2026-09-23 Special Meeting Item 01 Climate Action Plan Update and Cost Analysis - Public Comment — Encinitas City Council, September 23, 2026

From: Dadla Ponizil
To: City Clerk
Subject: Updated submission for the Climate Action Plan meeting Date: Monday, September 7, 2026 11:59:08 PM
Attachments: CAP Update Time_00.png
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Hi again.

I'd like to submit the following comment and attached image in place of the last image I sent.

Thanks much for your help with this. We're going on vacation and can't be here to submit personally.

Dear Encinitas City Council:

CAP comments for September 23, 2026 meeting
The following recommendations were made at the May meeting. Don’t re-invent the wheel.

1.Prioritize "Net Benefit" Community Measures: Council should swiftly advance ordinances RE-2 (Nonresidential Solar), ZE-2 (Zero-Emission Landscape Equipment), and WE-1 (Water Conservation.) These measures save residents and businesses money.

2.Prioritize Grant Acquisition: Over 50 percent of the proposed 2026 CAP's implementation costs are contingent on grants.

3.Council should strongly consider Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) for municipal solar and battery microgrids. $0 upfront capital cost and immediate net benefits (approximately $30/MTCO2e) through lower electricity bills.

4.Continue adopting local “Reach Codes”: The implementation cost to develop and adopt local building “reach codes” is negligible. Reach codes cost effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions in residential and commercial buildings.

If you have any feedback or recommended changes, I am open to them.

Thanks to all of you --
Resourcefully yours,
Dadla Ponizil
Encinitas.

With help from AI, here's some motivation:

From: Tina Overland
To: City Clerk
Subject: Agenda Item #1 — Support the 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Thursday, September 17, 2026 4:31:37 PM
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Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I am writing to express my strong support for the adoption of the updated Climate Action Plan (CAP) in its entirety with all proposed measures to ensure Encinitas reaches the 2030 and 2045 targets.

Our community faces growing threats from climate change, including sea level rise, coastal erosion, wildfire risk, extreme heat, and drought. Climate change is also the leading cause of the loss of local kelp forests and the greatest single threat the ocean faces today.

Taking decisive steps now is essential to protect our public health, our local economy, and our environment for future generations.

Encinitas has a unique opportunity to lead the way toward a sustainable future. I urge you to adopt the updated Climate Action Plan in its entirety without removal of any measures proposed by staff.

Thank you for your time, your public service, and your leadership on this critical issue.

Sincerely,
Tina N. Overland
Orpheus Ave.

Sent from my iPhone
From: Mark Jenne
To: City Clerk
Subject: Agenda item #1
Date: Thursday, September 17, 2026 6:45:05 PM
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Hi, I've heard that the city Climate Action Plan is being reviewed, and would like to convey my strong opinion that this is a very important plan. We need to keep everything we already have and continue to strengthen it!
Regards, Mark Jenne, Cardiff
From: Jared Zamaloff
To: City Clerk
Subject: Agenda Item #1 — Support the 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Friday, September 18, 2026 7:49:55 AM
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Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I am writing to express my strong support for the adoption of the updated Climate Action Plan (CAP) in its entirety with all proposed measures to ensure Encinitas reaches the 2030 and 2045 targets.

Taking decisive steps now is essential to protect our public health, our local economy, and our environment for future generations.

Encinitas has a unique opportunity to lead the way toward a sustainable future. I urge you to adopt the updated Climate Action Plan in its entirety without removal of any measures proposed by staff.

Thank you for your time, your public service, and your leadership on this critical issue.

Sincerely,
Jared Zamaloff
From: Paige DeCino
To: City Clerk
Subject: Item #1, Council meeting Sept. 23
Date: Friday, September 18, 2026 8:23:43 AM
Attachments: Outlook-bw5dwb34.png
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Dear councilmembers,
I've been working on climate issues for over a decade in Carlsbad and Encinitas has been the gold standard in modeling what we want for our city. I fear that is about to change if you do not approve your Climate Action Plan.

Coastal cities can see the impact of climate change at our beaches and globally there are copious examples of how a warming climate impacts sensitive populations and ecosystems. The scientific evidence is clear. Please do NOT ignore it. Vote to approve your Climate Action Plan.

Respectfully,
Paige DeCino
Carlsbad
From: Denis Lougeay
To: City Clerk
Subject: City Council Meeting on Wednesday, September 23 Date: Friday, September 18, 2026 9:05:44 AM
Attachments: CAP Recommendations.docx
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Please include the Attached document in the meeting materials for the City Council Meeting on the Climate Action Plan. If you have any questions, please call me at 619-972-5901.

Sincerely,
Denis Lougeay
404 Alviso Way, Encinitas
2026 Climate Action Plan Recommendations
Strategy 1: Building Decarbonization
This strategy should be discontinued. There is no Performance Metric. This program imposes requirements on builders, homeowners, and others who seek to upgrade/modify their buildings. If these requirements are cost effective measures, then there is no need for the City to require them, review the proposed projects for compliance with CAP rules, and check completed activities for conformance. Efficiency data is provided with every appliance and building material that is governed by the CAP Building Decarbonization strategy. By requiring components and work that is not cost effective, this program simply increases homeowner and business costs without any verifiable benefit. If we are really concerned with affordability, this is a good place to save money for everyone.

Strategy 2: Renewable Energy
RE-1 The City should maintain membership in San Diego Community Power. This is an existing program that provides an option for the City and its residents, and those that continue to believe that they are fighting climate change, can feel good that they are doing their part. But the City should periodically reevaluate the cost of the 100% renewable option versus other options to confirm that the rate is not unduly incurring a significant amount of additional cost to the City. The electrons that come through the power lines to city facilities are indistinguishable from the ones that are not from “renewable” sources. There were some promotions that indicated that this electricity would have lower rates, but that is not actually the case.

RE-2 The City should definitely not pursue this measure. Requiring non-residential buildings to install solar is again forcing a program that, if economically justifiable, is not required to mandate. The fact that staff will have to develop a code, conduct training, and then figure out how to enforce is all added cost to the City as well as to the businesses who will be impacted.

Consultants, coordination with other City departments and stakeholders can all be avoided by not pursuing this requirement.

MRE-1 Providing solar on City buildings and facilities is an opportunity that should begin immediately. But a somewhat different course should be considered, as opposed to the one being proposed. The City should use currently available information to select one or two locations that appear to be prime candidates for new solar installations (i.e., low hanging fruit).

There are many factors that should be considered such as facility age, distance from the coast (cloud cover), building modifications that might be involved, disruption to essential activities, etc. There are probably numerous solar companies that would love to provide a good product to a high-profile customer like the city of Encinitas. Proposals could be quickly evaluated by staff to compare the proposals including the scope of work, and calculate return on investment and payback period. The council should quickly review and approve those that staff finds to be economically attractive to the City. Results can be easily evaluated within a year or so after the project has been placed in service. Lessons learned, and funds saved can then be used in developing the facilities Master Plan that is recommended in MRE-1.1 MRE-2 Requirements for new facilities are probably more economically attractive than retrofitting existing facilities. But this requirement should be evaluated after the results of MRE1 become available. Obviously if there is a new facility in the early design phase, then the desirability of solar should be part of that design process.

Strategy 3: Water Efficiency
Encinitas water consumption needs to be constantly reevaluated because of the geographic location. Programs that reduce potable water requirements are frequently beneficial even when economic benefits cannot be immediately obtained. But these programs should be evaluated on the merits of water usage, and CAP program impacts are superfluous.

Strategy 4: Clean and Efficient Transportation
It is intuitively obvious that reducing miles driven and energy consumed is in virtually everyone’s interest, including motorists, traffic engineers, and city management. Recent summer months of traffic congestion in locations like Encinitas Boulevard and Interstate 5 do not make anyone happy, and the ire is often directed towards city leaders. These issues urgently require mitigation that benefits all stakeholders including motorists, bicyclists, joggers, etc. The efficient, safe movement within the City will benefit everyone. The CAP program can only add an unnecessary degree of complexity to transportation issues.

Efforts to implement mass transit seem to be counterproductive in many cases. Electric Vehicle charging stations should be left to free-market solutions.

Strategy 5: Zero Emission Equipment
Leaf Blowers and other landscape equipment do have negative impacts that are real. They emit exhaust gasses that are significantly more harmful to the environment than innocuous carbon dioxide. They create an undesirable amount of noise that disturbs otherwise peaceful neighborhoods. But there are also negative impacts associated with banning these devices. In addition to the impact on affordability, electric replacements also have consequences. Electric cords can be unwieldy, and if accidently damaged can cause electric shocks and start fires.

Battery backpacks are also a mild fire hazard, and provide a load on landscapers’ spines possibly causing permanent damage when used regularly.

Having already banned gas-powered leaf blowers, most residents have incurred the cost of replacement in some manner. To reverse this action now would probably cause additional discontent. But extending this ban to other equipment is another action that adds costs to the city and its residents with minimal benefits. Electric equipment is far from optimal in some large remote areas. And there are many applications where gas-powered equipment is the only viable option such as tree trimming, wood chippers, concrete placement, jackhammers, etc.

Encinitas should refrain from attempting to force implementation of equipment that replaces functioning items.

Strategy 6: Zero Waste
This is another component (along with solar at City facilities) that should be pursued by Encinitas in conjunction with EDCO as a partner. EDCO has demonstrated a willingness to work with City officials, and this opportunity should be expanded. Nationwide much of the recycled material eventually ends up in landfills or being shipped overseas where the ultimate disposition is uncontrolled. Encinitas does better than many communities, but large improvements are possible. Minimizing the volume of material ending up in landfills and maximizing the amount of waste that is economically reused is in everyone’s interest.

Technology continues to develop at a rapid pace creating recycling possibilities that were not available only a few years ago. Plastics, batteries, electronics and many other components that end up in our landfill, not only create an environmental problem, but could have an economic net benefit if rare earths recovery and technology are properly applied. Encinitas should focus resources in conjunction with EDCO to investigate options and develop programs where applicable.

Strategy 7: Carbon Sequestration
Translated into common language, this program focuses on additional trees in Encinitas.

Everyone is for a city that is beautiful, and adding trees and plants where possible will definitely help beautify Encinitas. But this appears to be a make-work project that creates bureaucracy, and the City already has more than enough of that. A few obvious problems are:
• The overall justification states that it “will improve air quality through the capture of air pollutants…..” There is no scientific study that indicates that plants and trees capture air pollutants. Presumably, this is a reference to the process of photosynthesis whereby plants consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen into it. But there is no scientific basis for calling carbon dioxide a pollutant. If it was a pollutant, we would not intentionally use it to “carbonate” our beer, champagne, soda, and sparkling water.
• The program explanations contain tasks to determine the City’s “tree canopy potential,”, a canopy goal, monitoring and “enforcement” actions. Also included is a city ordinance which seems like more regulations that try to mandate common sense. Many recent new projects in the city seem to violate the community standards for density and attractive landscaping, and many citizens are unhappy with this trend. Ordinances that were in place were overridden to the dismay of long-time residences.

The additional tasks proposed under this strategy are unlikely to have any impact on our community and mostly create work for consultants. The objective should be achieved by using long-existing rules and guidelines to increase tree canopy and beautify the landscape.

Unfortunately, in Encinitas this objective is diametrically opposed to many efforts to reduce water consumption.

Summary
Rather than focus on Climate Change, the City should adhere to an overall Environmental Plan that looks at the many significant environmental issues that directly impact Encinitas including our beaches and erosion, waste management and recycling, landscaping, nature preservation, etc. Programs that can be monitored to show real benefits should be the foundation of this plan.

There are two components of the Encinitas CAP that deserve to be promoted in an overall environmental plan. First, economically justified solar projects at city facilities should be pursued on an iterative basis with results measured in a timely manner. Savings from early investments can be used to evaluate and implement subsequent projects as cost reductions are achieved.

Second, solid waste recycling programs should be developed in conjunction with EDCO as a partner. Reusing waste components such as rare earths and plastics should be investigated in light of new technology and changing cost structures.

From: Christina Brady
To: City Clerk
Subject: Agenda item #1- support the 2026 climate action plan Date: Friday, September 18, 2026 12:24:05 PM
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Taking decisive steps now is essential to protect our public health, our local economy, and our environment for future generations.

Encinitas has a unique opportunity to lead the way toward a sustainable future. I urge you to adopt the updated Climate Action Plan in its entirety without removal of any measures proposed by staff.

Thank you for your time, your public service, and your leadership on this critical issue.

Sincerely,
Christina Brady
“Crisis is the rallying cry of the tyrant”—James Madison Political organizations of all stripes have declared an ongoing climate crisis now for many decades. Various academics have been promoted over the years and paid to provide opinions on climate. During the 1965-1975 era popular periodicals such as the Washington Post, Time, Newsweek, the NY Times and others all promoted a coming climate crisis of a New Ice Age! When the glaciers failed to materialize in Encinitas a new rallying cry of Global Warming Crisis was raised during the 1988-1992 period, beginning with widely publicized testimony by NASA scientist James Hansen declaring that greenhouse gases were unremittingly causing global warming. Beginning in the 2010 era global warming was replaced in the media with “climate change.” Apocalyptic visions of floods, droughts, wildfires, sea levels rising at near tsunami speed were all drilled, unrelentingly, into the public’s collective mind.

But what has actually happened? As has occurred throughout the history of the planet Earth, climate conditions have changed over the last several hundred years, but we have yet to experience an actual crisis in our lifetimes. Perhaps the best way to categorize climate change science at this point is….unsettled. If Nobel Laureates physics scientists such as John Clauser, Ivar Giaever, and other respected climate scientists such as Richard Lindzen and William Happer, representing groups of thousands of scientists worldwide, strongly dispute that there is a climate crisis, is it wise for the Encinitas City Council to embrace a costly, authoritarian Climate Action Program dramatically enlarged during the Catherine Blakespear era and administered by an Encinitas Sustainability Manager whose scientific accomplishments appear to be lacking?
I think not. It is unlikely that this debate is to be settled any time soon. In the meantime Mr. Denis Lougeay has provided a simple, elegant, and affordable environmental program (see attachment). We are fortunate that Engineer Lougeay has taken it upon himself, pro bono, to develop an excellent program that can fulfill whatever state requirements we are forced to comply with, accomplishes serious concrete environmental work such as waste recycling with a partner such as EDCO, placement of solar power panels, inverters, etc. where they make economic sense, and allow citizens who wish to promote solar and wind power generation to remain in the San Diego Community Power Program.

I recommend that City Council eliminate the entire Climate Action Program and replace it with Mr. Lougeay’s more realistic and practical environmental program.

From: Wendy Flynn
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 11:51:00 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers, I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to. The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages that to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios. We are facing the strongest El Nino likely ever recorded. We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter. As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Wendy Flynn
From: Young, Deborah
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 11:46:42 AM
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Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
As an almost 50 year resident of our beloved town, I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages that to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Deborah Young MD
301 Ocean View Ave
Encinitas
From: Brett Henry
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 11:56:04 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

Enough backsliding.

Thank you,
Brett Henry & Deborah Hersey
From: Connie Cramer
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 11:56:21 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Connie Cramer
Sent from my iPad
From: [email protected]
To: [email protected]
Subject: 2026 Climate Action Plan - Special Meeting
Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 12:02:03 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear City Council and Mayor,
I am writing you to ask you to support the adoption the 2026 Climate Action Plan with all 32 measures intact.

The measures were designed to work together, and removing measures now risks weakening the City's ability to meet the climate goals it has already established.

For a coastal community like Encinitas, climate action is not an abstract issue. Sea-level rise, beach erosion, flooding, extreme heat, drought, and wildfire threaten our neighborhoods, infrastructure, beaches, natural resources, and quality of life.The CAP also advances other important City priorities—cleaner air, energy efficiency, healthier neighborhoods, transportation choices, and greater community resilience.

After three years of study and public participation, this is the time for action, not for weakening the plan.

Cordially,
Joyce Ross
412 West F Street
Encinitas
From: Inge Bisconer
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 12:07:27 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Inge Bisconer
Cell: 619-507-2920
[email protected]
From: Virginia Sublett
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 12:23:14 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan in its entirety. I am an Encinitas resident who sees how climate change has already disrupted our temperate coastal summers with ever-rising ocean temperatures and prolonged heat waves. While there are many factors involved in pushing our temperatures ever upward, one of the biggest is the unsustainable dependence on fossil fuels.

If we truly want to protect our beautiful city, adopting the CAP as presented is the smart thing to do, not watering it down in the pretense of saving money. In every debt that has gone unpaid, there is a moment of reckoning, and we have reached it. We mustn't shirk our responsibility, leaving it for another generation to pay the enormous bill.

Virginia Sublett
Encinitas resident
From: Grant and Laura Brittain
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 12:35:12 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I’m writing to ask you to approve the 2026 climate action plan as written. It is very important to me and my family, and we will be voting in Encinitas accordingly. The effects of climate change are real, and they affect beach communities hard.

Thank you for voting to protect our coastline communities.

This is an urgent matter to address now.

Sincerely,
Laura Brittain
Encinitan since 1985, fourth generation San Diegan since 1962 From: Debbie Hanna
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 12:39:34 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers:

I'm writing to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages than to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Jeff & Karen Young
Leucadia
From: Susan Crowe
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 12:57:05 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Susan Crowe
2179 Cambridge Ave
Cardiff CA 92007
+ 1 858-243-4261
Sent from my iPhone
From: Mick Laver
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 12:59:29 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

Thank you,
Michael (Mick) Laver
Stratford Drive
From: Don Rideout
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:

Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 1:00:59 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

I support the staff recommendation.

The weather this year should be a wake up call for all of us. All over southern California's coast we've had record breaking heat and humidity, unprecedented ocean temperatures, major wave events resulting in significant beach erosion, bluff failure, and an El Nino is predicted for this winter. Let's heed the warning signs!
While some climate action measures are more cost effective than others, none of them is so costly or ineffective that they should be eliminated. In fact, we should be putting more resources into preventive measures, such as the constructed dunes in Cardiff which did what they were designed to do. Band aids applied after the damage has occurred makes no sense, financially or otherwise.

I urge you to adopt the staff recommendation.

Don Rideout
From: Valerie Chereskin
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 1:04:04 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I have lived in Encinitas for over 40 years. Please adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. I’m sending this pre-written message because I support everything in it. This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to.

We are facing the strongest El Nino likely ever recorded. We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter. As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Valerie Chereskin
Valerie Chereskin
"It is now cheaper to save the Earth than to ruin it."
— Hal Harvey, discussing his book The Big Fix
From: Encinitas Action
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 1:23:06 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Scott Chatfield
Leucadia
From: Christina Tillotson
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 1:27:23 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Rev. Dr. Christina Tillotson
Cardiff-by-the-Sea
From: Jack Bucci
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 1:27:45 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Giacomo Bucci
From: [email protected]
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 1:42:03 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Ron Stocks
Cardiff, 92007
From: [email protected]
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 2:12:12 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Pameal Hazen
Park Place Bluffs HOA
Cardiff by the Sea
From: patricia moore
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 2:13:22 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Pat Moore and Helmut Kiffmann
858 775 3955
Sent from my iPhone
From: Bill Hart
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 2:23:34 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Bill Hart
Sent from my iPad
From: Susan Lesan
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 2:49:20 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
As a 26-year resident of Encinitas, I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages than to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Susan Lesan D-4
From: Marie Freitas
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 3:50:35 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Marie Freitas a long time Encinitas resident!
From: Robin Sales
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 4:06:59 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage. Thank you,
Robin Sales
1000 Oceanic Dr
Encinitas
From: Nancy Meisenhelder
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 4:10:08 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Nancy Meisenhelder
Sent from my iPhone
From: James Hardwick
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 4:44:47 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Jamie Hardwick
[email protected]

2026 Climate Action Plan Recommendations
Strategy 1: Building Decarbonization
This strategy should be discontinued. There is no Performance Metric. This program imposes requirements on builders, homeowners, and others who seek to upgrade/modify their buildings. If these requirements are cost effective measures, then there is no need for the City to require them, review the proposed projects for compliance with CAP rules, and check completed activities for conformance. Efficiency data is provided with every appliance and building material that is governed by the CAP Building Decarbonization strategy. By requiring components and work that is not cost effective, this program simply increases homeowner and business costs without any verifiable benefit. If we are really concerned with affordability, this is a good place to save money for everyone.

Consultants, coordination with other City departments and stakeholders can all be avoided by not pursuing this requirement.

Efforts to implement mass transit seem to be counterproductive in many cases. Electric Vehicle charging stations should be left to free-market solutions.

Battery backpacks are also a mild fire hazard, and provide a load on landscapers’ spines possibly causing permanent damage when used regularly.

Encinitas should refrain from attempting to force implementation of equipment that replaces functioning items.

Strategy 7: Carbon Sequestration
Translated into common language, this program focuses on additional trees in Encinitas.

Unfortunately, in Encinitas this objective is diametrically opposed to many efforts to reduce water consumption.

From: Margaret Arnold
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 8:21:41 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Margaret Arnold
1024 Stratford Drive
Encinitas
Sent from my iPad
From: JUDY SCHNACK
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 5:09:37 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Adriana Santo Tomas
Encinitas resident
From: Beth
To: City Clerk
Cc: Bruce Ehlers; Jim OHara; Joy Lyndes; Luke Shaffer; Marco San Antonio Subject: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan (Special Council Mtg, Sept 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1) Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 6:48:23 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to support your adoption of the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed (including all 32 measures).

This CAP update represents years of technical work and public input, with the majority of public comments expressing support. Cutting or changing any of the measures risks not only ignoring what Encinitas residents want, it risks missing goals our city has committed to.

I urge you to ignore comments that are suggesting Cost Analysis is a reason for ditching any of the 32 measures. The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation. It is not a litmus test for inclusion.

Addressing climate change will save our city, and thus taxpayers, money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages that to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

As you know, we are facing an extreme El Nino that has already resulted in significant beach erosion and we are facing a strong probability of extreme flooding and continued erosion this winter. In addition, this summer's excessive heat has primed our city for high wildfire risk.

Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire.

Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures that would put our community at risk.

Thank you for your consideration.

Best regards,
Beth
From: Harold Standerfer
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 6:57:51 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing you to urge you to pass the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as developed by staff with community input.

This version of the CAP is the culmination of three years of work that included public input, almost all of which supported the updates.

Cost benefit analysis is not a legitimate tool to make decisions regarding the CAP. The metrics for evaluating and improving the CAP have been employed already.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Harold Standerfer
Resident of Olivenhain
Sent from my iPhone
From: Mary Kiss
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 7:32:44 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Council-members,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

This CAP update was created through the use of science and community input to respond to what logical citizens believe is important for our children’s futures. It is vital that Encinitas, long known for careful and responsive policies, move forward to protect our climate from the dangers of wildfire and sea water rise. Money spent today, in as proactive a way possible, is money well spent.

As a concerned citizen, I want you to avoid removing measures and instead move forward with the full CAP.

Best regards,
Mary Kiss
Cardiff Voter
From: Lois Sunrich
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 8:41:29 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor Ehlers and City Councilmembers,
Keeping Encinitas safe is one of your stated priorities. Therefore, I join in asking you to please adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As you already know, the Cost Analysis is meant to prioritize implementation not justify eliminating measures.

Please move forward with the full Climate Action Plan, without removing measures that ensure the ongoing safety of our city.

Our city’s safety is in your hands,
Lois
Lois Sunrich
52 year Encinitas resident
From: Dana Strahl
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 9:38:53 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Dana Strahl
From: Paul Trause
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 9:49:52 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Sent from my iPad
From: chris dodds
To: City Clerk
Subject: Agenda Item #1 — Support the 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Saturday, September 19, 2026 3:28:22 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and Council Members,
I am writing because this is not a time to shy away from climate action. If we truly love our community, we must care for it. The biggest risk is to do nothing, in my eyes, that is unacceptable.

There are so many innovative ways we could engage in positive climate action that would directly benefit the community, from supporting new kelp forests, to mitigating wildfires, to increasing rain water harvesting, to restoring native plants -- all of which do not have to be costly expenditures burdened onto tax payers.

I know this may be a harder decision up front, but the long term benefits far outweigh the immediate challenge.

Sincerely,
Chris Dodds
--
Chris Dodds
760.420.9714
@_grateful_chris
From: K Braun
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, 9/23/26, Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 10:29:41 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I strongly urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) with all 32 measures intact, which is based on three years of technical work and public input and the great majority of public comments that have supported it.

Cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to.

The purpose of the Cost Analysis is to help prioritize implementation. It is not meant to justify eliminating the established measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is always more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages than to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

By virtue of our geography, Encinitas has more at stake than most communities from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk in the more rural eastern portions of the city. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Karen Braun
680 Hymettus Ave.

