Fremont City Council
June 20, 2023

Appendix C
Municipal GHG Inventory, Forecasts,
and Measure Quantification Memo

Memo
1111 Broadway, Suite 300
Oakland, CA 94607
916.444.7301

Date: March 8, 2022
To: Rachel DiFranco (City of Fremont)
From: Angie Xiong, Hannah Kornfeld, and Honey Walters (Ascent Environmental) Subject: City of Fremont Climate Action Plan Update Technical Memorandum #3: Municipal Emissions Forecasts and Measures

INTRODUCTION
This technical memorandum summarizes the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from the City of Fremont’s (City) municipal operations and facilities. The purpose of the gap analysis is to confirm and quantify the suite of GHG reduction measures that would set the City on course to meet its reduction targets for 2030, 2045, and 2050 for municipal operations. The gap analysis includes the following steps in the climate action planning process, which are listed below and addressed in subsequent sections.
 Section 1: Municipal Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Forecasts presents an overview of the City’s 2018 municipal GHG emissions inventory as well as the forecasted municipal GHG emissions for 2030, 2045, and 2050.  Section 2: Gap Analysis illustrates the emissions gap between the forecasted municipal GHG emissions and the City’s GHG reduction targets. This gap indicates the quantity of emissions reductions that will need to be met through local action.
 Section 3: Municipal Greenhouse Gas Reduction Measures quantifies the estimated GHG reductions resulting from implementation of the City’s municipal GHG reduction measures. This section also describes the specific actions required to support each measure.

Fremont CAP 2.0 Municipal Emissions Forecasts and Measures Memo March 8, 2022

1 MUNICIPAL GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY AND FORECASTS
The City prepared the 2018 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory using ICLEI’s ClearPath Tool. Municipal operations and facilities generated 7,209 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) in 2018. Major emissions sectors included employee commute, buildings and facilities, street lights and traffic signals, vehicle fleet, solid waste facilities, and water and wastewater treatment. Table 1 and Figure 1 present the 2018 municipal GHG emissions inventory by sector.

Table 1 2018 City of Fremont Municipal Greenhouse Gas Inventory Sector 2018 Emissions (MTCO2e/year) Percent of Total Employee Commute 2,505 35% Buildings and Facilities 1,271 18% Street Lights & Traffic Signals 178 2% Vehicle Fleet 2,241 31% Solid Waste Facilities 930 13% Water and Wastewater Treatment 84 1% Total Municipal Emissions 7,209 100% Notes: Totals may not sum exactly due to independent rounding. MTCO2e/year = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year.

Source: 2018 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory adapted from City of Fremont ClearPath by Ascent Environmental in 2021.

Figure 1 2018 City of Fremont Municipal Greenhouse Gas Inventory

Employee Commute, 35%Buildings and Facilities, 18%Street Lights & Traffic Signals, 2%Vehicle Fleet, 31%Solid Waste Facilities, 13%Water and Wastewater Treatment, 1%Employee CommuteBuildings and FacilitiesStreet Lights & Traffic SignalsVehicle FleetSolid Waste FacilitiesWater and Wastewater Treatment Fremont CAP 2.0 Municipal Emissions Forecasts and Measures Memo March 8, 2022

Municipal GHG emissions forecasts were calculated to estimate future levels, absent City-specific reduction measures.

Emissions forecasts were prepared for a legislative-adjusted “business-as-usual” (BAU) scenario for 2030, 2045, and 2050. The legislative-adjusted BAU forecast scenario accounts for future growth in emissions associated with municipal employment growth, along with legislative actions to reduce emissions due to State and federal regulations, programs, or other mandated actions. The same set of legislative reductions as those applied to the communitywide emissions were applied to the municipal emissions, as applicable. A summary of legislative reductions applied in the legislative-adjusted BAU forecast scenario is provided in the “Fremont CAP 2.0 Emissions Forecast Scenarios Memo,” dated February 26, 2021.

Municipal employment growth rates were used to estimate future activity levels for each emissions sector. The historic average annual employment growth rate between 2016 and 2021 was 1.35 percent. It was assumed that employment growth will slow between 2030 and 2050 as the City becomes increasingly built out and new staff are hired to maintain existing services rather than expand or provide new services. Thus, a reasonable annual employment growth rate of 0.5 percent was used beyond 2030. Municipal employment growth rates were applied to each emissions sector based on the percent change from 2018 activity levels for each target year. Refer to Attachment A for detailed calculations of scaling factors and forecasts.

The legislative-adjusted BAU forecasts for the City’s GHG emissions are summarized alongside the 2005 and 2018 municipal emissions inventories in Table 2. Under the legislative-adjusted BAU forecast, municipal GHG emissions are projected to decrease by approximately 17 percent between 2018 and 2050, despite a 28 percent increase in municipal employment. This is largely due to regulations that require a greater percentage of renewable electricity, increase energy efficiency standards, and improve vehicle fuel efficiency (e.g., California’s Renewables Portfolio Standard, California Building Energy Efficiency Standards, Advanced Clean Car Standards, Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles).

Table 2 City of Fremont 2005 and 2018 Municipal Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories and Legislative- Adjusted BAU Forecasts (MTCO2e)
Sector 2005 2018 2030 2040 2045 Employee Commute 2,572 2,505 1,994 1,864 1,899 Buildings and Facilities 2,769 1,271 1,229 1,102 1,117 Street Lights & Traffic Signals 1,754 178 113 - - Vehicle Fleet 2,371 2,241 1,784 1,668 1,699 Solid Waste Facilities 722 930 1,081 1,165 1,195 Water and Wastewater Treatment 203 84 84 72 74 Total Municipal Emissions 10,391 7,209 6,286 5,872 5,983 Notes: Total may not sum exactly due to independent rounding. BAU = business-as-usual; MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent.

Source: 2005 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory prepared by City of Fremont, ClearPath. 2018 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory adapted from City of Fremont ClearPath by Ascent Environmental in 2021. Forecasts prepared by Ascent Environmental in 2021. 2 GAP ANALYSIS
The City’s GHG reduction targets are as follows:
 2030 target: 55 percent below 2005 levels for communitywide emissions; and  2045 target: municipal and community-scale carbon neutrality.

The City is aligning its 2030 municipal GHG reductions target with the 2030 communitywide target of 55 percent below 2005 levels. Based on the City’s 2005 municipal inventory (shown in Table 2), applying the above targets to the Fremont CAP 2.0 Municipal Emissions Forecasts and Measures Memo March 8, 2022

2005 baseline would mean that the City’s municipal emissions would need to be reduced to 5,715 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) by 2030 and 0 MTCO2e by 2045. The City’s municipal targets, along with the estimated reductions required to achieve the targets, are summarized in Table 3.

Table 3 City of Fremont Municipal GHG Emissions Reduction Targets and Legislative-Adjusted BAU Summary
Source 2005 2018 2030 2045 2050 Municipal Emissions and Legislative-Adjusted BAU Forecasts (MTCO2e) 10,391 7,209 6,286 5,872 5,983 Municipal Target Percent Reduction Below 2005 Levels NA NA 55% Carbon Neutrality Carbon Neutrality Municipal Target Annual Emissions (MTCO2e) NA NA 5,715 0 0 Reduction Needed to Meet Target (MTCO2e) NA NA 571 5,872 5,983 Notes: BAU = business-as-usual; GHG = greenhouse gas; MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year; NA = not applicable.

Source: Calculations conducted by Ascent Environmental in 2021.

Figure 2 depicts the municipal legislative-adjusted BAU GHG emissions forecasts by sector, as distinguished by colored wedges, and the City’s municipal emissions reduction targets relative to the 2005 municipal emissions inventory. The space between the trajectory of the black line (i.e., targets) and the top of the colored wedges (i.e., forecasted emissions) represents the gap in emissions that will need to be addressed through municipal actions for the City to meet its municipal GHG reduction targets.

Figure 2 City of Fremont Municipal Legislative-Adjusted BAU Emissions Forecast by Sector and Emissions Reduction Targets: 2030, 2045, and 2050
55% below 2005 levels by 2030 (5,715 MTCO2e)Carbon Neutrality by 20452005 2018 2030 2045 2050 - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000GHG Emissions (MTCO2e)Employee CommuteBuildings and FacilitiesStreet Lights & Traffic SignalsVehicle FleetSolid Waste FacilitiesWater and Wastewater TreatmentReduction Targets Fremont CAP 2.0 Municipal Emissions Forecasts and Measures Memo March 8, 2022

3 MUNICIPAL GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTION

MEASURES
As discussed above, additional GHG reductions are needed to achieve the municipal operations emissions reduction targets for 2030, 2045, and 2050. Ascent worked with City staff to develop a draft list of recommended municipal GHG reduction measures based existing measures from the City’s 2012 CAP, as well as new measures informed by community outreach and current best practices.

The measures presented below are organized under six categories that generally align with the emissions sectors included in the municipal inventories: buildings and energy (includes buildings and facilities, and street lights and traffic signals), on-road transportation (includes employee commute and vehicle fleet), water and wastewater treatment, solid waste facilities, infrastructure, and carbon sequestration. Each sector includes one or more broad strategies, and each strategy includes one or more measures to reduce GHG emissions and adapt to climate change.

For measures that are quantifiable, clear performance indicators have been included that can be tracked and monitored to help the City meet its reduction targets. To assist with implementation, measures are broken down into specific actions and supporting actions that the City would take to reduce GHG emissions.

GHG reductions associated with these recommended measures were calculated in a stepwise manner for the future years of 2030, 2045, and 2050. In other words, GHG reductions (in MTCO2e) are assessed during a snapshot in time in years 2030, 2045, and 2050. Measures are quantified for a single year rather than adding cumulative reductions from prior years, which aligns with the methodology used to derive the City’s GHG reduction targets.

GHG emissions reductions were quantified for measures wherever substantial evidence and reasonable assumptions were available to support calculations. City staff and Ascent also identified measures that were not quantifiable due to lack of available data or quantification methods but would still be expected to reduce GHG emissions. These are listed in this memo and will be discussed qualitatively in the CAP 2.0 document.

Preliminary estimates of municipal GHG emissions reductions, along with an estimated emissions gap are summarized in Table 4 below and illustrated in Figure 3. Descriptions of the measures and actions are provided in the following sections. Detailed measure calculations and assumptions supporting the GHG reduction estimates are provided in Attachment B.

