Exhibit G – Draft Environmental Impact Report Response to Comments — Fresno City Council, February 1, 2024 (part 6 of 9)

Table T-19.3. Growth Factor Adjustment
Facility Type Growth Factor Adjustment
New Class I bike path1 or Class IV bikeway2 1.54
New Class II bike lane3 1.0
Conversion from Class II to IV 0.54
Source: California Air Resources Board. 2020. Quantification Methodology for the Strategic Growth Council’s Affordable Housing and Sustainable Communities Program. September. Available:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/capandtrade/auctionproceeds/sgc_ahsc_qm_022521.pdf.

Accessed: March 2021.
1 Class I bike paths are physically separated from motor vehicle traffic. 2 Class IV bikeways are protected on-street bikeways, also called cycle tracks. 3 Class II bike lanes are striped bicycle lanes that provide exclusive use to bicycles on a roadway.

Table T-19.4. Bike Facility Default Days of Use per Year by County County Days County Days County Days County Days
Alameda 302 Kern 333 Placer 291 San Joaquin 314
Alpine 291 Kings 328 Plumas 292 San Luis Obispo 321
Amador 302 Lake 298 Riverside 337 San Mateo 295
Butte 294 Los Angeles 332 Sacramento 307 Solano 309
Calaveras 304 Lassen 309 San Benito 315 Stanislaus 319
Contra Costa 307 Madera 314 San Bernardino 333 Sutter 304 Colusa 309 Marin 296 Santa Barbara 328 Tehama 297
Del Norte 252 Mariposa 307 Santa Clara 307 Trinity 277
El Dorado 295 Mendocino 279 Santa Cruz 304 Tulare 314
Fresno 320 Merced 316 San Diego 323 Tuolumne 299
Glenn 304 Modoc 287 San Francisco 301 Ventura 334
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Table T-19.4. Bike Facility Default Days of Use per Year by County (cont.) County Days County Days County Days County Days
Humboldt 262 Mono 311 Shasta 283 Yolo 311
Imperial 353 Monterey 310 Sierra 301 Yuba 293
Inyo 331 Orange 335 Siskiyou 280 Statewide 311
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2021. Global Historical Climatology Network – Daily (GHCN-Daily), Version 3. 2015-2019 average of days per year with precipitation >0.1 inches. Available:
https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/search/data-search/daily-summaries?bbox=38.922,-120.071,38.338,- 119.547&place=County:1276&dataTypes=PRCP&startDate=2015-01-01T00:00:00&endDate=2019-01- 01T23:59:59. Accessed: May 2021.

Table T-20.1. Bicycle Mode Share of All Trips by California Core-Based Statistical Area Core-Based Statistical Area Bicycle Mode Share
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim 0.18%
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario 0.06%
Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-Arcade 0.56%
San Diego-Carlsbad 0.23%
San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward 0.47%
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara 0.79%
Source: Federal Highway Administration. 2017. National Household Travel Survey – 2017 Table Designer. Travel Day PT by TRPTRANS by HH_CBSA. Available: https://nhts.ornl.gov/. Accessed: January 2021.

Table T-26.1. Transit Bus Fuel Economy by Fuel Type
Fuel Type Fuel Economy Unit
Gasoline 0.21261 gal/mile
Diesel 0.15691 gal/mile
Natural gas1 0.24890 gal/mile
Electric2 2.39132 kWh/mile
Sources: California Air Resources Board. 2020. EMFAC2017 v1.0.3. August. Available:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory. Accessed: January 2021.

U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE). 2021. Fuel Economy Datasets for All Model Years (1984-2021). January.

Available: https://www.fueleconomy.gov. Accessed: January 2021. gal = gallon; kwh = kilowatt hour
1 Natural gas fuel economy is based on a conversion of natural gas fuel consumption to gallons of diesel equivalent. 2 Scaled from diesel equivalent based on energy efficiency ratio (EER) of 2.5 and assumption of 38.1 kWh electricity per gallon of diesel.

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Table T-30.1. Battery Electric Vehicle Efficiency by Vehicle Type Vehicle Type1 BEV Efficiency (kWh/mile)
Light-duty automobile (LDA) 0.33
Light-duty truck (LDT) 0.38
Light-heavy duty truck 1 (LHDT1) 1.47
Light-heavy duty truck 2 (LHDT2) 1.67
Medium-heavy duty truck (MHDT) 1.56
Heavy-heavy duty truck (HHDT) 2.33
Sources: California Air Resources Board. 2020b. EMFAC2017 v1.0.3. August. Available:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory. Accessed: January 2021.

California Air Resources Board. 2020c. Unofficial electronic version of the Low Carbon Fuel Standard Regulation.

Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/2020_lcfs_fro_oal-approved_unofficial_06302020.pdf.

Accessed: January 2021.

U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE). 2021. Fuel Economy Datasets for All Model Years (1984-2021). January.

Available: https://www.fueleconomy.gov. Accessed: January 2021. kWh = kilowatt-hours; BEV = battery electric vehicle
1 Vehicles listed reflect a subset of the EMFAC vehicle categories.

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Table T-30.2. Vehicle Fuel Efficiency, Energy Density, and Well-to-Wheels Carbon Intensity and Emission Factor by Vehicle Category and Fuel Type
Vehicle Fuel
Fuel Efficiency Energy Density Carbon Intensity Emission Factor
(g CO2e/mile)11 Value Units Ref Value Units Ref Value Units Ref LDA Gasoline 30.3 mpg 1 115.8 MJ/gal 7 93.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 356.2 Gasoline hybrid 45.5 mpg 2 115.8 MJ/gal 7 93.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 237.2 Flex fuel (E85) 22.7 mpg 3 86.7 MJ/gal 6 66.8 g CO2e/MJ 9 255.1 PHEV10 — — — — — — — — — 173.0
BEV 0.327 kWh/mile 4 3.6 MJ/kWh 7 82.9 g CO2e/MJ 7 97.6 LDT1 Gasoline 25.9 mpg 1 115.8 MJ/gal 5 93.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 416.9 Gasoline hybrid 38.9 mpg 2 115.8 MJ/gal 5 93.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 277.4 Flex fuel (E85) 19.4 mpg 3 86.7 MJ/gal 6 66.8 g CO2e/MJ 9 298.5 PHEV10 — — — — — — — — — 202.6
BEV 0.383 kWh/mile 4 3.6 MJ/kWh 7 82.9 g CO2e/MJ 7 114.3 LDT2 Gasoline 23.8 mpg 1 115.8 MJ/gal 5 93.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 453.5 Composite Diesel1,2 23.8 mpg 1, 3 130.5 MJ/gal 5, 8 45.4 g CO2e/MJ 5, 9 248.9 Diesel 34.9 mpg 1 134.5 MJ/gal 5 94.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 363.0 MDV Gasoline 19.4 mpg 1 115.8 MJ/gal 5 93.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 556.3 Composite Diesel1,2 19.4 mpg 1, 3 130.5 MJ/gal 5, 8 45.4 g CO2e/MJ 5, 9 305.4 Diesel 26.4 mpg 1 134.5 MJ/gal 5 94.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 479.9 LHDT1 Gasoline 9.2 mpg 1 115.8 MJ/gal 5 93.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 1,173.1 Composite Diesel1,2 9.2 mpg 1, 3 130.5 MJ/gal 5, 8 45.4 g CO2e/MJ 5, 9 664.0 Diesel 18.9 mpg 1 134.5 MJ/gal 5 94.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 670.4 BEV 1.47 kWh/mile 4 3.6 MJ/kWh 7 82.9 g CO2e/MJ 7 438.7 LHDT2 Gasoline 8.1 mpg 1 115.8 MJ/gal 5 93.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 1,332.4 Composite Diesel1,2 8.1 mpg 1, 3 130.5 MJ/gal 5, 8 45.4 g CO2e/MJ 5, 9 731.4 Diesel 17.1 mpg 1 134.5 MJ/gal 5 94.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 740.9 BEV 1.67 kWh/mile 4 3.6 MJ/kWh 7 82.9 g CO2e/MJ 7 498.4 B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Table T-30.2. Vehicle Fuel Efficiency, Energy Density, and Well-to-Wheels Carbon Intensity and Emission Factor by Vehicle Category and Fuel Type (cont.)
Vehicle Fuel
Fuel Efficiency Energy Density Carbon Intensity Emission Factor
(g CO2e/mile)11 Value Units Ref Value Units Ref Value Units Ref MHDT Gasoline 4.9 mpg 1 115.8 MJ/gal 5 93.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 2,202.6 Composite Diesel1,2 9.4 mpg 1, 3 130.5 MJ/gal 5, 8 45.4 g CO2e/MJ 5, 9 630.3 Diesel 9.4 mpg 1 134.5 MJ/gal 5 94.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 1347.9 BEV 1.56 kWh/mile 4 3.6 MJ/kWh 7 93.8 g CO2e/MJ 7 526.8 HHDT Composite Diesel1,2 6.3 mpg 1, 3 130.5 MJ/gal 5, 8 45.4 gCO2e/MJ 4, 9 940.4 Diesel 6.3 mpg 1 134.5 MJ/gal 5 94.2 g CO2e/MJ 5 2011.1 Natural gas 5.9 mpgde 3 134.5 MJ/gal 5 32.7 g CO2e/MJ 9 745.4 BEV 2.33 kWh/mile 4 3.6 MJ/kWh 7 93.8 g CO2e/MJ 7 786.8 Sources: See footnotes.

LDA = light-duty automobile; light-duty truck 1 (LDT1); light-duty truck 2 (LDT2); MDV = medium-duty vehicle; light-heavy duty truck 1 (LHDT1); light-heavy duty truck 2 (LHDT2); MHDT = medium-heavy duty truck; HHDV = heavy-heavy duty vehicle; MJ = megajoules; mpg = miles per gallon; mpgde = miles per gallon of diesel equivalent; gal = gallon; kWh = kilowatt-hours; CO2e = carbon dioxide equivalent; g = grams; ref = reference 1 California Air Resources Board. 2020a. EMFAC2017 v1.0.3. August. Available: https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory. Accessed: January 2021.

Statewide analysis for the year 2021.
2 U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE). 2021. Fuel Economy Datasets for All Model Years (1984-2021). January. Available: https://www.fueleconomy.gov. Accessed: January 2021.

Assumes 50% improvement vs. gasoline, based on comparison of gasoline and hybrid Toyota Camry and Corolla. 3 Scaled from gasoline equivalent based on energy density values. 4 U.S. DOE 2021. Scaled from gasoline or diesel equivalent based on energy efficiency ratio (EER) of 2.5 and assumption of 33.7 kWh electricity per gallon gasoline or 38.1 kWh electricity per gallon diesel.
5 Gasoline value reflects California Reformulated Gasoline (RFG), which consists of a blend of California Reformulated Gasoline Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending (CARBOB) and 10% ethanol. California Air Resources Board. 2020b. Unofficial electronic version of the Low Carbon Fuel Standard Regulation. Available:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/2020_lcfs_fro_oal-approved_unofficial_06302020.pdf. Accessed: January 2021. 6 Assumes 85% denatured ethanol and 15% California reformulated gasoline (CaRFG). 7 California Air Resources Board. 2020c. California Climate Investments Quantification Methodology Emission Factor Database and Documentation. August. Available:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/cci-quantification-benefits-and-reporting-materials. Accessed: January 2021. 8 Assumes 80% diesel and 20% FAME Biodiesel
9 California Air Resources Board. 2019. LCFS Pathway Certified Carbon Intensities. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/lcfs-pathway-certified-carbon-intensities.

Accessed: January 2021.
10 CARB 2020a. Can be calculated as 46% BEV and 54% gasoline hybrid, based on eVMT fraction. See Equation A2 for further instruction. 11 Where fuel efficiency is measured in miles per gallon, the emission factor is calculated as (fuel efficiency * energy density * carbon intensity). Where fuel efficiency is measured in kilowatt-hours per mile, the emission factor is calculated as ((1/fuel efficiency) * energy density * carbon intensity). 12 Composite diesel is a blend of conventional fossil diesel (6%), biodiesel (16%), and renewable diesel (78%). The percentages are based on the percent of total volume blended into diesel sold in California (CARB 2020c).

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Figure E-1.1. California Energy Commission Electricity Demand Forecast Zones Note: This figure is intended to provide a general depiction of the forecast zones as not all details can be clearly depicted at this scale. Those interested in additional detail should refer directly to the interactive version of this map, available on CEC’s website at the following URL: https://cecgiscaenergy.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/86fef50f6f344fabbe545e58aec83edd_0/data?geometry=- 165.327%2C31.004%2C-72.427%2C43.220.

Source: California Energy Commission (CEC). 2017. California Electricity Demand Forecast Zones. Available:
https://cecgis-caenergy.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/86fef50f6f344fabbe545e58aec83edd_0/data?geometry=- 165.327%2C31.004%2C-72.427%2C43.220. Accessed: June 2021.

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Figure E-4.1. CEC Building Climate Zones
Note: The CEC has an online climate zone search tool available at the following URL:
https://www.energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/programs/building-energy-efficiency-standards/climate-zone-toolmaps-and.

Source: California Energy Commission (CEC). 2020. Building Climate Zones. August. Available:
https://caenergy.maps.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=eaf3158767674e6cb14f4407186d3607. Accessed: January 2021.

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Table E-1.1. Proxy Zones to Use for Electric Demand Forecast Zones EDFZ Name EDFZ
Residential (RASS)
Proxy Zone
Commercial Proxy
Zones
Other-A 0-A 4 4
Other-B 0-B 2 2
Other-C 0-C 3 3
Other-D 0-D 3 3
Other-E 0-E 10 10
Other-F 0-F 3 3
Other-G 0-G 3 3
Other-H 0-H 4 4
Greater Bay Area 1 — —
North Coast 2 — —
North Valley 3 — —
Central Valley 4 — —
Southern Valley 5 — —
Central Coast 6 — —
LA Metro 7 — —
Big Creek West 8 — —
Big Creek East 9 — —
Northeast 10 — —
Eastern 11 — —
SDG&E 12 — —
SMUD Service Territory 13 — —
Turlock Irrigation District 14 4 —
Rest of BANC Control Area 15 3 —
LADWP Coastal 16 — —
LADWP Inland 17 — —
Burbank/Glendale 18 17 —
Imperial Irrigation District 19 11 —
Valley Electric 20 10 10
Source: California Energy Commission (CEC). 2017. California Electricity Demand Forecast Zones. Available:
https://cecgis-caenergy.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/86fef50f6f344fabbe545e58aec83edd_0/data?geometry=- 165.327%2C31.004%2C-72.427%2C43.220. Accessed: June 2021. - = N/A. EDFZ is already included in the RASS or commercial end use forecast. Numbers only listed for missing zones.

EDFZ = Electricity Demand Forecast Zone; RASS = Residential Appliance Saturation Study; LA = Los Angeles; LADWP = Los Angeles Department of Water and Power; BANC = Balancing Authority of California; SDG&E = San Diego Gas & Electric; SMUD = Sacramento Municipal Utility District
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Table E-1.2. Non-Residential Electricity Reduction for 1 Percent Improvement over 2019 Title 24 Requirements Non-Residential Building Type1
Electricity Reduction by EDFZ2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 State
Arena 0.44% 0.43% 0.50% 0.43% 0.50% 0.41% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.44% 0.54% 0.53% 0.68% 0.70% 0.42% 0.68% 0.61% Automobile Care Center 0.44% 0.43% 0.50% 0.43% 0.50% 0.41% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.44% 0.54% 0.53% 0.68% 0.70% 0.42% 0.68% 0.61% Bank (with Drive-Through) 0.44% 0.43% 0.50% 0.43% 0.50% 0.41% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.44% 0.54% 0.53% 0.68% 0.70% 0.42% 0.68% 0.61% Convenience Market (24 hour) 0.37% 0.39% 0.46% 0.39% 0.46% 0.39% 0.35% 0.35% 0.38% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.39% 0.49% 0.47% 0.36% 0.36% 0.34% 0.24% 0.39% Convenience Market with Gas Pumps 0.37% 0.39% 0.46% 0.39% 0.46% 0.39% 0.35% 0.35% 0.38% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.39% 0.49% 0.47% 0.36% 0.36% 0.34% 0.24% 0.39% Day-Care Center 0.80% 0.80% 0.81% 0.80% 0.81% 0.80% 0.86% 0.86% 0.87% 0.86% 0.86% 0.84% 0.87% 0.79% 0.79% 0.76% 0.78% 0.85% 0.95% 0.85% Discount Club 0.71% 0.71% 0.77% 0.73% 0.77% 0.71% 0.79% 0.79% 0.80% 0.79% 0.79% 0.81% 0.76% 0.79% 0.78% 0.65% 0.66% 0.72% 0.77% 0.75% Electronic Superstore 0.71% 0.71% 0.77% 0.73% 0.77% 0.71% 0.79% 0.79% 0.80% 0.79% 0.79% 0.81% 0.76% 0.79% 0.78% 0.65% 0.66% 0.72% 0.77% 0.75% Elementary School 0.80% 0.80% 0.81% 0.80% 0.81% 0.80% 0.86% 0.86% 0.87% 0.86% 0.86% 0.84% 0.87% 0.79% 0.79% 0.76% 0.78% 0.85% 0.95% 0.85% Fast Food Restaurant w/o Drive Thru 0.34% 0.36% 0.41% 0.36% 0.41% 0.36% 0.53% 0.54% 0.52% 0.50% 0.51% 0.51% 0.39% 0.43% 0.42% 0.48% 0.50% 0.47% 0.44% 0.44% Fast Food Restaurant with Drive Thru 0.34% 0.36% 0.41% 0.36% 0.41% 0.36% 0.53% 0.54% 0.52% 0.50% 0.51% 0.51% 0.39% 0.43% 0.42% 0.48% 0.50% 0.47% 0.44% 0.44% Free-Standing Discount store 0.71% 0.71% 0.77% 0.73% 0.77% 0.71% 0.79% 0.79% 0.80% 0.79% 0.79% 0.81% 0.76% 0.79% 0.78% 0.65% 0.66% 0.72% 0.77% 0.75% Free-Standing Discount Superstore 0.71% 0.71% 0.77% 0.73% 0.77% 0.71% 0.79% 0.79% 0.80% 0.79% 0.79% 0.81% 0.76% 0.79% 0.78% 0.65% 0.66% 0.72% 0.77% 0.75% Gasoline/Service Station 0.44% 0.43% 0.50% 0.43% 0.50% 0.41% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.44% 0.54% 0.53% 0.68% 0.70% 0.42% 0.68% 0.61% General Heavy Industry 0.44% 0.43% 0.50% 0.43% 0.50% 0.41% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.44% 0.54% 0.53% 0.68% 0.70% 0.42% 0.68% 0.61% General Light Industry 0.44% 0.43% 0.50% 0.43% 0.50% 0.41% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.44% 0.54% 0.53% 0.68% 0.70% 0.42% 0.68% 0.61% General Office Building 0.65% 0.65% 0.69% 0.66% 0.69% 0.65% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.78% 0.67% 0.69% 0.68% 0.73% 0.73% 0.65% 0.62% 0.71% Government (Civic Center) 0.65% 0.65% 0.69% 0.66% 0.69% 0.65% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.78% 0.67% 0.69% 0.68% 0.73% 0.73% 0.65% 0.62% 0.71% Government Office Building 0.65% 0.65% 0.69% 0.66% 0.69% 0.65% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.78% 0.67% 0.69% 0.68% 0.73% 0.73% 0.65% 0.62% 0.71% Hardware/Paint Store 0.71% 0.71% 0.77% 0.73% 0.77% 0.71% 0.79% 0.79% 0.80% 0.79% 0.79% 0.81% 0.76% 0.79% 0.78% 0.65% 0.66% 0.72% 0.77% 0.75% Health Club 0.44% 0.43% 0.50% 0.43% 0.50% 0.41% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.44% 0.54% 0.53% 0.68% 0.70% 0.42% 0.68% 0.61% High School 0.80% 0.80% 0.81% 0.80% 0.81% 0.80% 0.86% 0.86% 0.87% 0.86% 0.86% 0.84% 0.87% 0.79% 0.79% 0.76% 0.78% 0.85% 0.95% 0.85% High Turnover (Sit Down Restaurant) 0.34% 0.36% 0.41% 0.36% 0.41% 0.36% 0.53% 0.54% 0.52% 0.50% 0.51% 0.51% 0.39% 0.43% 0.42% 0.48% 0.50% 0.47% 0.44% 0.44% Home Improvement Superstore 0.71% 0.71% 0.77% 0.73% 0.77% 0.71% 0.79% 0.79% 0.80% 0.79% 0.79% 0.81% 0.76% 0.79% 0.78% 0.65% 0.66% 0.72% 0.77% 0.75% Hospital 0.45% 0.46% 0.51% 0.47% 0.51% 0.47% 0.66% 0.65% 0.66% 0.66% 0.66% 0.69% 0.55% 0.55% 0.55% 0.46% 0.50% 0.47% 0.85% 0.55% Hotel 0.49% 0.49% 0.49% 0.47% 0.49% 0.48% 0.76% 0.76% 0.78% 0.79% 0.79% 0.69% 0.54% 0.53% 0.53% 0.72% 0.72% 0.59% 0.83% 0.67% Industrial Park 0.65% 0.65% 0.69% 0.66% 0.69% 0.65% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.78% 0.67% 0.69% 0.68% 0.73% 0.73% 0.65% 0.62% 0.71% Junior College (2yr) 0.83% 0.83% 0.84% 0.83% 0.84% 0.82% 0.79% 0.78% 0.80% 0.79% 0.79% 0.78% 0.83% 0.84% 0.84% 0.64% 0.67% 0.65% 0.87% 0.78% B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Table E-1.2. Non-Residential Electricity Reduction for 1 Percent Improvement over 2019 Title 24 Requirements (cont.) Non-Residential Building Type1
Electricity Reduction by EDFZ2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 State
Junior High School 0.80% 0.80% 0.81% 0.80% 0.81% 0.80% 0.86% 0.86% 0.87% 0.86% 0.86% 0.84% 0.87% 0.79% 0.79% 0.76% 0.78% 0.85% 0.95% 0.85% Library 0.44% 0.43% 0.50% 0.43% 0.50% 0.41% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.44% 0.54% 0.53% 0.68% 0.70% 0.42% 0.68% 0.61% Manufacturing 0.44% 0.43% 0.50% 0.43% 0.50% 0.41% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.44% 0.54% 0.53% 0.68% 0.70% 0.42% 0.68% 0.61% Medical Office Building 0.65% 0.65% 0.69% 0.66% 0.69% 0.65% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.78% 0.67% 0.69% 0.68% 0.73% 0.73% 0.65% 0.62% 0.71% Motel 0.49% 0.49% 0.49% 0.47% 0.49% 0.48% 0.76% 0.76% 0.78% 0.79% 0.79% 0.69% 0.54% 0.53% 0.53% 0.72% 0.72% 0.59% 0.83% 0.67% Movie Theater (No Matinee) 0.44% 0.43% 0.50% 0.43% 0.50% 0.41% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.44% 0.54% 0.53% 0.68% 0.70% 0.42% 0.68% 0.61% Office Park 0.65% 0.65% 0.69% 0.66% 0.69% 0.65% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.78% 0.67% 0.69% 0.68% 0.73% 0.73% 0.65% 0.62% 0.71% Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o Drive Thru 0.71% 0.71% 0.77% 0.73% 0.77% 0.71% 0.79% 0.79% 0.80% 0.79% 0.79% 0.81% 0.76% 0.79% 0.78% 0.65% 0.66% 0.72% 0.77% 0.75% Pharmacy/Drugstore with Drive Thru 0.71% 0.71% 0.77% 0.73% 0.77% 0.71% 0.79% 0.79% 0.80% 0.79% 0.79% 0.81% 0.76% 0.79% 0.78% 0.65% 0.66% 0.72% 0.77% 0.75% Place of Worship 0.44% 0.43% 0.50% 0.43% 0.50% 0.41% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.44% 0.54% 0.53% 0.68% 0.70% 0.42% 0.68% 0.61% Quality Restaurant 0.34% 0.36% 0.41% 0.36% 0.41% 0.36% 0.53% 0.54% 0.52% 0.50% 0.51% 0.51% 0.39% 0.43% 0.42% 0.48% 0.50% 0.47% 0.44% 0.44% Racquet Club 0.44% 0.43% 0.50% 0.43% 0.50% 0.41% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.85% 0.86% 0.83% 0.44% 0.54% 0.53% 0.68% 0.70% 0.42% 0.68% 0.61% Refrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 0.08% 0.08% 0.09% 0.08% 0.09% 0.08% 0.10% 0.11% 0.09% 0.08% 0.08% 0.09% 0.08% 0.10% 0.10% 0.09% 0.10% 0.18% 0.09% 0.09% Refrigerated Warehouse-Rail 0.08% 0.08% 0.09% 0.08% 0.09% 0.08% 0.10% 0.11% 0.09% 0.08% 0.08% 0.09% 0.08% 0.10% 0.10% 0.09% 0.10% 0.18% 0.09% 0.09% Regional Shopping Center 0.71% 0.71% 0.77% 0.73% 0.77% 0.71% 0.79% 0.79% 0.80% 0.79% 0.79% 0.81% 0.76% 0.79% 0.78% 0.65% 0.66% 0.72% 0.77% 0.75% Research & Development 0.65% 0.65% 0.69% 0.66% 0.69% 0.65% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.81% 0.78% 0.67% 0.69% 0.68% 0.73% 0.73% 0.65% 0.62% 0.71% Strip Mall 0.71% 0.71% 0.77% 0.73% 0.77% 0.71% 0.79% 0.79% 0.80% 0.79% 0.79% 0.81% 0.76% 0.79% 0.78% 0.65% 0.66% 0.72% 0.77% 0.75% Supermarket 0.37% 0.39% 0.46% 0.39% 0.46% 0.39% 0.35% 0.35% 0.38% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.39% 0.49% 0.47% 0.36% 0.36% 0.34% 0.24% 0.39% University/College (4yr) 0.83% 0.83% 0.84% 0.83% 0.84% 0.82% 0.79% 0.78% 0.80% 0.79% 0.79% 0.78% 0.83% 0.84% 0.84% 0.64% 0.67% 0.65% 0.87% 0.78% Unrefrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 0.35% 0.37% 0.37% 0.35% 0.37% 0.36% 0.67% 0.67% 0.62% 0.65% 0.65% 0.67% 0.47% 0.47% 0.46% 0.54% 0.54% 0.58% 0.33% 0.46% Unrefrigerated Warehouse-Rail 0.35% 0.37% 0.37% 0.35% 0.37% 0.36% 0.67% 0.67% 0.62% 0.65% 0.65% 0.67% 0.47% 0.47% 0.46% 0.54% 0.54% 0.58% 0.33% 0.46% Source: ICF calculations; California Energy Commission (CEC). 2021. Excel database with the 2018-2030 Uncalibrated Commercial Sector Forecast, provided to ICF. January 21, 2021.

EDFZ = Electricity Demand Forecast Zone; yr = year
1 The 12 building types used by the commercial end use forecast have been cross walked to the 49 non-residential land use types in CalEEMod, as shown in Table E-1.6. 2 Data for some EDFZ were not available in the commercial end use forecast, and a representative EDFZ was assumed (refer to Table E-1.1).

B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-14
Table E-1.3. Non-Residential Natural Gas Reduction for 1 Percent Improvement over 2019 Title 24 Requirements Non-Residential Building Type1
Natural Gas Reduction by EDFZ2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 State
Arena 0.42% 0.42% 0.40% 0.41% 0.40% 0.42% 0.38% 0.37% 0.42% 0.39% 0.39% 0.51% 0.42% 0.39% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.21% 0.40% Automobile Care Center 0.42% 0.42% 0.40% 0.41% 0.40% 0.42% 0.38% 0.37% 0.42% 0.39% 0.39% 0.51% 0.42% 0.39% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.21% 0.40% Bank (with Drive-Through) 0.42% 0.42% 0.40% 0.41% 0.40% 0.42% 0.38% 0.37% 0.42% 0.39% 0.39% 0.51% 0.42% 0.39% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.21% 0.40% Convenience Market (24 hour) 0.76% 0.78% 0.69% 0.72% 0.68% 0.75% 0.18% 0.17% 0.27% 0.20% 0.19% 0.34% 0.49% 0.67% 0.67% 0.17% 0.18% 0.36% 0.17% 0.51% Convenience Market with Gas Pumps 0.76% 0.78% 0.69% 0.72% 0.68% 0.75% 0.18% 0.17% 0.27% 0.20% 0.19% 0.34% 0.49% 0.67% 0.67% 0.17% 0.18% 0.36% 0.17% 0.51% Day-Care Center 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.51% 0.52% 0.65% 0.58% 0.58% 0.55% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.50% 0.50% 0.70% 0.35% 0.83% Discount Club 0.98% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.98% 0.24% 0.23% 0.31% 0.24% 0.23% 0.29% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.24% 0.23% 0.41% 0.44% 0.68% Electronic Superstore 0.98% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.98% 0.24% 0.23% 0.31% 0.24% 0.23% 0.29% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.24% 0.23% 0.41% 0.44% 0.68% Elementary School 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.51% 0.52% 0.65% 0.58% 0.58% 0.55% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.50% 0.50% 0.70% 0.35% 0.83% Fast Food Restaurant w/o Drive Thru 0.17% 0.21% 0.22% 0.22% 0.22% 0.19% 0.18% 0.18% 0.20% 0.19% 0.19% 0.16% 0.23% 0.22% 0.22% 0.18% 0.18% 0.16% 0.13% 0.19% Fast Food Restaurant with Drive Thru 0.17% 0.21% 0.22% 0.22% 0.22% 0.19% 0.18% 0.18% 0.20% 0.19% 0.19% 0.16% 0.23% 0.22% 0.22% 0.18% 0.18% 0.16% 0.13% 0.19% Free-Standing Discount store 0.98% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.98% 0.24% 0.23% 0.31% 0.24% 0.23% 0.29% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.24% 0.23% 0.41% 0.44% 0.68% Free-Standing Discount Superstore 0.98% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.98% 0.24% 0.23% 0.31% 0.24% 0.23% 0.29% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.24% 0.23% 0.41% 0.44% 0.68% Gasoline/Service Station 0.42% 0.42% 0.40% 0.41% 0.40% 0.42% 0.38% 0.37% 0.42% 0.39% 0.39% 0.51% 0.42% 0.39% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.21% 0.40% General Heavy Industry 0.42% 0.42% 0.40% 0.41% 0.40% 0.42% 0.38% 0.37% 0.42% 0.39% 0.39% 0.51% 0.42% 0.39% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.21% 0.40% General Light Industry 0.42% 0.42% 0.40% 0.41% 0.40% 0.42% 0.38% 0.37% 0.42% 0.39% 0.39% 0.51% 0.42% 0.39% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.21% 0.40% General Office Building 0.79% 0.79% 0.87% 0.83% 0.88% 0.78% 0.79% 0.80% 0.85% 0.81% 0.81% 0.88% 0.86% 0.87% 0.86% 0.78% 0.78% 0.49% 0.51% 0.82% Government (Civic Center) 0.79% 0.79% 0.87% 0.83% 0.88% 0.78% 0.79% 0.80% 0.85% 0.81% 0.81% 0.88% 0.86% 0.87% 0.86% 0.78% 0.78% 0.49% 0.51% 0.82% Government Office Building 0.79% 0.79% 0.87% 0.83% 0.88% 0.78% 0.79% 0.80% 0.85% 0.81% 0.81% 0.88% 0.86% 0.87% 0.86% 0.78% 0.78% 0.49% 0.51% 0.82% Hardware/Paint Store 0.98% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.98% 0.24% 0.23% 0.31% 0.24% 0.23% 0.29% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.24% 0.23% 0.41% 0.44% 0.68% Health Club 0.42% 0.42% 0.40% 0.41% 0.40% 0.42% 0.38% 0.37% 0.42% 0.39% 0.39% 0.51% 0.42% 0.39% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.21% 0.40% High School 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.51% 0.52% 0.65% 0.58% 0.58% 0.55% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.50% 0.50% 0.70% 0.35% 0.83% High Turnover (Sit Down Restaurant) 0.17% 0.21% 0.22% 0.22% 0.22% 0.19% 0.18% 0.18% 0.20% 0.19% 0.19% 0.16% 0.23% 0.22% 0.22% 0.18% 0.18% 0.16% 0.13% 0.19% Home Improvement Superstore 0.98% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.98% 0.24% 0.23% 0.31% 0.24% 0.23% 0.29% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.24% 0.23% 0.41% 0.44% 0.68% Hospital 0.75% 0.76% 0.71% 0.73% 0.70% 0.74% 0.65% 0.66% 0.69% 0.69% 0.69% 0.80% 0.69% 0.70% 0.70% 0.63% 0.61% 0.70% 0.69% 0.70% Hotel 0.89% 0.89% 0.92% 0.92% 0.92% 0.88% 0.51% 0.51% 0.60% 0.53% 0.53% 0.78% 0.96% 0.91% 0.92% 0.52% 0.49% 0.76% 0.63% 0.76% Industrial Park 0.79% 0.79% 0.87% 0.83% 0.88% 0.78% 0.79% 0.80% 0.85% 0.81% 0.81% 0.88% 0.86% 0.87% 0.86% 0.78% 0.78% 0.49% 0.51% 0.82% Junior College (2yr) 0.96% 0.96% 0.88% 0.96% 0.86% 0.96% 0.85% 0.85% 0.87% 0.87% 0.87% 0.91% 0.96% 0.85% 0.92% 0.84% 0.85% 0.86% 0.71% 0.88% Junior High School 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.51% 0.52% 0.65% 0.58% 0.58% 0.55% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.50% 0.50% 0.70% 0.35% 0.83% B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-15
Table E-1.3. Non-Residential Natural Gas Reduction for 1 Percent Improvement over 2019 Title 24 Requirements (cont.) Non-Residential Building Type1
Natural Gas Reduction by EDFZ2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 State
Library 0.42% 0.42% 0.40% 0.41% 0.40% 0.42% 0.38% 0.37% 0.42% 0.39% 0.39% 0.51% 0.42% 0.39% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.21% 0.40% Manufacturing 0.42% 0.42% 0.40% 0.41% 0.40% 0.42% 0.38% 0.37% 0.42% 0.39% 0.39% 0.51% 0.42% 0.39% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.21% 0.40% Medical Office Building 0.79% 0.79% 0.87% 0.83% 0.88% 0.78% 0.79% 0.80% 0.85% 0.81% 0.81% 0.88% 0.86% 0.87% 0.86% 0.78% 0.78% 0.49% 0.51% 0.82% Motel 0.89% 0.89% 0.92% 0.92% 0.92% 0.88% 0.51% 0.51% 0.60% 0.53% 0.53% 0.78% 0.96% 0.91% 0.92% 0.52% 0.49% 0.76% 0.63% 0.76% Movie Theater (No Matinee) 0.42% 0.42% 0.40% 0.41% 0.40% 0.42% 0.38% 0.37% 0.42% 0.39% 0.39% 0.51% 0.42% 0.39% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.21% 0.40% Office Park 0.79% 0.79% 0.87% 0.83% 0.88% 0.78% 0.79% 0.80% 0.85% 0.81% 0.81% 0.88% 0.86% 0.87% 0.86% 0.78% 0.78% 0.49% 0.51% 0.82% Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o Drive Thru 0.98% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.98% 0.24% 0.23% 0.31% 0.24% 0.23% 0.29% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.24% 0.23% 0.41% 0.44% 0.68% Pharmacy/Drugstore with Drive Thru 0.98% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.98% 0.24% 0.23% 0.31% 0.24% 0.23% 0.29% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.24% 0.23% 0.41% 0.44% 0.68% Place of Worship 0.42% 0.42% 0.40% 0.41% 0.40% 0.42% 0.38% 0.37% 0.42% 0.39% 0.39% 0.51% 0.42% 0.39% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.21% 0.40% Quality Restaurant 0.17% 0.21% 0.22% 0.22% 0.22% 0.19% 0.18% 0.18% 0.20% 0.19% 0.19% 0.16% 0.23% 0.22% 0.22% 0.18% 0.18% 0.16% 0.13% 0.19% Racquet Club 0.42% 0.42% 0.40% 0.41% 0.40% 0.42% 0.38% 0.37% 0.42% 0.39% 0.39% 0.51% 0.42% 0.39% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.38% 0.21% 0.40% Refrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 0.24% 0.27% 0.58% 0.16% 0.57% 0.26% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.05% 0.54% 0.39% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.03% 0.06% Refrigerated Warehouse-Rail 0.24% 0.27% 0.58% 0.16% 0.57% 0.26% 0.02% 0.02% 0.03% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.05% 0.54% 0.39% 0.01% 0.01% 0.02% 0.03% 0.06% Regional Shopping Center 0.98% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.98% 0.24% 0.23% 0.31% 0.24% 0.23% 0.29% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.24% 0.23% 0.41% 0.44% 0.68% Research & Development 0.79% 0.79% 0.87% 0.83% 0.88% 0.78% 0.79% 0.80% 0.85% 0.81% 0.81% 0.88% 0.86% 0.87% 0.86% 0.78% 0.78% 0.49% 0.51% 0.82% Strip Mall 0.98% 0.98% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.98% 0.24% 0.23% 0.31% 0.24% 0.23% 0.29% 0.99% 0.99% 0.99% 0.24% 0.23% 0.41% 0.44% 0.68% Supermarket 0.76% 0.78% 0.69% 0.72% 0.68% 0.75% 0.18% 0.17% 0.27% 0.20% 0.19% 0.34% 0.49% 0.67% 0.67% 0.17% 0.18% 0.36% 0.17% 0.51% University/College (4yr) 0.96% 0.96% 0.88% 0.96% 0.86% 0.96% 0.85% 0.85% 0.87% 0.87% 0.87% 0.91% 0.96% 0.85% 0.92% 0.84% 0.85% 0.86% 0.71% 0.88% Unrefrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 0.84% 0.87% 0.84% 0.85% 0.84% 0.86% 0.04% 0.04% 0.08% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.76% 0.83% 0.83% 0.04% 0.04% 0.06% 0.05% 0.21% Unrefrigerated Warehouse-Rail 0.84% 0.87% 0.84% 0.85% 0.84% 0.86% 0.04% 0.04% 0.08% 0.04% 0.04% 0.04% 0.76% 0.83% 0.83% 0.04% 0.04% 0.06% 0.05% 0.21% Source: ICF calculations; California Energy Commission (CEC). 2021. Excel database with the 2018-2030 Uncalibrated Commercial Sector Forecast, provided to ICF. January 21, 2021.