Encinitas, CA
From: Kevin Cremin
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 9:40:08 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Kevin Cremin
From: carol hansen
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 8:40:07 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Carol Hansen
Sent from my iPhone
From: ALAN STEIN
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 7:58:23 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

We are facing the strongest El Nino likely ever recorded. We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter. These climate changes may be the beginning of a new normal. Like other communities we owe it to our children and grandchildren to help protect our communities, the environment and the planet.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Alan Stein
Sent from my iPad
From: Alana Evans
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 6:18:15 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing about this most important issue and urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Do the right thing that the community supports and wants! Thank You,
Alana Evans
From: MARY LOU SCHULTZ
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 6:04:02 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and Esteemed City Councilmembers,
I am writing to you today with an urgent and unequivocal plea regarding the proposed 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP). It is imperative that you adopt this comprehensive plan in its entirety, with all 32 meticulously crafted measures preserved.

This CAP represents the culmination of an intensive, three-year undertaking involving rigorous technical analysis, expert collaboration, and extensive public engagement. It is not merely a suggestion, but a thoroughly vetted blueprint for our city's sustainable future, overwhelmingly endorsed by our community through robust public comment. The plan's targets are ambitious yet essential, designed with only the slimmest margin for error. To compromise or remove any of its interconnected components would critically undermine its efficacy and virtually guarantee our failure to meet the climate goals the City has already steadfastly committed to.

It is crucial to understand that the accompanying Cost Analysis is a strategic tool designed to optimize implementation and prioritize resource allocation, not an invitation to dilute or eliminate vital measures. Embracing these proactive initiatives is, in fact, the most fiscally responsible path forward. These measures are multifaceted, yielding significant economic benefits by fostering innovation, generating green jobs, enhancing public health, and safeguarding property values. The true cost lies in inaction; the expense of retroactively addressing escalating climate damages – from infrastructure repair to emergency response – will far eclipse the investment required for proactive mitigation. We stand at a critical juncture where foresight equals financial prudence.

The consequences of climate change are not abstract threats; they are manifesting on our doorstep. We are currently experiencing what is predicted to be one of the strongest El Niño events ever recorded, and its impact is already visible in the unprecedented erosion of our cherished beaches. We must brace ourselves for the very real likelihood of severe flooding and further coastal devastation across Encinitas this winter. As a vibrant coastal community, Encinitas stands uniquely vulnerable to the existential threats posed by sea-level rise, intensified storm surges, and heightened wildfire risks. Our very identity, economic prosperity, and environmental heritage are inextricably linked to our ability to adapt and mitigate these challenges.

Now is the moment for courageous leadership and decisive action. I implore you to move forward with the full, uncompromised 2026 Climate Action Plan, without any modification or removal of its integral measures at this critical stage. By doing so, you will secure a resilient, sustainable, and prosperous future for all residents of Encinitas, now and for generations to come.

Thank you for your dedicated service and your thoughtful consideration of this vital matter.

From: Candace Curlee
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 3:19:10 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers, I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to. The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages that to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios. We are facing the strongest El Nino likely ever recorded. We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter. As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage. Thank you, From: Rick Lesan
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 2:50:58 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
From: Arleen von Schlieder
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 2:35:37 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Arleen von Schlieder
Encinitas resident
Sent from my iPhone
From: bheard1225
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 1:45:34 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Bryan Heard
1225 Via Montoro Encinitas
From: Veronica Cox
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 12:38:50 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
As an Encinitas resident for over 30 years, I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Veronica
Sent from my iPhone
From: Gail Anderson
To: [email protected]
Cc: Gail Anderson
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 12:34:51 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Gail Anderson
Encinitas City Resident (Leucadia)
From: Patricia Sinay
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Sunday, September 20, 2026 12:26:20 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received. It community, your constituents care about the future we leave our kids. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to.

The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures nor do they measure long term cost savings. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages that to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

We are facing the strongest El Niño likely ever recorded. We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Please excuse brevity & typos. This was sent from my phone. Gracias From: Patti Gollong
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 7:38:59 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Mike and Patti Gollong
Leucadia
Sent from my iPad
From: Elizabeth Wagner
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 7:28:41 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Elizabeth Wagner
From: P Benson
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 7:25:22 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I respectfully ask that you vote to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed .

As I think you know, the CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the majority of public comments received has supported it. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, and so cutting any measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to making.

The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation. We can maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save money in the long run. It would be more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages instead of proactively implementing measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

We face the strongest El Nino recorded and are already seeing significant beach erosion.We will likely experience heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter.

Please move forward with the full CAP.

Thank you,
From: Patti Sodetani Lochner
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 8:11:01 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Patrice Lochner
Sent from my iPhone
From: Mike McMahon
To: City Clerk
Subject: Draft Updated Climate Action Plan and Cost Analysis Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 10:27:35 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Council,
Encinitas has a CAP that has been developed over many years and has become one of the best in our region. At a time when our planet continues to warm, and temperature measurements exceed what was predicted, we need to do as much as we can to stay within the city’s greenhouse gas targets.

We live on the front line of a changing climate. Right now this coastal community confronts sea level rise and a multi-year drought impacting our open spaces. It is important that each CAP measure builds on a collective baseline of greenhouse gas reductions.I urge you to keep ALL CAP measures in place the way they were intended.

Mike McMahon
From: Geri Ingram
To: City Clerk
Cc: Geri Ingram
Subject: Agenda Item #1 — Support the 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 10:38:31 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

I have lived in La Costa, bordering Encinitas, since 2001. I patronize and support Encinitas medical and community facilities, commercial outlets and libraries. I volunteer in climate defense alliances that include Encinitas and my home, Carlsbad. Our communities face evergrowing threats from climate change, including sea level rise, coastal erosion, wildfire risk, extreme heat, and drought. Climate change is also the leading cause of the loss of local kelp forests and the greatest single threat the ocean faces today.The shoreline is shared by all; so too the extreme storm devastation that we have witnessed on our adjacent beaches.

Disinformation is rampant, including from erstwhile climate activists who now practice a resigned "doom" scenario. Some have resorted to manipulating the economics to make it appear that we should back off on our progressive actions. But taking decisive steps now is critical to protect our public health, our local economy, and our environment for today and for future generations.

Encinitas has a fine history as leading North County San Diego toward a sustainable future. I urge you to adopt the updated Climate Action Plan in its entirety without removal of any measures proposed by staff.

Thank you for your time, your public service, and your leadership on this critical issue.

Sincerely,
Geri Ingram, retired librarian
MLIS UC Berkeley
BS Conservation of Natural Resources, UC Berkeley
From: Elders Action Network - Media
To: City Clerk
Subject: Agenda Item # 1 - Climate policy
Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 10:24:09 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
San Diego elders think Encinitas should set an example for clean beaches and thriving nature, not toxic disregard for life!
I am writing to express my strong support for the adoption of the updated Climate Action Plan (CAP) in its entirety with all proposed measures to ensure Encinitas reaches the 2030 and 2045 targets.

Taking decisive steps now is essential to protect our public health, our local economy, and our environment for future generations.

Encinitas has a unique opportunity to lead the way toward a sustainable future. I urge you to adopt the updated Climate Action Plan in its entirety without removal of any measures proposed by staff.

Thank you for your time, your public service, and your leadership on this critical issue.

Sincerely,
Sherie Stark
Elders Action Network
From: sherie Stark
To: City Clerk
Subject: Agenda Item #1 - Climate Action Plan
Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 10:22:28 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I think Encinitas should set an example for clean beaches and thriving nature, not toxic disregard for life! I am writing to express my strong support for the adoption of the updated Climate Action Plan (CAP) in its entirety with all proposed measures to ensure Encinitas reaches the 2030 and 2045 targets.

Taking decisive steps now is essential to protect our public health, our local economy, and our environment for future generations.

Encinitas has a unique opportunity to lead the way toward a sustainable future. I urge you to adopt the updated Climate Action Plan in its entirety without removal of any measures proposed by staff.

Thank you for your time, your public service, and your leadership on this critical issue.

Sincerely,
Sherie Stark
From: Jacquet, Jennifer
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 10:46:15 AM
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
As a resident of Cardiff, I am writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed. The cost-benefit analysis that was conducted was similar to what I saw in my economics training in the early 2000s — the world and the field of economics has come a long way since then and is not so narrow in its considerations, and in the meantime the world has also gotten warmer and emissions continue to rise.

I work (remotely) as the Associate Research Director for the Climate Social Science Network headquartered at Brown University and have seen how the current Administration has opened the doors to climate rolllbacks — the dismantling of the federal IRA, the opportunity to shut down institutional bedrocks of climate science (such as NCAR in Colorado), the (second) withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, and the federal handouts to oil and gas, who coughed up an enormous amount of money to support the current Presidency. And it’s paying off.

The main backstop we have in this fossil fuel windfall are city and state-level initiatives led by informed and concerned citizens who continue to show the rest of the world that the U.S. is not going to roll over as a petro-state but will continue to innovate and do the right thing, as many parts of America, particularly California, have been known to do.

Please do not scrap years of work on the CAP based on a single study but let’s continue to show the world that Encinitas is aware of the science and possible actions to address climate change and is indeed taking action, as its citizens, including yours truly, wish for it to do. Thank you for your continued respect for knowledge and democracy.

Best wishes,
Jennifer Jacquet
2151 Cambridge Avenue, Cardiff, CA 92007
From: Jennifer FitzGerald
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 11:28:37 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Yours sincerely,
Jennifer FitzGerald
2028 Bruceala Court
Cardiff CA 92007
U.S.A.
cell: +1-760-274-5190
[email protected]

From: Toni Parker
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 11:42:44 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Toni and Bill Parker, Leucadia
From: Lizbeth Ecke
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 1:07:01 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Lizbeth Ecke
From: John C. Revell
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 12:33:46 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers, I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to. The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages that to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios. We are facing the strongest El Nino likely ever recorded. We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter. As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage. Thank you, oh and maybe put put concrete walls on either side of the Grandview stairs or you’ll lose them Too! From: Frank Haist
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 12:20:33 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages than to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Frank Haist
Cardiff by the Sea Resident
From: joan herskowitz
To: Bruce Ehlers; Joy Lyndes; Luke Shaffer; Jim OHara; Marco San Antonio; City Clerk Subject: Special Council Mtg Sept. 23rd - Draft 2026 CAP Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 3:15:13 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Council Members,
I strongly urge you to approve the Draft 2026 Climate Action Plan that was created over the last few years with participation of the public and substantial work by your staff. The CAP includes 32 GHG emission reduction measures that will assist the City in addressing climate change and its effects, e.g., severe and erratic storms, sea level rise, strong wave action demolishing our beaches; wildfires that threaten our lives and property; and, potential flooding and damage to infrastructure.

The adoption of the Draft 2026 CAP, as proposed, will meet our commitment on emissions reduction. This Plan is important to City residents who understand the importance of energy efficiency measures in support of a sustainable community. The costs of implementing the Plan are necessary because the effects, of climate change and the disruption and heartache it brings, would be much more costly to the City and residents. The proposed CAP is a credit to the City, and what we expect the City to do in this period of uncertainty of where climate change will hit next, and it is an example to other cities of our high standards of leadership on this issue.

Thank you.

Joan Herskowitz
Leucadia Resident
From: Jan M
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 3:50:01 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Best Regards,
Jan Miley
(858) 242-8892
From: Terry Holpert
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 5:10:16 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I am a resident of Cardiff and I urge you to enact the updated 2026 Climate Action Plan and all of its 32 elements, as developed by City staff with the input of Encinitas citizens of all backgrounds.

Climate Change is the existential emergency of our time and strong action to fight it is essential to our city, country and world. This update of the Climate Action Plan represents years of time, effort and work by experts and city staff and citizens, and merits the full endorsement of the City Council. Your primary job is to ensure the safety of our city and its residents, and with the super El Niño arriving in a few months, which is predicted to disrupt the entire Western US, especially coastal areas, it would be irresponsible to dilute the Climate Action Plan.

Studies show that acting now to ameliorate climate change prevents harm to residents and is less costly to municipalities in the long run. Thus, I urge you to endorse and adopt the 32 elements of the 2026 Climate Action Plan and protect the City of Encinitas and its residents now.

Many thanks,
Terry Holpert
Cardiff
Sent from my iPad
From: Judy Berlfein
To: City Clerk
Subject: Climate Action Plan Meeting September 23
Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 5:39:18 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear City Clerk,
Please post my letter to the comments section of the Climate Action Plan meeting on Wednesday.

Thank you,
Judy Berlfein
Dear Mayor, Deputy Mayor, and Councilmembers,
The following recommendations were made regarding the Climate Action Plan at the May meeting. It's not necessary for us to re-invent the wheel. Please adopt the climate action plan and take immediate action on the recommendations listed below.

1. Prioritize "Net Benefit" Community Measures: Council should swiftly advance ordinances RE-2 (Nonresidential Solar), ZE-2 (Zero-Emission Landscape Equipment), and WE-1 (Water Conservation.) These measures save residents and businesses money.

2. Prioritize Grant Acquisition: Over 50 percent of the proposed 2026 CAP's implementation costs are contingent on grants.

3. Council should strongly consider Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) for municipal solar and battery microgrids. $0 upfront capital cost and immediate net benefits (approximately $30/MTCO2e) through lower electricity bills.

4. Continue adopting local “Reach Codes”: The implementation cost to develop and adopt local building “reach codes” is negligible. Reach codes cost effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions in residential and commercial buildings.

Regards,
Judy Berlfein
760-944-3761 (landline)
760-846-1986 (cell)
NOTE: I am offline and off my cell phone between sunset Friday and sunset Saturday. If you need to reach me, call the landline number above.

September 21, 2026
Dear Esteemed Mayor and City Council Members,
I strongly support approving the 2026 CAP as it is important to reduce GHG emissions and to track our progress.

The original CAP was begun in 2011 with Mayor Jim Bond, Deputy Mayor Jerome Stocks, and councilwomen Maggie Houlihan, Teresa Barth and Kristin Gaspar. The reduction target emissions of being 13 percent below benchmark 2012 levels by 2020 has been exceeded, being down by 14.6 percent from the 2012 baseline level. It is also important to note that the 2020 inventory does not include reductions realized from actions the City had taken since 2020. Most notably, with the formation of San Diego Community Power, the City began serving Encinitas residents and businesses with 100 percent renewable electricity in 2021, vastly reducing GHG emissions from this sector. https://www.encinitasenvironment.org/category/greenhouse-gas-inventory Encinitas is a coastal community, which takes pride in its environmental stewardship with good reason. “Coastal areas are among the fastest urbanizing and have the highest concentration of human activities (Zhu et al., 2022).

Approximately 40 % of the global population resides within 100 km of the coast (Zhang et al., 2023). The dense production activities in coastal areas consume vast amounts of fossil energy, and the associated GHG emissions exacerbate the global climate crisis (Wang et al., 2023). GHG emissions from these areas account for more than 50 % of the global total (Zhang et al., 2023).”
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950476725000108 Staff already noted that there is no direct fiscal impact associated with this item as no appropriation is requested. Accordingly, future funding needs for CAP implementation will be brought to City Council for consideration as separate action items and incorporated into the City’s regular budgeting process.

The CAP financial benefits include:
 Energy Cost Savings for City, residents, business, taxpayers and utility ratepayers  Avoid Climate Damage expenses from extreme weather events, flooding, excess heat, and fires  Increased Revenue from green tourism to the tree-canopied aesthetically appealing, and cooler town  Increased green economy & new jobs installing, monitoring and maintaining green tech products  Increased property values due to green canopy benefits including better air quality due to carbon sequestration, increased water retention & filtering by extensive root systems for cleaner water, making for greater buying incentives and more taxes collected.  Public Health Benefits can happen as a healthier population will enjoy lower healthcare costs & more productive work lives with clean air making for fewer respiratory ills.  Ongoing beauty & resilience of Encinitas offered with this CAP offers mental health benefits for our community that extend to all socio-economic brackets.
 Eligibility for “green”: grants, subsidies, tax-incentives, bonds, financing and rebates will be likely for our city and community.

Encinitas CAP is and has been an example for other municipalities. Thank you for your service in keeping our city at the forefront of climate actions that make it a sustainable and desirable place to be. This approval is an easy choice of environmental stewardship that you each can take pride in. Keeping our beautiful city’s overall well-being a priority is a winning strategy, for Encinitas businesses and residents.

Thank you, again.

All My Best, Susan Sherod, Architect and Resident of Encinitas From: patty.st
To: City Clerk
Subject: Comment for Climate Action Plan Special meeting this Wednesday Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 1:42:12 AM
Attachments: Climate ppt original expanded.pptx
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Peter, City Clerk,
Please post on the comment section for the Climate Action Plan Special meeting. this coming Wednesday, Sept 6 at 4pm - this and also the powerpoint attached.

For the new CAP update:

Thank you for eliminating:

The Requirement for all New Development to be all electric The Parking Benefit District
The: Reduce embodied carbon in building materials
And I want to thank Environmental Commissioner Carol Parker for her work and promotion of the Oct 6, Public education for household recycling event at the Encinitas Library.

Thank you to Mr. Denis Lougeay for his CAP Recommendations.

I support all of those he listed.

And this request:

The phrase Global Warming was replaced with the phrase Climate Change.

Climate Change has become a catch all phrase rather than a reference to specifics. I ask that The City Council be specific in your wording. In place of the phrase “Climate change” use the actual factual terms: cyclic weather patterns, and/or geoengineering which includes Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) and Ionospheric Heating through the High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP). ie: the use of military and covert climatic and environmental modification used in the USA.

For details, please see this peer reviewed article published in the Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International for reference:
https://journaljgeesi.com/index.php/JGEESI/article/view/727/1428 Thank you so very much,
Patty Stottlemyer
Patty
Sent with Proton Mail secure email.

Enc. Climate Action Plan
Technical Support:

Energy Policy Initiatives Center (EPIC) at
University of San Diego School of Law
to provide methods for GHG inventories,
target selection, and reduction calculations
Energy Policy Initiatives Center
(EPIC): research center of the USD School of Law,
that studies energy policy issues affecting California and San Diego Region.
. . . to inform decision-makers and
educate law students.

For updated Green House Gas reduction
estimate for the City’s Active Transportation
Plan using estimated Vehicle Miles Travelled
data from Google and GIS analysis to
estimate the impact of
“nonvehicle modes of
transportation”
Non Vehicle Transport Modes:

In Line with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals which Includes housing density
Ph.D., Political Science,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997
Also: Member of
Council on
Foreign Relations
&
World Economic
Forum Climate Action Plan advisor to County of San Diego Through Geoengineering?!!!
Dr. Richard Lindzen Professor of Earth,
Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Emeritus
MIT &
Dr. William Happer Professor of Physics, Emeritus,
Princeton University &
Dr. John Clauser, 2022 Nobel Prize winner in
Physics along with 2,079 other scientists, have
signed onto: “The World Climate Declaration”
“Climate science should be
less political, while climate
policies should be more
scientific.”
www.Clintel.org
They also say:
ie: Geoengineering
Images of blue
sky over San
Diego showing
various
instances of
the on-going
daily tanker-jet
spraying of
ultrafineparticulates
into the
troposphere.

From
PubMed
From PubMed:
the aerosolized particulate sprayed in the troposphere
by (Commercial and) tanker-jets for
geoengineering, weather-modification and
climate-modification purposes.
with significant ramping-up since about 2013. with no
informed consent, or public health warnings.

Has profound implications on environmental and human
health with (1) chemically mobile aluminum,
implicated in neurological disorders and botanic demise; (2) exposure to toxic heavy metals and radioactive
elements; (3) preventing rainfall
Operation Popeye of Vietnam war
leaked to NY times. July, 1972
A Research Paper
Presented To
Air Force 2025
by
Col Tamzy J. House
Lt Col James B. Near, Jr.

LTC William B. Shields (USA)
Maj Ronald J. Celentano
Maj David M. Husband
Maj Ann E. Mercer
Maj James E. Pugh
August 1996
Weather as a Force Multiplier:

Owning the Weather in 2025
Arnold Schwarzenegger
Governor
2007

Let us please shift focus from
“Decoarbonization” stressed by Political
Science, and instead concentrate efforts to:
• Green our city with Trees, Native plants
and Victory Gardens.
• Incentivize home rain collection with
rain barrels.
• Also the Zero Waste program for
recycling.
with the CAP, please don’t overlook the specific
needs of Encinitas
Like infrastructure, energy security, and
economic growth.

The Net Zero policy shift toward global frameworks,
threatens local autonomy
Please advocate for a return to flexible, locally controlled planning processes that prioritize the unique needs of
Encinitas.

Ensuring access to affordable , dependable energy
for all residents, without being pressured to meet
global carbon reduction goals: like elimination of
residential Natural Gas furnaces, and ovens.

Reliable and cost effective energy is critical for
maintaining quality of life and supporting
economic growth.

Thank you for all your good intentions for
Encinitas
Probably most of us in Enc. And area are getting our electricity from Community Choice, with “renewable sources” – and not from SDG&E, however, SDGE has to make money, so their service and charge for it is the lines connecting the electricity source to the user.

Community Choice for our electricity
From: Jana Birch
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 8:12:48 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
It is extremely important to me that you adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it.

The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to. The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages that to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios. We are facing the strongest El Nino likely ever recorded. We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk.

Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you, Jana Birch
From: Cynthia Griffith
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Monday, September 21, 2026 8:31:27 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you
Sincerely,
Cynthia Griffith
From: Jesse Hanwit
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 8:57:23 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

Thank you,
Jesse Hanwit
687 S Coast Highway 101
Sent from my iPhone
From: espiusa
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 9:04:25 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Ernesto Espinosa
From: Alby Quinlan
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 9:06:03 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you, Alby Quinlan
From: Mark Jenne
To: City Clerk
Subject: Agenda item #1
Date: Thursday, September 17, 2026 6:45:06 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Encinitas, CA 92024
RE: CAP Special Meeting Item 1 — Adoption of the 2026 Climate Action Plan Update Dear Honorable Mayor and Members of the Encinitas City Council, We write on behalf of a coalition of environmental and community-based organizations serving residents of Encinitas and San Diego County, to urge the Council to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan Update at your September 23 meeting with all 32 proposed measures intact.

Encinitas is highly vulnerable to increasingly urgent climate change impacts such as rising seas, accelerating bluff erosion, wildfire, and extreme heat, all of which threaten infrastructure, public safety, and residents’ way of life. It is the duty of the City to mitigate the impacts of climate change to the best of its ability, which is precisely what the updated CAP aims to do and in line with the City’s own resolution declaring a climate emergency.

The draft update to the CAP states plainly that state and federal legislative action alone will not get Encinitas to its adopted targets of 40 percent reduction below 2016 levels by 2030 and 85 percent by 2045. Reaching those targets depends on the local measures in this update.

Removing measures, even a handful, puts the City's own adopted targets out of reach.

The City’s own taxpayer‑funded analyses – including a Cost Analysis ($281,000), Implementation Cost Analysis ($138,000), and Benefit‑Cost Analysis ($143,000) – already demonstrate that adopting this update is both feasible and financially worthwhile. In fact, the combined cost of these studies exceeds the standalone implementation cost of several of the very measures they were commissioned to evaluate. According to the report, the ten most cost‑effective CAP measures average roughly $60 per metric ton of CO₂e reduced, and six of them generate net financial savings for residents and businesses through reduced utility and fuel costs alone.

However, the analysis has a significant blind spot the Council should consider before using it to justify cutting measures: it monetizes direct utility and fuel savings but does not account for avoided climate‑driven costs such as wildfire, flooding, and extreme heat. Several measures, such as tree canopy expansion and carbon sequestration, water efficiency, and building decarbonization, are specifically designed to reduce these risks. A narrow reading of the cost analysis understates the value of adopting the update, but it does not undermine the case for moving forward.

It should also be noted that the vast majority of the CAP is aligned with existing City goals and objectives, thereby only negligibly adding to the cost of the overall city budget.

This coalition urges you to adopt the CAP update as-is to ensure Encinitas reaches its stated targets and takes the appropriate and adequate action to address climate change. Thank you for your continued work on the CAP update and for your consideration.

Sincerely,
Zack Zeilman
Climate Action Program Lead
Surfrider Foundation San Diego County
Janis Jones
Plastic Pollution Program Lead
Surfrider Foundation San Diego County
Joyce Lane
Endorsement Committee Co-Chair
San Diego 350
Kelly Lyndon
Co-Chair
San Diego Building Electrification
Coalition
Suzanne Hume
Educational Director & Founder
CleanEarth4Kids.org
Joe Houde
Board Chairperson
North County Climate Change Alliance
Diane Nygaard
President
Preserve Calavera
Anthony Dang
Policy and Community Outreach
Manager
Climate Action Campaign
Pamela Heatherington
Board of Directors
Environmental Center of San Diego
Teresa Wilmoth-Olson, RN, MPH and
Vanessa Forsythe, MSN
Council Members
California Nurses for Environmental
Health and Justice Leadership
Ron Askeland
Conservation Chair
San Diego Sierra Club Chapter
Sally Prendergast
Coasters Chair
San Diego Sierra Club North County
Coastal Group
Marc Friedman
Assistant Chapter Leader
Citizens Climate Lobby, North County
San Diego Chapter
From: Lynn Selzer
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 10:43:38 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Lynn Selzer
Sent from my iPhone
From: [email protected]
To: City Clerk
Subject: Encinitas Needs the Full Climate Action Plan
Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 11:44:30 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Encinitas City Council,
On October 21, 1996, my home burned to the ground in the Harmony Grove fire. Burning for 3 days, this catastrophic event took over 100 homes
and the life of my neighbor, David Hammond. Shocking beyond belief, at the time it seemed like an aberration – today we know better.