Table 4 Municipal Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Measures Measure Number Strategy Measure GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 2030 2040 2045 Buildings and Energy
BU-1 Clean and Renewable Power Use Transition to 100 percent clean electricity consumption. 367 - - BU-6 Building Electrification and Low-Carbon Design Require new City buildings to be all electric and low carbon. 59 155 186 BU-7 Retrofit existing City buildings to be all electric and low carbon. 346 785 982 BU-8 Building Energy Efficiency and Demand Management Reduce energy consumption in buildings and operations. NA NA NA BU-10 Reduce overall demand on the electrical grid. NA NA NA BU-11 Building Energy Resilience Increase the development of microgrids at emergency facilities. NA NA NA BU-13 Water Conservation in Buildings Reduce water consumption in buildings. 1 - - BU-14 Increase the capture of rainwater and use of greywater. NA NA NA Fremont CAP 2.0 Municipal Emissions Forecasts and Measures Memo March 8, 2022

Measure Number Strategy Measure GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 2030 2040 2045 BU-15 Waste Reduction in Building and Construction Demolition Increase sustainable materials use and recovery in construction and demolition (C&D). - - - Buildings and Energy Subtotal 773 940 1,168 Infrastructure and Equipment
IN-6 Clean Mobility Infrastructure Replace the City's gasoline and diesel-powered fleet vehicles and other equipment with low-emission and zero-emission vehicles. 683 1,458 1,587 IN-10 Critical Infrastructure Protection Assess local vulnerabilities to climate change and incorporate climate adaptation and resiliency into City planning, policies, and infrastructure projects. NA NA NA IN-11 Clean Landscaping and Off-Road Equipment Reduce emissions and air pollution associated with landscaping equipment. NA NA NA Infrastructure and Equipment Subtotal 683 1,458 1,587 Land Use and Mobility
LU-1 Clean and Multimodal Mobility and Connectivity Promote and enhance active transportation options as identified in the City’s Active Transportation Plan and Mobility Action Plan. NA NA NA LU-2 Reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and single-occupancy vehicle trips, as identified in Fremont’s General Plan. 222 386 497 LU-3 Encourage the adoption of zero-emission passenger vehicles. 102 133 154 LU-4 Increase transit ridership and promote transition to zero-emission transit. NA NA NA Land Use and Mobility Subtotal 324 519 651 Materials Reuse and Plastic Waste Reduction
MW-1 Materials Reuse and Plastic Waste Reduction Promote responsible consumption of products and materials and reduce disposable packaging use. NA NA NA MW-2 Encourage repair, reuse, and upcycling of materials. NA NA NA MW-5 Managing Recycling and Organics Establish and advance zero waste targets and policies. 467 900 1,059 Materials Reuse and Plastic Waste Reduction Subtotal 467 900 1,059 Natural and Urban Landscapes
NL-1 Carbon Sequestration Increase soil carbon content. NA NA NA NL-3 Implement the City's Urban Forest Management Plan. 482 1,085 1,286 NL-5 Water Conservation in Landscapes Reduce water usage for irrigation and landscaping. NA NA NA Natural and Urban Landscapes Subtotal 482 1,085 1,286 Green Economy
GE-2 Green Businesses and Jobs Incentivize and promote green business practices. NA NA NA Green Economy Subtotal NA NA NA Total Reductions from Measures 2,730 4,903 5,750 Reduction Needed to Meet Target 571 5,872 5,983 Target Met? Yes No No Fremont CAP 2.0 Municipal Emissions Forecasts and Measures Memo March 8, 2022

Measure Number Strategy Measure GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 2030 2040 2045 Remaining Gap to Target (2,159) 968 233 Notes: Total may not sum exactly due to independent rounding. MTCO2e = metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; NA = not applicable.

Parentheses indicate target has been met with a surplus of reductions.

Source: Calculations conducted by Ascent Environmental in 2021.

3.1 BUILDINGS AND ENERGY

CLEAN AND RENEWABLE POWER USE
Measure BU-1: Transition to 100 percent clean electricity consumption.

Quantification assumptions: This measure assumes that all electricity consumed by municipal facilities is carbon-free by 2030.

BUILDING ELECTRIFICATION AND LOW-CARBON DESIGN
Measure BU-6: Require new City buildings to be all electric and low carbon.

Quantification assumptions: This measure assumes that all municipal development built in 2026 or later is all-electric.

Measure BU-7: Retrofit existing City buildings to be all electric and low carbon.

Quantification assumptions: According to Zero-Carbon Buildings in California: A Feasibility Study, achievable targets for retrofitting existing nonresidential buildings are 13 percent by 2030 and 65 percent by 2045 (Mozingo 2021). Given the City’s ability to control and manage their own facilities, and the natural gas uses typical in municipal facilities (HVAC, water heating) which are easier to convert to all-electric, more aggressive retrofit targets were chosen. This measure assumes that 40 percent of existing municipal buildings are retrofitted by 2030, 80 percent are retrofitted by 2045, and 100 percent are retrofitted by 2050.

BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT
Measure BU-8: Reduce energy consumption in buildings and operations.

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

Measure BU-10: Reduce overall demand on the electrical grid.

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

BUILDING ENERGY RESILIENCE
Measure BU-11: Increase the development of microgrids at emergency facilities.

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

Fremont CAP 2.0 Municipal Emissions Forecasts and Measures Memo March 8, 2022

WATER CONSERVATION IN BUILDINGS
Measure BU-13: Reduce water consumption in buildings.

Quantification assumptions: This measure assumes that 5 percent of municipal water consumption is for indoor uses and 95 percent is for outdoor uses such as landscaping and turf irrigation based on data from the City’s 2019 and 2020 municipal water use. Regarding indoor water consumption in new municipal facilities, this measure assumes a 50 percent reduction by 2030 based on the CAPCOA Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures Report, Measure WUW-1 (CAPCOA 2010). This measure assumes a 30 percent reduction in indoor water consumption by 2030, 40 percent by 2045, and 50 percent by 2050 in existing municipal facilities. Regarding outdoor water consumption, this measure assumes a 50 percent reduction by 2030, 75 percent by 2045, and 80 percent by 2050 at new and existing municipal facilities.

Measure BU-14: Increase the capture of rainwater and use of greywater.

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

WASTE REDUCTION IN BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION DEMOLITION Measure BU-15: Increase sustainable materials use and recovery in construction and demolition (C&D).

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

3.2 INFRASTRUCTURE AND EQUIPMENT

CLEAN MOBILITY INFRASTRUCTURE
Measure IN-6: Replace the City's gasoline- and diesel-powered fleet vehicles with alternative fuel vehicles (renewable diesel, hydrogen, hybrids, electric vehicles).

Quantification assumptions: This measure assumes that the City’s gasoline vehicle fleet will be converted to electric vehicles (EVs) at a rate of 40 percent by 2030 and 100 percent by 2045. This measure assumes that the City’s diesel vehicle fleet will be converted to electric vehicles (EVs) at a rate of 40 percent by 2030, 50 percent by 2045, and 75 percent by 2050.

CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION
Measure IN-10: Assess local vulnerabilities to climate change and incorporate climate adaptation and resiliency into City planning, policies, and infrastructure projects.

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

CLEAN LANDSCAPING AND OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT
Measure IN-11: Reduce emissions and air pollution associated with landscaping equipment.

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

Fremont CAP 2.0 Municipal Emissions Forecasts and Measures Memo March 8, 2022

3.2.1 Land Use and Mobility

CLEAN AND MULTIMODAL MOBILITY AND CONNECTIVITY
Measure LU-1: Promote and enhance active transportation options as identified in the City’s Active Transportation Plan and Mobility Action Plan.

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

Measure LU-2: Reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and single-occupancy vehicle trips, as identified in Fremont’s General Plan.

Quantification assumptions: This measure references the following CAPCOA Handbook measures:
 T-7. Provide Ridesharing Program. Achieves a 0-8.0 percent reduction in vehicle miles traveled (VMT).  T-8. Implement Subsidized or Discounted Transit Program Achieves a 0-5.5 percent reduction in VMT.  T-9. Provide End-of-Trip Bicycle Facilities. Achieves a 0.1-4.4 percent reduction in VMT. This reduction was not applied to long-distance employee commute VMT (CAPCOA 2021).

Additionally, it was assumed that half of employees commuting 5 days per week would telecommute one day per week by 2030. Using data from the City’s 2017 Employee Commute Survey, this would result in a 5.6 percent reduction in overall employee commute VMT. Accounting for interaction between trip reduction measures, this measure assumes an overall reduction rate of 12 percent local commute VMT by 2030, 21 percent by 2045, and 27 percent by 2050. This measure assumes an overall reduction rate of 8 percent long-distance commute VMT by 2030, 18 percent by 2045, and 23 percent by 2050.

Measure LU-3: Encourage the adoption of zero-emission passenger vehicles.

Quantification assumptions: This measure uses guidance from the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA) Public Draft Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity (Draft Handbook) which quantifies the range of potential emissions reductions achieved through implementation of various GHG reduction measures (CAPCOA 2021). CAPCOA measure T-13, Provide EV Charging Infrastructure, achieves a 0-11.9 percent reduction in gasoline VMT. Based on CAPCOA measure T-13, this measure assumes a target conversion rate for employee gasoline commute miles traveled to EV miles traveled (eVMT) of 6 percent by 2030, 9 percent by 2045, and 11 percent by 2050. These reductions are applied on the reduced amount of employee commute miles after application of municipal Measure LU-2.

Measure LU-4: Increase transit ridership and promote transition to zero-emission transit.

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

3.3 MATERIALS REUSE AND PLASTIC WASTE REDUCTION

MATERIALS REUSE AND PLASTIC WASTE REDUCTION
Measure MW-1: Promote responsible consumption of products and materials and reduce disposable packaging use.

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

Fremont CAP 2.0 Municipal Emissions Forecasts and Measures Memo March 8, 2022

Measure MW-2: Encourage repair, reuse, and upcycling of materials.

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

MANAGINING RECYCLING AND ORGANICS
Measure MW-5: Establish and advance zero waste targets and policies.

Quantification assumptions: The City’s communitywide estimated waste diversion rate for 2018 was 56 percent. This measure uses the same current waste diversion rate for municipal waste and assumes that diversion rates will increase to 75 percent by 2030, 90 percent by 2045, and 95 percent by 2050.

3.3.1 Natural and Urban Landscapes

CARBON SEQUESTRATION
Measure NL-1: Increase soil carbon content.

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

Measure NL-3: Implement the City’s Urban Forest Management Plan.

Quantification assumptions: According to the City’s 2020 Urban Tree Assessment, the tree canopy covers 14 percent of the City’s land area. The Tree Assessment identified an additional 17 percent of the City’s land area as possible planting areas, while the remaining 69 percent was deemed unsuitable for plantings (City of Fremont 2020). This measure assumes an increase in total tree canopy coverage to 21 percent of the City’s land area by 2030, 29 by 2045, and 31 by 2050. This measure assumes that 20 percent of new tree plantings will occur on City-owned land and right- of-way.

WATER CONSERVATION IN LANDSCAPES
Measure MW-10: Reduce water usage for irrigation and landscaping.