EDFZ = Electricity Demand Forecast Zone
1 The five housing types used by the RASS have been cross walked to the nine residential land use types in CalEEMod, as shown in Table E-1.6. 2 Data for some EDFZ were not available in the RASS, and a representative EDFZ was assumed (refer to Table E-1.1).

Table E-1.5. Residential Natural Gas Reduction for 1 Percent Improvement over 2019 Title 24 Requirements Housing Type1
Natural Gas Reduction by EDFZ2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 17 State
Single Family Housing 0.94% 0.95% 0.95% 0.95% 0.94% 0.94% 0.88% 0.89% 0.93% 0.89% 0.86% 0.91% 0.95% 0.88% 0.88% 0.92% Apartments Low Rise 0.94% 0.94% 0.95% 0.93% 0.92% 0.91% 0.87% 0.88% 0.91% 0.89% 0.90% 0.90% 0.91% 0.89% 0.88% 0.91% Apartments Mid Rise 0.93% 0.98% 0.95% 0.96% 0.95% 0.93% 0.87% 0.88% 0.96% 0.91% 0.90% 0.91% 0.96% 0.84% 0.81% 0.90% Apartments High Rise 0.93% 0.98% 0.95% 0.96% 0.95% 0.93% 0.87% 0.88% 0.96% 0.91% 0.90% 0.91% 0.96% 0.84% 0.81% 0.90% Condo/Townhouse 0.94% 0.97% 0.98% 0.94% 0.92% 0.93% 0.89% 0.90% 0.94% 0.89% 0.90% 0.92% 0.95% 0.89% 0.89% 0.92% Condo/Townhouse High Rise 0.93% 0.98% 0.95% 0.96% 0.95% 0.93% 0.87% 0.88% 0.96% 0.91% 0.90% 0.91% 0.96% 0.84% 0.81% 0.90% Mobile Home Park 0.92% 0.95% 0.92% 0.92% 0.92% 0.93% 0.92% 0.93% 0.93% 0.94% 0.91% 0.92% 0.94% 0.94% 0.88% 0.92% Retirement Community 0.94% 0.94% 0.95% 0.93% 0.92% 0.91% 0.87% 0.88% 0.91% 0.89% 0.90% 0.90% 0.91% 0.89% 0.88% 0.91% Congregate Care 0.93% 0.98% 0.95% 0.96% 0.95% 0.93% 0.87% 0.88% 0.96% 0.91% 0.90% 0.91% 0.96% 0.84% 0.81% 0.90% Source: ICF calculations; California Energy Commission. 2020. Excel database with the 2019 Residential Appliance Saturation Study (RASS), provided to ICF. November 13, 2020.

B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-17
Table E-1.6. Residential Appliance Saturation Study/Commercial End Use Forecast to CalEEMod Land Use Type Mapping
Land Use Type1 Mapped Land Use Type2
College Junior college (2yr), University/college (4yr)
Grocery Convenience market (24 hour), Convenience market with gas pumps, Supermarket
Hospital Hospital
Hotel/motel Hotel, Motel
Large office
General office building, Government (civic center), Government office building, Industrial park, Medical office building, Office park, Research & development
Miscellaneous
Arena, automobile care center, Bank (with drive-through), Gasoline/service station, General heavy industry, General light industry, Health club, Library, Manufacturing, Movie theater (no matinee), Place of worship, Racquet club
Refg. Warehouse Refrigerated warehouse
Restaurant Fast food restaurant w/o drive thru, Fast food restaurant with drive thru, High turnover (sit down restaurant), Quality restaurant Retail
Discount club, Electronic superstore, Free-standing discount store, Free-standing discount superstore, Hardware/paint store, Home improvement superstore, Pharmacy/drugstore, Regional shopping center, Strip mall
Schools Day-care center, Elementary school, High school, Junior high school Small office n/a
Warehouse Unrefrigerated warehouse
Single family detached Single family housing
Apartment or condo (2-
4 units) Apartments low rise, Retirement community
Apartment or condo
(5+ units)
Apartments mid rise, Apartments high rise, Condo/townhome high rise, Congregate care
Townhome, duplex, or
row house Condo/townhouse
Mobile home Mobile home park
RASS = Residential Appliance Saturation Study; Refg. = refrigerated; yr = year; n/a = no mapped land use type 1 Excludes land use types with zero energy consumption in the commercial end use forecast and RASS. 2 The commercial end use forecast and RASS land use types were mapped to those analyzed in the California Emissions Estimator Model (CalEEMod).

B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-18
Table E-2.1. Electricity Reduction of ENERGY STAR Appliance compared to Conventional Appliance
Appliance Type Electricity Reduction (%)
Commercial Refrigerator -20%
Residential Refrigerator -9%
Clothes Washer -25%
Dishwasher -12%
Ceiling Fan -60%
Sources: ENERGY STAR. 2014. Refrigerators – Overview. September. Available:
https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/refrigerators. Accessed: January 2021.

ENERGY STAR. 2016. Dishwashers – Overview. January. Available:
https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers. Accessed: January 2021.

ENERGY STAR. 2017. Commercial Refrigerators & Freezers – Overview. March. Available:
https://www.energystar.gov/products/commercial_food_service_equipment/commercial_refrigerators_freezers.

Accessed: January 2021
ENERGY STAR. 2018a. Clothes Washers – Overview. February. Available:
https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/clothes_washers?qt-consumers_product_tab=2#qtconsumers_product_tab. Accessed: January 2021.

ENERGY STAR. 2018b. Ceiling Fans – Overview. June. Available:
https://www.energystar.gov/products/lighting_fans/ceiling_fans. Accessed: January 2021.

B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-19
Table E-2.2. Non-Residential Percent of Total Building Electricity for Commercial Refrigerators Non-Residential Building Type1
Commercial Refrigerator Percent of Total Building Electricity by EDFZ2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 State
Arena 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 2% 2% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Automobile Care Center 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 2% 2% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Bank (with Drive-Through) 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 2% 2% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Convenience Market (24 hour) 23% 23% 21% 23% 20% 23% 57% 57% 52% 56% 57% 55% 27% 23% 24% 55% 55% 50% 45% 35% Convenience Market with Gas Pumps 23% 23% 21% 23% 20% 23% 57% 57% 52% 56% 57% 55% 27% 23% 24% 55% 55% 50% 45% 35% Day-Care Center 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 1% 2% 3% 3% 1% 1% <1% 1% 2% Discount Club 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Electronic Superstore 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Elementary School 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 1% 2% 3% 3% 1% 1% <1% 1% 2% Fast Food Restaurant w/o Drive Thru 13% 12% 12% 13% 12% 13% 24% 24% 23% 26% 26% 22% 15% 14% 14% 19% 20% 19% 16% 17% Fast Food Restaurant with Drive Thru 13% 12% 12% 13% 12% 13% 24% 24% 23% 26% 26% 22% 15% 14% 14% 19% 20% 19% 16% 17% Free-Standing Discount store 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Free-Standing Discount Superstore 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Gasoline/Service Station 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 2% 2% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% General Heavy Industry 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 2% 2% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% General Light Industry 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 2% 2% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% General Office Building <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Government (Civic Center) <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Government Office Building <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Hardware/Paint Store 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Health Club 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 2% 2% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% High School 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 1% 2% 3% 3% 1% 1% <1% 1% 2% High Turnover (Sit Down Restaurant) 13% 12% 12% 13% 12% 13% 24% 24% 23% 26% 26% 22% 15% 14% 14% 19% 20% 19% 16% 17% Home Improvement Superstore 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Hospital <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 1% 1% <1% 1% 1% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 9% 1% Hotel 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 8% 8% 7% 8% 8% 10% 5% 5% 5% 8% 8% 7% 3% 7% Industrial Park <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Junior College (2yr) <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 4% 4% 3% 4% 4% 3% <1% <1% <1% 3% 2% 3% 5% 3% B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-20
Table E-2.2. Non-Residential Percent of Total Building Electricity for Commercial Refrigerators (cont.) Non-Residential Building Type1
Commercial Refrigerator Percent of Total Building Electricity by EDFZ2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 State
Junior High School 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 1% 2% 3% 3% 1% 1% <1% 1% 2% Library 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 2% 2% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Manufacturing 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 2% 2% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Medical Office Building <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Motel 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 8% 8% 7% 8% 8% 10% 5% 5% 5% 8% 8% 7% 3% 7% Movie Theater (No Matinee) 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 2% 2% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Office Park <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o Drive Thru 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Pharmacy/Drugstore with Drive Thru 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Place of Worship 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 2% 2% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Quality Restaurant 13% 12% 12% 13% 12% 13% 24% 24% 23% 26% 26% 22% 15% 14% 14% 19% 20% 19% 16% 17% Racquet Club 1% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 2% 2% 2% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Refrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 64% 64% 64% 64% 64% 64% 80% 79% 81% 83% 83% 82% 72% 71% 71% 78% 78% 52% 73% 72% Refrigerated Warehouse-Rail 64% 64% 64% 64% 64% 64% 80% 79% 81% 83% 83% 82% 72% 71% 71% 78% 78% 52% 73% 72% Regional Shopping Center 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Research & Development <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% Strip Mall 2% 2% 1% 2% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% Supermarket 23% 23% 21% 23% 20% 23% 57% 57% 52% 56% 57% 55% 27% 23% 24% 55% 55% 50% 45% 35% University/College (4yr) <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% 4% 4% 3% 4% 4% 3% <1% <1% <1% 3% 2% 3% 5% 3% Unrefrigerated Warehouse-No Rail 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Unrefrigerated Warehouse-Rail 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Source: ICF calculations; California Energy Commission (CEC). 2021. Excel database with the 2018-2030 Uncalibrated Commercial Sector Forecast, provided to ICF. January 21, 2021.

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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-21
Table E-2.3. Residential Percent of Total Building Electricity by Appliance Housing Type1
Percent of Total Electricity by Appliance by EDFZ2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 17 State
Refrigerator
Single Family Housing 18% 18% 14% 15% 13% 18% 17% 17% 15% 15% 13% 18% 16% 18% 15% 16% Apartments Low Rise 26% 29% 22% 25% 21% 27% 28% 26% 25% 23% 17% 27% 25% 27% 28% 26% Apartments Mid Rise 28% 29% 25% 24% 22% 29% 28% 29% 22% 24% 21% 28% 24% 30% 27% 27% Apartments High Rise 28% 29% 25% 24% 22% 29% 28% 29% 22% 24% 21% 28% 24% 30% 27% 27% Condo/Townhouse 24% 24% 24% 22% 22% 26% 24% 24% 22% 24% 17% 26% 21% 27% 23% 24% Condo/Townhouse High Rise 28% 29% 25% 24% 22% 29% 28% 29% 22% 24% 21% 28% 24% 30% 27% 27% Mobile Home Park 23% 21% 15% 17% 16% 23% 22% 28% 17% 18% 17% 21% 21% 25% 20% 19% Retirement Community 26% 29% 22% 25% 21% 27% 28% 26% 25% 23% 17% 27% 25% 27% 28% 26% Congregate Care 28% 29% 25% 24% 22% 29% 28% 29% 22% 24% 21% 28% 24% 30% 27% 27% Clothes Washer
Single Family Housing 1.1% 0.8% 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 1.2% 1.1% 0.9% 1.0% 0.9% 1.1% 0.9% 1.1% 1.1% 1.0% Apartments Low Rise 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 0.6% 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 1.0% 0.9% 1.0% 0.6% 1.0% 0.6% 1.0% 0.5% 0.9% Apartments Mid Rise 0.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% Apartments High Rise 0.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% Condo/Townhouse 1.3% 1.1% 0.8% 1.1% 1.1% 1.4% 1.3% 1.2% 1.2% 1.3% 0.8% 1.2% 1.0% 1.3% 1.6% 1.2% Condo/Townhouse High Rise 0.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% Mobile Home Park 1.5% 1.1% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 1.0% 1.1% 1.3% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.9% 0.9% 0.6% 1.3% 0.9% Retirement Community 1.0% 1.0% 1.0% 0.6% 0.8% 0.9% 1.0% 1.0% 0.9% 1.0% 0.6% 1.0% 0.6% 1.0% 0.5% 0.9% Congregate Care 0.6% 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.6% 0.7% 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% Dishwasher
Single Family Housing 1.1% 0.9% 0.6% 0.8% 0.7% 0.9% 0.9% 1.0% 0.7% 0.8% 0.8% 1.0% 0.9% 0.8% 0.8% 0.9% Apartments Low Rise 1.0% 0.9% 1.0% 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 0.8% 1.1% 0.8% 1.0% 0.7% 1.1% 0.8% 0.6% 0.6% 0.9% Apartments Mid Rise 1.0% 0.7% 0.9% 0.7% 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 0.7% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% 1.0% 0.9% 0.8% 1.1% 0.9% Apartments High Rise 1.0% 0.7% 0.9% 0.7% 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 0.7% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% 1.0% 0.9% 0.8% 1.1% 0.9% Condo/Townhouse 1.2% 1.0% 0.6% 0.9% 0.8% 1.3% 1.1% 1.2% 0.8% 0.9% 0.7% 1.2% 0.8% 0.7% 1.1% 1.1% Condo/Townhouse High Rise 1.0% 0.7% 0.9% 0.7% 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 0.7% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% 1.0% 0.9% 0.8% 1.1% 0.9% Mobile Home Park 0.8% 0.6% 0.4% 0.6% 0.4% 0.8% 0.6% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.5% 0.8% 0.6% 0.3% 0.6% 0.6% Retirement Community 1.0% 0.9% 1.0% 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 0.8% 1.1% 0.8% 1.0% 0.7% 1.1% 0.8% 0.6% 0.6% 0.9% B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-22
Table E-2.3. Residential Percent of Total Building Electricity by Appliance (cont.) Housing Type1
Percent of Total Electricity by Appliance by EDFZ2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 17 State
Congregate Care 1.0% 0.7% 0.9% 0.7% 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 0.7% 0.9% 0.9% 0.8% 1.0% 0.9% 0.8% 1.1% 0.9% Ceiling Fan
Single Family Housing 1.3% 1.2% 0.9% 1.0% 0.9% 1.3% 1.2% 1.3% 0.9% 1.1% 0.9% 1.3% 0.9% 1.2% 1.0% 1.1% Apartments Low Rise 2.2% 2.4% 1.8% 1.9% 1.7% 2.6% 2.2% 2.1% 1.8% 1.8% 1.2% 2.4% 1.7% 2.3% 2.3% 2.1% Apartments Mid Rise 2.4% 2.6% 1.7% 1.8% 1.7% 2.8% 2.3% 2.4% 1.6% 1.9% 1.5% 2.5% 1.7% 2.5% 2.1% 2.3% Apartments High Rise 2.4% 2.6% 1.7% 1.8% 1.7% 2.8% 2.3% 2.4% 1.6% 1.9% 1.5% 2.5% 1.7% 2.5% 2.1% 2.3% Condo/Townhouse 1.9% 2.0% 1.6% 1.6% 1.5% 2.3% 1.8% 1.9% 1.6% 1.7% 1.1% 2.0% 1.3% 2.1% 1.6% 1.8% Condo/Townhouse High Rise 2.4% 2.6% 1.7% 1.8% 1.7% 2.8% 2.3% 2.4% 1.6% 1.9% 1.5% 2.5% 1.7% 2.5% 2.1% 2.3% Mobile Home Park 2.0% 1.5% 1.1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.8% 1.7% 2.3% 1.2% 1.5% 1.2% 1.8% 1.5% 1.9% 1.7% 1.4% Retirement Community 2.2% 2.4% 1.8% 1.9% 1.7% 2.6% 2.2% 2.1% 1.8% 1.8% 1.2% 2.4% 1.7% 2.3% 2.3% 2.1% Congregate Care 2.4% 2.6% 1.7% 1.8% 1.7% 2.8% 2.3% 2.4% 1.6% 1.9% 1.5% 2.5% 1.7% 2.5% 2.1% 2.3% Source: ICF calculations; California Energy Commission (CEC). 2020. Excel database with the 2019 Residential Appliance Saturation Study (RASS), provided to ICF. November 13, 2020.

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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-23
Table E-3-A.1. Average Annual Fuel Use and Savings by Boiler Type for Residential Boilers
AFUE by Boiler Type1, 2
Annual Fuel Use
Total (MMBtu/yr)3 Savings (MMBtu/yr) Change (%)
Gas-fired4 Hot Water Boiler
84% (Standard) 82.1 — —
85% 81.1 1.0 -1.2%
90% 75.2 6.9 -8.4%
92% 73.6 8.5 -10.4%
96% (Max Tech) 70.6 11.5 -14.0%
Gas-fired Steam Boiler
82% (Standard) 83.9 — —
83% (Max Tech) 82.9 1.0 -1.2%
Oil-fired Hot Water Boiler
86% (Standard) 84.3 — —
91% (Max Tech) 80.1 4.2 -5.0%
Oil-fired Steam Boiler
85% (Standard) 82.9 — —
86% (Max Tech) 81.9 1.0 -1.2%
Source: U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE). 2015. Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Program for Consumer Products and Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Residential Boilers. March. Available:
https://www.regulations.gov/docketBrowser?rpp=25&so=DESC&sb=commentDueDate&po=0&dct=SR%2BO&D=EERE -2012-BT-STD-0047. Accessed: January 2021.

AFUE = Annual fuel utilization efficiency; MMBtu = one million British Thermal Units; yr = year 1 “Standard” refers to the minimum AFUE required by the 2016 Conservation Standards for Residential Boilers. 2 “Max Tech” refers to the maximum technologically feasible improvement in energy efficiency determined by DOE for each type of boiler.
3 The average annual fuel use is based on historical consumption data. 4 Gas-fired boilers refer to boilers that use natural gas and/or propane as fuel.

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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-24
Table E-3-B.1. Average Annual Fuel Use and Savings for Boilers Installed Before January 10, 2023 for Commercial and Industrial Boilers
CE or TE by Boiler Type1, 2
Annual Fuel Use
Total (MMBtu/yr)3 Savings (MMBtu/yr) Change (%)
Gas-fired Hot Water Boiler (≥300,000 Btu/hr and ≤2,500,000 Btu/hr) 80% TE (Standard) 907.7 — —
81% TE 896.3 11.4 -1.3%
82% TE 885.2 22.6 -2.5%
84% TE 863.7 44 -4.8%
85% TE 853.4 54.4 -6.0%
93% TE 815.7 92 -10.1%
95% TE 797.3 110.4 -12.2%
99% TE (Max Tech) 762.9 144.8 -16.0%
Gas-fired Hot Water Boiler (≥2,500,000 Btu/hr and ≤10,000,000 Btu/hr) 82% CE (Standard) 6,008.8 — —
83% CE 5,929.9 78.9 -1.3%
84% CE 5,853.1 155.7 -2.6%
85% CE 5,778.3 230.5 -3.8%
94% CE 5,442.5 566.3 -9.4%
97% CE (Max Tech) 5,252.2 756.6 -12.6%
Oil-fired Hot Water Boiler (≥300,000 Btu/hr and ≤2,500,000 Btu/hr) 82% TE (Standard) 807.3 — —
83% TE 797.4 9.9 -1.2%
84% TE 787.8 19.5 -2.4%
85% TE 778.4 28.9 -3.6%
87% TE 760.2 47.1 -5.8%
88% TE 751.5 55.8 -6.9%
97% TE (Max Tech) 709.5 97.8 -12.1%
Oil-fired Hot Water Boiler (≥2,500,000 Btu/hr and ≤10,000,000 Btu/hr) 84% CE (Standard) 3,119.1 — —
86% CE 3,047.7 71.4 -2.3%
88% CE 2,979.5 139.6 -4.5%
89% CE 2,946.5 172.6 -5.5%
97% CE (Max Tech) 2,854.2 264.9 -8.5%
Gas-fired Steam Boiler (≥300,000 Btu/hr and ≤2,500,000 Btu/hr) 77% TE (Standard) 787.0 — —
78% TE 776.7 10.3 -1.3%
79% TE 766.7 20.3 -2.6%
80% TE 757 30 -3.8%
81% TE 747.4 39.6 -5.0%
83% TE (Max Tech) 729.1 57.9 -7.4%
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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-25
Table E-3-B.1. Average Annual Fuel Use and Savings for Boilers Installed Before January 10, 2023 for Commercial and Industrial Boilers (cont.) CE or TE by Boiler Type1, 2
Annual Fuel Use
Total (MMBtu/yr)3 Savings (MMBtu/yr) Change (%)
Gas-fired Steam Boiler (≥2,500,000 Btu/hr and ≤10,000,000 Btu/hr) 77% TE (Standard) 4,956.9 — —
78% TE 4,892.1 64.8 -1.3%
79% TE 4,829.0 127.9 -2.6%
80% TE 4,767.5 189.4 -3.8%
81% TE 4,707.6 249.3 -5.0%
82% TE 4,649.1 307.8 -6.2%
84% TE (Max Tech) 4,536.4 420.5 -8.5%
Oil-fired Steam Boiler (≥300,000 Btu/hr and ≤2,500,000 Btu/hr) 81% TE (Standard) 845.7 — —
83% TE 825.0 20.7 -2.4%
84% TE 815.0 30.7 -3.6%
86% TE (Max Tech) 795.8 49.9 -5.9%
Oil-fired Steam Boiler (≥2,500,000 Btu/hr and ≤10,000,000 Btu/hr) 81% TE (Standard) 3,730.3 — —
83% TE 3,639.0 91.3 -2.4%
85% TE 3,552.1 178.2 -4.8%
87% (Max Tech) 3,469.2 261.1 -7.0%
Source: U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE). 2016. Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Program for Consumer Products and Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Commercial Packaged Boilers. December. Available:
https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=EERE-2013-BT-STD-0030. Accessed: January 2021.

CE = combustion efficiency; MMBtu = one million British Thermal Unit; TE = thermal efficiency; yr = year; Btu = British Thermal Unit; ≥ = greater than or equal to; ≤ = less than or equal to 1 “Standard” refers to the minimum CE or TE required by the 2012 Conservation Standards for Commercial Packaged Boilers.
2 “Max Tech” refers to the maximum technologically feasible improvement in energy efficiency determined by DOE for each type of boiler.
3 The average annual fuel use is based on historical consumption data.

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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-26
Table E-3-B.2. Average Annual Fuel Use and Savings for Boilers Installed On or After January 10, 2023
CE or TE by Boiler Type1, 2
Annual Fuel Use
Total (MMBtu/yr)3 Savings (MMBtu/yr) Change (%)
Gas-fired Hot Water Boiler (≥300,000 Btu/hr and ≤2,500,000 Btu/hr) 84% TE (Standard) 863.7 — —
85% TE 853.4 10.3 -1.2%
93% TE 815.7 48.0 -5.6%
95% TE 797.3 66.4 -7.7%
99% TE (Max Tech) 762.9 100.8 -11.7%
Gas-fired Hot Water Boiler (≥2,500,000 Btu/hr and ≤10,000,000 Btu/hr) 85% CE (Standard) 5,778.3 — —
94% CE 5,442.5 335.8 -5.8%
97% CE (Max Tech) 5,252.2 526.1 -9.1%
Oil-fired Hot Water Boiler (≥300,000 Btu/hr and ≤2,500,000 Btu/hr) 87% TE (Standard) 760.2 — —
88% TE 751.5 8.7 -1.1%
97% TE (Max Tech) 709.5 50.7 -6.7%
Oil-fired Hot Water Boiler (≥2,500,000 Btu/hr and ≤10,000,000 Btu/hr) 88% CE (Standard) 2,979.5 — —
89% CE 2,946.5 33.0 -1.1%
97% CE (Max Tech) 2,854.2 125.3 -4.2%
Gas-fired Steam Boiler (≥300,000 Btu/hr and ≤2,500,000 Btu/hr) 81% TE (Standard) 747.4 — —
83% TE (Max Tech) 729.1 18.3 -2.4%
Gas-fired Steam Boiler (≥2,500,000 Btu/hr and ≤10,000,000 Btu/hr) 82% TE (Standard) 4,649.1 — —
84% TE (Max Tech) 4,536.4 112.7 -2.4%
Oil-fired Steam Boiler (≥300,000 Btu/hr and ≤2,500,000 Btu/hr) 84% TE (Standard) 815.0 — —
86% TE (Max Tech) 795.8 19.2 -2.4%
Oil-fired Steam Boiler (≥2,500,000 Btu/hr and ≤10,000,000 Btu/hr) 81% TE (Standard) 3,730.3 — —
83% TE 3,639.0 91.3 -2.4%
85% TE 3,552.1 178.2 -4.8%
87% (Max Tech) 3,469.2 261.1 -7.0%
Source: U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE). 2016. Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Program for Consumer Products and Commercial and Industrial Equipment: Commercial Packaged Boilers. December. Available:
https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=EERE-2013-BT-STD-0030. Accessed: January 2021.

CE = combustion efficiency; MMBtu = one million British Thermal Units; TE = thermal efficiency; yr = year; Btu = British Thermal Unit; ≥ = greater than or equal to; ≤ = less than or equal to 1 “Standard” refers to the minimum CE or TE required by the 2020 Conservation Standards for Commercial Packaged Boilers. 2 “Max Tech” refers to the maximum technologically feasible improvement in energy efficiency determined by DOE for each type of boiler.
3 The average annual fuel use is based on historical consumption data.

0.2 19.7 98.4 Two-story single-family homes across a residential street 1 19.7 19.7 Two-story single-family homes across small backyards 2 19.7 9.8 Two-story single-family homes on the same street side 10 98.4 9.8 Adjacent 10-story office buildings on the same street side Source: Levinson, R. 2019. Using Solar Availability Factors to Adjust Cool-Wall Energy Savings for Shading and Reflection by Neighboring Buildings. March. Available: https://escholarship.org/content/qt0hf5m90n/qt0hf5m90n.pdf. Accessed:

January 2021.
ft = foot
Table E-4.2. Solar Availability Factors by Canyon Aspect Ratio Ratio
Conventional Neighboring Wall
(albedo = 0.25)
Cool Neighboring Wall
(albedo = 0.60)
North East South West North East South West

0.2 0.92 0.92 0.95 0.92 1.02 0.95 0.96 0.95
1 0.67 0.62 0.7 0.62 0.94 0.72 0.75 0.72
2 0.47 0.42 0.49 0.42 0.73 0.52 0.55 0.52
10 0.13 0.11 0.13 0.11 0.22 0.15 0.16 0.15
Source: Levinson, R. 2019. Using Solar Availability Factors to Adjust Cool-Wall Energy Savings for Shading and Reflection by Neighboring Buildings. March. Available: https://escholarship.org/content/qt0hf5m90n/qt0hf5m90n.pdf. Accessed:

January 2021.

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Table E-4.3. Greenhouse Gas Intensity Factor by California Electricity Provider by Year (2017–2031)1 Electricity Provider
Intensity Factor per Total Energy Delivered (lb CO2e per MWh) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Alameda Municipal Power 455 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Apple Valley Choice Energy 655 655 655 595 595 595 595 526 526 526 526 334 334 Bear Valley Electric Service 914 914 914 567 567 567 567 483 483 483 483 435 435 Burbank Water & Power 1,132 1,008 932 902 884 669 398 224 221 216 218 236 236 Baldwin Park Resident Owned Utility District —3 585 585 598 598 598 598 526 526 526 526 336 336 Central Coast Community Energy 12 137 509 542 528 448 388 313 235 159 83 8 8 City of Anaheim Public Utilities Department 1,037 965 982 1001 985 937 756 568 469 311 304 276 271 City of Commerce —4 —4 —4 600 600 600 600 518 518 518 518 331 331 City of Palo Alto Utilities Department 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 75 75 City of Riverside 875 788 792 791 789 789 602 451 441 432 415 398 398 City of Vernon Municipal Light Department 707 713 567 545 504 508 456 416 420 426 321 326 326 CleanPowerSF 46 19 132 122 108 94 80 9 9 9 9 0 0
Clean Energy Alliance —3 964 964 545 544 544 544 449 449 449 449 431 431 Clean Power Alliance 361 474 474 432 432 432 431 416 416 416 416 332 332 Desert Community Energy 534 47 85 85 81 76 72 68 65 62 60 58 58 Glendale Water and Power 1027 948 951 785 790 693 550 346 357 370 285 304 304 Imperial Irrigation District 459 183 192 189 219 223 225 264 268 277 251 249 249 Lancaster Choice Energy 618 618 618 600 600 600 600 516 516 516 516 333 333 Los Angeles Department of Water & Power 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 MCE 190 292 292 151 151 150 150 184 184 184 184 247 247 Merced Irrigation District 455 293 293 403 403 403 403 405 405 405 405 391 391 Modesto Irrigation District 480 503 455 467 474 481 490 394 408 385 368 373 373 Pacific Gas and Electric Company 2066 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 PacifiCorp 1,501 1,292 1,188 1,228 1,254 1029 978 967 930 808 784 724 722 Pasadena Water and Power 1,030 869 875 869 869 465 82 71 68 68 71 64 64 Peninsula Clean Energy 102 102 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pico Rivera Innovative Municipal Energy 687 687 686 595 594 594 594 527 527 527 527 335 335 Pioneer Community Energy 767 767 767 624 623 623 623 482 482 482 482 391 391 Pomona Choice Energy —3 618 618 598 598 598 598 517 517 517 517 333 332 Rancho Mirage Energy Authority 648 648 647 591 591 591 591 526 526 526 526 328 328 Redding Electric Utility 377 374 339 339 337 341 350 161 166 173 175 181 181 Redwood Coast Energy Authority 64 317 408 231 181 226 226 200 200 200 200 244 244 Roseville Electric 530 532 474 473 473 448 394 377 360 343 325 309 309 Sacramento Municipal Utility District 376 375 360 344 329 314 297 280 269 254 239 224 210 San Diego Community Power —4 —4 —4 583 583 582 582 486 486 486 486 324 324 San Diego Gas & Electric 591 542 542 542 542 542 541 47 47 46 46 171 171 San Francisco Public Utilities Commission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 San Jacinto Power 583 643 643 583 583 582 582 486 486 486 486 324 324 San Jose Clean Energy 811 811 810 390 390 390 390 363 363 363 363 311 311 Silicon Valley Clean Energy 2 2 2 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3
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Table E-4.3. Greenhouse Gas Intensity Factor by California Electricity Provider by Year (2017–2031) (cont.)1 Electricity Provider
Intensity Factor per Total Energy Delivered (lb CO2e per MWh) 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 Silicon Valley Power 389 357 310 168 187 205 224 224 227 232 239 155 155 Sonoma Clean Power 41 78 122 117 112 107 102 96 91 86 81 76 76 Southern California Edison 534 393 393 351 351 351 351 348 348 348 348 263 263 Turlock Irrigation District 589 702 610 563 694 704 581 547 296 291 336 348 286 Valley Clean Energy 206 961 961 639 639 639 639 520 520 519 519 391 391 Western Community Energy —3 534 534 397 397 330 330 330 330 393 393 392 392 Statewide Average 7 455 448 430 411 393 375 355 335 321 303 285 268 250 Sources: ICF calculations; California Utilities. 2021. Excel database of GHG emission factors for delivered electricity, provided to the Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District and ICF. January through March 2021; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2021. Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID). Last Revised: February 23, 2021. Available: https://www.epa.gov/egrid. Accessed: February 24, 2021. lb = pounds; MWh = megawatt-hour; CO2e = carbon dioxide equivalent 1 All electricity providers gave an emission factor for at least one reported year. Emission factors for remaining years were calculated according to the following method, except where noted below. • If an electricity provider gave data up until a year before 2045, all years between the last year of data given and 2045 were held constant at the values for the last year of data given. For example, Burbank Water & Power provided emission factors through 2030. Emission factors for years 2031 through 2045 were held constant at value provided for 2030.
• If an electricity provider gave factors for CO2, but not CH4 or N2O, statewide average emission factors for CH4 and N2O were assumed to calculate CO2e emission factors for the utility.