Where “brush fires” were the norm back then, the severity and acreage burned today is inconceivable: Pacific Palisades, Altadena, Cedar, Witch Creek.

You already know all the reasons the Climate Action Plan is necessary -as proposed, including all thirty-two measures.

Wildfires, flooding, sea level rise…these well-documented global events are imminent threats to everyone in Encinitas.

You took an oath to work for the greater good. Keep your word and adopt the full CAP today.

Sincerely,
Patty Berg
704 Saxony Rd
Encinitas CA 92024
From: [email protected]
To: City Clerk
Subject: Resident comments on proposed Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 11:58:32 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor Ehlers and Esteemed members of our Encinitas City Council, Regarding the proposed update to the City’s “Climate Action Plan”, I have a few comments:

1. As I’ve mentioned before (assuming my comments have been forwarded), the growth in total carbon emissions worldwide (mostly China, India and others) completely dwarfs anything and everything the City of Encinitas could possibly do. A non-industrial city, our impact on global CO2 emissions is a fraction of trivial and a poor use of our limited resources.

We are re-arranging chairs on the Titanic of global warming. But oh well…. So

2. The State mandates us to add some 1500+ units of new housing, no doubt with more after 2029. This creates a multiplier effect which brings new household, transportation and services emissions. If we’re required to reduce our carbon footprint, don’t we have a responsibility to push back on the housing mandate if only for CO2 emissions abatement? Sigh. I know this one isn’t going anywhere, at least not before 2028. Just pointing out the obvious.

3. OK, you really want to reduce emissions? Try better fire prevention brush and plant control in the City, especially in vulnerable Olivenhain. A one square mile fire will produce something like 10-20 metric tons of CO2.

How much is that? It’s the equivalent of about 4-5 million 10 mile car trips in the City.

4. Here’s another. Lobby to re-open the zero emissions 2GW San Onofre Nuclear Plant.

5. Community Choice Power, which the Climate Action Plan keep touting, is essentially a mirage. The electrons that arrive at your house are no “greener” than anyone else’s. Our CCA’s can buy and retire unbundled Renewable Energy Certificates though the power they use may come from the normal grid mix. They increase other energy costs because of the need for long transmission lines, premature displacement (San Onofre) of existing plants, the need for firming/backup capacity (see solar and wind capacity utilization – they’re low) and for curtailment and grid balancing.

That’s why California’s electricity costs are so high. You should be aware that if a CCA power plant (e.g. wind, solar) fails for any reason, the CCA customers are ultimately on the hook. This happened once in Riverside (SCE bailed the CCA out). They distort the overall grid by incentivizing the construction of power that doesn’t deliver when needed.

So do whatever you need to do, but understand how silly this pointless exercise in virtue signaling will look to future residents.

Respectfully,
Neil
Neil Hokanson, MBA
CFP Board Emeritus®
[email protected]
P.O. Box 1224
Cardiff by the Sea, CA 92007
(619) 890-Neil (6345)
From: Mitch
To: City Clerk
Subject: Support the 2026 Climate Action Plan
Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 11:56:24 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Taking decisive steps now is essential to protect our public health, our local economy, and our environment for future generations.

Encinitas has a unique opportunity to lead the way toward a sustainable future. I urge you to adopt the updated Climate Action Plan in its entirety without removal of any measures proposed by staff.

Thank you for your time, your public service, and your leadership on this critical issue.

Sincerely,
Mitch Green
Why do we need
greenhouse gases?
Elements
What elements is the human body built from?
Elements
How are carbon, water, and hydrogen incorporated
into the human body?
• Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide
CO2 in a gaseous form.
• CO2 is absorbed by green plants and reacts with
water during photosynthesis to produce
carbohydrates and to release oxygen into the
atmosphere
• Animals consume plants, thus, incorporating
carbon into their system
• Humans eat vegetables and meat to incorporate
carbon into our bodies
What gases are called greenhouse gases, and what is
their role in supporting life?
• CO2
The Carbon Cycle is an important aspect of the survival of all life on Earth.

Carbon is the building block of life with other elements necessary for life. • H2O
Water is a crucial reactant that is split, providing electrons and protons needed for the light-dependent reactions, and releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
• Greenhouse Gases Are Crucial To Keeping Our Planet At A Suitable Temperature For Life
• Without The Natural Greenhouse Effect, The Heat Emitted By The Earth Would Pass Outwards From The Earth’s surface into space, and the Earth would have an average temperature of about- 20 °C
Greenhouse gases are necessary because they trap heat in the atmosphere, keeping Earth warm enough to sustain life.

Heat plays a crucial role in vegetable growth by influencing several physiological processes:

1. Germination: Most seeds germinate best when soil temperatures are between 68°F and 86°F (20°C to 30°C)

2. Photosynthesis: The optimum temperature for photosynthesis generally falls between 20°C and 35°C (68°F to 95°F),

3. Nutrient Uptake – Heat increases root activity, improving the absorption of water and essential nutrients.

4. Cell Expansion & Growth
California paleoclimate proxy records (such as tree rings, sediment cores, and stalagmites) reveal that California's baseline temperature, historically over 1000 years, hovered near a long-term average of

59.4°F (15.2°C), experiencing notable fluctuations across distinct climatic

CONCLUSION
For the growing population, we need more food
e.g. more CO2 in the atmosphere and higher
temperatures to increase photosynthesis,
leading to increased production of crops
Can Green Agenda start an ice age?
•Reversing global warming is unlikely to lead directly to an ice age but can accelerate it.
•Indeed, Earth's natural cycles and greenhouse effects
might delay the onset of the next ice age, expected
within the next 10,000 to 100,000 years.

Fight on Green House Gases
From: Kenneth Selzer
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 11:07:07 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Sent from my iPhone
Ken Selzer, MD
481 Hillcrest Drive
Encinitas , Ca. 92024
[email protected]
Cell: 858-361-6122
From: Jill Denver
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 10:57:34 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Jill Denver(760) 815-0864
From: Kim Piker
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 1:00:26 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages than to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Kim Piker
Encinitas resident
From: Barbara Takashima
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 1:32:47 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor Ehlers and City Councilmembers,
I urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As long time residents and surf/beach lovers, we have seen the increased damage to our coastline due to climate change and poor planning.

The strongest El Nino likely ever recorded is facing us. Already significant beach erosion and heavy flooding has happened and likely more throughout Encinitas this winter.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Barbara Takashima and Dan McFarland
364 Chapalita Dr
92024
Sent from my iPhone
From: gail cerelli
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 2:31:37 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Gail Cerelli
40 year Encinitas resident
Sent from my iPad
From: Janice Muller
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 2:39:31 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Council members,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. Three years of work and input created this comprehensive plan, and it has received wide pubic acceptance.As I understand it, eliminating any of these measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to.

As climate risks have arisen, we are already experiencing significant beach erosion. Heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas is very likely this winter. As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Janice Muller
Olivenhain
From: Alice Branca
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 1:01:28 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
From: Claudia Hosky
To: City Clerk
Subject: Webinars on Crisis Response, Secure AI and the Future of Government Networks - CPE Credit Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 1:59:10 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Complimentary Training Events · Earn CPE Credits
CISA, USDA, and NTIA Join Upcoming Programs
FedInsider has several complimentary training events coming up featuring an incredible lineup of knowledge leaders addressing some of the most pressing issues facing federal, state and local government and the military.

Participants will receive a Training Certificate for CPE credit for each event from the College of Professional Studies at George Washington University in Washington, DC.

Friday, September 25, 2026 at 2:00 PM EDT
Moving at the Speed of a Crisis: Integrated Incident Response and Recovery Protecting Major Events: Risk, Readiness, and Response
1 hour | 1 CPE credit
When a cyberattack disrupts transportation, communications, facilities or public safety during a major event, multiple organizations must respond as one.

Speakers from CISA, First Line Technology, CIRRUS Group, Guardian Centers and the GW College of Professional Studies will discuss coordinated crisis response, recovery planning and the rapid restoration of critical services and public confidence.

Complimentary Registration <https://goto.webcasts.com/starthere.jsp? ei=1763614&tp_key=fd0a6c2107&sti=JangoE>
Monday, September 28, 2026 at 2:00 PM EDT
Breaking the Silos: Building a Secure Foundation for Government AI 1 hour | 1 CPE credit
AI adoption is accelerating across government, but breaking down silos, strengthening data governance and modernizing legacy infrastructure are critical to scaling AI securely and avoiding risks such as data leaks and shadow AI.

Speakers from the City of Oakland, USDA and Broadcom Enterprise Security Group will discuss how agencies can scale AI safely while improving visibility and eliminating blind spots.

Complimentary Registration <https://goto.webcasts.com/starthere.jsp? ei=1774719&tp_key=3d90ae04ac&sti=JangoE>
Friday, October 2, 2026 at 2:00 PM EDT
The Search for Open-Source Hardware
1 hour | 1 CPE credit
OCUDU is helping pave the way to 6G with an open-source foundation for Open RAN that reduces vendor lock-in and enables more flexible, interoperable networks.

Speakers from OUSD(R&E) FutureG, NTIA and Dell Technologies will explore the technical advances and opportunities shaping the path to 6G.

Complimentary Registration <https://goto.webcasts.com/starthere.jsp? ei=1774397&tp_key=c0f51dcb95&sti=JangoE>
In-Person Conference at The Ritz-Carlton, Washington, DC Wednesday, October 21, 2026 · 12:00 PM to 5:00 PM EDT
Innovation Summit 2026: AI Dominates the Landscape
3 hours of training | 3 CPE credits
Government AI is moving beyond isolated pilots and into the systems people rely on every day. The next challenge is turning that momentum into secure, scalable results agencies can measure.

Join technology leaders from NNSA, the Library of Congress and the U.S. Government Accountability Office at the Ritz-Carlton in Washington, DC for candid lessons from real implementations: what is delivering value, where projects stall and how leaders are preparing their data, infrastructure and workforce for what comes next. Continue the conversation during an in-person technology expo and networking reception.

Complimentary Registration <https://Innovation2026.eventbrite.com/?aff=JangoE> Participants will receive a Training Certificate for CPE credit for each event from the College of Professional Studies at George Washington University in Washington, DC.

Look forward to seeing you soon!
Claudia M. Hosky
Publisher, FedInsider
Work: (202) 237-0300
[email protected] <mailto:[email protected]>
Interested but unable to attend? Explore more complimentary online training <https://www.fedinsider.com/webinarregistration/> .

Live captioning is provided for accessibility during all webinars.

This email was sent by FedInsider, located at 3811 Mass. Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20016 (USA). To receive no further emails, please click here <https://x.fedinsidernews.com/u.z? j=400515865&m=fd1ff0f2219d4f6e94e843788307f2c4> or reply to this email with "unlist" in the Subject line. <https://x.fedinsidernews.com/o.z?j=400515865&mid=29691&A5C48E67C165447D925D38000E81E42F> From: Allison Blackwell
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 2:26:50 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages than to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Allison Blackwell
From: Niels Lund
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 2:48:01 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Niels Lund
Cardiff resident.

Sent from my iPhone
From: Lynda Daniels
To: City Clerk
Subject: Environmental Issues
Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 3:26:39 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Although I live in Carlsbad, I look to the city is Encinitas for forward thinking solutions to our environmental concerns. Your city council needs to look at science and please do not roll back ordinances or change the direction of Encinitas as being a champion of environmental ordinances and reach codes!
Thank you
Lynda Daniels
San Diego building electrification coalition
Sierra Club

CEA ADVISORY COUNCIL
Sent from my iPhone
From: Sharon Delphenich
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 4:21:13 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. Other coastal SD cities are ahead of Encinitas in their efforts. Let's not fall behind on this crucial effort!
This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Sharon Delphenich
Encinitas Resident
From: Theresa Beauchamp
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 4:05:39 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing to support our city's environment and our past and present environmental commissioners who have dedicated hours and hours to developing the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP). I urge you to vote for this CAP as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Theresa Beauchamp
District 2
From: Ronette Youmans
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 4:27:06 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Council members,
To avoid the worst climate scenarios, we're urging you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. We must protect our city's coastline, and as a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. As you know, Gov. Newsom has called for a State of Emergency due to the the strongest El Niño in a decade— bringing with it more extreme weather. Our city must be protected with your help and decisions.

This CAP update represents 3 years of work, workshops,and public input, with a clear majority of public comment received in support for CAP. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damage to avoid the worst climate damages.

We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage. We need to reduce emissions, lower the carbon fuel, and support renewable energy. Thank you, Ronette Youmans
Dana Pearce
607 Orpheus Ave
From: hirut kidane mariam
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 3:49:52 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Sent from my iPhone
From: PEGGY WATSON
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 4:24:13 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I am writing to urge you to adopt the proposed 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) with all 32 measures intact.

This update represents three years of technical work and public input, with the vast majority of public comments supporting it. Because the plan is designed with a narrow margin above its targets, removing measures risks missing the goals the City has already committed to.

The Cost Analysis is intended to help prioritize implementation, not to justify eliminating measures. Proactively implementing these measures achieves multiple City goals and Saves Money in the Long Run, whereas retroactively responding to climate-related damages will be far more costly.

This should be a no -brainer.

As a coastal community, Encinitas faces significant risks from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfires. With strong weather patterns already causing notable beach erosion and threat of heavy flooding this winter, taking decisive action is critical.

Please move forward with the full CAP without removing measures, and ensure CEQA standards are fully enforced.

Thank you,
Donna Arnicar
276 Rosebay Drive
From: Kathleen Stiven
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 4:48:28 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Sent from my iPhone
From: Eddy Langholz
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 5:11:02 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Eddy Langholz (257 Raintree Dr., Encinitas, CA 92024
From: Kathleen Stiven
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 5:15:19 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
Dear public servants
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

We can not let our city hall
Into the ocean.

Do your part to protect this beautiful place we call home.

Keep all the staff and community effort that’s part of the CAP.

KATHLEEN STIVEN
CARDIFF SINCE 1987
—————
This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Sent from my iPhone
From: Lori Beliveau
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 5:15:50 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing to urge you, please adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. Cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to.

The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is far more costly to respond retroactively.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk.

Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Respectfully submitted,
John and Lori Beliveau
2706 Mackinnon Ranch Rd
Cardiff 92007
Sent from my iPhone

From: Teresa Roberts
To: [email protected]; City Clerk
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 5:31:04 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I heard the candidates in the upcoming city elections all say last week that you believe that climate change is here and must be addressed. I sincerely hope that the rest of you also believe you have a monumental responsibility to do all you can to protect present and future citizens of Encinitas. So I urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to. The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages that to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

Thank you,
Teresa Roberts
36-year Encinitas resident
From: Joshua Lazerson
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 6:18:06 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers:

I am writing to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan as it has been proposed. This means that all 32 measures would remain intact.

This update to the Climate Action Plan has been three years in the making; there has been significant public input; and my sense is that the majority of Encinitas residents are in support of it.

The proposed measures will accomplish many City goals that are likely to save Encinitas money in the future. Our acting now, before the fact of potential climaterelated damage, will be less expensive, and reap much greater benefits, than putting these actions off and hoping to engage in successful mitigation after the fact.

What we are likely to experience in the near future may turn out to be the most powerful storm season ever known around here. It is likely that we are going to experience some damage no matter what we do. However, as a coastal community, Encinitas has much at stake than related to sea level rise, fiercer storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you.

Joshua Lazerson
From: Jenae Labrie-Smith
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 7:01:26 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers, I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to. The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages that to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios. We are facing the strongest El Nino likely ever recorded. We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter. As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage. Thank you, Jenae Labrie-Smith
From: Mary Jo Preti
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 7:30:43 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. Please don’t let climate change deniers derail this effort.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Mary Jo Preti
Sent from my iPad
From: Jill Levan
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 8:51:51 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Council Members,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to. The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages that to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios. We are facing the strongest El Nino likely ever recorded. We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Jill Levan
From: Jessica Dent
To: City Clerk
Subject: Agenda Item #1 — Support for the 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 9:02:17 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor Ehlers and City Councilmembers,
As an Encinitas resident, I am writing to express my strong support for the adoption of the updated 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) in its entirety, with all proposed measures to ensure Encinitas reaches the 2030 and 2045 targets.

Our coastal community faces growing threats from climate change, including sea level rise, coastal erosion, wildfire risk, extreme heat, and drought. The biodiversity loss in local ecosystems due to climate change is in progress and something that cannot be reversed.

In my professional role as an engineer who works in the renewable energy industry, I understand from my work that climate change is a real threat to our infrastructure, economic stability, and our future. A comprehensive plan to implement the policies and infrastructure necessary to transition towards a greener future is the role and the responsibility of our government on every level.

It is also our responsibility to future generations to do what we can to take decisive actions protect our public health, our local economy, and our environment. This includes accepting and acting upon climate targets such as those in the 2026 CAP.

Encinitas has a unique opportunity to lead San Diego and the state towards a sustainable future. I urge you to adopt the updated Climate Action Plan in its entirety without removal of any measures proposed by staff.

Thank you for your time, your public service, and your leadership on this critical issue.

Sincerely,
Jessica Dent
Resident of Leucadia
From: erin moreland
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 9:39:57 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor Ehlers and Encinitas City Councilmembers,
I am writing in support of adopting the Climate Action Plan for 2026 as articulated and with no omissions. Given the predicted weather patterns for this coming winter, it seems all the more pressing to begin implementation of the measures that can be taken to minimize the potential damage from wildfire, flooding, and further erosion. Please allow our community to benefit fully from the years of research, resident input, and design that went into formulating this plan.

Many thanks for your consideration,
Erin Moreland
Cardiff
From: Teresa DeZazzo
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, Sept 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Adopt the Full Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 9:42:08 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

To: Encinitas Mayor and City Council Members
Adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) with all 32 measures intact! It is the culmination of 3 years of technical work & positive public input, and should be adopted without cutting any measures.

The purpose of cost analysis is to help prioritize implementation and not to eliminate measures. This plan helps accomplish Encinitas' goals, save money over the long run, and begin to address current climate threats.

Encinitas residents and voters are well aware of sea level rise, storm surge, wildfires and other environmental challenges and threats. Adopt the full Climate Action Plan and help to protect our community.

Resident and voter - Teresa Dezazzo
624 S Willowspring Dr, Encinitas
From: Mary Jo Schumann
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 10:03:32 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
As a Cardiff resident, I am writing to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the majority of public comment received has supported it.

We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter. As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Mary Jo Schumann Ph.D.

From: Margaret Riel
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 11:38:54 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. The environment is ours to protect and each community is called to do its part. I urge you to ensure that Encinitas is active and thoughtful about what we can accomplish.

This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. We need to respect the work and ideas encapsulated in this plan. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to. The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation, not to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages than to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

This year we will face the strongest El Nino ever recorded. We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter. As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. We hope you will understand and take action to protect our city. This is what we expect from you.

I encourage you to move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

I fully support this action and hope that you, as our representatives, will listen to and respect our views on this matter.

Thank you,
Margaret Riel
Encinitas Highland Resident for 50 years
[email protected]
From: Cecily Resnick
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 12:15:52 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages than to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios. Let's prevent dire effects.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Cecily A. Resnick, PhD
1970 Fairlee Drive
Encinitas, Ca
From: Carol
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 6:27:27 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Carol Wood
Old Encinitas
From: Julie Jones
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 7:29:50 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers, I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to. The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages that to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios. We are facing the strongest El Nino likely ever recorded. We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter. As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage. Thank you,Julie G Jones From: N Cortina
To: [email protected]
Cc: Steve Davis
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 7:47:35 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers, We are writing to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. This CAP update represents three years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to. The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages that to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios. We are facing the strongest El Nino likely ever recorded. We are already seeing significant beach erosion and will likely have heavy flooding and additional beach erosion throughout Encinitas this winter. As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Steve Davis and Natasha Cortina
From: Katie Spiller
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 8:40:43 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor Ehlers and City Councilmembers,
As a more than 30-year resident of Encinitas, I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact. This CAP update represents 3 years of technical work and public input, and the great majority of public comment received has supported it. The plan is designed with only a small margin above its targets, so cutting measures risks missing goals the City has already committed to. The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages that to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

Thank you,
Katie Spiller
1709 Red Barn Rd
Encinitas, CA 92024
[email protected]
From: Elena Thompson
To: City Clerk
Subject: 9-23-26 Encinitas CAP public comment
Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 8:57:04 AM
Attachments: 1790178377082.png
RHNA - ENC Housing 2021-2029.pdf
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Hello Clerk,
Our Gold-Standard and award-winning CAP at the City of Encinitas is excellent.

In connection with the CAP Update, what I do believe is that as a city:

1. We can only do so much and should, within our own reach, and local jurisdiction.

2. That the environment is critical, and that we all no doubt can agree that we all want to live in a healthy and clean environment, that supports nature and the world around us, and protects the environment for the next generation(s).

3. That the Sacramento legislature is making both of the above items (1.&2.) exceedingly difficult with state-wide one-size-fits all destructive Housing Mandates (state Housing laws and policy), abolishing CEQA, legislating required RHNA over-development in Encinitas (and statewide), bringing more people, their vehicles, and pets to Encinitas, harming our built and natural environment, over-taxing our infrastructure.* See attachment of new housing, housing in the works.

4. That Encinitans cannot take on more mandates and laws that require them, force them (us), to spend more money on things like electrication** and other costly “reach goals”.

People will do what makes sense and what they can afford to do.

5. That local government should NOT adopt unreasonable and costly CAP/green initiatives -that include endless studies, consultants, updates, and staffing costs - that do not directly impact Encinitas and without a vote of the people.

6. That city leadership may want to consider folding the CAP into the Environmental Commission’s Work Plan, a suggestion, possible solution here, and maintain the CAP an active and living document with responsible locally directed updates that are financially sustainable and impactful.

7. That the city may want to consider pausing any CAP action and increased expenses for now, and revisit the topic as part of the 2027 Strategic Plan Update. Instead focus NOW on the upcoming El Nino storm predictions to protect our city and residents, businesses and shoreline from flooding.

I found the 5-minute videos from PragerU enlightening on the Climate and Fossil Fuel topics:

PRAGERU 5-Minute Videos and more here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWCXCXjUo2Q
https://www.prageru.com/videos/can-climate-models-predict-climate-change https://www.prageru.com/videos/dr-matthew-wielicki-i-refuse-to-stay-silent-about-climatechange https://www.prageru.com/videos/good-news-the-world-is-not-ending https://www.prageru.com/videos/a-world-without-fossil-fuels https://www.prageru.com/videos/fossil-fuels-the-big-picture https://www.dailysignal.com/2025/12/08/the-welcome-demise-climate-changecatastrophism/ (reading) Thank you ALL for reading and for your consideration.

E Thompson
*https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/07/16/no-more-excuses-newsom-administration-takes-legalaction-against-five-california-local-governments-for-defying-state-housing-law/ **the existing California grid system cannot support the action of electrication mandates.

From: BOB AYERS
To: City Clerk
Subject: Support for robust Climate Action Plan. Written comment 9/21/26 4pm Special Meeting Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 8:58:35 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Good morning. Please include my statement as a written
comment for this afternoon's special meeting. Thank you.

I support a robust Climate Action Plan. City staff and prior council have established a robust plan. Surely you support one too. A the recent City Council candidate forum all six of the candidates stated that climate change is real. Many of the items on the Plan cost the City nothing. Many items bring a “net benefit” beyond what is stated in the Plan. Grants are available to fund over 50% of the items. Let’s apply. Power Purchase Agreements are low hanging fruit with no upfront cost and heavy on the net benefits. It’s easy to say, “this is someone else’s problem”. Let’s demonstrate that it is everyone’s challenge.

Protecting the climate is what Encinitas is all about.

Bob Ayers
Attorney
[email protected]
(760) 753-9086
From: Nicole Moreland
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 6:12:05 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Nicole Moreland
Cardiff
Sent from my iPhone
From: Jean O"Leary
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Tuesday, September 22, 2026 6:50:13 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Jean O’Leary
44 year Encinitas resident
From: Karen Colby
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 6:13:55 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Karen Colby
Sent from my iPhone
From: Linda Grensted
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 8:02:39 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Sent from my iPhone
From: Janet Gonzales
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 9:26:14 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Mrs. Janet L Gonzales
Sent from my iPhone
From: Marissa Saenger
To: City Clerk
Subject: Agenda Item #1 — Support the 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 10:31:16 AM
Attachments: IPCC_AR6_SYR_SPM.pdf
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I am writing to express strong support for the city's adoption of the updated Climate Action Plan (CAP) in its entirety with all proposed measures.

I am a PhD candidate at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, a lecturer at California State University San Marcos, and an avid bicycle commuter, ocean swimmer, and surfer. I spend a great deal of time in Encinitas enjoying its gorgeous beaches, bicycling and running paths, cafés, shops, and restaurants.

