorical variable of being flat or slope, because the resolution of DEM data were too coarse for the plots, and because we suspect that differences in few degrees would not make significant difference in the behavior of dogs or dog owners. The threshold of 10° was chosen. The distance from trail was simplified as a categorical variable of being ”near trail” and “away” from trail, using 50 m as threshold distance. Most of the sites with feces were found within 50 m from trails (see supplementary material Fig. S1). The dog leash policy classes were defined as “off leash,” “on leash” and “mixed.” Because we found zero feces in the “no dog” parks, they were not included in the model. All the models with every combination of the variables were compared using the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) and the best performing model was selected39. The selected model was assessed using likelihood ratio test against the model with only parks as random factor as “null” model.

Analyses were carried out using glmmTMB package of R [version 1.1.1; 40]. The assumptions for the mixedeffect Poisson distribution models were assessed using DHARMa package of R [version 0.4.3; 41].

Unless otherwise stated, means are reported with their standard errors (SEM). All the statistical analyses were conducted with R software, version 4.1.042.

This study did not handle any human or live animals, and did not require any ethics approval. The research workers were informed of the risks of infection to Echinococcus multilocularis and other pathogens while collecting the animal feces. Proper precautions were taken to avoid infections.

Results
City park fecal contamination. A total of 53 dog feces was found in 259 random point surveys of 2011.

On average, 0.2 dog feces per plot (range: 0–6) was found during the 2 weeks of survey, which translates to 6.51 feces per ha per week. Fecal average weight was 39.06 g (±2.74). On average 7.99 g of feces per plot (range:
0–313.01) was found, equivalent to 127.23 g per ha per week. If we are to assume that our surveys represent roughly the 6 months (~26 weeks) of the snow free times of the year, we estimated a total of 169.26 feces and 3,307.98 g of feces per ha in half a year. The highest density of the number of feces was found in Southland Park at 27.85 feces per ha per week, whereas the highest density in terms of mass of feces was found in West Hillhurst at 1362.37 g per ha per week (Table 1).

On average, “off-leash” parks were more contaminated (Table 2). One-way ANOVA highlighted significant differences in density and amount of feces in these 4 types of parks (F3,8=14.02, p=0.0015 for the number of feces; F3,8=9.45, p=0.0053 for the mass of the feces). Tukey’s honest significant difference test multiple comparisons showed a significant difference in the number of feces between the “off-leash” and “mixed” pair (p=0.0111), the “off-leash” and “on-leash” pair (p=0.0015), and “off-leash” and “no-dog” pair (p=0.0051; Fig. 2A, supplementary material Table S1). There were significant differences in the fecal mass between “off-leash” and “mixed” parks pair (p=0.0442), “off-leash” and “on-leash” pair (p=0.0048), and “off-leash” and “no-dog” pair (p=0.0151; Fig. 2B, Supplementary material Table S2).

Based on the GIS map of the areas managed by the City Parks and the off-leash areas, and the size of Fish Creek Provincial Parks, there are total of approximately 13,133 ha of park areas in the City of Calgary, including 1221 ha of the off-leash areas. Extrapolating the average of 642.10 g per ha per week in off-leash areas to the entire city, we estimate a total of 757.54 kg of fecal matter contaminating the off-leash areas every week during the snow-free period. Although the remaining 11,912 ha includes “no-dog” parks, given that “no-dog” areas are small and applying the average of 16.30 g per ha per week of “on-leash” areas, the remaining areas would have total of 665.79 kg of fecal matter every week, leading to 1423.33 kg of fecal matter every week for the whole city during the snow-free period.

Dog feces distribution. The variables that best explained the number of dog feces at each survey points were the distance of the point from parking lots, followed by the leash policy. Most plots with more than one dog feces were within 200 m from parking lots (Fig. 3). Most of the terrain and land cover variables resulted in little improvements to the model (see supplementary material S1). The final model included leash policy with a positive effect of off-leash policy and negative effect on on-leash policy on the number of dog feces relative to mixed leash policy parks, and negative effects of distance to parking (Table 3, also see supplementary material Figs. S2 and S3). The likelihood ratio of the final model to the null model was significant (X2=46.25, df=3, p<0.0001).

Discussion
In this study we aimed to understand the extent and spatial patterns of the fecal contamination in the urban parks of the City of Calgary for better management of the city parks. For the extent of the fecal contamination, according to our calculations, rate of fecal contamination of the public parks in the City of Calgary was close to September 222026 Item 7
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1.5 tons of dog feces per week. This amount of fecal material can be washed into rivers and streams by a heavy rain, contaminating the water downstream. Such a fecal contamination have not only serious direct effects on both public and wildlife health, but indirect effects through the increment of social conflict and an overall reduction of ‘wellness’ for people while in parks; the combination of these effects may cause significant loss to the “commons” of the city.

Parks with off-leash bylaws seemed to have significantly larger amount of dog feces left unpicked by owners, suggesting that dog owners in the City of Calgary usually are more likely to clean up after their dogs if the dogs are on leash. This might be due to the increased awareness of their dogs defecating if they are on leash, or because of decreased sense of being observed by other park users when their dogs are unleashed (i.e. defecating dog is not in immediate proximity of its owner, a likely occurrence in off-leash park) thus feeling less social pressure to clean up after their dogs; a known factor contributing to fecal contamination43. Particular concern for park users may be that more dog feces were found near parking lots, leading to more exposure to people and dogs.

Although a parasitological study of dog feces in the Calgary found mostly non-zoonotic strains of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.44, a recent study using the same dog samples found a highly virulent zoonotic parasite, E. multilocularis, at a prevalence of about 2.4%45. Because of its high fatality in humans, the presence of E. multilocularis is a cause of grave concern even at low prevalence46.

Our estimate of 19.04 dog feces per ha per week in off-leash parks in Calgary is within the range of dog fecal density reported from dog-friendly beaches in California where dogs were allowed off-leash, where the fecal densities were 2.1–4.9 dog feces per ha per day (14.7–34.3 per ha per week47). Perhaps there is a tolerance level of the density of dogs or dog feces for dog owners in North America above which they start avoiding that park.

Table 1.Leash policy, area size, city quadrant, and number/mass of dog feces found in each park during a survey from random points within urban parks in the City of Calgary (AB, Canada) in the year 2011. In table are reported the number and mass of feces, average contamination rate per hectare per week, and the total feces estimated for the entire park in 6 months snow-free period.

Area Leash policy Area (ha)
City
Quadrant
Num.
sampling pt
Num. dog
feces
Feces/ha/
week Feces/6 months
Total mass of
feces (g)
Mass (g)/ha/
week
Total mass
(kg)/6 months
Fishcreek Provincial Park On 1348 SE and SW 88 6 1.09 38,030.58 291.57 52.73 1848.18 Weaselhead On 237 SW 24 0 0 0 0 0 0
Edworthy Park
Lower On 108 NW 12 1 1.33 3733.91 21.86 28.99 81.62
Southland low On 37 SE 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Stanley park On 21 SW 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Martindale On 3 NE 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Meadowlark On 1 SW 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
West Hillhurst On 1 NW 2 2 15.92 459.32 171.2 1362.37 39.32 Nose Hill Park Mixed 1129 NW 51 3 0.94 27,481.21 56.74 17.71 519.77 Bowmont Park Mixed 164 NW 25 6 3.82 407,182 359.64 228.95 976.26 Taradale Mixed 22 NE 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Southland
park Off 62 SE 12 21 27.85 44,897.62 654.16 867.61 1398.58 Edworthy Park
Upper Off 61 NW 8 9 17.9 28,266.82 397.89 791.58 1249.68 Riverpark Off 21 SW 7 5 11.37 6207.04 117.42 266.97 145.77 Nosecreek Off 18 NE 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Inglewood
Bird Sanctuary No dog 36 SE 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Inglewood
Wildland No dog 34 SE 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 2.Dog fecal contamination of urban parks of the City of Calgary assessed during a survey on random points within urban parks in the City of Calgary (AB, Canada) in the year 2011. Data were classified into 4 categories based on the parks’ leash policy. The fecal contaminations are reported as mean (±SE) number and mass (in gram) of feces found in each of the leash policy categories per hectare per week. “Off-leash” parks do not require dogs to be on leash, “On-leash” parks require dogs to be on the leash all the time, and “mixed” park has areas that are off-leash and on-leash. “No dogs” parks do not allow dogs at all.

Off-leash Mixed On-leash No dogs
Number of feces (n/ha/week) 19.04 (±2.77) 2.38 (±1.02) 0.48 (±0.13) 0 Fecal mass (g/ha/week) 642.05 (±109.01) 123.33 (±7.47) 16.35 (±4.78) 0 September 222026 Item 7
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It would be interesting to know if urban parks in other cities have similar dog fecal densities or if there are city features that influence the fecal contamination. Unfortunately, while there are many studies on parasitological concerns from dog feces in public areas23,48–52, studies on the dog feces itself are limited.

Few studies that record densities of dog feces were difficult to compare. Rubel and Wisnivesky19 studied the dog fecal contamination in the suburbs of Buenos Aires, Argentina, where most dogs (pets and stray) were free ranging. They found 177 dog feces in 1939.5 m2
(912.6 feces per ha) in the parks in middle-income neighborhoods and 315 dog feces in 3284.6 m2 (959 feces per ha) in the parks in low-income neighborhoods, and even higher densities of feces on sidewalks, seemingly much higher than the urban parks of the city of Calgary. However, because this study did not control the time it took for those feces to accumulate, their results cannot be directly compared. In a study on Tibentan villages where dogs are often allowed to roam freely, Vaniscotte et al.53 Figure 2.Dog fecal contamination expressed as the number (A) and mass in kg (B) in per hectare per week in the parks and natural areas in the City of Calgary (AB, Canada) surveyed in summer 2011 in relation to their dog leash policy: “off ” for parks where dogs are allowed off-leash, “on” for parks where dogs are allowed on-leash, “mixed” for parks containing both off-leash and on-leash areas, and “no dog” for parks where dogs are not allowed. Both the numbers of feces and fecal masses show significant difference between off-leash parks and every other leash policy based on Tukey tests. The pairs that are significantly different are highlighted with horizontal lines and p-values.

Figure 3.Distribution of dog feces found at each random plot by the distance from parking lots in the dog fecal contamination surveys carried out in 2011 in the city of Calgary (AB, Canada). Black dots indicate plots where some dog feces were found, X symbols indicate plot with no dog feces found. Dashed line indicates the threshold of 200 m from the nearest parking lot.

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found an average of 8.60 dog feces per ha, with peaks of 354 feces per ha. While their average is seemingly comparable to the fecal densities of the parks in Calgary, this study was not conducted in public parks, but in villages spaces, and again it did not control for the fecal accumulation time. Another study in France surveyed urban parks and rural settlements, but these surveys were conducted along the paths in the parks and settlements and not by areas20. Similarly, a study in Naples, Italy, surveyed along the transects placed throughout the city21.

While this study covered more parks than that of Rock et al.1 , there are shortcomings. The socio-demographics
of the neighborhoods surrounding each park were not assessed explicitly nor the activities of the park visitors studied. Part of the reason was that large parks such as Nosehill park and Fishcreek park straddle over several neighborhoods and are visited by people who do not resides in immediate neighborhoods of the parks, and are so large we could not make detailed observation of people. In fact, we had to omit small parks that were studied in Rock et al.1
as they were exceptionally small compared to the parks assessed in this study. However this study is rather complementary, assessing the patterns from different types of parks that provide important services to large number of people and dogs.

Management implications in urban planning. Based on our data, defining and enforcing leash bylaws for the parks is likely an effective method for reducing fecal contamination. However, dog owners often find the ability to walk dogs off-leash to be an important quality of a park54, and their interests have to be balanced.

Given the distribution of the feces within parks, to reduce the fecal contamination in public parks it is recommended to focus the efforts near parking lots and entrances, especially in off-leash parks. Designating areas near park entrances and parking lots as on-leash areas may have some effects. Studies by Jason and Zolik55 indicated education of dog-owners as effective strategies for reducing dog fecal contamination. Educating dog owners, especially of those who visit off-leash parks, on how to properly dispose feces and the harms they can cause may be a simple and effective approach. Posting signs at the parking lots and entrances of the parks reminding dog owners to clean up after their dogs may have impacts as well.

Considering the potential problems associated with the policy regarding the pet dogs and their use of public parks, conceptual framework of assessing and designing local government’s policies on pets were proposed56.

In 2021, the Calgary’s City Council approved changes to the bylaw on pet ownership, to take effect beginning in January of 2022. Among several changes, the new bylaw defines the maximum number of dogs a person can supervise in an off-leash park at six, increase the penalties for acts of nuisances including dog feces, and authority for the city to ban a repeated offenders from off-leash parks. As these new policies take effects, it will be interesting to assess the effects on the dog fecal contamination in the Calgary’s public parks, using this study as a reference of the dog fecal contamination prior to the implementation of the new policies. We hope there will be similar studies in future with consistent methodologies conducted in different cities across the world, so that we may see patterns of fecal contamination over different cities, countries, continents or cultures. Such patterns can then be used to identify cultural characteristics or policies associated with fecal contamination, patterns that are potentially useful for policy makers.

Data availability
The data will be made available upon request to the corresponding author.

Received: 30 October 2022; Accepted: 17 February 2023
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Acknowledgements
Thanks to Chris Manderson and Jenna Cross from the City of Calgary Parks for financial and technical support through direct funding and through the Urban Alliance initiative with the University of Calgary. We thank Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Calgary and Alberta Innovates Health Solutions for studentships. We are grateful to June Au Yeung, Courtney Cavinet, Monica Freeman, and Stephanie Peacock for their generous and friendly support, as well as Susan McKee and Quazi Hassan for their constant availability.

Author contributions
K.M. wrote the main manuscript and conducted most of the statistical analysis. D.G. and A.M. also conducted and provided support with statistical analysis. M.R., G.M., S.L., D.M., E.S., and A.M. provided guidance on the study. M.R., S.L., and A.M. has collected data. All authors contributed and reviewed the manuscript.

Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/

10.1038/s41598-023-30225-7.

Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to A.M.

Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. © The Author(s) 2023
September 222026 Item 7
Peer Review Draft Staff Report
for the
Action Plan
for the
Russian River Watershed
Pathogen Indicator Bacteria
Total Maximum Daily Load
January 16, 2015
California Regional Water Quality Control Board
North Coast Region
September 222026 Item 7
Peer Review Draft Staff Report
for the Action Plan for the Russian River Watershed Pathogen Indicator Bacteria TMDL ii
Adopted by the
California Regional Water Quality Control Board
North Coast Region
on ______________, 201x
Approved by the
State Water Resources Control Board
on ______________, 201x
and the
Office of Administrative Law
on ______________,201x
and the
United States Environmental Protection Agency
on ________________. 201x

CALIFORNIA REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD

NORTH COAST REGION
5550 Skylane Boulevard, Suite A; Santa Rosa, California 95403 Phone: (707) 576-2220
http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/
Documents are available at:
http://waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdls/russian_river September 222026 Item 7
Peer Review Draft Staff Report
for the Action Plan for the Russian River Watershed Pathogen Indicator Bacteria TMDL iii

STATE OF CALIFORNIA
EDMUND G. BROWN, JR., Governor
MATTHEW RODRIQUEZ, Agency Secretary, California Environmental Protection Agency State Water Resources Control Board
Felicia Marcus, Chair
Francis Spivy-Weber, Vice Chair
Tam M. Dudoc
Dorene D’Adamo
Steven Moore
Tom Howard, Executive Director
California Regional Water Quality Control Board
North Coast Region
John W. Corbett, Chair
David Noren, Vice Chair
Geoffrey Hales
Gregory Giusti
William R. Massey
Valerie Minton
Matthias St. John, Executive Officer
David Leland, Assistant Executive Officer
This report was prepared under the direction of
Shin-Roei Lee, Supervising Water Resource Control Engineer Rebecca Fitzgerald, Senior Environmental Scientist
By
Charles Reed, Water Resources Control Engineer
Steven Butkus, Water Resources Control Engineer
Katharine Carter, Environmental Scientist
Adam Zwick, Scientific Aide
With counsel from
Nathan Jacobson, Staff Counsel
September 222026 Item 7
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ACRONYMS & SHORT HAND NAMES ......................................................................................................ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 11

1.1 PURPOSE.......................................................................................................................................................................................11

1.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK..............................................................................................................................................11

1.2.1 IMPAIRED WATERBODIES........................................................................................................................................11

1.2.2 TMDL & BASIN PLAN AMENDMENT DEVELOPMENT................................................................................12

1.3 WATERSHED DESCRIPTION & ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING............................................................................14

1.3.1 HYDROLOGY......................................................................................................................................................................14

1.3.2 LAND USES.........................................................................................................................................................................18

1.3.3 CLIMATE .............................................................................................................................................................................20

1.3.4 GEOLOGY AND SOILS....................................................................................................................................................23 CHAPTER 2 STANDARDS, INDICATORS & TARGETS ...................................................................................... 25

2.1 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS.........................................................................................................................................25

2.1.1 BENEFICIAL USES ..........................................................................................................................................................25

2.1.2 WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES................................................................................................................................27

2.1.3 ANTIDEGRADATION.....................................................................................................................................................30

2.1.4 IMPLEMENTATION PLANS........................................................................................................................................30

2.2 PATHOGEN INDICATOR BACTERIA & TMDL TARGETS.......................................................................................31

2.2.1 BACTEROIDES BACTERIA...........................................................................................................................................31

2.2.2 E. COLI BACTERIA...........................................................................................................................................................35

2.2.3 FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA..................................................................................................................................37

2.2.4 MICROBIOME COMMUNITY......................................................................................................................................38 CHAPTER 3 EVIDENCE OF IMPAIRMENT........................................................................................................... 39

3.1 ASSESSMENT OF BACTEROIDES BACTERIA DATA................................................................................................39

3.2 ASSESSMENT OF E. COLI BACTERIA DATA.................................................................................................................45

3.3 ASSESSMENT OF FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA DATA.........................................................................................47

3.4 ASSESSMENT OF PATHOGENIC SPECIES.....................................................................................................................48

3.4.1 PATHOGENIC BACTERIA DETECTIONS.............................................................................................................48

3.4.2 CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AND GIARDIA DETECTIONS .......................................................................................49

3.5 303(d) IMPAIRED WATER LISTINGS.............................................................................................................................49

3.6 PUBLIC HEALTH ADVISORIES...........................................................................................................................................50 CHAPTER 4 SOURCE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 53

4.1 HUMAN, GRAZER, & BIRD FECAL WASTE SOURCES & DISTRIBUTION......................................................53

4.2 SOURCES BY LAND COVER TYPE.....................................................................................................................................59

4.3 POINT SOURCE FACILITIES AND ACTIVITIES...........................................................................................................65

4.3.1 WASTEWATER DISCHARGES TO SURFACE WATERS.................................................................................65

4.3.2 WASTEWATER DISCHARGES TO LAND.............................................................................................................73

4.3.3 STORMWATER.................................................................................................................................................................81

4.4 NONPOINT SOURCES..............................................................................................................................................................84 CHAPTER 5 SEASONAL VARIATION AND CRITICAL CONDITIONS .............................................................. 97

5.1 SEASONAL VARIATION..........................................................................................................................................................97

5.2 CRITICAL CONDITIONS .........................................................................................................................................................98 September 222026 Item 7
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CHAPTER 6 LINKAGE ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................103

6.1 BACTEROIDES BACTERIA LINKAGE.............................................................................................................................103

6.2 E. COLI BACTERIA LINKAGE ............................................................................................................................................104 CHAPTER 7 TMDL CALCULATIONS AND ALLOCATIONS..............................................................................107

7.1 TMDLs, LOADING CAPACITIES & MARGIN OF SAFETY.....................................................................................107

7.1.1 BACTEROIDES BACTERIA TMDLS/LOADING CAPACITIES.................................................................... 108

7.1.2 E. COLI BACTERIA TMDLs/LOADING CAPACITIES....................................................................................108

7.1.4 MARGINS OF SAFETY................................................................................................................................................109

7.2 WASTELOAD ALLOCATIONS...........................................................................................................................................109

7.3 LOAD ALLOCATIONS............................................................................................................................................................110 CHAPTER 8 IMPLEMENTATION.........................................................................................................................115

8.1 WASTE DISCHARGE PROHIBITIONS...........................................................................................................................115

8.2 IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS..........................................................................................................................................116

8.2.1 MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER DISCHARGES TO SURFACE WATERS...................................................116

8.2.2 WASTEWATER HOLDING POND DISCHARGES TO SURFACE WATERS .........................................119

8.2.3 PERCOLATION PONDS AND DISPOSAL BY SPRAY IRRIGATION........................................................120

8.2.4 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS................................................................................................................................. 122

8.2.5 LAND APPLICATION OF BIOSOLIDS..................................................................................................................123

8.2.6 RECYCLED WATER.....................................................................................................................................................123

8.2.7 INDIVIDUAL ONSITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS ...........................................................124

8.2.8 LARGE ONSITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS........................................................................127

8.2.9 RECREATIONAL WATER USE ...............................................................................................................................128

8.2.10 HOMELESS AND FARMWORKER ENCAMPMENTS AND ILLEGAL CAMPING..............................128

8.2.11 URBAN STORMWATER RUNOFF.........................................................................................................................129

8.2.12 CALTRANS STORMWATER RUNOFF.................................................................................................................130

8.2.13 PET WASTE..................................................................................................................................................................... 131

8.2.14 NON-DAIRY LIVESTOCK AND FARM ANIMALS...........................................................................................131

8.2.15 DAIRIES & CAFOs.........................................................................................................................................................132

8.3 BACTERIA LOAD REDUCTION PLAN...........................................................................................................................133

8.3.1 TIME SCHEDULE FOR PLAN DEVELOPMENT, REVIEW, AND APPROVAL.................................... 133

8.3.2 PLAN ORGANIZATION..............................................................................................................................................133 CHAPTER 9 MONITORING ...................................................................................................................................137

9.1 STEWARDSHIP & THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED MONITORING PROGRAM...............................137

9.2 MONITORING & REPORTING OF IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS .................................................................. 138

9.3 MONITORING & REPORTING OF TMDL ATTAINMENT.....................................................................................138

9.4 POST TMDL-ATTAINMENT OR NON-ATTAINMENT PROCEDURES...........................................................140 CHAPTER 10 CEQA ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................................143 CHAPTER 11 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................145 CHAPTER 12 ANTIDEGRADATION ANALYSIS.................................................................................................147 CHAPTER 13 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION SUMMARY........................................................................................149 CHAPTER 14 NINE KEY NONPOINT SOURCE ELEMENTS.............................................................................151 APPENDIX A TYPES OF PATHOGENS & TYPES OF PATHOGEN INDICATOR BACTERIA.......................153 REFERENCES CITED IN STAFF REPORT ............................................................................................................159 September 222026 Item 7
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LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1

1.1 WATERBODIES IMPAIRED BY INDICATOR BACTERIA ADDRESSED BY THIS TMDL PROJECT........13

1.2 HYDROLOGIC UNIT CODE 10 WATERSHEDS OF THE RUSSIAN RIVER.........................................................17

1.3 LAND COVER IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED ..............................................................................................18

1.4 POPULATION OF MUNICIPALITIES IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED................................................18

1.5 POPULAR SWIMMING BEACHES ALONG THE RUSSIAN RIVER.........................................................................20

1.6 AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION................................................................................................................................20

1.7 HYDROLOGIC SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED......................................23 CHAPTER 2

2.1 BENEFICIAL USES DESIGNATED FOR PROTECTION IN SURFACE WATERS...............................................26

2.2 BENEFICIAL USE NAMES DESIGNATED FOR PROTECTION IN SURFACE WATERS.........................26,27

2.3 PATHOGENIC BACTERIA, PROTOZOAN, AND VIRUS OF CONCERN TO WATER QUALITY..................32

2.4 NUMERIC TMDL TARGETS.....................................................................................................................................................32

2.5 BACTEROIDES BACTERIA NUMERIC TARGETS TO ATTAIN NATURAL BACKGROUND.......................33

2.6 US EPA’S E.COLI RECREATIONAL WATER QUALITY CRITERIA & BEACH ACTION VALUES..............35

2.7 E. COLI BACTERIA NUMERIC TARGETS ..........................................................................................................................36 CHAPTER 3

3.1 HUMAN-HOST BACTEROIDES ATTAINMENT & EXCEEDANCE IN THE MAINSTEM...............................42

3.2 BOVINE-HOST BACTEROIDES ATTAINMENT & EXCEEDANCE IN THE MAINSTEM...............................42

3.3 HUMAN-HOST BACTEROIDES ATTAINMENT & EXCEEDANCE IN TRIBUTARIES....................................43

3.4 BOVINE-HOST BACTEROIDES BACTERIA ATTAINMENT & EXCEEDANCE IN TRIBUTARIES............44

3.5 E.COLI BACTERIA TARGET ATTAINMENT & EXCEEDANCE................................................................................47

3.6 FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA TARGET ATTAINMENT & EXCEEDANCE .......................................................48

3.7 POTENTIAL HUMAN PATHOGENS DETECTED IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED........................49

3.8 BEACH ADVISORIES ISSUED BY THE SONOMA CO. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES...............51 CHAPTER 4

4.1 LOCATIONS WITH THE HIGHEST PERCENT OF MATCHES BETWEEN BACTERIA DNA SEQUENCES

IN RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED SAMPLES AND KNOWN HUMAN, GRAZER, AND BIRD FECAL WASTE...............................................................................................................................................................................................54

4.2 PERCENT HUMAN, GRAZER, AND BIRD FECAL GENE SEQUENCE MEASUREMENT RESULTS IN THE MAINSTEM RUSSIAN RIVER..................................................................................................................................................58

4.3 PERCENT HUMAN, GRAZER, AND BIRD FECAL GENE SEQUENCE MEASUREMENT RESULTS IN TRIBUTARY STREAMS.......................................................................................................................................................58,59

4.4 MUNICIPAL NPDES WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES AND PERCENT COMPLIANCE WITH TOTAL COLIFORM EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS..............................................................................................................68

4.5 SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED..............................................................70

4.6 SANITARY SEWER OVERFLOWS IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED......................................................71

4.7 OTHER NPDES FACILITIES IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED.................................................................73

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4.9 PRIVATE DOMESTIC WDR WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES...........................................................77

4.10 PRIVATE DOMESTIC WDR WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES...........................................................79

4.11 PERMITTED STORMWATER FACILITIES IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED....................................81

4.12 ESTIMATES OF HOUSES, POPULATIONS & ACRES OF SEWERED AND NON-SEWERED AREAS......85

4.13 POPULAR SWIMMING BEACHES ALONG THE RUSSIAN RIVER.........................................................................86

4.14 INVENTORY OF LIVESTOCK ANIMALS IN MENDOCINO AND SONOMA COUNTIES................................94

4.15 DAIRIES IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED.........................................................................................................94 CHAPTER 7

7.1 TMDLS, LOADING CAPACITIES, WASTELOAD ALLOCATIONS, AND LOAD ALLOCATIONS..............107

7.2 NPDES PERMITTEES WITH WLAS IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED...............................................110

7.3 PERCENT REDUCTIONS NEEDED TO MEET BACTEROIDES BACTERIA TMDLS...........................112,113

7.4 PERCENT REDUCTIONS NEEDED TO MEET E. COLI BACTERIA TMDLS IN TRIBUTARIES..............113

7.5 PERCENT REDUCTIONS NEEDED TO MEET TMDLS BY LAND COVER CATEGORY..............................113 CHAPTER 8

8.1 SUMMARY OF IMPLEMENTATION ACTIONS....................................................................................................117,118 CHAPTER 9

9.1 TMDL ATTAINMENT MONITORING LOCATIONS....................................................................................................140

LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1

1.1 RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED OVERVIEW MAP........................................................................................................15

1.2 HYDROLOGIC UNITY CODE 10 WATERSHEDS ............................................................................................................16

1.3 LAND COVER IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED..............................................................................................19

1.4 POPULAR SWIMMING BEACHES ON THE RUSSIAN RIVER..................................................................................21

1.5 AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION PATTERNS IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED....................22

1.6 HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED..................................................24 CHAPTER 3

3.1 HUMAN-HOST BACTEROIDES NATURAL ATTAINMENT & EXCEEDANCE...................................................40

3.2 BOVINE-HOST BACTEROIDES BACTERIA ATTAINMENT & EXCEEDANCE..................................................41

3.3 E.COLI BACTERIA TARGET ATTAINMENT & EXCEEDANCE.................................................................................46 CHAPTER 4

4.1 HUMAN WASTE FECAL GENE SEQUENCE MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS AND RESULTS.................... 55

4.2 GRAZER WASTE FECAL GENE SEQUENCE MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS AND RESULT.......................56

4.3 BIRD WASTE FECAL GENE SEQUENCE MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS AND RESULTS...........................57

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4.5 E. COLI BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED DURING WET PERIODS BY LAND COVER CATEGORY................................................................................................................62

4.6 HUMAN-SPECIFIC BACTEROIDES BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED DURING DRY PERIODS BY LAND COVER CATEGORY.................................................63

4.7 HUMAN-SPECIFIC BACTEROIDES BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED DURING WET PERIODS BY LAND COVER CATEGORY................................................63

4.8 BOVINE-SPECIFIC BACTEROIDES BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED DURING DRY PERIODS BY LAND COVER CATEGORY.................................................64

4.9 BOVINE-SPECIFIC BACTEROIDES BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED DURING WET PERIODS BY LAND COVER CATEGORY................................................64

4.10 MUNICIPAL NPDES WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES IN THE RUSSIAN RIVER WATERSHED..................................................................................................................................................................................67

4.11 E. COLI BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS IN A RECYCLED WATER HOLDING POND AT VINTAGE GREENS IN WINDSOR...............................................................................................................................................................69

4.12 MUNICIPAL WDR WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES..............................................................................74

4.13 UNSEWERED MOBILE HOME PARKS AND CAMPGROUNDS................................................................................80

4.14 COMPARISON OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF E. COLI AND BACTEROIDES BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS BY PARCEL DENSITIES .................................................................................................................86

4.15 POPULAR SWIMMING BEACHES ALONG THE RUSSIAN RIVER.........................................................................87

4.16 COUNTS OF PEOPLE RECREATING AT VETERANS MEMORIAL BEACH IN HEALDSBURG..................88

4.17 VETERANS MEMORIAL BEACH ON THURSDAY, JULY , 2013 AT 12:30PM ..................................................89

4.18 EAST MONTE RIO BEACH ON THURSDAY, JULY 4TH, 2013 AT 14:00............................................................89

4.19 WEST MONTE RIO BEACH ON THURSDAY, JULY 4TH, 2013 AT 14:00..........................................................90

4.20 E. COLI BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED AT VETERANS MEMORIAL BEACH.....................90

4.21 E. COLI BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED AT MONTE RIO BEACH..............................................91 CHAPTER 5

5.1 DISTRIBUTION OF E. COLI BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS..................................................................................99

5.2 DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN-HOST BACTEROIDES BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS.................................99

5.3 DISTRIBUTION OF BOVINE-HOST BACTEROIDES BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS..............................100