Users should consult their local electricity provider for updated emission factors available at the time of their analysis before proceeding with the defaults provided in this table. 2 The electricity provider indicated that it began deriving carbon-free power beginning in 2020. This factor was held constant into all future years. 3 The electricity provider began service in 2020.
4 The electricity provider is not expected to begin service until 2022. 5 The electricity providers’ GHG emissions reported in their IRP filing change to positive in 2029 and 2030. This may be because they have not yet developed a plan to achieve carbon-free (or negative) power after 2029. 6 2018 value (data for 2019 not available).
7 CO2, CH4, and N2O emission factors for 2019 obtained from USEPA eGRID2019. Future year emission factors were calculated based on the 2019 intensity factors divided by the percent of energy delivered from non-renewable sources in that same year (68%). The calculated non-renewable source emission factors were multiplied by the projected percentage of energy delivered from non-renewable sources in each future year. The percentages of energy delivered from renewable sources in future years is per the requirements of Senate Bill 100: 33% RPS by 2020, 44% RPS by 2024, 50% RPS by 2026, 52% RPS by 2027, 60% RPS by 2030, and 100% carbon-free electricity for 2045. Percentages for non-Senate Bill 100 target years were interpolated.

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Table E-4.4. Greenhouse Gas Intensity Factor by California Electricity Provider by Year (2032–2045)1 Electricity Provider
Intensity Factor per Total Energy Delivered (lb CO2e per MWh) 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 Alameda Municipal Power 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Apple Valley Choice Energy 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 Bear Valley Electric Service 435 435 435 435 435 435 435 434 434 434 434 434 434 434 Burbank Water & Power 236 236 236 236 236 236 236 236 236 236 236 236 236 236 Baldwin Park Resident Owned Utility District 336 336 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 Central Coast Community Energy 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 City of Anaheim Public Utilities Department 267 267 267 267 267 267 267 267 267 267 267 267 267 267 City of Commerce 331 331 331 331 331 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 330 City of Palo Alto Utilities Department 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 City of Riverside 398 398 398 398 398 398 398 398 398 398 398 398 398 398 City of Vernon Municipal Light Department 326 326 326 326 326 326 326 326 326 326 326 326 326 326 CleanPowerSF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Clean Energy Alliance 431 431 431 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 430 Clean Power Alliance 332 332 332 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 331 Desert Community Energy 58 58 58 58 58 58 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 Glendale Water and Power 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 304 Imperial Irrigation District 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 249 Lancaster Choice Energy 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 332 332 332 332 332 332 Los Angeles Department of Water & Power 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 694 MCE 247 247 247 247 247 247 247 247 247 247 246 246 246 246 Merced Irrigation District 391 391 391 391 391 391 391 391 391 391 390 390 390 390 Modesto Irrigation District 373 373 373 373 373 373 373 373 373 373 373 373 373 373 Pacific Gas and Electric Company 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 206 PacifiCorp 711 706 704 684 686 616 536 499 463 483 479 331 304 304 Pasadena Water and Power 64 64 64 64 64 64 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 Peninsula Clean Energy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pico Rivera Innovative Municipal Energy 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 335 334 334 334 Pioneer Community Energy 391 391 391 391 391 391 391 391 391 391 390 390 390 390 B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Table E-4.4. Greenhouse Gas Intensity Factor by California Electricity Provider by Year (2032–2045) (cont.)1 Electricity Provider
Intensity Factor per Total Energy Delivered (lb CO2e per MWh) 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 Pomona Choice Energy 332 332 332 332 332 332 332 332 332 332 332 331 331 331 Rancho Mirage Energy Authority 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 328 327 327 327 327 327 Redding Electric Utility 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 Redwood Coast Energy Authority 243 243 243 243 243 243 243 243 243 243 243 243 243 242 Roseville Electric 309 309 309 309 309 309 309 309 309 309 309 309 309 309 Sacramento Municipal Utility District 195 180 165 150 135 120 106 91 76 61 46 31 16 2 San Diego Community Power 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 323 323 323 San Diego Gas & Electric 171 171 171 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 San Francisco Public Utilities Commission 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 San Jacinto Power 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 324 323 323 323 San Jose Clean Energy 311 311 311 311 311 311 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 Silicon Valley Clean Energy 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Silicon Valley Power 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 Sonoma Clean Power 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 Southern California Edison 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 Turlock Irrigation District 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 263 Valley Clean Energy 391 391 391 391 391 391 391 391 391 391 390 390 390 390 Western Community Energy 378 378 378 378 378 378 378 378 377 377 377 377 377 377 Statewide Average 2 232 214 196 178 161 143 125 107 89 71 54 36 18 0 Sources: ICF calculations; California Utilities. 2021. Excel database of GHG emission factors for delivered electricity, provided to the Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District and ICF. January through March 2021; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2021. Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID). Last Revised: February 23, 2021.

Available: https://www.epa.gov/egrid. Accessed: February 24, 2021. lb = pounds; MWh = megawatt-hour; CO2e = carbon dioxide equivalent 1 All electricity providers gave an emission factor for at least one reported year. Emission factors for remaining years were calculated according to the following method, except where noted below. • If an electricity provider gave data up until a year before 2045, all years between the last year of data given and 2045 were held constant at the values for the last year of data given. For example, Burbank Water & Power provided emission factors through 2030. Emission factors for years 2031 through 2045 were held constant at value provided for 2030. • If electricity provider gave factors for CO2, but not CH4 or N2O, statewide average emission factors for CH4 and N2O were assumed to calculate CO2e emission factors for the utility.

Users should consult their local electricity provider for updated emission factors available at the time of their analysis before proceeding with the defaults provided in this table. 2 CO2, CH4, and N2O emission factors for 2019 obtained from USEPA eGRID2019. Future year emission factors were calculated based on the 2019 intensity factors divided by the percent of energy delivered from non-renewable sources in that same year (68%). The calculated non-renewable source emission factors were multiplied by the projected percentage of energy delivered from non-renewable sources in each future year. The percentages of energy delivered from renewable sources in future years is per the requirements of Senate Bill 100: 33% RPS by 2020, 44% RPS by 2024, 50% RPS by 2026, 52% RPS by 2027, 60% RPS by 2030, and 100% carbon-free electricity for 2045. Percentages for non-Senate Bill 100 target years were interpolated.

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Table E-4.5. Natural Gas Emission Factors
Pollutant
Emission Factor by Land Use Type (lb/MMBtu)
Residential Non-Residential
TOG 0.011 0.011
ROG 0.005 0.005
SO2 0.001 0.001
NOx
1 0.092 0.098
PM10 0.007 0.007
PM2.5 0.007 0.007
CO 0.039 0.082
CO2 116.977 117.647
CH4 0.010 0.010
N2O 0.000 0.002
CO2e 117.325 118.549
Sources: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1998. AP 42, Fifth Edition, Volume I. Chapter 1: External Combustion Sources. 1.4, Natural Gas Combustion. July. Available: https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch01/final/c01s04.pdf.

Accessed: January 2021.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2020. Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. March. Available:
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-04/documents/ghg-emission-factors-hub.pdf. Accessed: March 2021.

TOG = total organic gases; ROG = reactive organic gases; CO = carbon monoxide; SO2 = sulfur dioxide; NOx = nitrogen oxides; PM10 = particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns; PM2.5 = particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns; CO2 = carbon dioxide; CH4 = methane; N2O = nitrous oxide; CO2 = carbon dioxide equivalent; lb = pound; MMBtu = one million British Thermal Units
1 Both BAAQMD Regulation 9 Rule 6 and SCAQMD Rule 1121 require that natural gas water heaters limit NOx emissions to 10 nanograms per joule, which equates to 0.023 lb/MMBtu, lower than the generic value of 0.092 lb/MMBtu provided above. Users with a project in BAAQMD or SCAQMD territory that are calculating the NOx reduction associated with Measure E-11, Install Alternative Type of Water Heater in Place of Gas Storage Tank Heater in Residences, should use the value of 0.023 lb/MMBtu.

Table E-5.1. Changes in Energy Use of Green Roof Compared to Dark Roof by Building Type and City1
Building
Type
Electricity Savings (kWh/yr/KSF)2 Gas Savings (therm/yr/KSF) Bakersfield Fresno Los Angeles Sacramento San Francisco Bakersfield Fresno Los Angeles Sacramento San Francisco
Office3 106.9 122.9 36.9 126.7 62.9 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 Residential4 12.2 31.7 -14.6 37.6 -23.2 7.7 7.9 3.4 8.2 5.2 Source: Sailor, D., Brass, B., Peck, S. 2008. Green Roof Energy Calculator. Available:
https://sustainability.asu.edu/urban-climate/green-roof-calculator/. Accessed: January 2021. kWh = kilowatt-hour; KSF = thousand square feet; yr = year 1 The Green Roof Energy calculator was run for the above building types and cities using conservative values for the remaining tool inputs: growing media depth (2 inches), leaf area index (0.5), irrigation (no), green roof coverage (50%), remaining roof material (dark). A “dark roof” is defined as having an albedo of 0.15. 2 Negative electricity savings represent an increase in electricity use.

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3 The office building defined for the Green Roof Energy Calculator is a 3-story medium office building with a floor area of 53.6 KSF.
4 The residential building defined for the Green Roof Energy Calculator is a 4-story midrise apartment complex with a floor area of 33.6 KSF.

Table E-7.1. Outdoor Lighting Power Consumption and Efficacy by Lamp Type1 Lamp Type Typical Power Rating (W) Source Efficacy (LPW) High-pressure sodium 70-400 80-120
Low-pressure sodium 55-180 130-170
Ceramic metal halide 20-400 75-110
Metal halide 70-400 40-70
CFL 20-70 80-85
Linear fluorescent 25-32 80-100
Induction 70-250 50-85
LED 40-250 Up to 130
Source: California Lighting Technology Center. 2015. 2013 Title 24, Part 6 Outdoor Lighting Guide. University of California, Davis. March. Available: https://cltc.ucdavis.edu/sites/default/files/files/publication/2013-title-24-outdoorlighting-guide-mar15.pdf. Accessed: January 2021.

CFL = compact fluorescent lamp; LED = light emitting diode; LPW = lumens per watt; W = watts 1 Values are based on lamp sizes typically used in outdoor applications. These numbers are subject to change as technologies improve. Source efficacy is based on initial lumen output; system efficacy depends on the specifications of the luminaires and ballasts or drivers employed. Some outdoor applications may be best served by products with characteristics that fall outside of the ranges listed in this table.

Table E-10-B.1. Estimated Electricity Generation from Typical PV Systems (kilowatt-hours per year)1
Air District Major City Zip Code 3 kW 5 kW 10 kW
Amador County Ione 95640 4,696 7,827 15,655
Antelope Valley Lancaster 93534 5,410 9,017 18,034
Bay Area San Francisco 94163 4,646 7,744 9,292
Butte County Chico 95926 4,514 7,524 9,028
Calaveras County Rancho Calaveras 95252 4,714 7,857 9,428 Colusa County Colusa 95932 4,641 7,735 9,282
El Dorado County South Lake Tahoe 96150 5,181 8,635 10,362 Feather River Yuba City 95991 4,637 7,729 9,274
Glenn County Orland 95963 4,578 7,630 9,156
Great Basin Unified Bishop 93514 5,462 9,104 10,924
Imperial County El Centro 92243 5,191 8,652 10,382
Kern County Bakersfield 93301 5,000 8,334 10,000
Lake County Lakeport 95453 4,610 7,684 9,220
Lassen County Susanville 96130 4,804 8,007 9,608
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Table E-10-B.1. Estimated Electricity Generation from Typical PV Systems (kilowatt-hours per year) (cont.)1
Air District Major City Zip Code 3 kW 5 kW 10 kW
Mariposa County Mariposa 95338 4,835 8,059 9,670
Mendocino County Ukiah 95482 4,508 7,514 9,016
Modoc County Alturas 96101 4,651 7,752 9,302
Mojave Desert Victorville 92392 5,429 9,049 10,858
Monterey Bay Monterey 93940 4,629 7,715 9,258
North Coast Unified Eureka 95501 3,974 6,624 7,948
Northern Sierra Grass Valley 95949 4,600 7,667 9,200
Northern Sonoma County Healdsburg 95448 4,638 7,730 9,276 Placer County Roseville 95678 4,608 7,680 9,216
Sacramento Metro Sacramento 95864 4,713 7,855 9,426
San Diego County San Diego 92182 4,999 8,332 9,998
San Joaquin Valley Fresno 93650 4,819 8,032 9,638
San Luis Obispo County San Luis Obispo 93405 4,993 8,322 9,986 Santa Barbara County Santa Barbara 93101 4,923 8,205 9,846 Shasta County Redding 96001 4,340 7,234 8,680
Siskiyou County Yreka 96097 4,490 7,484 8,980
South Coast Los Angeles 90071 4,984 8,307 9,968
Tehama County Red Bluff 96080 4,513 7,522 9,026
Tuolumne County Sonora 95370 4,827 8,045 9,654
Ventura County Oxnard 93030 4,965 8,275 9,930
Yolo-Solano Davis 95616 4,759 7,932 9,518
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 2017. NREL’s PVWatts® Calculator. August. Available:
https://pvwatts.nrel.gov/index.php. Accessed: January 2021. kW = kilowatt; PV = photovoltaic
1Default inputs for system information were used to run the simulation.

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Table E-12.1. Energy Consumption by Type of Water Heater, Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Housing Type
EDFZ1 Housing Type2
Energy (Therm/yr/du for NG and kWh/yr/du for electricity) NG
Storage
Tank
Electric
Storage
Tank
Solar Water
Heater w/ NG
Backup3
Solar Water
Heater w/
Electric Backup3
1 Single Family Housing 255 2,309 210 1,319
Apartments Low Rise 236 1,249 — —
Apartments Mid Rise 234 1,139 — —
Apartments High Rise 234 1,139 — —
Condo/Townhouse 245 1,626 — —
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 234 1,139 — —
Mobile Home Park 245 2,761 — —
Retirement Community 236 1,249 — —
Congregate Care 234 1,139 — —
2 Single Family Housing 279 2,381 180 1,400
Apartments Low Rise 217 1,014 — —
Apartments Mid Rise 211 1,203 — —
Apartments High Rise 211 1,203 — —
Condo/Townhouse 238 1,280 — —
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 211 1,203 — —
Mobile Home Park 257 1,790 — —
Retirement Community 217 1,014 — —
Congregate Care 211 1,203 — —
3 Single Family Housing 239 2,327 — 1,750
Apartments Low Rise 218 836 — —
Apartments Mid Rise 188 917 — —
Apartments High Rise 188 917 — —
Condo/Townhouse 214 1,228 — —
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 188 917 — —
Mobile Home Park 223 2,349 — —
Retirement Community 218 836 — —
Congregate Care 188 917 — —
4 Single Family Housing 248 2,502 187 1,238
Apartments Low Rise 247 1,316 — —
Apartments Mid Rise 244 1,299 — —
Apartments High Rise 244 1,299 — —
Condo/Townhouse 250 1,308 — —
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 244 1,299 — —
Mobile Home Park 228 2,258 — —
Retirement Community 247 1,316 — —
Congregate Care 244 1,299 — —
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Table E-12.1. Energy Consumption by Type of Water Heater, Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Housing Type (cont.)
EDFZ1 Housing Type2
Energy (Therm/yr/du for NG and kWh/yr/du for electricity) NG
Storage
Tank
Electric
Storage
Tank
Solar Water
Heater w/ NG
Backup3
Solar Water
Heater w/
Electric Backup3
5 Single Family Housing 309 2,344 272 2,077
Apartments Low Rise 365 — — —
Apartments Mid Rise 356 1,521 — —
Apartments High Rise 356 1,521 — —
Condo/Townhouse 352 — — —
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 356 1,521 — —
Mobile Home Park 290 1,749 — —
Retirement Community 365 — — —
Congregate Care 356 1,521 — —
6 Single Family Housing 265 2,373 203 1,750
Apartments Low Rise 352 915 — —
Apartments Mid Rise 358 783 — —
Apartments High Rise 358 783 — —
Condo/Townhouse 352 1,995 — 904
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 358 783 — —
Mobile Home Park 258 2,015 — —
Retirement Community 352 915 — —
Congregate Care 358 783 — —
7 Single Family Housing 260 2,676 244 483
Apartments Low Rise 246 1,238 181 —
Apartments Mid Rise 245 1,148 — —
Apartments High Rise 245 1,148 — —
Condo/Townhouse 255 1,233 — 1,475
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 245 1,148 — —
Mobile Home Park 251 2,046 174 —
Retirement Community 246 1,238 181 —
Congregate Care 245 1,148 — —
8 Single Family Housing 272 1,935 213 —
Apartments Low Rise 286 1,097 — —
Apartments Mid Rise 282 1,076 — —
Apartments High Rise 282 1,076 — —
Condo/Townhouse 273 1,057 — —
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 282 1,076 — —
Mobile Home Park 245 — — —
Retirement Community 286 1,097 — —
Congregate Care 282 1,076 — —
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Table E-12.1. Energy Consumption by Type of Water Heater, Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Housing Type (cont.)
EDFZ1 Housing Type2
Energy (Therm/yr/du for NG and kWh/yr/du for electricity) NG
Storage
Tank
Electric
Storage
Tank
Solar Water
Heater w/
NG Backup3
Solar Water
Heater w/
Electric Backup3
9 Single Family Housing 272 2,466 278 1,385
Apartments Low Rise 265 898 — —
Apartments Mid Rise 266 1,512 — —
Apartments High Rise 266 1,512 — —
Condo/Townhouse 267 1,473 — —
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 266 1,512 — —
Mobile Home Park 262 3,008 — —
Retirement Community 265 898 — —
Congregate Care 266 1,512 — —
10 Single Family Housing 231 2,091 199 739
Apartments Low Rise 204 1,373 — —
Apartments Mid Rise 197 1,154 — —
Apartments High Rise 197 1,154 — —
Condo/Townhouse 210 1,143 — —
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 197 1,154 — —
Mobile Home Park 224 2,280 — —
Retirement Community 204 1,373 — —
Congregate Care 197 1,154 — —
11 Single Family Housing 224 2,595 — —
Apartments Low Rise 172 1,297 — —
Apartments Mid Rise 194 1,366 — —
Apartments High Rise 194 1,366 — —
Condo/Townhouse 182 1,400 109 —
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 194 1,366 — —
Mobile Home Park 218 2,055 — —
Retirement Community 172 1,297 — —
Congregate Care 194 1,366 — —
12 Single Family Housing 210 2,156 174 1,332
Apartments Low Rise 203 1,011 220 —
Apartments Mid Rise 200 1,027 154 —
Apartments High Rise 200 1,027 154 —
Condo/Townhouse 204 1,310 164 —
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 200 1,027 154 —
Mobile Home Park 203 1,867 — —
Retirement Community 203 1,011 220 —
Congregate Care 200 1,027 154 —
B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-38
Table E-12.1. Energy Consumption by Type of Water Heater, Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Housing Type (cont.)
EDFZ1 Housing Type2
Energy (Therm/yr/du for NG and kWh/yr/du for electricity) NG
Storage
Tank
Electric
Storage
Tank
Solar Water
Heater w/
NG Backup3
Solar Water
Heater w/
Electric Backup3
13 Single Family Housing 241 2,803 179 1,479
Apartments Low Rise 263 1,575 — —
Apartments Mid Rise 278 1,608 — —
Apartments High Rise 278 1,608 — —
Condo/Townhouse 256 1,790 — —
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 278 1,608 — —
Mobile Home Park 229 2,256 — —
Retirement Community 263 1,575 — —
Congregate Care 278 1,608 — —
16 Single Family Housing 359 1,895 331 1,301
Apartments Low Rise 286 1,640 — —
Apartments Mid Rise 267 932 — —
Apartments High Rise 267 932 — —
Condo/Townhouse 296 740 — —
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 267 932 — —
Mobile Home Park 319 — — —
Retirement Community 286 1,640 — —
Congregate Care 267 932 — —
17 Single Family Housing 290 2,734 232 —
Apartments Low Rise 332 — — —
Apartments Mid Rise 330 1,202 — —
Apartments High Rise 330 1,202 — —
Condo/Townhouse 348 1,664 229 —
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 330 1,202 — —
Mobile Home Park 294 — — —
Retirement Community 332 — — —
Congregate Care 330 1,202 — —
State
Single Family Housing 250 2,338 195 1,291
Apartments Low Rise 238 1,215 220 —
Apartments Mid Rise 245 1,131 — —
Apartments High Rise 245 1,131 — —
Condo/Townhouse 244 1,344 167 1,190
Condo/Townhouse High Rise 245 1,131 — —
Mobile Home Park 232 2,120 174 —
Retirement Community 238 1,215 220 —
Congregate Care 245 1,131 — —
Source: ICF calculations; California Energy Commission (CEC). 2020. Excel database with the 2019 Residential Appliance Saturation Study (RASS), provided to ICF. November 13, 2020.

EDFZ = Electricity Demand Forecast Zone; kWh = kilowatt-hour; NG = natural gas; yr = year; du = dwelling unit; — = no data 1 Data for some EDFZ were not available in the RASS, and a representative EDFZ was assumed (refer to Table E-1.1). 2 The five housing types used by the RASS have been cross walked to the nine residential land use types in CalEEMod, as shown in Table E-1.6.
3 The sample size in the RASS for solar water heater data was limited. Accordingly, the data should be used with caution.

B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-39
Table E-14.1. Woodstove and Fireplace Usage
Housing Air District
Wood Stoves Fireplaces
Conventional Catalytic Noncatalytic Pellet Wood Mass
(lb/yr) Hr/day Days/yr Wood
Natural
Gas Propane None
Wood Mass
(lb/yr) Hr/day Days/yr
M Amador County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Antelope Valley AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Bay Area AQMD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0% 51% 0% 49% 0 4 9
M Butte County AQMD 0% 9% 9% 0% 3,019 7 150 39% 43% 0% 18% 5,158 4 150 M Calaveras County AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Colusa County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M El Dorado County AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Feather River AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Glenn County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Great Basin UAPCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Imperial County APCD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0% 55% 0% 45% 2,080 3 4 M Kern County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Lake County AQMD 70% 15% 10% 5% 3,019 12 82 35% 0% 55% 10% 3,078 12 82 M Lassen County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Mariposa County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Mendocino County AQMD 0% 20% 20% 0% 4,896 3 117 5% 5% 0% 90% 4,992 3 117 M Modoc County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Mojave Desert AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Monterey Bay ARD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 120 0% 100% 0% 0% 0 0 0 M North Coast Unified APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Northern Sierra AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Northern Sonoma County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Placer County APCD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0% 30% 0% 70% 0 0 0 M Sacramento Metropolitan AQMD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 100% 0 0 0 M San Diego County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M San Joaquin Valley APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 0% 50% 0% 50% 3,078 3 82 M San Luis Obispo County APCD 0% 0% 0% 0% 2,016 8 60 0% 0% 0% 100% 0 0 0 M Santa Barbara County APCD 0% 0% 0% 0% 1,400 3 82 0% 0% 0% 100% 417 3 82 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-40
Table E-14.1. Woodstove and Fireplace Usage (cont.)
Housing Air District
Wood Stoves Fireplaces
Conventional Catalytic Noncatalytic Pellet Wood Mass
(lb/yr) Hr/day Days/yr Wood
Natural
Gas Propane None
Wood Mass
(lb/yr) Hr/day Days/yr
M Shasta County AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Siskiyou County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M South Coast AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 1,000 3 25 5% 85% 0% 10% 1,019 3 25 M Tehama County APCD 0% 30% 30% 0% 4,558 3 82 20% 20% 0% 60% 4,558 3 82 M Tuolumne County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 M Ventura County APCD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 100% 0 0 0 M Yolo/Solano AQMD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 100% 0 0 0 M Statewide 2% 5% 5% 0% 2,380 3 70 23% 44% 2% 31% 2,456 3 65 S Amador County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Antelope Valley AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Bay Area AQMD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0% 51% 0% 49% 0 4 9
S Butte County AQMD 0% 9% 9% 0% 3,019 7 150 39% 43% 0% 18% 5,158 4 150 S Calaveras County AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Colusa County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S El Dorado County AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Feather River AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Glenn County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Great Basin UAPCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Imperial County APCD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0% 55% 0% 45% 2,080 3 4 S Kern County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Lake County AQMD 70% 15% 10% 5% 3,019 12 82 35% 0% 55% 10% 3,078 12 82 S Lassen County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Mariposa County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Mendocino County AQMD 0% 20% 20% 0% 4,896 3 117 5% 5% 0% 90% 4,992 3 117 S Modoc County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Mojave Desert AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Monterey Bay ARD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 120 0% 100% 0% 0% 0 0 0 S North Coast Unified APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-41
Table E-14.1. Woodstove and Fireplace Usage (cont.)
Housing Air District
Wood Stoves Fireplaces
Conventional Catalytic Noncatalytic Pellet Wood Mass
(lb/yr) Hr/day Days/ yr Wood
Natural
Gas Propane None
Wood Mass
(lb/yr) Hr/day Days/yr
S Northern Sierra AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Northern Sonoma County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Placer County APCD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0% 30% 0% 70% 0 0 0 S Sacramento Metropolitan AQMD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 100% 0 0 0 S San Diego County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S San Joaquin Valley APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 0% 50% 0% 50% 3,078 3 82 S San Luis Obispo County APCD 0% 0% 0% 0% 2,016 8 60 0% 0% 0% 100% 0 0 0 S Santa Barbara County APCD 0% 0% 0% 0% 1,400 3 82 0% 0% 0% 100% 417 3 82 S Shasta County AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Siskiyou County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S South Coast AQMD 0% 5% 5% 0% 1,000 3 25 5% 85% 0% 10% 1,019 3 25 S Tehama County APCD 0% 30% 30% 0% 4,558 3 82 20% 20% 0% 60% 4,558 3 82 S Tuolumne County APCD 0% 5% 5% 0% 3,019 3 82 35% 55% 0% 10% 3,078 3 82 S Ventura County APCD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 100% 0 0 0 S Yolo/Solano AQMD 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 0% 0% 0% 100% 0 0 0 S Statewide 2% 5% 5% 0% 2,380 3 70 23% 44% 2% 31% 2,456 3 65 Source: California Air Districts. 2021. Excel database of hearth usage and inventory statistics, provided to the Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District and ICF. April 1, 2021.

M = multi-family housing; S = single-family housing; lb = pound; yr = year; hr = hour; APCD = air pollution control district; AQMD = air quality management district; ARD = air resources district B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-42
Table E-14.2. Woodstove and Fireplace Emission Factors (pound per ton of dry wood burned, unless noted) Type TOG ROG CO SO2 NOx PM10 PM2.5 CO2 (BIO) CO2 (NBIO) CH4 N2O CO2e Woodstoves Conventional 83 53 230.8 0.4 2.8 30.6 29.5 2,952 0 30 0 3,792 Woodstoves Catalytic 26.6 15 104.4 0.4 2 20.44 19.6 2,952 0 11.6 0 3,277 Woodstoves Noncatalytic 28 12 140.8 0.4 2 14.6 14.1 2,952 0 16 0 3,400 Woodstoves Pellet 0.07 0.04 15.9 0.3 3.8 3.1 2.9 2,952 0 16 0 3,400 Wood Fireplace 229 229 252.6 0.4 2.6 34.6 34.6 3,400 0 0 0.3 3,480 Natural Gas Fireplace (lb/MMBtu) 0.0108 0.0054 0.0392 0.0006 0.0922 0.0075 0.0075 0 11 0.0022 0.0002 117.1 Propane Fireplace (lb/MMBtu) 0.0109 0.0109 0.0820 0.0000 0.1421 0.0077 0.0077 0 135 0.0066 0.0013 136.1 Sources: California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2011. Section 7.1, Residential Wood Combustion. Revised October 2015. Available: https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/ei/areasrc/fullpdf/full7-1_2011.pdf. Accessed: March 2021.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996a. Report on Revisions to 5th Edition AP-42. Section 1.10 Residential Wood Stoves. July. Available: https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch01/bgdocs/b01s10.pdf. Accessed: January 2021.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1996b. Report on Revisions to 5th Edition AP-42. Section 1.9 Residential Fireplaces. July. Available: https://www3.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch01/bgdocs/b01s09.pdf. Accessed: January 2021.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. Standards of Performance for New Residential Wood Heaters, New Residential Hydronic Heaters and Forced-Air Furnaces. March. Available: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2015-03-16/pdf/2015-03733.pdf. Accessed: January 2021.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2020. Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. March. Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2020-04/documents/ghg-emission-factors-hub.pdf. Accessed: March 2021.

TOG = total organic gases; ROG = reactive organic gases; CO = carbon monoxide; SO2 = sulfur dioxide; NOx = nitrogen oxides; PM10 = particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns; PM2.5 = particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns; CO2 = carbon dioxide; CH4 = methane; N2O = nitrous oxide; BIO = biogenic; NBIO = non-biogenic; lb = pound; MMBtu = one million British Thermal Units B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-43
Table E-15.1. Residential Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Housing Type Electricity
Demand
Forecast
Zone2 Housing Type3
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/DU) Electricity (kWh/yr/DU)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat
Range/
Oven Dryer Misc.

Aux.

Heat
Pool
Heat
Spa
Heat
Solar
Water
Heater
w/ NG
Backup
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat
Range/
Oven Dryer Misc.

Aux.

Heat
Pool
Heat
Spa
Heat
Solar
Water
Heater
w/ Elec.

Backup
Heat
Pump
1 Single Family Housing 255 245 21 11 16 80 168 38 210 2,266 1,485 390 488 1,496 529 — 1,319 1,050 1,190 Apartments Low Rise 235 93 17 18 16 54 196 — — 1,282 923 275 389 761 174 — — — 732 Apartments Mid Rise 232 65 14 14 25 52 167 — — 1,146 757 246 334 563 165 — — — 593 Apartments High Rise 232 65 14 14 25 52 167 — — 1,146 757 246 334 563 165 — — — 593 Condo/Townhouse 242 103 19 17 16 53 142 29 — 1,580 1,075 329 387 965 160 — — 1,163 755 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 232 65 14 14 25 52 167 — — 1,146 757 246 334 563 165 — — — 593 Mobile Home Park 246 144 18 17 16 75 182 27 — 2,761 1,314 278 419 714 — — — 228 834 Retirement Community 235 93 17 18 16 54 196 — — 1,282 923 275 389 761 174 — — — 732 Congregate Care 232 65 14 14 25 52 167 — — 1,146 757 246 334 563 165 — — — 593 2 Single Family Housing 278 289 20 12 20 109 202 47 180 2,445 2,073 379 553 1,572 827 — 1,400 1,394 1,564 Apartments Low Rise 214 72 15 15 — 62 217 — — 1,003 877 252 475 496 169 — — — 1,089 Apartments Mid Rise 208 56 12 13 14 67 — — — 1,226 1,082 172 337 405 269 — — — 630 Apartments High Rise 208 56 12 13 14 67 — — — 1,226 1,082 172 337 405 269 — — — 630 Condo/Townhouse 234 108 13 15 15 78 — — — 1,216 1,204 241 424 771 238 — — 1,290 1,063 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 208 56 12 13 14 67 — — — 1,226 1,082 172 337 405 269 — — — 630 Mobile Home Park 259 227 15 15 — 96 200 — — 1,790 1,324 208 504 895 — — — 633 1,142 Retirement Community 214 72 15 15 — 62 217 — — 1,003 877 252 475 496 169 — — — 1,089 Congregate Care 208 56 12 13 14 67 — — — 1,226 1,082 172 337 405 269 — — — 630 3 Single Family Housing 237 183 19 12 16 73 93 31 — 2,353 1,592 328 565 1,374 774 — 1,750 1,260 1,414 Apartments Low Rise 215 55 21 13 — — — — — 836 670 115 541 647 160 — — — 707 Apartments Mid Rise 181 37 15 14 14 — — — — 917 667 247 543 529 — — — — 736 Apartments High Rise 181 37 15 14 14 — — — — 917 667 247 543 529 — — — — 736 Condo/Townhouse 221 72 5 21 16 — — — — 1,228 2,158 295 494 776 504 — — — 706 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 181 37 15 14 14 — — — — 917 667 247 543 529 — — — — 736 Mobile Home Park 228 122 11 15 — 77 178 25 — 2,271 1,451 250 554 812 579 — — 727 1,104 Retirement Community 215 55 21 13 — — — — — 836 670 115 541 647 160 — — — 707 Congregate Care 181 37 15 14 14 — — — — 917 667 247 543 529 — — — — 736 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-44
Table E-15.1. Residential Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Housing Type (cont.) Electricity
Demand
Forecast
Zone2 Housing Type3
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/DU) Electricity (kWh/yr/DU)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat
Range/
Oven Dryer Misc.

Aux.

Heat
Pool
Heat
Spa
Heat
Solar
Water
Heater
w/ NG
Backup
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat
Range/
Oven Dryer Misc.

Aux.

Heat
Pool
Heat
Spa
Heat
Solar
Water
Heater
w/ Elec.

Backup
Heat
Pump
4 Single Family Housing 246 241 20 11 17 83 140 33 187 2,528 1,953 358 565 1,607 756 — 1,238 1,162 1,603 Apartments Low Rise 239 68 13 15 17 53 205 — — 1,545 1,205 294 494 621 222 — — — 756 Apartments Mid Rise 244 61 12 15 17 54 197 — — 1,543 1,062 240 406 601 183 — — — 1,014 Apartments High Rise 244 61 12 15 17 54 197 — — 1,543 1,062 240 406 601 183 — — — 1,014 Condo/Townhouse 250 87 23 17 17 — — 37 — 1,308 956 306 462 891 193 — — 3 718 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 244 61 12 15 17 54 197 — — 1,543 1,062 240 406 601 183 — — — 1,014 Mobile Home Park 230 171 16 14 194 — 179 — — 2,237 1,344 289 488 933 720 — — 1,331 1,509 Retirement Community 239 68 13 15 17 53 205 — — 1,545 1,205 294 494 621 222 — — — 756 Congregate Care 244 61 12 15 17 54 197 — — 1,543 1,062 240 406 601 183 — — — 1,014 5 Single Family Housing 307 244 30 15 20 80 161 46 272 2,419 1,690 362 586 1,517 548 — 2,077 1,076 1,230 Apartments Low Rise 355 105 35 23 24 75 309 — — 738 624 273 517 640 121 — — — 424 Apartments Mid Rise 364 99 25 22 25 66 290 — — 1,479 682 262 405 595 199 — — — 557 Apartments High Rise 364 99 25 22 25 66 290 — — 1,479 682 262 405 595 199 — — — 557 Condo/Townhouse 349 92 24 29 25 65 222 32 — — 622 378 488 733 — — — — 610 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 364 99 25 22 25 66 290 — — 1,479 682 262 405 595 199 — — — 557 Mobile Home Park 289 205 24 18 20 66 225 56 — 1,749 922 176 499 871 386 — — 127 1,580 Retirement Community 355 105 35 23 24 75 309 — — 738 624 273 517 640 121 — — — 424 Congregate Care 364 99 25 22 25 66 290 — — 1,479 682 262 405 595 199 — — — 557 6 Single Family Housing 264 254 21 12 17 89 186 46 203 2,444 1,848 346 523 1,388 674 — 1,750 1,249 1,584 Apartments Low Rise 348 107 32 25 21 97 319 — — 941 1,548 245 402 430 215 — — — 563 Apartments Mid Rise 368 111 29 22 24 113 299 — — 818 969 200 312 434 181 — — — 525 Apartments High Rise 368 111 29 22 24 113 299 — — 818 969 200 312 434 181 — — — 525 Condo/Townhouse 353 131 25 25 23 69 229 — — 1,995 1,267 277 385 689 243 — 904 766 776 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 368 111 29 22 24 113 299 — — 818 969 200 312 434 181 — — — 525 Mobile Home Park 251 244 17 18 115 — — — — 2,015 1,565 185 390 908 525 — — 991 — Retirement Community 348 107 32 25 21 97 319 — — 941 1,548 245 402 430 215 — — — 563 Congregate Care 368 111 29 22 24 113 299 — — 818 969 200 312 434 181 — — — 525 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-45
Table E-15.1. Residential Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Housing Type (cont.) Electricity
Demand
Forecast
Zone2 Housing Type3
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/DU) Electricity (kWh/yr/DU)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat
Range/
Oven Dryer Misc.