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

3.3.2 Green Economy
Green Businesses and Jobs
Measure GE-2: Incentivize and promote green business practices.

Quantification assumptions: Not quantified.

3.4 CONCLUSION
The total estimated GHG emissions reductions from all municipal measures quantified would be 2,730 MTCO2e in 2030; 4,903 MTCO2e in 2045; and 5,750 MTCO2e in 2050. This would result in total municipal GHG emissions of 3,556 MTCO2e in 2030; 968 MTCO2e in 2045; and 233 MTCO2e in 2050. Therefore, the total estimated reductions from all Fremont CAP 2.0 Municipal Emissions Forecasts and Measures Memo March 8, 2022

proposed municipal GHG reduction measures would be sufficient to meet and exceed the 2030 target of 5,715 MTCO2e.

The scale of reductions required to achieve the carbon neutrality target for 2045 discussed earlier would require significant improvements in the availability and/or cost of near-zero and zero-emissions technologies, as well as potential increased reductions from ongoing State and federal legislative actions that are currently unknown.

Progress toward meeting future targets that could be set by the State would be part of the ongoing monitoring and updates to the CAP 2.0 as new legislation or future updates to the State’s Climate Change Scoping Plan are adopted.

Figure 3 shows the GHG reductions achieved by the proposed measures, organized by the same sectors used for the inventory and forecasts. The chart shows the estimated GHG reductions due to carbon sequestered through measure MCS-16 as a dashed line that is not associated with any particular emissions sector. Figure 3 shows the City’s achievement of the 2030 target with the proposed GHG reduction measures and demonstrates progress toward the 2045 carbon neutrality target.

Figure 3 City of Fremont Legislative-Adjusted BAU Municipal Emissions Forecast by Sector with Implementation of Proposed GHG Reduction Measures and Emissions Reduction Targets: 2030, 2045 and 2050

2005 2018 2030 2045 205055% below 2005 levels by 2030 (5,715 MTCO2e)Carbon Neutrality by 2045 - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000GHG Emissions (MTCO2e)Employee CommuteBuildings and FacilitiesStreet Lights & Traffic SignalsVehicle FleetSolid Waste FacilitiesWater and Wastewater TreatmentReduction TargetsTotal Municipal Emissions with Carbon Sequestration Fremont CAP 2.0 Municipal Emissions Forecasts and Measures Memo March 8, 2022

REFERENCES
California Air Pollution Control Officers Association. 2010. Quantifying Greenhous Gas Mitigation Measures: A Resource for Local Government to Assess Emission Reductions from Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures. Available. http://www.capcoa.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2010/09/CAPCOA-Quantification-Report-9-14- Final.pdf. Accessed June 24, 2021.
———. 2021. Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity, Public Draft. Available:
https://www.airquality.org/ClimateChange/Documents/Handbook%20Public%20Draft_2021-Aug.pdf.

Accessed: September 22, 2021.

CAPCOA. See California Air Pollution Control Officers Association.

City of Fremont. 2020. Urban Tree Canopy Assessment. Available:
https://fremont.gov/DocumentCenter/View/47422/Fremont-Tree-Canopy-Assessment-2020. Accessed June 24, 2021.

Mozingo, L. 2021. Zero-Carbon Buildings in California: A Feasibility Study. Prepared by the Center for Resource Efficient Communities and the Center for the Built Environment, U.C. Berkeley. Prepared for the California Air Resources Board and the California Environmental Protection Agency.

Attachment A

Charts
Fremont Municipal Operations Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Forecasts Sector 2018 Emissions
(MTCO2e/year)Percent of Total
Employee Commute 2,505 35%
Buildings and Facilities 1,271 18%
Street Lights & Traffic
Signals 178 2%
Vehicle Fleet 2,241 31%
Solid Waste Facilities 930 13%
Water and Wastewater
Treatment 84 1%
Total Municipal Emissions 7,209 100% Sector 2005 2018 2030 20452050 Percent Change between 2050 and 2018 Employee Commute 2,572 2,505 1,994 1,864 1,899 17% Buildings and Facilities 2,769 1,271 1,229 1,102 1,117 Street Lights & Traffic Signals 1,754 178 113 - - Vehicle Fleet 2,371 2,241 1,784 1,668 1,699 Solid Waste Facilities 722 930 1,081 1,165 1,195 Water and Wastewater Treatment203 84 84 72 74 Axis
Total Municipal Emissions 10,391 7,209 6,286 5,872 5,983 Reduction Targets 10,391 7,209 5,715.05 0 0 Employee Commute, 35%Buildings and Facilities, 18%Street Lights & Traffic Signals, 2%Vehicle Fleet, 31%Solid Waste Facilities, 13%Water and Wastewater Treatment, 1%Employee CommuteBuildings and FacilitiesStreet Lights & Traffic SignalsVehicle FleetSolid Waste FacilitiesWater and Wastewater Treatment55% below 2005 levels by 2030 (5,715MTCO2e)Carbon Neutrality by 20452005 2018 2030 2045 2050 - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000GHG Emissions (MTCO2e)Employee CommuteBuildings and FacilitiesStreet Lights & Traffic SignalsVehicle FleetSolid Waste FacilitiesWater and Wastewater TreatmentReduction Targets Municipal Inventory and Forecasts Summary
Fremont Municipal Operations Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Forecasts 2005 GHG
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Annual
Total
Employee Commute 2,572 7511608VMT 2,999.21 2,504.85 34.7%8734802VMT 2,912.74 34.7% 1,994.01 31.7% 9413345VMT 3,139.01 34.7% 1,863.91 31.7%9651044VMT 3,218.27 34.7% 1,898.60 31.7% Employee Commute (Local)-Gas 6563707VMT 2,620.74 2,188.76 30.4%7632544VMT 2,545.18 30.4% 1,742.38 27.7% 8225461VMT 2,742.89 30.4% 1,628.70 27.7%8433164VMT 2,812.15 30.4% 1,659.01 27.7% Employee Commute (Distance)-Gas 947901VMT 378.47 316.09 4.4% 1102258VMT 367.56 4.4% 251.63 4.0% 1187884VMT 396.12 4.4% 235.21 4.0%1217880VMT 406.12 4.4% 239.59 4.0% Buildings and Facilities 2,769 1,264.94 1,271.29 17.6% 1,478.31 17.6% 1,229.06 19.6% 1,593.15 17.6% 1,102.30 18.8% 1,633.38 17.6% 1,116.83 18.7% Electricity - PG&E 2918915kWh 277.33 285.20 4.0% 3394232kWh 331.65 4.0% 168.22 2.7% 3657906kWh 357.41 4.0% - 0.0%3750272kWh 366.44 4.0% - 0.0% Electricity - EBCE (Brilliant 100) 2328068kWh - - 0.0% 2707172kWh - 0.0% - 0.0% 2917472kWh - 0.0% - 0.0%2991142kWh - 0.0% - 0.0% Natural Gas - ABAG Power 185688therms 987.61 986.09 13.7% 215926therms 1,146.66 13.7% 1,060.84 16.9% 232699therms 1,235.74 13.7% 1,102.30 18.8% 238575therms 1,266.94 13.7% 1,116.83 18.7% Street Lights & Traffic Signals 1,754 173.07 177.98 2.5% 206.97 2.5% 113.47 1.8% 223.04 2.5% - 0.0% 228.68 2.5% - 0.0% Streetlights - PG&E 1513530kWh 143.80 147.89 2.1% 1759994kWh 171.97 2.1% 94.28 1.5% 1896715kWh 185.33 2.1% - 0.0%1944610kWh 190.01 2.1% - 0.0% Streetlights - EBCE (Brilliant 100) 1520376kWh - - 0.0% 1767955kWh - 0.0% - 0.0% 1905294kWh - 0.0% - 0.0%1953405kWh - 0.0% - 0.0% Traffic Control - PG&E 308033kWh 29.27 30.10 0.4% 358193kWh 35.00 0.4% 19.19 0.3% 386019kWh 37.72 0.4% - 0.0% 395766kWh 38.67 0.4% - 0.0% Traffic Control - EBCE (Brilliant 100) 298960kWh - - 0.0% 347643kWh - 0.0% - 0.0% 374649kWh - 0.0% - 0.0% 384109kWh - 0.0% - 0.0% Vehicle Fleet 2,371 2,225.26 2,240.96 31.1% 2,605.88 31.1% 1,783.94 28.4% 2,808.32 31.1% 1,667.55 28.4% 2,879.23 31.1% 1,698.58 28.4% Fleet Vehicles - Gasoline 190262gallons 1,681.44 1,690.60 23.5% 221244gallons 1,965.90 23.5% 1,345.82 21.4% 238431gallons 2,118.61 23.5% 1,258.01 21.4% 244452gallons 2,172.11 23.5% 1,281.42 21.4% Fleet Vehicles - Diesel 52009gallons 531.01 537.40 7.5% 60478gallons 624.91 7.5% 427.80 6.8% 65176gallons 673.45 7.5% 399.89 6.8% 66821gallons 690.46 7.5% 407.33 6.8% Fleet Vehicles - Flex Fuel 1717gallons 12.81 12.97 0.2% 1997gallons 15.08 0.2% 10.32 0.2% 2152gallons 16.25 0.2% 9.65 0.2% 2206gallons 16.66 0.2% 9.83 0.2% Fleet Vehicles - Electric 71074VMT - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Solid Waste Facilities 722 929.92 - 12.9% 1,081.35 12.9% 1,081.35 17.2% 1,165.35 12.9% 1,165.35 19.8% 1,194.78 12.9% 1,194.78 20.0% Landfilled waste 5872tons 882.13 -- 12.2% 6828tons 1,025.78 12.2% 1,025.78 16.3% 7359tons 1,105.46 12.2% 1,105.46 18.8% 7544tons 1,133.38 12.2% 1,133.38 18.9% Composted waste 686tons 47.79 -- 0.7% 798tons 55.57 0.7% 55.57 0.9% 860tons 59.89 0.7% 59.89 1.0% 882tons 61.40 0.7% 61.40 1.0% Water and Wastewater Treatment 203 76.83 84.20 1.2% 97.91 1.2% 84.03 1.3% 105.52 1.2% 72.39 1.2% 108.18 1.2% 74.22 1.2% ACWD Energy Usage (electricity) 192233kWh 8.78 4.49 0.1% 223536kWh 5.22 0.1% 2.86 0.0% 240901kWh 5.62 0.1% - 0.0% 246984kWh 5.76 0.1% - 0.0% USD Energy Consumption (electricity) 224665kWh 10.27 21.95 0.3% 261250kWh 25.53 0.3% 14.00 0.2% 281544kWh 27.51 0.3% - 0.0% 288653kWh 28.20 0.3% - 0.0% USD Energy Consumption (natural gas) 1913therms 10.17 10.16 0.1% 2225therms 11.81 0.1% 11.81 0.2% 2397therms 12.73 0.1% 12.73 0.2% 2458therms 13.05 0.1% 13.05 0.2% USD Flaring -- -- 8.96 -- 0.1% -- -- 10.42 0.1% 10.42 0.2% -- -- 11.23 0.1% 11.23 0.2% -- -- 11.51 0.1% 11.51 0.2% USD Combustion -- -- 0.45 -- 0.0% -- -- 0.52 0.0% 0.52 0.0% -- -- 0.56 0.0% 0.56 0.0% -- -- 0.58 0.0% 0.58 0.0% USD Nitrification/Denitrification -- -- 4.71 -- 0.1% -- -- 5.48 0.1% 5.48 0.1% -- -- 5.90 0.1% 5.90 0.1% -- -- 6.05 0.1% 6.05 0.1% USD Discharge to Rivers & Estuaries -- -- 33.48 -- 0.5% -- -- 38.94 0.5% 38.94 0.6% -- -- 41.96 0.5% 41.96 0.7% -- -- 43.02 0.5% 43.02 0.7% Total Municipal Emissions 10,391 7,669.23 7,209.21 100.0% 8,383.16 100.0%6,285.85 100.0% 9,034.39 100.0%5,871.50 100.0% 9,262.52 100.0%5,983.01 100.0% 2005 Total Municipal GHG Emissions 10,391
2030 GHG Reduction Target 55%
2030 GHG Municipal Emissions Target 5,715.05
2030 Forecasted Municipal GHG Emissions6,285.85
2030 Gap 570.80
2045 GHG Reduction Target 0%
2045 Gap 5,871.50
2050 Gap 5,983.01
Emissions Sector
2018 GHG Emissions 2030 GHG Emissions 2045 GHG Emissions Activity Units
MT CO2e
from
Clearpath
CO2e %
of Annual
Total
BAU
Activity UnitsMT CO2e from
Clearpath
MT CO2e
(Ascent
calcs)
2050 GHG Emissions
BAU Leg-Adjust BAU BAU Leg-Adjust BAU BAU Leg-Adjust BAU BAU
Activity UnitsBAU
Activity Units