As a scientist and concerned citizen, I worry deeply about the impacts that climate change is already having on coastal cities like Encinitas. Our communities face growing threats from coastal erosion due to sea level rise, the loss of kelp forests, extreme heat, drought, and wildfire risk. Ocean warming and acidification from CO2 emissions are already damaging marine ecosystems along the entire California coast.

I want my children to experience the joy and wonder of seeing dolphins, whales, and other wildlife that I have been privileged enough to see right here at places like Moonlight Beach. I want the beauty of our coasts to be cherished and protected.

Our cities must lead the way with bold plans to adapt to climate change impacts and to reduce the emissions of planet-heating pollution that will only continue to exacerbate these impacts if left unaddressed. Taking decisive steps now is essential to protect our public health, our local economy, and our beautiful natural spaces for current and future generations. With the adoption of the updated Climate Action Plan, both residents and visitors will have the opportunity to enjoy a safer, cleaner, more affordable, and more resilient Encinitas. I look forward to that future.

Other risks from climate change, as well as the physical science basis of climate change, are described in detail in the attached IPCC Report's Summary for Policymakers. In reviewing the document, particularly the section entitled The Benefits of Near-Term Action, you will see that the consequences of climate change inaction are far more dangerous and costly than are the combined estimated costs of the Climate Action Plan's adaptation and mitigation measures.

I urge you to adopt the updated Climate Action Plan in its entirety without removal of any measures proposed by staff.

Thank you for your time and service.

Sincerely,
Marissa Saenger (she/her)
Climate Sciences PhD candidate
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
UC San Diego
I respectfully acknowledge that I currently reside and work on the traditional and unceded lands of the Kumeyaay people to whom I owe honor and gratitude.

A Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CLIMATE CHANGE 2023
Synthesis Report
Summary for Policymakers

CLIMATE CHANGE 2023
Synthesis Report
Summary for Policymakers
Hoesung Lee (Chair), Katherine Calvin (USA), Dipak Dasgupta (India/USA), Gerhard Krinner (France/Germany), Aditi Mukherji (India), Peter Thorne (Ireland/United Kingdom), Christopher Trisos (South Africa), José Romero (Switzerland), Paulina Aldunce (Chile), Ko Barrett (USA), Gabriel Blanco (Argentina), William W. L. Cheung (Canada), Sarah L. Connors (France/United Kingdom), Fatima Denton (The Gambia), Aïda Diongue-Niang (Senegal), David Dodman (Jamaica/United Kingdom/Netherlands), Matthias Garschagen (Germany), Oliver Geden (Germany), Bronwyn Hayward (New Zealand), Christopher Jones (United Kingdom), Frank Jotzo (Australia), Thelma Krug (Brazil), Rodel Lasco (Philippines), June-Yi Lee (Republic of Korea), Valérie Masson-Delmotte (France), Malte Meinshausen (Australia/Germany), Katja Mintenbeck (Germany), Abdalah Mokssit (Morocco), Friederike E. L. Otto (United Kingdom/Germany), Minal Pathak (India), Anna Pirani (Italy), Elvira Poloczanska (United Kingdom/Australia), Hans-Otto Pörtner (Germany), Aromar Revi (India), Debra C. Roberts (South Africa), Joyashree Roy (India/Thailand), Alex C. Ruane (USA), Jim Skea (United Kingdom), Priyadarshi R. Shukla (India), Raphael Slade (United Kingdom), Aimée Slangen (The Netherlands), Youba Sokona (Mali), Anna A. Sörensson (Argentina), Melinda Tignor (USA/Germany), Detlef van Vuuren (The Netherlands), Yi-Ming Wei (China), Harald Winkler (South Africa), Panmao Zhai (China), Zinta Zommers (Latvia) Referencing this report:

IPCC, 2023: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)].

IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1-34, doi: 10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.001 Core Writing Team
Edited by
Hoesung Lee
Chairman
IPCC
José Romero
Head, Technical Support Unit
IPCC
The Core Writing Team
Synthesis Report
IPCC
José Romero (Switzerland), Jinmi Kim (Republic of Korea), Erik F. Haites (Canada), Yonghun Jung (Republic of Korea), Robert Stavins (USA), Arlene Birt (USA), Meeyoung Ha (Republic of Korea), Dan Jezreel A. Orendain (Philippines), Lance Ignon (USA), Semin Park (Republic of Korea), Youngin Park (Republic of Korea) Technical Support Unit for the Synthesis Report
ii

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iii
Sources cited in this Synthesis Report
References for material contained in this report are given in curly brackets {} at the end of each paragraph.

In the Summary for Policymakers, the references refer to the numbers of the sections, figures, tables and boxes in the underlying Introduction and Topics of this Synthesis Report.

In the Introduction and Sections of the longer report, the references refer to the contributions of the Working Groups I, II and III (WGI, WGII, WGIII) to the Sixth Assessment Report and other IPCC Reports (in italicized curly brackets), or to other sections of the Synthesis Report itself (in round brackets).

The following abbreviations have been used:

SPM: Summary for Policymakers
TS: Technical Summary
ES: Executive Summary of a chapter
Numbers denote specific chapters and sections of a report.

Other IPCC reports cited in this Synthesis Report:

SR1.5: Global Warming of 1.5°C
SRCCL: Climate Change and Land
SROCC: The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

Summary for
Policymakers
IPCC, 2023: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.)].

IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 1-34, doi: 10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.001 This Summary for Policymakers should be cited as:

3 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
Introduction
This Synthesis Report (SYR) of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) summarises the state of knowledge of climate change, its widespread impacts and risks, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. It integrates the main findings of the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) based on contributions from the three Working Groups1, and the three Special Reports2. The summary for Policymakers (SPM) is structured in three parts: SPM.A Current Status and Trends, SPM.B Future Climate Change, Risks, and Long-Term Responses, and SPM.C Responses in the Near Term3.

This report recognizes the interdependence of climate, ecosystems and biodiversity, and human societies; the value of diverse forms of knowledge; and the close linkages between climate change adaptation, mitigation, ecosystem health, human well-being and sustainable development, and reflects the increasing diversity of actors involved in climate action.

Based on scientific understanding, key findings can be formulated as statements of fact or associated with an assessed level of confidence using the IPCC calibrated language4.
1 The three Working Group contributions to AR6 are: AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis; AR6 Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability; and AR6 Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Their assessments cover scientific literature accepted for publication respectively by 31 January 2021, 1 September 2021 and 11 October 2021. 2 The three Special Reports are: Global Warming of 1.5°C (2018): an IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty (SR1.5); Climate Change and Land (2019): an IPCC Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (SRCCL); and The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (2019) (SROCC). The Special Reports cover scientific literature accepted for publication respectively by 15 May 2018, 7 April 2019 and 15 May 2019.
3 In this report, the near term is defined as the period until 2040. The long term is defined as the period beyond 2040. 4 Each finding is grounded in an evaluation of underlying evidence and agreement. The IPCC calibrated language uses five qualifiers to express a level of confidence: very low, low, medium, high and very high, and typeset in italics, for example, medium confidence. The following terms are used to indicate the assessed likelihood of an outcome or a result: virtually certain 99–100% probability, very likely 90–100%, likely 66–100%, more likely than not >50–100%, about as likely as not 33–66%, unlikely 0–33%, very unlikely 0–10%, exceptionally unlikely 0–1%. Additional terms (extremely likely 95–100%; and extremely unlikely 0–5%) are also used when appropriate. Assessed likelihood is typeset in italics, e.g., very likely. This is consistent with AR5 and the other AR6 Reports.
4 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
A. Current Status and Trends
Observed Warming and its Causes
A.1 Human activities, principally through emissions of greenhouse gases, have unequivocally caused global warming, with global surface temperature reaching 1.1°C above 1850-1900 in 2011-2020. Global greenhouse gas emissions have continued to increase, with unequal historical and ongoing contributions arising from unsustainable energy use, land use and land-use change, lifestyles and patterns of consumption and production across regions, between and within countries, and among individuals (high confidence). {2.1, Figure 2.1, Figure 2.2}
A.1.1 Global surface temperature was 1.09 [0.95 to 1.20]°C5 higher in 2011–2020 than 1850–19006, with larger increases over land (1.59 [1.34 to 1.83]°C) than over the ocean (0.88 [0.68 to 1.01]°C). Global surface temperature in the first two decades of the 21st century (2001–2020) was 0.99 [0.84 to 1.10]°C higher than 1850–1900. Global surface temperature has increased faster since 1970 than in any other 50-year period over at least the last 2000 years (high confidence). {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
A.1.2 The likely range of total human-caused global surface temperature increase from 1850–1900 to 2010–20197 is 0.8°C to

1.3°C, with a best estimate of 1.07°C. Over this period, it is likely that well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs) contributed a warming of 1.0°C to 2.0°C8, and other human drivers (principally aerosols) contributed a cooling of 0.0°C to 0.8°C, natural (solar and volcanic) drivers changed global surface temperature by –0.1°C to +0.1°C, and internal variability changed it by –0.2°C to +0.2°C. {2.1.1, Figure 2.1}
A.1.3 Observed increases in well-mixed GHG concentrations since around 1750 are unequivocally caused by GHG emissions from human activities over this period. Historical cumulative net CO2 emissions from 1850 to 2019 were 2400 ± 240 GtCO2 of which more than half (58%) occurred between 1850 and 1989, and about 42% occurred between 1990 and 2019 (high confidence). In 2019, atmospheric CO2 concentrations (410 parts per million) were higher than at any time in at least 2 million years (high confidence), and concentrations of methane (1866 parts per billion) and nitrous oxide (332 parts per billion) were higher than at any time in at least 800,000 years (very high confidence). {2.1.1, Figure 2.1} A.1.4 Global net anthropogenic GHG emissions have been estimated to be 59 ± 6.6 GtCO2-eq9 in 2019, about 12% (6.5 GtCO2-eq) higher than in 2010 and 54% (21 GtCO2-eq) higher than in 1990, with the largest share and growth in gross GHG emissions occurring in CO2 from fossil fuels combustion and industrial processes (CO2-FFI) followed by methane, whereas the highest relative growth occurred in fluorinated gases (F-gases), starting from low levels in 1990. Average annual GHG emissions during 2010–2019 were higher than in any previous decade on record, while the rate of growth between 2010 and 2019 (1.3% yr-1) was lower than that between 2000 and 2009 (2.1% yr-1). In 2019, approximately 79% of global GHG 5 Ranges given throughout the SPM represent very likely ranges (5–95% range) unless otherwise stated. 6 The estimated increase in global surface temperature since AR5 is principally due to further warming since 2003–2012 (0.19 [0.16 to 0.22] °C). Additionally, methodological advances and new datasets have provided a more complete spatial representation of changes in surface temperature, including in the Arctic. These and other improvements have also increased the estimate of global surface temperature change by approximately 0.1°C, but this increase does not represent additional physical warming since AR5. 7 The period distinction with A.1.1 arises because the attribution studies consider this slightly earlier period. The observed warming to 2010–2019 is 1.06 [0.88 to 1.21]°C.
8 Contributions from emissions to the 2010–2019 warming relative to 1850–1900 assessed from radiative forcing studies are: CO2 0.8 [0.5 to 1.2]°C; methane 0.5 [0.3 to 0.8]°C; nitrous oxide 0.1 [0.0 to 0.2]°C and fluorinated gases 0.1 [0.0 to 0.2]°C. {2.1.1} 9 GHG emission metrics are used to express emissions of different greenhouse gases in a common unit. Aggregated GHG emissions in this report are stated in CO2- equivalents (CO2-eq) using the Global Warming Potential with a time horizon of 100 years (GWP100) with values based on the contribution of Working Group I to the AR6. The AR6 WGI and WGIII reports contain updated emission metric values, evaluations of different metrics with regard to mitigation objectives, and assess new approaches to aggregating gases. The choice of metric depends on the purpose of the analysis and all GHG emission metrics have limitations and uncertainties, given that they simplify the complexity of the physical climate system and its response to past and future GHG emissions. {2.1.1} 5 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
emissions came from the sectors of energy, industry, transport, and buildings together and 22%10 from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU). Emissions reductions in CO2-FFI due to improvements in energy intensity of GDP and carbon intensity of energy, have been less than emissions increases from rising global activity levels in industry, energy supply, transport, agriculture and buildings. (high confidence) {2.1.1} A.1.5 Historical contributions of CO2 emissions vary substantially across regions in terms of total magnitude, but also in terms of contributions to CO2-FFI and net CO2 emissions from land use, land-use change and forestry (CO2-LULUCF).

In 2019, around 35% of the global population live in countries emitting more than 9 tCO2-eq per capita11 (excluding CO2-LULUCF) while 41% live in countries emitting less than 3 tCO2-eq per capita; of the latter a substantial share lacks access to modern energy services. Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have much lower per capita emissions (1.7 tCO2-eq and 4.6 tCO2-eq, respectively) than the global average (6.9 tCO2-eq), excluding CO2-LULUCF. The 10% of households with the highest per capita emissions contribute 34–45% of global consumption-based household GHG emissions, while the bottom 50% contribute 13–15%. (high confidence) {2.1.1, Figure 2.2}
Observed Changes and Impacts
A.2 Widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have occurred. Human-caused climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes in every region across the globe. This has led to widespread adverse impacts and related losses and damages to nature and people (high confidence). Vulnerable communities who have historically contributed the least to current climate change are disproportionately affected (high confidence). {2.1, Table 2.1, Figure 2.2, Figure 2.3} (Figure SPM.1) A.2.1 It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. Global mean sea level increased by

0.20 [0.15 to 0.25] m between 1901 and 2018. The average rate of sea level rise was 1.3 [0.6 to 2.1] mm yr-1 between 1901 and 1971, increasing to 1.9 [0.8 to 2.9] mm yr-1 between 1971 and 2006, and further increasing to 3.7 [3.2 to 4.2] mm yr-1 between 2006 and 2018 (high confidence). Human influence was very likely the main driver of these increases since at least 1971. Evidence of observed changes in extremes such as heatwaves, heavy precipitation, droughts, and tropical cyclones, and, in particular, their attribution to human influence, has further strengthened since AR5. Human influence has likely increased the chance of compound extreme events since the 1950s, including increases in the frequency of concurrent heatwaves and droughts (high confidence). {2.1.2, Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Figure 3.4} (Figure SPM.1) A.2.2 Approximately 3.3 to 3.6 billion people live in contexts that are highly vulnerable to climate change. Human and ecosystem vulnerability are interdependent. Regions and people with considerable development constraints have high vulnerability to climatic hazards. Increasing weather and climate extreme events have exposed millions of people to acute food insecurity12 and reduced water security, with the largest adverse impacts observed in many locations and/or communities in Africa, Asia, Central and South America, LDCs, Small Islands and the Arctic, and globally for Indigenous Peoples, small-scale food producers and low-income households. Between 2010 and 2020, human mortality from floods, droughts and storms was 15 times higher in highly vulnerable regions, compared to regions with very low vulnerability. (high confidence) {2.1.2, 4.4} (Figure SPM.1) A.2.3 Climate change has caused substantial damages, and increasingly irreversible losses, in terrestrial, freshwater, cryospheric, and coastal and open ocean ecosystems (high confidence). Hundreds of local losses of species have been driven by increases in the magnitude of heat extremes (high confidence) with mass mortality events recorded on land and in the ocean (very high confidence). Impacts on some ecosystems are approaching irreversibility such as the impacts of hydrological changes resulting from the retreat of glaciers, or the changes in some mountain (medium confidence) and Arctic ecosystems driven by permafrost thaw (high confidence). {2.1.2, Figure 2.3} (Figure SPM.1) 10 GHG emission levels are rounded to two significant digits; as a consequence, small differences in sums due to rounding may occur. {2.1.1} 11 Territorial emissions.
12 Acute food insecurity can occur at any time with a severity that threatens lives, livelihoods or both, regardless of the causes, context or duration, as a result of shocks risking determinants of food security and nutrition, and is used to assess the need for humanitarian action. {2.1} 6 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
A.2.4 Climate change has reduced food security and affected water security, hindering efforts to meet Sustainable Development Goals (high confidence). Although overall agricultural productivity has increased, climate change has slowed this growth over the past 50 years globally (medium confidence), with related negative impacts mainly in midand low latitude regions but positive impacts in some high latitude regions (high confidence). Ocean warming and ocean acidification have adversely affected food production from fisheries and shellfish aquaculture in some oceanic regions (high confidence). Roughly half of the world’s population currently experience severe water scarcity for at least part of the year due to a combination of climatic and non-climatic drivers (medium confidence). {2.1.2, Figure 2.3} (Figure SPM.1)
A.2.5 In all regions increases in extreme heat events have resulted in human mortality and morbidity (very high confidence).

The occurrence of climate-related food-borne and water-borne diseases (very high confidence) and the incidence of vector-borne diseases (high confidence) have increased. In assessed regions, some mental health challenges are associated with increasing temperatures (high confidence), trauma from extreme events (very high confidence), and loss of livelihoods and culture (high confidence). Climate and weather extremes are increasingly driving displacement in Africa, Asia, North America (high confidence), and Central and South America (medium confidence), with small island states in the Caribbean and South Pacific being disproportionately affected relative to their small population size (high confidence). {2.1.2, Figure 2.3} (Figure SPM.1)
A.2.6 Climate change has caused widespread adverse impacts and related losses and damages13 to nature and people that are unequally distributed across systems, regions and sectors. Economic damages from climate change have been detected in climate-exposed sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, fishery, energy, and tourism. Individual livelihoods have been affected through, for example, destruction of homes and infrastructure, and loss of property and income, human health and food security, with adverse effects on gender and social equity. (high confidence) {2.1.2} (Figure SPM.1) A.2.7 In urban areas, observed climate change has caused adverse impacts on human health, livelihoods and key infrastructure.

Hot extremes have intensified in cities. Urban infrastructure, including transportation, water, sanitation and energy systems have been compromised by extreme and slow-onset events14, with resulting economic losses, disruptions of services and negative impacts to well-being. Observed adverse impacts are concentrated amongst economically and socially marginalised urban residents. (high confidence) {2.1.2} 13 In this report, the term ‘losses and damages’ refers to adverse observed impacts and/or projected risks and can be economic and/or non-economic (see Annex I: Glossary).
14 Slow-onset events are described among the climatic-impact drivers of the AR6 WGI and refer to the risks and impacts associated with e.g., increasing temperature means, desertification, decreasing precipitation, loss of biodiversity, land and forest degradation, glacial retreat and related impacts, ocean acidification, sea level rise and salinization. {2.1.2} 7 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
Figure SPM.1: (a) Climate change has already caused widespread impacts and related losses and damages on human systems and altered terrestrial, freshwater and ocean ecosystems worldwide. Physical water availability includes balance of water available from various sources including ground water, water quality and demand for water. Global mental health and displacement assessments reflect only assessed regions. Confidence levels reflect the assessment of attribution of the observed impact to climate change. (b) Observed impacts are connected to physical climate changes including many that have been attributed to human influence such as the selected climatic impact-drivers shown. Confidence and likelihood levels reflect the assessment of attribution of the observed climatic impact-driver to human influence. (c) Observed (1900–2020) and projected (2021–2100) changes in global surface temperature (relative to 1850-1900), which are linked to changes in climate conditions and impacts, illustrate how the climate has already changed and will change along the lifespan of three Adverse impacts from human-caused
climate change will continue to intensify
Terrestrial
ecosystems
Freshwater
ecosystems
Ocean
ecosystems
a) Observed widespread and substantial impacts and
related losses and damages attributed to climate change Confidence in attribution
to climate change
High or very high confidence
Medium confidence
Low confidence Includes changes in ecosystem structure, species ranges and seasonal timing
Biodiversity and ecosystems
Water availability and food production Health and well-being Cities, settlements and infrastructure
Inland
flooding and
associated
damages
Flood/storm
induced
damages in
coastal areas
Damages
to key
economic
sectors
Damages
to infrastructure
Physical
water
availability
Agriculture/
crop
production
Fisheries
yields and
aquaculture
production
Animal and
livestock
health and
productivity
Infectious
diseases
Mental Displacement
health
Heat,
malnutrition
and harm
from wildfire
Observed increase in climate impacts
to human systems and ecosystems
assessed at global level
Adverse impacts
Adverse and positive impacts
Climate-driven changes observed,
no global assessment of impact direction
Key
1900 1940 1980 2060 2100
very high
high
very low
low
intermediate
2020
future experiences depend on
how we address climate change
2011-2020 was
around 1.1°C warmer
than 1850-1900
warming
continues
beyond
2100
70 years
old in 2050
born
in 1980
born
in 2020
born
in 1950
70 years
old in 2090
70 years
old in 2020
°C Global temperature change above 1850-1900 levels
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
c) The extent to which current and future generations will experience a hotter and different world depends on choices now and in the near term Future emissions
scenarios:
b) Impacts are driven by changes in multiple physical climate conditions, which are increasingly attributed to human influence Attribution of observed physical climate changes to human influence:

Virtually certain
Increase
in hot
extremes
Upper
ocean acidification
pH
Likely
Increase
in heavy
precipitation
Very likely
Global sea
level rise
Glacier
retreat
Medium confidence
Increase in
compound
flooding
Increase in
agricultural
& ecological drought
Increase
in fire
weather
8 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
representative generations (born in 1950, 1980 and 2020). Future projections (2021–2100) of changes in global surface temperature are shown for very low (SSP1-1.9), low (SSP1-2.6), intermediate (SSP2-4.5), high (SSP3-7.0) and very high (SSP5-8.5) GHG emissions scenarios. Changes in annual global surface temperatures are presented as ‘climate stripes’, with future projections showing the human-caused long-term trends and continuing modulation by natural variability (represented here using observed levels of past natural variability). Colours on the generational icons correspond to the global surface temperature stripes for each year, with segments on future icons differentiating possible future experiences. {2.1, 2.1.2, Figure 2.1, Table 2.1, Figure 2.3, Cross-Section Box.2,