Aux.

Heat
Pool
Heat
Spa
Heat
Solar
Water
Heater
w/ NG
Backup
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat
Range/
Oven Dryer Misc.

Aux.

Heat
Pool
Heat
Spa
Heat
Solar
Water
Heater
w/ Elec.

Backup
Heat
Pump
7 Single Family Housing 260 136 24 12 17 39 168 36 244 2,810 972 411 528 1,552 375 — 483 993 713 Apartments Low Rise 246 43 23 17 37 25 200 — 181 1,185 538 293 441 665 92 — — — 330 Apartments Mid Rise 244 42 19 17 17 27 188 — — 1,164 451 243 360 594 99 — — — 392 Apartments High Rise 244 42 19 17 17 27 188 — — 1,164 451 243 360 594 99 — — — 392 Condo/Townhouse 253 57 21 19 17 30 148 31 — 1,365 609 292 422 953 125 — 1,475 405 413 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 244 42 19 17 17 27 188 — — 1,164 451 243 360 594 99 — — — 392 Mobile Home Park 250 115 17 16 17 30 — — 174 2,046 806 172 416 786 — — — 17 211 Retirement Community 246 43 23 17 37 25 200 — 181 1,185 538 293 441 665 92 — — — 330 Congregate Care 244 42 19 17 17 27 188 — — 1,164 451 243 360 594 99 — — — 392 8 Single Family Housing 273 173 22 12 17 51 188 41 213 2,014 1,052 383 515 1,483 486 — — 1,044 702 Apartments Low Rise 284 56 29 19 17 52 — — — 1,130 524 271 387 735 112 — — — 586 Apartments Mid Rise 278 54 15 18 101 48 217 — — 1,090 582 226 311 522 68 — — — 355 Apartments High Rise 278 54 15 18 101 48 217 — — 1,090 582 226 311 522 68 — — — 355 Condo/Townhouse 269 78 20 20 18 31 176 26 — 1,049 768 268 487 890 121 — — — 831 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 278 54 15 18 101 48 217 — — 1,090 582 226 311 522 68 — — — 355 Mobile Home Park 243 121 15 16 — 51 — — — — — 154 361 670 — — — — 325 Retirement Community 284 56 29 19 17 52 — — — 1,130 524 271 387 735 112 — — — 586 Congregate Care 278 54 15 18 101 48 217 — — 1,090 582 226 311 522 68 — — — 355 9 Single Family Housing 268 222 23 14 17 90 144 32 278 2,434 1,765 372 614 1,517 699 — 1,385 1,172 1,646 Apartments Low Rise 272 63 24 23 — — — — — 898 529 314 529 630 — — — — 376 Apartments Mid Rise 267 65 9 16 — — — — — 1,354 923 280 417 629 390 — — — 998 Apartments High Rise 267 65 9 16 — — — — — 1,354 923 280 417 629 390 — — — 998 Condo/Townhouse 263 77 16 17 19 54 — — — 1,473 1,209 303 483 689 — — — 1,030 527 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 267 65 9 16 — — — — — 1,354 923 280 417 629 390 — — — 998 Mobile Home Park 262 207 22 17 17 — — 106 — 2,667 1,037 281 564 976 — — — 446 1,276 Retirement Community 272 63 24 23 — — — — — 898 529 314 529 630 — — — — 376 Congregate Care 267 65 9 16 — — — — — 1,354 923 280 417 629 390 — — — 998 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-46
Table E-15.1. Residential Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Housing Type (cont.) Electricity
Demand
Forecast
Zone2 Housing Type3
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/DU) Electricity (kWh/yr/DU)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat
Range/
Oven Dryer Misc.

Aux.

Heat
Pool
Heat
Spa
Heat
Solar
Water
Heater
w/ NG
Backup
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat
Range/
Oven Dryer Misc.

Aux.

Heat
Pool
Heat
Spa
Heat
Solar
Water
Heater
w/ Elec.

Backup
Heat
Pump
10 Single Family Housing 231 136 22 12 15 39 152 32 199 2,120 982 386 546 1,391 129 — 739 1,025 823 Apartments Low Rise 203 34 17 14 14 23 170 — — 1,529 813 389 431 612 160 — — — 515 Apartments Mid Rise 197 37 16 14 14 36 — — — 1,138 678 280 375 598 99 — — — 477 Apartments High Rise 197 37 16 14 14 36 — — — 1,138 678 280 375 598 99 — — — 477 Condo/Townhouse 211 48 18 14 14 27 157 22 — 1,143 987 320 392 832 — — — — 807 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 197 37 16 14 14 36 — — — 1,138 678 280 375 598 99 — — — 477 Mobile Home Park 224 113 12 15 — — — — — 2,280 580 310 415 750 — — — — — Retirement Community 203 34 17 14 14 23 170 — — 1,529 813 389 431 612 160 — — — 515 Congregate Care 197 37 16 14 14 36 — — — 1,138 678 280 375 598 99 — — — 477 11 Single Family Housing 222 152 21 10 15 45 146 33 — 2,647 1,389 422 559 1,709 143 — — 916 1,045 Apartments Low Rise 175 46 14 16 15 32 195 — — 1,297 612 280 480 962 — — — — 408 Apartments Mid Rise 198 36 13 14 15 25 184 — — 1,366 512 296 437 832 70 — — — 397 Apartments High Rise 198 36 13 14 15 25 184 — — 1,366 512 296 437 832 70 — — — 397 Condo/Townhouse 182 51 14 14 15 19 94 43 109 1,261 828 354 506 1,181 198 — — — 1,009 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 198 36 13 14 15 25 184 — — 1,366 512 296 437 832 70 — — — 397 Mobile Home Park 217 114 15 15 15 — 168 23 — 2,055 999 215 456 956 161 — — 528 495 Retirement Community 175 46 14 16 15 32 195 — — 1,297 612 280 480 962 — — — — 408 Congregate Care 198 36 13 14 15 25 184 — — 1,366 512 296 437 832 70 — — — 397 12 Single Family Housing 210 118 17 10 14 36 122 31 174 2,235 933 375 498 1,442 252 — 1,332 985 778 Apartments Low Rise 199 39 17 14 14 24 163 — 220 1,002 405 246 420 622 97 — — — 337 Apartments Mid Rise 198 38 12 13 14 22 170 — 154 1,134 410 228 352 524 88 — — — 346 Apartments High Rise 198 38 12 13 14 22 170 — 154 1,134 410 228 352 524 88 — — — 346 Condo/Townhouse 202 51 15 14 14 25 — 28 164 1,321 556 283 398 869 114 — — 1,067 378 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 198 38 12 13 14 22 170 — 154 1,134 410 228 352 524 88 — — — 346 Mobile Home Park 201 100 14 14 14 43 156 22 — 1,867 1,011 211 432 840 — — — 1,785 680 Retirement Community 199 39 17 14 14 24 163 — 220 1,002 405 246 420 622 97 — — — 337 Congregate Care 198 38 12 13 14 22 170 — 154 1,134 410 228 352 524 88 — — — 346 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-47
Table E-15.1. Residential Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Housing Type (cont.) Electricity
Demand
Forecast
Zone2 Housing Type3
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/DU) Electricity (kWh/yr/DU)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat
Range/
Oven Dryer Misc.

Aux.

Heat
Pool
Heat
Spa
Heat
Solar
Water
Heater
w/ NG
Backup
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat
Range/
Oven Dryer Misc.

Aux.

Heat
Pool
Heat
Spa
Heat
Solar
Water
Heater
w/ Elec.

Backup
Heat
Pump
13 Single Family Housing 240 232 18 11 15 77 123 31 179 2,845 1,877 407 617 1,753 767 — 1,479 1,245 1,501 Apartments Low Rise 260 66 16 20 15 53 212 — — 1,589 1,117 253 544 673 202 — — — 1,002 Apartments Mid Rise 277 65 18 18 20 57 — — — 1,584 979 246 457 654 205 — — — 870 Apartments High Rise 277 65 18 18 20 57 — — — 1,584 979 246 457 654 205 — — — 870 Condo/Townhouse 253 90 18 17 18 63 172 29 — 1,726 1,456 314 514 1,000 230 — — 1,620 1,279 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 277 65 18 18 20 57 — — — 1,584 979 246 457 654 205 — — — 870 Mobile Home Park 229 186 11 13 15 — 171 — — 2,256 — 145 517 932 — — — 655 685 Retirement Community 260 66 16 20 15 53 212 — — 1,589 1,117 253 544 673 202 — — — 1,002 Congregate Care 277 65 18 18 20 57 — — — 1,584 979 246 457 654 205 — — — 870 16 Single Family Housing 363 196 31 16 26 53 247 61 331 2,509 1,062 400 512 1,603 — — 1,301 1,047 787 Apartments Low Rise 285 58 25 21 19 29 — — — 1,640 521 311 619 740 — — — — 861 Apartments Mid Rise 268 48 20 17 35 31 239 — — 1,052 350 262 365 560 — — — — 397 Apartments High Rise 268 48 20 17 35 31 239 — — 1,052 350 262 365 560 — — — — 397 Condo/Townhouse 297 74 25 19 20 29 169 31 — 968 658 369 441 916 — — — 35 361 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 268 48 20 17 35 31 239 — — 1,052 350 262 365 560 — — — — 397 Mobile Home Park 301 118 16 22 — — — — — — — — 457 693 — — — — — Retirement Community 285 58 25 21 19 29 — — — 1,640 521 311 619 740 — — — — 861 Congregate Care 268 48 20 17 35 31 239 — — 1,052 350 262 365 560 — — — — 397 17 Single Family Housing 290 153 27 13 21 46 172 37 232 2,529 783 407 556 1,513 — — — 1,144 845 Apartments Low Rise 325 63 29 22 — — — — — — 983 332 440 558 — — — — 260 Apartments Mid Rise 328 57 30 29 24 40 244 — — 1,182 457 266 343 586 — — — — 290 Apartments High Rise 328 57 30 29 24 40 244 — — 1,182 457 266 343 586 — — — — 290 Condo/Townhouse 345 85 33 24 23 42 — 38 229 1,815 864 361 441 984 — — — — 569 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 328 57 30 29 24 40 244 — — 1,182 457 266 343 586 — — — — 290 Mobile Home Park 294 121 32 16 — — — — — — — 256 — 710 — — — — — Retirement Community 325 63 29 22 — — — — — — 983 332 440 558 — — — — 260 Congregate Care 328 57 30 29 24 40 244 — — 1,182 457 266 343 586 — — — — 290 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-48
Table E-15.1. Residential Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Housing Type (cont.) Electricity
Demand
Forecast
Zone2 Housing Type3
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/DU) Electricity (kWh/yr/DU)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat
Range/
Oven Dryer Misc.

Aux.

Heat
Pool
Heat
Spa
Heat
Solar
Water
Heater
w/ NG
Backup
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat
Range/
Oven Dryer Misc.

Aux.

Heat
Pool
Heat
Spa
Heat
Solar
Water
Heater
w/ Elec.

Backup
Heat
Pump
Statewide
Single Family Housing 254 191 22 12 17 64 162 36 210 2,473 1,507 384 544 1,535 663 — 1,395 1,114 1,198 Apartments Low Rise 244 65 21 17 20 43 216 — 201 1,220 751 275 439 678 132 — — — 561 Apartments Mid Rise 248 54 18 17 22 38 201 — 154 1,195 619 241 360 568 136 — — — 490 Apartments High Rise 248 54 18 17 22 38 201 — 154 1,195 619 241 360 568 136 — — — 490 Condo/Townhouse 247 79 20 18 17 41 167 31 167 1,402 888 305 424 915 191 — 1,190 912 704 Condo/Townhouse High Rise 248 54 18 17 22 38 201 — 154 1,195 619 241 360 568 136 — — — 490 Mobile Home Park 238 148 16 16 32 58 181 38 174 2,136 1,208 228 486 864 530 — — 763 1,000 Retirement Community 244 65 21 17 20 43 216 — 201 1,220 751 275 439 678 132 — — — 561 Congregate Care 248 54 18 17 22 38 201 — 154 1,195 619 241 360 568 136 — — — 490 Source: ICF calculations; California Energy Commission. 2020. Excel database with the 2019 Residential Appliance Saturation Study (RASS), provided to ICF. November 13, 2020.

EDFZ = Electricity Demand Forecast Zone; yr = year; du = dwelling unit; kWh = kilowatt-hour; — = no data 1 The sample size in the RASS data for several end uses and housing types was limited. Accordingly, the data should be used with caution. 2 Data for some EDFZ were not available in the RASS, and a representative EDFZ was assumed (refer to Table E-1.1). 3 The five housing types used by the RASS have been cross walked to the nine residential land use types in CalEEMod, as shown in Table E-1.6.

B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-49
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Arena
1 42 136 1 6 252 — 52 40 6 1,033 5,703 162
2 42 131 1 7 245 — 51 49 11 1,058 5,551 159
Automobile Care Center 42 136 1 6 252 — 52 40 6 1,033 5,703 162 42 131 1 7 245 — 51 49 11 1,058 5,551 159 Bank
(with Drive-Through)
42 136 1 6 252 — 52 40 6 1,033 5,703 162 42 131 1 7 245 — 51 49 11 1,058 5,551 159 Convenience Market
(24 hour)
16 184 1 7 63 — 253 606 84 2,466 19,227 12,001 15 207 1 5 61 — 259 702 81 3,436 18,605 11,745 Convenience Market with
Gas Pumps
16 184 1 7 63 — 253 606 84 2,466 19,227 12,001 15 207 1 5 61 — 259 702 81 3,436 18,605 11,745 Day-Care Center 13 393 4 <1 — — 427 77 34 105 430 124 12 422 4 <1 — — 449 75 34 126 430 125 Discount Club <1 53 <1 2 1 — 35 118 9 413 1,811 135 <1 61 <1 2 1 — 35 132 9 450 1,756 132 Electronic Superstore <1 53 <1 2 1 — 35 118 9 413 1,811 135 <1 61 <1 2 1 — 35 132 9 450 1,756 132 Elementary School 13 393 4 <1 — — 427 77 34 105 430 124 12 422 4 <1 — — 449 75 34 126 430 125 Fast Food Restaurant w/o
Drive Thru
137 90 1,031 8 84 — 93 804 5,459 3,211 17,827 5,732 129 131 974 12 80 — 82 1,171 5,156 3,825 16,835 5,416 Fast Food Restaurant with
Drive Thru
137 90 1,031 8 84 — 93 804 5,459 3,211 17,827 5,732 129 131 974 12 80 — 82 1,171 5,156 3,825 16,835 5,416 Free-Standing Discount
store
<1 53 <1 2 1 — 35 118 9 413 1,811 135 <1 61 <1 2 1 — 35 132 9 450 1,756 132 Free-Standing Discount
Superstore
<1 53 <1 2 1 — 35 118 9 413 1,811 135 <1 61 <1 2 1 — 35 132 9 450 1,756 132 Gasoline/Service Station 42 136 1 6 252 — 52 40 6 1,033 5,703 162 42 131 1 7 245 — 51 49 11 1,058 5,551 159 General Heavy Industry 42 136 1 6 252 — 52 40 6 1,033 5,703 162 42 131 1 7 245 — 51 49 11 1,058 5,551 159 General Light Industry 42 136 1 6 252 — 52 40 6 1,033 5,703 162 42 131 1 7 245 — 51 49 11 1,058 5,551 159 General Office Building 1 168 <1 18 50 — 82 385 28 2,934 5,800 14 1 169 <1 14 49 — 83 438 27 3,089 5,714 14 Government
(Civic Center)
1 168 <1 18 50 — 82 385 28 2,934 5,800 14 1 169 <1 14 49 — 83 438 27 3,089 5,714 14 Government Office
Building
1 168 <1 18 50 — 82 385 28 2,934 5,800 14 1 169 <1 14 49 — 83 438 27 3,089 5,714 14 Hardware/Paint Store <1 53 <1 2 1 — 35 118 9 413 1,811 135 <1 61 <1 2 1 — 35 132 9 450 1,756 132 Health Club 42 136 1 6 252 — 52 40 6 1,033 5,703 162 42 131 1 7 245 — 51 49 11 1,058 5,551 159 High School 13 393 4 <1 — — 427 77 34 105 430 124 12 422 4 <1 — — 449 75 34 126 430 125 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-50
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