Employee Commute
Fremont Municipal Operations Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Forecasts Employee Commute
Source VMT/year MTCO2e/year Scaling Factor VMT/year
BAU
MTCO2e/year
Leg-Adjust BAU
MTCO2e/year VMT/year
BAU
MTCO2e/year
Leg-Adjust BAU
MTCO2e/year VMT/year
BAU
MTCO2e/year
Leg-Adjust BAU
MTCO2e/year
Employee Commute
(Local)-Gas 6,563,707 2,189 7,632,544 2,545 1,742 8,225,461 2,743 1,629 8,433,164 2,812 1,659 Employee Commute
(Distance)-Gas 947,901 316 1,102,258 368 252 1,187,884 396 235 1,217,880 406 240 Total 7,511,608 2,505 7,632,544 2,913 1,994 8,225,461 3,139 1,864 8,433,164 3,218 1,899 Source: Municipal commute inventory data provided in ClearPath Employment
2030 20502018 2045

Buildings and Facilities
Fremont Municipal Operations Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Forecasts Electricity
Source MWh/year
Emission
Factor (lb
CO2/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
CH4/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
N2O/MWh)
Total MT
CO2e/yearScale Factor BAU
MWh/year
Leg-Adjust BAU
MWh/year
Emission
Factor (lb
CO2/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
CH4/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
N2O/MWh)
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
Leg-Adjust BAU
Total CO2e
(MT/year)
BAU
MWh/year
Leg-Adjust BAU
MWh/year
Emission
Factor (lb
CO2/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
CH4/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
N2O/MWh)
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
Leg-Adjust BAU
Total CO2e
(MT/year)
BAU
MWh/year
Leg-Adjust BAU
MWh/year
Emission
Factor (lb
CO2/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
CH4/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
N2O/MWh)
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
Leg-Adjust BAU
Total CO2e
(MT/year)
Electricity - PG&E 2,919 206.29 0.034 0.004 285 3,394 3,140 113.0356 0.0189 0.0022 332 168 3,658 3,263 0 0 0 357 - 3,750 3,306 0 0 0 366 - Electricity - EBCE (Brilliant 100) 2,328 0 0 0 - 2,707 2,505 0 0 0 - - 2,917 2,602 0 0 0 - - 2,991 2,637 0 0 0 - - Total 285 332 168 Total 357 - Total 366 - Source: Municipal building energy data provided in ClearPath Natural Gas
CO2 CH4 N2O
Natural Gas - ABAG Power 185,688 11.7 0.000226742 0.000005 986 Employment 215,926 199,764 1,147 1,061 232,699 207,572 1,236 1,102 238,575 210,307 1,267 1,117 Total 986 1,147 1,061 1,236 1,102 1,267 1,117 Source: Municipal building energy data provided in ClearPath Building Energy Efficiency Assumptions
Sector Code % Reduction Notes Source
Energy efficiency
improvement of 2013
code above 2008
code
30%
http://www.ener
gy.ca.gov/commi
ssion/accomplish
ments/2014_cecEnergy efficiency
improvement of 2016
code above 2013
code
5%
http://www.ener
gy.ca.gov/title24/
2016standards/r
ulemaking/docu 0.443696501
Energy efficiency
improvement of 2019
code above 2016
code
30%
Commercial Reduction 53.45%
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
Leg-Adjust BAU
Total CO2e
(MT/year)
BAU
therms/year
Leg-Adjus BAU
therms/yearScale Factor
2018
therms/year Emission Factors (lb/therm)
Commercial
Source Total MT
CO2e/year
Employment
2030 20452018 2050
2050
BAU
therms/year
Leg-Adjus BAU
therms/year
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
Leg-Adjust BAU
Total CO2e
(MT/year)
2030 2045
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
Leg-Adjust BAU
Total CO2e
(MT/year)
BAU
therms/year
Leg-Adjus BAU
therms/year

Street Lights and Traffic Signals
Fremont Municipal Operations Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Forecasts Electricity
Source MWh/year Emission Factor
(lb CO2/MWh)
Emission Factor
(lb CH4/MWh)
Emission Factor
(lb N2O/MWh)
Total MT
CO2e/yearScale Factor BAU
MWh/year
Emission Factor
(lb CO2/MWh)
Emission Factor
(lb CH4/MWh)
Emission Factor
(lb N2O/MWh)
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
Leg-Adjust BAU
Total CO2e
(MT/year)
BAU
MWh/year
Emission Factor
(lb CO2/MWh)
Emission Factor
(lb CH4/MWh)
Emission Factor
(lb N2O/MWh)
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
Leg-Adjust BAU
Total CO2e
(MT/year)
BAU
MWh/year
Emission Factor
(lb CO2/MWh)
Emission Factor
(lb CH4/MWh)
Emission Factor
(lb N2O/MWh)
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
Leg-Adjust BAU
Total CO2e
(MT/year)
Streetlights - PG&E 1,514 206.29 0.034 0.004 148 1,760 113.0356 0.0189 0.0022 172 94 1,897 0 0 0 185 - 1,945 0 0 0 190 - Streetlights - EBCE (Brilliant 100) 1,520 0 0 0 - 1,768 0 0 0 - - 1,905 0 0 0 - - 1,953 0 0 0 - - Traffic Control - PG&E 308 206.29 0.034 0.004 30 358 113.0356 0.0189 0.0022 35 19 386 0 0 0 38 - 396 0 0 0 39 - Traffic Control - EBCE (Brilliant 100) 299 0 0 0 - 348 0 0 0 - - 375 0 0 0 - - 384 0 0 0 - - Total 178 207 113 Total 223 - Total 229 - Source: Municipal street light and traffic signal data provided in ClearPath 2045 20502018 2030
Employment

Vehicle Fleet
Fremont Municipal Operations Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Forecasts Vehicle Fleet
Source gallons/year
Emissions
Factor (kg
CO2/gal)
MT
CO2/year
Emissions Ratio
(MT CH4/MT
CO2)
Emissions Ratio
(MT N2O/MT
CO2)
Total MT
CO2e/yearScaling Factor gallons/yearBAU Total MT
CO2e/year
Leg-Adjust BAU
Total MT
CO2e/year
gallons/year
BAU Total
MT
CO2e/year
Leg-Adjust
BAU Total MT
CO2e/year
gallons/year
BAU Total
MT
CO2e/year
Leg-Adjust
BAU Total MT
CO2e/year
Fleet Vehicles - Gasoline 190,262 8.78 1670.50 0.0000237 0.0000429 1690.60 221,244 1965.90 1345.82 238,431 2118.61 1258.01 244,452 2172.11 1281.42 Fleet Vehicles - Diesel 52,009 10.21 531.01 0.0000237 0.0000429 537.40 60,478 624.91 427.80 65,176 673.45 399.89 66,821 690.46 407.33 Fleet Vehicles - Flex Fuel 1,717 7.46 12.81 0.0000237 0.0000429 12.97 1,997 15.08 10.32 2,152 16.25 9.65 2,206 16.66 9.83 Source: Municipal vehicle fleet data provided in ClearPath Total 2,228 Total 2,591 1,774 Total 2,792 1,658 Total 2,863 1,689 Employment
205020452018 2030

Solid Waste Facilities
Fremont Municipal Operations Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Forecasts Municipal-Generated Solid Waste 2018 2030 2045 2050
Landfilled waste (tons) 5872.00 6828.20 7358.63 7544.45 Composted waste (tons) 686.37 798.14 860.14 881.86
Landfilled waste emissions (MTCO2e/year) 882.13 1025.78 1105.461133.38 Composted waste emissions (MTCO2e/year) 47.79 55.57 59.89 61.40 Total Emissions (MTCO2e/year) 929.92 1081.35 1165.351194.78 Source: Municipal waste data provided in ClearPath