3.1, Figure 3.3, 4.1, 4.3} (Box SPM.1)
Current Progress in Adaptation and Gaps and Challenges
A.3 Adaptation planning and implementation has progressed across all sectors and regions, with documented benefits and varying effectiveness. Despite progress, adaptation gaps exist, and will continue to grow at current rates of implementation. Hard and soft limits to adaptation have been reached in some ecosystems and regions. Maladaptation is happening in some sectors and regions. Current global financial flows for adaptation are insufficient for, and constrain implementation of, adaptation options, especially in developing countries (high confidence). {2.2, 2.3}
A.3.1 Progress in adaptation planning and implementation has been observed across all sectors and regions, generating multiple benefits (very high confidence). Growing public and political awareness of climate impacts and risks has resulted in at least 170 countries and many cities including adaptation in their climate policies and planning processes (high confidence). {2.2.3}
A.3.2 Effectiveness15 of adaptation in reducing climate risks16 is documented for specific contexts, sectors and regions (high confidence). Examples of effective adaptation options include: cultivar improvements, on-farm water management and storage, soil moisture conservation, irrigation, agroforestry, community-based adaptation, farm and landscape level diversification in agriculture, sustainable land management approaches, use of agroecological principles and practices and other approaches that work with natural processes (high confidence). Ecosystem-based adaptation17 approaches such as urban greening, restoration of wetlands and upstream forest ecosystems have been effective in reducing flood risks and urban heat (high confidence). Combinations of non-structural measures like early warning systems and structural measures like levees have reduced loss of lives in case of inland flooding (medium confidence). Adaptation options such as disaster risk management, early warning systems, climate services and social safety nets have broad applicability across multiple sectors (high confidence). {2.2.3} A.3.3 Most observed adaptation responses are fragmented, incremental18, sector-specific and unequally distributed across regions. Despite progress, adaptation gaps exist across sectors and regions, and will continue to grow under current levels of implementation, with the largest adaptation gaps among lower income groups. (high confidence) {2.3.2} A.3.4 There is increased evidence of maladaptation in various sectors and regions. Maladaptation especially affects marginalised and vulnerable groups adversely. (high confidence) {2.3.2} A.3.5 Soft limits to adaptation are currently being experienced by small-scale farmers and households along some lowlying coastal areas (medium confidence) resulting from financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints (high confidence). Some tropical, coastal, polar and mountain ecosystems have reached hard adaptation limits (high confidence). Adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and before reaching soft and hard limits (high confidence). {2.3.2}
15 Effectiveness refers here to the extent to which an adaptation option is anticipated or observed to reduce climate-related risk. {2.2.3} 16 See Annex I: Glossary. {2.2.3}
17 Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) is recognized internationally under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD14/5). A related concept is Nature-based Solutions (NbS), see Annex I: Glossary.
18 Incremental adaptations to change in climate are understood as extensions of actions and behaviours that already reduce the losses or enhance the benefits of natural variations in extreme weather/climate events. {2.3.2} 9 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
A.3.6 Key barriers to adaptation are limited resources, lack of private sector and citizen engagement, insufficient mobilization of finance (including for research), low climate literacy, lack of political commitment, limited research and/or slow and low uptake of adaptation science, and low sense of urgency. There are widening disparities between the estimated costs of adaptation and the finance allocated to adaptation (high confidence). Adaptation finance has come predominantly from public sources, and a small proportion of global tracked climate finance was targeted to adaptation and an overwhelming majority to mitigation (very high confidence). Although global tracked climate finance has shown an upward trend since AR5, current global financial flows for adaptation, including from public and private finance sources, are insufficient and constrain implementation of adaptation options, especially in developing countries (high confidence). Adverse climate impacts can reduce the availability of financial resources by incurring losses and damages and through impeding national economic growth, thereby further increasing financial constraints for adaptation, particularly for developing and least developed countries (medium confidence). {2.3.2, 2.3.3} Box SPM.1 The use of scenarios and modelled pathways in the AR6 Synthesis Report Modelled scenarios and pathways19 are used to explore future emissions, climate change, related impacts and risks, and possible mitigation and adaptation strategies and are based on a range of assumptions, including socio-economic variables and mitigation options. These are quantitative projections and are neither predictions nor forecasts. Global modelled emission pathways, including those based on cost effective approaches contain regionally differentiated assumptions and outcomes, and have to be assessed with the careful recognition of these assumptions. Most do not make explicit assumptions about global equity, environmental justice or intra-regional income distribution. IPCC is neutral with regard to the assumptions underlying the scenarios in the literature assessed in this report, which do not cover all possible futures.20 {Cross-Section Box.2} WGI assessed the climate response to five illustrative scenarios based on Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs)21 that cover the range of possible future development of anthropogenic drivers of climate change found in the literature. High and very high GHG emissions scenarios (SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.522) have CO2 emissions that roughly double from current levels by 2100 and 2050, respectively. The intermediate GHG emissions scenario (SSP2-4.5) has CO2 emissions remaining around current levels until the middle of the century. The very low and low GHG emissions scenarios (SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6) have CO2 emissions declining to net zero around 2050 and 2070, respectively, followed by varying levels of net negative CO2 emissions. In addition, Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)23 were used by WGI and WGII to assess regional climate changes, impacts and risks. In WGIII, a large number of global modelled emissions pathways were assessed, of which 1202 pathways were categorised based on their assessed global warming over the 21st century; categories range from pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C with more than 50% likelihood (noted >50% in this report) with no or limited overshoot (C1) to pathways that exceed 4°C (C8). {Cross-Section Box.2} (Box SPM.1, Table 1) Global warming levels (GWLs) relative to 1850–1900 are used to integrate the assessment of climate change and related impacts and risks since patterns of changes for many variables at a given GWL are common to all scenarios considered and independent of timing when that level is reached. {Cross-Section Box.2} 19 In the literature, the terms pathways and scenarios are used interchangeably, with the former more frequently used in relation to climate goals. WGI primarily used the term scenarios and WGIII mostly used the term modelled emission and mitigation pathways. The SYR primarily uses scenarios when referring to WGI and modelled emission and mitigation pathways when referring to WGIII. 20 Around half of all modelled global emission pathways assume cost-effective approaches that rely on least-cost mitigation/abatement options globally. The other half looks at existing policies and regionally and sectorally differentiated actions. 21 SSP-based scenarios are referred to as SSPx-y, where ‘SSPx’ refers to the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway describing the socioeconomic trends underlying the scenarios, and ‘y’ refers to the level of radiative forcing (in watts per square metre, or W m-2) resulting from the scenario in the year 2100. {Cross-Section Box.2} 22 Very high emissions scenarios have become less likely but cannot be ruled out. Warming levels >4°C may result from very high emissions scenarios, but can also occur from lower emission scenarios if climate sensitivity or carbon cycle feedbacks are higher than the best estimate. {3.1.1} 23 RCP-based scenarios are referred to as RCPy, where ‘y’ refers to the level of radiative forcing (in watts per square metre, or W m-2) resulting from the scenario in the year 2100. The SSP scenarios cover a broader range of greenhouse gas and air pollutant futures than the RCPs. They are similar but not identical, with differences in concentration trajectories. The overall effective radiative forcing tends to be higher for the SSPs compared to the RCPs with the same label (medium confidence). {Cross-Section Box.2}
10 Summary for Policymakers
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Category
in WGIII Category description GHG emissions scenarios(SSPx-y*) in WGI & WGII RCPy** in WGI & WGII C1 limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%)
with no or limited overshoot*** Very low (SSP1-1.9)
Low (SSP1-2.6) RCP2.6
C2 return warming to 1.5°C (>50%)
after a high overshoot***
C3 limit warming to 2°C (>67%)
C4 limit warming to 2°C (>50%)
C5 limit warming to 2.5°C (>50%)
C6 limit warming to 3°C (>50%) Intermediate (SSP2-4.5) RCP 4.5 RCP 8.5
C7 limit warming to 4°C (>50%) High (SSP3-7.0)
C8 exceed warming of 4°C (>50%) Very high (SSP5-8.5)
Box SPM.1, Table 1: Description and relationship of scenarios and modelled pathways considered across AR6 Working Group reports. {Cross-Section Box.2 Figure 1}
* See footnote 21 for the SSPx-y terminology.
** See footnote 23 for the RCPy terminology.
*** Limited overshoot refers to exceeding 1.5°C global warming by up to about 0.1°C, high overshoot by 0.1°C-0.3°C, in both cases for up to several decades.

Current Mitigation Progress, Gaps and Challenges
A.4 Policies and laws addressing mitigation have consistently expanded since AR5. Global GHG emissions in 2030 implied by nationally determined contributions (NDCs) announced by October 2021 make it likely that warming will exceed 1.5°C during the 21st century and make it harder to limit warming below 2°C. There are gaps between projected emissions from implemented policies and those from NDCs and finance flows fall short of the levels needed to meet climate goals across all sectors and regions. (high confidence) {2.2, 2.3, Figure 2.5, Table 2.2} A.4.1 The UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement are supporting rising levels of national ambition. The Paris Agreement, adopted under the UNFCCC, with near universal participation, has led to policy development and target-setting at national and sub-national levels, in particular in relation to mitigation, as well as enhanced transparency of climate action and support (medium confidence). Many regulatory and economic instruments have already been deployed successfully (high confidence). In many countries, policies have enhanced energy efficiency, reduced rates of deforestation and accelerated technology deployment, leading to avoided and in some cases reduced or removed emissions (high confidence). Multiple lines of evidence suggest that mitigation policies have led to several24 Gt CO2-eq yr-1 of avoided global emissions (medium confidence). At least 18 countries have sustained absolute production-based GHG and consumption-based CO2 reductions25 for longer than 10 years. These reductions have only partly offset global emissions growth (high confidence). {2.2.1, 2.2.2}
A.4.2 Several mitigation options, notably solar energy, wind energy, electrification of urban systems, urban green infrastructure, energy efficiency, demand-side management, improved forest and crop/grassland management, and reduced food waste and loss, are technically viable, are becoming increasingly cost effective and are generally supported by the 24 At least 1.8 GtCO2-eq yr–1 can be accounted for by aggregating separate estimates for the effects of economic and regulatory instruments. Growing numbers of laws and executive orders have impacted global emissions and were estimated to result in 5.9 GtCO2-eq yr–1 less emissions in 2016 than they otherwise would have been. (medium confidence) {2.2.2}
25 Reductions were linked to energy supply decarbonisation, energy efficiency gains, and energy demand reduction, which resulted from both policies and changes in economic structure (high confidence). {2.2.2} 11 Summary for Policymakers
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public. From 2010 to 2019 there have been sustained decreases in the unit costs of solar energy (85%), wind energy (55%), and lithium-ion batteries (85%), and large increases in their deployment, e.g., >10× for solar and >100× for electric vehicles (EVs), varying widely across regions. The mix of policy instruments that reduced costs and stimulated adoption includes public R&D, funding for demonstration and pilot projects, and demand-pull instruments such as deployment subsidies to attain scale. Maintaining emission-intensive systems may, in some regions and sectors, be more expensive than transitioning to low emission systems. (high confidence) {2.2.2, Figure 2.4} A.4.3 A substantial ‘emissions gap’ exists between global GHG emissions in 2030 associated with the implementation of NDCs announced prior to COP2626 and those associated with modelled mitigation pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot or limit warming to 2°C (>67%) assuming immediate action (high confidence). This would make it likely that warming will exceed 1.5°C during the 21st century (high confidence). Global modelled mitigation pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot or limit warming to 2°C (>67%) assuming immediate action imply deep global GHG emissions reductions this decade (high confidence) (see SPM Box 1, Table 1, B.6)27.

Modelled pathways that are consistent with NDCs announced prior to COP26 until 2030 and assume no increase in ambition thereafter have higher emissions, leading to a median global warming of 2.8 [2.1 to 3.4] °C by 2100 (medium confidence). Many countries have signalled an intention to achieve net zero GHG or net zero CO2 by around mid-century but pledges differ across countries in terms of scope and specificity, and limited policies are to date in place to deliver on them. {2.3.1, Table 2.2, Figure 2.5, Table 3.1, 4.1} A.4.4 Policy coverage is uneven across sectors (high confidence). Policies implemented by the end of 2020 are projected to result in higher global GHG emissions in 2030 than emissions implied by NDCs, indicating an ‘implementation gap’ (high confidence). Without a strengthening of policies, global warming of 3.2 [2.2 to 3.5] °C is projected by 2100 (medium confidence). {2.2.2, 2.3.1, 3.1.1, Figure 2.5} (Box SPM.1, Figure SPM.5) A.4.5 The adoption of low-emission technologies lags in most developing countries, particularly least developed ones, due in part to limited finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity (medium confidence). The magnitude of climate finance flows has increased over the last decade and financing channels have broadened but growth has slowed since 2018 (high confidence). Financial flows have developed heterogeneously across regions and sectors (high confidence). Public and private finance flows for fossil fuels are still greater than those for climate adaptation and mitigation (high confidence). The overwhelming majority of tracked climate finance is directed towards mitigation, but nevertheless falls short of the levels needed to limit warming to below 2°C or to 1.5°C across all sectors and regions (see C7.2) (very high confidence). In 2018, public and publicly mobilised private climate finance flows from developed to developing countries were below the collective goal under the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement to mobilise USD 100 billion per year by 2020 in the context of meaningful mitigation action and transparency on implementation (medium confidence). {2.2.2, 2.3.1, 2.3.3}
26 Due to the literature cutoff date of WGIII, the additional NDCs submitted after 11 October 2021 are not assessed here. {Footnote 32 in the Longer Report} 27 Projected 2030 GHG emissions are 50 (47–55) GtCO2-eq if all conditional NDC elements are taken into account. Without conditional elements, the global emissions are projected to be approximately similar to modelled 2019 levels at 53 (50–57) GtCO2-eq. {2.3.1, Table 2.2} 12 Summary for Policymakers
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B. Future Climate Change, Risks, and Long-Term Responses Future Climate Change
B.1 Continued greenhouse gas emissions will lead to increasing global warming, with the best estimate of reaching 1.5°C in the near term in considered scenarios and modelled pathways.

Every increment of global warming will intensify multiple and concurrent hazards (high confidence). Deep, rapid, and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions would lead to a discernible slowdown in global warming within around two decades, and also to discernible changes in atmospheric composition within a few years (high confidence). {Cross-Section Boxes 1 and 2, 3.1, 3.3, Table 3.1, Figure 3.1, 4.3} (Figure SPM.2, Box SPM.1) B.1.1 Global warming28 will continue to increase in the near term (2021–2040) mainly due to increased cumulative CO2 emissions in nearly all considered scenarios and modelled pathways. In the near term, global warming is more likely than not to reach 1.5°C even under the very low GHG emission scenario (SSP1-1.9) and likely or very likely to exceed 1.5°C under higher emissions scenarios. In the considered scenarios and modelled pathways, the best estimates of the time when the level of global warming of 1.5°C is reached lie in the near term29. Global warming declines back to below 1.5°C by the end of the 21st century in some scenarios and modelled pathways (see B.7). The assessed climate response to GHG emissions scenarios results in a best estimate of warming for 2081–2100 that spans a range from 1.4°C for a very low GHG emissions scenario (SSP1-1.9) to 2.7°C for an intermediate GHG emissions scenario (SSP2-4.5) and 4.4°C for a very high GHG emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5)30, with narrower uncertainty ranges31 than for corresponding scenarios in AR5. {Cross-Section Boxes 1 and 2, 3.1.1, 3.3.4, Table 3.1, 4.3} (Box SPM.1) B.1.2 Discernible differences in trends of global surface temperature between contrasting GHG emissions scenarios (SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6 vs. SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5) would begin to emerge from natural variability32 within around 20 years. Under these contrasting scenarios, discernible effects would emerge within years for GHG concentrations, and sooner for air quality improvements, due to the combined targeted air pollution controls and strong and sustained methane emissions reductions. Targeted reductions of air pollutant emissions lead to more rapid improvements in air quality within years compared to reductions in GHG emissions only, but in the long term, further improvements are projected in scenarios that combine efforts to reduce air pollutants as well as GHG emissions33. (high confidence) {3.1.1} (Box SPM.1) B.1.3 Continued emissions will further affect all major climate system components. With every additional increment of global warming, changes in extremes continue to become larger. Continued global warming is projected to further intensify the global water cycle, including its variability, global monsoon precipitation, and very wet and very dry weather and 28 Global warming (see Annex I: Glossary) is here reported as running 20-year averages, unless stated otherwise, relative to 1850–1900. Global surface temperature in any single year can vary above or below the long-term human-caused trend, due to natural variability. The internal variability of global surface temperature in a single year is estimated to be about ±0.25°C (5–95% range, high confidence). The occurrence of individual years with global surface temperature change above a certain level does not imply that this global warming level has been reached. {4.3, Cross-Section Box.2} 29 Median five-year interval at which a 1.5°C global warming level is reached (50% probability) in categories of modelled pathways considered in WGIII is 2030–2035. By 2030, global surface temperature in any individual year could exceed 1.5°C relative to 1850–1900 with a probability between 40% and 60%, across the five scenarios assessed in WGI (medium confidence). In all scenarios considered in WGI except the very high emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5), the midpoint of the first 20-year running average period during which the assessed average global surface temperature change reaches 1.5°C lies in the first half of the 2030s. In the very high GHG emissions scenario, the midpoint is in the late 2020s. {3.1.1, 3.3.1, 4.3} (Box SPM.1) 30 The best estimates [and very likely ranges] for the different scenarios are: 1.4 [1.0 to 1.8 ]°C (SSP1-1.9); 1.8 [1.3 to 2.4]°C (SSP1-2.6); 2.7 [2.1 to 3.5]°C (SSP2-4.5); 3.6 [2.8 to 4.6]°C (SSP3-7.0); and 4.4 [3.3 to 5.7 ]°C (SSP5-8.5). {3.1.1} (Box SPM.1) 31 Assessed future changes in global surface temperature have been constructed, for the first time, by combining multi-model projections with observational constraints and the assessed equilibrium climate sensitivity and transient climate response. The uncertainty range is narrower than in the AR5 thanks to improved knowledge of climate processes, paleoclimate evidence and model-based emergent constraints. {3.1.1} 32 See Annex I: Glossary. Natural variability includes natural drivers and internal variability. The main internal variability phenomena include El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Variability and Atlantic Multi-decadal Variability. {4.3} 33 Based on additional scenarios.
13 Summary for Policymakers
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climate events and seasons (high confidence). In scenarios with increasing CO2 emissions, natural land and ocean carbon sinks are projected to take up a decreasing proportion of these emissions (high confidence). Other projected changes include further reduced extents and/or volumes of almost all cryospheric elements34 (high confidence), further global mean sea level rise (virtually certain), and increased ocean acidification (virtually certain) and deoxygenation (high confidence). {3.1.1, 3.3.1, Figure 3.4} (Figure SPM.2) B.1.4 With further warming, every region is projected to increasingly experience concurrent and multiple changes in climatic impact-drivers. Compound heatwaves and droughts are projected to become more frequent, including concurrent events across multiple locations (high confidence). Due to relative sea level rise, current 1-in-100 year extreme sea level events are projected to occur at least annually in more than half of all tide gauge locations by 2100 under all considered scenarios (high confidence). Other projected regional changes include intensification of tropical cyclones and/or extratropical storms (medium confidence), and increases in aridity and fire weather (medium to high confidence). {3.1.1, 3.1.3}
B.1.5 Natural variability will continue to modulate human-caused climate changes, either attenuating or amplifying projected changes, with little effect on centennial-scale global warming (high confidence). These modulations are important to consider in adaptation planning, especially at the regional scale and in the near term. If a large explosive volcanic eruption were to occur35, it would temporarily and partially mask human-caused climate change by reducing global surface temperature and precipitation for one to three years (medium confidence). {4.3} 34 Permafrost, seasonal snow cover, glaciers, the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets, and Arctic sea ice. 35 Based on 2500-year reconstructions, eruptions with a radiative forcing more negative than –1 W m-2, related to the radiative effect of volcanic stratospheric aerosols in the literature assessed in this report, occur on average twice per century. {4.3} 14 Summary for Policymakers
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2011-2020 was
around 1.1°C warmer
than 1850-1900
the last time global surface temperature was sustained
at or above 2.5°C was over 3 million years ago
4°C
The world at
2°C
The world at
0 1 +1.5°C +
The world at
3°C
The world at
small absolute
changes may
appear large as
% or σ changes
in dry regions
urbanisation
further intensifies
heat extremes
c) Annual wettest-day precipitation change
Global warming level (GWL) above 1850-1900
a) Annual hottest-day temperature change
b) Annual mean total column soil moisture change
°C
Annual wettest day precipitation is projected to increase in almost all continental regions, even in regions where projected annual mean soil moisture declines.

Annual hottest day temperature is projected to increase most (1.5-2 times the GWL) in some mid-latitude and semi-arid regions, and in the South American Monsoon region.

Projections of annual mean soil moisture largely follow projections in annual mean precipitation but also show
some differences due to the influence of evapotranspiration. change (%)
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
+ +
change (°C)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5
change (σ)
With every increment of global warming, regional changes in mean climate and extremes become more widespread and pronounced Figure SPM.2: Projected changes of annual maximum daily maximum temperature, annual mean total column soil moisture and annual maximum 1-day precipitation at global warming levels of 1.5°C, 2°C, 3°C, and 4°C relative to 1850–1900. Projected (a) annual maximum daily temperature change (°C), (b) annual mean total column soil moisture change (standard deviation), (c) annual maximum 1-day precipitation change (%).

The panels show CMIP6 multi-model median changes. In panels (b) and (c), large positive relative changes in dry regions may correspond to small absolute changes. In panel (b), the unit is the standard deviation of interannual variability in soil moisture during 1850–1900. Standard deviation is a widely used metric in characterising drought severity. A projected reduction in mean soil moisture by one standard deviation corresponds to soil moisture conditions typical of droughts that occurred about once every six years during 1850–1900. The WGI Interactive Atlas (https://interactive-atlas.ipcc.ch/) can be used to explore additional changes in the climate system across the range of global warming levels presented in this figure. {Figure 3.1, Cross-Section Box.2} Climate Change Impacts and Climate-Related Risks
B.2 For any given future warming level, many climate-related risks are higher than assessed in AR5, and projected long-term impacts are up to multiple times higher than currently observed (high confidence). Risks and projected adverse impacts and related losses and damages from climate change escalate with every increment of global warming (very high confidence).

Climatic and non-climatic risks will increasingly interact, creating compound and cascading risks that are more complex and difficult to manage (high confidence). {Cross-Section Box.2,

3.1, 4.3, Figure 3.3, Figure 4.3} (Figure SPM.3, Figure SPM.4) 15 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
B.2.1 In the near term, every region in the world is projected to face further increases in climate hazards (medium to high confidence, depending on region and hazard), increasing multiple risks to ecosystems and humans (very high confidence). Hazards and associated risks expected in the near term include an increase in heat-related human mortality and morbidity (high confidence), food-borne, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases (high confidence), and mental health challenges36 (very high confidence), flooding in coastal and other low-lying cities and regions (high confidence), biodiversity loss in land, freshwater and ocean ecosystems (medium to very high confidence, depending on ecosystem), and a decrease in food production in some regions (high confidence). Cryosphere-related changes in floods, landslides, and water availability have the potential to lead to severe consequences for people, infrastructure and the economy in most mountain regions (high confidence). The projected increase in frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation (high confidence) will increase rain-generated local flooding (medium confidence). {Figure 3.2, Figure 3.3, 4.3, Figure 4.3} (Figure SPM.3, Figure SPM.4)
B.2.2 Risks and projected adverse impacts and related losses and damages from climate change will escalate with every increment of global warming (very high confidence). They are higher for global warming of 1.5°C than at present, and even higher at 2°C (high confidence). Compared to the AR5, global aggregated risk levels37 (Reasons for Concern38) are assessed to become high to very high at lower levels of global warming due to recent evidence of observed impacts, improved process understanding, and new knowledge on exposure and vulnerability of human and natural systems, including limits to adaptation (high confidence). Due to unavoidable sea level rise (see also B.3), risks for coastal ecosystems, people and infrastructure will continue to increase beyond 2100 (high confidence). {3.1.2, 3.1.3, Figure 3.4, Figure 4.3} (Figure SPM.3, Figure SPM.4)
B.2.3 With further warming, climate change risks will become increasingly complex and more difficult to manage. Multiple climatic and non-climatic risk drivers will interact, resulting in compounding overall risk and risks cascading across sectors and regions. Climate-driven food insecurity and supply instability, for example, are projected to increase with increasing global warming, interacting with non-climatic risk drivers such as competition for land between urban expansion and food production, pandemics and conflict. (high confidence) {3.1.2, 4.3, Figure 4.3} B.2.4 For any given warming level, the level of risk will also depend on trends in vulnerability and exposure of humans and ecosystems. Future exposure to climatic hazards is increasing globally due to socio-economic development trends including migration, growing inequality and urbanisation. Human vulnerability will concentrate in informal settlements and rapidly growing smaller settlements. In rural areas vulnerability will be heightened by high reliance on climatesensitive livelihoods. Vulnerability of ecosystems will be strongly influenced by past, present, and future patterns of unsustainable consumption and production, increasing demographic pressures, and persistent unsustainable use and management of land, ocean, and water. Loss of ecosystems and their services has cascading and long-term impacts on people globally, especially for Indigenous Peoples and local communities who are directly dependent on ecosystems to meet basic needs. (high confidence) {Cross-Section Box.2 Figure 1c, 3.1.2, 4.3} 36 In all assessed regions.
37 Undetectable risk level indicates no associated impacts are detectable and attributable to climate change; moderate risk indicates associated impacts are both detectable and attributable to climate change with at least medium confidence, also accounting for the other specific criteria for key risks; high risk indicates severe and widespread impacts that are judged to be high on one or more criteria for assessing key risks; and very high risk level indicates very high risk of severe impacts and the presence of significant irreversibility or the persistence of climate-related hazards, combined with limited ability to adapt due to the nature of the hazard or impacts/risks. {3.1.2} 38 The Reasons for Concern (RFC) framework communicates scientific understanding about accrual of risk for five broad categories. RFC1: Unique and threatened systems: ecological and human systems that have restricted geographic ranges constrained by climate-related conditions and have high endemism or other distinctive properties. RFC2: Extreme weather events: risks/impacts to human health, livelihoods, assets and ecosystems from extreme weather events. RFC3: Distribution of impacts: risks/impacts that disproportionately affect particular groups due to uneven distribution of physical climate change hazards, exposure or vulnerability. RFC4: Global aggregate impacts: impacts to socio-ecological systems that can be aggregated globally into a single metric. RFC5: Large-scale singular events: relatively large, abrupt and sometimes irreversible changes in systems caused by global warming. See also Annex I: Glossary. {3.1.2, Cross-Section Box.2}
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c1) Maize yield4
c2) Fisheries yield5
Changes (%) in
maximum catch
potential
Changes (%) in yield
-35% -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -3 +3 +10 +15 +20 +25 +30 +35% 0 days 1 10 50 100 150 200 250 300 365 days
0% 0.1 1 5 10 20 40 60 80 100%
Areas with model disagreement
Examples of impacts without additional adaptation

2.4 – 3.1°C 4.2 – 5.4°C

1.5°C

3.0°C

1.7 – 2.3°C

0.9 – 2.0°C 3.4 – 5.2°C

1.6 – 2.4°C 3.3 – 4.8°C 3.9 – 6.0°C

2.0°C

4.0°C
Percentage of animal
species and seagrasses
exposed to potentially
dangerous temperature
conditions1, 2
Days per year where
combined temperature and
humidity conditions pose a risk
of mortality to individuals3
5 Projected regional impacts reflect fisheries and marine ecosystem responses to ocean physical and biogeochemical conditions such as temperature, oxygen level and net primary production. Models do not represent changes in fishing activities and some extreme climatic conditions. Projected changes in the Arctic regions have low confidence due to uncertainties associated with modelling multiple interacting drivers and ecosystem responses.
4 Projected regional impacts reflect biophysical responses to changing temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, humidity, wind, and CO2 enhancement of growth and water retention in currently cultivated areas. Models assume that irrigated areas are not water-limited.