High Turnover
(Sit Down Restaurant)
137 90 1,031 8 84 — 93 804 5,459 3,211 17,827 5,732 129 131 974 12 80 — 82 1,171 5,156 3,825 16,835 5,416 Home Improvement
Superstore
<1 53 <1 2 1 — 35 118 9 413 1,811 135 <1 61 <1 2 1 — 35 132 9 450 1,756 132 Hospital 284 260 9 7 177 — 13 3 101 6,250 19,922 135 282 284 9 7 175 — 14 2 100 7,043 19,727 134 Hotel 67 190 14 10 20 — 52 183 20 477 2,847 264 67 179 13 11 18 — 54 210 20 455 2,798 263 Industrial Park 1 168 <1 18 50 — 82 385 28 2,934 5,800 14 1 169 <1 14 49 — 83 438 27 3,089 5,714 14 Junior College (2yr) 9 366 1 5 14 — 117 190 18 1,082 596 18 9 353 1 5 14 — 117 202 18 1,087 596 18 Junior High School 13 393 4 <1 — — 427 77 34 105 430 124 12 422 4 <1 — — 449 75 34 126 430 125 Library 42 136 1 6 252 — 52 40 6 1,033 5,703 162 42 131 1 7 245 — 51 49 11 1,058 5,551 159 Manufacturing 42 136 1 6 252 — 52 40 6 1,033 5,703 162 42 131 1 7 245 — 51 49 11 1,058 5,551 159 Medical Office Building 1 168 <1 18 50 — 82 385 28 2,934 5,800 14 1 169 <1 14 49 — 83 438 27 3,089 5,714 14 Motel 67 190 14 10 20 — 52 183 20 477 2,847 264 67 179 13 11 18 — 54 210 20 455 2,798 263 Movie Theater
(No Matinee)
42 136 1 6 252 — 52 40 6 1,033 5,703 162 42 131 1 7 245 — 51 49 11 1,058 5,551 159 Office Park 1 168 <1 18 50 — 82 385 28 2,934 5,800 14 1 169 <1 14 49 — 83 438 27 3,089 5,714 14 Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o
Drive Thru
<1 53 <1 2 1 — 35 118 9 413 1,811 135 <1 61 <1 2 1 — 35 132 9 450 1,756 132 Pharmacy/Drugstore with
Drive Thru
<1 53 <1 2 1 — 35 118 9 413 1,811 135 <1 61 <1 2 1 — 35 132 9 450 1,756 132 Place of Worship 42 136 1 6 252 — 52 40 6 1,033 5,703 162 42 131 1 7 245 — 51 49 11 1,058 5,551 159 Quality Restaurant 137 90 1,031 8 84 — 93 804 5,459 3,211 17,827 5,732 129 131 974 12 80 — 82 1,171 5,156 3,825 16,835 5,416 Racquet Club 42 136 1 6 252 — 52 40 6 1,033 5,703 162 42 131 1 7 245 — 51 49 11 1,058 5,551 159 Refrigerated WarehouseNo Rail
<1 4 <1 — 8 7 6 14 <1 28 6,364 14,769 <1 5 <1 — 8 7 6 16 <1 48 6,253 14,673 Refrigerated WarehouseRail<1 4 <1 — 8 7 6 14 <1 28 6,364 14,769 <1 5 <1 — 8 7 6 16 <1 48 6,253 14,673 Regional Shopping
Center
<1 53 <1 2 1 — 35 118 9 413 1,811 135 <1 61 <1 2 1 — 35 132 9 450 1,756 132 Research & Development 1 168 <1 18 50 — 82 385 28 2,934 5,800 14 1 169 <1 14 49 — 83 438 27 3,089 5,714 14 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-51
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Strip Mall <1 53 <1 2 1 — 35 118 9 413 1,811 135 <1 61 <1 2 1 — 35 132 9 450 1,756 132 Supermarket 16 184 1 7 63 — 253 606 84 2,466 19,227 12,001 15 207 1 5 61 — 259 702 81 3,436 18,605 11,745 University/College (4yr) 9 366 1 5 14 — 117 190 18 1,082 596 18 9 353 1 5 14 — 117 202 18 1,087 596 18 Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
<1 42 <1 2 8 — 2 286 <1 383 6,354 — <1 49 <1 3 8 — 2 351 <1 657 6,222 — Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-Rail
<1 42 <1 2 8 — 2 286 <1 383 6,354 — <1 49 <1 3 8 — 2 351 <1 657 6,222 — Arena
3 31 130 1 4 244 — 193 264 15 2,550 5,569 161
4 36 130 1 5 244 — 136 171 9 1,147 5,555 160
Automobile Care Center 31 130 1 4 244 — 193 264 15 2,550 5,569 161 36 130 1 5 244 — 136 171 9 1,147 5,555 160 Bank
(with Drive-Through)
31 130 1 4 244 — 193 264 15 2,550 5,569 161 36 130 1 5 244 — 136 171 9 1,147 5,555 160 Convenience Market
(24 hour)
21 188 1 24 61 42 118 237 80 9,140 18,400 11,925 19 191 1 8 60 25 179 385 79 3,650 18,247 12,001 Convenience Market with
Gas Pumps
21 188 1 24 61 42 118 237 80 9,140 18,400 11,925 19 191 1 8 60 25 179 385 79 3,650 18,247 12,001 Day-Care Center 23 425 4 1 — — 179 72 34 236 429 130 19 409 4 <1 <1 — 291 63 34 143 429 130 Discount Club 1 93 <1 2 1 — 14 416 9 1,972 1,732 132 16 68 <1 2 1 — 23 248 9 816 1,719 131 Electronic Superstore 1 93 <1 2 1 — 14 416 9 1,972 1,732 132 16 68 <1 2 1 — 23 248 9 816 1,719 131 Elementary School 23 425 4 1 — — 179 72 34 236 429 130 19 409 4 <1 <1 — 291 63 34 143 429 130 Fast Food Restaurant w/o
Drive Thru
114 174 928 1 76 — 263 338 4,918 6,231 16,105 5,303 115 145 883 3 72 — 174 603 4,684 3,282 15,344 5,074 Fast Food Restaurant with
Drive Thru
114 174 928 1 76 — 263 338 4,918 6,231 16,105 5,303 115 145 883 3 72 — 174 603 4,684 3,282 15,344 5,074 Free-Standing Discount
store
1 93 <1 2 1 — 14 416 9 1,972 1,732 132 16 68 <1 2 1 — 23 248 9 816 1,719 131 Free-Standing Discount
Superstore
1 93 <1 2 1 — 14 416 9 1,972 1,732 132 16 68 <1 2 1 — 23 248 9 816 1,719 131 Gasoline/Service Station 31 130 1 4 244 — 193 264 15 2,550 5,569 161 36 130 1 5 244 — 136 171 9 1,147 5,555 160 General Heavy Industry 31 130 1 4 244 — 193 264 15 2,550 5,569 161 36 130 1 5 244 — 136 171 9 1,147 5,555 160 General Light Industry 31 130 1 4 244 — 193 264 15 2,550 5,569 161 36 130 1 5 244 — 136 171 9 1,147 5,555 160 General Office Building 1 291 <1 50 49 — 15 146 27 4,926 5,646 13 1 219 <1 20 48 — 50 292 27 3,207 5,605 13 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-52
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Government
(Civic Center)
1 291 <1 50 49 — 15 146 27 4,926 5,646 13 1 219 <1 20 48 — 50 292 27 3,207 5,605 13 Government Office
Building
1 291 <1 50 49 — 15 146 27 4,926 5,646 13 1 219 <1 20 48 — 50 292 27 3,207 5,605 13 Hardware/Paint Store 1 93 <1 2 1 — 14 416 9 1,972 1,732 132 16 68 <1 2 1 — 23 248 9 816 1,719 131 Health Club 31 130 1 4 244 — 193 264 15 2,550 5,569 161 36 130 1 5 244 — 136 171 9 1,147 5,555 160 High School 23 425 4 1 — — 179 72 34 236 429 130 19 409 4 <1 <1 — 291 63 34 143 429 130 High Turnover
(Sit Down Restaurant)
114 174 928 1 76 — 263 338 4,918 6,231 16,105 5,303 115 145 883 3 72 — 174 603 4,684 3,282 15,344 5,074 Home Improvement
Superstore
1 93 <1 2 1 — 14 416 9 1,972 1,732 132 16 68 <1 2 1 — 23 248 9 816 1,719 131 Hospital 217 228 9 <1 174 — 226 152 99 9,658 19,656 136 239 240 9 3 172 — 153 79 98 7,115 19,508 135 Hotel 86 243 13 2 16 — 5 106 20 614 2,769 260 78 212 9 4 16 — 102 143 20 323 2,743 260 Industrial Park 1 291 <1 50 49 — 15 146 27 4,926 5,646 13 1 219 <1 20 48 — 50 292 27 3,207 5,605 13 Junior College (2yr) 11 92 1 7 14 — 46 57 18 1,444 596 18 10 319 <1 7 14 — 70 123 18 1,214 596 18 Junior High School 23 425 4 1 — — 179 72 34 236 429 130 19 409 4 <1 <1 — 291 63 34 143 429 130 Library 31 130 1 4 244 — 193 264 15 2,550 5,569 161 36 130 1 5 244 — 136 171 9 1,147 5,555 160 Manufacturing 31 130 1 4 244 — 193 264 15 2,550 5,569 161 36 130 1 5 244 — 136 171 9 1,147 5,555 160 Medical Office Building 1 291 <1 50 49 — 15 146 27 4,926 5,646 13 1 219 <1 20 48 — 50 292 27 3,207 5,605 13 Motel 86 243 13 2 16 — 5 106 20 614 2,769 260 78 212 9 4 16 — 102 143 20 323 2,743 260 Movie Theater
(No Matinee)
31 130 1 4 244 — 193 264 15 2,550 5,569 161 36 130 1 5 244 — 136 171 9 1,147 5,555 160 Office Park 1 291 <1 50 49 — 15 146 27 4,926 5,646 13 1 219 <1 20 48 — 50 292 27 3,207 5,605 13 Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o
Drive Thru
1 93 <1 2 1 — 14 416 9 1,972 1,732 132 16 68 <1 2 1 — 23 248 9 816 1,719 131 Pharmacy/Drugstore with
Drive Thru
1 93 <1 2 1 — 14 416 9 1,972 1,732 132 16 68 <1 2 1 — 23 248 9 816 1,719 131 Place of Worship 31 130 1 4 244 — 193 264 15 2,550 5,569 161 36 130 1 5 244 — 136 171 9 1,147 5,555 160 Quality Restaurant 114 174 928 1 76 — 263 338 4,918 6,231 16,105 5,303 115 145 883 3 72 — 174 603 4,684 3,282 15,344 5,074 Racquet Club 31 130 1 4 244 — 193 264 15 2,550 5,569 161 36 130 1 5 244 — 136 171 9 1,147 5,555 160 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-53
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Refrigerated WarehouseNo Rail <1 13 <1 7 8 7 7 16 <1 76 6,225 14,860 <1 7 <1 1 34 7 7 17 <1 51 6,563 15,631 Refrigerated WarehouseRail<1 13 <1 7 8 7 7 16 <1 76 6,225 14,860 <1 7 <1 1 34 7 7 17 <1 51 6,563 15,631 Regional Shopping
Center
1 93 <1 2 1 — 14 416 9 1,972 1,732 132 16 68 <1 2 1 — 23 248 9 816 1,719 131 Research & Development 1 291 <1 50 49 — 15 146 27 4,926 5,646 13 1 219 <1 20 48 — 50 292 27 3,207 5,605 13 Strip Mall 1 93 <1 2 1 — 14 416 9 1,972 1,732 132 16 68 <1 2 1 — 23 248 9 816 1,719 131 Supermarket 21 188 1 24 61 42 118 237 80 9,140 18,400 11,925 19 191 1 8 60 25 179 385 79 3,650 18,247 12,001 University/College (4yr) 11 92 1 7 14 — 46 57 18 1,444 596 18 10 319 <1 7 14 — 70 123 18 1,214 596 18 Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
<1 35 <1 8 8 — 3 375 <1 646 6,236 — <1 43 <1 4 8 — 3 447 <1 414 6,610 — Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-Rail
<1 35 <1 8 8 — 3 375 <1 646 6,236 — <1 43 <1 4 8 — 3 447 <1 414 6,610 — Arena
5 31 130 1 5 244 — 200 256 15 2,674 5,573 161
6 42 126 1 7 246 — 51 40 11 1,069 5,564 160
Automobile Care Center 31 130 1 5 244 — 200 256 15 2,674 5,573 161 42 126 1 7 246 — 51 40 11 1,069 5,564 160 Bank
(with Drive-Through)
31 130 1 5 244 — 200 256 15 2,674 5,573 161 42 126 1 7 246 — 51 40 11 1,069 5,564 160 Convenience Market
(24 hour)
21 180 1 25 61 45 110 204 80 9,488 18,433 11,954 15 164 1 6 61 — 259 542 80 3,356 18,439 11,678 Convenience Market with
Gas Pumps
21 180 1 25 61 45 110 204 80 9,488 18,433 11,954 15 164 1 6 61 — 259 542 80 3,356 18,439 11,678 Day-Care Center 24 423 4 1 — — 163 70 34 236 429 130 12 394 4 <1 — — 447 72 34 116 430 125 Discount Club 1 94 <1 2 1 — 13 425 9 2,095 1,735 132 <1 56 <1 2 1 — 35 119 9 493 1,736 130 Electronic Superstore 1 94 <1 2 1 — 13 425 9 2,095 1,735 132 <1 56 <1 2 1 — 35 119 9 493 1,736 130 Elementary School 24 423 4 1 — — 163 70 34 236 429 130 12 394 4 <1 — — 447 72 34 116 430 125 Fast Food Restaurant w/o
Drive Thru
113 164 900 — 74 — 257 258 4,776 6,342 15,654 5,197 129 88 933 12 76 — 85 790 4,944 4,072 16,186 5,317 Fast Food Restaurant with
Drive Thru
113 164 900 — 74 — 257 258 4,776 6,342 15,654 5,197 129 88 933 12 76 — 85 790 4,944 4,072 16,186 5,317 Free-Standing Discount
store
1 94 <1 2 1 — 13 425 9 2,095 1,735 132 <1 56 <1 2 1 — 35 119 9 493 1,736 130 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-54
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Free-Standing Discount
Superstore
1 94 <1 2 1 — 13 425 9 2,095 1,735 132 <1 56 <1 2 1 — 35 119 9 493 1,736 130 Gasoline/Service Station 31 130 1 5 244 — 200 256 15 2,674 5,573 161 42 126 1 7 246 — 51 40 11 1,069 5,564 160 General Heavy Industry 31 130 1 5 244 — 200 256 15 2,674 5,573 161 42 126 1 7 246 — 51 40 11 1,069 5,564 160 General Light Industry 31 130 1 5 244 — 200 256 15 2,674 5,573 161 42 126 1 7 246 — 51 40 11 1,069 5,564 160 General Office Building 1 297 <1 52 49 — 12 129 27 5,059 5,660 13 1 162 <1 14 49 — 83 422 27 3,128 5,653 14 Government
(Civic Center)
1 297 <1 52 49 — 12 129 27 5,059 5,660 13 1 162 <1 14 49 — 83 422 27 3,128 5,653 14 Government Office
Building
1 297 <1 52 49 — 12 129 27 5,059 5,660 13 1 162 <1 14 49 — 83 422 27 3,128 5,653 14 Hardware/Paint Store 1 94 <1 2 1 — 13 425 9 2,095 1,735 132 <1 56 <1 2 1 — 35 119 9 493 1,736 130 Health Club 31 130 1 5 244 — 200 256 15 2,674 5,573 161 42 126 1 7 246 — 51 40 11 1,069 5,564 160 High School 24 423 4 1 — — 163 70 34 236 429 130 12 394 4 <1 — — 447 72 34 116 430 125 High Turnover
(Sit Down Restaurant)
113 164 900 — 74 — 257 258 4,776 6,342 15,654 5,197 129 88 933 12 76 — 85 790 4,944 4,072 16,186 5,317 Home Improvement
Superstore
1 94 <1 2 1 — 13 425 9 2,095 1,735 132 <1 56 <1 2 1 — 35 119 9 493 1,736 130 Hospital 215 219 9 — 174 — 237 153 99 9,901 19,677 136 284 228 9 7 174 — 14 2 99 7,567 19,644 135 Hotel 87 240 13 <1 16 — 2 94 20 622 2,770 260 68 149 13 11 17 — 55 165 20 416 2,762 262 Industrial Park 1 297 <1 52 49 — 12 129 27 5,059 5,660 13 1 162 <1 14 49 — 83 422 27 3,128 5,653 14 Junior College (2yr) 11 74 1 7 14 — 43 48 18 1,446 597 18 9 329 1 5 14 — 120 178 18 1,026 596 18 Junior High School 24 423 4 1 — — 163 70 34 236 429 130 12 394 4 <1 — — 447 72 34 116 430 125 Library 31 130 1 5 244 — 200 256 15 2,674 5,573 161 42 126 1 7 246 — 51 40 11 1,069 5,564 160 Manufacturing 31 130 1 5 244 — 200 256 15 2,674 5,573 161 42 126 1 7 246 — 51 40 11 1,069 5,564 160 Medical Office Building 1 297 <1 52 49 — 12 129 27 5,059 5,660 13 1 162 <1 14 49 — 83 422 27 3,128 5,653 14 Motel 87 240 13 <1 16 — 2 94 20 622 2,770 260 68 149 13 11 17 — 55 165 20 416 2,762 262 Movie Theater
(No Matinee)
31 130 1 5 244 — 200 256 15 2,674 5,573 161 42 126 1 7 246 — 51 40 11 1,069 5,564 160 Office Park 1 297 <1 52 49 — 12 129 27 5,059 5,660 13 1 162 <1 14 49 — 83 422 27 3,128 5,653 14 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-55
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o
Drive Thru
1 94 <1 2 1 — 13 425 9 2,095 1,735 132 <1 56 <1 2 1 — 35 119 9 493 1,736 130 Pharmacy/Drugstore with
Drive Thru
1 94 <1 2 1 — 13 425 9 2,095 1,735 132 <1 56 <1 2 1 — 35 119 9 493 1,736 130 Place of Worship 31 130 1 5 244 — 200 256 15 2,674 5,573 161 42 126 1 7 246 — 51 40 11 1,069 5,564 160 Quality Restaurant 113 164 900 — 74 — 257 258 4,776 6,342 15,654 5,197 129 88 933 12 76 — 85 790 4,944 4,072 16,186 5,317 Racquet Club 31 130 1 5 244 — 200 256 15 2,674 5,573 161 42 126 1 7 246 — 51 40 11 1,069 5,564 160 Refrigerated WarehouseNo Rail <1 14 <1 8 8 8 7 16 — 79 6,563 15,671 <1 5 <1 — 8 8 7 16 <1 49 6,563 15,373 Refrigerated WarehouseRail<1 14 <1 8 8 8 7 16 — 79 6,563 15,671 <1 5 <1 — 8 8 7 16 <1 49 6,563 15,373 Regional Shopping
Center
1 94 <1 2 1 — 13 425 9 2,095 1,735 132 <1 56 <1 2 1 — 35 119 9 493 1,736 130 Research & Development 1 297 <1 52 49 — 12 129 27 5,059 5,660 13 1 162 <1 14 49 — 83 422 27 3,128 5,653 14 Strip Mall 1 94 <1 2 1 — 13 425 9 2,095 1,735 132 <1 56 <1 2 1 — 35 119 9 493 1,736 130 Supermarket 21 180 1 25 61 45 110 204 80 9,488 18,433 11,954 15 164 1 6 61 — 259 542 80 3,356 18,439 11,678 University/College (4yr) 11 74 1 7 14 — 43 48 18 1,446 597 18 9 329 1 5 14 — 120 178 18 1,026 596 18 Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
<1 36 <1 8 8 — 3 383 <1 662 6,562 — 1 48 <1 3 8 — 2 347 <1 709 6,562 — Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-Rail
<1 36 <1 8 8 — 3 383 <1 662 6,562 — 1 48 <1 3 8 — 2 347 <1 709 6,562 — Arena
7 29 89 3 43 263 1 94 490 15 2,363 909 50
8 28 92 3 38 265 1 85 490 15 2,209 812 50
Automobile Care Center 29 89 3 43 263 1 94 490 15 2,363 909 50 28 92 3 38 265 1 85 490 15 2,209 812 50 Bank (with DriveThrough) 29 89 3 43 263 1 94 490 15 2,363 909 50 28 92 3 38 265 1 85 490 15 2,209 812 50 Convenience Market
(24 hour)
6 23 5 2 132 1 32 290 43 417 1,849 18,389 5 22 5 2 133 — 31 263 42 290 1,830 18,451 Convenience Market with
Gas Pumps
6 23 5 2 132 1 32 290 43 417 1,849 18,389 5 22 5 2 133 — 31 263 42 290 1,830 18,451 Day-Care Center 16 81 1 9 102 — 58 95 55 856 384 88 16 85 1 10 102 — 51 97 55 824 381 86 Discount Club 2 6 <1 7 41 4 33 60 35 1,262 1,287 216 1 6 <1 7 42 4 32 59 35 1,193 1,281 213 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-56
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Electronic Superstore 2 6 <1 7 41 4 33 60 35 1,262 1,287 216 1 6 <1 7 42 4 32 59 35 1,193 1,281 213 Elementary School 16 81 1 9 102 — 58 95 55 856 384 88 16 85 1 10 102 — 51 97 55 824 381 86 Fast Food Restaurant w/o
Drive Thru
116 46 855 49 81 5 46 386 1,841 3,427 5,399 8,281 113 45 857 48 82 5 44 379 1,750 3,246 5,352 8,150 Fast Food Restaurant with
Drive Thru
116 46 855 49 81 5 46 386 1,841 3,427 5,399 8,281 113 45 857 48 82 5 44 379 1,750 3,246 5,352 8,150 Free-Standing Discount
store
2 6 <1 7 41 4 33 60 35 1,262 1,287 216 1 6 <1 7 42 4 32 59 35 1,193 1,281 213 Free-Standing Discount
Superstore
2 6 <1 7 41 4 33 60 35 1,262 1,287 216 1 6 <1 7 42 4 32 59 35 1,193 1,281 213 Gasoline/Service Station 29 89 3 43 263 1 94 490 15 2,363 909 50 28 92 3 38 265 1 85 490 15 2,209 812 50 General Heavy Industry 29 89 3 43 263 1 94 490 15 2,363 909 50 28 92 3 38 265 1 85 490 15 2,209 812 50 General Light Industry 29 89 3 43 263 1 94 490 15 2,363 909 50 28 92 3 38 265 1 85 490 15 2,209 812 50 General Office Building 27 150 1 23 52 <1 71 594 13 3,699 2,381 16 26 163 1 23 52 <1 70 630 12 3,661 2,352 14 Government
(Civic Center)
27 150 1 23 52 <1 71 594 13 3,699 2,381 16 26 163 1 23 52 <1 70 630 12 3,661 2,352 14 Government Office
Building
27 150 1 23 52 <1 71 594 13 3,699 2,381 16 26 163 1 23 52 <1 70 630 12 3,661 2,352 14 Hardware/Paint Store 2 6 <1 7 41 4 33 60 35 1,262 1,287 216 1 6 <1 7 42 4 32 59 35 1,193 1,281 213 Health Club 29 89 3 43 263 1 94 490 15 2,363 909 50 28 92 3 38 265 1 85 490 15 2,209 812 50 High School 16 81 1 9 102 — 58 95 55 856 384 88 16 85 1 10 102 — 51 97 55 824 381 86 High Turnover
(Sit Down Restaurant)
116 46 855 49 81 5 46 386 1,841 3,427 5,399 8,281 113 45 857 48 82 5 44 379 1,750 3,246 5,352 8,150 Home Improvement
Superstore
2 6 <1 7 41 4 33 60 35 1,262 1,287 216 1 6 <1 7 42 4 32 59 35 1,193 1,281 213 Hospital 188 156 9 13 180 <1 414 802 98 7,640 8,052 330 183 163 9 16 181 — 354 796 98 7,290 8,043 322 Hotel 75 72 25 — 117 — 199 3,830 70 2,663 1,838 1,172 74 76 25 — 117 — 199 3,890 69 2,602 1,832 1,167 Industrial Park 27 150 1 23 52 <1 71 594 13 3,699 2,381 16 26 163 1 23 52 <1 70 630 12 3,661 2,352 14 Junior College (2yr) 51 360 1 11 75 <1 353 1,078 70 2,488 1,462 403 49 361 1 11 75 — 333 996 69 2,178 1,444 387 Junior High School 16 81 1 9 102 — 58 95 55 856 384 88 16 85 1 10 102 — 51 97 55 824 381 86 Library 29 89 3 43 263 1 94 490 15 2,363 909 50 28 92 3 38 265 1 85 490 15 2,209 812 50 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-57
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Manufacturing 29 89 3 43 263 1 94 490 15 2,363 909 50 28 92 3 38 265 1 85 490 15 2,209 812 50 Medical Office Building 27 150 1 23 52 <1 71 594 13 3,699 2,381 16 26 163 1 23 52 <1 70 630 12 3,661 2,352 14 Motel 75 72 25 — 117 — 199 3,830 70 2,663 1,838 1,172 74 76 25 — 117 — 199 3,890 69 2,602 1,832 1,167 Movie Theater
(No Matinee)
29 89 3 43 263 1 94 490 15 2,363 909 50 28 92 3 38 265 1 85 490 15 2,209 812 50 Office Park 27 150 1 23 52 <1 71 594 13 3,699 2,381 16 26 163 1 23 52 <1 70 630 12 3,661 2,352 14 Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o
Drive Thru
2 6 <1 7 41 4 33 60 35 1,262 1,287 216 1 6 <1 7 42 4 32 59 35 1,193 1,281 213 Pharmacy/Drugstore with
Drive Thru
2 6 <1 7 41 4 33 60 35 1,262 1,287 216 1 6 <1 7 42 4 32 59 35 1,193 1,281 213 Place of Worship 29 89 3 43 263 1 94 490 15 2,363 909 50 28 92 3 38 265 1 85 490 15 2,209 812 50 Quality Restaurant 116 46 855 49 81 5 46 386 1,841 3,427 5,399 8,281 113 45 857 48 82 5 44 379 1,750 3,246 5,352 8,150 Racquet Club 29 89 3 43 263 1 94 490 15 2,363 909 50 28 92 3 38 265 1 85 490 15 2,209 812 50 Refrigerated WarehouseNo Rail
3 1 <1 — 186 61 9 1 <1 84 1,664 15,484 3 1 <1 — 186 56 9 1 <1 77 1,656 14,520 Refrigerated WarehouseRail
3 1 <1 — 186 61 9 1 <1 84 1,664 15,484 3 1 <1 — 186 56 9 1 <1 77 1,656 14,520 Regional Shopping
Center
2 6 <1 7 41 4 33 60 35 1,262 1,287 216 1 6 <1 7 42 4 32 59 35 1,193 1,281 213 Research & Development 27 150 1 23 52 <1 71 594 13 3,699 2,381 16 26 163 1 23 52 <1 70 630 12 3,661 2,352 14 Strip Mall 2 6 <1 7 41 4 33 60 35 1,262 1,287 216 1 6 <1 7 42 4 32 59 35 1,193 1,281 213 Supermarket 6 23 5 2 132 1 32 290 43 417 1,849 18,389 5 22 5 2 133 — 31 263 42 290 1,830 18,451 University/College (4yr) 51 360 1 11 75 <1 353 1,078 70 2,488 1,462 403 49 361 1 11 75 — 333 996 69 2,178 1,444 387 Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
4 2 <1 1 185 — 9 26 <1 128 1,251 — 4 2 <1 2 186 — 9 25 <1 118 1,242 — Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-Rail
4 2 <1 1 185 — 9 26 <1 128 1,251 — 4 2 <1 2 186 — 9 25 <1 118 1,242 — Arena
9 34 103 2 49 260 1 128 503 15 2,870 1,226 76
10 36 76 3 54 259 1 118 404 15 2,491 913 54
Automobile Care Center 34 103 2 49 260 1 128 503 15 2,870 1,226 76 36 76 3 54 259 1 118 404 15 2,491 913 54 Bank
(with Drive-Through)
34 103 2 49 260 1 128 503 15 2,870 1,226 76 36 76 3 54 259 1 118 404 15 2,491 913 54 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-58
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Convenience Market
(24 hour)
7 37 5 6 126 5 36 395 47 1,460 2,628 17,583 7 22 5 5 130 <1 32 286 42 909 1,989 18,138 Convenience Market with
Gas Pumps
7 37 5 6 126 5 36 395 47 1,460 2,628 17,583 7 22 5 5 130 <1 32 286 42 909 1,989 18,138 Day-Care Center 17 152 2 7 91 — 89 191 55 1,062 391 99 16 118 1 6 99 — 102 145 55 1,052 418 100 Discount Club 2 7 <1 10 38 3 35 72 33 1,839 1,304 211 2 3 <1 10 41 4 40 35 35 1,589 1,313 218 Electronic Superstore 2 7 <1 10 38 3 35 72 33 1,839 1,304 211 2 3 <1 10 41 4 40 35 35 1,589 1,313 218 Elementary School 17 152 2 7 91 — 89 191 55 1,062 391 99 16 118 1 6 99 — 102 145 55 1,052 418 100 Fast Food Restaurant w/o
Drive Thru
129 75 866 39 81 5 63 559 2,665 4,172 6,421 8,407 128 46 839 44 80 5 40 415 2,243 3,460 5,538 9,070 Fast Food Restaurant with
Drive Thru
129 75 866 39 81 5 63 559 2,665 4,172 6,421 8,407 128 46 839 44 80 5 40 415 2,243 3,460 5,538 9,070 Free-Standing Discount
store
2 7 <1 10 38 3 35 72 33 1,839 1,304 211 2 3 <1 10 41 4 40 35 35 1,589 1,313 218 Free-Standing Discount
Superstore
2 7 <1 10 38 3 35 72 33 1,839 1,304 211 2 3 <1 10 41 4 40 35 35 1,589 1,313 218 Gasoline/Service Station 34 103 2 49 260 1 128 503 15 2,870 1,226 76 36 76 3 54 259 1 118 404 15 2,491 913 54 General Heavy Industry 34 103 2 49 260 1 128 503 15 2,870 1,226 76 36 76 3 54 259 1 118 404 15 2,491 913 54 General Light Industry 34 103 2 49 260 1 128 503 15 2,870 1,226 76 36 76 3 54 259 1 118 404 15 2,491 913 54 General Office Building 25 258 1 30 52 <1 64 838 15 4,239 2,482 15 28 168 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,604 2,406 15 Government
(Civic Center)
25 258 1 30 52 <1 64 838 15 4,239 2,482 15 28 168 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,604 2,406 15 Government Office
Building
25 258 1 30 52 <1 64 838 15 4,239 2,482 15 28 168 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,604 2,406 15 Hardware/Paint Store 2 7 <1 10 38 3 35 72 33 1,839 1,304 211 2 3 <1 10 41 4 40 35 35 1,589 1,313 218 Health Club 34 103 2 49 260 1 128 503 15 2,870 1,226 76 36 76 3 54 259 1 118 404 15 2,491 913 54 High School 17 152 2 7 91 — 89 191 55 1,062 391 99 16 118 1 6 99 — 102 145 55 1,052 418 100 High Turnover
(Sit Down Restaurant)
129 75 866 39 81 5 63 559 2,665 4,172 6,421 8,407 128 46 839 44 80 5 40 415 2,243 3,460 5,538 9,070 Home Improvement
Superstore
2 7 <1 10 38 3 35 72 33 1,839 1,304 211 2 3 <1 10 41 4 40 35 35 1,589 1,313 218 Hospital 206 218 9 4 178 — 593 1,051 101 8,315 9,011 306 197 215 9 6 179 — 507 1,232 98 7,844 8,108 347 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-59
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Hotel 79 102 23 <1 98 — 160 4,156 69 2,953 1,759 1,035 78 82 24 <1 115 — 232 5,338 69 3,299 1,844 1,213 Industrial Park 25 258 1 30 52 <1 64 838 15 4,239 2,482 15 28 168 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,604 2,406 15 Junior College (2yr) 45 328 1 15 58 — 350 1,034 63 2,367 1,230 315 52 416 1 17 73 — 536 1,650 68 2,286 1,516 422 Junior High School 17 152 2 7 91 — 89 191 55 1,062 391 99 16 118 1 6 99 — 102 145 55 1,052 418 100 Library 34 103 2 49 260 1 128 503 15 2,870 1,226 76 36 76 3 54 259 1 118 404 15 2,491 913 54 Manufacturing 34 103 2 49 260 1 128 503 15 2,870 1,226 76 36 76 3 54 259 1 118 404 15 2,491 913 54 Medical Office Building 25 258 1 30 52 <1 64 838 15 4,239 2,482 15 28 168 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,604 2,406 15 Motel 79 102 23 <1 98 — 160 4,156 69 2,953 1,759 1,035 78 82 24 <1 115 — 232 5,338 69 3,299 1,844 1,213 Movie Theater
(No Matinee)
34 103 2 49 260 1 128 503 15 2,870 1,226 76 36 76 3 54 259 1 118 404 15 2,491 913 54 Office Park 25 258 1 30 52 <1 64 838 15 4,239 2,482 15 28 168 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,604 2,406 15 Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o
Drive Thru
2 7 <1 10 38 3 35 72 33 1,839 1,304 211 2 3 <1 10 41 4 40 35 35 1,589 1,313 218 Pharmacy/Drugstore with
Drive Thru
2 7 <1 10 38 3 35 72 33 1,839 1,304 211 2 3 <1 10 41 4 40 35 35 1,589 1,313 218 Place of Worship 34 103 2 49 260 1 128 503 15 2,870 1,226 76 36 76 3 54 259 1 118 404 15 2,491 913 54 Quality Restaurant 129 75 866 39 81 5 63 559 2,665 4,172 6,421 8,407 128 46 839 44 80 5 40 415 2,243 3,460 5,538 9,070 Racquet Club 34 103 2 49 260 1 128 503 15 2,870 1,226 76 36 76 3 54 259 1 118 404 15 2,491 913 54 Refrigerated WarehouseNo Rail 1 2 <1 2 159 59 3 4 <1 100 2,052 18,137 4 <1 <1 — 184 75 11 1 <1 96 1,755 18,119 Refrigerated WarehouseRail1 2 <1 2 159 59 3 4 <1 100 2,052 18,137 4 <1 <1 — 184 75 11 1 <1 96 1,755 18,119 Regional Shopping
Center
2 7 <1 10 38 3 35 72 33 1,839 1,304 211 2 3 <1 10 41 4 40 35 35 1,589 1,313 218 Research & Development 25 258 1 30 52 <1 64 838 15 4,239 2,482 15 28 168 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,604 2,406 15 Strip Mall 2 7 <1 10 38 3 35 72 33 1,839 1,304 211 2 3 <1 10 41 4 40 35 35 1,589 1,313 218 Supermarket 7 37 5 6 126 5 36 395 47 1,460 2,628 17,583 7 22 5 5 130 <1 32 286 42 909 1,989 18,138 University/College (4yr) 45 328 1 15 58 — 350 1,034 63 2,367 1,230 315 52 416 1 17 73 — 536 1,650 68 2,286 1,516 422 Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
4 8 <1 2 152 — 11 121 <1 190 1,742 — 5 2 <1 1 182 — 14 32 <1 110 1,304 — B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-60
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-Rail
4 8 <1 2 152 — 11 121 <1 190 1,742 — 5 2 <1 1 182 — 14 32 <1 110 1,304 — Arena
11 36 76 3 55 259 1 118 406 15 2,540 875 52
12 32 162 3 13 193 <1 80 608 47 1,835 938 48
Automobile Care Center 36 76 3 55 259 1 118 406 15 2,540 875 52 32 162 3 13 193 <1 80 608 47 1,835 938 48 Bank
(with Drive-Through)
36 76 3 55 259 1 118 406 15 2,540 875 52 32 162 3 13 193 <1 80 608 47 1,835 938 48 Convenience Market
(24 hour)
7 20 5 5 131 — 31 252 42 899 1,875 18,180 5 56 24 1 97 — 45 184 492 479 1,793 16,782 Convenience Market with
Gas Pumps
7 20 5 5 131 — 31 252 42 899 1,875 18,180 5 56 24 1 97 — 45 184 492 479 1,793 16,782 Day-Care Center 16 116 1 6 100 — 99 137 55 1,067 420 99 12 71 1 4 70 — 180 299 171 936 446 84 Discount Club 2 2 <1 10 41 4 40 31 35 1,611 1,311 218 1 7 <1 5 30 1 49 20 24 1,090 904 176 Electronic Superstore 2 2 <1 10 41 4 40 31 35 1,611 1,311 218 1 7 <1 5 30 1 49 20 24 1,090 904 176 Elementary School 16 116 1 6 100 — 99 137 55 1,067 420 99 12 71 1 4 70 — 180 299 171 936 446 84 Fast Food Restaurant w/o
Drive Thru
127 44 839 45 80 5 39 392 2,199 3,515 5,451 9,121 99 74 890 4 57 1 170 470 3,641 2,812 5,370 7,874 Fast Food Restaurant with
Drive Thru
127 44 839 45 80 5 39 392 2,199 3,515 5,451 9,121 99 74 890 4 57 1 170 470 3,641 2,812 5,370 7,874 Free-Standing Discount
store
2 2 <1 10 41 4 40 31 35 1,611 1,311 218 1 7 <1 5 30 1 49 20 24 1,090 904 176 Free-Standing Discount
Superstore
2 2 <1 10 41 4 40 31 35 1,611 1,311 218 1 7 <1 5 30 1 49 20 24 1,090 904 176 Gasoline/Service Station 36 76 3 55 259 1 118 406 15 2,540 875 52 32 162 3 13 193 <1 80 608 47 1,835 938 48 General Heavy Industry 36 76 3 55 259 1 118 406 15 2,540 875 52 32 162 3 13 193 <1 80 608 47 1,835 938 48 General Light Industry 36 76 3 55 259 1 118 406 15 2,540 875 52 32 162 3 13 193 <1 80 608 47 1,835 938 48 General Office Building 29 169 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,629 2,396 15 25 230 1 26 39 <1 108 646 30 2,664 2,328 36 Government
(Civic Center)
29 169 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,629 2,396 15 25 230 1 26 39 <1 108 646 30 2,664 2,328 36 Government Office
Building
29 169 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,629 2,396 15 25 230 1 26 39 <1 108 646 30 2,664 2,328 36 Hardware/Paint Store 2 2 <1 10 41 4 40 31 35 1,611 1,311 218 1 7 <1 5 30 1 49 20 24 1,090 904 176 Health Club 36 76 3 55 259 1 118 406 15 2,540 875 52 32 162 3 13 193 <1 80 608 47 1,835 938 48 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-61
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