5.4 CORRELATION BETWEEN E. COLI BACTERIA CONCENTRATIONS AND STREAM FLOW MEASUREMENTS AT CAMP ROSE BEACH DURING THE DRY SEASON.......................................................100

5.5 CORRELATION BETWEEN E. COLI BACTERIA CONCENTRATION AN STREAM FLOW MEASUREMENTS AT VETERAN MEMORIAL BEACH DURING THE DRY SEASON.................................101

5.6 CORRELATION BETWEEN E. COLI BACTERIA CONCENTRATION AND STREAM FLOW MEASUREMENTS AT STEELHEAD BEACH DURING THE DRY SEASON......................................................101

5.7 CORRELATION BETWEEN E.COLI BACTERIA CONCENTRATION AND STREAM FLOW MEASUREMENTS AT JOHNSON’S BEACH DURING THE DRY SEASON........................................................102

5.8 CORRELATION BETWEEN E. COLI BACTERIA CONCENTRATION AND STREAM FLOW MEASUREMENTS AT MONTE RIO BEACH DURING THE DRY SEASON.......................................................102 CHAPTER 9

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LIST OF ACRONYMS & SHORT HAND NAMES
Basin Plan.....................................Water Quality Control Plan for the North Coast Region BMP.................................................Best Management Practice BAV..................................................Beach Action Value CAFO...............................................Confined Animal Feeding Operation Caltrans .........................................California Department of Transportation CDFW..............................................California Department of Fish and Wildlife CDHCD ...........................................California Department of Housing and Community Development CDPH...............................................California Department of Public Health CEQA...............................................California Environmental Quality Act CIWQS............................................California Integrated Water Quality System cfu.....................................................colony forming units CSD ..................................................Community Service District CWA.................................................Clean Water Act CWC.................................................California Water Code DNA.................................................Deoxyribonucleic acid EIR ...................................................Environmental Impact Report I/I.....................................................inflow and infiltration Impaired Waters Policy.........California Water Quality Control Policy for Addressing Impaired Waters: Regulatory Structure and Options
gpd...................................................gallons per day mgd..................................................million gallons per day MPN.................................................Most Probably Number MOS.................................................Margin of Safety MS4..................................................Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems NGI...................................................Near Gastrointestinal Illness (includes diarrhea without the requirement of a fever)
NOAA Fisheries..........................National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service
NPDES............................................National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System NPS..................................................Non-point Source NRCS...............................................Natural Resources Conservation Service OWTS..............................................Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems qPCR................................................Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction REC-1..............................................Water Contact Recreation Beneficial Use REC-2..............................................Non-Contact Water Recreation Beneficial Use Regional Water Board............North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board RCD..................................................Resource Conservation District rRNA ...............................................Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid ROWD.............................................Report of Waste Discharge SSO...................................................Sanitary Sewer Overflow State Water Board....................State Water Resources Control Board STV...................................................Statistical Threshold Value TMDL..............................................Total Maximum Daily Load September 222026 Item 7
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U.S. EPA .........................................United States Environmental Protection Agency USFS................................................United States Forest Service USFWS............................................United States Fish and Wildlife Service WDRs..............................................Waste Discharge Requirements WWTP............................................Wastewater Treatment Plant September 222026 Item 7
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE
The purpose of this Staff Report is to present the supporting information for the Action Plan for the Russian River Watershed Pathogen Indicator Bacteria Total Maximum Daily Load (Action Plan). The Action Plan will be presented as an amendment to the Water Quality Control Plan for the North Coast Region, which is also known as the Basin Plan.

The purposes of the Action Plan for the Russian River Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) are four-fold:

1. To improve the bacteriological quality of the surface waters in the Russian River Watershed so that water quality standards are attained and the beneficial use of water contact recreation is fully supported.

2. To set limits on the amount of bacterial discharges from non-natural controllable sources into the surface waters of the Russian River Watershed in order to attain water quality standards. E. coli, Bacteroides, and fecal coliform bacteria TMDLs are set at levels to attain the Bacteria Water Quality Objective and protect the water contact recreation use.

3. To describe the implementation actions that are necessary to reduce bacteria concentrations to levels that meet water quality standards.

4. To describe the monitoring actions that are necessary to ensure that implementation actions result in attainment of water quality standards.

1.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
Several laws and regulations govern the development and implementation of TMDLs, most notably the federal Clean Water Act (CWA) and the state Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act. This section describes the framework and context of these laws and regulations for the Russian River TMDL.

1.2.1 IMPAIRED WATERBODIES
Section 303(d) of the CWA requires states to develop a list of waterbodies where required pollution control mechanisms (e.g., primary treatment of wastewater) are not sufficient or stringent enough to meet water quality standards applicable to such waters.

Data collected as part of this TMDL project indicate that all surface stream and river reaches in the Russian River Watershed are impaired by pathogen indicator bacteria. The watershed-wide pathogen indicator bacteria impairment does not apply to lakes and reservoirs, which were not sampled nor assessed as part of this TMDL project. Table 1.1 September 222026 Item 7
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shows the waterbodies listed as impaired for indicator bacteria on the 2012 303(d) List1, as well as impaired waterbodies that are not yet listed. All the waterbodies in the table are assigned TMDLs to address indicator bacteria impairments in this project. Waterbodypollutant pairs that are not currently on the 2012 303(d) List will be proposed for addition to the 2018 303(d) List.

1.2.2 TMDL & BASIN PLAN AMENDMENT DEVELOPMENT
The federal Clean Water Act requires states to address impaired waters by developing a TMDL, fully implementing existing programs, or implementing additional water quality programs that will result in the attainment of water quality standards. Regional Water Board staff determined that development of TMDLs and an implementation plan are required to address the bacteriological impairment of the Russian River Watershed. The TMDLs and implementation plan are contained in the Action Plan for the Russian River Watershed Pathogen Indicator Bacteria Total Maximum Daily Load, which is proposed as a Basin Plan amendment.

The Basin Plan identifies the beneficial uses of water within the North Coast Region, the water quality objectives necessary to protect those uses, implementation programs that ensure objectives are attained, and monitoring programs. The specific requirements for basin plans are described in the California Water Code (also known as the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act), Division 7, Article 3, sections 13240 to 13247.

A Basin Plan amendment is appropriate for the Russian River Watershed Pathogen Indicator Bacteria TMDL because attainment of the loading capacity and water quality standards will require multiple implementation actions. The California Administrative Procedures Act and the State’s Water Quality Control Policy for Addressing Impaired Waters:

Regulatory Structure and Options (Impaired Waters Policy) require the use of a Basin Plan amendment to tie together numerous actions by the Regional Water Board to ensure that persons subject to regulations have the opportunity to participate in the process of developing the implementation plan.

Through the Basin Plan amendment process, the Regional Water Board meets the requirements of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) to analyze and disclose environmental effects. Because the basin planning process is certified as an exempt regulatory program meeting the requirements of Public Resources Code section 21080.5 (Cal. Code Regs., tit.14, § 15251), the Regional Water Board is not required to prepare an initial study, a Negative Declaration, or an Environmental Impact Report. Instead, the basin planning process uses substitute environmental documentation. This Staff Report is a critical part of that documentation as it includes the required environmental analysis.

1 The 2012 303(d) List is not final. The list has been adopted by the Regional Water Board, but needs to be considered by the State Water Board and the USEPA prior to taking effect.

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Table 1.1. Waterbodies Impaired by Indicator Bacteria Addressed by this TMDL Project Count Waterbody Name 2012
303(d)
Listed
Impairment
Identified/
Confirmed by
the TMDL
Hydrologic
Area
Hydrologic
Sub Area Listing Extent
1 Upper
Russian R. Coyote Valley Entire Waterbody N Y
2 Upper
Russian R. Forsythe Creek Entire Waterbody N Y
3 Upper
Russian R. Ukiah Entire Waterbody N Y
4 Middle
Russian R.

Big Sulphur
Creek Entire Waterbody N Y
5 Middle
Russian R. Warm Springs Entire Waterbody N Y
6 Middle
Russian R. Geyserville
Stream 1 (unnamed tributary) on
Fitch Mountain Y Y
Entire Waterbody N Y
7 Middle
Russian R.

Laguna de
Santa Rosa Mainstem Laguna de Santa Rosa Y Y
8 Middle
Russian R.

Laguna de
Santa Rosa
Tributaries to the Laguna de Santa
Rosa Except Santa Rosa Creek Y Y
9 Middle
Russian R.

Santa Rosa
Creek Mainstem Santa Rosa Creek Y Y
10 Middle
Russian R.

Santa Rosa
Creek Tributaries to Santa Rosa Creek Y Y
11 Middle
Russian R.

Mark West
Creek
Mainstem Mark West Creek
Downstream of the Confluence with
the Laguna de Santa Rosa
N Y
12 Middle
Russian R.

Mark West
Creek
Mainstem Mark West Creek Upstream
of the Confluence with the Laguna de
Santa Rosa
N Y
13 Middle
Russian R.

Mark West
Creek
Tributaries to Mark West Creek
Except Windsor Creek N Y
14 Middle
Russian R.

Mark West
Creek Windsor Creek and its Tributaries N Y
15 Lower
Russian R. Guerneville
Mainstem Russian River at Veterans
Memorial Beach from the Railroad
Bridge to Hwy 101
Y Y
Mainstem Russian River from Fife
Creek to Dutch Bill Creek Y Y
Mainstem Dutch Bill Creek Y Y
Green Valley Creek Watershed Y Y
Entire Waterbody N Y
16 Lower
Russian R. Austin Creek Entire Waterbody N Y
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The Staff Report, Action Plan, and substitute environmental documentation will be presented before the Regional Water Board at a public hearing for the purpose of adopting the Action Plan as an amendment to the Basin Plan. Should the Regional Water Board adopt the Action Plan, the State Water Resources Control Board (State Water Board) will hold a hearing to consider approving the decision of the Regional Water Board. California’s Office of Administrative Law provides a final legal review before the TMDL Staff Report and Action Plan are forwarded to the U.S. EPA. The U.S. EPA approves only the technical TMDL, not the implementation plan components. The TMDL and implementation plan components take effect upon approval of the Action Plan by the Office of Administrative Law.

1.3 WATERSHED DESCRIPTION & ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
The Russian River Watershed encompasses 1,484 square miles (949,600 acres) in Sonoma and Mendocino counties, California (Figure 1.1). Major municipalities within the watershed include Santa Rosa, Rohnert Park, Windsor, Healdsburg, Sebastopol, Cloverdale, and Ukiah. The watershed also includes numerous unincorporated communities such as, Forestville, Guerneville, Monte Rio, Hopland, and Calpella.

The Watershed Boundary Dataset (WBD) defines drainage areas in a multi-level, hierarchical drainage system. The Russian River Watershed is considered a “Subbasin” in the WBD as a Hydrologic Unit Code (HUC) 8 subbasin. The WBD defines the next hierarchical level as “Watersheds” (HUC 10), which are listed Table 1.2 and shown in Figure 1.2.

1.3.1 HYDROLOGY
The Russian River Watershed is hydrologically and geomorphologically diverse, containing 238 streams, 23 named springs, 14 natural lakes, 15 named reservoirs, all or portions of 13 groundwater basins, steep ridges, ephemeral streams, rolling hills, and wide alluvial valleys. The Russian River, in conjunction with Lake Mendocino and Lake Sonoma, serves as the primary water source for more than 500,000 residents in Mendocino, Sonoma and Marin counties, and for agricultural production in Mendocino and Sonoma counties. Lake Mendocino, located on the East Fork of the Russian River, has a capacity of 118,900 acrefeet and captures a drainage area of about 105 square miles. Lake Sonoma, located at the confluence of Warm Springs Creek and Dry Creek, about 14 miles northwest of the city of Healdsburg, has a capacity of 381,000 acre-feet and captures a drainage area of about 130 square miles.

The Russian River drainage basin includes all of the tributaries to the river and is affected by the interactions between the hillslopes, the channel, and its floodplain. Sediment produced in the headwaters of the Russian River basin is stored in the channel or in reservoirs, extracted as aggregate, or transported toward the Pacific Ocean. The main channel of the Russian River flows through a series of wide alluvial valleys separated by relatively narrow bedrock constrictions. These bedrock constrictions act as geologic controls such that each alluvial valley is relatively independent with respect to adjustments in slope, width and depth (Florsheim and Goodwin 1995).

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Figure 1.1: Russian River Watershed Overview Map
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Figure 1.2: Hydrologic Unit Code 10 Watersheds of the Russian River Watershed September 222026 Item 7
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Table 1.2. Hydrologic Unit Code 10 Watersheds of the Russian River HUC 10
Watershed Name Acres Relative Area (%)
Upper Russian River 204,029 21%
Mark West Creek (includes the Laguna de Santa Rosa) 162,665 17% Dry Creek 139,516 15%
Middle Russian River 117,642 12%
Lower Russian River 94,419 10%
East Fork Russian River 67,020 7%
Headwaters Russian River 64,795 7%
Big Sulphur Creek 54,688 6%
Austin Creek 44,838 5%
Russian River Watershed 949,611 100%
The 110-mile mainstem channel of the Russian River originates in the Redwood Valley of central Mendocino County about 15 miles north of Ukiah. From its origin, the Russian River flows in a south to southeast direction to the Wohler Bridge area, where it changes to a southwest direction, crosses the Coast Range, and empties into the Pacific Ocean near the town of Jenner 20 miles west of Santa Rosa. Elevations range from zero at the Pacific Ocean to 4,343 feet at Mount St. Helena in the Mayacamas Mountains. Nine sub-basins containing fifty-seven valleys comprise the watershed.

The local geologic and structural variations in the Russian River Watershed create distinct reaches of channel characterized by wide alluvial valleys separated by narrow bedrock canyons. The length of the river mainstem can be divided into different reaches based on geological features (e.g., narrow constrictions alternated with wide valleys). The Russian River originates upstream of the Ukiah Valley and passes through the alluvial valley until the valley constricts at the Hopland Gage. The river again passes through another alluvial valley that contains the Town of Hopland before again being constricted in the Frog Woman Rock region.

Downstream of Ukiah and Hopland, in the Alexander Valley reach, the river enters a mountainous area east of Healdsburg known as the Fitch Mountain Constriction where it is confined by steep bedrock banks. The section of the river in the Healdsburg Valley downstream to Wohler Bridge, where another bedrock constriction occurs, is known as the middle reach. The middle reach contains several permanent in-stream structures including the Healdsburg Dam, two bridges in Healdsburg, Wohler Bridge, and Highway 101. The lower reach is a narrow alluvial valley that terminates at the Pacific Ocean, near the town of Jenner.

Three major reservoir projects provide water supply for the Russian River Watershed:

Lake Pillsbury on the Eel River, Lake Mendocino on the East Fork of the Russian River, and Lake Sonoma on Dry Creek. Under agreements with the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Sonoma County Water Agency manages the stored water supply in Lake Mendocino and Lake Sonoma to provide water for agriculture, municipal, and industrial uses in accordance September 222026 Item 7
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with its water-right permit. In addition, the Sonoma County Water Agency also releases water from these reservoirs to contribute the minimum stream flow requirements in the Russian River and Dry Creek established in 1986 by the State Water Board’s Decision 1610.

These minimum stream flows provide water for recreation and fish passage for salmon and steelhead in the mainstem Russian River and Dry Creek.

The Sonoma County Water Agency operates an inflatable dam on the Russian River in the Wohler Bridge area to increase water production capacity during peak demand months.

The dam is inflated in the early spring to create pool conditions in the river. In the fall, the dam is deflated to provide passage for fish migration. Operation of the inflatable dam increases water production capacity in two important ways. First, surface water immediately behind the dam can be diverted to a series of infiltration ponds that are constructed adjacent to the three Mirabel collector wells. Second, infiltration to the underlying aquifer behind the dam is significantly improved by increasing the recharge area from the river.