Models do not represent pests, diseases, future agro-technological changes and some extreme climate responses.

Future climate change is projected to increase the severity of impacts across natural and human systems and will increase regional differences Areas with little or no
production, or not assessed
1 Projected temperature conditions above
the estimated historical (1850-2005)
maximum mean annual temperature
experienced by each species, assuming
no species relocation.
2 Includes 30,652 species of birds,
mammals, reptiles, amphibians, marine
fish, benthic marine invertebrates, krill,
cephalopods, corals, and seagrasses.
a) Risk of
species losses
b) Heat-humidity
risks to
human health
c) Food production
impacts
3 Projected regional impacts utilize a global threshold beyond which daily mean surface air temperature and relative humidity may induce hyperthermia that poses a risk of mortality. The duration and intensity of heatwaves are not presented here. Heat-related health outcomes vary by location and are highly moderated by socio-economic, occupational and other non-climatic determinants of individual health and socio-economic vulnerability. The threshold used in these maps is based on a single study that synthesized data from 783 cases to determine the relationship between heat-humidity conditions and mortality drawn largely from observations in temperate climates.

Historical 1991–2005
Figure SPM.3: Projected risks and impacts of climate change on natural and human systems at different global warming levels (GWLs) relative to 1850-1900 levels. Projected risks and impacts shown on the maps are based on outputs from different subsets of Earth system and impact models that were used to project each impact indicator without additional adaptation. WGII provides further assessment of the impacts on human and natural systems using these projections and additional lines of evidence. (a) Risks of species losses as indicated by the percentage of assessed species exposed to potentially dangerous temperature conditions, as defined by conditions beyond the estimated historical (1850–2005) maximum mean annual temperature experienced by each species, at GWLs of 1.5°C, 2°C, 3°C and 4°C. Underpinning projections of temperature are from 21 Earth system models and do not consider extreme events impacting ecosystems such as the Arctic. (b) Risks to human health as indicated by the days per year of population exposure to hyperthermic conditions that pose a risk of mortality from surface air temperature and humidity conditions for historical period (1991–2005) and at GWLs of 1.7°C–2.3°C (mean = 1.9°C; 13 climate models), 2.4°C–3.1°C (2.7°C; 16 climate models) and 4.2°C–5.4°C (4.7°C; 15 climate models). Interquartile ranges of GWLs by 2081–2100 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The presented index is consistent with common features found in many indices included within WGI and WGII assessments. (c) Impacts on food production: (c1) Changes in maize yield by 2080–2099 relative to 1986–2005 at projected GWLs of 1.6°C–2.4°C (2.0°C), 3.3°C–4.8°C (4.1°C) and

3.9°C–6.0°C (4.9°C). Median yield changes from an ensemble of 12 crop models, each driven by bias-adjusted outputs from 5 Earth system models, from the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) and the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP). Maps depict 17 Summary for Policymakers
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2080–2099 compared to 1986–2005 for current growing regions (>10 ha), with the corresponding range of future global warming levels shown under SSP1-

2.6, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5, respectively. Hatching indicates areas where <70% of the climate-crop model combinations agree on the sign of impact. (c2) Change in maximum fisheries catch potential by 2081–2099 relative to 1986–2005 at projected GWLs of 0.9°C–2.0°C (1.5°C) and 3.4°C–5.2°C (4.3°C).

GWLs by 2081–2100 under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. Hatching indicates where the two climate-fisheries models disagree in the direction of change. Large relative changes in low yielding regions may correspond to small absolute changes. Biodiversity and fisheries in Antarctica were not analysed due to data limitations.

Food security is also affected by crop and fishery failures not presented here. {3.1.2, Figure 3.2, Cross-Section Box.2} (Box SPM.1) Salt
marshes
Rocky
shores
Seagrass
meadows
Warm-water Epipelagic
corals
Kelp
forests
AR5 AR6 AR5 AR6 AR5 AR6 AR5 AR6 AR5 AR6
Global surface temperature change
relative to 1850–1900
Global Reasons for Concern (RFCs)
in AR5 (2014) vs. AR6 (2022)
°C
0 1

1.5 2
3 4
5 0
1 1.5
2 3
4 °C 5
0 –1
2000 2015 2050 2100
1 2
3 4
5 very low
low
intermediate
high
very high
••••
•••• •••
•••• ••• ••
••• •• ••••• •• •
•• •• ••
damage
Wildfire••• •• ••
Dryland
water
scarcity••• •• ••
0 2
3 4

1.5 1
Incomplete
adaptation
Proactive
adaptation
Limited
adaptation
•• ••
•• •• ••
Heat-related morbidity and mortality
high
Challenges to Adaptation
low••• •••• ••••
••• ••• •••
•••• ••• •••
••• •• ••
•• •• •
••• •• ••
Confidence level
assigned to
transition range
midpoint of transition
Risk/impact
Low Very high
Very high
High
Moderate
Undetectable
••••••••••
Transition range
°C
°C
Permafrost
degradation••• ••• ••
e.g. increase in the
length of fire season
e.g. over 100 million
additional people
exposed
0 –1
1950 2000 2015 2050
1 2
3 4
50 100
0 75
25 Resource-rich
coastal cities
Large tropical
agricultural
deltas
Arctic
communities
Urban
atoll islands
r
R
Maximum potential
response
No-to-moderate
response
r R r R r R r R
Global mean sea level rise relative to 1900
50 100
0 1950 2000 2050 2100
75 25
cm cm
very high
high
intermediate
low
very low
c) Risks to coastal geographies increase with sea level rise and depend on responses 1986-2005
baseline
low-likelihood, high impact
storyline, including ice-sheet
instability processes
•••• ••• ••
••••
••••
•••
d) Adaptation and
socio-economic pathways
affect levels of climate
related risks
b) Risks differ by system
SSP3 SSP1
Risks are increasing with every increment of warming
Global
aggregate
impacts
Unique &
threatened
systems
Extreme
weather
events
Distribution
of impacts
Large scale
singular
events
risk is the potential for
adverse consequences
••• •• ••
Tree
mortality
e.g. coral
reefs decline
>99%
e.g. coral
reefs decline
by 70–90%
Land-based systems Ocean/coastal ecosystems
Food insecurity
(availability, access)
a) High risks are now assessed to occur at lower global warming levels The SSP1 pathway illustrates
a world with low population
growth, high income, and
reduced inequalities, food
produced in low GHG
emission systems, effective
land use regulation and high
adaptive capacity (i.e., low
challenges to adaptation).

The SSP3 pathway has the
opposite trends.
shading represents the
uncertainty ranges for
the low and high emissions scenarios
2011-2020 was
around 1.1°C warmer
than 1850-1900
Carbon
loss
•• • ••
•• •• •••
Biodiversity
loss
Risks are
assessed with
medium confidence
Limited adaptation (failure to proactively
adapt; low investment in health systems);
incomplete adaptation (incomplete
adaptation planning; moderate investment
in health systems); proactive adaptation
(proactive adaptation management; higher
investment in health systems)
18 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
Figure SPM.4: Subset of assessed climate outcomes and associated global and regional climate risks. The burning embers result from a literature based expert elicitation. Panel (a): Left – Global surface temperature changes in °C relative to 1850–1900. These changes were obtained by combining CMIP6 model simulations with observational constraints based on past simulated warming, as well as an updated assessment of equilibrium climate sensitivity. Very likely ranges are shown for the low and high GHG emissions scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP3-7.0) (Cross-Section Box.2). Right – Global Reasons for Concern (RFC), comparing AR6 (thick embers) and AR5 (thin embers) assessments. Risk transitions have generally shifted towards lower temperatures with updated scientific understanding. Diagrams are shown for each RFC, assuming low to no adaptation. Lines connect the midpoints of the transitions from moderate to high risk across AR5 and AR6. Panel (b): Selected global risks for land and ocean ecosystems, illustrating general increase of risk with global warming levels with low to no adaptation. Panel (c): Left - Global mean sea level change in centimetres, relative to 1900. The historical changes (black) are observed by tide gauges before 1992 and altimeters afterwards. The future changes to 2100 (coloured lines and shading) are assessed consistently with observational constraints based on emulation of CMIP, ice-sheet, and glacier models, and likely ranges are shown for SSP1-2.6 and SSP3-7.0. Right - Assessment of the combined risk of coastal flooding, erosion and salinization for four illustrative coastal geographies in 2100, due to changing mean and extreme sea levels, under two response scenarios, with respect to the SROCC baseline period (1986–2005). The assessment does not account for changes in extreme sea level beyond those directly induced by mean sea level rise; risk levels could increase if other changes in extreme sea levels were considered (e.g., due to changes in cyclone intensity). “No-to-moderate response” describes efforts as of today (i.e., no further significant action or new types of actions). “Maximum potential response” represent a combination of responses implemented to their full extent and thus significant additional efforts compared to today, assuming minimal financial, social and political barriers. (In this context, ‘today’ refers to 2019.) The assessment criteria include exposure and vulnerability, coastal hazards, in-situ responses and planned relocation.

Planned relocation refers to managed retreat or resettlements. The term response is used here instead of adaptation because some responses, such as retreat, may or may not be considered to be adaptation. Panel (d): Selected risks under different socio-economic pathways, illustrating how development strategies and challenges to adaptation influence risk. Left - Heat-sensitive human health outcomes under three scenarios of adaptation effectiveness. The diagrams are truncated at the nearest whole ºC within the range of temperature change in 2100 under three SSP scenarios. Right - Risks associated with food security due to climate change and patterns of socio-economic development. Risks to food security include availability and access to food, including population at risk of hunger, food price increases and increases in disability adjusted life years attributable to childhood underweight. Risks are assessed for two contrasted socio-economic pathways (SSP1 and SSP3) excluding the effects of targeted mitigation and adaptation policies. {Figure 3.3} (Box SPM.1) Likelihood and Risks of Unavoidable, Irreversible or Abrupt Changes
B.3 Some future changes are unavoidable and/or irreversible but can be limited by deep, rapid, and sustained global greenhouse gas emissions reduction. The likelihood of abrupt and/or irreversible changes increases with higher global warming levels. Similarly, the probability of low-likelihood outcomes associated with potentially very large adverse impacts increases with higher global warming levels. (high confidence) {3.1} B.3.1 Limiting global surface temperature does not prevent continued changes in climate system components that have multi-decadal or longer timescales of response (high confidence). Sea level rise is unavoidable for centuries to millennia due to continuing deep ocean warming and ice sheet melt, and sea levels will remain elevated for thousands of years (high confidence). However, deep, rapid, and sustained GHG emissions reductions would limit further sea level rise acceleration and projected long-term sea level rise commitment. Relative to 1995–2014, the likely global mean sea level rise under the SSP1-1.9 GHG emissions scenario is 0.15–0.23 m by 2050 and 0.28–0.55 m by 2100; while for the SSP5-8.5 GHG emissions scenario it is 0.20–0.29 m by 2050 and 0.63–1.01 m by 2100 (medium confidence). Over the next 2000 years, global mean sea level will rise by about 2–3 m if warming is limited to 1.5°C and 2–6 m if limited to 2°C (low confidence). {3.1.3, Figure 3.4} (Box SPM.1)
B.3.2 The likelihood and impacts of abrupt and/or irreversible changes in the climate system, including changes triggered when tipping points are reached, increase with further global warming (high confidence). As warming levels increase, so do the risks of species extinction or irreversible loss of biodiversity in ecosystems including forests (medium confidence), coral reefs (very high confidence) and in Arctic regions (high confidence). At sustained warming levels between 2°C and 3°C, the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets will be lost almost completely and irreversibly over multiple millennia, causing several metres of sea level rise (limited evidence). The probability and rate of ice mass loss increase with higher global surface temperatures (high confidence). {3.1.2, 3.1.3} B.3.3 The probability of low-likelihood outcomes associated with potentially very large impacts increases with higher global warming levels (high confidence). Due to deep uncertainty linked to ice-sheet processes, global mean sea level rise above the likely range – approaching 2 m by 2100 and in excess of 15 m by 2300 under the very high GHG emissions scenario (SSP5-8.5) (low confidence) – cannot be excluded. There is medium confidence that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation will not collapse abruptly before 2100, but if it were to occur, it would very likely cause abrupt shifts in regional weather patterns, and large impacts on ecosystems and human activities. {3.1.3} (Box SPM.1) 19 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
Adaptation Options and their Limits in a Warmer World
B.4 Adaptation options that are feasible and effective today will become constrained and less effective with increasing global warming. With increasing global warming, losses and damages will increase and additional human and natural systems will reach adaptation limits. Maladaptation can be avoided by flexible, multi-sectoral, inclusive, long-term planning and implementation of adaptation actions, with co-benefits to many sectors and systems. (high confidence) {3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3}
B.4.1 The effectiveness of adaptation, including ecosystem-based and most water-related options, will decrease with increasing warming. The feasibility and effectiveness of options increase with integrated, multi-sectoral solutions that differentiate responses based on climate risk, cut across systems and address social inequities. As adaptation options often have long implementation times, long-term planning increases their efficiency. (high confidence) {3.2, Figure 3.4,

4.1, 4.2}
B.4.2 With additional global warming, limits to adaptation and losses and damages, strongly concentrated among vulnerable populations, will become increasingly difficult to avoid (high confidence). Above 1.5°C of global warming, limited freshwater resources pose potential hard adaptation limits for small islands and for regions dependent on glacier and snow melt (medium confidence). Above that level, ecosystems such as some warm-water coral reefs, coastal wetlands, rainforests, and polar and mountain ecosystems will have reached or surpassed hard adaptation limits and as a consequence, some Ecosystem-based Adaptation measures will also lose their effectiveness (high confidence). {2.3.2,

3.2, 4.3}
B.4.3 Actions that focus on sectors and risks in isolation and on short-term gains often lead to maladaptation over the long term, creating lock-ins of vulnerability, exposure and risks that are difficult to change. For example, seawalls effectively reduce impacts to people and assets in the short term but can also result in lock-ins and increase exposure to climate risks in the long term unless they are integrated into a long-term adaptive plan. Maladaptive responses can worsen existing inequities especially for Indigenous Peoples and marginalised groups and decrease ecosystem and biodiversity resilience. Maladaptation can be avoided by flexible, multi-sectoral, inclusive, long-term planning and implementation of adaptation actions, with co-benefits to many sectors and systems. (high confidence) {2.3.2, 3.2} Carbon Budgets and Net Zero Emissions
B.5 Limiting human-caused global warming requires net zero CO2 emissions. Cumulative carbon emissions until the time of reaching net zero CO2 emissions and the level of greenhouse gas emission reductions this decade largely determine whether warming can be limited to

1.5°C or 2°C (high confidence). Projected CO2 emissions from existing fossil fuel infrastructure without additional abatement would exceed the remaining carbon budget for 1.5°C (50%) (high confidence). {2.3, 3.1, 3.3, Table 3.1}
B.5.1 From a physical science perspective, limiting human-caused global warming to a specific level requires limiting cumulative CO2 emissions, reaching at least net zero CO2 emissions, along with strong reductions in other greenhouse gas emissions.

Reaching net zero GHG emissions primarily requires deep reductions in CO2, methane, and other GHG emissions, and implies net negative CO2 emissions39. Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will be necessary to achieve net negative CO2 emissions (see B.6). Net zero GHG emissions, if sustained, are projected to result in a gradual decline in global surface temperatures after an earlier peak. (high confidence) {3.1.1, 3.3.1, 3.3.2, 3.3.3, Table 3.1, Cross-Section Box.1} B.5.2 For every 1000 GtCO2 emitted by human activity, global surface temperature rises by 0.45°C (best estimate, with a likely range from 0.27°C to 0.63°C). The best estimates of the remaining carbon budgets from the beginning of 2020 are 500 GtCO2 for a 50% likelihood of limiting global warming to 1.5°C and 1150 GtCO2 for a 67% likelihood of limiting warming to 2°C40. The stronger the reductions in non-CO2 emissions, the lower the resulting temperatures are for a given remaining carbon budget or the larger remaining carbon budget for the same level of temperature change41. {3.3.1} 39 Net zero GHG emissions defined by the 100-year global warming potential. See footnote 9. 40 Global databases make different choices about which emissions and removals occurring on land are considered anthropogenic. Most countries report their anthropogenic land CO2 fluxes including fluxes due to human-caused environmental change (e.g., CO2 fertilisation) on ‘managed’ land in their national GHG inventories. Using emissions estimates based on these inventories, the remaining carbon budgets must be correspondingly reduced. {3.3.1} 41 For example, remaining carbon budgets could be 300 or 600 GtCO2 for 1.5°C (50%), respectively for high and low non-CO2 emissions, compared to 500 GtCO2 in the central case. {3.3.1}
20 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
B.5.3 If the annual CO2 emissions between 2020–2030 stayed, on average, at the same level as 2019, the resulting cumulative emissions would almost exhaust the remaining carbon budget for 1.5°C (50%), and deplete more than a third of the remaining carbon budget for 2°C (67%). Estimates of future CO2 emissions from existing fossil fuel infrastructures without additional abatement42 already exceed the remaining carbon budget for limiting warming to 1.5°C (50%) (high confidence). Projected cumulative future CO2 emissions over the lifetime of existing and planned fossil fuel infrastructure, if historical operating patterns are maintained and without additional abatement43, are approximately equal to the remaining carbon budget for limiting warming to 2°C with a likelihood of 83%44 (high confidence). {2.3.1,

3.3.1, Figure 3.5}
B.5.4 Based on central estimates only, historical cumulative net CO2 emissions between 1850 and 2019 amount to about four fifths45 of the total carbon budget for a 50% probability of limiting global warming to 1.5°C (central estimate about 2900 GtCO2), and to about two thirds46 of the total carbon budget for a 67% probability to limit global warming to 2°C (central estimate about 3550 GtCO2). {3.3.1, Figure 3.5} Mitigation Pathways
B.6 All global modelled pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot, and those that limit warming to 2°C (>67%), involve rapid and deep and, in most cases, immediate greenhouse gas emissions reductions in all sectors this decade. Global net zero CO2 emissions are reached for these pathway categories, in the early 2050s and around the early 2070s, respectively. (high confidence) {3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.5, Table 3.1} (Figure SPM.5, Box SPM.1) B.6.1 Global modelled pathways provide information on limiting warming to different levels; these pathways, particularly their sectoral and regional aspects, depend on the assumptions described in Box SPM.1. Global modelled pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot or limit warming to 2°C (>67%) are characterized by deep, rapid, and, in most cases, immediate GHG emissions reductions. Pathways that limit warming to 1.5 °C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot reach net zero CO2 in the early 2050s, followed by net negative CO2 emissions. Those pathways that reach net zero GHG emissions do so around the 2070s. Pathways that limit warming to 2 °C (>67%) reach net zero CO2 emissions in the early 2070s. Global GHG emissions are projected to peak between 2020 and at the latest before 2025 in global modelled pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot and in those that limit warming to 2°C (>67%) and assume immediate action. (high confidence) {3.3.2, 3.3.4, 4.1, Table 3.1, Figure 3.6} (Table SPM.1)
42 Abatement here refers to human interventions that reduce the amount of greenhouse gases that are released from fossil fuel infrastructure to the atmosphere.
43 Ibid.
44 WGI provides carbon budgets that are in line with limiting global warming to temperature limits with different likelihoods, such as 50%, 67% or 83%. {3.3.1}
45 Uncertainties for total carbon budgets have not been assessed and could affect the specific calculated fractions. 46 Ibid.
21 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
Table SPM.1: Greenhouse gas and CO2 emission reductions from 2019, median and 5-95 percentiles. {3.3.1, 4.1, Table 3.1, Figure 2.5, Box SPM.1} Reductions from 2019 emission levels (%)
2030 2035 2040 2050
Limit warming to1.5°C (>50%) with no or
limited overshoot
GHG 43 [34-60] 60 [49-77] 69 [58-90] 84 [73-98]
CO2 48 [36-69] 65 [50-96] 80 [61-109] 99 [79-119]
Limit warming to 2°C (>67%)
GHG 21 [1-42] 35 [22-55] 46 [34-63] 64 [53-77]
CO2 22 [1-44] 37 [21-59] 51 [36-70] 73 [55-90]
B.6.2 Reaching net zero CO2 or GHG emissions primarily requires deep and rapid reductions in gross emissions of CO2, as well as substantial reductions of non-CO2 GHG emissions (high confidence). For example, in modelled pathways that limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot, global methane emissions are reduced by 34 [21–57] % by 2030 relative to 2019. However, some hard-to-abate residual GHG emissions (e.g., some emissions from agriculture, aviation, shipping, and industrial processes) remain and would need to be counterbalanced by deployment of CDR methods to achieve net zero CO2 or GHG emissions (high confidence). As a result, net zero CO2 is reached earlier than net zero GHGs (high confidence). {3.3.2, 3.3.3, Table 3.1, Figure 3.5} (Figure SPM.5) B.6.3 Global modelled mitigation pathways reaching net zero CO2 and GHG emissions include transitioning from fossil fuels without carbon capture and storage (CCS) to very low- or zero-carbon energy sources, such as renewables or fossil fuels with CCS, demand-side measures and improving efficiency, reducing non-CO2 GHG emissions, and CDR47. In most global modelled pathways, land-use change and forestry (via reforestation and reduced deforestation) and the energy supply sector reach net zero CO2 emissions earlier than the buildings, industry and transport sectors. (high confidence) {3.3.3,

4.1, 4.5, Figure 4.1} (Figure SPM.5, Box SPM.1)
B.6.4 Mitigation options often have synergies with other aspects of sustainable development, but some options can also have trade-offs. There are potential synergies between sustainable development and, for instance, energy efficiency and renewable energy. Similarly, depending on the context48, biological CDR methods like reforestation, improved forest management, soil carbon sequestration, peatland restoration and coastal blue carbon management can enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions, employment and local livelihoods. However, afforestation or production of biomass crops can have adverse socio-economic and environmental impacts, including on biodiversity, food and water security, local livelihoods and the rights of Indigenous Peoples, especially if implemented at large scales and where land tenure is insecure. Modelled pathways that assume using resources more efficiently or that shift global development towards sustainability include fewer challenges, such as less dependence on CDR and pressure on land and biodiversity. (high confidence) {3.4.1}
47 CCS is an option to reduce emissions from large-scale fossil-based energy and industry sources provided geological storage is available. When CO2 is captured directly from the atmosphere (DACCS), or from biomass (BECCS), CCS provides the storage component of these CDR methods. CO2 capture and subsurface injection is a mature technology for gas processing and enhanced oil recovery. In contrast to the oil and gas sector, CCS is less mature in the power sector, as well as in cement and chemicals production, where it is a critical mitigation option. The technical geological storage capacity is estimated to be on the order of 1000 GtCO2, which is more than the CO2 storage requirements through 2100 to limit global warming to 1.5°C, although the regional availability of geological storage could be a limiting factor. If the geological storage site is appropriately selected and managed, it is estimated that the CO2 can be permanently isolated from the atmosphere. Implementation of CCS currently faces technological, economic, institutional, ecological-environmental and socio-cultural barriers. Currently, global rates of CCS deployment are far below those in modelled pathways limiting global warming to 1.5°C to 2°C.

Enabling conditions such as policy instruments, greater public support and technological innovation could reduce these barriers. (high confidence) {3.3.3} 48 The impacts, risks, and co-benefits of CDR deployment for ecosystems, biodiversity and people will be highly variable depending on the method, site-specific context, implementation and scale (high confidence).
22 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
0 40
20 -20
60 80
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
0 200
400
MtCH4/yr GtCO2/yr
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
−20
20 40
60 2019
comparison
IMP-Neg
IMP-GS
IMP-Ren
IMP-LD
IMP-SP
Sources
Sinks
net zero 0
2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
a) Net global greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions
Limit warming to 2°C
Implemented policies
Gigatons of CO
Limit warming to 1.5°C
2-equivalent emissions (GtCO2-eq/yr)
GtCO2-eq/yr
−20
0 20
40 60
80 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100
GHG
CO2
CO2
GHG
Year of net zero emissions
d) Net zero CO2 will be reached
before net zero GHG emissions

1.5°C
2°C
Limit warming to 2°C
Implemented policies
Limit warming to 1.5°C
c) Global methane (CH4) emissions
net zero
net zero
Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDCs)
range in 2030
net zero
a) Net global greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions
Key
Past emissions (2000–2015)
Model range for 2015 emissions
Past GHG emissions and uncertainty for
2015 and 2019 (dot indicates the median)
Implemented policies
(median, with percentiles 25-75% and 5-95%)
Limit warming to 2°C (>67%)
Limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%)
with no or limited overshoot
Key
Transport, industry and buildings
Non-CO2 emissions
Land-use change and forestry
Energy supply (including electricity)
these are dierent
ways to achieve
net-zero CO2
b) Net global CO2 emissions e) Greenhouse gas emissions by sector at the time of net zero
CO2, compared to 2019
Limiting warming to 1.5°C and 2°C involves rapid, deep and in most cases immediate greenhouse gas emission reductions Net zero CO2 and net zero GHG emissions can be achieved through strong reductions across all sectors Implemented policies result in projected
emissions that lead to warming of 3.2°C, with
a range of 2.2°C to 3.5°C (mediumconfidence)
2019 emissions were
12% higher than 2010
Illustrative Mitigation
Pathways (IMPs)
23 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
Figure SPM.5: Global emissions pathways consistent with implemented policies and mitigation strategies. Panels (a), (b) and (c) show the development of global GHG, CO2 and methane emissions in modelled pathways, while panel (d) shows the associated timing of when GHG and CO2 emissions reach net zero. Coloured ranges denote the 5th to 95th percentile across the global modelled pathways falling within a given category as described in Box SPM.1.