High School 16 116 1 6 100 — 99 137 55 1,067 420 99 12 71 1 4 70 — 180 299 171 936 446 84 High Turnover
(Sit Down Restaurant)
127 44 839 45 80 5 39 392 2,199 3,515 5,451 9,121 99 74 890 4 57 1 170 470 3,641 2,812 5,370 7,874 Home Improvement
Superstore
2 2 <1 10 41 4 40 31 35 1,611 1,311 218 1 7 <1 5 30 1 49 20 24 1,090 904 176 Hospital 196 211 9 6 179 — 520 1,255 98 7,939 8,024 351 221 111 9 204 126 — 1,593 2,670 202 5,658 6,328 452 Hotel 78 81 24 — 116 — 233 5,394 69 3,353 1,850 1,227 85 259 15 <1 83 — 33 2,013 235 2,307 2,038 1,135 Industrial Park 29 169 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,629 2,396 15 25 230 1 26 39 <1 108 646 30 2,664 2,328 36 Junior College (2yr) 53 418 1 18 74 — 540 1,675 69 2,307 1,534 429 33 432 1 103 53 — 1,280 2,459 158 1,915 1,741 367 Junior High School 16 116 1 6 100 — 99 137 55 1,067 420 99 12 71 1 4 70 — 180 299 171 936 446 84 Library 36 76 3 55 259 1 118 406 15 2,540 875 52 32 162 3 13 193 <1 80 608 47 1,835 938 48 Manufacturing 36 76 3 55 259 1 118 406 15 2,540 875 52 32 162 3 13 193 <1 80 608 47 1,835 938 48 Medical Office Building 29 169 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,629 2,396 15 25 230 1 26 39 <1 108 646 30 2,664 2,328 36 Motel 78 81 24 — 116 — 233 5,394 69 3,353 1,850 1,227 85 259 15 <1 83 — 33 2,013 235 2,307 2,038 1,135 Movie Theater
(No Matinee)
36 76 3 55 259 1 118 406 15 2,540 875 52 32 162 3 13 193 <1 80 608 47 1,835 938 48 Office Park 29 169 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,629 2,396 15 25 230 1 26 39 <1 108 646 30 2,664 2,328 36 Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o
Drive Thru
2 2 <1 10 41 4 40 31 35 1,611 1,311 218 1 7 <1 5 30 1 49 20 24 1,090 904 176 Pharmacy/Drugstore with
Drive Thru
2 2 <1 10 41 4 40 31 35 1,611 1,311 218 1 7 <1 5 30 1 49 20 24 1,090 904 176 Place of Worship 36 76 3 55 259 1 118 406 15 2,540 875 52 32 162 3 13 193 <1 80 608 47 1,835 938 48 Quality Restaurant 127 44 839 45 80 5 39 392 2,199 3,515 5,451 9,121 99 74 890 4 57 1 170 470 3,641 2,812 5,370 7,874 Racquet Club 36 76 3 55 259 1 118 406 15 2,540 875 52 32 162 3 13 193 <1 80 608 47 1,835 938 48 Refrigerated WarehouseNo Rail
4 <1 <1 — 185 75 11 1 <1 96 1,746 18,101 4 <1 <1 — 123 68 12 2 <1 67 1,544 16,519 Refrigerated WarehouseRail4 <1 <1 — 185 75 11 1 <1 96 1,746 18,101 4 <1 <1 — 123 68 12 2 <1 67 1,544 16,519 Regional Shopping
Center
2 2 <1 10 41 4 40 31 35 1,611 1,311 218 1 7 <1 5 30 1 49 20 24 1,090 904 176 Research & Development 29 169 1 25 52 <1 86 731 12 3,629 2,396 15 25 230 1 26 39 <1 108 646 30 2,664 2,328 36 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-62
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Strip Mall 2 2 <1 10 41 4 40 31 35 1,611 1,311 218 1 7 <1 5 30 1 49 20 24 1,090 904 176 Supermarket 7 20 5 5 131 — 31 252 42 899 1,875 18,180 5 56 24 1 97 — 45 184 492 479 1,793 16,782 University/College (4yr) 53 418 1 18 74 — 540 1,675 69 2,307 1,534 429 33 432 1 103 53 — 1,280 2,459 158 1,915 1,741 367 Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
5 2 <1 1 183 — 14 27 <1 110 1,288 — 2 2 <1 2 141 — 33 28 <1 133 1,158 — Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-Rail
5 2 <1 1 183 — 14 27 <1 110 1,288 — 2 2 <1 2 141 — 33 28 <1 133 1,158 — Arena
13 31 135 1 — 229 — 204 113 — 862 4,668 171
14 28 111 1 4 226 — 201 246 15 2,352 4,226 154
Automobile Care Center 31 135 1 — 229 — 204 113 — 862 4,668 171 28 111 1 4 226 — 201 246 15 2,352 4,226 154 Bank
(with Drive-Through)
31 135 1 — 229 — 204 113 — 862 4,668 171 28 111 1 4 226 — 201 246 15 2,352 4,226 154 Convenience Market
(24 hour)
22 78 1 <1 55 45 117 184 82 3,764 14,809 12,946 19 151 1 23 53 40 107 188 71 8,026 12,948 11,137 Convenience Market with
Gas Pumps
22 78 1 <1 55 45 117 184 82 3,764 14,809 12,946 19 151 1 23 53 40 107 188 71 8,026 12,948 11,137 Day-Care Center 24 197 4 — <1 — 192 2,940 35 217 455 139 23 398 4 1 — — 164 72 34 242 449 132 Discount Club 60 27 <1 <1 1 — 9 306 9 1,367 1,498 141 1 76 <1 2 1 — 12 429 8 1,878 1,308 123 Electronic Superstore 60 27 <1 <1 1 — 9 306 9 1,367 1,498 141 1 76 <1 2 1 — 12 429 8 1,878 1,308 123 Elementary School 24 197 4 — <1 — 192 2,940 35 217 455 139 23 398 4 1 — — 164 72 34 242 449 132 Fast Food Restaurant w/o
Drive Thru
140 134 865 — 65 — 118 506 4,833 4,041 12,650 5,830 95 109 651 — 54 — 148 183 3,621 4,433 9,442 4,176 Fast Food Restaurant with
Drive Thru
140 134 865 — 65 — 118 506 4,833 4,041 12,650 5,830 95 109 651 — 54 — 148 183 3,621 4,433 9,442 4,176 Free-Standing Discount
store
60 27 <1 <1 1 — 9 306 9 1,367 1,498 141 1 76 <1 2 1 — 12 429 8 1,878 1,308 123 Free-Standing Discount
Superstore
60 27 <1 <1 1 — 9 306 9 1,367 1,498 141 1 76 <1 2 1 — 12 429 8 1,878 1,308 123 Gasoline/Service Station 31 135 1 — 229 — 204 113 — 862 4,668 171 28 111 1 4 226 — 201 246 15 2,352 4,226 154 General Heavy Industry 31 135 1 — 229 — 204 113 — 862 4,668 171 28 111 1 4 226 — 201 246 15 2,352 4,226 154 General Light Industry 31 135 1 — 229 — 204 113 — 862 4,668 171 28 111 1 4 226 — 201 246 15 2,352 4,226 154 General Office Building 1 285 <1 — 46 — 14 395 29 4,356 4,969 15 1 236 <1 42 42 — 11 81 24 4,424 4,233 12 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-63
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Government
(Civic Center)
1 285 <1 — 46 — 14 395 29 4,356 4,969 15 1 236 <1 42 42 — 11 81 24 4,424 4,233 12 Government Office
Building
1 285 <1 — 46 — 14 395 29 4,356 4,969 15 1 236 <1 42 42 — 11 81 24 4,424 4,233 12 Hardware/Paint Store 60 27 <1 <1 1 — 9 306 9 1,367 1,498 141 1 76 <1 2 1 — 12 429 8 1,878 1,308 123 Health Club 31 135 1 — 229 — 204 113 — 862 4,668 171 28 111 1 4 226 — 201 246 15 2,352 4,226 154 High School 24 197 4 — <1 — 192 2,940 35 217 455 139 23 398 4 1 — — 164 72 34 242 449 132 High Turnover
(Sit Down Restaurant)
140 134 865 — 65 — 118 506 4,833 4,041 12,650 5,830 95 109 651 — 54 — 148 183 3,621 4,433 9,442 4,176 Home Improvement
Superstore
60 27 <1 <1 1 — 9 306 9 1,367 1,498 141 1 76 <1 2 1 — 12 429 8 1,878 1,308 123 Hospital 217 170 9 — 161 — 279 292 104 9,484 16,339 147 209 203 9 — 170 — 250 139 102 9,273 15,907 140 Hotel 96 357 3 — 15 — — 259 21 495 2,341 287 82 199 12 <1 15 — 2 92 19 534 2,083 253 Industrial Park 1 285 <1 — 46 — 14 395 29 4,356 4,969 15 1 236 <1 42 42 — 11 81 24 4,424 4,233 12 Junior College (2yr) 13 296 — 24 13 — 3 50 19 1,372 518 20 11 63 1 7 14 — 63 44 18 1,515 504 18 Junior High School 24 197 4 — <1 — 192 2,940 35 217 455 139 23 398 4 1 — — 164 72 34 242 449 132 Library 31 135 1 — 229 — 204 113 — 862 4,668 171 28 111 1 4 226 — 201 246 15 2,352 4,226 154 Manufacturing 31 135 1 — 229 — 204 113 — 862 4,668 171 28 111 1 4 226 — 201 246 15 2,352 4,226 154 Medical Office Building 1 285 <1 — 46 — 14 395 29 4,356 4,969 15 1 236 <1 42 42 — 11 81 24 4,424 4,233 12 Motel 96 357 3 — 15 — — 259 21 495 2,341 287 82 199 12 <1 15 — 2 92 19 534 2,083 253 Movie Theater
(No Matinee)
31 135 1 — 229 — 204 113 — 862 4,668 171 28 111 1 4 226 — 201 246 15 2,352 4,226 154 Office Park 1 285 <1 — 46 — 14 395 29 4,356 4,969 15 1 236 <1 42 42 — 11 81 24 4,424 4,233 12 Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o
Drive Thru
60 27 <1 <1 1 — 9 306 9 1,367 1,498 141 1 76 <1 2 1 — 12 429 8 1,878 1,308 123 Pharmacy/Drugstore with
Drive Thru
60 27 <1 <1 1 — 9 306 9 1,367 1,498 141 1 76 <1 2 1 — 12 429 8 1,878 1,308 123 Place of Worship 31 135 1 — 229 — 204 113 — 862 4,668 171 28 111 1 4 226 — 201 246 15 2,352 4,226 154 Quality Restaurant 140 134 865 — 65 — 118 506 4,833 4,041 12,650 5,830 95 109 651 — 54 — 148 183 3,621 4,433 9,442 4,176 Racquet Club 31 135 1 — 229 — 204 113 — 862 4,668 171 28 111 1 4 226 — 201 246 15 2,352 4,226 154 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-64
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Refrigerated WarehouseNo Rail <1 3 <1 <1 52 8 6 8 <1 117 4,305 15,847 <1 15 <1 5 9 8 8 18 — 62 4,595 17,064 Refrigerated WarehouseRail<1 3 <1 <1 52 8 6 8 <1 117 4,305 15,847 <1 15 <1 5 9 8 8 18 — 62 4,595 17,064 Regional Shopping
Center
60 27 <1 <1 1 — 9 306 9 1,367 1,498 141 1 76 <1 2 1 — 12 429 8 1,878 1,308 123 Research & Development 1 285 <1 — 46 — 14 395 29 4,356 4,969 15 1 236 <1 42 42 — 11 81 24 4,424 4,233 12 Strip Mall 60 27 <1 <1 1 — 9 306 9 1,367 1,498 141 1 76 <1 2 1 — 12 429 8 1,878 1,308 123 Supermarket 22 78 1 <1 55 45 117 184 82 3,764 14,809 12,946 19 151 1 23 53 40 107 188 71 8,026 12,948 11,137 University/College (4yr) 13 296 — 24 13 — 3 50 19 1,372 518 20 11 63 1 7 14 — 63 44 18 1,515 504 18 Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
<1 25 <1 — 8 — 3 328 <1 758 4,279 — <1 32 <1 6 8 — 3 372 — 521 3,934 — Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-Rail
<1 25 <1 — 8 — 3 328 <1 758 4,279 — <1 32 <1 6 8 — 3 372 — 521 3,934 — Arena
15 28 110 1 4 227 — 198 240 11 2,130 4,241 154
16 23 69 2 43 215 1 79 379 12 1,996 2,220 39
Automobile Care Center 28 110 1 4 227 — 198 240 11 2,130 4,241 154 23 69 2 43 215 1 79 379 12 1,996 2,220 39 Bank
(with Drive-Through)
28 110 1 4 227 — 198 240 11 2,130 4,241 154 23 69 2 43 215 1 79 379 12 1,996 2,220 39 Convenience Market
(24 hour)
19 150 1 17 53 38 116 200 72 6,949 13,007 11,303 4 17 4 2 109 — 24 179 32 367 1,654 13,782 Convenience Market with
Gas Pumps
19 150 1 17 53 38 116 200 72 6,949 13,007 11,303 4 17 4 2 109 — 24 179 32 367 1,654 13,782 Day-Care Center 23 388 4 1 <1 — 178 64 34 231 449 132 16 77 1 7 98 — 51 82 51 894 1,130 81 Discount Club 12 69 <1 1 1 — 13 395 8 1,649 1,315 123 1 4 <1 7 34 3 24 28 27 1,249 2,867 162 Electronic Superstore 12 69 <1 1 1 — 13 395 8 1,649 1,315 123 1 4 <1 7 34 3 24 28 27 1,249 2,867 162 Elementary School 23 388 4 1 <1 — 178 64 34 231 449 132 16 77 1 7 98 — 51 82 51 894 1,130 81 Fast Food Restaurant w/o
Drive Thru
94 105 645 <1 53 — 142 199 3,590 4,116 9,362 4,145 90 37 702 48 67 4 35 268 1,279 3,254 8,965 6,236 Fast Food Restaurant with
Drive Thru
94 105 645 <1 53 — 142 199 3,590 4,116 9,362 4,145 90 37 702 48 67 4 35 268 1,279 3,254 8,965 6,236 Free-Standing Discount
store
12 69 <1 1 1 — 13 395 8 1,649 1,315 123 1 4 <1 7 34 3 24 28 27 1,249 2,867 162 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-65
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Free-Standing Discount
Superstore
12 69 <1 1 1 — 13 395 8 1,649 1,315 123 1 4 <1 7 34 3 24 28 27 1,249 2,867 162 Gasoline/Service Station 28 110 1 4 227 — 198 240 11 2,130 4,241 154 23 69 2 43 215 1 79 379 12 1,996 2,220 39 General Heavy Industry 28 110 1 4 227 — 198 240 11 2,130 4,241 154 23 69 2 43 215 1 79 379 12 1,996 2,220 39 General Light Industry 28 110 1 4 227 — 198 240 11 2,130 4,241 154 23 69 2 43 215 1 79 379 12 1,996 2,220 39 General Office Building 1 234 <1 39 43 — 13 83 25 4,208 4,327 13 20 119 1 18 43 <1 46 396 9 3,103 2,714 11 Government
(Civic Center)
1 234 <1 39 43 — 13 83 25 4,208 4,327 13 20 119 1 18 43 <1 46 396 9 3,103 2,714 11 Government Office
Building
1 234 <1 39 43 — 13 83 25 4,208 4,327 13 20 119 1 18 43 <1 46 396 9 3,103 2,714 11 Hardware/Paint Store 12 69 <1 1 1 — 13 395 8 1,649 1,315 123 1 4 <1 7 34 3 24 28 27 1,249 2,867 162 Health Club 28 110 1 4 227 — 198 240 11 2,130 4,241 154 23 69 2 43 215 1 79 379 12 1,996 2,220 39 High School 23 388 4 1 <1 — 178 64 34 231 449 132 16 77 1 7 98 — 51 82 51 894 1,130 81 High Turnover
(Sit Down Restaurant)
94 105 645 <1 53 — 142 199 3,590 4,116 9,362 4,145 90 37 702 48 67 4 35 268 1,279 3,254 8,965 6,236 Home Improvement
Superstore
12 69 <1 1 1 — 13 395 8 1,649 1,315 123 1 4 <1 7 34 3 24 28 27 1,249 2,867 162 Hospital 210 204 9 <1 170 — 245 124 101 8,897 15,857 140 184 121 9 14 181 — 290 610 93 8,688 18,450 297 Hotel 82 201 10 1 15 — 8 93 19 502 2,076 253 60 66 20 — 96 — 145 2,805 54 2,226 2,059 903 Industrial Park 1 234 <1 39 43 — 13 83 25 4,208 4,327 13 20 119 1 18 43 <1 46 396 9 3,103 2,714 11 Junior College (2yr) 11 140 1 8 14 — 40 51 18 1,481 505 18 43 364 1 4 75 — 276 682 65 3,268 3,761 362 Junior High School 23 388 4 1 <1 — 178 64 34 231 449 132 16 77 1 7 98 — 51 82 51 894 1,130 81 Library 28 110 1 4 227 — 198 240 11 2,130 4,241 154 23 69 2 43 215 1 79 379 12 1,996 2,220 39 Manufacturing 28 110 1 4 227 — 198 240 11 2,130 4,241 154 23 69 2 43 215 1 79 379 12 1,996 2,220 39 Medical Office Building 1 234 <1 39 43 — 13 83 25 4,208 4,327 13 20 119 1 18 43 <1 46 396 9 3,103 2,714 11 Motel 82 201 10 1 15 — 8 93 19 502 2,076 253 60 66 20 — 96 — 145 2,805 54 2,226 2,059 903 Movie Theater
(No Matinee)
28 110 1 4 227 — 198 240 11 2,130 4,241 154 23 69 2 43 215 1 79 379 12 1,996 2,220 39 Office Park 1 234 <1 39 43 — 13 83 25 4,208 4,327 13 20 119 1 18 43 <1 46 396 9 3,103 2,714 11 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-66
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o
Drive Thru
12 69 <1 1 1 — 13 395 8 1,649 1,315 123 1 4 <1 7 34 3 24 28 27 1,249 2,867 162 Pharmacy/Drugstore with
Drive Thru
12 69 <1 1 1 — 13 395 8 1,649 1,315 123 1 4 <1 7 34 3 24 28 27 1,249 2,867 162 Place of Worship 28 110 1 4 227 — 198 240 11 2,130 4,241 154 23 69 2 43 215 1 79 379 12 1,996 2,220 39 Quality Restaurant 94 105 645 <1 53 — 142 199 3,590 4,116 9,362 4,145 90 37 702 48 67 4 35 268 1,279 3,254 8,965 6,236 Racquet Club 28 110 1 4 227 — 198 240 11 2,130 4,241 154 23 69 2 43 215 1 79 379 12 1,996 2,220 39 Refrigerated WarehouseNo Rail <1 13 <1 3 18 8 8 17 <1 61 4,537 16,845 3 <1 <1 — 150 57 7 <1 <1 68 1,931 13,133 Refrigerated WarehouseRail<1 13 <1 3 18 8 8 17 <1 61 4,537 16,845 3 <1 <1 — 150 57 7 <1 <1 68 1,931 13,133 Regional Shopping
Center
12 69 <1 1 1 — 13 395 8 1,649 1,315 123 1 4 <1 7 34 3 24 28 27 1,249 2,867 162 Research & Development 1 234 <1 39 43 — 13 83 25 4,208 4,327 13 20 119 1 18 43 <1 46 396 9 3,103 2,714 11 Strip Mall 12 69 <1 1 1 — 13 395 8 1,649 1,315 123 1 4 <1 7 34 3 24 28 27 1,249 2,867 162 Supermarket 19 150 1 17 53 38 116 200 72 6,949 13,007 11,303 4 17 4 2 109 — 24 179 32 367 1,654 13,782 University/College (4yr) 11 140 1 8 14 — 40 51 18 1,481 505 18 43 364 1 4 75 — 276 682 65 3,268 3,761 362 Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
<1 33 <1 6 8 — 3 393 <1 487 4,060 — 3 2 <1 1 152 — 7 21 <1 120 1,905 — Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-Rail
<1 33 <1 6 8 — 3 393 <1 487 4,060 — 3 2 <1 1 152 — 7 21 <1 120 1,905 — Arena
17 26 57 2 50 214 1 79 268 12 2,533 2,164 40
18 23 93 2 12 206 <1 141 443 14 2,753 10,260 46
Automobile Care Center 26 57 2 50 214 1 79 268 12 2,533 2,164 40 23 93 2 12 206 <1 141 443 14 2,753 10,260 46 Bank
(with Drive-Through)
26 57 2 50 214 1 79 268 12 2,533 2,164 40 23 93 2 12 206 <1 141 443 14 2,753 10,260 46 Convenience Market
(24 hour)
5 17 4 3 108 — 22 158 32 666 1,650 13,737 5 75 5 — 102 36 26 348 61 1,082 3,498 13,311 Convenience Market with
Gas Pumps
5 17 4 3 108 — 22 158 32 666 1,650 13,737 5 75 5 — 102 36 26 348 61 1,082 3,498 13,311 Day-Care Center 16 75 1 11 100 — 37 82 52 1,077 1,066 78 15 156 1 57 98 <1 107 887 72 2,397 1,135 109 Discount Club 1 2 <1 8 34 3 26 12 27 1,520 2,796 164 3 18 <1 3 32 1 8 118 25 1,770 1,932 197 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-67
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Electronic Superstore 1 2 <1 8 34 3 26 12 27 1,520 2,796 164 3 18 <1 3 32 1 8 118 25 1,770 1,932 197 Elementary School 16 75 1 11 100 — 37 82 52 1,077 1,066 78 15 156 1 57 98 <1 107 887 72 2,397 1,135 109 Fast Food Restaurant w/o
Drive Thru
92 33 698 44 67 4 29 270 1,390 4,098 8,344 6,443 90 55 755 16 64 2 66 233 1,739 4,338 10,345 6,772 Fast Food Restaurant with
Drive Thru
92 33 698 44 67 4 29 270 1,390 4,098 8,344 6,443 90 55 755 16 64 2 66 233 1,739 4,338 10,345 6,772 Free-Standing Discount
store
1 2 <1 8 34 3 26 12 27 1,520 2,796 164 3 18 <1 3 32 1 8 118 25 1,770 1,932 197 Free-Standing Discount
Superstore
1 2 <1 8 34 3 26 12 27 1,520 2,796 164 3 18 <1 3 32 1 8 118 25 1,770 1,932 197 Gasoline/Service Station 26 57 2 50 214 1 79 268 12 2,533 2,164 40 23 93 2 12 206 <1 141 443 14 2,753 10,260 46 General Heavy Industry 26 57 2 50 214 1 79 268 12 2,533 2,164 40 23 93 2 12 206 <1 141 443 14 2,753 10,260 46 General Light Industry 26 57 2 50 214 1 79 268 12 2,533 2,164 40 23 93 2 12 206 <1 141 443 14 2,753 10,260 46 General Office Building 21 120 1 18 43 <1 49 411 9 3,032 2,608 11 30 11 1 <1 41 <1 13 46 17 3,240 5,482 29 Government
(Civic Center)
21 120 1 18 43 <1 49 411 9 3,032 2,608 11 30 11 1 <1 41 <1 13 46 17 3,240 5,482 29 Government Office
Building
21 120 1 18 43 <1 49 411 9 3,032 2,608 11 30 11 1 <1 41 <1 13 46 17 3,240 5,482 29 Hardware/Paint Store 1 2 <1 8 34 3 26 12 27 1,520 2,796 164 3 18 <1 3 32 1 8 118 25 1,770 1,932 197 Health Club 26 57 2 50 214 1 79 268 12 2,533 2,164 40 23 93 2 12 206 <1 141 443 14 2,753 10,260 46 High School 16 75 1 11 100 — 37 82 52 1,077 1,066 78 15 156 1 57 98 <1 107 887 72 2,397 1,135 109 High Turnover
(Sit Down Restaurant)
92 33 698 44 67 4 29 270 1,390 4,098 8,344 6,443 90 55 755 16 64 2 66 233 1,739 4,338 10,345 6,772 Home Improvement
Superstore
1 2 <1 8 34 3 26 12 27 1,520 2,796 164 3 18 <1 3 32 1 8 118 25 1,770 1,932 197 Hospital 187 99 9 6 180 — 341 492 92 10,138 16,824 305 178 230 10 12 167 1 1,241 497 98 7,896 19,788 358 Hotel 60 52 20 — 96 — 155 2,418 54 2,450 2,030 922 72 238 14 — 85 — 6 3,116 124 1,467 4,319 956 Industrial Park 21 120 1 18 43 <1 49 411 9 3,032 2,608 11 30 11 1 <1 41 <1 13 46 17 3,240 5,482 29 Junior College (2yr) 43 388 1 13 76 — 182 360 66 3,894 3,546 347 52 422 1 5 74 2 36 491 80 3,253 4,385 521 Junior High School 16 75 1 11 100 — 37 82 52 1,077 1,066 78 15 156 1 57 98 <1 107 887 72 2,397 1,135 109 Library 26 57 2 50 214 1 79 268 12 2,533 2,164 40 23 93 2 12 206 <1 141 443 14 2,753 10,260 46 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-68
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Manufacturing 26 57 2 50 214 1 79 268 12 2,533 2,164 40 23 93 2 12 206 <1 141 443 14 2,753 10,260 46 Medical Office Building 21 120 1 18 43 <1 49 411 9 3,032 2,608 11 30 11 1 <1 41 <1 13 46 17 3,240 5,482 29 Motel 60 52 20 — 96 — 155 2,418 54 2,450 2,030 922 72 238 14 — 85 — 6 3,116 124 1,467 4,319 956 Movie Theater
(No Matinee)
26 57 2 50 214 1 79 268 12 2,533 2,164 40 23 93 2 12 206 <1 141 443 14 2,753 10,260 46 Office Park 21 120 1 18 43 <1 49 411 9 3,032 2,608 11 30 11 1 <1 41 <1 13 46 17 3,240 5,482 29 Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o
Drive Thru
1 2 <1 8 34 3 26 12 27 1,520 2,796 164 3 18 <1 3 32 1 8 118 25 1,770 1,932 197 Pharmacy/Drugstore with
Drive Thru
1 2 <1 8 34 3 26 12 27 1,520 2,796 164 3 18 <1 3 32 1 8 118 25 1,770 1,932 197 Place of Worship 26 57 2 50 214 1 79 268 12 2,533 2,164 40 23 93 2 12 206 <1 141 443 14 2,753 10,260 46 Quality Restaurant 92 33 698 44 67 4 29 270 1,390 4,098 8,344 6,443 90 55 755 16 64 2 66 233 1,739 4,338 10,345 6,772 Racquet Club 26 57 2 50 214 1 79 268 12 2,533 2,164 40 23 93 2 12 206 <1 141 443 14 2,753 10,260 46 Refrigerated WarehouseNo Rail 2 <1 <1 — 150 60 7 <1 <1 92 1,896 12,896 4 <1 <1 — 137 65 7 <1 <1 109 2,911 5,213 Refrigerated WarehouseRail2 <1 <1 — 150 60 7 <1 <1 92 1,896 12,896 4 <1 <1 — 137 65 7 <1 <1 109 2,911 5,213 Regional Shopping
Center
1 2 <1 8 34 3 26 12 27 1,520 2,796 164 3 18 <1 3 32 1 8 118 25 1,770 1,932 197 Research & Development 21 120 1 18 43 <1 49 411 9 3,032 2,608 11 30 11 1 <1 41 <1 13 46 17 3,240 5,482 29 Strip Mall 1 2 <1 8 34 3 26 12 27 1,520 2,796 164 3 18 <1 3 32 1 8 118 25 1,770 1,932 197 Supermarket 5 17 4 3 108 — 22 158 32 666 1,650 13,737 5 75 5 — 102 36 26 348 61 1,082 3,498 13,311 University/College (4yr) 43 388 1 13 76 — 182 360 66 3,894 3,546 347 52 422 1 5 74 2 36 491 80 3,253 4,385 521 Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
3 2 <1 2 151 — 8 19 <1 144 1,860 — 4 3 <1 1 135 — 7 47 <1 761 2,087 — Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-Rail
3 2 <1 2 151 — 8 19 <1 144 1,860 — 4 3 <1 1 135 — 7 47 <1 761 2,087 — Arena
19 27 42 2 — 254 — 305 929 75 12,990 8,428 47
State
32 105 2 21 239 <1 132 334 17 2,603 3,968 102
Automobile Care Center 27 42 2 — 254 — 305 929 75 12,990 8,428 47 32 105 2 21 239 <1 132 334 17 2,603 3,968 102 Bank
(with Drive-Through)
27 42 2 — 254 — 305 929 75 12,990 8,428 47 32 105 2 21 239 <1 132 334 17 2,603 3,968 102 B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Convenience Market
(24 hour)
7 31 6 — 131 42 96 249 520 2,495 10,826 16,764 12 95 4 7 91 17 100 308 109 3,123 9,564 14,306 Convenience Market with
Gas Pumps
7 31 6 — 131 42 96 249 520 2,495 10,826 16,764 12 95 4 7 91 17 100 308 109 3,123 9,564 14,306 Day-Care Center 20 32 1 — 96 — 139 1,730 397 9,644 45 198 18 232 2 6 50 <1 179 382 70 1,130 513 115 Discount Club 1 27 <1 2 38 — 10 175 24 6,035 2,601 301 6 36 <1 4 20 1 26 168 20 1,594 1,695 171 Electronic Superstore 1 27 <1 2 38 — 10 175 24 6,035 2,601 301 6 36 <1 4 20 1 26 168 20 1,594 1,695 171 Elementary School 20 32 1 — 96 — 139 1,730 397 9,644 45 198 18 232 2 6 50 <1 179 382 70 1,130 513 115 Fast Food Restaurant w/o
Drive Thru
74 60 849 — 78 — 194 257 7,180 11,975 19,627 10,585 112 87 840 20 72 2 110 446 3,574 4,413 11,064 6,691 Fast Food Restaurant with
Drive Thru
74 60 849 — 78 — 194 257 7,180 11,975 19,627 10,585 112 87 840 20 72 2 110 446 3,574 4,413 11,064 6,691 Free-Standing Discount
store
1 27 <1 2 38 — 10 175 24 6,035 2,601 301 6 36 <1 4 20 1 26 168 20 1,594 1,695 171 Free-Standing Discount
Superstore
1 27 <1 2 38 — 10 175 24 6,035 2,601 301 6 36 <1 4 20 1 26 168 20 1,594 1,695 171 Gasoline/Service Station 27 42 2 — 254 — 305 929 75 12,990 8,428 47 32 105 2 21 239 <1 132 334 17 2,603 3,968 102 General Heavy Industry 27 42 2 — 254 — 305 929 75 12,990 8,428 47 32 105 2 21 239 <1 132 334 17 2,603 3,968 102 General Light Industry 27 42 2 — 254 — 305 929 75 12,990 8,428 47 32 105 2 21 239 <1 132 334 17 2,603 3,968 102 General Office Building 47 8 1 — 51 — 20 51 366 10,998 11,371 58 15 182 1 23 47 <1 51 392 39 4,063 4,428 18 Government
(Civic Center)
47 8 1 — 51 — 20 51 366 10,998 11,371 58 15 182 1 23 47 <1 51 392 39 4,063 4,428 18 Government Office
Building
47 8 1 — 51 — 20 51 366 10,998 11,371 58 15 182 1 23 47 <1 51 392 39 4,063 4,428 18 Hardware/Paint Store 1 27 <1 2 38 — 10 175 24 6,035 2,601 301 6 36 <1 4 20 1 26 168 20 1,594 1,695 171 Health Club 27 42 2 — 254 — 305 929 75 12,990 8,428 47 32 105 2 21 239 <1 132 334 17 2,603 3,968 102 High School 20 32 1 — 96 — 139 1,730 397 9,644 45 198 18 232 2 6 50 <1 179 382 70 1,130 513 115 High Turnover
(Sit Down Restaurant)
74 60 849 — 78 — 194 257 7,180 11,975 19,627 10,585 112 87 840 20 72 2 110 446 3,574 4,413 11,064 6,691 Home Improvement
Superstore
1 27 <1 2 38 — 10 175 24 6,035 2,601 301 6 36 <1 4 20 1 26 168 20 1,594 1,695 171 B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Hospital 257 151 9 3 173 — 1,725 519 1,043 14,329 113 2,899 219 195 9 16 172 <1 474 572 154 8,470 14,157 379 Hotel 91 126 14 — 114 — 525 1,650 1,322 3,475 89 316 77 164 16 2 62 — 114 1,892 122 1,644 2,255 653 Industrial Park 47 8 1 — 51 — 20 51 366 10,998 11,371 58 15 182 1 23 47 <1 51 392 39 4,063 4,428 18 Junior College (2yr) 87 90 1 2 72 — 347 1,428 1,684 12,069 138 1,183 32 295 1 14 44 <1 255 673 135 2,510 1,361 258 Junior High School 20 32 1 — 96 — 139 1,730 397 9,644 45 198 18 232 2 6 50 <1 179 382 70 1,130 513 115 Library 27 42 2 — 254 — 305 929 75 12,990 8,428 47 32 105 2 21 239 <1 132 334 17 2,603 3,968 102 Manufacturing 27 42 2 — 254 — 305 929 75 12,990 8,428 47 32 105 2 21 239 <1 132 334 17 2,603 3,968 102 Medical Office Building 47 8 1 — 51 — 20 51 366 10,998 11,371 58 15 182 1 23 47 <1 51 392 39 4,063 4,428 18 Motel 91 126 14 — 114 — 525 1,650 1,322 3,475 89 316 77 164 16 2 62 — 114 1,892 122 1,644 2,255 653 Movie Theater
(No Matinee)
27 42 2 — 254 — 305 929 75 12,990 8,428 47 32 105 2 21 239 <1 132 334 17 2,603 3,968 102 Office Park 47 8 1 — 51 — 20 51 366 10,998 11,371 58 15 182 1 23 47 <1 51 392 39 4,063 4,428 18 Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o
Drive Thru
1 27 <1 2 38 — 10 175 24 6,035 2,601 301 6 36 <1 4 20 1 26 168 20 1,594 1,695 171 Pharmacy/Drugstore with
Drive Thru
1 27 <1 2 38 — 10 175 24 6,035 2,601 301 6 36 <1 4 20 1 26 168 20 1,594 1,695 171 Place of Worship 27 42 2 — 254 — 305 929 75 12,990 8,428 47 32 105 2 21 239 <1 132 334 17 2,603 3,968 102 Quality Restaurant 74 60 849 — 78 — 194 257 7,180 11,975 19,627 10,585 112 87 840 20 72 2 110 446 3,574 4,413 11,064 6,691 Racquet Club 27 42 2 — 254 — 305 929 75 12,990 8,428 47 32 105 2 21 239 <1 132 334 17 2,603 3,968 102 Refrigerated WarehouseNo Rail 5 <1 <1 — 182 — 13 1 <1 109 3,803 15,490 2 4 <1 1 95 34 8 8 <1 77 3,838 15,176 Refrigerated WarehouseRail5 <1 <1 — 182 — 13 1 <1 109 3,803 15,490 2 4 <1 1 95 34 8 8 <1 77 3,838 15,176 Regional Shopping
Center
1 27 <1 2 38 — 10 175 24 6,035 2,601 301 6 36 <1 4 20 1 26 168 20 1,594 1,695 171 Research & Development 47 8 1 — 51 — 20 51 366 10,998 11,371 58 15 182 1 23 47 <1 51 392 39 4,063 4,428 18 Strip Mall 1 27 <1 2 38 — 10 175 24 6,035 2,601 301 6 36 <1 4 20 1 26 168 20 1,594 1,695 171 Supermarket 7 31 6 — 131 42 96 249 520 2,495 10,826 16,764 12 95 4 7 91 17 100 308 109 3,123 9,564 14,306 University/College (4yr) 87 90 1 2 72 — 347 1,428 1,684 12,069 138 1,183 32 295 1 14 44 <1 255 673 135 2,510 1,361 258 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-71
Table E-15.2. Commercial Energy Consumption by End Use,1 Electricity Demand Forecast Zone, and Building Type (cont.) Building Type EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
EDFZ1
Natural Gas (Therm/yr/KSF) Electricity (kWh/yr/KSF)
Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Water
Heater
Primary
Heat Cooking Cooling Misc. Refrig.

Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-No Rail
5 5 <1 — 181 — 11 63 <1 1,459 7,338 — 2 20 <1 3 91 — 8 194 <1 448 3,789 — Unrefrigerated
Warehouse-Rail
5 5 <1 — 181 — 11 63 <1 1,459 7,338 — 2 20 <1 3 91 — 8 194 <1 448 3,789 — Source: ICF calculations; California Energy Commission (CEC). 2021. Excel database with the 2018-2030 Uncalibrated Commercial Sector Forecast, provided to ICF. January 21, 2021.

EDFZ = Electricity Demand Forecast Zone; yr = year; yr = year; KSF = thousand square feet 1 The sample size in the commercial end use forecast data for several end uses and building types was limited. Accordingly, the data should be used with caution. 2 Data for some EDFZ were not available in the commercial end use forecast, and a representative EDFZ was assumed (refer to Table E-1.1). 3 The 12 building types used by the commercial end use forecast have been cross walked to the 49 non-residential land types in CalEEMod, as shown in Table E-1.6.

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Table W-1.1. Water Energy Intensity Factors by Hydrologic Region and Process Hydrologic Region1
Water Energy Intensity Factors (kWh per AF)
Extraction +
Conveyance
PreTreatment2 Distribution Total
North Coast 54 144 163 362
San Francisco Bay 233 144 318 695
Central Coast 449 144 163 757
South Coast 1,591 144 163 1,898
Sacramento River 45 144 18 207
San Joaquin River 90 144 18 252
Tulare Lake 263 144 18 425
North Lahontan 43 144 18 205
South Lahontan 724 144 163 1,031
Colorado River 105 144 18 267
Source: ICF calculations; Navigant 2014. Water-Energy Calculator. Version 1.05. Prepared for the California Public Utilities Commission.
kWh = kilowatt-hours; AF = acre feet
1 See Figure W-1.1.
2 Pre-treatment factor assumes conventional treatment.

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Figure W-1.1. Hydrologic Regions in California
Source: California Department of Water Resources (DWR). 2021. Hydrologic Regions. Available: https://atlasdwr.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/2a572a181e094020bdaeb5203162de15_0/explore?location=35.989124%2C119.270000%2C5.96. Accessed: July 2021.

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Table W-4.1. Residential Water Consumption Percentages by End Use End-Use/Fixture (z) % of Indoor Water Use1
Toilet 24%
Showerhead 19%
Bathroom and Kitchen Faucet 19%
Dishwashers 1%
Clothes Washers 16%
Leaks & Other 18%
Bath 3%
Source: Water Research Foundation 2016. Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2. Available:
https://www.waterrf.org/research/projects/residential-end-uses-water-version-2. Accessed: January 2021 1 Indoor water use percentages calculated based on data from the Water Research Foundation 2016.

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Table W-4.2. Non-Residential Water Consumption Percentages by End Use End-Use/Fixture (z)
Office Hotel Restaurant Grocery Store
Non-Grocery
Retail Store K-12 School Other School
Total1Indoor2 Total1Indoor2 Total1Indoor2 Total1Indoor2 Total1Indoor2 Total1Indoor2 Total1Indoor2 Restroom 26% — 51% — 34% — 17% — 26% — 20% — 20% —
Toilets
(72% of Restroom)
— 48% — 46% — 27% — 26% — 46% — 51% — 37%
Urinals
(17% of Restroom)
— 11% — 11% — 6% — 6% — 11% — 12% — 9%
Faucets
(4% of Restroom)
— 3% — 3% — 1% — 1% — 3% — 3% — 2%
Showers
(7% of Restroom)
— 5% — 4% — 3% — 2% — 4% — 5% — 4%
Kitchen 3% — 10% — 46% — 9% — 4% — 2% — 1% —
Faucets
(57% of Kitchen)
— 4% — 7% — 29% — 11% — 6% — 4% — 1%
Dishwashers
(24% of Kitchen)
— 2% — 3% — 12% — 5% — 2% — 2% — 1%
Ice Making
(19% of Kitchen)
— 1% — 2% — 10% — 4% — 2% — 1% — 0%
Laundry 0% 0% 14% 18% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 3%
Other 10% 26% 5% 6% 12% 13% 22% 46% 11% 27% 6% 21% 17% 44% Landscaping 38% — 10% — 6% — 3% — 38% — 72% — 61% —
Cooling 23% — 10% — 2% — 49% — 21% — *
3 — *3 —
Total4 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Source: Pacific Institute. 2003. Waste Not, Want Not: The Potential for Urban Water Conservation in California. November. Available: https://pacinst.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/02/waste_not_want_not_full_report3.pdf. Accessed: January 2021. 1 Water end-use data from Figures E-1, E-2, E-5, E-6, E-7, E-8, and E-9 of Appendix E of the Pacific Institute report. 2 Indoor end-use data calculated based on the total water use data for the relevant building category and Figure 4-3 and Figure 4-4 of the Pacific Institute report. Figure 4-3 shows the breakdown of restroom water use by end-use in the commercial & industry sector. Figure 4-4 shows the breakdown of kitchen water-use by end-use in the commercial & industry sector; it was assumed that all end-uses except dishwashing and ice making are associated with faucet water use. 3 No data.
4 Totals may not add to 100% due to rounding.

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Table W-4.3. Residential Baseline and Reduced Flow Rates for End Uses End-Use/Fixture (z) Existing Rate1 Reduced Rate Applicable Standards2 Units Toilet 1.28 — — gal/flush
Showerhead 1.8 — — gal/min @ 80 psi
Bathroom Faucet 1.2 — — gal/min @ 60 psi
Kitchen Faucet 1.8 1.5 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/min @ 60 psi Dishwashers
Standard 5.0 3.5 or 4.25 EnergyStar or 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/cycle Compact 3.5 3.1 or 3.5 EnergyStar or 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/cycle Clothes Washers
Top-loading, Compact 12.0 4.2 EnergyStar gal/cycle/ft3
Top-loading, Standard 6.5 4.3 EnergyStar gal/cycle/ft3
Front-loading, Compact 8.3 4.2 EnergyStar gal/cycle/ft3 Front-loading, Standard 4.7 3.2 EnergyStar gal/cycle/ft3 Sources: 2019 California Green Building Standards Code. Title 24, Part 11. Available: https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/CAGBSC2019. Accessed: January 2021.

EnergyStar. Clothes Washers Key Product Criteria. Available: https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/clothes_washers/key_product_criteria. Accessed: January 2021.

EnergyStar. Commercial Dishwashers Key Product Criteria. Available:
https://www.energystar.gov/products/commercial_food_service_equipment/commercial_dishwashers/key_product_criteria. Accessed: January 2021.

EnergyStar. Commercial Kitchen Equipment Calculator. Available: http://www.energystar.gov/buildings/sites/default/uploads/files/commercial_kitchen_equipment_calculator.xlsx.

Accessed: January 2021.

EnergyStar. Dishwashers Key Product Criteria. Available: https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/dishwashers/key_product_criteria. Accessed: January 2021. gal = gallons; min = minute; psi = pounds per square inch = ft3 = cubic feet; GBC = Green Building Code; @ = at 1 Existing rates are calculated from (1) the 2019 Green Building Code Mandatory Measures – for toilet, showerhead, faucets; and (2) California Code of Regulations, Title 20, Division 2, Article 4, 1605.1. Federal and State Standards for Federally-Regulated Appliances – for dishwashers and clothes washers. 2 2019 GBC = 2019 California Green Building Code, voluntary measures B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-77
Table W-4.4. Non-Residential Baseline and Reduced Flow Rates for End Uses End-Use/Fixture (z) Existing Rate1 Reduced Rate Applicable Standards2 Units Toilet 1.28 1.12 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/flush
Urinals
Wall-Mounted 0.125 0.11 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/flush
Floor-Mounted 0.5 0.44 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/flush
Showerhead 1.8 — 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/min. @ 80 psi
Bathroom Faucet 0.5 0.35 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/min. @ 60 psi Kitchen Faucet 1.8 1.6 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/min. @ 60 psi Dishwashers - High Temperature
Under Counter 1.09 0.86 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/rack
Single Tank Door 1.29 0.89 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/rack
Single Tank Conveyor 0.87 0.70 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/rack Multi-Tank Conveyor 0.97 0.54 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/rack Dishwashers - Low Temperature
Under Counter 1.73 1.19 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/rack
Single Tank Door 2.1 1.18 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/rack
Single Tank Conveyor 1.31 0.79 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/rack Multi-Tank Conveyor 1.04 0.54 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/rack Clothes Washer
Top-loading 8.8 7.9 2019 GBC Voluntary gal/cycle/ft3
Front-loading 4.1 3.7 or 4.0 2019 GBC Voluntary or EnergyStar gal/cycle/ft3 Sources: 2019 California Green Building Standards Code. Title 24, Part 11. Available: https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/CAGBSC2019. Accessed: January 2021.

EnergyStar. Clothes Washers Key Product Criteria. Available: https://www.energystar.gov/products/appliances/clothes_washers/key_product_criteria. Accessed: January 2021. gal = gallons; min = minute; psi = pounds per square inch = ft3 = cubic feet; GBC = Green Building Code; @ = at 1 Baseline rates are calculated from (1) the 2019 Green Building Code Mandatory Measures (and 2019 California Plumbing Code) – for toilet, urinal, showerhead, faucets; (2) EnergyStar calculator for commercial kitchen equipment – for dishwashers, and (3) California Code of Regulations, Title 20, Division 2, Article 4, 1605.1. Federal and State Standards for Federally-Regulated Appliances – for clothes washers. 2 2019 GBC = 2019 California Green Building Code, voluntary measures B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Table LL-1.1. Landscape Equipment Horsepower and Load Factors by Equipment Type Equipment Tech Type Average HP Load Factor
Chainsaws G2 2 0.70
Chainsaws Preempt G2 2 0.70
Chippers/Stump Grinders G4 5 0.78
Lawn Mowers G4 4 0.36
Leaf Blowers/Vacuums G2 2 0.94
Leaf Blowers/Vacuums G4 4 0.94
Other Lawn & Garden Equipment G4 6 0.58
Riding Mowers G4 21 0.38
Tillers G2 1 0.40
Tillers G4 4 0.40
Trimmers/Edgers/Brush Cutters G2 1 0.91
Trimmers/Edgers/Brush Cutters G4 2 0.91
Wood Splitters G4 7 0.69
Source: California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2020. 2020 Emissions Model for Small Off-Road Engines—SORE2020.

Version 1.1. September. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/mobile-source-emissionsinventory/msei-announcements. Database queried by Ramboll and provided electronically to ICF. September 2021.

HP = horsepower; G2 = two-stroke gasoline; G4= four-stroke gasoline B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Table S-1.1. Annual Residential Waste Disposal Rates by Location County Single-Family Multi-Family County Single-Family Multi-Family Alameda 0.25 0.26 Placer 0.26 0.28
Alpine 0.19 0.29 Plumas 0.26 0.35
Amador 0.26 0.33 Riverside 0.26 0.23
Butte 0.23 0.29 Sacramento 0.25 0.26
Calaveras 0.24 0.31 San Benito 0.26 0.23
Colusa 0.27 0.26 San Bernardino 0.26 0.22
Contra Costa 0.25 0.26 San Diego 0.25 0.27
Del Norte 0.24 0.31 San Francisco 0.20 0.32
El Dorado 0.26 0.29 San Joaquin 0.25 0.23
Fresno 0.26 0.23 San Luis Obispo 0.26 0.31
Glenn 0.26 0.27 San Mateo 0.26 0.26
Humboldt 0.25 0.33 Santa Barbara 0.26 0.26
Imperial 0.27 0.21 Santa Clara 0.26 0.25
Inyo 0.23 0.33 Santa Cruz 0.26 0.28
Kern 0.26 0.23 Shasta 0.25 0.30
Kings 0.26 0.24 Sierra 0.24 0.32
Lake 0.24 0.31 Siskiyou 0.24 0.33
Lassen 0.24 0.32 Solano 0.26 0.26
Los Angeles 0.27 0.25 Sonoma 0.25 0.29
Madera 0.26 0.23 Stanislaus 0.26 0.23
Marin 0.25 0.31 Sutter 0.25 0.24
Mariposa 0.24 0.35 Tehama 0.25 0.29
Mendocino 0.26 0.31 Trinity 0.24 0.35
Merced 0.26 0.22 Tulare 0.26 0.22
Modoc 0.22 0.31 Tuolumne 0.25 0.33
Mono 0.21 0.31 Ventura 0.27 0.25
Monterey 0.26 0.22 Yolo 0.26 0.27
Napa 0.25 0.27 Yuba 0.26 0.26
Nevada 0.26 0.33 All counties
(statewide) 0.26 0.25
Orange 0.27 0.25
Source: CalRecycle. n.d. Residential Waste Stream by Material Type. Available:
https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/WasteCharacterization/ResidentialStreams. Accessed: April 2021.

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Table S-1.2. Annual Statewide Non-Residential Waste Disposal Rates by Business Type Business Type Tons/employee/year
Arts, Entertainment, & Recreation 1.94
Durable Wholesale & Trucking 0.57
Education 0.38
Hotels & Lodging 1.40
Manufacturing -Electronic Equipment 0.31
Manufacturing - Food & Nondurable Wholesale 1.23
Manufacturing - All Other 0.44
Medical & Health 0.57
Public Administration 0.30
Restaurants 1.57
Retail Trade - Food & Beverage Stores 0.94
Retail Trade - All Other 1.74
Services - Management, Administrative, Support, & Social 0.60 Services - Professional, Technical, & Financial 1.61
Services - Repair & Personal 0.85
Not Elsewhere Classified1 0.46
Multifamily (administrative services) 0.74
Source: CalRecycle. n.d. Business Group Waste Stream Calculator. Available https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/WasteCharacterization/BusinessGroupCalculator. Accessed: January 2021. 1 Represents a large and varied business group, ranging from farming through resource extraction, utilities, and transportation to waste management.