1.3.2 LAND USES
Primary land uses in the Russian River Watershed include urban, rural, agricultural, and undeveloped lands as shown in Table 1.3 and Figure 1.3, which are based on Landsat satellite imagery (Fry et al. 2006). Most of the land in the watershed is privately owned (89.78%), with federal (5.41%), state (2.59%), local (2.15%), and tribal lands (0.08%) making up the remaining ownership. Land cover is primarily open space with fifty-one percent of the watershed having less than one housing unit per 160 acres (WCW 2007).

Table 1.3: Land Cover in the Russian River
Watershed
Land Cover Category Acres
Shrub/Scrub 260,269
Evergreen Forest 231,347
Grassland/Herbaceous 163,358
Mixed Forest 104,836
Developed, Open Space 57,173
Cultivated Crops 55,813
Deciduous Forest 23,096
Developed, Low Intensity 22,233
Developed, Medium Intensity 16,312
Open Water 7,130
Woody Wetlands 2,564
Developed, High Intensity 1,948
Pasture/Hay 1,719
Barren Land 1,469
Herbaceous Wetlands 343
Total 949,611
Table 1.4. Population of
Municipalities in the Russian
River Watershed
Municipality Population1
Santa Rosa 171,990
Rohnert Park 41,398
Windsor 27,243
Ukiah 15,871
Healdsburg 11,517
Sebastopol 7,596
Cloverdale 8.738
Guerneville 4,534
Forestville 3,293
Monte Rio 1,152
Hopland 756
Calpella 679
1 Per U.S. Census Bureau 2010 and U.S.

Census Bureau 2013
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Figure 1.3: Land Cover in the Russian River Watershed

1.3.2.1 Recreational Uses
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The Russian River and tributary creeks
are enjoyed by many swimmers, waders,
canoers, kayakers, fishermen, and
enthusiasts that partake in water contact
and non-contact water recreation. The
Russian River is one of the most
intensively used rivers for recreation in
the North Coast Region. On holiday
weekends in the summer, beach visitors
along the river number in the thousands.

Several of the most popular beaches are
listed in Table 1.5 and shown in Figure

1.4. 1.3.3 CLIMATE
The Russian River Watershed has a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and wet winters. Average precipitation varies across the watershed with generally wetter conditions in the north and west. Summer temperatures can reach over 100° F in inland valleys for weeks at a time, with coastal conditions cool and moist. Drought and severe storms occur periodically but mostly unpredictably; El Niño/ La Niña Southern Oscillation climatic conditions can exacerbate climatic extremes.

Precipitation in the Russian River Watershed is distinctly seasonal; about 80 percent of the total occurs during five months, November through March. The bulk of the precipitation occurs during moderately intense general storms of several days’ duration. Snow falls in modest amounts at altitudes above 2,000 feet, but it seldom remains on the ground for more than a few days. Mean annual
precipitation varies from about 30 inches
in the flat valley lands north of Santa Rosa
to more than 80 inches in parts of the
mountains. Summers are dry, with total
rainfall from June through August
averaging less than 0.5 inch (Zhang and
Johnson 2010).

The spatial distribution of mean annual
rainfall in the Russian River Watershed is
shown in Figure 1.5. These precipitation
zones were derived statewide by the
California Department of Forestry and Fire
Protection for the period 1900-1960. Table

1.6 presents the area weighted precipitation for each HUC 10 watershed.

Table 1.5. Popular Swimming Beaches along the
Russian River
Recreational Beach Name Location
Mill Creek Park Potter Valley
Mariposa Swimming Hole Redwood Valley
Vichy Springs Park Ukiah
Mill Creek Park Ukiah
Cloverdale River Park Cloverdale
Alexander Valley Campground Healdsburg
Veteran Memorial Beach Healdsburg
Riverfront Park Windsor
Mirabel Park Campground Forestville
Steelhead Beach Forestville
River Access Beach Forestville
Sunset Beach Forestville
Johnson’s Beach Guerneville
Monte Rio Beach Monte Rio
Casini Ranch Campground Duncans Mills
Table 1.6 Average Annual Precipitation
HUC 10 Watershed
Average
Precipitation
(inches/year)
Austin Creek 64.6
Big Sulphur Creek 50.8
Dry Creek 48.6
East Fork Russian River 41.1
Headwaters Russian River 45.4
Lower Russian River 44.7
Mark West Creek 36.1
Middle Russian River 42.4
Upper Russian River 42.6
Watershed Mean 44.2
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Figure 1.4: Popular Swimming Beaches on the Russian River September 222026 Item 7
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Figure 1.5: Average Annual Precipitation Patterns in the Russian River Watershed September 222026 Item 7
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1.3.4 GEOLOGY AND SOILS
The Russian River Watershed is underlain predominantly by the Franciscan Assemblage, which is a highly erodible mélange that formed during the Jurassic-Cretaceous age. The Franciscan Assemblage forms the bulk of the coast range; the sediment consists of muddy sandstones and cherts jumbled together and layered with basalt lava flow. This lithology is very unstable with landslides common throughout the mountainous regions of the basin.

Many of the streams within the basin, including the upper mainstem Russian River, follow the northwest to southeast orientation of geologic faults. The Rodgers Creek Fault enters Sonoma County at San Pablo Bay and extends northward through the City of Santa Rosa, where it meets up with the Healdsburg Fault, which continues northward passing east of the Town of Windsor. The Mayacama Fault lies to the east of the Healdsburg Fault and continues northward, passing east of the City of Cloverdale.

The Russian River flows through a series of broad alluvial valleys and narrow bedrock constrictions. Historic photographs show that the historic river channel once meandered across a broad natural floodplain and that the elevation of the active channel was once close to the elevation of the floodplain. Traces of the channel remained on the irregular floodplain as a series of "sloughs" or side channels. Subsequent land use changes in the Russian River Basin have leveled the floodplain, filled the side channels, and constrained the river channel into a narrow and straighter course (Florsheim and Goodwin 1995).

The Russian River Watershed contains a large number of different soils types (NRCS 2013).

Hydrologic soil characteristics influence the delivery of bacteria to surface waters.

Identification of hydrologic soil groups is based on comparison of the characteristics of soil profiles, which include hydraulic conductivity, texture, bulk density, structure, strength, clay mineralogy, and organic matter content. Four hydrologic soil groups are categorized (NRCS 2007: Table 1.7 and Figure 1.6):

Table 1.7. Hydrologic Soil Characteristics of the Russian River Watershed Hydrologic
Soil Group Runoff Potential Acres Relative Watershed Area (%) A
Low when thoroughly wet. Water is transmitted
freely through the soil. 1,756 0.2%
B
Moderately low when thoroughly wet. Water
transmission through the soil is unimpeded. 477,416 50% C
Moderately high when thoroughly wet. Water
transmission through the soil is somewhat
restricted.
218,774 23%
D
High when thoroughly wet. Water movement
through the soil is restricted or very restricted. 251,664 27% Total 949,611 100%
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Figure 1.6: Hydrologic Soil Characteristics of the Russian River Watershed September 222026 Item 7
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CHAPTER 2

STANDARDS, INDICATORS & TARGETS
This chapter describes the water quality standards that are applicable to this TMDL project, the types of human pathogens most commonly associated with waterborne diseases, the types of bacteria used to indicate the presence of pathogens, and the numeric targets used to assess the extent of impairment in the Russian River Watershed.

2.1 WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
In accordance with the Clean Water Act, a TMDL is set at a level necessary to achieve applicable water quality standards. Water quality standards consist of four basic elements:

1. Designated uses of the waterbody, which are also known as beneficial uses

2. Water quality criteria to protect designated uses, which are known as water quality objectives in California

3. An antidegradation policy to maintain and protect existing uses and high quality waters

4. General policies addressing implementation issues.

This section describes the State of California’s water quality standards applicable to the Russian River Pathogen Indicator Bacteria TMDL, which are found in the Basin Plan.

2.1.1 BENEFICIAL USES
An essential part of the Basin Plan is the assessment of designated beneficial uses of water.

Tables 2.1 and 2.2 identify and define beneficial uses for each hydrologic area in the Russian River Watershed. Table 2.2 defines each beneficial use. The beneficial uses of any specifically identified water body generally apply to all its tributaries.

Beneficial uses relevant to this TMDL are defined below. The Basin Plan does not include explicit numeric pathogen indicator bacteria objectives for other beneficial uses.  Water Contact Recreation (REC-1): Uses of water for recreational activities involving body contact with water, where ingestion of water is reasonably possible. These uses include, but are not limited to, swimming, wading, water-skiing, skin and scuba diving, surfing, white-water activities, fishing, or use of natural hot springs.  Non-Contact Water Recreation (REC-2): Uses of water for recreational activities involving proximity to water, but not normally involving body contact with water, where ingestion of water is reasonably possible. These uses include, but are not limited to, picnicking, sunbathing, hiking, beachcombing, camping, boating, tidepool and marine life study, hunting, sightseeing, or aesthetic enjoyment in conjunction with the above activities.
 Shellfish Harvesting (SHELL): Uses of water that support habitats suitable for the collection of filter-feeding shellfish (e.g., clams, oysters, and mussels) for human consumption, commercial, or sports purposes.

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Table 2.1. Beneficial Uses Designated for Protection in Surface Waters of the Russian River Watershed Hydrologic
Area
(HA)
Hydrologic
Sub Area
(HSA)
Beneficial Uses
MUN
AGR
IND
PRO
GWR
FRSH
NAV
POW
REC-1REC-2
COMM
WARM
COLD
WILD
RARE
MIGR
SPWN
SHELL
EST
AQUA
Upper
Russian
River
Ukiah E E E P E E E N E E E E E E E E E P N P
Coyote Valley E E E P E E E N E E E E E E E E E N N P
Forsythe Creek E E E P E N E P E E E E E E E E E N N P
Middle
Russian
River
Laguna de Santa Rosa P E E P E E E N E E E E E E E E E P N P Santa Rosa Creek E E E P E N E P E E E E E E E E E P N P Mark West Creek E E E P E E E P E E E E E E E E E P N P Warm Springs E E E P E E E N E E E E E E E E E N N E
Geyserville E E E P E E E P E E E E E E E E E P N P
Sulphur Creek E E E P E N E P E E E E E E E E E N N P
Lower
Russian
River
Guerneville E E E P E E E P E E E E E E E E E P E P
Austin Creek E E E P E N E P E E E E E E E E E N N P
E = Existing Beneficial Use; P = Potential Beneficial Use; N = Beneficial Use not designated in the HSA Table 2.2. Beneficial Use Names Designated for Protection in Surface Waters of the Russian River Watershed
Beneficial Use Beneficial Use Name
MUN Municipal and Domestic Supply
AGR Agricultural Supply
IND Industrial Service Supply
PRO Industrial Process Supply
GWR Groundwater Recharge
FRSH Freshwater Replenishment
NAV Navigation
POW Hydropower Generation
REC-1 Water Contact Recreation
REC-2 Non-Contact Water Recreation
COMM Commercial and Sport Fishing
WARM Warm Freshwater Habitat
COLD Cold Freshwater Habitat
WILD Wildlife Habitat
RARE Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species
MIGR Migration of Aquatic Organisms
SPWN Spawning, Reproduction, and/or Early Development
SHELL Shellfish Harvesting
EST Estuarine Habitat
AQUA Aquaculture
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2.1.2 WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES
The Bacteria Water Quality Objectives applies to all the impaired waterbodies that are part of this TMDL project. The following is the Bacteria Objective from the Basin Plan.

Bacteria Water Quality Objective
The bacteriological quality of waters of the North Coast Region shall not be degraded beyond natural background levels.

In no case shall coliform concentrations in waters of the North Coast Region exceed the following: In waters designated for contact recreation (REC-1), the median fecal coliform concentration based on a minimum of not less than five samples for any 30-day period shall not exceed 50/100 mL, nor shall more than ten percent of total samples during any 30-day period exceed 400/100 mL (State Department of Health Services).

At all areas where shellfish may be harvested for human consumption (SHELL), the fecal coliform concentration throughout the water column shall not exceed 43/100 ml for a 5-tube decimal dilution test or 49/100 ml when a three-tube decimal dilution test is used (National Shellfish Sanitation Program, Manual of Operation).

This TMDL project is set at levels to attain the Bacteria Water Quality Objective. It includes TMDLs/loading capacities for Bacteroides bacteria that interpret natural background conditions. It includes TMDLs/loading capacities for E. coli bacteria, which are a type of fecal coliform, to ensure protection of water contact recreational uses. And it includes a fecal coliform TMDL/loading capacity for the protection of human shellfish consumption.

The State Water Board is currently developing a statewide amendment to the Inland Surface Waters, Enclosed Bays, and Estuaries Plan to protect recreational users from the effects of pathogen in California waterbodies. The amendment may include new water quality objectives for freshwater to incorporate the latest science and information and the newly released U.S. EPA criteria. For example, the amendment may replace fecal coliform numeric values with E. coli numeric values for the protection of recreation uses. The amendment is currently scheduled for State Water Board consideration in the spring of 2016. Should this amendment affect the North Coast’s Bacteria Objective, appropriate changes to this TMDL project will be considered.

2.1.2.1 Interpretation of Natural Background
For this TMDL, natural background is interpreted to mean the quality of water that in the absence of significant human disturbance or alteration is in a minimally disturbed condition. This matches the definition of a “reference condition for biological integrity” or “minimally disturbed condition” as used by the Water Board’s Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (Ode & Schiff 2009) and expressed by Stoddard et al. (2006). Natural background does not equal a pristine, unpolluted, or anthropogenically undisturbed state September 222026 Item 7
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with zero human waste or domestic animal waste discharges to waterbodies. Humans are part of the natural landscape, both historically and today.

By interpreting natural background conditions as the quality of water that in the absence of significant human disturbance or alteration is in a minimally disturbed condition, this TMDL project corresponds with previous interpretations of bacteria standards by the Regional Water Board. In the 1967 Water Quality Control Plan for the Klamath Basin, the stated purpose of the Bacteria Water Quality Objective was to call attention to the fact that no increase in bacterial contamination of human origin or of public health concern will be permitted. In the 1971 Interim Water Quality Control Plan for the Klamath Basin, the Bacteria Objective stated that “The bacteriological quality of the waters of the Klamath River Basin shall not be degraded beyond background levels” and included specific total coliform and fecal coliform values as base-line, background levels. These values were collected from mainstem river locations in the Klamath, Trinity, and Smith rivers in the late 1960s. Interestingly, the 1971 Interim Water Quality Control Plan for the North Coast Basin, which includes the Russian River Watershed, did not include a background-based Bacteria Objective. It simply stated that “The bacteriological quality of the waters of the North Coastal Basin shall be maintained at levels deemed appropriate by State and local health authorities to protect public health and to assure their continued suitability for all present and foreseeable future beneficial uses.” The two interim plans were combined in the 1970s, and the 1975 Basin Plan included the three-part objective we have today.

Use of Bacteroides Bacteria to Determine Attainment of Natural Background In this TMDL project, Bacteroides bacteria numeric targets, loading capacities, and load allocations are set at levels to attain the natural background portion of the Bacteria Objective. Bacteroides are a suitable indicator of a waterbody’s bacteriological quality since the bacteria come from the gastrointestinal systems of mammals, they degrade rapidly outside of the body, and technology is available to trace the bacteria back to specific types of mammals, including humans and domestic animals.

Waters are determined to not be in a minimally disturbed condition if Bacteroides bacteria are significant enough to be present in a water sample at levels above the laboratory reporting limit. The laboratory reporting limit is the level at which the laboratory is 95% confident that the Bacteroides bacteria are present in the sample and are accurately counted. If the bacteria are present and can be quantified with certainty, it is highly likely that fecal waste material is present and the bacteriological quality of the water has been degraded beyond a minimally disturbed condition. This is a conservative assumption. It is supported by data from the one minimally disturbed site measured in the Russian River Watershed2. It is also supported by U.S. EPA guidance which states that using conservative assumptions in derivation of numeric targets is an appropriate approach for providing a margin of safety, which is a required element of a TMDL.