Water and Wastewater
Fremont Municipal Operations Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Forecasts Electricity 2018
Source Source MWh/year
Emission
Factor (lb
CO2/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
CH4/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
N2O/MWh)
Total MT
CO2e/yearScale Factor BAU
MWh/year
Emission
Factor (lb
CO2/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
CH4/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
N2O/MWh)
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
Leg-Adjust
BAU Total MT
CO2e/year
BAU
MWh/year
Emission
Factor (lb
CO2/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
CH4/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
N2O/MWh)
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
Leg-Adjust
BAU Total MT
CO2e/year
BAU
MWh/year
Emission
Factor (lb
CO2/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
CH4/MWh)
Emission
Factor (lb
N2O/MWh)
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
Leg-Adjust
BAU Total MT
CO2e/year
ACWD Energy Usage Electricity - PG&E 46 206.29 0.034 0.004 4 53 113.0356 0.0189 0.0022 5 3 58 0 0 0 6 - 59 0 0 0 6 - ACWD Energy Usage Electricity - EBCE (Brilliant 100) 146 0 0 0 - 170 0 0 0 - - 183 0 0 0 - - 188 0 0 0 - - USD Energy Consumption (electricity)Electricity - PG&E 225 206.29 0.034 0.004 22 261 113.0356 0.0189 0.0022 26 14 282 0 0 0 28 - 289 0 0 0 28 - Total 26 31 17 Total 33 - Total 34 - Source: Municipal water and wastewater energy usage data provided in ClearPath ACWD Electricity Breakdown 2018
Total electricity consumption (kWh) 15254249
Number of PG&E accounts 16
Number of EBCE accounts 51
Electricity consumption from PG&E (%) 24%
Electricity consumption from EBCE (%) 76%
Natural Gas
CO2 CH4 N2O
USD Energy Consumption (natural gas) 1,913 11.7 0.000226742 0.000005 10 2,225 12 2,397 13 2,458 13 Total 10 12 13 13 Source: Municipal water and wastewater energy data provided in ClearPath Wastewater Treatment Processes 2018 2020 2030 2045 2050 USD Flaring 8.96 9.22 10.42 11.23 11.51
USD Combustion 0.45 0.46 0.52 0.56 0.58
USD Nitrification/Denitrification 4.71 4.84 5.48 5.90 6.05 USD Discharge to Rivers & Estuaries 33.48 34.44 38.94 41.96 43.02 Total Emissions (MTCO2e/year) 47.61 48.96 55.36 59.66 61.16 Source: Municipal wastewater treatment process data provided in ClearPath Source Scale Factor
Employment
Employment
2030
BAU
therms/year
2018
therms/year Emission Factors (lb/therm) Total MT
CO2e/year
2045 2050
2030 2045 2050
BAU
therms/year
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)
BAU
therms/year
BAU Total
CO2e
(MT/year)

Demographics
Fremont Municipal Operations Greenhouse Gas Inventories and Forecasts Municipal Employees 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2030 2045 2050 Fremont Total Positions 904 922 937 955 963 965 1089 1174 1204 Percent Growth from prior year -- 2% 2% 2% 1% 0%-- -- -- Percent Growth from 2018 -- -- -- 2% 3% 3% 16% 25% 28%
Employment Average Annual Growth Rate 2016 - 20211.35%
Employment Growth Rate 2030 to 20500.50%By 2030 the City will be built out and staff growth is likely to slow. Assuming a lower growth rate post-2030

Assumptions and Conversion Factors
Milpitas Municipal Operations Greenhouse Gas Inventories and Forecasts Category Value
g/MT 1000000
g/lb 453.592
g/kg 1000
lb/MT 2204.622622
kg/MT 1000
MT/ton 0.907185
g/ton 907185
lb/kg 2.20462
kWh/MWh 1000
MWh/GWh 1000
gal/cubic foot 7.480519481
gal/Liter 0.264172052
Liter/gallon 3.785411784
gallon/acrefoot 325851.429
days/year 365
MMBTU/gallon (diesel) 0.1374
MMBTU/scf (natural gas) 0.001037
Source (Select) IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (Avg)<--drop down selection CO2 1
CH4 28
N2O 265
Source CO2 GWP CH4 GWP N2O GWP
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (w/o
climate carbon feedback) 1 25 265
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (with
climate carbon feedback) 1 34 298
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (Avg) 1 25 298
IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (Avg) 1 28 265
IPCC Third Assessment Report 1 23 296
IPCC Second Assessment Report 1 21 310
Electricity Emission Factors 2018 2020 20302045/2050 Source PG&E EF (lb CO2/MWh) 206.29 189.33 113.04 0 https://www.theclimateregistry.org/our-members/cris- public-reports/
CAMX EF (lb CH4/MWh) 0.034 0.03148 0.01889 0 eGRID (https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions- generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid)
CAMX EF (lb N2O/MWh) 0.004 0.00370 0.00222 0 eGRID (https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions- generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid)
CAMX EF (lb CO2/MWh) 496.50 459.72222 275.83333 0 eGRID (https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions- generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid)
RPS Target Year 2018 2020 2030 2045
PG&E
Percent Renewable 27% 33% 60% 100%
Fuel Emission Factor/Emission RatioUnit Source

8.78kg CO2/gal

0.0000237MT CH4/MT CO2

0.0000429MT N2O/MTO CO2

10.21kg CO2/gal

0.0000237MT CH4/MT CO2

0.0000429MT N2O/MTO CO2
Ethanol (transport fuel)

0.01 MT CO2e/gal City of Fremont
2018 Municipal
Inventory,
ClearPath
Light-duty Passenger Vehicle 0.000333464MTCO2e/VMT Fremont 2018 Communitywide Inventory 2018 EMFAC Emission Factors
Conversion Factors
RPS Requirements
Fuel Emission Factors
Climate Registry
2020 Default
Emission Factors
Gasoline (transport fuel)
Diesel (transport fuel)
GWP

All Vehicles Emission Factor - 2020
Vehicle type VMT/year Percent
VMT gCO2/VMT gCH4/VMT gN2O/VMT MTCO2e/VMT Class
All other buses 4,643,937 0.04%1193.6834820.02336140.188459806 0.0012443 Heavy LDA 6,523,779,149 52.93%288.15382620.01660930.011155815 0.0002916 Light LDT1 575,438,288 4.67%361.75420180.03019020.019117867 0.0003677 Light LDT2 2,664,434,919 21.62%386.04148910.01904180.014438587 0.0003904 Light LHD1 278,090,315 2.26%864.40305680.02783250.059663021 0.0008810 Heavy LHD2 63,709,752 0.52%911.28394730.01948570.087502027 0.0009350 Heavy MCY 44,428,850 0.36%216.57274950.28477860.048151733 0.0002373 Light MDV 1,348,846,725 10.94%468.59481620.02788040.019926921 0.0004747 Light MH 6,828,824 0.06%1732.5304660.02582450.072556971 0.0017525 Heavy Motor coach 3,044,582 0.02% 1841.303170.00559460.290098064 0.0019183 Heavy OBUS 10,874,868 0.09%1839.6224470.03606990.039799326 0.0018512 Heavy PTO 7,288,124 0.06%2167.4351950.00689040.341480298 0.0022581 Heavy SBUS 4,340,155 0.04%1189.4886910.22414990.170771787 0.0012410 Heavy T6 206,888,860 1.68%1308.5003270.02238640.17622473 0.0013558 Heavy T7 549,249,541 4.46% 1754.691190.09398240.278600405 0.0018312 Heavy UBUS 34,387,589 0.28%1243.4512020.12388860.168828324 0.0012917 Heavy Total 12,326,274,478 100% 0.0004466 All
Total 0.0003410 Light
Total 0.0014545 Heavy
Source: EMFAC2021 (v1.0.1) Emissions Inventory
Region Type: County
Region: Alameda
Calendar Year: 2020, 2030, 2045, 2050
Season: Annual
Vehicle Classification: EMFAC2011 Categories
All Vehicles Emission Factor - 2030
Vehicle type VMT/day Percent
VMT gCO2/VMT gCH4/VMT gN2O/VMT MTCO2e/VMT Class
All other buses 24,738 0.05% 931.58330.00046540.1464319 0.0009704 Heavy LDA 26,909,427 56.10%203.429160.00102660.0032703 0.0002043 Light LDT1 2,607,643 5.44% 245.70082 0.0017080.0038413 0.0002468 Light LDT2 8,159,751 17.01%252.420550.00169130.0040108 0.0002535 Light LHD1 986,654 2.06% 706.993080.00539920.0391495 0.0007175 Heavy LHD2 258,642 0.54% 694.844060.00535240.060985 0.0007112 Heavy MCY 238,682 0.50% 214.70240.33396950.0663462 0.0002416 Light MDV 5,085,692 10.60%303.003360.00174120.0052327 0.0003044 Light MH 32,332 0.07% 1350.87680.00490120.0515752 0.0013647 Heavy Motor coach 12,890 0.03% 1312.55610.00086810.2063155 0.0013673 Heavy OBUS 23,055 0.05% 1572.2952 0.0073040.0151664 0.0015765 Heavy PTO 15,737 0.03% 1868.92570.00122720.2937691 0.0019468 Heavy SBUS 18,887 0.04% 889.240150.00321360.0890285 0.0009129 Heavy T6 1,213,717 2.53% 945.853160.00081240.1304328 0.0009804 Heavy T7 2,294,071 4.78% 1193.31680.03002270.188729 0.0012442 Heavy UBUS 81,851 0.17% 1613.53781.79528250.2781594 0.0017375 Heavy Total 47,963,769 0.0003141 All
Total 0.0002283 Light
Total 0.0010576 Heavy
Source: EMFAC2017 (v1.0.2) Emission Rates
Region Type: County
Region: Alameda
Calendar Year: 2020, 2030, 2045
Season: Annual
Vehicle Classification: EMFAC2011 Categories
All Vehicles Emission Factor - 2045
Vehicle type VMT/day Percent
VMT gCO2/VMT gCH4/VMT gN2O/VMT MTCO2e/VMT Class
All other buses 30,997 0.06% 865.4862180.0004810.1360424 0.0009016 Heavy LDA 30,129,146 55.77%178.9947770.00056110.002979 0.0001798 Light LDT1 2,931,472 5.43% 212.6687470.0006120.0029162 0.0002135 Light LDT2 9,015,765 16.69%213.0552150.00080330.0031118 0.0002139 Light LHD1 1,120,599 2.07% 625.8190810.00386520.0385823 0.0006362 Heavy LHD2 304,489 0.56% 614.9242910.00476710.0583718 0.0006305 Heavy MCY 265,951 0.49% 214.3606420.32884610.0659558 0.0002410 Light MDV 5,773,301 10.69%257.2376250.00081460.0042174 0.0002584 Light MH 37,816 0.07% 1224.279640.00369760.0520417 0.0012382 Heavy Motor coach 15,131 0.03% 1171.639870.00084050.1841655 0.0012205 Heavy OBUS 22,797 0.04% 1404.475060.00391520.0235599 0.0014108 Heavy PTO 15,502 0.03% 1554.76610.0012170.2443876 0.0016196 Heavy SBUS 26,550 0.05% 754.6993410.00187920.0570307 0.0007699 Heavy T6 1,434,418 2.66% 844.3804010.00064970.1168183 0.0008754 Heavy T7 2,813,936 5.21% 1023.607570.02691930.1618208 0.0010672 Heavy UBUS 82,036 0.15% 1612.573421.79528210.2781898 0.0017366 Heavy Total 54,019,908 0.0002778 All