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Table S-1.3. Waste Profile by Building Type
Building Type
Material
Mixed Paper (general) Glass Mixed Metals Mixed Electronics Mixed Plastics Food Waste Yard Trimmings Mixed Organics Mixed MSW Carpet Concrete Asphalt Concrete Asphalt Shingles Dimensional Lumber Fly Ash Tires Arts, Entertainment, & Recreation 21% 3% 2% 0% 14% 34% 12% 5% 6% 1% 2% 0% 0% 1% 1% 0% Durable Wholesale & Trucking 26% 2% 4% 1% 14% 10% 3% 3% 29% 0% 2% 0% 2% 5% 0% 0% Education 33% 0% 2% 0% 13% 34% 5% 4% 5% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Hotels & Lodging 22% 7% 4% 0% 11% 32% 6% 4% 10% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% 1% 0% Manufacturing -Electronic Equipment 30% 0% 4% 2% 19% 11% 3% 5% 23% 0% 0% 0% 0% 2% 0% 0% Manufacturing - Food & Nondurable Wholesale 23% 1% 2% 1% 17% 38% 4% 4% 10% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% Manufacturing - All Other 25% 1% 8% 1% 14% 7% 3% 6% 30% 0% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% 0% Medical & Health 26% 0% 2% 0% 9% 22% 4% 25% 10% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Public Administration 35% 1% 7% 0% 13% 17% 3% 5% 16% 1% 2% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% Restaurants 26% 3% 2% 0% 12% 51% 2% 1% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% Retail Trade - Food & Beverage Stores 28% 2% 2% 0% 16% 42% 1% 2% 5% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Retail Trade - All Other 26% 2% 6% 0% 14% 18% 3% 7% 22% 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Services - Management, Administrative, Support,
& Social 24% 1% 4% 2% 11% 25% 9% 8% 14% 1% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% Services - Professional, Technical, & Financial 29% 1% 4% 2% 13% 8% 7% 5% 24% 1% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0% 0% B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Table S-1.3. Waste Profile by Building Type (cont.)
Building Type
Material
Mixed Paper (general) Glass Mixed Metals Mixed Electronics Mixed Plastics Food Waste Yard Trimmings Mixed Organics Mixed MSW Carpet Concrete Asphalt Concrete Asphalt Shingles Dimensional Lumber Fly Ash Tires Services - Repair & Personal 30% 3% 9% 1% 15% 7% 4% 5% 21% 1% 0% 0% 2% 1% 0% 1% Not Elsewhere Classified1 28% 5% 3% 0% 12% 16% 11% 9% 15% 0% 1% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% Multi Family 19% 9% 0% 1% 10% 25% 4% 1% 31% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Single Family 20% 2% 4% 1% 14% 20% 8% 2% 28% 1% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% Sources: CalRecycle. n.d. Business Group Waste Stream Calculator. Available https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/WasteCharacterization/BusinessGroupCalculator.

CalRecycle. 2020. 2018 Facility-Based Characterization of Solid Waste in California. https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/WasteCharacterization/Study. Accessed: January 2021. 1 Represents a large and varied business group, ranging from farming through resource extraction, utilities, and transportation to waste management.

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Table N-1.1 Above- and Below-ground Biomass Carbon Accumulation (metric tons) per Hectare by Land Cover Type and Air Basin
Air Basin1 Cover Type
MT
C/ha
Accumulation
Period (Yr)
MT
C/ha/yr
Great Basin Valleys Broadleaf Forest 94.2 60 1.57
Great Basin Valleys Conifer Forest 118.4 60 1.97
Great Basin Valleys Grassland 6.5 20 0.32
Great Basin Valleys Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 111.2 60 1.85 Great Basin Valleys Shrubland 5.6 35 0.16
Lake County Broadleaf Forest 134.0 60 2.23
Lake County Conifer Forest 171.9 60 2.87
Lake County Grassland 7.2 20 0.36
Lake County Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 131.0 60 2.18 Lake County Shrubland 76.0 35 2.17
Lake Tahoe Broadleaf Forest 101.5 60 1.69
Lake Tahoe Conifer Forest 203.6 60 3.39
Lake Tahoe Grassland 6.1 20 0.31
Lake Tahoe Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 181.6 60 3.03 Lake Tahoe Shrubland 66.1 35 1.89
Mojave Desert Broadleaf Forest 97.7 60 1.63
Mojave Desert Conifer Forest 113.1 60 1.89
Mojave Desert Grassland 6.3 20 0.31
Mojave Desert Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 107.3 60 1.79 Mojave Desert Shrubland 6.9 35 0.20
Mountain Counties Broadleaf Forest 99.2 60 1.65
Mountain Counties Conifer Forest 183.5 60 3.06
Mountain Counties Grassland 5.8 20 0.29
Mountain Counties Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 169.2 60 2.82 Mountain Counties Shrubland 62.1 35 1.77
North Central Coast Broadleaf Forest 92.9 60 1.55
North Central Coast Conifer Forest 152.4 60 2.54
North Central Coast Grassland 5.7 20 0.29
North Central Coast Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 113.1 60 1.88 North Central Coast Shrubland 68.9 35 1.97
North Coast Broadleaf Forest 92.9 60 1.55
North Coast Conifer Forest 152.4 60 2.54
North Coast Grassland 5.7 20 0.29
North Coast Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 113.1 60 1.88 North Coast Shrubland 68.9 35 1.97
Northeast Plateau Broadleaf Forest 102.9 60 1.72
Northeast Plateau Conifer Forest 167.7 60 2.80
Northeast Plateau Grassland 6.6 20 0.33
Northeast Plateau Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 139.6 60 2.33 B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-84
Table N-1.1 Above- and Belowground Biomass Carbon Accumulation (metric tons) per Hectare by Land Cover Type and Air Basin (cont.)
Air Basin Cover Type
MT
C/ha
Accumulation
Period (Yr)
MT
C/ha/yr
Northeast Plateau Shrubland 17.4 35 0.50
Sacramento Valley Broadleaf Forest 112.3 60 1.87
Sacramento Valley Conifer Forest 168.5 60 2.81
Sacramento Valley Grassland 6.7 20 0.33
Sacramento Valley Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 157.7 60 2.63 Sacramento Valley Shrubland 73.5 35 2.10
Salton Sea Broadleaf Forest 82.2 60 1.37
Salton Sea Conifer Forest 108.0 60 1.80
Salton Sea Grassland 5.9 20 0.30
Salton Sea Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 103.0 60 1.72 Salton Sea Shrubland 18.8 35 0.54
San Diego County Broadleaf Forest 104.3 60 1.74
San Diego County Conifer Forest 104.6 60 1.74
San Diego County Grassland 6.6 20 0.33
San Diego County Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 93.4 60 1.56 San Diego County Shrubland 56.0 35 1.60
San Francisco Bay Broadleaf Forest 130.3 60 2.17
San Francisco Bay Conifer Forest 178.8 60 2.98
San Francisco Bay Grassland 6.3 20 0.31
San Francisco Bay Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 123.7 60 2.06 San Francisco Bay Shrubland 65.3 35 1.86
San Joaquin Valley Broadleaf Forest 90.3 60 1.50
San Joaquin Valley Conifer Forest 154.5 60 2.57
San Joaquin Valley Grassland 5.9 20 0.29
San Joaquin Valley Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 138.1 60 2.30 San Joaquin Valley Shrubland 51.3 35 1.46
South Central Coast Broadleaf Forest 99.0 60 1.65
South Central Coast Conifer Forest 104.2 60 1.74
South Central Coast Grassland 6.0 20 0.30
South Central Coast Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 103.9 60 1.73 South Central Coast Shrubland 54.1 35 1.55
South Coast Broadleaf Forest 91.1 60 1.52
South Coast Conifer Forest 118.1 60 1.97
South Coast Grassland 6.5 20 0.33
South Coast Mixed Forest (Conifer Broadleaf) 98.2 60 1.64 South Coast Shrubland 59.8 35 1.71
Source: California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2021. Carbon Accumulation Values for Major Cover Types for Each California Air Basin. Database provided to ICF in March 2021.

MT = metric tons; C = carbon; ha = hectare; yr = year
1 Refer to Figure N-1.1 for a graphic illustrating the air basin boundaries.

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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-85
Figure N-1.1. California Air Basins
Source: California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2021. California Air Basin Map. Available:
https://www.arb.ca.gov/ei/maps/statemap/abmap.htm. Accessed: July 2021.

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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-86
Table N-1.2. Annualized Soil Carbon Accumulation (metric tons) per Hectare by Soil Type and Land Use Type
Soil Type IPCC Soil Classification
Soil Carbon Accumulation (MT C/ha/yr1,2)
Conversion to
Cropland
Conversion to
Grazing Land
Conversion to
Forest
Alfisols High Activity Clay Soils 1.85 2.37 2.53
Andisols Volcanic Soils 6.20 7.95 8.49
Aquic Wetland Soils 2.40 3.08 3.29
Aridisols High Activity Clay Soils 1.85 2.37 2.53
Entisols Low Activity Clay Soils 1.25 1.60 1.71
Gelisols Low Activity Clay Soils 1.25 1.60 1.71
Inceptisols High Activity Clay Soils 1.85 2.37 2.53
Mollisols High Activity Clay Soils 1.85 2.37 2.53
Oxisols Low Activity Clay Soils 1.25 1.60 1.71
>70%
Sand
Sandy Soils 0.80 1.03 1.10
Spodosols Spodic Soils 4.30 5.51 5.89
Ultisols Low Activity Clay Soils 1.25 1.60 1.71
Vertisols High Activity Clay Soils 1.85 2.37 2.53
Histosol N/A 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sources: California Air Resources Board. 2020. Benefits Calculator Tool, Agricultural Land Conservation, California Climate Investments. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/documents/cci-quantification-benefits-and-reportingmaterials. Accessed: March 2021.

MT = metric tons; C = carbon; ha = hectare; IPCC = Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; yr = year 1Assumes a soil carbon accumulation period of 20 years. 2 Based on a carbon stock change factor of 1 for cropland, 1.28 for grazing land, and 1.37 for forest (California Air Resources Board 2020).

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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-87
Table C-1-B.1. Average Horsepower for Diesel, Gasoline, and Compressed Natural Gas Equipment
Equipment HP Equipment HP
Aerial Lifts (CNG) 19 Pavers (Diesel) 81
Aerial Lifts (Diesel) 46 Paving Equipment (Diesel) 89
Aerial Lifts (Gasoline) 33 Paving Equipment (Gasoline) 8 Air Compressors (Diesel) 37 Plate Compactors (Diesel) 8 Air Compressors (Gasoline) 6 Plate Compactors (Gasoline) 6 Bore/Drill Rigs (Diesel) 83 Pressure Washers (Diesel) 14 Bore/Drill Rigs (Gasoline) 17 Pressure Washers (Gasoline) 7 Cement and Mortar Mixers (Diesel) 10 Pumps (Diesel) 11
Cement and Mortar Mixers (Gasoline) 7 Pumps (Gasoline) 6 Concrete/Industrial Saws (Diesel) 33 Rollers (Diesel) 36 Concrete/Industrial Saws (Gasoline) 10 Rollers (Gasoline) 12 Cranes (Diesel) 367 Rough Terrain Forklifts (Diesel) 96 Cranes (Gasoline) 74 Rough Terrain Forklifts (Gasoline) 85 Crawler Tractors (Diesel) 87 Rubber Tired Dozers (Diesel) 367 Crushing/Proc. Equipment (Gasoline) 12 Rubber Tired Loaders (Diesel) 150 Dumpers/Tenders (Diesel) 16 Rubber Tired Loaders (Gasoline) 72 Dumpers/Tenders (Gasoline) 9 Scrapers (Diesel) 423
Excavators (Diesel) 36 Signal Boards (Diesel) 6
Forklifts (CNG) 70 Signal Boards (Gasoline) 8
Forklifts (Diesel) 82 Skid Steer Loaders (Diesel) 71
Forklifts (Gasoline) 70 Skid Steer Loaders (Gasoline) 19 Generator Sets (CNG) 83 Surfacing Equipment (Diesel) 399 Generator Sets (Diesel) 14 Surfacing Equipment (Gasoline) 8 Generator Sets (Gasoline) 11 Sweepers/Scrubbers (Diesel) 36 Graders (Diesel) 148 Sweepers/Scrubbers (Gasoline) 13
Off-Highway Tractors (Diesel) 38 Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes (Diesel) 84 Off-Highway Trucks (Diesel) 376 Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes (Gasoline) 63 Other Construction Equipment (Diesel) 82 Trenchers (Diesel) 40 Other Construction Equipment (Gasoline) 126 Trenchers (Gasoline) 15 Other General Industrial Equipment (Diesel) 35 Welders (Diesel) 46 Other General Industrial Equipment (Gasoline) 11 Welders (Gasoline) 16 Other Material Handling Equipment (Diesel) 93
Other Material Handling Equipment (Gasoline) 54
Source: California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2021. OFFROAD2017 – ORION. Available:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory. Database queried by Ramboll and provided electronically to ICF.

September 2021.

CNG = compressed natural gas; HP = horsepower
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Table C-3.1. Average Home-Based-Work Trip Length by California County County Trip Length (mi) County Trip Length (mi)
Alameda 11.98 Placer 13.71
Alpine 16.99 Plumas 19.06
Amador 23.12 Riverside 16.91
Butte 10.41 Sacramento 11.08
Calaveras 22.56 San Benito 21.19
Colusa 26.70 San Bernardino 15.29
Contra Costa 14.21 San Diego 11.80
Del Norte 9.05 San Francisco 9.51
El Dorado 16.21 San Joaquin 18.80
Fresno 11.35 San Luis Obispo 10.58
Glenn 19.61 San Mateo 10.89
Humboldt 10.76 Santa Barbara 7.57
Imperial 9.68 Santa Clara 10.14
Inyo 16.01 Santa Cruz 12.98
Kern 12.05 Shasta 9.63
Kings 14.18 Sierra 28.04
Lake 15.32 Siskiyou 14.04
Lassen 14.81 Solano 16.15
Los Angeles 12.04 Sonoma 11.58
Madera 16.95 Stanislaus 15.62
Marin 11.98 Sutter 13.24
Mariposa 26.94 Tehama 15.24
Mendocino 11.94 Trinity 29.35
Merced 17.47 Tulare 11.58
Modoc 12.73 Tuolumne 14.50
Mono 16.03 Ventura 13.56
Monterey 10.41 Yolo 12.41
Napa 12.32 Yuba 17.85
Nevada 14.13 All counties (statewide) 12.64
Orange 11.54
Source: 2015 California Statewide Travel Demand Model (CSTDM). mi = miles
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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-89
Table R-1.1 Global Warming Potentials of Commonly Used Refrigerants Refrigerant Name Trade/Common Name (if one exists) GWP
R-717 Ammonia 0
R-1234ze(E) Solstice® ze 1
R-1224yd(Z) AMOLEATM 1224yd 1
R-744 CO2 1
R-1234zd(E) Solstice® zd 1
R-514A OpteonTM XP30 2
R-290 Propane 4
R-600a Isobutane 5
R-170 Ethane 6
R-601 Pentane 11
R-161 HFC-161 12
R-123 HCFC-123 77
R-225ca HCFC-225ca 122
R-152a HFC-152a 124
R-454B OpteonTM XL41 466
R-225cb HCFC-225cb 595
R-450A Solstice® N13 601
R-124 HCFC-124 609
R-513A OpteonTM XP10 631
R-32 HFC-32 675
R-452B OpteonTM XL55 676
R-141b HCFC-141b 725
R-466A — 733
R-365mfc HFC-365mfc 794
R-401C Suva® MP-52 933
R-245fa HFC-245fa 1,030
R-416A FRIGC FR-12 1,085
R-401A MP39 1,183
R-401B MP66 1,288
R-414B Hot ShotTM 1,362
R-448A Solstice® N40 1,387
R-449A OpteonTM XP40 1,397
R-134a HFC-134a 1,430
R-414A GHX4 1,478
R-426A RS-24 1,508
R-420A Choice® Refrigerant 1,536
Free Zone — 1,569
R-409A FX-56 1,585
R-411A — 1,597
Freeze 12 — 1,606
R-407D — 1,627
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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-90
Table R-1.1 Global Warming Potentials of Commonly Used Refrigerants (cont.) Refrigerant Name Trade/Common Name (if one exists) GWP
R-4310mee HFC-43-10mee, HFC-4310mee, R-43-10mee 1,640
R-411B — 1,705
G2018C — 1,731
R-453A RS-70, RS-44b 1,765
R-407C — 1,774
R-437A MO49 Plus 1,805
R-417C Hot ShotTM 2 1,809
R-22 HCFC-22, Freon 1,810
R-407F — 1,825
R-442AF RS-50 1,888
GHG-HP — 1,893
R-406A — 1,938
R-413A MO49 2,053
R-434A RS-45 2,070
R-410A Puron®, AZ-20 2,088
R-407A KLEA® 60 2,107
R-427A — 2,138
R-452A OpteonTM XP44 2,141
R-410B AC9100 2,229
R-438A MO99 2,265
R-423A 39TC 2,280
R-142b HCFC-142b 2,310
R-417A MO59, NU22 2,346
NARM-502 — 2,375
GHG-X5 — 2,377
R-402B HP-81 2,416
R-424A RS-44 2,440
R-422B NU-22B 2,526
R-421A — 2,631
R-422D MO29 2,730
R-402A HP-80 2,788
R-407B — 2,804
R-422C One ShotTM 3,085
R-422A — 3,143
R-421B Choice® 421B 3,190
R-227ea HFC-227ea 3,220
R-408A FX-10 3,432
R-125 HFC-125 3,500
R-428A RS-52 3,607
Isceon® MO89 — 3,805
R-404A HP-62 3,900
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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-91
Table R-1.1 Global Warming Potentials of Commonly Used Refrigerants (cont.) Refrigerant Name Trade/Common Name (if one exists) GWP
R-507 AZ-50 3,985
R-403B — 4,458
R-143a HFC-143a 4,470
R-502 — 4,657
R-11 CFC-11 4,750
R-113 CFC-113 6,130
EP-88 — 6,427
R-13b1 Halon 1301 7,140
R-115 CFC-115 7,370
R-14 PFC-14, CF4 7,390
R-500 — 8,077
R-218 PFC-218 8,830
R-236fa HFC-236fa 9,810
R-114 CFC-114 10,000
R-12 CFC-12 10,900
R-116 PFC-116 12,200
R-508B — 13,396
R-13 CFC-13 14,400
R-503 — 14,560
R-23 HFC-23 14,800
Sources: California Air Resource Board (CARB). 2020. Refrigerant Management Program: Service Technicians & Contractors. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/refrigerant-management-program/rmp-servicetechnicians-contractors. Accessed: January 2021.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis.

Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp. Available:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/. Accessed: January 2021.

World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 2018. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2018, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project—Report No. 58, 5886 pp., Geneva, Switzerland. — = no common name; R= refrigerant; HFC = hydrofluorocarbon; PFC = perfluorocarbon; CFC = Chlorofluorocarbons; GHG = greenhouse gas; GWP = global warming potential B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-92
Table R-1.2. Charge Size, Service Rate, and Leak Rate for Various Equipment Types by Land Use Type Land Use Type Equipment Type
Refrigerant
Charge (kg)
Leak
Rate
Service
Rate
Total Leak
Rate1
Single Family Housing Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Apartments Low Rise Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Apartments Mid Rise Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Apartments High Rise Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Condo/Townhouse Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Condo/Townhouse High Rise Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Mobile Home Park Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Retirement Community Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.04 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Congregate Care Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.04 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% User Defined Residential Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Day-Care Center Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Elementary School Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Junior High School Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% High School Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Junior College (2yr) Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% University/College (4yr) Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Library Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Place of Worship Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% User Defined Educational Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% City Park Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Golf Course Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Recreational Swimming Pool Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Racquet Club Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Health Club Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Movie Theater (No Matinee) Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Arena Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Quality Restaurant Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-93
Table R-1.2. Charge Size, Service Rate, and Leak Rate for Various Equipment Types by Land Use Type (cont.) Land Use Type Equipment Type
Refrigerant
Charge (kg)
Leak
Rate
Service
Rate
Total Leak
Rate1
High Turnover (Sit Down Restaurant) Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Fast Food Restaurant with Drive Thru Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Fast Food Restaurant w/o Drive Thru Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Hotel Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Motel Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% User Defined Recreational Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Free-Standing Discount store Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Free-Standing Discount Superstore Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Discount Club Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Regional Shopping Center Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Electronic Superstore Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Home Improvement Superstore Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Strip Mall Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Hardware/Paint Store Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Supermarket Supermarket refrigeration and condensing units 1,360.0 16.5% 16.5% 33.0% Convenience Market (24 hour) Supermarket refrigeration and condensing units 1,360.0 16.5% 16.5% 33.0% Convenience Market with Gas Pumps Supermarket refrigeration and condensing units 1,360.0 16.5% 16.5% 33.0% Automobile Care Center Supermarket refrigeration and condensing units 1,360.0 16.5% 16.5% 33.0% Gasoline/Service Station Supermarket refrigeration and condensing units 1,360.0 16.5% 16.5% 33.0% User Defined Retail Supermarket refrigeration and condensing units 1,360.0 16.5% 16.5% 33.0% Bank (with Drive-Through) Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% General Office Building Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Office Park Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Research & Development Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Government Office Building Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Government (Civic Center) Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Pharmacy/Drugstore with Drive Thru Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o Drive Thru Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-94
Table R-1.2. Charge Size, Service Rate, and Leak Rate for Various Equipment Types by Land Use Type (cont.) Land Use Type Equipment Type
Refrigerant
Charge (kg)
Leak
Rate
Service
Rate
Total Leak
Rate1
Medical Office Building Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Hospital Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.15 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% User Defined Commercial Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.0 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Unrefrigerated Warehouse-No Rail Cold storage 565.0 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Unrefrigerated Warehouse-Rail Cold storage 565.0 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Refrigerated Warehouse-No Rail Cold storage 565.0 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Refrigerated Warehouse-Rail Cold storage 565.0 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% General Light Industry Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.0 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% General Heavy Industry Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.0 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Industrial Park Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.0 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Manufacturing Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.0 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% User Defined Industrial Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.0 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. Accounting Tool to Support Federal Reporting of Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions: Supporting Documentation. October 2016.

Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/hfc_emissions_accounting_tool_supporting_documentation.pdf. Accessed: January 2021.

A/C = air conditioning; yr = year
1 Total leak rate is the sum of the operational leak rate and the service leak rate. This total value would only occur in those years in which servicing is required, which may not be every year of the equipment life.

Table R-1.3. Charge Size, Service Rate, and Leak Rate for Various Equipment Types by Land Use Type Land Use Type Equipment Type
Refrigerant
Charge (kg)
Leak
Rate
Service
Rate
Total Leak
Rate1
Single Family Housing Average room A/C & Other residential A/C and heat pumps 2.75 2.5% 2.5% 5.0% Apartments Low Rise Average room A/C & Other residential A/C and heat pumps 2.75 2.5% 2.5% 5.0% Apartments Mid Rise Average room A/C & Other residential A/C and heat pumps 2.75 2.5% 2.5% 5.0% Apartments High Rise Average room A/C & Other residential A/C and heat pumps 2.75 2.5% 2.5% 5.0% Condo/Townhouse Average room A/C & Other residential A/C and heat pumps 2.75 2.5% 2.5% 5.0% Condo/Townhouse High Rise Average room A/C & Other residential A/C and heat pumps 2.75 2.5% 2.5% 5.0% Mobile Home Park Average room A/C & Other residential A/C and heat pumps 2.75 2.5% 2.5% 5.0% B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-95
Table R-1.3. Charge Size, Service Rate, and Leak Rate for Various Equipment Types by Land Use Type (cont.) Land Use Type Equipment Type
Refrigerant
Charge (kg)
Leak
Rate
Service
Rate
Total Leak
Rate1
Retirement Community Average room A/C & Other residential A/C and heat pumps 2.75 2.5% 2.5% 5.0% Congregate Care Average room A/C & Other residential A/C and heat pumps 2.75 2.5% 2.5% 5.0% User Defined Residential Average room A/C & Other residential A/C and heat pumps 2.75 2.5% 2.5% 5.0% Day-Care Center Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Elementary School Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Junior High School Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% High School Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Junior College (2yr) Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% University/College (4yr) Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Library Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Place of Worship Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% User Defined Educational Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% City Park Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Golf Course Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Recreational Swimming Pool Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Racquet Club Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Health Club Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Movie Theater (No Matinee) Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Arena Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Quality Restaurant Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% High Turnover (Sit Down Restaurant) Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Fast Food Restaurant with Drive Thru Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Fast Food Restaurant w/o Drive Thru Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Hotel Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Motel Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% User Defined Recreational Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-96
Table R-1.3. Charge Size, Service Rate, and Leak Rate for Various Equipment Types by Land Use Type (cont.) Land Use Type Equipment Type
Refrigerant
Charge (kg)
Leak
Rate
Service
Rate
Total Leak
Rate1
Free-Standing Discount store Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Free-Standing Discount Superstore Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Discount Club Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Regional Shopping Center Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Electronic Superstore Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Home Improvement Superstore Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Strip Mall Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Hardware/Paint Store Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Supermarket Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Convenience Market (24 hour) Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Convenience Market with Gas Pumps Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Automobile Care Center Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Gasoline/Service Station Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% User Defined Retail Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Bank (with Drive-Through) Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% General Office Building Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Office Park Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Research & Development Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Government Office Building Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Government (Civic Center) Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Pharmacy/Drugstore with Drive Thru Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Pharmacy/Drugstore w/o Drive Thru Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Medical Office Building Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Hospital Stand-alone retail refrigerators and freezers 0.40 1.0% 0.0% 1.0% Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. Accounting Tool to Support Federal Reporting of Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions: Supporting Documentation. October 2016.

Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/hfc_emissions_accounting_tool_supporting_documentation.pdf. Accessed: January 2021.

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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-97
Table R-1.4. Charge Size, Service Rate, and Leak Rate for Various Equipment Types by Land Use Type Land Use Type Equipment Type
Refrigerant
Charge (kg)
Leak
Rate
Service
Rate
Total Leak
Rate1
Day-Care Center Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Elementary School Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Junior High School Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% High School Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Junior College (2yr) Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% University/College (4yr) Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Library Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Place of Worship Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% User Defined Educational Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Movie Theater (No Matinee) Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Arena Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Quality Restaurant Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.00 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% High Turnover (Sit Down Restaurant) Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.00 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Fast Food Restaurant with Drive Thru Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.00 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Fast Food Restaurant w/o Drive Thru Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.00 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Hotel Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.00 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Motel Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.00 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% User Defined Recreational Household refrigerators and/or freezers 0.00 0.6% 0.0% 0.6% Free-Standing Discount Superstore Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Strip Mall Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Hospital Walk-in refrigerators and freezers 10.00 7.5% 7.5% 15.0% Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. Accounting Tool to Support Federal Reporting of Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions: Supporting Documentation. October 2016.

Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/hfc_emissions_accounting_tool_supporting_documentation.pdf. Accessed: January 2021.

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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX C: EMISSION FACTORS AND DATA TABLES | C-98
Table R-1.5. Charge Size, Service Rate, and Leak Rate for Various Equipment Types by Land Use Type Land Use Type Equipment Type
Refrigerant
Charge (kg)
Leak
Rate
Service
Rate
Total Leak
Rate1
Day-Care Center Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Elementary School Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Junior High School Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% High School Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Junior College (2yr) Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% University/College (4yr) Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Library Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Place of Worship Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% User Defined Educational Other commercial A/C and heat pumps 13.00 4.0% 4.0% 8.0% Hospital Chillers 500.00 2.0% 2.0% 4.0%
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2016. Accounting Tool to Support Federal Reporting of Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions: Supporting Documentation. October 2016.

Available: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/hfc_emissions_accounting_tool_supporting_documentation.pdf. Accessed: January 2021.

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APPENDIX D: CLIMATE VULNERABILITY WORKSHEETS | D-1
Climate Vulnerability Worksheets
This appendix contains worksheets that planners can use to assess climate vulnerability.

APPENDIX D
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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX D: CLIMATE VULNERABILITY WORKSHEETS | D-2
STEP 2
Exposure
How does the measure remove exposure?
How much does the project design reduce
future exposure?
How much does the post-construction operations
and management reduce future exposure?
Sensitivity
How much does the measure mitigate the hazard’s effect
on fragile or critical components of the project?
Does the measure lower the hazard’s effect on individuals, particularly members of vulnerable populations?
Does the measure lower the impact to an operational
component impacted by the climate hazard?
Potential Impacts: Exposure + Sensitivity
What is the net effect of the measure on reducing
exposure and sensitivity?
Does the measure incorporate policies or
standards that account for climate change?
How does the measure improve the project’s
management of climate hazards?
Does the measure reduce how exposed individuals, and
specifically vulnerable populations are exposed to the hazard? Impacts Reduction Rating Scale:

0. No Effect 1. Low 2. Medium 3. High 4. Very High
Notes on Rating:

Adaptive Capacity Gains Rating Scale: 0. No Effect 1. Low 2. Medium 3. High 4. Very High Notes on Rating:

STEP 1 Identify the Extent to which the Measure Reduces Potential Impacts STEP 2 Quantify the Extent to which the Measure Bolsters Adaptive Capacity B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX D: CLIMATE VULNERABILITY WORKSHEETS | D-3
Improved Air Quality Energy and Fuel Savings VMT Reductions Water Conservation Enhanced Pedestrian or Traffic Safety
Improved Public Health Improved
Ecosystem Health
Enhanced
Energy Security
Enhanced Food Security Social Equity
How much does the reduction in potential impacts and adaptive capacity lower your overall vulnerability score?
▪ Identify original vulnerability score
▪ Subtract potential impacts benefit from existing score ▪ Add adaptive capacity benefit from existing score
▪ Update vulnerability score
Consult the co-benefits listed under each measure in Table 4-7 in Chapter 4, Assessing Climate Exposures and Measures to Reduce Vulnerabilities. Some measures’ co-benefits can be more quantitatively estimated as explained in the Chapter 3, Measures to Reduce GHG Emissions. Potential Impacts 5 5 5 4 3 2
4 5 4 3 2 1
3 4 3 2 2 1
2 3 2 2 1 1
1 2 1 1 1 1
Low Low-Med Med Mid-High High
Adaptive Capacity
Note: Color coding indicates severity of the score, with green cells showing the lowest (least vulnerable) scores and dark red showing the highest (most vulnerable) STEP 3 Estimate the Impact on Vulnerability Reduction
STEP 4 Consider Co-benefits
B3 Attach #1 of 3
APPENDIX E: MEASURE INDEX | E-1
Measure Index
This appendix provides a roadmap for all measures in the Handbook— emissions reduction, climate risk reduction, and health and equity—by topic or focus area. While not a true index, it aims to assist users to find measures based on concepts, themes, and topics across all chapters in the Handbook.

A user primarily interested in addressing tree canopy, for example, can find all relevant measures quickly using the index, regardless of chapter.

The index organizes measures by the following concepts, themes, and topics.

Active transportation: Measures that facilitate or increase human-powered transportation, such as walking, bicycling, rollerskating, or skateboarding.

Affordable housing: Measures that support increased access to affordable housing.

Air quality exposure reduction: Measures that reduce people’s direct exposure to air pollution.

Climate resilience: Measures that support an individual, project, community, or jurisdiction’s ability and capacity to withstand, respond to, and recover from climate change-related impact and disruptions.

Community ownership and self-determination: Measures that increase a community’s capacity to meaningfully participate in and have ownership over the decisionmaking, planning, and outcomes that affect their community.

APPENDIX E
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Economic resilience: Measures that enhance the local economy’s capacity to withstand, respond to, and recover from disruptions, both natural and human-caused.

Energy and grid resilience: Measures that increase individual and community energy savings, support renewable energy generation, and enhance grid resilience.

Food justice and access: Measures that increase food access for all and address structural barriers to food access.

Green infrastructure and low-impact development (LID): Measures that support systems and practices to manage stormwater using natural processes—through infiltration, evapotranspiration, or storage and use—to protect water quality and water resources, reduce flood risk, recharge groundwater, and protect habitat. LID and green infrastructure generally seek to protect, restore, or create green spaces (U.S. EPA n.d.).

Job development: Measures that generate jobs, support emerging industries, and increase employment.

Nature-based solutions: Measures that enlist natural processes, habitats, and ecosystems to help address environmental or socioeconomic challenges while simultaneously benefiting the environment.

Passive survivability: Measures that support a building’s ability to maintain livable conditions when facing extreme heat and weather, particularly when disconnected from utilities.

Poverty: Measures that help to address poverty and socio-economic deprivation.

Racial equity: Measures that advance racial justice, address historical racial inequities, and support conditions in which racial identity no longer predicts one’s socioeconomic outcomes, health, and wellbeing.

Social inclusion: Measures that support the just and fair inclusion of all individuals into society in which all can participate, prosper, and reach their full potential (PolicyLink n.d.).

Social resilience: Measures that support the ability of people and communities to respond to and recover collectively from traumas, disruptions, and stresses. While social resilience is intangible and a reflection of the strength of community bonds, it can be fostered by the built environment through the creation of social spaces that facilitate relationshipbuilding.

Tree canopy: Measures that support tree planting as well as care and maintenance of existing trees in developed areas.

Urban heat island (UHI) reduction: Measures that reduce the urban heat island effect and extreme heat in developed areas through the use of passive cooling strategies and design features.