2 Bacteroides bacteria concentrations were less than the reporting limit from the sample collected in a stream which crosses Moscow Road near Duncans Mills and drains a small watershed with no human structures and few, if any, alterations. For more information, see Chapter 3.

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Although it is appropriate to propose a TMDL based on a conservative assumption, it is preferable to have a more thorough understanding of the range of Bacteroides bacteria concentrations in minimally disturbed conditions, and to have greater accuracy than can be provided from one sample site. Therefore staff is arranging a freshwater bacteria reference study to further quantify and define natural background or minimally disturbed conditions in watersheds without significant human disturbance or alteration. The reference study is scheduled to begin in 2016. Following the completion of the study, staff will reconsider the Bacteroides bacteria numeric targets, loading capacities, and allocations for the Russian River Pathogen Indicator Bacteria TMDL.

2.1.2.2 Protection of REC-1
The fecal coliform value described in the Bacteria Water Quality Objective for the protection of water contact recreation is based on outdated science thresholds from the 1970s. Since 1976, several key epidemiological studies evaluated the criteria for effectiveness at protecting public health from water contact recreation (Cabelli et al. 1982; Cabelli et al. 1983; Dufour 1983; Favero 1985; Seyfried et al. 1985a, Seyfreid et al. 1985b) The studies concluded that the 1976 U.S. EPA recommended fecal coliform bacteria criteria had no scientific basis. As a result, the U.S. EPA changed the criteria recommendation in 1986 to use the pathogen bacteria indicators of E. coli and Enterococcus bacteria, instead of fecal coliform bacteria. Additionally, detection of fecal coliform bacteria in recreational waters may overestimate the level of fecal contamination because this bacteria group contains a genus, Klebsiella, with species that are not necessarily fecal in origin. Klebsiella bacteria are commonly associated with soils and the surfaces of plants, so that areas with allochthonous organic debris may show high levels of fecal coliform bacteria that do not have a fecal-specific bacteria source.

E. coli is a species of fecal coliform that is specific to fecal material from humans and other warm-blooded animals. Epidemiological studies have demonstrate a link between E. coli concentrations and gastrointestinal illness and the U.S. EPA recommends E. coli bacteria criteria as the best indicator of health risk from water contact recreation (see Section

2.2.2.1 for more information).

Therefore, in this TMDL project, E. coli bacteria numeric targets, loading capacities, and load allocations are set at levels to attain the recreation-specific portion of the Bacteria Objective and protect and support contact and non-contact water recreation. E. coli is used in place of fecal coliform bacteria in order reflect current science and with the expectation that the State Water Board’s current efforts to develop a statewide amendment to the Inland Surface Waters, Enclosed Bays, and Estuaries Plan will likely replace fecal coliform numeric values with E. coli numeric values for the protection of recreation uses.

2.1.2.3 Protection of Shellfish Consumption
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consumption in the Ukiah, Laguna de Santa Rosa, Santa Rosa Creek, Mark West Creek, Geyserville, and Guerneville HSAs. The SHELL use is identified in the Basin Plan as a potential use in these six HSAs. California’s potential uses are equivalent to federal “designated uses” per 40 C.F.R. §131.3(f), and this TMDL project must be established at levels necessary to attain and maintain the SHELL use. Additionally, water quality standards should, wherever attainable, provide water quality for the protection and propagation of shellfish (Id., §131.2).

Regional Water Board staff assed the extent of the SHELL use in the watershed and documented evidence of shellfish in several areas (Butkus 2015). Freshwater mussels (Anodonata spp., Margaritifera falcate, and other unidentified species) were observed in the mainstem Russian River, East Fork, Mark West Creek, and Green Valley Creek.

A limited staff survey of resource agency professionals, non-governmental organizations, and recreation sport fishing suppliers found no evidence of existing or historical harvesting of freshwater shellfish from the Russian River Watershed. A UC Davis survey of Native American tribal use found anecdotal evidence to historic traditional use of mussels from the river (Butkus 2015).

Although staff will continue to research and document tribal uses of freshwater shellfish, there remains the potential for any individual to use shellfish from the Russian River and its tributaries for human consumption. It is this potential use that is to be attained and maintained by this TMDL project. Therefore, the fecal coliform numeric target, loading capacity, and load allocations are set at levels equal to the shellfish-specific portion of the Bacteria Objective, applicable in the six HSAs with the designated potential SHELL use.

2.1.3 ANTIDEGRADATION
Both the state and federal governments have antidegradation policies for water quality.

The state policy is formally referred to as the “Statement of Policy with Respect to Maintaining High Quality Waters in California” (State Board Resolution No. 68-16). This policy restricts degradation and protects waterbodies where the existing quality is higher than is necessary for the protection of beneficial uses. The federal Antidegradation Policy (40 C.F.R. §131.12) was developed under the Clean Water Act. Please refer to Chapter 12 for the TMDL’s Antidegradation Analysis.

2.1.4 IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
Chapter 4 of the Basin Plan describes the program of implementation by which beneficial uses and water quality objectives are applied and enforced. It includes all the prohibitions, schedules of compliance, action plans, policies, and guidelines adopted by the Regional Water Board for that purpose.

Chapter 8 of this TMDL Staff Report describes the proposed implementation plan for the TMDL, which serves as the basis for the Action Plan for the Russian River Watershed Pathogen Indicator Bacteria TMDL.

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2.2 PATHOGEN INDICATOR BACTERIA & TMDL TARGETS
Pathogens most commonly identified and associated with waterborne diseases can be grouped into three general categories: bacteria, protozoans, and viruses (U.S. EPA 2001).

Bacteria are microscopic unicellular organisms that are ubiquitous in nature, including the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Many types of harmless bacteria colonize the human intestinal tract and are routinely shed in feces. However, pathogenic (diseasecausing) bacteria, are present in the feces of infected humans and animals and can contaminate surface water and groundwater as a result of inadequate waste treatment or disposal methods. Protozoans are unicellular organisms that are present primarily in the aquatic environment. Of the 35,000 known species of protozoans, almost 30 percent are pathogenic. Pathogenic protozoans can occur in humans and animals where they multiply in the intestinal tract of the infected individual or animal and are later excreted in feces as cysts. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, incapable of replication outside of a host organism. Viruses that are of a public health concern are viruses that replicate in the intestinal tract of humans, and are referred to as human enteric viruses.

Several groups of intestinal bacteria are used as indicators that a waterbody has been contaminated with human sewage and that pathogens are present. Most strains of pathogen indicator bacteria do not directly pose a health risk to swimmers and those recreating in the water, but indicator bacteria often co-occur with human pathogens and are easier to measure than the actual pathogens that may pose the risk of illness. It is impractical to directly measure the wide range of types of fecal-borne pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and protozoans) and the methods to detect human pathogens are characteristically expensive and inefficient, or may be not available.

E. coli bacteria, Bacteroides bacteria, fecal coliform, and the microbiome community are used in the Russian River Watershed as indicators of pathogens. Each indicator is described below and the TMDL numeric targets are listed in Table 2.4.

2.2.1 BACTEROIDES BACTERIA
Bacteroides bacteria are another group of pathogen indicator organisms that are used to measure fecal contamination in water. Bacteroides is the genus name of the bacteria from the phylum Bacteroidetes and order Bacteroidales. Bacteroides bacteria are anaerobic (i.e., they do not live or grow in the presence of oxygen) and make up a substantial portion of the gastrointestinal flora of mammals (Wexler 2007). Bacteroides bacteria are not found in ambient surface waters without sources of mammalian waste.

Due to their anaerobic-nature, Bacteroides bacteria have a low potential for survival and regrowth in the environment. In addition, water temperature has been shown to affect the persistence of Bacteroides in surface water. For water temperatures typically observed in the Russian River during the summer period (20-25°C or 68-77°F), Bacteroides bacteria survive one to two days. In cooler temperatures, Bacteroides bacteria likely survive for a week or more. Because of this short life span, Bacteroides bacteria concentrations are often used to indicate recent fecal contamination of surface waters.

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Table 2.3. Pathogenic Bacteria, Protozoan, and Virus of Concern to Water Quality Pathogen Type Disease Effects
Bacteria
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis Vomiting, diarrhea
Salmonella typhi Typhoid fever High fever, diarrhea, ulceration of the small intestine
Salmonella Salmonellosis Diarrhea, dehydration
Shigella Shigellosis Bacillary dysentery
Vibrio cholera Cholera Extremely heavy diarrhea, dehydration Yersinia enterolitica Yersinosis Diarrhea
Protozoan
Balantidium coli Balantidiasis Diarrhea, dysentery
Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidiosis Diarrhea, death in susceptible populations Entamoeba histolytica Amebiasis (ameobic
dysentery)
Prolonged diarrhea with bleeding,
abscesses of the liver and small intestine
Giardia lamblia Giardiasis Mild to severe diarrhea, nausea, indigestion
Virus
Adenovirus Respiratory disease,
gastroenteritis
Various effects
Enterovirus Gastroenteritis, heart
anomalies, meningitis
Various effects
Hepatitus A Infectious hepatitis Jaundice, fever
Reovirus Gastroenteritis Vomiting, diarrhea
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Vomiting, diarrhea
Calicivirus Gastroenteritis Vomiting, diarrhea
Astrovirus Gastroenteritis Vomiting, diarrhea
Adapted from Metcalf & Eddy 1991 and Fout 2000; as cited in U.S. EPA 2001 Table 2.4. Numeric TMDL Targets
Parameter
Portion of the
Bacteria Objective the
Target will Attain
Numeric Target
Human Host Bacteroides Natural Background
No more than 10% of the daily median sample
values shall exceed the laboratory quantitative
reporting limit within a calendar year or permitted
discharge period. The current human host
reporting limit is 60 genes per 100mL.

Domestic Animal Bacteroides Natural Background
No more than 10% of the daily median sample
values shall exceed the laboratory quantitative
reporting limit within a calendar year or permitted
discharge period. The current bovine host
reporting limit is 30 genes per 100mL.

E. coli Geometric Mean Recreation
No more than 50% of the samples collected within a
calendar year or permitted discharge period shall
exceed 100 cfu/100mL*.

E. coli Statistical Threshold
Value Recreation
No more than 90% of the samples collected within a
calendar year or permitted discharge period shall
exceed 320 cfu/100mL*.

Fecal Coliform Shellfish Consumption None of the samples shall exceed 43 MPN/100mL. ** Colony forming units (cfu) are equivalent to the most probable number (MPN) values derived from other analytical measurement methods approved by the U.S. EPA (IDEXX 2001).

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Bacteroides bacteria are especially useful to as a tool to identify specific mammalian waste sources. The percentage of the Bacteroides bacteria population that originates from specific animal hosts can be determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods, which amplify specific DNA sequences of the 16S rRNA gene marker (Molina 2007). Water samples analyzed for this TMDL project were analyzed for both human-host and bovine-host Bacteroides bacteria. Bacteroides bacteria assay primers have been developed for most domestic animal hosts including cattle, swine, chicken, dog, and horse (Griffith et al. 2013). Commercial laboratories are available that conduct these animal host analyses.

2.2.1.1 Bacteroides Bacteria Numeric Targets to Attain Natural Background The Bacteroides bacteria
numeric targets are
expressed as 90 percentile
values for human host and
domestic animal host
markers in Table 2.5. The
numeric targets are used
to determine if water
quality conditions attain
the natural background
portion of the Bacteria
Water Quality Objective
and the extent of
impairment by pathogen indicator bacteria in the Russian River Watershed. The Bacteroides bacteria numeric targets are equivalent to the Bacteroides TMDLs/loading capacities, as described in Chapter 7.

During the development of the TMDL, the quantitative reporting limits for human-host and bovine-host Bacteroides bacteria were 60 and 30 genes per 100mL, respectively. To account for improvements in detection methods for Bacteroides bacteria that are likely to occur during the implementation of this TMDL project, the numeric targets are the quantitative reporting limits at the time of the impairment assessment.

The Bacteroides bacteria numeric targets do not apply to disinfected waters, such as wastewater treated with chlorine, ozone, or UV light. While disinfection processes kill bacteria cells and eliminate the risk of illness to humans, pieces of the nucleic acids that comprise the bacterial DNA may persist in the water post-death in a non-viable state.

These DNA pieces may be counted in molecular amplification methods like qPCR that rely on the detection of DNA or RNA gene sequences to quantify bacteria. Of note, to avoid false positive results, samples analyzed for Bacteroides bacteria for this TMDL project were collected only during periods when no disinfected wastewater was discharging.

Table 2.5. Bacteroides Bacteria Numeric Targets to Attain Natural Background
Bacteroides
Host Type Numeric Target
Human
No more than 10% of the daily median sample
values shall exceed the laboratory quantitative
reporting limit within a calendar year or permitted
discharge period. The current human host
reporting limit is 60 genes per 100mL.

Domestic Animal
No more than 10% of the daily median sample
values shall exceed the laboratory quantitative
reporting limit within a calendar year or permitted
discharge period. The current bovine host
reporting limit is 30 genes per 100mL.

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The Bacteroides bacteria numeric targets are based on an interpretation of the narrative, natural background portion of the Bacteria Water Quality Objective. Exceedences of the target indicate human disturbance or alteration of the bacteriological quality of water and exceedence of natural background levels. See Section 2.1.2.1 for more detail. The allowable 10 percent frequency of exceeding the criteria is directly comparable to the Water Quality Control Policy for California’s Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List (SWRCB 2004).

The human host Bacteroides bacteria numeric target is also protective of recreational uses.

According to the few epidemiological studies currently available for human Bacteroides, there is link between the bacteria and illness rates. Wade et al. (2010) estimated the probability of gastrointestinal illness due to increasing concentrations of Bacteroides bacteria, and found that a geometric mean of 60 genes/100mL corresponded to about 30 gastrointestinal illnesses per 1,000 swimmers. Ashbolt et al. (2010) compared humanspecific Bacteroides bacteria concentration to Norovirus concentrations. From these estimates, a concentration of 860 genes/100mL corresponded to about 30 gastrointestinal illnesses per 1,000 swimmers. Soller et al. (2010a) identified Norovirus as the pathogen most responsible for a majority of gastrointestinal illness. Since the human Bacteroides numeric target is set at the reporting limit, which is currently 60 genes/100mL, it is equal to or less than the concentrations associated with approximately 30 illnesses per 1,000 swimmers and is protective of recreational uses.

2.2.1.2 Host Marker Sensitivity & Specificity
Bernhard and Field (2000a) first identified species composition differences in Bacteroides bacteria populations by screening 16S rDNA from human and cow feces. Conventional host-specific PCR assays were then developed to detect these genetic markers in environmental samples (Bernhard and Field 2000b). Further technical advancements have allowed for the relative quantification of animal host-specific genetic markers. There have been more than a dozen human-host genetic markers developed over the last decade (Griffith et al. 2013). Studies have evaluated these genetic markers for sensitivity (does the marker detect human material when it is present in the sample) and specificity (does the marker cross-react with other animal sources).

Shilling et al. (2009) recommended use of the HuBac genetic marker of human-host Bacteroides bacteria and the BoBac marker for bovine-host Bacteroides bacteria for concentration measurements to support the Russian River Pathogen Indicator TMDL.

Layton et al. (2006) found the HuBac genetic marker assay had 100% sensitivity, but it also had a 32% false-positive rate with potential for cross-sensitivity with swine feces. Shanks et al. (2010a) found the HuBac marker showed cross-sensitivity with feces from other animal hosts, most prominently with cats, dogs, and chickens. This leads staff to conclude that the HuBac marker was highly likely to correctly detect human waste material in samples from the watershed, but could have also counted other animal waste in the total concentration value.