The red ranges depict emissions pathways assuming policies that were implemented by the end of 2020. Ranges of modelled pathways that limit warming to

1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot are shown in light blue (category C1) and pathways that limit warming to 2°C (>67%) are shown in green (category C3). Global emission pathways that would limit warming to 1.5°C (>50%) with no or limited overshoot and also reach net zero GHG in the second half of the century do so between 2070–2075. Panel (e) shows the sectoral contributions of CO2 and non-CO2 emissions sources and sinks at the time when net zero CO2 emissions are reached in illustrative mitigation pathways (IMPs) consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C with a high reliance on net negative emissions (IMP-Neg) (“high overshoot”), high resource efficiency (IMP-LD), a focus on sustainable development (IMP-SP), renewables (IMP-Ren) and limiting warming to 2°C with less rapid mitigation initially followed by a gradual strengthening (IMP-GS). Positive and negative emissions for different IMPs are compared to GHG emissions from the year 2019. Energy supply (including electricity) includes bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage and direct air carbon dioxide capture and storage. CO2 emissions from land-use change and forestry can only be shown as a net number as many models do not report emissions and sinks of this category separately. {Figure 3.6, 4.1} (Box SPM.1) Overshoot: Exceeding a Warming Level and Returning
B.7 If warming exceeds a specified level such as 1.5°C, it could gradually be reduced again by achieving and sustaining net negative global CO2 emissions. This would require additional deployment of carbon dioxide removal, compared to pathways without overshoot, leading to greater feasibility and sustainability concerns. Overshoot entails adverse impacts, some irreversible, and additional risks for human and natural systems, all growing with the magnitude and duration of overshoot. (high confidence) {3.1, 3.3, 3.4, Table 3.1, Figure 3.6} B.7.1 Only a small number of the most ambitious global modelled pathways limit global warming to 1.5°C (>50%) by 2100 without exceeding this level temporarily. Achieving and sustaining net negative global CO2 emissions, with annual rates of CDR greater than residual CO2 emissions, would gradually reduce the warming level again (high confidence). Adverse impacts that occur during this period of overshoot and cause additional warming via feedback mechanisms, such as increased wildfires, mass mortality of trees, drying of peatlands, and permafrost thawing, weakening natural land carbon sinks and increasing releases of GHGs would make the return more challenging (medium confidence). {3.3.2,

3.3.4, Table 3.1, Figure 3.6} (Box SPM.1)
B.7.2 The higher the magnitude and the longer the duration of overshoot, the more ecosystems and societies are exposed to greater and more widespread changes in climatic impact-drivers, increasing risks for many natural and human systems. Compared to pathways without overshoot, societies would face higher risks to infrastructure, low-lying coastal settlements, and associated livelihoods. Overshooting 1.5°C will result in irreversible adverse impacts on certain ecosystems with low resilience, such as polar, mountain, and coastal ecosystems, impacted by ice-sheet melt, glacier melt, or by accelerating and higher committed sea level rise. (high confidence) {3.1.2, 3.3.4} B.7.3 The larger the overshoot, the more net negative CO2 emissions would be needed to return to 1.5°C by 2100. Transitioning towards net zero CO2 emissions faster and reducing non-CO2 emissions such as methane more rapidly would limit peak warming levels and reduce the requirement for net negative CO2 emissions, thereby reducing feasibility and sustainability concerns, and social and environmental risks associated with CDR deployment at large scales. (high confidence) {3.3.3, 3.3.4, 3.4.1, Table 3.1}
24 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
C. Responses in the Near Term
Urgency of Near-Term Integrated Climate Action
C.1 Climate change is a threat to human well-being and planetary health (very high confidence).

There is a rapidly closing window of opportunity to secure a liveable and sustainable future for all (very high confidence). Climate resilient development integrates adaptation and mitigation to advance sustainable development for all, and is enabled by increased international cooperation including improved access to adequate financial resources, particularly for vulnerable regions, sectors and groups, and inclusive governance and coordinated policies (high confidence). The choices and actions implemented in this decade will have impacts now and for thousands of years (high confidence). {3.1, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, Figure 3.1, Figure 3.3, Figure 4.2} (Figure SPM.1, Figure SPM.6)
C.1.1 Evidence of observed adverse impacts and related losses and damages, projected risks, levels and trends in vulnerability and adaptation limits, demonstrate that worldwide climate resilient development action is more urgent than previously assessed in AR5. Climate resilient development integrates adaptation and GHG mitigation to advance sustainable development for all. Climate resilient development pathways have been constrained by past development, emissions and climate change and are progressively constrained by every increment of warming, in particular beyond 1.5°C. (very high confidence) {3.4, 3.4.2, 4.1}
C.1.2 Government actions at sub-national, national and international levels, with civil society and the private sector, play a crucial role in enabling and accelerating shifts in development pathways towards sustainability and climate resilient development (very high confidence). Climate resilient development is enabled when governments, civil society and the private sector make inclusive development choices that prioritize risk reduction, equity and justice, and when decision-making processes, finance and actions are integrated across governance levels, sectors, and timeframes (very high confidence). Enabling conditions are differentiated by national, regional and local circumstances and geographies, according to capabilities, and include: political commitment and follow-through, coordinated policies, social and international cooperation, ecosystem stewardship, inclusive governance, knowledge diversity, technological innovation, monitoring and evaluation, and improved access to adequate financial resources, especially for vulnerable regions, sectors and communities (high confidence). {3.4, 4.2, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.8} (Figure SPM.6) C.1.3 Continued emissions will further affect all major climate system components, and many changes will be irreversible on centennial to millennial time scales and become larger with increasing global warming. Without urgent, effective, and equitable mitigation and adaptation actions, climate change increasingly threatens ecosystems, biodiversity, and the livelihoods, health and well-being of current and future generations. (high confidence) {3.1.3, 3.3.3, 3.4.1, Figure 3.4,

4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4} (Figure SPM.1, Figure SPM.6)
25 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
Figure SPM.6: The illustrative development pathways (red to green) and associated outcomes (right panel) show that there is a rapidly narrowing window of opportunity to secure a liveable and sustainable future for all. Climate resilient development is the process of implementing greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation measures to support sustainable development. Diverging pathways illustrate that interacting choices and actions made by diverse government, private sector and civil society actors can advance climate resilient development, shift pathways towards sustainability, and enable lower emissions and adaptation. Diverse knowledge and values include cultural values, Indigenous Knowledge, local knowledge, and scientific knowledge. Climatic and non-climatic events, such as droughts, floods or pandemics, pose more severe shocks to pathways with lower climate resilient development (red to yellow) than to pathways with higher climate resilient development (green). There are limits to adaptation and adaptive capacity for some human and natural systems at global warming of 1.5°C, and with every increment of warming, losses and damages will increase. The development pathways taken by countries at all stages of economic development impact GHG emissions and mitigation challenges and opportunities, which vary across countries and regions. Pathways and opportunities for action are shaped by previous actions (or inactions and opportunities missed; dashed pathway) and enabling and constraining conditions (left panel), and take place in the context of climate risks, adaptation limits and development gaps. The longer emissions reductions are delayed, the fewer effective adaptation options. {Figure 4.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.4, 4.2, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.9} The Benefits of Near-Term Action
C.2 Deep, rapid, and sustained mitigation and accelerated implementation of adaptation actions in this decade would reduce projected losses and damages for humans and ecosystems (very high confidence), and deliver many co-benefits, especially for air quality and health (high confidence). Delayed mitigation and adaptation action would lock in high-emissions infrastructure, raise risks of stranded assets and cost-escalation, reduce feasibility, and increase losses and damages (high confidence). Near-term actions involve high up-front investments and potentially disruptive changes that can be lessened by a range of enabling policies (high confidence). {2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8} C.2.1 Deep, rapid, and sustained mitigation and accelerated implementation of adaptation actions in this decade would reduce future losses and damages related to climate change for humans and ecosystems (very high confidence). As adaptation options often have long implementation times, accelerated implementation of adaptation in this decade is important to close adaptation gaps (high confidence). Comprehensive, effective, and innovative responses integrating adaptation and mitigation can harness synergies and reduce trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation (high confidence). {4.1, 4.2, 4.3}
Climate Resilient Development
Emissions reductions
Adaptation
Sustainable Development
Multiple interacting choices and actions can shift
development pathways towards sustainability
Sustainable Development
Goal (SDG) achievement
IPCC AR6
Present 2030 world
Past
conditions
There is a rapidly narrowing window of opportunity
to enable climate resilient development
Prospects for climate
resilient development will
be further limited if global
warming exceeds 1.5°C and
if progress towards the SDGs
is inadequate
Early action and enabling
conditions create future
opportunities for climate
resilient development
Past conditions
(emissions, climate
change, development)
have increased warming
and development gaps persist
opportunities missed
Illustrative ‘shock’ that
disrupts development
warming limited to below 1.5°C
Low emissions
System transitions
Transformation
Low climate risk
Equity and justice
SDG achievement
High emissions
Entrenched systems
Adaptation limits
Maladaptation
Increasing climate risk
Reduced options
for development
Ecosystem
degradation
Outcomes characterising
development pathways
Civil
society
Governments
Private
sector
Conditions that enable
individual and collective actions
• Inclusive governance
• Diverse knowledges and values
• Finance and innovation
• Integration across sectors
and time scales
• Ecosystem stewardship
• Synergies between climate
and development actions
• Behavioural change supported
by policy, infrastructure and
socio-cultural factors
Conditions that constrain
individual and collective actions
• Poverty, inequity and injustice
• Economic, institutional, social
and capacity barriers
• Siloed responses
• Lack of finance, and barriers
to finance and technology
• Tradeoffs with SDGs
2100
& beyond
26 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
C.2.2 Delayed mitigation action will further increase global warming and losses and damages will rise and additional human and natural systems will reach adaptation limits. Challenges from delayed adaptation and mitigation actions include the risk of cost escalation, lock-in of infrastructure, stranded assets, and reduced feasibility and effectiveness of adaptation and mitigation options. Without rapid, deep and sustained mitigation and accelerated adaptation actions, losses and damages will continue to increase, including projected adverse impacts in Africa, LDCs, SIDS, Central and South America49, Asia and the Arctic, and will disproportionately affect the most vulnerable populations. (high confidence) {2.1.2, 3.1.2, 3.2, 3.3.1, 3.3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3} (Figure SPM.3, Figure SPM.4) C.2.3 Accelerated climate action can also provide co-benefits (see also C.4) (high confidence). Many mitigation actions would have benefits for health through lower air pollution, active mobility (e.g., walking, cycling), and shifts to sustainable healthy diets (high confidence). Strong, rapid and sustained reductions in methane emissions can limit near-term warming and improve air quality by reducing global surface ozone (high confidence). Adaptation can generate multiple additional benefits such as improving agricultural productivity, innovation, health and well-being, food security, livelihood, and biodiversity conservation (very high confidence). {4.2, 4.5.4, 4.5.5, 4.6} C.2.4 Cost-benefit analysis remains limited in its ability to represent all avoided damages from climate change (high confidence). The economic benefits for human health from air quality improvement arising from mitigation action can be of the same order of magnitude as mitigation costs, and potentially even larger (medium confidence). Even without accounting for all the benefits of avoiding potential damages, the global economic and social benefit of limiting global warming to 2°C exceeds the cost of mitigation in most of the assessed literature (medium confidence)

50. More rapid
climate change mitigation, with emissions peaking earlier, increases co-benefits and reduces feasibility risks and costs in the long-term, but requires higher up-front investments (high confidence). {3.4.1, 4.2} C.2.5 Ambitious mitigation pathways imply large and sometimes disruptive changes in existing economic structures, with significant distributional consequences within and between countries. To accelerate climate action, the adverse consequences of these changes can be moderated by fiscal, financial, institutional and regulatory reforms and by integrating climate actions with macroeconomic policies through (i) economy-wide packages, consistent with national circumstances, supporting sustainable low-emission growth paths; (ii) climate resilient safety nets and social protection; and (iii) improved access to finance for low-emissions infrastructure and technologies, especially in developing countries. (high confidence) {4.2, 4.4, 4.7, 4.8.1}
49 The southern part of Mexico is included in the climatic subregion South Central America (SCA) for WGI. Mexico is assessed as part of North America for WGII. The climate change literature for the SCA region occasionally includes Mexico, and in those cases WGII assessment makes reference to Latin America.

Mexico is considered part of Latin America and the Caribbean for WGIII. 50 The evidence is too limited to make a similar robust conclusion for limiting warming to 1.5°C. Limiting global warming to 1.5°C instead of 2°C would increase the costs of mitigation, but also increase the benefits in terms of reduced impacts and related risks, and reduced adaptation needs (high confidence).
27 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
Figure SPM.7: Multiple Opportunities for scaling up climate action. Panel (a) presents selected mitigation and adaptation options across different systems. The left-hand side of panel a shows climate responses and adaptation options assessed for their multidimensional feasibility at global scale, in the near term and up to 1.5°C global warming. As literature above 1.5°C is limited, feasibility at higher levels of warming may change, which is currently not possible to assess robustly. The term response is used here in addition to adaptation because some responses, such as migration, relocation and resettlement may or may not be considered to be adaptation. Forest based adaptation includes sustainable forest management, forest conservation and restoration, reforestation There are multiple opportunities for scaling up climate action Costs are lower than the reference
0–20 (USD per tCO2-eq)
20–50 (USD per tCO2-eq)
50–100 (USD per tCO2-eq)
100–200 (USD per tCO2-eq)
Cost not allocated due to high
variability or lack of data
Feasibility level and synergies Net lifetime cost of options:
with mitigation
Insufficient evidence
Confidence level in potential feasibility
and in synergies with mitigation
High Medium Low
a) Feasibility of climate responses and adaptation, and potential of mitigation options in the near term High Medium Low Synergies with mitigation
not assessed
0 1 2 3 4 5
Potential contribution to
net emission reduction, 2030
Carbon capture with utilisation (CCU) and CCS
Material efficiency
Enhanced recycling
Construction materials substitution
Energy efficiency
Wind
Solar
Reduce methane and N2O in agriculture
Reduce food loss and food waste
Geothermal and hydropower
Carbon sequestration in agriculture
Reduce conversion of natural ecosystems
Nuclear
Reduce methane from coal, oil and gas
Bioelectricity (includes BECCS)
Fossil Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Ecosystem restoration, afforestation, reforestation
Fuel switching
Reduce emission of fluorinated gas
Reduce methane from
waste/wastewater
Improved sustainable forest management
Climate responses and
adaptation options Mitigation options
GtCO2-eq/yr
Enhanced health services
(e.g. WASH, nutrition and diets)
Green infrastructure and
ecosystem services
Sustainable land use and urban planning
Sustainable urban water management
Climate services, including Early Warning Systems
Livelihood diversification
Disaster risk management
Social safety nets
Risk spreading and sharing
Planned relocation and resettlement
Human migration
Agroforestry
Sustainable aquaculture and fisheries
Efficient livestock systems
Biodiversity management and ecosystem connectivity
Integrated coastal zone management
Water use efficiency and water
resource management
Improved cropland management
Coastal defence and hardening
Forest-based adaptation
Resilient power systems
Energy reliability (e.g. diversification, access, stability) Improve water use efficiency
Potentialfeasibilityup to 1.5°C

ENERGY SUPPLY LAND, WATER, FOOD HEALTH SETTLEMENTS AND

INFRASTRUCTURE

SOCIETY, LIVELIHOOD

AND ECONOMY

INDUSTRY AND WASTE
0 10 20
0 10 20
Electricity
Land transport
Buildings
Industry
Food
67%
66%
29%
44%
73% reduction (before
additional electrification)
Additional electrification (+60%)
GtCO2-eq/yr
GtCO2/yr
Key Total emissions (2050)
Percentage of possible reduction
Demand-side mitigation potential
Potential range
%
Efficient lighting, appliances and equipment
Efficient shipping and aviation
Avoid demand for energy services
Efficient buildings
Electric vehicles
Public transport and bicycling
Biofuels for transport
Onsite renewables
Fuel efficient vehicles
Shift to sustainable healthy diets
options costing 100 USD tCO2-eq-1 or less could reduce global emissions by at least half of the 2019 level by 2030
b) Potential of demand-side
mitigation options by 2050
the range of GHG emissions
reduction potential is 40-70%
in these end-use sectors
28 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
and afforestation. WASH refers to water, sanitation and hygiene. Six feasibility dimensions (economic, technological, institutional, social, environmental and geophysical) were used to calculate the potential feasibility of climate responses and adaptation options, along with their synergies with mitigation. For potential feasibility and feasibility dimensions, the figure shows high, medium, or low feasibility. Synergies with mitigation are identified as high, medium, and low. The right-hand side of Panel a provides an overview of selected mitigation options and their estimated costs and potentials in 2030. Costs are net lifetime discounted monetary costs of avoided GHG emissions calculated relative to a reference technology. Relative potentials and costs will vary by place, context and time and in the longer term compared to 2030. The potential (horizontal axis) is the net GHG emission reduction (sum of reduced emissions and/or enhanced sinks) broken down into cost categories (coloured bar segments) relative to an emission baseline consisting of current policy (around 2019) reference scenarios from the AR6 scenarios database. The potentials are assessed independently for each option and are not additive. Health system mitigation options are included mostly in settlement and infrastructure (e.g., efficient healthcare buildings) and cannot be identified separately. Fuel switching in industry refers to switching to electricity, hydrogen, bioenergy and natural gas. Gradual colour transitions indicate uncertain breakdown into cost categories due to uncertainty or heavy context dependency. The uncertainty in the total potential is typically 25–50%. Panel (b) displays the indicative potential of demand-side mitigation options for 2050. Potentials are estimated based on approximately 500 bottom-up studies representing all global regions. The baseline (white bar) is provided by the sectoral mean GHG emissions in 2050 of the two scenarios (IEA-STEPS and IP_ModAct) consistent with policies announced by national governments until 2020.

The green arrow represents the demand-side emissions reductions potentials. The range in potential is shown by a line connecting dots displaying the highest and the lowest potentials reported in the literature. Food shows demand-side potential of socio-cultural factors and infrastructure use, and changes in land-use patterns enabled by change in food demand. Demand-side measures and new ways of end-use service provision can reduce global GHG emissions in end-use sectors (buildings, land transport, food) by 40–70% by 2050 compared to baseline scenarios, while some regions and socioeconomic groups require additional energy and resources. The last row shows how demand-side mitigation options in other sectors can influence overall electricity demand. The dark grey bar shows the projected increase in electricity demand above the 2050 baseline due to increasing electrification in the other sectors. Based on a bottom-up assessment, this projected increase in electricity demand can be avoided through demand-side mitigation options in the domains of infrastructure use and socio-cultural factors that influence electricity usage in industry, land transport, and buildings (green arrow). {Figure 4.4} Mitigation and Adaptation Options across Systems
C.3 Rapid and far-reaching transitions across all sectors and systems are necessary to achieve deep and sustained emissions reductions and secure a liveable and sustainable future for all.

These system transitions involve a significant upscaling of a wide portfolio of mitigation and adaptation options. Feasible, effective, and low-cost options for mitigation and adaptation are already available, with differences across systems and regions. (high confidence) {4.1, 4.5,

4.6} (Figure SPM.7)
C.3.1 The systemic change required to achieve rapid and deep emissions reductions and transformative adaptation to climate change is unprecedented in terms of scale, but not necessarily in terms of speed (medium confidence). Systems transitions include: deployment of low- or zero-emission technologies; reducing and changing demand through infrastructure design and access, socio-cultural and behavioural changes, and increased technological efficiency and adoption; social protection, climate services or other services; and protecting and restoring ecosystems (high confidence). Feasible, effective, and low-cost options for mitigation and adaptation are already available (high confidence). The availability, feasibility and potential of mitigation and adaptation options in the near term differs across systems and regions (very high confidence). {4.1, 4.5.1 to 4.5.6} (Figure SPM.7)
Energy Systems
C.3.2 Net zero CO2 energy systems entail: a substantial reduction in overall fossil fuel use, minimal use of unabated fossil fuels51, and use of carbon capture and storage in the remaining fossil fuel systems; electricity systems that emit no net CO2; widespread electrification; alternative energy carriers in applications less amenable to electrification; energy conservation and efficiency; and greater integration across the energy system (high confidence). Large contributions to emissions reductions with costs less than USD 20 tCO2-eq-1 come from solar and wind energy, energy efficiency improvements, and methane emissions reductions (coal mining, oil and gas, waste) (medium confidence). There are feasible adaptation options that support infrastructure resilience, reliable power systems and efficient water use for existing and new energy generation systems (very high confidence). Energy generation diversification (e.g., via wind, solar, small scale hydropower) and demand-side management (e.g., storage and energy efficiency improvements) can increase energy reliability and reduce vulnerabilities to climate change (high confidence). Climate responsive energy markets, updated design standards on energy assets according to current and projected climate change, smart-grid technologies, robust transmission systems and improved capacity to respond to supply deficits have high feasibility in the medium to long term, with mitigation co-benefits (very high confidence). {4.5.1} (Figure SPM.7) 51 In this context, ‘unabated fossil fuels’ refers to fossil fuels produced and used without interventions that substantially reduce the amount of GHG emitted throughout the life cycle; for example, capturing 90% or more CO2 from power plants, or 50–80% of fugitive methane emissions from energy supply. 29 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
Industry and Transport
C.3.3 Reducing industry GHG emissions entails coordinated action throughout value chains to promote all mitigation options, including demand management, energy and materials efficiency, circular material flows, as well as abatement technologies and transformational changes in production processes (high confidence). In transport, sustainable biofuels, low-emissions hydrogen, and derivatives (including ammonia and synthetic fuels) can support mitigation of CO2 emissions from shipping, aviation, and heavy-duty land transport but require production process improvements and cost reductions (medium confidence). Sustainable biofuels can offer additional mitigation benefits in land-based transport in the short and medium term (medium confidence). Electric vehicles powered by low-GHG emissions electricity have large potential to reduce land-based transport GHG emissions, on a life cycle basis (high confidence).

Advances in battery technologies could facilitate the electrification of heavy-duty trucks and compliment conventional electric rail systems (medium confidence). The environmental footprint of battery production and growing concerns about critical minerals can be addressed by material and supply diversification strategies, energy and material efficiency improvements, and circular material flows (medium confidence). {4.5.2, 4.5.3} (Figure SPM.7) Cities, Settlements and Infrastructure
C.3.4 Urban systems are critical for achieving deep emissions reductions and advancing climate resilient development (high confidence). Key adaptation and mitigation elements in cities include considering climate change impacts and risks (e.g., through climate services) in the design and planning of settlements and infrastructure; land use planning to achieve compact urban form, co-location of jobs and housing; supporting public transport and active mobility (e.g., walking and cycling); the efficient design, construction, retrofit, and use of buildings; reducing and changing energy and material consumption; sufficiency52; material substitution; and electrification in combination with low emissions sources (high confidence). Urban transitions that offer benefits for mitigation, adaptation, human health and wellbeing, ecosystem services, and vulnerability reduction for low-income communities are fostered by inclusive long-term planning that takes an integrated approach to physical, natural and social infrastructure (high confidence). Green/ natural and blue infrastructure supports carbon uptake and storage and either singly or when combined with grey infrastructure can reduce energy use and risk from extreme events such as heatwaves, flooding, heavy precipitation and droughts, while generating co-benefits for health, well-being and livelihoods (medium confidence). {4.5.3} Land, Ocean, Food, and Water
C.3.5 Many agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) options provide adaptation and mitigation benefits that could be upscaled in the near term across most regions. Conservation, improved management, and restoration of forests and other ecosystems offer the largest share of economic mitigation potential, with reduced deforestation in tropical regions having the highest total mitigation potential. Ecosystem restoration, reforestation, and afforestation can lead to trade-offs due to competing demands on land. Minimizing trade-offs requires integrated approaches to meet multiple objectives including food security. Demand-side measures (shifting to sustainable healthy diets53 and reducing food loss/ waste) and sustainable agricultural intensification can reduce ecosystem conversion, and methane and nitrous oxide emissions, and free up land for reforestation and ecosystem restoration. Sustainably sourced agricultural and forest products, including long-lived wood products, can be used instead of more GHG-intensive products in other sectors.