0.0001980 Light

0.0009276 Heavy
Source: EMFAC2017 (v1.0.2) Emission Rates
Region Type: County
Region: Alameda
Calendar Year: 2020, 2030, 2045
Season: Annual
Vehicle Classification: EMFAC2011 Categories
All Vehicles Emission Factor - 2050
Vehicle type VMT/day Percent
VMT gCO2/VMT gCH4/VMT gN2O/VMT MTCO2e/VMT Class
All other buses 32,833 0.06% 856.84795 0.0004807 0.1346846 0.0008926 Heavy LDA 30,992,468 55.69% 178.25158 0.0005501 0.0029743 0.0001791 Light LDT1 3,020,220 5.43% 210.85703 0.0005887 0.0029125 0.0002116 Light LDT2 9,271,052 16.66% 211.05779 0.0007728 0.0030806 0.0002119 Light LHD1 1,154,582 2.07% 618.41905 0.0038405 0.0389837 0.0006289 Heavy LHD2 315,261 0.57% 607.76173 0.0047344 0.0581372 0.0006233 Heavy MCY 273,281 0.49% 214.3227 0.3282176 0.0659018 0.0002410 Light MDV 5,937,385 10.67% 254.52164 0.0007567 0.0041569 0.0002556 Light MH 39,242 0.07% 1211.9398 0.0028185 0.051501 0.0012257 Heavy Motor coach 15,877 0.03% 1167.3374 0.0008429 0.1834892 0.0012160 Heavy OBUS 23,198 0.04% 1391.1008 0.0020621 0.0238274 0.0013975 Heavy PTO 15,986 0.03% 1494.9819 0.0012041 0.2349903 0.0015573 Heavy SBUS 27,077 0.05% 724.03205 0.0016924 0.0502326 0.0007374 Heavy T6 1,487,978 2.67% 833.20265 0.0005761 0.1152659 0.0008638 Heavy T7 2,966,702 5.33% 1017.412 0.0263809 0.1608182 0.0010608 Heavy UBUS 82,036 0.15% 1612.5736 1.7952824 0.2782234 0.0017366 Heavy Total 55,655,179 0.0002768 All

0.0001967 Light

0.0009205 Heavy
Source: EMFAC2017 (v1.0.3) Emission Rates
Region Type: County
Region: Alameda
Calendar Year: 2050
Season: Annual
Vehicle Classification: EMFAC2011 Categories

Attachment B

Measure
Number Measure 2030 2045 2050
BU-1 Transition to 100 percent clean electricity consumption. 367 - - BU-6 Require new City buildings to be all electric and low carbon. 59 155 186 BU-7 Retrofit existing City buildings to be all electric and low carbon. 346 785 982 BU-13 Reduce water consumption in buildings. 1 - - IN-6 Replace the City's gasoline and diesel-powered fleet vehicles and other equipment with low-emission and zero- emission vehicles. 683 1,458 1,587 LU-2 Reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and single-occupancy vehicle trips, as identified in Fremont’s General Plan. 222 386 497 LU-3 Encourage the adoption of zero-emission passenger vehicles. 102 133 154 MW-5 Establish and advance zero waste targets and policies. 467 900 1,059 NL-3 Implement the City's Urban Forest Management Plan. 482 1,085 1,286 Total Reductions from Measures 2,730 4,903 5,750 Reduction Needed for Target 571 5,872 5,983 Gap Needed to Achieve Target* (2,159) 968 233 Total Municipal Emissions 3,556 968 233 *negative numbers mean target has been achieved; positive values means there is a gap BU-1
2018 2030 2045 2050
Total electricity emissions from Buildings and Facilities (MTCO2e) 285 168 - - Total electricity emissions from Street Lights and Traffic Signals (MTCO2e) 178 113 - - Additional electricity emissions from other measures (MTCO2e) ME-2 8 - -
ME-3 47 - -
MVF-7 26 - -
MEC-8 4 - -
Total GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 367 - - Transition to 100 percent clean electricity consumption.

BU-6
2018 2025 2030 2045 2050
All-electric new municipal development starting in 2026 Annual municipal natural gas usage with legislative reductions (therms) 185,688 203,327 215,926 232,699 238,575
New natural gas usage starting in 2026 (therms) 12,599 29,373 35,249 Percent of new municipal development starting in 2026 that will be all electric 100% 100% 100%
Reduced municipal natural gas usage from all-electric new nonresidential development starting in 2026 (therms) 12,599 29,373 35,249 GHG reductions from new municipal natural gas savings (MTCO2e) 67 155 186 Additional electricity usage from fuel switching
Total therms offset from natural gas heating use (therms) 12,599 29,373 35,249 Efficiency Assumptions
Assumed average efficiency of natural gas heating (conservative) [1] 78%
Assumed average efficiency of electric heating [2] 100% Total electricity needed to offset natural gas heating (MWh) 288 671 806 Fremont weighted municipal electricity emissions factor (MTCO2e/MWh) 0.03 0 0
Additional GHG emissions from electricity use (MTCO2e) 8 - - Total GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 59 155 186 Sources:
[1] Energy Solutions Center. 2021. Natural Gas Furnaces. Available: https://naturalgasefficiency.org/for-residential- customers/heat-
gas_furnace/#:~:text=All%20furnaces%20built%20and%20sold,furnace%20with%20standing%20pilot%20%E2%80%93%205 0%25
[2] U.S. DOE. 2021. Electric Resistance Heating. Available: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating- systems/electric-resistance-
heating#:~:text=Electric%20resistance%20heating%20is%20100,the%20fuel's%20energy%20into%20electricity.

Require new City buildings to be all electric and low carbon.

BU-7
2018 2030 2045 2050
Removal of natural gas from existing municipal
Existing municipal natural gas usage (therms) 185,688 185,688 185,688 185,688 Target electrification rate for existing non-residential [1] 13% 49% 65% Target electrification rate for existing municipal 40% 80% 100% Reduction in natural gas usage (therms) 74,275 148,550 185,688 GHG reductions from existing municipal natural gas savings (MTCO2e) 393 785 982 Additional electricity usage from fuel switching
Total therms offset from natural gas heating use (therms) 74,275 148,550 185,688 Efficiency Assumptions
Assumed average efficiency of natural gas heating (conservative) [2]78% Assumed average efficiency of electric heating [3] 100% Total electricity needed to offset natural gas heating (MWh) 1,697 3,395 4,244 Fremont weighted municipal electricity emissions factor (MTCO2e/MWh)0.03 0 0 Additional GHG emissions from electricity use (MTCO2e) 47 - - Total GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 346 785 982 Electrification target interpolation [1] Year Target
2040 32%
2045 49%
2050 65%
Sources:

Retrofit existing City buildings to be all electric and low carbon. [1] Mozingo. 2021. Zero-Carbon Buildings in California: A Feasibility Study [2] Energy Solutions Center. 2021. Natural Gas Furnaces. Available: https://naturalgasefficiency.org/for-residential- customers/heat-
gas_furnace/#:~:text=All%20furnaces%20built%20and%20sold,furnace%20with%20standing%20pilot%20%E2%80%93% 2050%25
[3] U.S. DOE. 2021. Electric Resistance Heating. Available: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/home-heating- systems/electric-resistance-
heating#:~:text=Electric%20resistance%20heating%20is%20100,the%20fuel's%20energy%20into%20electricity.

BU-13
2018 2030 2045 2050
Annual total municipal water use (MG) [1] 163.51 190.14 204.91 210.09 Annual total municipal water-related electricity use (kWh) [1] 192,233 223,536 240,901 246,984 Percent municipal employment growth from 2018 16% 25% 28% Indoor - Annual total municipal water use (MG) 8.18 9.51 10.25 10.50 Indoor - Annual total municipal water-related electricity use (kWh) [1] 9,612 11,177 12,045 12,349 Outdoor - Annual total municipal water use (MG) 155.34 180.63 194.67 199.58 Outdoor - Annual total municipal water-related electricity use (kWh) [1] 182,621 212,359 228,856 234,635 Percent of municipal water usage for indoor use 5%
Percent of municipal water usage for outdoor use 95%
Electricity consumption from PG&E (%) 24%
Electricity consumption from EBCE (%) 76%
INDOOR WATER USAGE 2018 2030 2045 2050
Water-related electricity usage in new municipal facilities [1] PG&E electricity usage (kWh) 2,295 2,669 2,876 2,949 EBCE electricity usage (kWh) 7,316 8,508 9,169 9,400 PG&E electricity usage in new municipal facilities (kWh) 374 581 654 EBCE electricity usage in new municipal facilities (kWh) 1,191 1,852 2,084 Percent reduction in water usage in new development [2] 50% 50% 50% PG&E reduced electricity usage (kWh) 187 291 327 EBCE reduced electricity usage (kWh) 596 926 1,042 PG&E emissions factor (MTCO2e/MWh) 0.051779109 0 0
EBCE emissions factor (MTCO2e/MWh) 0 0 0
GHG reductions in new municipal facilites (MTCO2e) 0.01 - - Water-related electricity usage in existing municipal facilites PG&E electricity usage (kWh) 2,295 2,295 2,295 2,295 EBCE electricity usage (kWh) 7,316 7,316 7,316 7,316 Percent reduction in water usage in existing municipal facilites [2] 30% 40% 50% PG&E reduced electricity usage (kWh) 689 918 1,148 EBCE reduced electricity usage (kWh) 2,195 2,927 3,658 PG&E emissions factor (MTCO2e/MWh) 0.051779109 0 0
EBCE emissions factor (MTCO2e/MWh) 0 0 0
GHG reductions in existing municipal facilites (MTCO2e) 0.0 - - Sources:
[1] Cityof Fremont, 2018 Municipal Inventory, ClearPath OUTDOOR WATER USAGE 2018 2030 2045 2050
PG&E electricity usage (kWh) 43,611 50,713 54,652 56,032 EBCE electricity usage (kWh) 139,010 161,647 174,204 178,603 Percent reduction in water usage in new development [2] 50% 75% 80% PG&E reduced electricity usage (kWh) 25,356 40,989 44,826 EBCE reduced electricity usage (kWh) 80,823 130,653 142,882 PG&E emissions factor (MTCO2e/MWh) 0.051779109 0 0
EBCE emissions factor (MTCO2e/MWh) 0 0 0
GHG reductions in new municipal facilites (MTCO2e) 1.3 - - Total GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 1.4 - - Source:

Reduce water consumption in buildings.
[2] CAPCOA. 2010. Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures. WUW-1. Available: http://www.capcoa.org/wp- content/uploads/downloads/2010/09/CAPCOA-Quantification-Report-9-14-Final.pdf WUW-1: 20% for residential and 31% for nonresidential low-flow fixtures. Assuming increase for ultra-low-flow, especially in new development [1] https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/California-Water-Plan/Docs/Update2018/Final/SupportingDocs/Water-Portfolios-and- IN-6
Conversion of Gasoline Vehicles to EVs 2018 2030 2045 2050 Fleet vehicles - Gasoline VMT [1] 2,505,392 2,913,371 3,139,690 3,218,971 Percent municipal employment growth from 2018 16% 25% 28% Fleet vehicles - Gasoline emissions (MTCO2e) [1] 1,691 1,346 1,258 1,281 Fleet vehiles - Gasoline consumption (gallons) [1] 190,262 221,244 238,431 244,452 Gasoline miles/gallon 13.17 13.17 13.17 13.17
Target conversion rate to EV 40% 100% 100%
Gasoline equivalent eVMT 1,165,348 3,139,690 3,218,971 Equivalent GHG emissions avoided from converting gasoline vehicles to EVs (MTCO2e) 538 1,258 1,281 Additional GHG emissions from EV charger use
Average Efficiency of EV LDV (kWh/100-mi) [2] 34 34 34 Charged amount (kWh) 391,883 1,055,815 1,082,476 Fremont weighted municipal electricity emissions factor (MTCO2e/MWh) 0.03 - -
Additional GHG emissions from EVs (MTCO2e) 11 - - Subtotal GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 528 1,258 1,281 CONVERSION OF DIESEL VEHICLES TO EVS 2018 2030 2045 2050 Fleet vehicles - Diesel consumption (gallons) [1] 52,009 60,478 65,176 66,821 Fleet vehicles - Diesel emissions (MTCO2e) [1] 537 428 400 407 Diesel miles/gallon [3] 39 41 41 Diesel VMT 2,368,925 2,640,063 2,714,283
Target conversion rate to EV 40% 50% 75%
Diesel equivalent eVMT 947,570 1,320,032 2,035,712 Equivalent GHG emissions avoided from converting diesel vehicles to EVs (MTCO2e) 171 200 305 Additional GHG emissions from EV charger use
Average Efficiency of EV LDT (kWh/100-mi) [4] 58 58 58 Charged amount (kWh) 549,591 765,618 1,180,713 Fremont weighted municipal electricity emissions factor (MTCO2e/MWh) 0.03 - -
Additional GHG emissions from EVs (MTCO2e) 15 - - Subtotal GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 156 200 305 TOTAL GHG REDUCTIONS (MTCO2e) 683 1,458 1,587 Sources:
[1] City of Fremont. 2018 Municipal Inventory, ClearPath [2] fueleconomy.gov, all-electric LDV
[3] EMFAC2021
[4] fueleconomy.gov, all-electric pickup trucks
Replace the City's gasoline and diesel-powered fleet vehicles and other equipment with low-emission and zero- emission vehicles.

LU-2
Employee Commute (Local) 2018 2030 2045 2050
Employee Commute (local) VMT 6,563,707 7,632,544 8,225,461 8,433,164 Percent reduction in employee commute (local) VMT from TDM measures 12% 21% 27% Reduction in employee commute (local) VMT from TDM measures 889,361 1,741,972 2,241,468 Employee commute (local) emissions factor (MTCO2e/mi) 0.0002283 0.0001980 0.0001967 Subtotal GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 203 345 441 Employee Commute (Distance) 2018 2030 2045 2050
Employee Commute (distance) VMT 947,901 1,102,258 1,187,884 1,217,880 Percent reduction in employee commute (distance) VMT from TDM measures 8% 18% 23% Reduction in employee commute (distance) VMT from TDM measures 83,617 208,474 282,548 Employee commute (distance) emissions factor (MTCO2e/mi) 0.0002283 0.0001980 0.0001967 Subtotal GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 19 41 56 Total GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 222 386 497 Source:

Actions and Associated VMT Reduction Assumptions 2030 2045 2050 Telecommuting: provide flexible work schedules and telecommuting. 6% 15% 20%
Biking: Provide secure bicycle parking, showers, lockers and other amenities at City facilities to promote bicycle use by both employees and visitors. 4% 4% 4% Transit: Expand and improve existing incentives for City employees to choose alternatives to single-occupant auto commuting, such as transit incentives and subsidies, and ridesharing services and subsidies 2% 3% 4% Shared Mobility and Transit: Continue to partner with carshare and bikeshare companies to pilot employee and public transit alternatives -- -- -- Employee commute (local) combined reduction 12% 21% 27% Employee commute (distance) combined reduction 8% 18% 23% Reduction = 1−[(1−A) × (1−B) × (1−C)]
Where A, B, and C are the individual measure reduction percentages for the measures to be combined in each subsector.

CAPCOA measure T-9. Provide End-of-Trip Bicycle Facilities (0.1% - 4.4%).

Max reduction achieved if City provides parking, showers, bike lockers, and personal lockers. This would not apply to employee commute (distance) CAPCOA measure T-7. Provide Ridesharing Program (0-8.0%) CAPCOA measure T-8. Implement Subsidized or Discounted Transit Program (0-5.5%). Max reduction achieved if 100% of transit fare is subsidized and all employees are eligible.

According to Draft CAPCOA 2021, these types of measures yield minimal GHG reductions. Not quantified here.

According to employee commute survey data, 51.45% of employees work 5 days a week. Assuming the rest commute 4 days a week, the 5-day a week employees make up 57% of the total VMT. If half of the 5-day a week employees go down to 4-days in the office per week, that constitutes a 20% reduction in their VMT, or overall a .2*57/2 = 5.7% reduction in overall VMT.

Reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and single-occupancy vehicle trips, as identified in Fremont’s General Plan. [1] fueleconomy.gov, all-electric LDV
Rationale
LU-3
Conversion of MEC-9 Reduced Employee Commute VMT to eVMT 2018 2030 2045 2050 MEC-9 Reduced Employee Commute (local) VMT 6,563,707 6,743,184 6,483,489 6,191,697 MEC-9 Reduced Employee Commute (distance) VMT 947,901 1,018,640 979,410 935,332 Total MEC-9 Reduced Employee Commute VMT 7,511,608 7,761,824 7,462,900 7,127,028 Target conversion rate to from gasoline VMT to eVMT 6% 9% 11% Gasoline equivalent eVMT 465,709 671,661 783,973 Total employee commute emissions factor (MTCO2e/mi) 0.0002283 0.0001980 0.0001967 Subtotal GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 106 133 154 Additional GHG emissions from EV charger use
Average Efficiency of EV LDV (kWh/100-mi) [1] 34 34 34 Charged amount (kWh) 156,609 225,866 263,635 Fremont weighted municipal electricity emissions factor (MTCO2e/MWh) 0.03 - - Additional GHG emissions from EVs (MTCO2e) 4 - - Subtotal GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 102 133 154 Source:

Actions and Associated VMT Reduction Assumptions 2030 2045 2050 EV/Alternatively-Fueled Vehicles: Provide preferential parking and/or other benefits for carpool and alternative fuel vehicles at City facilities, to encourage and reward carpooling and ownership of alternative fuel vehicles. 6% 9% 11%
2017 Employee Commute survey data:

12.15% of employees who take a motor
vehicle to work have a hybrid, PHEV, or
PBEV.

CAPCOA measure T-13. Provide EV Charging
Infrastructure (0-11.9%).

Rationale
Encourage the adoption of zero-emission passenger vehicles. [1] fueleconomy.gov, all-electric LDV
MW-5
2018 2030 2045 2050
Total forecasted emissions from solid waste 930 1,081 1,165 1,195 Estimated diversion rate for Fremont 56%
Targeted diversion rate 75% 90% 95%
Adjusted forecasted emissions from solid waste (MTCO2e) 614 265 136 Total GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 467 900 1,059
Establish and advance zero waste targets and policies.

NL-3
2018 2030 2045 2050
Percent tree coverage communitywide (existing and targets) [1] 14% 21% 29% 31% New tree coverage communitywide (acres) 1,435 3,228 3,826 Percent new tree coverage acres on City-owned land or right-of-way 20% 20% 20% Additional sequestration from new tree coverage on City-owed land or right-of-way 482 1,085 1,286 Total GHG Reductions (MTCO2e) 482 1,085 1,286 Fremont Tree Canopy Assessment Info [1] 2018
Percent Tree
Coverage
Fremont urban tree canopy (acres) 3,239 14% Possible planting area (acres) 3,826 17% Unsuitable area (acres) 15,488 69%
Total land area (acres) 22,553
Fremont trees total carbon storage (tons of carbon) 235,000 Fremont trees annual carbon sequestration (tons of CO2/year) 6,000 Carbon sequestration per area (MTCO2e/acre) 1.68
Source:

Implement the City's Urban Forest Management Plan.
[1] City of Fremont. 2020. Urban Tree Canopy Assessment Assumptions and Conversion Factors
Milpitas Municipal Operations Greenhouse Gas Inventories and Forecasts Category Value
g/MT 1000000
g/lb 453.592
g/kg 1000
lb/MT 2204.622622
kg/MT 1000
MT/ton 0.907185
g/ton 907185
lb/kg 2.20462
kWh/MWh 1000
MWh/GWh 1000
gal/cubic foot 7.480519481
gal/Liter 0.264172052
Liter/gallon 3.785411784
gallon/acrefoot 325851.429
days/year 365
MMBTU/gallon (diesel) 0.1374
MMBTU/scf (natural gas) 0.001037
therms/scf 0.01037
kwh/therm 29.3001111
Source (Select) IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (Avg)<--drop down selection CO2 1
CH4 28
N2O 265
Source CO2 GWP CH4 GWP N2O GWP
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (w/o
climate carbon feedback) 1 25 265IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (with climate carbon feedback) 1 34 298
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (Avg) 1 25 298
IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (Avg) 1 28 265
IPCC Third Assessment Report 1 23 296
IPCC Second Assessment Report 1 21 310
Electricity Emission Factors 2018 2020 20302045/2050 Source PG&E EF (lb CO2/MWh) 206.29 189.33 113.04 0 https://www.theclimateregistry.org/our- members/cris-public-reports/
CAMX EF (lb CH4/MWh) 0.034 0.03148 0.01889 0 eGRID (https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions- generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid)
CAMX EF (lb N2O/MWh) 0.004 0.00370 0.00222 0 eGRID (https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions- generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid)
CAMX EF (lb CO2/MWh) 496.50 459.72222 275.83333 0 eGRID (https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions- generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid)
PG&E EF (MTCO2e/MWh) 0.094484198 0.086725782 0.051779109 0 calculated RPS Target Year 2018 2020 2030 2045
PG&E
Percent Renewable 27% 33% 60% 100%
Increase in Renewables (from 2018) 6% 33%
Fuel Emission Factor Unit Source