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In regards to bovine host markers, Layton et al. (2006) found the BoBac genetic marker assay was specific for bovine fecal samples with 100% sensitivity and 0% cross-sensitivity with the other animal hosts evaluated. Shanks et al. (2010b) found that the BoBac genetic marker showed cross-sensitivity with feces from many other animal hosts, most prominently with sheep and pig feces. The bovine-host genetic markers, CowM2 and CowM3, both showed 100% specificity with no detection of other animal host fecal wastes.

Staff recommends the use of the HF183 and HumM2 markers for future human-host Bacteroides analyses and CowM2 and Rum2Bac markers for bovine-host analyses, until such time that better technology becomes available. These recommendations are based on the research and review by Griffith et al. (2013) of studies on human-host and bovine-host genetic markers. Griffith et al. concluded that the HF183 and HumM2 markers should be used for measuring human fecal waste in environmental samples because they provide the best combination of sensitivity and specificity. Griffith et al. also suggests that bovine-host assays use both the CowM2 and the Rum2Bac genetic markers if non-cow ruminants are present in the watershed. Additionally, the U.S. EPA is in the process of approving the CowM2 method.

2.2.2 E. COLI BACTERIA
E. coli is a species of fecal coliform bacteria that is specific to fecal material from humans and other warm-blooded animals. U.S. EPA (2012) compiled numerous epidemiological studies and concluded that E. coli bacteria are the best indicator of human health risk from water contact in recreational freshwaters. The criteria are established for both the geometric mean and the statistical threshold value (STV) (Table 2.6). The geometric mean criterion is compared to the logarithmic average of the bacteria concentration distribution.

The STV criterion is compared to the 90th percentile of the bacteria concentration distribution.

Table 2.6. U.S. EPA’s E. coli Recreational Water Quality Criteria & Beach Action Values Estimated Illness Rate
Water Quality Criteria Beach Action
Value
Geometric
Mean
(cfu/100mL)
Statistical
Threshold Value
(cfu/100mL)
Single Sample
Maximum
(cfu/100mL)
36 Illnesses per 1,000 Recreators 126 410 235
32 Illnesses per 1,000 Recreators 100 320 70
Note: The highlighted values are the Numeric Targets
Criteria were published for two different levels of illness risk. The first level of risk (36 estimated illnesses per 1,000 recreators) is the same risk level applied with the previous recreational criteria (i.e., U.S. EPA 1986). The 1986 U.S. EPA criteria correspond to the level of risk associated with an estimated illness rate of the number of highly credible gastrointestinal illnesses (HCGI) per 1,000 primary contact recreators. The information developed for the 2012 U.S. EPA criteria use a more comprehensive definition of GI illness, September 222026 Item 7
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referred to as NEEAR-GI (NGI), which includes diarrhea without the requirement of a fever.

Because NGI is broader than HCGI, more illness cases were reported and associated with recreation using the NGI definition of illness, at the same level of water quality observed using the previous illness definition (i.e., HCGI). The U.S. EPA (2012) also recommends criteria that correspond to an illness rate of 32 NGI per 1,000 primary contact recreators to “encourage an incremental improvement in water quality.” The 2012 U.S. EPA criteria are expressed as colony-forming units per sample volume (cfu/100mL) based on membrane filtration methods (U.S. EPA 2002a; U.S. EPA 2002b).

Many laboratories, including the Regional Water Board Microbiology Laboratory, use a different analysis method to measure E. coli (and Enterococcus) bacteria concentrations (IDEXX 2001). These methods, (Colilert® and Enterolert® Quanti-Tray/2000) have been shown to produce equivalent results as the membrane filtration methods (Budnick et al. 1996; Yakub et al. 2002) and have been approved by the U.S. EPA in the Code of Federal Regulations (40 C.F.R. 136.3). Both methods are based on culturing the bacteria in the sample on nutrient media.

In addition to the 2012 U.S. EPA criteria, U.S. EPA suggests the use of the Beach Action Value (BAV) as a conservative, precautionary tool for making beach notification decisions.

The BAV is not a component of EPA’s recommended criteria, but a tool that states may choose to use, without adopting it into their water quality standards as a “do not exceed value” for beach notification purposes. The BAV is applied to single sample measurements:
any single sample above the BAV could trigger a beach notification until another sample below the BAV is collected. States may also choose a qPCR-based BAV for beach notification purposes.

2.2.2.1 E. coli Numeric Targets to Protect Recreational Uses The E. coli bacteria numeric targets are expressed as a geometric mean and statistical threshold value in Table 2.7. The numeric targets are used to determine if water quality conditions attain the recreation-specific portion of the Bacteria Water Quality Objective and the extent of impairment by pathogen indicator bacteria in the Russian River Watershed. The E. coli numeric targets are equivalent to the E. coli TMDLs/loading capacities, as described in Chapter 6.

The E. coli bacteria numeric targets are based on
the U.S. EPA (2012) criteria that correspond to an
illness rate of 32 NGI per 1,000 water contact
recreators in order to provide additional
protection. The E. coli bacteria concentrationbased thresholds are calculated using a 30-day static averaging period, which is an unbiased
method and the most appropriate approach for use in assessing E. coli bacteria concentration data (Butkus 2013b). Discrete 30-day periods for the static geometric mean calculations should be defined based on the Julian date of each year (i.e., 30-day period 1 for Julian days 1-30; 30-day period 2 for Julian days 31-60, etc.). The STV approximates the Table 2.7. E. coli Bacteria Numeric Targets
Geometric
Mean
(cfu/100mL)
Statistical Threshold
Value
(cfu/100mL)
≤ 100 ≤ 320
Note: colony forming units (cfu) = most
probable number (MPN)
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90th percentile of the water quality distribution and is intended to be a value that should not be exceeded by more than 10% of the samples used to calculate the geometric mean.

2.2.3 FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
Fecal coliform bacteria are a subgroup of total coliform bacteria found mainly in the intestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals, and thus, are considered a more specific indicator of fecal contamination of water than the total coliform group.

While fecal coliform bacteria in a waterbody are not associated with illness during water contact recreation, fecal coliform bacteria are used to determine if a waterbody is a safe growing area for shellfish that will be consumed by humans.

The Basin Plan includes the following numeric values in the Bacteria Water Quality Objective for the protection of shellfish consumption.

At all areas where shellfish may be harvested for human consumption (SHELL), the fecal coliform concentration throughout the water column shall not exceed 43/100 ml for a 5-tube decimal dilution test or 49/100 ml when a three-tube decimal dilution test is used (National Shellfish Sanitation Program, Manual of Operation).

The objectives were derived from bacteriological standards that are still in use by the U.S.

Food and Drug Administration, which maintains that water quality must meet the following standards in order for the waterbody to be classified as a growing area for commercially harvested shellfish (USFDA 2011, p. 40).

The fecal coliform median or geometric mean MPN or MF of the water sample results shall not exceed fourteen (14) per 100 ml, and not more than ten (10) percent of the samples shall exceed an MPN or MF of:
(a) 43 MPN per 100 ml for a five-tube decimal dilution test; (b) 49 MPN per 100 ml for a three-tube decimal dilution test . . .

Different criteria are provided to allow for flexibility for the analytical laboratory measurements. The two different numbers (i.e., 43 MPN/100mL and 49 MPN/100mL) are equivalent and represent the 90th percent confidence limits for different laboratory methods (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 9221C).

The fecal coliform values in the Bacteria Water Quality Objective were established when multiple tube fermentation was the only analytical laboratory method available to measure fecal coliform bacteria concentrations. Improved technology has resulted in most (if not all) laboratories no longer using the multiple tube fermentation method. The U.S. EPA has approved IDEXX Colilert18 method for the measurement of fecal coliform bacteria in wastewater and ambient waters pending a future rulemaking process (U.S. EPA 2010).

This analytical method has improved analytical precision over the multiple tube fermentation method. The IDEXX Colilert18 method is most similar to the five-tube decimal dilution test for the multiple tube fermentation method.

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2.2.3.1 Fecal Coliform Numeric Target to Protect Shellfish Consumption The fecal coliform bacteria numeric target is expressed as a single sample maximum concentration of 43 MPN per 100 mL, applicable to Ukiah, Laguna de Santa Rosa, Santa Rosa Creek, Mark West Creek, Geyserville, and Guerneville HSAs. The numeric target is used to determine if water quality conditions attain the shellfish consumption portion of the Bacteria Water Quality Objective and the extent of impairment by pathogen indicator bacteria in the Russian River Watershed. The fecal coliform bacteria numeric target is equivalent to the fecal coliform bacteria TMDL/loading capacity, as described in Chapter 6.

The fecal coliform bacteria numeric target is based on and equal to the lower of the two values contained in the shellfish portion of the Bacteria Water Quality Objective. The lower value is used for this TMDL project as it is based on a five-tube decimal dilution test, which is most similar to the IDEXX Colilert18 laboratory method commonly used today.

2.2.4 MICROBIOME COMMUNITY
Analytical measurement technology has advanced to a point where entire bacterial communities are quantified instead of just specific pathogen indicator bacteria groups or species. High-throughput DNA sequence analysis can potentially identify all sources of microbial contaminants in a single test by measuring the total diversity of microbial communities. The PhyloChip™ (Second Genome, San Bruno CA) is a phylogenetic DNA microarray that has 16S rRNA gene probes that can quantify 59,316 different bacterial taxa in a single water sample. Analyzing the comprehensive suite of bacteria in a sample can help identify the major sources of fecal contamination in surface waters (Hazen et al. 2010).

Cluster analysis reveals strong differences in community composition among fecal wastes from human, birds, pinnipeds, and livestock. Differences in the diversity among fecal sources reveal hundreds of unique taxa that are specific to human, bird, and livestock feces (Dubinsky et al. 2012). Actinobacteria, Bacilli, and many Gammaproteobacteria taxa discriminated birds from mammalian sources. Families within the Clostridia and Bacteroidetes taxa discriminated between humans, livestock, and pinniped animal sources.

Comprehensive interrogation of microbial communities for these diverse identifier taxa has great potential to improve the reliability of source detection in the environment.

Phylogenetic microarrays are an effective tool for rapidly measuring the full assortment of microbial taxa that discriminate sources of fecal contamination. However, the technology is costly.

Numeric targets for the microbiome community are not proposed as epidemiological studies have not yet been conducted to link concentrations to illness rates. However, analysis of the microbiome community is used in the TMDL to understand sources of fecal waste, as described in Chapter 4.

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CHAPTER 3

EVIDENCE OF IMPAIRMENT
This section describes the evidence of impairment of the Russian River and its tributaries by pathogen indicator bacteria, summarizes the basis for the current 303(d) impairment listings, and describes more recent data. This chapter is the problem statement.

All surface streams and river reaches in the Russian River Watershed are impaired by pathogen indicator bacteria, which are found in concentrations that exceed the Bacteria Water Quality Objective. The impairment is based on several lines of evidence.

1. Human-host and bovine-host Bacteroides bacteria are found in almost all sampling locations in the watershed at levels above the numeric targets for the attainment of natural background levels and recreational uses.

2. Concentrations of E. coli bacteria measured in several streams in the watershed exceed the numeric targets and indicate a potential risk of illness during water contact recreation.

3. Concentrations of fecal coliform bacteria measured in the mainstem Russian River and Santa Rosa Creek exceed numeric targets and indicate a potential risk of illness during human consumption of shellfish.

4. Bacteria species that are potential human pathogens are found at numerous locations in the watershed.

5. The 2012 Section 303(d) List of Impaired Waters identifies several reaches of the mainstem Russian River and several tributaries as impaired. The listings are based on data collected prior to August 2010.

6. Public health advisories warning of potential risk of illness from recreational water contact have been posted at mainstem Russian River beaches and along Santa Rosa Creek.

3.1 ASSESSMENT OF BACTEROIDES BACTERIA DATA
Regional Water Board staff collected water samples for measurement of human-host and bovine-host Bacteroides bacteria at numerous locations in the Russian River Watershed from 2011 to 2013 (NCRWQCB 2012; NCRWQCB 2013a; NCRWQCB 2013b). Sample locations are representative of the range of streams and rivers in the watershed. Samples were collected from waterbodies during both wet and dry periods and from a range of flows. Sample sites were located in waterbodies that drain the wide range of land uses (from urban to undeveloped) and geomorphic features (from bedrock to alluvial landscapes) in the watershed.

Human-host and bovine-host Bacteroides bacteria data were compared to the natural background numeric targets, which are centered around the current laboratory reporting limit of 60 genes/100mL for human-host and 30 genes/100mL for bovine-host Bacteroides.

The median concentrations measured at each location in the Russian River Watershed are shown in Tables 3.1 through 3.4 and Figures 3.1 through 3.2.