Effective adaptation options include cultivar improvements, agroforestry, community-based adaptation, farm and landscape diversification, and urban agriculture. These AFOLU response options require integration of biophysical, socioeconomic and other enabling factors. Some options, such as conservation of high-carbon ecosystems (e.g., peatlands, wetlands, rangelands, mangroves and forests), deliver immediate benefits, while others, such as restoration of high-carbon ecosystems, take decades to deliver measurable results. (high confidence) {4.5.4} (Figure SPM.7) C.3.6 Maintaining the resilience of biodiversity and ecosystem services at a global scale depends on effective and equitable conservation of approximately 30% to 50% of Earth’s land, freshwater and ocean areas, including currently nearnatural ecosystems (high confidence). Conservation, protection and restoration of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and 52 A set of measures and daily practices that avoid demand for energy, materials, land, and water while delivering human well-being for all within planetary boundaries. {4.5.3}
53 ‘Sustainable healthy diets’ promote all dimensions of individuals’ health and well-being; have low environmental pressure and impact; are accessible, affordable, safe and equitable; and are culturally acceptable, as described in FAO and WHO. The related concept of ‘balanced diets’ refers to diets that feature plant-based foods, such as those based on coarse grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds, and animal-sourced food produced in resilient, sustainable and low-GHG emission systems, as described in SRCCL. 30 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
ocean ecosystems, together with targeted management to adapt to unavoidable impacts of climate change reduces the vulnerability of biodiversity and ecosystem services to climate change (high confidence), reduces coastal erosion and flooding (high confidence), and could increase carbon uptake and storage if global warming is limited (medium confidence). Rebuilding overexploited or depleted fisheries reduces negative climate change impacts on fisheries (medium confidence) and supports food security, biodiversity, human health and well-being (high confidence). Land restoration contributes to climate change mitigation and adaptation with synergies via enhanced ecosystem services and with economically positive returns and co-benefits for poverty reduction and improved livelihoods (high confidence).

Cooperation, and inclusive decision making, with Indigenous Peoples and local communities, as well as recognition of inherent rights of Indigenous Peoples, is integral to successful adaptation and mitigation across forests and other ecosystems (high confidence). {4.5.4, 4.6} (Figure SPM.7) Health and Nutrition
C.3.7 Human health will benefit from integrated mitigation and adaptation options that mainstream health into food, infrastructure, social protection, and water policies (very high confidence). Effective adaptation options exist to help protect human health and well-being, including: strengthening public health programs related to climate-sensitive diseases, increasing health systems resilience, improving ecosystem health, improving access to potable water, reducing exposure of water and sanitation systems to flooding, improving surveillance and early warning systems, vaccine development (very high confidence), improving access to mental healthcare, and Heat Health Action Plans that include early warning and response systems (high confidence). Adaptation strategies which reduce food loss and waste or support balanced, sustainable healthy diets contribute to nutrition, health, biodiversity and other environmental benefits (high confidence). {4.5.5} (Figure SPM.7)
Society, Livelihoods, and Economies
C.3.8 Policy mixes that include weather and health insurance, social protection and adaptive social safety nets, contingent finance and reserve funds, and universal access to early warning systems combined with effective contingency plans, can reduce vulnerability and exposure of human systems. Disaster risk management, early warning systems, climate services and risk spreading and sharing approaches have broad applicability across sectors. Increasing education including capacity building, climate literacy, and information provided through climate services and community approaches can facilitate heightened risk perception and accelerate behavioural changes and planning. (high confidence) {4.5.6} Synergies and Trade-Offs with Sustainable Development
C.4 Accelerated and equitable action in mitigating and adapting to climate change impacts is critical to sustainable development. Mitigation and adaptation actions have more synergies than trade-offs with Sustainable Development Goals. Synergies and trade-offs depend on context and scale of implementation. (high confidence) {3.4, 4.2, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.9, Figure 4.5} C.4.1 Mitigation efforts embedded within the wider development context can increase the pace, depth and breadth of emission reductions (medium confidence). Countries at all stages of economic development seek to improve the well-being of people, and their development priorities reflect different starting points and contexts. Different contexts include but are not limited to social, economic, environmental, cultural, political circumstances, resource endowment, capabilities, international environment, and prior development (high confidence). In regions with high dependency on fossil fuels for, among other things, revenue and employment generation, mitigating risk for sustainable development requires policies that promote economic and energy sector diversification and considerations of just transitions principles, processes and practices (high confidence). Eradicating extreme poverty, energy poverty, and providing decent living standards in low-emitting countries / regions in the context of achieving sustainable development objectives, in the near term, can be achieved without significant global emissions growth (high confidence). {4.4, 4.6, Annex I: Glossary} C.4.2 Many mitigation and adaptation actions have multiple synergies with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and sustainable development generally, but some actions can also have trade-offs. Potential synergies with SDGs exceed potential trade-offs; synergies and trade-offs depend on the pace and magnitude of change and the development context including inequalities with consideration of climate justice. Trade-offs can be evaluated and minimised by giving emphasis to capacity building, finance, governance, technology transfer, investments, development, context specific gender-based and other social equity considerations with meaningful participation of Indigenous Peoples, local communities and vulnerable populations. (high confidence) {3.4.1, 4.6, Figure 4.5, 4.9} 31 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
C.4.3 Implementing both mitigation and adaptation actions together and taking trade-offs into account supports co-benefits and synergies for human health and well-being. For example, improved access to clean energy sources and technologies generates health benefits especially for women and children; electrification combined with low-GHG energy, and shifts to active mobility and public transport can enhance air quality, health, employment, and can elicit energy security and deliver equity. (high confidence) {4.2, 4.5.3, 4.5.5, 4.6, 4.9} Equity and Inclusion
C.5 Prioritising equity, climate justice, social justice, inclusion and just transition processes can enable adaptation and ambitious mitigation actions and climate resilient development.

Adaptation outcomes are enhanced by increased support to regions and people with the highest vulnerability to climatic hazards. Integrating climate adaptation into social protection programs improves resilience. Many options are available for reducing emission-intensive consumption, including through behavioural and lifestyle changes, with co-benefits for societal well-being. (high confidence) {4.4, 4.5}
C.5.1 Equity remains a central element in the UN climate regime, notwithstanding shifts in differentiation between states over time and challenges in assessing fair shares. Ambitious mitigation pathways imply large and sometimes disruptive changes in economic structure, with significant distributional consequences, within and between countries. Distributional consequences within and between countries include shifting of income and employment during the transition from high- to low-emissions activities. (high confidence) {4.4} C.5.2 Adaptation and mitigation actions that prioritise equity, social justice, climate justice, rights-based approaches, and inclusivity, lead to more sustainable outcomes, reduce trade-offs, support transformative change and advance climate resilient development. Redistributive policies across sectors and regions that shield the poor and vulnerable, social safety nets, equity, inclusion and just transitions, at all scales can enable deeper societal ambitions and resolve tradeoffs with sustainable development goals. Attention to equity and broad and meaningful participation of all relevant actors in decision making at all scales can build social trust which builds on equitable sharing of benefits and burdens of mitigation that deepen and widen support for transformative changes. (high confidence) {4.4} C.5.3 Regions and people (3.3 to 3.6 billion in number) with considerable development constraints have high vulnerability to climatic hazards (see A.2.2). Adaptation outcomes for the most vulnerable within and across countries and regions are enhanced through approaches focusing on equity, inclusivity and rights-based approaches. Vulnerability is exacerbated by inequity and marginalisation linked to e.g., gender, ethnicity, low incomes, informal settlements, disability, age, and historical and ongoing patterns of inequity such as colonialism, especially for many Indigenous Peoples and local communities. Integrating climate adaptation into social protection programs, including cash transfers and public works programs, is highly feasible and increases resilience to climate change, especially when supported by basic services and infrastructure. The greatest gains in well-being in urban areas can be achieved by prioritising access to finance to reduce climate risk for low-income and marginalised communities including people living in informal settlements. (high confidence) {4.4, 4.5.3, 4.5.5, 4.5.6}
C.5.4 The design of regulatory instruments and economic instruments and consumption-based approaches, can advance equity.

Individuals with high socio-economic status contribute disproportionately to emissions, and have the highest potential for emissions reductions. Many options are available for reducing emission-intensive consumption while improving societal well-being. Socio-cultural options, behaviour and lifestyle changes supported by policies, infrastructure, and technology can help end-users shift to low-emissions-intensive consumption, with multiple co-benefits. A substantial share of the population in low-emitting countries lack access to modern energy services. Technology development, transfer, capacity building and financing can support developing countries / regions leapfrogging or transitioning to low-emissions transport systems thereby providing multiple co-benefits. Climate resilient development is advanced when actors work in equitable, just and inclusive ways to reconcile divergent interests, values and worldviews, toward equitable and just outcomes. (high confidence) {2.1, 4.4} 32 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
Governance and Policies
C.6 Effective climate action is enabled by political commitment, well-aligned multilevel governance, institutional frameworks, laws, policies and strategies and enhanced access to finance and technology. Clear goals, coordination across multiple policy domains, and inclusive governance processes facilitate effective climate action. Regulatory and economic instruments can support deep emissions reductions and climate resilience if scaled up and applied widely. Climate resilient development benefits from drawing on diverse knowledge. (high confidence) {2.2, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7}
C.6.1 Effective climate governance enables mitigation and adaptation. Effective governance provides overall direction on setting targets and priorities and mainstreaming climate action across policy domains and levels, based on national circumstances and in the context of international cooperation. It enhances monitoring and evaluation and regulatory certainty, prioritising inclusive, transparent and equitable decision-making, and improves access to finance and technology (see C.7). (high confidence) {2.2.2, 4.7}
C.6.2 Effective local, municipal, national and subnational institutions build consensus for climate action among diverse interests, enable coordination and inform strategy setting but require adequate institutional capacity. Policy support is influenced by actors in civil society, including businesses, youth, women, labour, media, Indigenous Peoples, and local communities. Effectiveness is enhanced by political commitment and partnerships between different groups in society. (high confidence) {2.2, 4.7}
C.6.3 Effective multilevel governence for mitigation, adaptation, risk management, and climate resilient development is enabled by inclusive decision processes that prioritise equity and justice in planning and implementation, allocation of appropriate resources, institutional review, and monitoring and evaluation. Vulnerabilities and climate risks are often reduced through carefully designed and implemented laws, policies, participatory processes, and interventions that address context specific inequities such as those based on gender, ethnicity, disability, age, location and income. (high confidence) {4.4, 4.7}
C.6.4 Regulatory and economic instruments could support deep emissions reductions if scaled up and applied more widely (high confidence). Scaling up and enhancing the use of regulatory instruments can improve mitigation outcomes in sectoral applications, consistent with national circumstances (high confidence). Where implemented, carbon pricing instruments have incentivized low-cost emissions reduction measures but have been less effective, on their own and at prevailing prices during the assessment period, to promote higher-cost measures necessary for further reductions (medium confidence). Equity and distributional impacts of such carbon pricing instruments, e.g., carbon taxes and emissions trading, can be addressed by using revenue to support low-income households, among other approaches.

Removing fossil fuel subsidies would reduce emissions54 and yield benefits such as improved public revenue, macroeconomic and sustainability performance; subsidy removal can have adverse distributional impacts, especially on the most economically vulnerable groups which, in some cases can be mitigated by measures such as redistributing revenue saved, all of which depend on national circumstances (high confidence). Economy-wide policy packages, such as public spending commitments and pricing reforms, can meet short-term economic goals while reducing emissions and shifting development pathways towards sustainability (medium confidence). Effective policy packages would be comprehensive, consistent, balanced across objectives, and tailored to national circumstances (high confidence). {2.2.2, 4.7} C.6.5 Drawing on diverse knowledges and cultural values, meaningful participation and inclusive engagement processes— including Indigenous Knowledge, local knowledge, and scientific knowledge—facilitates climate resilient development, builds capacity and allows locally appropriate and socially acceptable solutions. (high confidence) {4.4, 4.5.6, 4.7} 54 Fossil fuel subsidy removal is projected by various studies to reduce global CO2 emission by 1 to 4%, and GHG emissions by up to 10% by 2030, varying across regions (medium confidence).
33 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
Finance, Technology and International Cooperation
C.7 Finance, technology and international cooperation are critical enablers for accelerated climate action. If climate goals are to be achieved, both adaptation and mitigation financing would need to increase many-fold. There is sufficient global capital to close the global investment gaps but there are barriers to redirect capital to climate action. Enhancing technology innovation systems is key to accelerate the widespread adoption of technologies and practices. Enhancing international cooperation is possible through multiple channels. (high confidence) {2.3, 4.8}
C.7.1 Improved availability of and access to finance55 would enable accelerated climate action (very high confidence).

Addressing needs and gaps and broadening equitable access to domestic and international finance, when combined with other supportive actions, can act as a catalyst for accelerating adaptation and mitigation, and enabling climate resilient development (high confidence). If climate goals are to be achieved, and to address rising risks and accelerate investments in emissions reductions, both adaptation and mitigation finance would need to increase many-fold (high confidence). {4.8.1}
C.7.2 Increased access to finance can build capacity and address soft limits to adaptation and avert rising risks, especially for developing countries, vulnerable groups, regions and sectors (high confidence). Public finance is an important enabler of adaptation and mitigation, and can also leverage private finance (high confidence). Average annual modelled mitigation investment requirements for 2020 to 2030 in scenarios that limit warming to 2°C or 1.5°C are a factor of three to six greater than current levels56, and total mitigation investments (public, private, domestic and international) would need to increase across all sectors and regions (medium confidence). Even if extensive global mitigation efforts are implemented, there will be a need for financial, technical, and human resources for adaptation (high confidence). {4.3, 4.8.1}
C.7.3 There is sufficient global capital and liquidity to close global investment gaps, given the size of the global financial system, but there are barriers to redirect capital to climate action both within and outside the global financial sector and in the context of economic vulnerabilities and indebtedness facing developing countries. Reducing financing barriers for scaling up financial flows would require clear signalling and support by governments, including a stronger alignment of public finances in order to lower real and perceived regulatory, cost and market barriers and risks and improving the risk-return profile of investments. At the same time, depending on national contexts, financial actors, including investors, financial intermediaries, central banks and financial regulators can shift the systemic underpricing of climaterelated risks, and reduce sectoral and regional mismatches between available capital and investment needs. (high confidence) {4.8.1}
C.7.4 Tracked financial flows fall short of the levels needed for adaptation and to achieve mitigation goals across all sectors and regions. These gaps create many opportunities and the challenge of closing gaps is largest in developing countries.

Accelerated financial support for developing countries from developed countries and other sources is a critical enabler to enhance adaptation and mitigation actions and address inequities in access to finance, including its costs, terms and conditions, and economic vulnerability to climate change for developing countries. Scaled-up public grants for mitigation and adaptation funding for vulnerable regions, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa, would be cost-effective and have high social returns in terms of access to basic energy. Options for scaling up mitigation in developing countries include: increased levels of public finance and publicly mobilised private finance flows from developed to developing countries in the context of the USD 100 billion-a-year goal; increased use of public guarantees to reduce risks and leverage private flows at lower cost; local capital markets development; and building greater trust in international cooperation processes. A coordinated effort to make the post-pandemic recovery sustainable over the longer-term can accelerate climate action, including in developing regions and countries facing high debt costs, debt distress and macroeconomic uncertainty. (high confidence) {4.8.1}
C.7.5 Enhancing technology innovation systems can provide opportunities to lower emissions growth, create social and environmental co-benefits, and achieve other SDGs. Policy packages tailored to national contexts and technological characteristics have been effective in supporting low-emission innovation and technology diffusion. Public policies can 55 Finance originates from diverse sources: public or private, local, national or international, bilateral or multilateral, and alternative sources. It can take the form of grants, technical assistance, loans (concessional and non-concessional), bonds, equity, risk insurance and financial guarantees (of different types). 56 These estimates rely on scenario assumptions.
34 Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
support training and R&D, complemented by both regulatory and market-based instruments that create incentives and market opportunities. Technological innovation can have trade-offs such as new and greater environmental impacts, social inequalities, overdependence on foreign knowledge and providers, distributional impacts and rebound effects57, requiring appropriate governance and policies to enhance potential and reduce trade-offs. Innovation and adoption of low-emission technologies lags in most developing countries, particularly least developed ones, due in part to weaker enabling conditions, including limited finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity building. (high confidence) {4.8.3}
C.7.6 International cooperation is a critical enabler for achieving ambitious climate change mitigation, adaptation, and climate resilient development (high confidence). Climate resilient development is enabled by increased international cooperation including mobilising and enhancing access to finance, particularly for developing countries, vulnerable regions, sectors and groups and aligning finance flows for climate action to be consistent with ambition levels and funding needs (high confidence). Enhancing international cooperation on finance, technology and capacity building can enable greater ambition and can act as a catalyst for accelerating mitigation and adaptation, and shifting development pathways towards sustainability (high confidence). This includes support to NDCs and accelerating technology development and deployment (high confidence). Transnational partnerships can stimulate policy development, technology diffusion, adaptation and mitigation, though uncertainties remain over their costs, feasibility and effectiveness (medium confidence). International environmental and sectoral agreements, institutions and initiatives are helping, and in some cases may help, to stimulate low GHG emissions investments and reduce emissions (medium confidence). {2.2.2, 4.8.2} 57 Leading to lower net emission reductions or even emission increases.

From: Kat Sumwalt
To: City Clerk
Subject: 2026 Climate Action Plan
Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 11:01:35 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Hello City Council Members,
I hope this email finds you well. My name is Katya, I grew up in Encinitas, and am writing in support of the 2026 climate action plan.

This year marks a particularly strong El Nino, exacerbated by climate change, which will bring conditions that erode beaches and weaken/damage infrastructure along the coast of California. We have already seen the effects of sea level rise on coastal infrastructure (i.e. collapse of the Cardiff beach parking lot, damage to the Santa Cruz and Ventura Piers, etc).

Plans like the 2026 climate action plan (CAP) address these risks both in the short term and in the long term by working to both mitigate damages and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The 2026 CAP additionally will help address systematic inequalities while working to build a more resilient community.

Please support the 2026 CAP to continue to address the risks of climate change, sea level rise, and give me hope that my community is moving in the right direction.

Thank you for your time!
Katya
From: Mehan, Hugh
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 11:27:37 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor Ehlers and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as a resident of Encinitas to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Hugh Mehan
943 San Dieguito Drive
Encinitas 92024
From: Courtney Lapin
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 11:36:07 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I am writing today to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages than to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Courtney Lapin
Cardiff resident
From: Marcelo Rull
To: City Clerk
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1 Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 11:50:42 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Decision Makers,
As a lifelong Encinitas resident, I am writing to show my support for the adoption of specifically the greywater and blue carbon project measures within the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP).

After reading the potential revisions to the CAP, some 'reasons for the exclusions' are too weak and not based in actionable science.

For example, the greywater system implementation measure was said to be “infeasible due to cost”. This is simply not true, as installing greywater systems upon initial construction is cheaper and easier than retrofitting greywater systems to existing structures. San Diego already has approved greywater systems in their plumbing code along with the already required runoff swales. Furthermore, requiring greywater systems will increase public adoption over time, saving water, energy, and reducing strain on public infrastructure systems.

Please keep greywater system implementation in the Climate Action Plan.

The next revision was in regard to “blue carbon projects”. The excuse given by the Energy Policy Initiatives Center is that carbon sequestration happens in places that the city has no jurisdiction. This is also not true, lagoons and oceans do not operate in a vacuum, the carbon cycle relies on streams and runoff that exist uphill of our lagoons. Managing water as it travels downhill is something that the city does in fact have control over. It is also possible to collaborate with the state also in order to develop and implement blue carbon project goals.

The cost benefit analysis that shot down this measure does not take into consideration all the benefits to water quality and human health. Our lagoons are a precious resource, please keep that in mind and keep the “blue carbon project” measure in the Climate Action Plan.

Learning from climate science, there is so much that we can do to make a difference. The potentially excluded measures on our action plan may not make a huge difference on paper or look impressive on a graph on a slideshow, but measures like those have a greater social impact that have greater effects in the future.

Too bad hydrogen technology did not work out, you can leave that measure out of the CAP.

Thank you for your attention,
Marcelo Rull
Peachwood Drive
From: M Suzan
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 11:03:02 AM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

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From: Nancy Hardwick
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1:Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 12:01:24 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Secured by Avanan
Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
We are requesting that you adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
James and Nancy Hardwick
554 Hidden Ridge Ct
Encinitas, CA 92024
760.942.2578
[email protected]
From: Rebecca Conahan
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 12:31:44 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
I'm writing as to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Rebecca Conahan
Encinitas resident and concerned citizen
From: Emily Nixon
To: City Clerk
Subject: Agenda Item #1 — Support our Community, Support the 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 2:00:35 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Our community faces growing threats from climate change, including sea level rise, coastal erosion, wildfire risk, extreme heat, and drought. Without action and proper implementation of policy, these eminent threats to our community are not an if, but a when, and pose great danger to our community. Further, the risk to our community extends past the human population; climate change is also the leading cause of the loss of local kelp forests and the greatest single threat the ocean faces today. Without participating in collective action towards climate change solutions we stand to lose these community habitats and community members completely, which will affect our coastline ecologically and economically.

Due to our privilege and connection with the coastline, Encinitas has a unique opportunity to lead the way toward a sustainable future. I urge you to adopt the updated Climate Action Plan in its entirety without removal of any measures proposed by staff.

Sincerely,
Emily Nixon
PhD, Marine Biology
CAP Consultants for Encinitas & County of San Diego:

EPIC: SDU School of LAW
SD County Chief Sustainability Officer:

Eden Brukman, BA Architecture, Visual
Studies, MA Design
SD County CAP advisor: Professor David Victor, PhD
Political Science
Where are the Science
Scientists advising for the CAP?
Why we need GHG
by
Anna Tempczyk Russell Ph.D
Quantum Physics,
MS in photochemistry,
and over 35 years of industry experience
in computational interdisciplinary R&D.

Why do we need
greenhouse gases?
Anna Russell, Ph.D.

Quantum physics, MS in photochemistry, and over 35
years of industry experience in computational,
interdisciplinary R&D.

Elements
What elements make up the human body:

Elements
How are carbon, water, and hydrogen
incorporated into the human body?
• CO2 is absorbed by green plants
from the atmosphere and reacts
with water during photosynthesis to
produce carbohydrates and to release oxygen into
the atmosphere
• Animals consume plants, thus,
incorporating carbon into their system
• Humans eat vegetables and
meat to incorporate carbon into our bodies
GreenHouse Gases:
•CO2
The Carbon Cycle is an important aspect of the survival of all life on Earth. Carbon is the building block of life with other elements necessary for life.
•H2O
Water is a crucial reactant when split, providing electrons and protons needed for the light-dependent reactions, and releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
•GHG: Crucial To Keeping Planet at a Suitable
Temperature For Life
• Without GHG, the Heat Emitted By The Earth Would Pass Greenhouse gases are necessary because they
trap heat in the atmosphere, keeping Earth warm
enough to sustain life.

Heat plays a crucial role in vegetable growth by
influencing:

1.Germination: Most seeds germinate best when soil
temperatures are between 68�F and 86�F (20�C to 30�C)

1. Photosynthesis: The optimum temperature for photosynthesis generally falls between 20�C and 35�C (68�F to 95�F),

2. Nutrient Uptake – Heat increases root activity, improving the absorption of water and essential nutrients.

California paleoclimate proxy records (such as tree rings, sediment cores, and stalagmites) reveal that 3. Cell Expansion & Growth C lif i ' b li t t hi t i ll 1000 h d l t f

CONCLUSION
For the growing population, we need more food
e.g. more CO2 in the atmosphere and higher
temperatures to increase photosynthesis,
leading to increased production of crops
Fight on Green House
Gases
Can Green Agenda start an ice age?
•Reversing global warming is unlikely to lead directly to an ice age but can accelerate it.
•Indeed, Earth's natural cycles and greenhouse effects
might delay the onset of the next ice age, expected
within the next 10,000 to 100,000 years.

Fight on Green House Gases
From: Lise McCarty
To: [email protected]
Subject: Special Council Meeting, September 23, 2026 - Agenda Item #1: Please Adopt the Full 2026 Climate Action Plan Date: Wednesday, September 23, 2026 2:31:17 PM
CAUTION: External Email. Do not click any links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender, verified their email address, and know the content is safe.

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,
DO NOT DISCARD as a form letter - I am using it for efficiency as it captures my request. I have been a homeowner in Encinitas since 1998.

I'm writing to urge you to adopt the 2026 Climate Action Plan (CAP) as proposed — with all 32 measures intact.

The Cost Analysis is meant to help prioritize implementation and is not meant to justify eliminating measures. We maximize our economic benefits with these measures because they accomplish many City goals and will save us money in the long run. It is more costly to retroactively respond to climate-related damages than to proactively implement measures to avoid the worst climate scenarios.

As a coastal community, Encinitas has more at stake than most from sea level rise, stronger storms, and wildfire risk. Please move forward with the full CAP, without removing measures at this stage.

Thank you,
Lise McCarty
1718 Shadow Mountain Drive
Encinitas (homeowner since 1998)

Encinitas City CouncilSeptember 23, 2026

Encinitas City Council
September 23, 2026