8.78kg CO2/gal

0.0000237MT CH4/MT CO2

0.0000429MT N2O/MTO CO2

10.21kg CO2/gal

0.0000237MT CH4/MT CO2

0.0000429MT N2O/MTO CO2
Fuel Emission Factor Unit Source

10.21kg CO2/gal

0.9g CH4/MMBTU

0.4g N2O/MMBTU

22.5091702lb CO2/gal

0.000272586lb CH4/gal

0.000121149lb N2O/gal

0.010228012MTCO2/gal

0.05444kg CO2/scf

0.9g CH4/MMBTU

0.9g N2O/MMBTU

11.57372351lb CO2/therm

0.000272586lb CH4/therm

0.000272586lb N2O/therm

0.00528598MTCO2/therm
Fuel Emission Factors
Diesel
Climate Registry
2019 Default
Emission Factors
Natural Gas
Conversion Factors
GWP
RPS Requirements
Fuel Emission Factors
Gasoline (transport fuel) Climate Registry
2020 Default
Emission FactorsDiesel (transport fuel)

All Vehicles Emission Factor - 2020 Diesel VMT/gallon
Vehicle type VMT/year Percent
VMT gCO2/VMT gCH4/VMT gN2O/VMT MTCO2e/VMT Class Diesel VMT (VMT/year)
Diesel Fuel
Consumption
(gallons/year)
Diesel
VMT/gallon
All other buses 4,643,937 0.04%1193.6834820.02336140.188459806 0.0012443 Heavy 33,998,638 904,087 37.61 LDA 6,523,779,149 52.93%288.15382620.01660930.011155815 0.0002916 Light LDT1 575,438,288 4.67%361.75420180.03019020.019117867 0.0003677 Light LDT2 2,664,434,919 21.62%386.04148910.01904180.014438587 0.0003904 Light LHD1 278,090,315 2.26%864.40305680.02783250.059663021 0.0008810 Heavy LHD2 63,709,752 0.52%911.28394730.01948570.087502027 0.0009350 Heavy MCY 44,428,850 0.36%216.57274950.28477860.048151733 0.0002373 Light MDV 1,348,846,725 10.94%468.59481620.02788040.019926921 0.0004747 Light MH 6,828,824 0.06%1732.5304660.02582450.072556971 0.0017525 Heavy Motor coach 3,044,582 0.02% 1841.303170.00559460.290098064 0.0019183 Heavy OBUS 10,874,868 0.09%1839.6224470.03606990.039799326 0.0018512 Heavy PTO 7,288,124 0.06%2167.4351950.00689040.341480298 0.0022581 Heavy SBUS 4,340,155 0.04%1189.4886910.22414990.170771787 0.0012410 Heavy T6 206,888,860 1.68%1308.5003270.02238640.17622473 0.0013558 Heavy T7 549,249,541 4.46% 1754.691190.09398240.278600405 0.0018312 Heavy UBUS 34,387,589 0.28%1243.4512020.12388860.168828324 0.0012917 Heavy Total 12,326,274,478 100% 0.0004466 All
Total 0.0003410 Light
Total 0.0014545 Heavy
Source: EMFAC2021 (v1.0.1) Emissions Inventory
Region Type: County
Region: Alameda
Calendar Year: 2020, 2030, 2045, 2050
Season: Annual
Vehicle Classification: EMFAC2011 Categories
Units: miles/year for CVMT and EVMT, trips/year for Trips, kWh/year for Energy Consumption, tons/year for Emissions, 1000 gallons/year for Fuel Consumption All Vehicles Emission Factor - 2030 Diesel VMT/gallon
Vehicle type VMT/year Percent
VMT gCO2/VMT gCH4/VMT gN2O/VMT MTCO2e/VMT Class Diesel VMT (VMT/year)
Diesel Fuel
Consumption
(gallons/year)
Diesel
VMT/gallon
All other buses 5,048,009 0.03%1088.827810.01696887 0.172163849 0.0011349 Heavy 24,279,348 619,841 39.17 LDA 8,077,583,907 50.88%227.5826190.00721152 0.006474534 0.0002295 Light LDT1 527,671,000 3.32%308.3322890.01293127 0.010166327 0.0003114 Light LDT2 3,750,714,998 23.63%314.9425640.00932588 0.008352279 0.0003174 Light LHD1 392,438,641 2.47% 683.856180.01195015 0.045922024 0.0006964 Heavy LHD2 95,830,306 0.60%730.7003810.00869108 0.077865567 0.0007516 Heavy MCY 54,355,964 0.34%202.6279370.20472371 0.039991822 0.0002190 Light MDV 2,049,823,289 12.91%374.7661470.01028102 0.009304585 0.0003775 Light MH 8,247,238 0.05%1662.306850.00632622 0.067909844 0.0016805 Heavy Motor coach 3,195,968 0.02%1736.155650.00218131 0.273532029 0.0018087 Heavy OBUS 7,121,581 0.04%1582.167750.02631065 0.027390499 0.0015902 Heavy PTO 7,906,550 0.05%1737.209690.00074758 0.273698093 0.0018098 Heavy SBUS 5,371,083 0.03%1026.184390.18265872 0.129593269 0.0010656 Heavy T6 229,133,682 1.44% 1121.4020.01736624 0.15104364 0.0011619 Heavy T7 625,014,742 3.94% 1470.85220.08155496 0.234201078 0.0015352 Heavy UBUS 35,416,574 0.22%875.9554250.51999983 0.119086168 0.0009221 Heavy Total 15,874,873,534 100.00% 0.0003562 All Total 0.0002762 Light
Total 0.0011737 Heavy
Source: EMFAC2021 (v1.0.1) Emissions Inventory
Region Type: County
Region: Alameda
Calendar Year: 2020, 2030, 2045, 2050
Season: Annual
Vehicle Classification: EMFAC2011 Categories
Units: miles/year for CVMT and EVMT, trips/year for Trips, kWh/year for Energy Consumption, tons/year for Emissions, 1000 gallons/year for Fuel Consumption All Vehicles Emission Factor - 2045 Diesel VMT/gallon
Vehicle type VMT/year Percent
VMT gCO2/VMT gCH4/VMT gN2O/VMT MTCO2e/VMT Class Diesel VMT (VMT/year)
Diesel Fuel
Consumption
(gallons/year)
Diesel
VMT/gallon
All other buses 5,582,522 0.03% 1020.064190.01829950.161497881 0.0010634 Heavy 19,682,755 485,911 40.51 LDA 8,768,494,212 49.23%206.1647870.00442610.005476711 0.0002077 Light LDT1 489,752,190 2.75% 266.7365220.00536860.006489817 0.0002686 Light LDT2 4,233,335,225 23.77%284.2205090.00630550.007057227 0.0002863 Light LHD1 463,347,325 2.60% 389.1565950.0050211 0.02669299 0.0003964 Heavy LHD2 114,457,401 0.64% 424.2272410.00384010.047954081 0.0004370 Heavy MCY 58,974,790 0.33% 198.6404670.17778070.036889116 0.0002134 Light MDV 2,439,511,347 13.70%337.8392040.00655690.007587464 0.0003400 Light MH 9,258,351 0.05% 1642.199370.00412850.072638145 0.0016616 Heavy Motor coach 3,468,488 0.02% 1597.214610.00195010.251641812 0.0016640 Heavy OBUS 5,374,982 0.03% 772.257350.01513890.015625464 0.0007768 Heavy PTO 10,005,144 0.06% 910.675920.00035220.143477362 0.0009487 Heavy SBUS 6,492,354 0.04% 583.0574650.09149480.062766286 0.0006023 Heavy T6 284,859,672 1.60% 590.0636260.01143260.082596621 0.0006123 Heavy T7 883,680,249 4.96% 1168.270360.03834470.185638309 0.0012185 Heavy UBUS 35,930,250 0.20% 170.0226390.00054510.003123721 0.0001709 Heavy Total 17,812,524,501 0.0003112 All

0.0002506 Light

0.0008427 Heavy
Source: EMFAC2021 (v1.0.1) Emissions Inventory
Region Type: County
Region: Alameda
Calendar Year: 2020, 2030, 2045, 2050
Season: Annual
Vehicle Classification: EMFAC2011 Categories
Units: miles/year for CVMT and EVMT, trips/year for Trips, kWh/year for Energy Consumption, tons/year for Emissions, 1000 gallons/year for Fuel Consumption All Vehicles Emission Factor - 2050 Diesel VMT/gallon
Vehicle type VMT/year Percent
VMT gCO2/VMT gCH4/VMT gN2O/VMT MTCO2e/VMT Class Diesel VMT (VMT/year)
Diesel Fuel
Consumption
(gallons/year)
Diesel
VMT/gallon
All other buses 5,718,999 0.03% 1009.3993 0.0185403 0.15985494 0.0010523 Heavy 20,057,136 493,775 40.62 LDA 8,979,216,593 48.93% 205.44141 0.0043277 0.0054554 0.0002070 Light LDT1 497,679,491 2.71% 263.78894 0.005031 0.00634699 0.0002656 Light LDT2 4,337,878,521 23.64% 282.50978 0.0061401 0.00698807 0.0002845 Light LHD1 476,699,600 2.60% 349.92175 0.0042131 0.02395125 0.0003564 Heavy LHD2 118,028,420 0.64% 382.38518 0.0032179 0.04344246 0.0003940 Heavy MCY 60,068,926 0.33% 197.26127 0.1709468 0.03626986 0.0002117 Light MDV 2,504,755,748 13.65% 335.56149 0.0061945 0.00743657 0.0003377 Light MH 9,558,462 0.05% 1640.7917 0.0033023 0.07269138 0.0016601 Heavy Motor coach 3,564,398 0.02% 1588.7946 0.0019627 0.25031524 0.0016552 Heavy OBUS 5,328,976 0.03% 670.28276 0.0102795 0.01259928 0.0006739 Heavy PTO 10,876,537 0.06% 813.32055 0.0003039 0.12813898 0.0008473 Heavy SBUS 6,686,808 0.04% 424.78579 0.0505959 0.04162195 0.0004372 Heavy T6 306,564,068 1.67% 526.40732 0.0101547 0.07426091 0.0005464 Heavy T7 991,354,425 5.40% 1152.3352 0.0349847 0.18300219 0.0012018 Heavy UBUS 35,930,250 0.20% 170.02681 0.0005786 0.00316872 0.0001709 Heavy Total 18,349,910,222 0.0003111 All

0.0002493 Light

0.0008247 Heavy
Source: EMFAC2021 (v1.0.1) Emissions Inventory
Region Type: County
Region: Alameda
Calendar Year: 2020, 2030, 2045, 2050
Season: Annual
Vehicle Classification: EMFAC2011 Categories
Units: miles/year for CVMT and EVMT, trips/year for Trips, kWh/year for Energy Consumption, tons/year for Emissions, 1000 gallons/year for Fuel Consumption