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Figure 3.1. Human-host Bacteroides Natural Attainment & Exceedence September 222026 Item 7
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Figure 3.2 Bovine-Host Bacteroides Bacteria Attainment & Exceedence September 222026 Item 7
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Table 3.1. Human-Host Bacteroides Attainment & Exceedence in the Mainstem Russian River Russian River Location
Median
Human-Host
Bacteroides
(genes/100mL)
Number of Measurements
Number of Measurements > 60 % Exceedence
East Fork at East Road, Potter Valley 5,949 3 3 100%
East School Way, Redwood Valley 979 3 3 100%
Lake Mendocino Drive, Ukiah 3,275 3 3 100%
Vichy Springs Road, Ukiah 11,803 3 3 100%
Talmadge Road, Ukiah 9,293 3 3 100%
River Road, Hopland 1,898 3 3 100%
Commisky Station Road, Cloverdale 2,731 2 2 100%
River Park, Cloverdale 1,087 2 2 100%
Hwy 128 Bridge, Geyserville 13,501 2 2 100%
Jimtown Bridge, Healdsburg 37,052 2 2 100%
Camp Rose Beach, Healdsburg 31,055 2 2 100%
Veteran Memorial Beach, Healdsburg 14,921 10 10 100%
Steelhead Beach, Forestville 48,485 2 2 100%
River Access Beach, Forestville 57,554 2 2 100%
Johnson’s Beach, Guerneville 1,677 10 10 100%
Monte Rio Beach, Monte Rio 8,898 18 18 100%
Public Boat Ramp, Jenner 4,837 2 2 100%
Table 3.2. Bovine-Host Bacteroides Attainment & Exceedence in the Mainstem Russian River Russian River Location
Median
Human-Host
Bacteroides
(genes/100mL)
Number of Measurements
Natural BackgroundBased Target Number of Measurements > 60 % Exceedence Commisky Station Road, Cloverdale 5,413 2 2 100%
River Park, Cloverdale 710 2 2 100%
Hwy 128 Bridge, Geyserville 236 2 2 100%
Jimtown Bridge, Healdsburg 116 2 2 100%
Camp Rose Beach, Healdsburg 286 2 2 100%
Veteran Memorial Beach, Healdsburg 381 2 2 100%
Steelhead Beach, Forestville 23,684 2 2 100%
River Access Beach, Forestville 14,710 2 2 100%
Johnson’s Beach, Guerneville 85 7 7 100%
Monte Rio Beach, Monte Rio 762 10 10 100%
Public Boat Ramp, Jenner 2,682 2 2 100%
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Table 3.3. Human-Host Bacteroides Attainment & Exceedence in Tributary Streams Tributary Location
Median
Human-Host
Bacteroides
(genes/100mL)
Number of Measurements
Natural
Background-Based
Target Number of Measurements
> 60% Exceedence
Abramson Creek Willowside Rd Path, Santa Rosa 273,401 4 4 100% Blucher Creek Lone Pine Road, Cotati 18,022 2 2 100%
Copeland Creek Commerce Blvd, Rohnert Park 19,928 2 2 100% Crane Creek Snyder Ln., Rohnert Park 26,703 2 2 100%
Dutch Bill Creek Main Street, Monte Rio 416 2 1 50%
Foss Creek Matheson Street, Healdsburg 37,346 2 2 100%
Gossage Creek Stony Glen Lane, Cotati 29,902 2 2 100%
Green Valley Creek Martinelli Road, Forestville 17,016 2 2 100% Laguna de Santa Rosa Community Center, Sebastopol 7,469 2 2 100% Mays Creek Neeley Road, Guerneville 1,325 2 2 100%
Palmer Creek Palmer Creek Road, Healdsburg 2,781 2 1 50% Piner Creek Fulton Road, Santa Rosa 12,394 2 2 100%
Santa Rosa Creek Hwy 12, Santa Rosa 2,727 2 2 100%
Santa Rosa Creek Railroad Street, Santa Rosa 32,909 2 2 100% Van Buren Creek Erland Road, Santa Rosa 2,089 2 1 50%
Unnamed Creek Lambert Bridge Road, Healdsburg 5,257 2 2 100% Unnamed Creek Fitch Mountain Road, Healdsburg 238 6 5 83% Unnamed Creek Fredson Road, Healdsburg 8,580 5 5 100%
Unnamed Creek West Dry Creek Road, Healdsburg 4,040 5 5 100% Unnamed Creek Alexander Valley Road, Healdsburg 2,031 5 4 80% Unnamed Creek Redwood Drive, Healdsburg 2,310 5 5 100%
Unnamed Creek Limerick Road, Healdsburg 20,000 4 4 100% Unnamed Creek Summerhome Park Rd, Forestville 7,975 4 4 100% Unnamed Creek Trenton Road, Forestville 48,200 5 5 100% Unnamed Creek Del Rio Court, Forestville 3,460 3 3 100% Unnamed Creek River Road, Rio Nido 3,600 3 2 67%
Unnamed Creek Foothill Drive, Monte Rio 371,000 1 1 100% Unnamed Creek Duncan Road, Monte Rio 353 3 2 67%
Unnamed Creek Old Monte Rio Road, Monte Rio 25,100 4 4 100% Unnamed Creek Main Street, Monte Rio 1,392 5 4 80%
Unnamed Creek Moscow Road, Duncans Mills <60 1 0 0%
Unnamed Creek Lakeside Ave, Camp Meeker 9,090 4 4 100%
Unnamed Creek Sanford Road, Sebastopol 1,576 4 4 100%
Unnamed Creek Daywalt Road, Cotati 37,632 2 2 100%
Unnamed Creek River Road, Fulton 2,759 4 4 100%
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Table 3.4. Bovine-Host Bacteroides Bacteria Attainment & Exceedence in Tributary Streams Tributary Location
Median
Human-Host
Bacteroides
(genes/100mL)
Number of MeasurementsNumber of Measurements> 60 genes/100mL% Exceedence Abramson Creek Willowside Road Path, Santa Rosa 425,164 4 4 100% Blucher Creek Lone Pine Road, Cotati 177,248 2 2 100%
Copeland Creek Commerce Blvd, Rohnert Park 51,685 2 2 100% Crane Creek Snyder Ln., Rohnert Park 23,602 2 2 100%
Dutch Bill Creek Main Street, Monte Rio 15 2 0 0%
Foss Creek Matheson St., Healdsburg 8,668 2 1 50%
Gossage Creek Stony Glen Lane, Cotati 76,895 2 2 100%
Green Valley Creek Martinelli Rd., Forestville 72 2 2 100% Laguna de Santa Rosa Community Center, Sebastopol 514 2 1 50% Mays Creek Neeley Road, Guerneville 608 2 2 100%
Palmer Creek Palmer Creek Road, Healdsburg 106 2 1 50%
Piner Creek Fulton Road, Santa Rosa 3,274 2 2 100%
Santa Rosa Creek Hwy 12, Santa Rosa 181 2 2 100%
Santa Rosa Creek Railroad St., Santa Rosa 7,765 2 2 100% Van Buren Creek Erland Road, Santa Rosa 2,265 2 1 50%
Unnamed Creek Sanford Road, Sebastopol 482 4 4 100%
Unnamed Creek Lambert Bridge Road, Healdsburg 453 2 1 50% Unnamed Creek Limerick Rd., Healdsburg 1,966 4 4 100%
Unnamed Creek Daywalt Road, Cotati 867,503 2 1 50%
Unnamed Creek River Road, Fulton 768 4 4 100%
Assessment of the human-host Bacteroides bacteria data shows that bacteria from human waste are widespread throughout the Russian River Watershed. Human-host Bacteroides bacteria are present at levels that exceed the numeric target in all 17 mainstem locations, and in all but one of the 35 tributary locations sampled by Regional Water Board staff. Of the 179 samples collected in these 52 sites, 95% of the samples exceed the numeric target.

For bovine-host Bacteroides bacteria, quantifiable levels were found in all 11 mainstem locations, and in all but one of the 19 tributary locations. Of the 83 samples collected, 95% of the samples also exceed the numeric target.

These results demonstrate that human and domestic animal fecal wastes are present in amounts that indicate the bacteriological quality of the Russian River and its tributaries is degraded beyond minimally disturbed conditions in violation of the natural background portion of the Bacteria Water Quality Objective.

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3.2 ASSESSMENT OF E. COLI BACTERIA DATA
E. coli bacteria data from the Russian River Watershed were compiled from three agencies:
the Regional Water Board, the Sonoma County Water Agency, and the University of California (UC) Davis Aquatic Ecosystems Analysis Laboratory. As with the Bacteroides bacteria data, sample locations are representative of the range of streams and rivers in the watershed. Water samples were collected at 29 locations from 2001 to 2013 for analysis of E. coli bacteria concentrations (NCRWQCB 2012, 2013a, 2013b).

Water samples were analyzed by IDEXX Colilert and were either undiluted or serially diluted 1:10, resulting in a minimum reporting limit of 1 or 10 MPN/100mL and a maximum reporting limit of 2,419 or 24,196 MPN/100mL. Sample measurements below and above analytical reporting limits are called censored data. When bacteria concentration results were beyond any of these limits, the reporting limit was substituted for censored data.

Data were assessed using both the rolling 30-day averaging and static/discrete 30-day averaging approaches (Butkus 2013b); the discrete 30-day averaging period method is used when assessing bacteria concentrations for this TMDL project. More locations are identified as impaired using a rolling 30-day averaging period due to the inclusion of single sampling events with high bacteria concentrations into multiple averaging periods.

However, the rolling 30-day averaging period violates the statistical assumption of independent samples required for the application of the binomial distribution of the Water Quality Control Policy for California’s Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List (SWRCB 2004), which is also known as the Listing Policy. Discrete 30-day periods were defined based on the Julian calendar date of each year (i.e., 30-day period 1 for Julian days 1-30; 30-day period 2 for Julian days 31-60, etc.).

Attainment of the recreation portion of the Bacteria Water Quality Objective was determined using E. coli bacteria concentrations measured at each specific sampling location using the E. coli numeric target and Table 3.2 of the Listing Policy. The Listing Policy uses a binomial distribution for listing decisions that minimizes error based on sample size and number of samples exceeding the numeric target. The results of the assessment for E. coli bacteria concentrations are presented in Figure 3.3 and Table 3.5 for discrete 30-day averaging periods.

The results verify there is evidence of impairment and non-attainment of the recreation portion of the Bacteria Objective from E. coli in the Russian River Watershed at Foss Creek, Green Valley Creek, the Laguna de Santa Rosa, Matanzas Creek, and Santa Rosa Creek.

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Figure 3.3. E. coli Bacteria Target Attainment & Exceedence September 222026 Item 7
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Table 3.5. E. coli Bacteria Target Attainment & Exceedence Location
Number of
30-day
Periods
Sampled
Number of
Periods that
Exceed
Geomean or
STV Targets1
Considered
Impaired per
303(d)
Listing Policy
Russian River at East School Way 1 0 *
Russian River at Lake Mendocino Drive 1 0 *
Russian River at Vichy Springs Road 1 0 *
Russian River at Talmadge Road 1 0 *
Russian River at River Road (Hopland) 6 0 No
Russian River at Commisky Station Rd 18 1 No
Russian River at Cloverdale River Park 9 0 No
Russian River at Crocker Rd 4 0 No
Russian River at Geyserville Bridge 12 1 No
Russian River at Jimtown Bridge 23 0 No
Russian River at Diggers Bend 12 0 No
Russian River at Camp Rose Beach 49 0 No
Russian River at Healdsburg Veteran Memorial Beach 55 2 No Russian River at Riverfront Park 18 0 No
Russian River at Steelhead Beach 52 1 No
Russian River at River Access Beach 28 1 No
Russian River at Hacienda Bridge 6 0 No
Russian River at Johnson’s Beach 49 0 No
Russian River at Monte Rio Beach 61 5 No
Russian River at Casini Ranch Campground 12 0 No
Russian River at Bridgehaven Station 12 2 No
Russian River at Duncans Mills 12 1 No
Russian River at Jenner Boat Ramp 17 2 No
Atascadero Creek at Green Valley Road 6 4 No
Dutch Bill Creek 6 0 No
East Fork Russian River 1 0 *
Foss Creek at Matheson Street 7 7 Yes
Green Valley Creek at Martinelli Road and River Road 5 4 Yes Laguna de Santa Rosa at Sebastopol Community Park 11 6 Yes Matanzas Creek at Doyle Park and Bethards Drive 8 7 Yes Mark West Ck at Old Redwood Hwy & Trenton Healdsburg Rd 11 3 No Santa Rosa Creek at Wildwood Drive, Highway 12, upstream of Rincon Creek, at Alderbrook Drive, and at Railroad Street 61 59 Yes 1 Number of periods that exceed either the numeric target geometric mean (100 cfu/100mL) or the statistical threshold value (320 cfu/100mL)
* Inadequate sample size for 303(d) Listing Policy decision on stream reach

3.3 ASSESSMENT OF FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA DATA
Fecal coliform bacteria data from the Russian River Watershed were compiled from samples collected from 1980 to 2001 by Regional Water Board staff. Samples were collected from the mainstem Russian River at Camp Rose Beach, Veteran Memorial Beach, Johnson’s Beach, and Monte Rio Beach, and from Santa Rosa Creek at Railroad Street along the Prince Memorial Greenway.

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Attainment of the shellfish consumption portion of the Bacteria Water Quality Objective was determined using the fecal coliform numeric target (samples shall not exceed 43 MPN / 100mL) and Table 3.2 of the Listing Policy. The Listing Policy uses a binomial distribution for listing decisions that minimizes error based on sample size and number of samples exceeding the numeric target. The results of the assessment for fecal coliform bacteria concentrations are presented in Table 3.6. The table also indicates whether the number of exceedences of the numeric target was high enough for the beach to be considered impaired per Section 3.3 of the Listing Policy.

The results verify there is evidence of impairment and non-attainment of the shellfish consumption portion of the Bacteria Objective from fecal coliform in the Russian River Watershed at all sampled locations.

Table 3.6. Fecal Coliform Bacteria Target Attainment & Exceedence Location Number of
Measurements
Number of
Measurements
> 43
MPN/100mL
% Exceedence
Considered
Impaired per
303(d) Listing
Policy
Russian R. at Camp Rose Beach 91 15 16% Yes
Russian R. at Veteran Memorial Beach 143 117 82% Yes
Russian R. at Johnson’s Beach 86 38 44% Yes
Russian R. at Monte Rio Beach 71 38 54% Yes
Santa Rosa Creek at Railroad Street 16 16 100% Yes

3.4 ASSESSMENT OF PATHOGENIC SPECIES
Pathogenic bacteria and protozoans are occasionally measured directly without relying on indicator bacteria species, and the ability to do so is increasing with continuing advances in DNA technology. This section describes detections of pathogenic organisms and provides additional evidence of impairment.

3.4.1 PATHOGENIC BACTERIA DETECTIONS
Regional Water Board staff collected water samples for development of this TMDL project from 2011 to 2013 (NCRWQCB 2012, 2013a, 2013b). The monitoring focused on microbiological source identification in the middle and lower Russian River Watershed.

Over one hundred samples were analyzed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory using the PhyloChip™ phylogenetic DNA microarray, which evaluates 16S rRNA gene sequences to identify different bacteria taxa. Taxa were identified, but not quantified. The analysis results (Dubinsky and Anderson 2014) are summarized in this section and in a memo to the file record (Butkus 2014a).

Over 10,000 different bacteria taxa were identified in the samples from the Russian River Watershed. Most of the taxa detected are in the Actinobacteria phylum, Flavobacteria order, and Proteobacteria phylum of bacteria, which are naturally abundant in freshwater and soil, and do not likely originate from animal fecal sources. However, a substantial September 222026 Item 7
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number of taxa in the Bacteroidia class, Clostridia class, Bacilli class, and Verrucomicrobia phylum of bacteria were also found in the samples. These taxa likely originate from fecal sources and individual pathogenic species are found within these taxa groups.

The human health risk associated with the presence of pathogenic bacteria is unknown since detection of a pathogenic species does not necessarily indicate that illness will occur.

Some pathogenic bacteria are only pathogenic under certain circumstances, such as contact with an open wound. Additionally, there can be more than one strain of a particular bacterium species, and not all strains are pathogenic. Therefore, the results of the PhyloChip™ analysis, as presented in Table 3 .6, show a list of bacteria species found in the Russian River Watershed that have the potential to be human pathogens and cause illness.

Table 3.7. Potential Human Pathogens Detected in the Russian River Watershed Pathogenic Bacteria Species Health Impact
Number of Locations with
Detected Species
Percent of
Samples with
Detected
Mainstem Tributaries Bacteria
Klebsiella pneumoniae Pneumonia 10 23 42%
Proteus mirabili Urinary Tract Infections 1 10 11%
Salmonella enterica Gastroenteritis 1 9 10%
Serratia marcescens Infections, Pneumonia,
Meningitis 3 27 41%
Shigella flexneri Gastroenteritis 0 15 16%
Staphylococcus epidermidis Infections 3 13 22%
Staphylococcus haemolyticus Infections 2 0 2%
Streptococcus sp. Infections 0 8 8%
Vibrio cholerae Cholera 0 1 1%
Yersinia sp. Plague 4 7 15%

3.4.2 CRYPTOSPORIDIUM AND GIARDIA DETECTIONS
The Sonoma County Water Agency conducted monitoring for Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocysts in the Russian River near Wohler Bridge from 2004 through 2006 as part of their Sanitary Survey (Palencia & Archibald 2013). The SCWA found three Giardia cysts and five Cryptosporidium oocysts out of 660 L of water from 48 samples. Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum are pathogens that can cause gastrointestinal illness. The low number of Cryptosporidum oocysts detected meant no additional treatment is needed for the drinking water collected from the Russian River near Wohler Road (71 FR 775).

3.5 303(D) IMPAIRED WATER LISTINGS
The 2012 Section 303(d) List of Impaired Waters was approved by the USEPA on [Date Pending – expected late 2015]. The List identifies six water body-pollutant pairs in the Russian River Watershed as not supporting the REC-1 beneficial use or not attaining the Bacteria Water Quality Objective. These waterbodies are the Russian River at Veterans Memorial Beach, Russian River between the confluences of Fife Creek in Guerneville and September 222026 Item 7
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Dutch Bill Creek in Monte Rio, an unnamed stream near Healdsburg at Fitch Mountain, Laguna de Santa Rosa, Santa Rosa Creek , Green Valley Creek, and Dutch Bill Creek.

The data assessment that supports the official 2012 303(d) listings was valid, and the listings provide a line of evidence of pathogen impairment in the Russian River Watershed.

Since that assessment was completed, additional data have been collected, criteria have been updated, and assessment methods have improved. E. coli data used in the listing process were also used for this TMDL project. Data were reassessed in accordance with improved criteria and methods, and the results are described in the previous section.

The following explains the differences in data assessment in the listing process vs. this TMDL project. In order to determine whether a water body should be listed as impaired on the 303(d) List, instream measurements of E. coli and fecal coliform bacteria concentrations collected and submitted prior to August 2010 were assessed. Data collected both before and after 2010 are assessed in this TMDL project. In this TMDL project, fecal coliform data are not assessed to determine attainment of recreational uses due to the superiority of E. coli over fecal coliform. For the 303(d) List assessment, E. coli data were compared against the draft California Department of Health Services (CDHS 2006) guidance for posting advisories at fresh water beaches. The draft guidance identifies a single sample concentration level of 235 MPN/100 mL as a threshold for posting a beach advisory to inform swimmers of potential risk. The draft guidance also recommends a 30- day average value of 126 MPN/100 mL applied on a rolling basis. Since assessment of the 2012 Section 303(d) List data began, the U.S. EPA established their 2012 Recreational Water Quality Criteria. The U.S. EPA’s criteria are the basis for the numeric targets used in this TMDL project.

Detailed information on listing decisions and respective lines of evidence can be found at:
http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/northcoast/water_issues/programs/tmdls/303d/.

3.6 PUBLIC HEALTH ADVISORIES
Local agencies use information on pathogen indicator concentrations to post streams with public health advisories that warn against swimming and water recreation. The City of Santa Rosa posts a permanent advisory for swimming in Santa Rosa Creek at Prince Memorial Greenway. This advisory is based on pathogen indicator concentrations measured in the stream near the Railroad Street Bridge. The Sonoma County Department of Health Services uses indicator bacteria data to temporarily post Russian River beaches when concentrations exceed thresholds during the summer recreation season. Table 3.3 lists the number of days with posted advisories each year since 2001 (Tyler 2013; SCDHS 2014). Since 2001, Russian River beaches have been posted with advisories 157 days.

E. coli data used by the City of Santa Rosa and the County of Sonoma for posting advisories are assessed by the TMDL, and the results are described in Section 3.2.

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Table 3.8. Russian River Beach Advisories Issued by
the Sonoma Co. Department of Health Services
Year Number of
Beaches Sampled
Number of Posted
Advisories (Days)
2001 6 0
2002 6 1
2003 6 1
2004 6 0
2005 6 0
2006 6 1
2007 6 3
2008 6 11
2009 10 80
2010 6 5
2011 7 7
2012 9 36
2013 8 9
2014 9 3
Total Days Posted Since 2001 157
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CHAPTER 4

SOURCE ANALYSIS
This chapter identifies the major sources of pathogenic indicator bacteria found in the surface waters of Russian River Watershed.

Sources are analyzed in three ways:

1. By assessing the type of animal fecal waste, including human waste, found in the Russian River and its tributaries and identifying areas of higher and lower DNA matches in the watershed.

2. By assessing indicator bacteria concentrations from different types of land uses.

3. By identifying the types of point source and nonpoint source facilities and activities that discharge or have the potential to discharge fecal waste to surface waters.

4.1 HUMAN, GRAZER, & BIRD FECAL WASTE SOURCES & DISTRIBUTION Regional Water Board staff collected water samples for development of this TMDL project from 2011 to 2013 (NCRWQCB 2012, 2013a, 2013b). The monitoring included microbiological source identification in the middle and lower Russian River Watershed.

Over one hundred samples were analyzed by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory using the PhyloChip™ phylogenetic DNA microarray, which evaluates 16S rRNA gene sequences to estimate the percentage of the bacteria DNA gene sequences found in a water sample that match a specific DNA profile of a reference fecal source. The analysis results (Dubinsky and Anderson 2014) are summarized in this section and in a memo to the file record (Butkus 2014a).

Specific DNA profiles of fecal waste from humans, grazing mammals, and birds were collected, composited, and cataloged by the laboratory. The library of DNA profiles includes human waste samples from raw sewage, septic waste, and feces. The DNA profile for grazing mammals includes samples of droppings from cows, horses, deer, and elk. The profile for birds includes samples of droppings from gulls and pelicans.

Water samples from the Russian River Watershed were compared to the library of DNA profiles from known human, grazer, and bird wastes to determine the percentage of the bacteria DNA gene sequences that match the known profiles.

4.1.1 RESULTS
The results for human fecal waste are mapped in Figure 4.1. The ten locations with the highest human fecal waste measured are shown in Table 4.1. There is a wide range of human fecal waste DNA matches found in the Russian River and its tributaries. Within the watershed, 0% to 89% of the bacteria DNA gene sequences in the water samples match known human waste gene sequences. Higher percent matches are found in the Laguna de Santa Rosa Watershed and in the Lower Russian River area.

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The results for grazer fecal waste are mapped in Figure 4.2. The ten locations with the highest grazer fecal waste measured are shown in Table 4.1. Within the watershed, 1% to 36% of the bacteria DNA gene sequences in the water samples match known grazing mammal gene sequences. The majority of the sites with highest percent matches are in the Laguna de Santa Rosa Watershed.

The results for bird fecal waste are mapped in Figure 4.3. The ten locations with the highest bird fecal waste measured are shown in Table 4.1. Within the watershed, 1% to 19% of the bacteria DNA gene sequences in the water samples match known bird gene sequences. Higher percent matches are fairly evenly distributed throughout the tributaries in the watershed.

Table 4. 1. Locations with the Highest Percent of Matches Between Bacteria DNA Sequences in Russian River Watershed Samples and Known Human, Grazer, and Bird Fecal Waste Sample Location Gene Sequences
Percent Match
Human Fecal Waste Top Ten Sites
Unnamed stream in Monte Rio at Foothill Drive 89
Russian River at Monte Rio Beach 59
Unnamed stream in Forestville at Trenton Road 54
Russian River at Johnson's Beach (Oct. 6, 2011) 54
Limerick Creek at Old Redwood Highway 52
Russian River at Johnson's Beach (Sept. 26, 2011) 50
Unnamed stream in Forestville at Trenton Road 41
Piner Creek at Fulton Road 32
Copeland Creek at Commerce Drive 24
Crane Creek at Snyder Lane 21
Grazer Fecal Waste Top Ten Sites
Abramson Creek at Willowside Road Levy 36
Unnamed Stream near Sebastopol at Daywalt Road 34
Crane Creek at Snyder Lane 34
Copeland Creek at Commerce Drive 33
Blucher Creek at Lone Pine Road 33
Gossage Creek at Gilmore Avenue 30
Unnamed Stream in Monte Rio at Foothill Drive 23
Russian River at Monte Rio Beach 20
Limerick Creek at Old Redwood Highway 20
Russian River at Forestville Access Beach 19
Bird Fecal Waste Top Ten Sites
Piner Creek at Fulton Road 19
Abramson Creek at Willowside Road Levy 14
Palmer Creek at Palmer Creek Road 12
Limerick Creek at Old Redwood Highway 11
Lambert Creek at Lambert Bridge Road 11
Unnamed Stream in Monte Rio at River Road 10
Crane Creek at Synder Lane 10
Woolsey Creek at River Road 10
Unnamed Stream near Monte Rio at Foothill Drive 10
Dutch Bill Creek at Fir Road 10
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Figure 4.1. Human Waste Fecal Gene Sequence Measurement Locations and Results September 222026 Item 7
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Figure 4.2. Grazer Waste Fecal Gene Sequence Measurement Locations and Result September 222026 Item 7
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Figure 4.3. Bird Waste Fecal Gene Sequence Measurement Locations and Results September 222026 Item 7
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Table 4.2 Percent Human, Grazer, and Bird Fecal Gene Sequence Measurement Results in the Mainstem Russian River
% Human % Grazer % Bird
Mainstem Sampling Locations Dry
Period
Wet
Period
Dry
Period
Wet
Period
Dry
Period
Wet
Period
Russian River at Commisky Station Rd (n. of Cloverdale) 1 0 3 1 3 2 Russian River at Cloverdale River Park (Coverdale) 1 1 2 1 3 3 Russian River at Hwy 128 Bridge (Geyserville) 2 1 2 1 1 3 Russian River at Alexander Valley Campground (Geyserville) 2 1 2 3 3 3 Russian River at Camp Rose (Healdsburg) 2 1 2 1 3 3
Russian River at Veteran Memorial Beach (Healdsburg) 2 0 1 1 3 4 Russian River at Steelhead Beach (Forestville) 0 2 1 12 3 5 Russian River at Forestville Access Beach (Hacienda) 1 4 2 19 3 6 Russian River at Johnson's Beach (Guerneville) 0 54 2 17 3 4 Russian River at Johnson's Beach (Guerneville) 1 4 6
Russian River at Johnson's Beach (Guerneville) 0 2 2
Russian River at Johnson's Beach (Guerneville) 1 3 3
Russian River at Johnson's Beach (Guerneville) 14 2 2
Russian River at Johnson's Beach (Guerneville) 50 18 5
Russian River at Monte Rio Beach (Monte Rio) 1 59 2 20 2 7 Russian River at Monte Rio Beach (Monte Rio) 2 3 2
Russian River at Monte Rio Beach (Monte Rio) 1 2 2
Russian River at Monte Rio Beach (Monte Rio) 1 1 2
Russian River at Monte Rio Beach (Monte Rio) 1 1 3
Russian River at Monte Rio Beach (Monte Rio) 0 1 2
Russian River at Jenner Boat Ramp (Jenner) 2 16 4 3 4 3 Table 4.3 Percent Human, Grazer, and Bird Fecal Gene Sequence Measurement Results in Tributary Streams % Human % Grazer % Bird
Tributary Sampling Locations Dry
Period
Wet
Period
Dry
Period
Wet
Period
Dry
Period
Wet
Period
Palmer Ck at Palmer Creek Road (Healdsburg) 6 2 8 8 12 3 Limerick Ck at Old Redwood Highway (Healdsburg) 52 6 11 20 8 11 Foss Ck at Matheson Street (Healdsburg) 3 16 2 3 4 6
Unnamed Stream at Fitch Mtn Road (Healdsburg) 6 3 4
Unnamed Stream at Fitch Mtn Road (Healdsburg) 2 1 3
Lambert Ck @ Lambert Bridge Road (Healdsburg) 5 6 6 5 11 4 Unnamed Stream at Fredson Road (Healdsburg) 5 14 8
Unnamed Stream at Fredson Road (Healdsburg) 2 2 7
Unnamed Stream at West Dry Creek Road (Healdsburg) 1 3 6 Unnamed Stream at Alexander Valley Road (Healdsburg) 2 1 5 Unnamed Stream at Alexander Valley Road (Healdsburg) 2 3 5 Unnamed Stream at Redwood Drive (Healdsburg) 10 6 4
Unnamed Stream at Redwood Drive (Healdsburg) 7 7 8
Gossage Ck at Gilmore Ave (Cotati) 2 14 2 30 6 8
Copeland Ck at Commerce Drive (Rohnert Park) 2 24 1 33 2 8 Crane Ck at Snyder Lane (Rohnert Park) 5 21 7 34 7 10
Van Buren Ck at St. Helena Road (n. of Santa Rosa) 2 5 2 4 6 5 Santa Rosa Ck at Los Alamos Rd (Santa Rosa) 5 1 6 1 7 2 Santa Rosa Ck at Railroad St (Santa Rosa) 1 1 4 1 4 5
Piner Ck at Fulton Road (Santa Rosa) 3 32 2 13 6 19
Abramson Ck at Willowside Road Levy (w. of Santa Rosa) 9 16 9 36 7 14 Irwin Ck at Sanford Road (w. of Santa Rosa) 1 9 2 17 6 4 Blucher Ck at Lone Pine Road (Sebastopol) 1 12 1 33 4 6 September 222026 Item 7
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Table 4.3 Percent Human, Grazer, and Bird Fecal Gene Sequence Measurement Results in Tributary Streams % Human % Grazer % Bird
Tributary Sampling Locations Dry
Period
Wet
Period
Dry
Period
Wet
Period
Dry
Period
Wet
Period
Turner Ck at Daywalt Road (Sebastopol) 9 11 15 34 9 8
Laguna at Sebastopol Community Center (Sebastopol) 1 1 3 1 7 3 Green Valley Ck at Martinelli Road (Forestville) 1 1 5 1 8 4 Woolsey Ck at River Rd (Forestville) 1 12 2 18 3 10
Mays Ck at Neeley Road (Forestville) 7 16 5 11 6 6
Unnamed Stream at Summerhome Park Road (Forestville) 2 1 3 Unnamed Stream at Summerhome Park Road (Forestville) 9 2 4 Unnamed Stream at Summerhome Park Road (Forestville) 10 2 3 Unnamed Stream at Summerhome Park Road (Forestville) 2 2 4 Unnamed Stream at Trenton Road (Forestville) 7 2 4
Unnamed Stream at Trenton Road (Forestville) 41 7 4
Unnamed Stream at Trenton Road (Forestville) 54 14 9
Unnamed Stream at Del Rio Court (Forestville) 5 4 7
Unnamed Stream at Del Rio Court (Forestville) 6 2 4
Unnamed Stream at River Road (Rio Nido) 9 3 9
Unnamed Stream at River Road (Rio Nido) 1 1 4
Unnamed Stream at Lakeside Avenue (Camp Meeker) 8 2 5
Unnamed Stream at Lakeside Avenue (Camp Meeker) 3 2 7
Dutch Bill Ck at Fir Road (Monte Rio) 5 1 6 3 10 6
Unnamed Stream at River Road (Monte Rio) 1 1 8
Unnamed Stream at River Road (Monte Rio) 2 1 10
Unnamed Stream at River Road (Monte Rio) 2 2 6
Unnamed Stream at Old Monte Rio Road (Monte Rio) 4 1 3
Unnamed Stream at Main Street (Monte Rio) 2 2 5
Unnamed Stream at Main Street (Monte Rio) 1 3 4
Unnamed Stream at Foothill Drive (Monte Rio) 89 23 10
Unnamed Stream at Moscow Road (Duncan's Mills) 2 2 3

4.2 SOURCES BY LAND COVER TYPE
Regional Water Board staff assessed the relative contributions, magnitude, and variability of pathogenic indicator bacteria in the Russian River Watershed based on different land cover types during both dry and wet weather periods. Methods and sample concentrations are documented in a monitoring report by the NCRWQCB (2012). An assessment of the data, including a statistical analysis, is documented in a memorandum from Steve Butkus (2013a). A summary is provided here.

Water samples were collected from streams that drain watersheds primarily composed of one type of land use to evaluate the influence of different land uses on pathogenic indicator bacteria concentrations3. Five land cover categories were selected. These land cover

3 All the sampling locations drained watersheds with 50% or more of their area in one type of land cover category, except for sampling locations representing the developed non-sewered category. There was a relatively low percentage of land in this category as developed non-sewered areas are interspersed with other categories, especially agricultural lands.

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categories are based on the National Land Cover Dataset (Fry et al. 2011) and Urban Service Areas (PRMD 2010). The land cover categories are defined through remote sensing by Anderson et al. (1976), and are summarized as follows:
 Forest Land – Areas with a 10 percent or more tree-crown areal density (crown closure percentage).
 Shrubland – Areas where the potential natural vegetation is predominantly grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs. Anderson et al. (1976) previously defined this land cover as “Rangeland.” These areas do not include animal pastures or dry croplands.  Agriculture – Areas were defined by visual indications of agricultural activity through distinctive geometric field or road patterns and the traces produced by livestock or mechanized equipment.
 Developed Sewered - Urban and residential areas identified by Fry et al. (2011) where much of the land is covered by structures including cities, towns, villages, strip developments along highways, transportation, power, and communications facilities.

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