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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX E: MEASURE INDEX | E-3
Active Transportation
Chapter 3
T-3. Provide Transit-Oriented
Development
T-6. Implement Commute Trip Reduction
Program (Mandatory Implementation and
Monitoring)
T-9. Implement Subsidized or Discounted
Transit Program
T-10. Provide End-of-Trip Bicycle Facilities
T-17. Improve Street Connectivity
T-18. Provide Pedestrian Network
Improvement
T-19-A. Construct or Improve Bike Facility
T-19-B. Construct or Improve Bike
Boulevard
T-20. Expand Bikeway Network
T-22-A. Implement Pedal (Non-Electric)
Bikeshare Program
T-22-B. Implement Electric Bikeshare
Program
T-25. Extend Transit Network Coverage
or Hours
T-26. Increase Transit Service Frequency
T-28. Provide Bus Rapid Transit
T-29. Reduce Transit Fares
T-31-A. Locate Project in Area with High
Destination Accessibility
T-31-B. Improve Destination Accessibility
in Underserved Areas
T-32. Orient Project Toward Transit,
Bicycle, or Pedestrian Facility
T-33. Locate Project near Bike Path/
Bike Lane
T-34. Provide Bike Parking
T-35. Provide Traffic Calming Measures
T-36. Create Urban Non-Motorized
Zones
T-37. Dedicate Land for Bike Trails
T-46. Improve Transit Access, Safety, and
Comfort
T-47. Provide Bike Parking Near Transit
Chapter 4
MH-14. Maintain Trails and Parks
MH-16. Identify At-Risk Transportation
Corridors
MH-17. Identify Alternative Routes for Transit
Service
EH-2. Provide Heat Mitigation for Public
Walkways and Transit Stops
Chapter 5
CE-1. Create a Construction Plan with
Community Input
CE-2. Ensure Active Modes Access During
Construction
PH-2. Increase Urban Tree Canopy and
Green Spaces
IC-2. Adopt Design Standards
IC-3. Promotes Accessibility
IC-8. Enhanced Access to Community
Resources
AH-2. Promote Affordable Housing in TransitRich Areas
Affordable Housing
Chapter 3
T-1. Increase Residential Density
T-3. Provide Transit-Oriented Development
T-4. Integrate Affordable and Below Market
Rate Housing
T-16. Unbundle Residential Parking Costs
from Property Cost
Chapter 4
MH-27. Provide Greater Affordable Housing
Options
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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX E: MEASURE INDEX | E-4
Chapter 5
AH-1. Support Community Land Trusts
AH-2. Promote Affordable Housing in TransitRich Areas
AH-3. Protection for Existing Tenants of
Redevelopment Projects
AH-4. Incorporates Permanent Supportive
Housing
AH-5. Make Housing Units Permanently
Affordable
AH-6. Support the Formation of Collective
Ownership Models: Limited-Equity Housing
Cooperatives or Mutual Housing Associations
AH-7. No Net Loss of Affordable Housing
Units/One-For-One Affordable Housing
Policies
Air Quality Exposure Reduction
Chapter 3
T-36. Create Urban Non-Motorized Zones
T-49. Replace Traffic Controls with
Roundabout
T-52. Designate Zero Emissions Delivery
Zones
T-53. Electrify Loading Docks
E-1. Buildings Exceed 2019 Title 24 Building
Envelope Energy Efficiency Standards
E-2. Require Energy Efficient Appliances
E-3-A. Require Energy Efficient Residential
Boilers
E-3.B. Require Energy Efficient Commercial
Packaged Boilers
E-4. Install Cool Roofs and/or Cool Walls in
Residential Development
E-5. Install Green Roofs in Place of Dark
Roofs
E-12. Install Alternative Type of Water Heater
in Place of Gas Storage Tank Heater in
Residences
E-13. Install Electric Ranges in Place of Gas
Ranges
E-14. Limit Wood Burning Devices and
Natural Gas/Propane Fireplaces in Residential
Development
E-15. Require All-Electric Development
E-25. Install Electric Heat Pumps
LL-1. Replace Gas Powered Landscape
Equipment with Zero-Emission Landscape
Equipment
LL-2. Implement Yard Equipment Exchange
Program
C-1-A. Use Electric or Hybrid Powered
Equipment
C-1-B. Use Cleaner-Fuel Equipment
C-2. Limit Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Idling
Chapter 4
MH-30. Establish Community Resilience Hubs
WF-1. Implement Fire-safe Landscaping
WF-2. Install Fire Suppression Systems and
Improve Structural Strength
WF-8. Implement Fuel Management
WF-9. Install Air Filters
EH-4. Enhance Building Envelope Efficiency
EH-9. Expand Urban Tree Canopy
Chapter 5
CE-4. Portable Indoor Air Filtration for
Nearby Residents During Construction
CE-5. Air Quality Monitoring and Response
Plan
PH-1. Establish Vegetative Barriers to Reduce
Pollution Exposure
PH-2. Increase Urban Tree Canopy and
Green Spaces
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Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX E: MEASURE INDEX | E-5
PH-3. Highly Rated Air Filtration
PH-4. Create Healthful, Sustainable Indoor
Spaces
IC-2. Adopt Design Standards
CR-2. Support the Development and
Operations of Community Resilience Centers
Climate Resilience
Chapter 3
T-17. Improve Street Connectivity
T-18. Provide Pedestrian Network
Improvement
T-19-A. Construct or Improve Bike Facility
T-19-B. Construct or Improve Bike Boulevard
T-20. Expand Bikeway Network
T-32. Orient Project Toward Transit, Bicycle,
or Pedestrian Facility
T-33. Locate Project near Bike Path/Bike Lane
E-1. Buildings Exceed 2019 Title 24 Building
Envelope Energy Efficiency Standards
E-4. Install Cool Roofs and/or Cool Walls in
Residential Development
E-5. Install Green Roofs in Place of Dark
Roofs
E-6. Encourage Residential Participation in
Existing Demand Response Program(s)
E-10-A. Establish Onsite Renewable Energy
Systems—Generic
E-10-B. Establish Onsite Renewable Energy
Systems—Solar Power
E-10-C. Establish Onsite Renewable Energy
Systems—Wind Power
E-16. Require Zero Net Energy Buildings
E-17. Require Renewable-Surplus Buildings
E-20. Install Whole-House Fans
E-21. Install Cool Pavements
E-23. Use Microgrids and Energy Storage
E-24. Provide Battery Storage
E-25. Install Electric Heat Pumps
W-1. Use Reclaimed Non-Potable Water
W-2. Use Grey Water
W-3. Use Locally Sourced Water Supply
W-4. Require Low-Flow Water Fixtures
W-5. Design Water-Efficient Landscapes
W-6. Reduce Turf in Landscapes and Lawns
W-7. Adopt a Water Conservation Strategy
S-3. Require Edible Food Recovery Program
Partnerships with Food Generators
S-5. Source Wood Materials from Urban
Wood Re-Use Program
N-1. Create New Vegetated Open Space
N-2. Expand Urban Tree Planting
N-3. Implement Management Practices to
Improve the Health and Function of Natural
and Working Lands
N-5. Establish a Local Farmer's Market
N-6. Establish Community Gardens
C-4. Use Local and Sustainable Building
Materials
Chapter 4
All measures in the chapter.

Chapter 5
CCD-4. Conduct Community Asset Mapping
IE-1. Prioritize Outreach to Communities of
Color and Underserved Groups
IE-3. Elevate Voices of Underrepresented
Groups in Project Direction and Outreach
IE-4. Inclusive Community Meetings
PH-1. Establish Vegetative Barriers to Reduce
Pollution Exposure
PH-2. Increase Urban Tree Canopy and
Green Spaces
PH-3. Highly Rated Air Filtration
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PH-5. Provide Equitable Food Access and
Food Justice
IC-2. Adopt Design Standards
IC-4. Enhanced Open and Green Spaces
IC-5. Designated Space for CommunityBased Organizations, Disadvantaged Businesses, and Community Assets
IC-8. Enhanced Access to Community
Resources
AH-1. Support Community Land Trusts
CR-1. Adapt and Re-use Vacant Lots for
Green Infrastructure
CR-2. Support the Development and
Operations of Community Resilience Centers
CR-3. Passive Survivability
Community Ownership and SelfDetermination
Chapter 3
T-31-B. Improve Destination Accessibility in
Underserved Areas
N-6. Establish Community Gardens
Chapter 4
MH-11. Encourage/Actively Engage
Community in Local Planning
MH-12. Enhance Community Network
Support
MH-13. Support Local Food Systems
MH-35. Increase Parks in Underserved
Communities
MH-36. Decentralize and Localize Energy
Production and Storage
MH-37. Develop Climate Hazard Notification
System
Chapter 5
CCD-1. Consult Pre-existing Community
Knowledge/Priorities
CCD-2. Conduct a Stakeholder Analysis and
Develop a Community-Centered Outreach
Plan
CCD-3. Conduct a Community Needs
Assessment
CCD-4. Conduct Community Asset Mapping
CCD-5. Establish a Community Benefits
Agreement
IE-2. Establish or Join a Community Project
Steering Committee
IE-3. Elevate Voices of Underrepresented
Groups in Project Direction and Outreach
IE-6. Conduct an Equity Assessment with
Community Project Steering Committee
A-1. Use Participatory Budgeting
A-2. Establish Incentive and Penalty Provisions
for Community Priorities
A-3. Evaluate Project Performance with
Community Project Steering Committee/CBO
A-5. Public Disclosure of Project
Commitments
PH-2. Increase Urban Tree Canopy and
Green Spaces
IC-1. Invests in Local Arts and Culture to
Affirm Community Identity
IC-5. Designated Space for CommunityBased Organizations, Disadvantaged Businesses, and Community Assets
IC-8. Enhanced Access to Community
Resources
AH-1. Support Community Land Trusts
AH-6. Support the Formation of Collective
Ownership Models: Limited-Equity Housing
Cooperatives or Mutual Housing Associations
CR-1. Adapt and Re-use Vacant Lots for
Green Infrastructure
CR-2. Support the Development and
Operations of Community Resilience Centers
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Economic Resilience
Chapter 3
T-1. Increase Residential Density
T-4. Integrate Affordable and Below Market
Rate Housing
T-21-A. Implement Conventional Carshare
Program
T-21-B. Implement Electric Carshare Program
T-22-A. Implement Pedal (Non-Electric)
Bikeshare Program
T-22-B. Implement Electric Bikeshare Program
T-22-C. Implement Scootershare Program
T-25. Extend Transit Network Coverage or
Hours
T-31-B. Improve Destination Accessibility in
Underserved Areas
E-6. Encourage Residential Participation in
Existing Demand Response Program(s)
E-23. Use Microgrids and Energy Storage
E-24. Provide Battery Storage
S-5. Source Wood Materials from Urban
Wood Re-Use Program
N-5. Establish a Local Farmer's Market
N-6. Establish Community Gardens
C-4. Use Local and Sustainable Building
Materials
Chapter 4
MH-1. Strengthen Energy Infrastructure
MH-2. Use Climate-Resilient Design for
Infrastructure
MH-3. Coordinate Redundant Transportation
Access
MH-4. Strengthen Building Structures
MH-5. Use Green Infrastructure for
Stormwater Management
MH-6. Upgrade Water Systems
MH-7. Construct Water Storage Facilities
MH-8. Decrease Road Vulnerability to
Landslides
MH-9. Support Business Resiliency
MH-13. Support Local Food Systems
MH-15. Identify Alternative Activities in
Climate Sensitive Recreation Areas
MH-16. Identify At-Risk Transportation
Corridors
MH-24. Develop Climate Emergency/Business
Resilience Plan
MH-28. Transition to Climate-Smart Energy
MH-29. Identify Climate Hazard Overlay
Zones
MH-36. Decentralize and Localize Energy
Production and Storage
SLR-3. Implement Natural Coastline
Infrastructure
SLR-4. Strengthen Building Against Flood
SLR-5. Use Moveable Infrastructure
SLR-7. Require Consideration of Sea Level
Rise for New Development
SLR-10. Sell off High-Risk Area Development
Rights
SLR-11. Site Outside Coastal Hazard Zone
SLR-13. Provide Removal Options in Flood
Zones
EP-4. Waterproof Operational Equipment
EP-5. Upgrade Wastewater Systems
EP-6. Site Outside Floodplain
EP-7. Maintain Stormwater Infrastructure on
Key Routes
WF-1. Implement Fire-safe Landscaping
WF-2. Install Fire Suppression Systems and
Improve Structural Strength
WF-3. Strengthen Vulnerable Assets in High
Wildfire Risk Areas
B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX E: MEASURE INDEX | E-8
WF-4. Educate on Wildfire Resistant
Landscaping
WF-5. Site Outside WUI
WF-6. Designate and Strengthen Wildfire
Emergency Routes
WF-7. Develop Fire Risk Assessment for New
Development
WF-8. Implement Fuel Management
WF-10. Adopt WUI Building Standards
EH-4. Enhance Building Envelope Efficiency
EH-5. Upgrade to Efficient
Equipment/Infrastructure
EH-7. Install Equipment Cooling System
D-6. Build Alternatives Forms of Water
Recreation
D-7. Diversify Water Supply Sources
D-8. Develop Groundwater Sustainability Plan
Chapter 5
CCD-5. Establish a Community Benefits
Agreement
CE-6. Provide Funds to Businesses Impacted
by Construction Activities
PH-5. Provide Equitable Food Access and
Food Justice
IEP-1. Local Labor and Apprenticeships
(Construction)
IEP-2. Local Labor and Apprenticeships
(Operations)
IEP-3. Contract with Diverse Suppliers
IEP-4. Use of Locally/Regionally Manufactured
Products and Materials
IEP-5. Higher Wage and Working Condition
Standards
IC-5. Designated Space for CommunityBased Organizations, Disadvantaged Businesses, and Community Assets
IC-6. Create Non-Standard Commercial or
Retail Spaces
IC-8. Enhanced Access to Community
Resources
AH-3. Protection for Existing Tenants of
Redevelopment Projects
AH-4. Incorporates Permanent Supportive
Housing
Energy and Grid Resilience
Chapter 3
T-53. Electrify Loading Docks
T-54. Install Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure
Energy section – all measures except E-14
Water section – all measures
LL-1. Replace Gas Powered Landscape
Equipment with Zero-Emission Landscape
Equipment
C-1-A. Use Electric or Hybrid Powered
Equipment
C-1-B. Use Cleaner-Fuel Equipment
Chapter 4
MH-1. Strengthen Energy Infrastructure
MH-28. Transition to Climate-Smart Energy
MH-36. Decentralize and Localize Energy
Production and Storage
MH-40. Address Energy/Water Efficiency
Funding Barriers
EH-3. Install Heat-Reducing Roof
EH-4. Enhance Building Envelope Efficiency
EH-14. Develop Low-Income Energy
Programs
CR-3. Passive Survivability
B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX E: MEASURE INDEX | E-9
Food Justice and Access
Chapter 3
S-3. Require Edible Food Recovery Program
Partnerships with Food Generators
N-3. Implement Management Practices to
Improve the Health and Function of Natural
and Working Lands
N-5. Establish a Local Farmer's Market
N-6. Establish Community Gardens
Chapter 4
MH-13. Support Local Food Systems
MH-18. Maintain Soil Health
MH-41. Expand Urban Greening/Agriculture
Chapter 5
PH-5. Provide Equitable Food Access and
Food Justice
IC-5. Designated Space for CommunityBased Organizations, Disadvantaged Businesses, and Community Assets
IC-6. Create Non-Standard Commercial or
Retail Spaces
IC-8. Enhanced Access to Community
Resources
CR-1. Adapt and Re-use Vacant Lots for
Green Infrastructure
Green Infrastructure and LowImpact Development (LID)
Chapter 3
E-5. Install Green Roofs in Place of Dark
Roofs
W-5. Design Water-Efficient Landscapes
W-7. Adopt a Water Conservation Strategy
N-1. Create New Vegetated Open Space
N-2. Expand Urban Tree Planting
N-3. Implement Management Practices to
Improve the Health and Function of Natural
and Working Lands
N-6. Establish Community Gardens
Chapter 4
MH-5. Use Green Infrastructure for
Stormwater Management
MH-23 Landscape with Climate
Considerations
MH-32. Establish Urban Tree Management
Plan
MH-33. Implement Park and Natural
Resources Protection
MH-35. Increase Parks in Underserved
Communities
MH-39. Implement Pervious and ClimateSmart Surfaces
MH-41. Expand Urban Greening/Agriculture
EP-3. Install Stormwater Cistern/Retention
Basin
EH-1. Install Green Infrastructure
EH-8. Use Alternative Pavement Surfaces
EH-9. Expand Urban Tree Canopy
D-3. Install Drought Resistant Landscaping
Chapter 5
PH-1. Establish Vegetative Barriers to Reduce
Pollution Exposure
PH-2. Increase Urban Tree Canopy and
Green Spaces
IC-4. Enhanced Open and Green Spaces
CR-1. Adapt and Re-use Vacant Lots for
Green Infrastructure
Job Development
Chapter 3
T-2. Increase Job Density
T-3. Provide Transit-Oriented Development
B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX E: MEASURE INDEX | E-10
T-25. Extend Transit Network Coverage or
Hours
T-26. Increase Transit Service Frequency
T-31-B. Improve Destination Accessibility in
Underserved Areas
T-40. Implement School Bus Program
E-22. Obtain Third-party HVAC
Commissioning and Verification of Energy
Savings
S-1. Institute or Extend Recycling Services
S-5. Source Wood Materials from Urban
Wood Re-Use Program
N-4. Require Best Management Practices for
Manure Management
N-5. Establish a Local Farmer's Market
C-3. Use Local Construction Contractors
C-4. Use Local and Sustainable Building
Materials
R-1. Use Alternative Refrigerants Instead of
High-GWP Refrigerants
R-2. Install Secondary Loop and/or Cascade
Supermarket Systems in Place of Direct
Expansion Systems
R-3. Install Transcritical CO2 Supermarket
Systems in Place of High-GWP Systems
R-4. Install Microchannel Heat Exchangers in
A/C Equipment in Place of Conventional Heat
Exchanger
Chapter 4
MH-13. Support Local Food Systems
MH-24. Develop Climate Emergency/Business
Resilience Plan
MH-36. Decentralize and Localize Energy
Production and Storage
MH-40. Address Energy/Water Efficiency
Funding Barriers
MH-41. Expand Urban Greening/Agriculture
WF-8. Implement Fuel Management
D-6. Build Alternatives Forms of Water
Recreation
Chapter 5
CCD-5. Establish a Community Benefits
Agreement
IEP-1. Local Labor and Apprenticeships
(Construction)
IEP-2. Local Labor and Apprenticeships
(Operations)
IEP-3. Contract with Diverse Suppliers
IEP-4. Use of Locally/Regionally Manufactured
Products and Materials
IEP-5. Higher Wage and Working Condition
Standards
IC-1. Invests in Local Arts and Culture to
Affirm Community Identity
IC-5. Designated Space for CommunityBased Organizations, Disadvantaged Businesses, and Community Assets
IC-6. Create Non-Standard Commercial or
Retail Spaces
Nature-Based Solutions
All measures listed for Green Infrastructure
and Low-Impact Development (LID).

S-5. Source Wood Materials from Urban
Wood Re-Use Program
MH-34. Implement Integrated Watershed
Management
SLR-3. Implement Natural Coastline
Infrastructure
Passive Survivability
Chapter 3
T-14. Provide Electric Vehicle Charging
Infrastructure
E-1. Buildings Exceed 2019 Title 24 Building
Envelope Energy Efficiency Standards
E-2. Require Energy Efficient Appliances
B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX E: MEASURE INDEX | E-11
E-3-A. Require Energy Efficient Residential
Boilers
E-4. Install Cool Roofs and/or Cool Walls in
Residential Development
E-5. Install Green Roofs in Place of Dark
Roofs
E-10-A. Establish Onsite Renewable Energy
Systems—Generic
E-10-B. Establish Onsite Renewable Energy
Systems—Solar Power
E-10-C. Establish Onsite Renewable Energy
Systems—Wind Power
E-12. Install Alternative Type of Water Heater
in Place of Gas Storage Tank Heater in
Residences
E-13. Install Electric Ranges in Place of Gas
Ranges
E-15. Require All-Electric Development
E-16. Require Zero Net Energy Buildings
E-17. Require Renewable-Surplus Buildings
E-20. Install Whole-House Fans
E-23. Use Microgrids and Energy Storage
E-24. Provide Battery Storage
E-25. Install Electric Heat Pumps
W-1. Use Reclaimed Non-Potable Water
W-2. Use Grey Water
W-4. Require Low-Flow Water Fixtures
Chapter 4
MH-2. Use Climate-Resilient Design for
Infrastructure
MH-4. Strengthen Building Structures
MH-5. Use Green Infrastructure for
Stormwater Management
MH-12. Enhance Community Network
Support
MH-13. Support Local Food Systems
MH-28. Transition to Climate-Smart Energy
MH-29. Identify Climate Hazard Overlay
Zones
MH-36. Decentralize and Localize Energy
Production and Storage
MH-41. Expand Urban Greening/Agriculture
SLR-2. Raise Building Floor Elevations
SLR-4. Strengthen Building Against Flood
SLR-5. Use Moveable Infrastructure
SLR-7. Require Consideration of Sea Level
Rise for New Development
SLR-8. Develop Setbacks
SLR-11. Site Outside Coastal Hazard Zone
SLR-12. Limit Basements in Flood Zones
EP-1. Incorporate Runoff Projections in
Hydrologic Designs
EP-2. Install Stormwater Outfall Pumps/Lift
Station for Water Drainage
EP-3. Install Stormwater Cistern/Retention
Basin
EP-4. Waterproof Operational Equipment
EP-6. Site Outside Floodplain
WF-1. Implement Fire-safe Landscaping
WF-2. Install Fire Suppression Systems and
Improve Structural Strength
WF-4. Educate on Wildfire Resistant
Landscaping
WF-5. Site Outside WUI
WF-6. Designate and Strengthen Wildfire
Emergency Routes
WF-9. Install Air Filters
WF-10. Adopt WUI Building Standards
EH-1. Install Green Infrastructure
EH-3. Install Heat-Reducing Roof
EH-4. Enhance Building Envelope Efficiency
EH-5. Upgrade to Efficient
Equipment/Infrastructure
B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX E: MEASURE INDEX | E-12
EH-12. Provide Backup Power for Cooling
Centers
EH-14. Develop Low-Income Energy
Programs
EH-15. Provide Low-Income Air Conditioning
D-1. Install Water Efficient Appliances
D-2. Install Water Reuse Infrastructure
Chapter 5
PH-3. Highly Rated Air Filtration
PH-4. Create Healthful, Sustainable Indoor
Spaces
PH-5. Provide Equitable Food Access and
Food Justice
IC-2. Adopt Design Standards
IC-3. Promotes Accessibility
CR-1. Adapt and Re-use Vacant Lots for
Green Infrastructure
CR-3. Passive Survivability
Poverty
Chapter 3
T-3. Provide Transit-Oriented Development
T-4. Integrate Affordable and Below Market
Rate Housing
T-9. Implement Subsidized or Discounted
Transit Program
T-11. Provide Employer-Sponsored Vanpool
T-16. Unbundle Residential Parking Costs
from Property Cost
T-23. Community-Based Travel Planning
T-25. Extend Transit Network Coverage or
Hours
T-26. Increase Transit Service Frequency
T-29. Reduce Transit Fares
T-31-B. Improve Destination Accessibility in
Underserved Areas
E-4. Install Cool Roofs and/or Cool Walls in
Residential Development
E-16. Require Zero Net Energy Buildings
E-17. Require Renewable-Surplus Buildings
E-25. Install Electric Heat Pumps
S-3. Require Edible Food Recovery Program
Partnerships with Food Generators
N-6. Establish Community Gardens
Chapter 4
MH-12. Enhance Community Network
Support
MH-13. Support Local Food Systems
MH-21. Ensure Homeless Services’ Availability
in Hazardous Conditions
MH-27. Provide Greater Affordable Housing
Options
MH-30. Establish Community Resilience Hubs
MH-35. Increase Parks in Underserved
Communities
MH-36. Decentralize and Localize Energy
Production and Storage
EH-14. Develop Low-Income Energy
Programs
EH-15. Provide Low-Income Air Conditioning
EH-16. Establish a Shuttle System to Cooling
Centers
Chapter 5
CCD-5. Establish a Community Benefits
Agreement
PH-5. Provide Equitable Food Access and
Food Justice
IEP-1. Local Labor and Apprenticeships
(Construction)
IEP-2. Local Labor and Apprenticeships
(Operations)
IEP-3. Contract with Diverse Suppliers
B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX E: MEASURE INDEX | E-13
IEP-5. Higher Wage and Working Condition
Standards
IC-5. Designated Space for CommunityBased Organizations, Disadvantaged Businesses, and Community Assets
IC-8. Enhanced Access to Community
Resources
AH-2. Promote Affordable Housing in TransitRich Areas
AH-3. Protection for Existing Tenants of
Redevelopment Projects
AH-4. Incorporates Permanent Supportive
Housing
AH-5. Make Housing Units Permanently
Affordable
AH-6. Support the Formation of Collective
Ownership Models: Limited-Equity Housing
Cooperatives or Mutual Housing Associations
AH-7. No Net Loss of Affordable Housing
Units/One-For-One Affordable Housing
Policies
Racial Equity
Chapter 4
MH-11. Encourage/Actively Engage
Community in Local Planning
MH-12. Enhance Community Network
Support
MH-35. Increase Parks in Underserved
Communities
Chapter 5
CCD-1. Consult Pre-existing Community
Knowledge/Priorities
CCD-2. Conduct a Stakeholder Analysis and
Develop a Community-Centered Outreach
Plan
CCD-3. Conduct a Community Needs
Assessment
CCD-5. Establish a Community Benefits
Agreement
IE-1. Prioritize Outreach to Communities of
Color and Underserved Groups
IE-2. Establish or Join a Community Project
Steering Committee
IE-3. Elevate Voices of Underrepresented
Groups in Project Direction and Outreach
IE-4. Inclusive Community Meetings
IE-5. Provide Education on Essential Topics
Related to Project
IE-6. Conduct an Equity Assessment with
Community Project Steering Committee
A-1. Use Participatory Budgeting
A-3. Evaluate Project Performance with
Community Project Steering Committee/CBO
PH-2. Increase Urban Tree Canopy and
Green Spaces
PH-5. Provide Equitable Food Access and
Food Justice
IEP-1. Local Labor and Apprenticeships
(Construction)
IEP-2. Local Labor and Apprenticeships
(Operations)
IEP-3. Contract with Diverse Suppliers
IEP-5. Higher Wage and Working Condition
Standards
IC-1. Invests in Local Arts and Culture to
Affirm Community Identity
IC-5. Designated Space for CommunityBased Organizations, Disadvantaged Businesses, and Community Assets
Social Inclusion
Chapter 3
T-4. Integrate Affordable and Below Market
Rate Housing
B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX E: MEASURE INDEX | E-14
T-31-B. Improve Destination Accessibility in
Underserved Areas
T-46. Improve Transit Access, Safety, and
Comfort
E-4. Install Cool Roofs and/or Cool Walls in
Residential Development
E-5. Install Green Roofs in Place of Dark
Roofs
E-16. Require Zero Net Energy Buildings
E-17. Require Renewable-Surplus Buildings
E-25. Install Electric Heat Pumps
S-3. Require Edible Food Recovery Program
Partnerships with Food Generators
N-2. Expand Urban Tree Planting
Chapter 4
MH-10. Implement Community-wide Climate
Change Outreach Program
MH-11. Encourage/Actively Engage
Community in Local Planning
MH-12. Enhance Community Network
Support
MH-21. Ensure Homeless Services’ Availability
in Hazardous Conditions
MH-27. Provide Greater Affordable Housing
Options
MH-30. Establish Community Resilience Hubs
MH-32. Establish Urban Tree Management
Plan
MH-35. Increase Parks in Underserved
Communities
MH-36. Decentralize and Localize Energy
Production and Storage
MH-38. Integrate Climate into Health
Programs
EH-11. Work with Schools to Reduce Heat
Exposure
EH-12. Provide Backup Power for Cooling
Centers
EH-14. Develop Low-Income Energy
Programs
EH-15. Provide Low-Income Air Conditioning
EH-16. Establish a Shuttle System to Cooling
Centers
Chapter 5
All measures in the chapter.

Social Resilience
Chapter 3
T-4. Integrate Affordable and Below Market
Rate Housing
T-17. Improve Street Connectivity
T-31-A. Locate Project in Area with High
Destination Accessibility
T-31-B. Improve Destination Accessibility in
Underserved Areas
T-41. Implement a School Pool Program
N-1. Create New Vegetated Open Space
N-2. Expand Urban Tree Planting
N-5. Establish a Local Farmer's Market
N-6. Establish Community Gardens
Chapter 4
MH-11. Encourage/Actively Engage
Community in Local Planning
MH-12. Enhance Community Network
Support
MH-30. Establish Community Resilience Hubs
MH-32. Establish Urban Tree Management
Plan
MH-35. Increase Parks in Underserved
Communities
MH-41. Expand Urban Greening/Agriculture
EH-1. Install Green Infrastructure
EH-2. Provide Heat Mitigation for Public
Walkways and Transit Stops
B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX E: MEASURE INDEX | E-15
EH-9. Expand Urban Tree Canopy
EH-11. Work with Schools to Reduce Heat
Exposure
Chapter 5
CCD-4. Conduct Community Asset Mapping
CCD-5. Establish a Community Benefits
Agreement
PH-2. Increase Urban Tree Canopy and
Green Spaces
PH-5. Provide Equitable Food Access and
Food Justice
IEP-1. Local Labor and Apprenticeships
(Construction)
IEP-2. Local Labor and Apprenticeships
(Operations)
IEP-3. Contract with Diverse Suppliers
IC-1. Invests in Local Arts and Culture to
Affirm Community Identity
IC-2. Adopt Design Standards
IC-3. Promotes Accessibility
IC-4. Enhanced Open and Green Spaces
IC-5. Designated Space for CommunityBased Organizations, Disadvantaged Businesses, and Community Assets
IC-8. Enhanced Access to Community
Resources
AH-1. Support Community Land Trusts
AH-2. Promote Affordable Housing in TransitRich Areas
AH-3. Protection for Existing Tenants of
Redevelopment Projects
AH-4. Incorporates Permanent Supportive
Housing
AH-6. Support the Formation of Collective
Ownership Models: Limited-Equity Housing
Cooperatives or Mutual Housing Associations
CR-1. Adapt and Re-use Vacant Lots for
Green Infrastructure
CR-2. Support the Development and
Operations of Community Resilience Centers
Tree Canopy
Chapter 3
N-1. Create New Vegetated Open Space
N-2. Expand Urban Tree Planting
Chapter 4
MH-32. Establish Urban Tree Management
Plan
MH-35. Increase Parks in Underserved
Communities
MH-41. Expand Urban Greening/Agriculture
EH-9. Expand Urban Tree Canopy
Chapter 5
PH-2. Increase Urban Tree Canopy and
Green Spaces
IC-4. Enhanced Open and Green Spaces
CR-1. Adapt and Re-use Vacant Lots for
Green Infrastructure
Urban Heat Island Reduction
Chapter 3
T-1. Increase Residential Density
T-15. Limit Residential Parking Supply
E-4. Install Cool Roofs and/or Cool Walls in
Residential Development
E-5. Install Green Roofs in Place of Dark
Roofs
E-21. Install Cool Pavements
N-1. Create New Vegetated Open Space
N-2. Expand Urban Tree Planting
N-3. Implement Management Practices to
Improve the Health and Function of Natural
and Working Lands
N-6. Establish Community Gardens
B3 Attach #1 of 3
Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity APPENDIX E: MEASURE INDEX | E-16
Chapter 4
MH-5. Use Green Infrastructure for
Stormwater Management
MH-23. Landscape with Climate
Considerations
MH-32. Establish Urban Tree Management
Plan
MH-33. Implement Park and Natural
Resources Protection
MH-35. Increase Parks in Underserved
Communities
MH-39. Implement Pervious and ClimateSmart Surfaces
MH-41. Expand Urban Greening/Agriculture
EH-1. Install Green Infrastructure
EH-3. Install Heat-Reducing Roof
EH-8. Use Alternative Pavement Surfaces
EH-9. Expand Urban Tree Canopy
EH-10. Install Covered Parking
Chapter 5
PH-2. Increase Urban Tree Canopy and
Green Spaces
IC-4. Enhanced Open and Green Spaces
CR-1. Adapt and Re-use Vacant Lots for
Green Infrastructure
References
PolicyLink. n.d. The Equity Manifesto. Available: https://www.policylink.org/aboutus/equity-manifesto. Accessed: October 2021.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). n.d. Urban Runoff: Low Impact Development. Available: https://www.epa.gov/nps/urban-runoff-low-impactdevelopment. Accessed: October 2021.

B3 Attach #1 of 3
FRESNO General Plan
Adopted:

December 18, 2014
Development and Resource
Management Department
B3 Attach #1 of 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Mayor
Ashley Swearengin
City Manager
Bruce Rudd
Mark Scott
City Council
Blong Xiong
Steve Brandau
Oliver L. Baines III
Paul Caprioglio
Sal Quintero
Lee Brand
Clint Olivier
Andreas Borgeas
Larry Westerlund
Planning Commission
Jaime Holt
Serop Torossian
Andy Hansen-Smith
Luisa Medina
Rojelio Vasquez
Lawrence Garcia
Carey Catalano
Randy Reed
Rama Dawar
Long Range Planning Team
Jennifer Clark, Director
Keith Bergthold
Trai Her
Talia Kolluri
Casey Lauderdale
Arnoldo Rodriguez
Edward Smith
Michelle Zumwalt
Franklin Spees
Darrell Unruh
Eric VonBerg
Dyett & Bhatia (Lead Consultant)
Calthorpe Associates
Economic and Planning Systems
Fehr & Peers, Inc.

First Carbon Solutions
MW Steele Group Inc.

General Plan Citizens Committee
Front Cover photo credit: Heather Heinks (left photo)
Francine Farber, Co-Chair
Eric Payne, Co-Chair
Ryan Calvert
Austin Ewell III
Sameh El Kharbawy
Kiel Famellos-Schmidt
Paul Humphrey
Gerard Lozano
William Eric McComas
Ali Nekumanesh
Larry Raven
Michael Renberg
Mike Wells
Louise Yenovkian
Nick Yovino
Melissa White
City Staff
Byron Beagles
Sandra Brock
Brock Buche
Shannon Chaffi n
John Dugan
John Fox
Jill Gormley
Karana Hattersley-Drayton
Steve Hogg
Byron Horn
Scott Mozier
Kevin Norgaard
Joseph Oldham
Sophia Pagoulatos
Martin Querin
Mike Reid
Scott Tyler
Jack VanPatten
Irma Yepez-Perez
James Anders, Intern
Alec Kimmel, Intern
Charles Harris, Intern
Drew Nitschke, Intern
Conrad Trembath, Intern
Consulting Team
B3 Attach #1 of 3
Development and Resource
Management Department
Prepared by:
for
December 18, 2014
FRESNO General Plan
B3 Attach #1 of 3

AMENDMENTS
Adopted Date / Plan Amendment No.
12-03-15 / A-15-003
• Updated Chapter 3: Tables 3-1 and 3-3
• Updated Chapter 11: Tables 11-3, 11-4, 11-5, 11-7, 11-8, 11-9, 11-10, 11-11, 11-12 and 11-13 • Updated Chapter 12: Table 12-1
04-28-16 / A-16-001
• Added Section 3.7 regarding Disadvantaged Unincorporated Communities to Chapter 3 • Added language regarding the City’s Flood Plain Ordinance to Chapter 9 • Replaced Chapter 11
10-20-16 / A-16-008, R-16-011, TA-16-002
• Updated Chapter 3: Table 3-1, Table 3-2 (removed), Table 3-3 (now 3-2), Table 3-4 (now 3-3) • Changed language in Chapter 3 to reflect the adoption of Downtown Plans and Code • Updated Chapter 12: Table 12-1
3-02-17 / A-16-015 ATP
• Updated Chapter 4: Table 4-3 (updated)
• Changed language in Chapter 4, 10, 12 and Glossary to match Active Transportation Plan definitions
4-13-17 / A-17-001 Housing Element Amendment
• Updated Chapter 11 with the adoption of the Housing Element amendment 1-25-18 / A-17-016 PMP
• Updated Chapter 5 to reflect the adoption of the Parks Master Plan 12-13-18 / P18-03553
• Changed language in Chapter 7 regarding the Farmland Preservation Program 5-21-20 / P20-01529
• Updated the Local Hazard Mitigation section of the Noise & Safety Element 9-30-2021 / P19-04226
• Removed references to mitigation in relation to the Level of Service (LOS) transportation metric • Added a new policy affirming the use of Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) as the new transportation metric under CEQA
10-13-2022 / P22-02413
• Updated Chapter 3 to reflect adoption of the Mixed-Use Text Amendment NOTE: Information regarding updates to individual figures can be found on the figures themselves.

B3 Attach #1 of 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1-1

1.1 Context .......................................................................... 1-2

1.2 Planning Context .......................................................... 1-11

1.3 Development Under The Plan – Dwellings,
Population, and Jobs .................................................... 1-19

1.4 Plan Organization ......................................................... 1-25

1.5 Planning Factor Figures ............................................... 1-30 2 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY .... 2-1

2.1 Introduction .................................................................... 2-2

2.2 Objectives and Policies ................................................ 2-21 3 URBAN FORM, LAND USE, AND DESIGN .................................... 3-1

3.1 Context .......................................................................... 3-2

3.2 Citywide Urban Form ..................................................... 3-4

3.3 Infill Development ......................................................... 3-13

3.4 Development Areas ...................................................... 3-19

3.5 Land Use...................................................................... 3-28

3.6 Buildings and Design ................................................... 3-57

3.7 Disadvantaged Unincorporated Communities ............. 3-66 4 MOBILITY AND TRANSPORTATION ............................................. 4-1

4.1 Context .......................................................................... 4-2

4.2 Strategic Initiatives ......................................................... 4-3

4.3 Roadways and Automobiles ........................................... 4-7

4.4 Bikes and Pedestrians.................................................. 4-16 B3 Attach #1 of 3
ii FRESNO GENERAL PLAN

4.5 Transit Service ............................................................. 4-22

4.6 Objectives and Policies ................................................ 4-26 5 PARKS, OPEN SPACE, AND SCHOOLS ...................................... 5-1

5.1 Context .......................................................................... 5-2

5.2 Parks and Recreation ..................................................... 5-4

5.3 Open Space Action Plan .............................................. 5-16

5.4 Valley Arboretum ......................................................... 5-27

5.5 Open Space and Biological Resources ........................ 5-30

5.6 Schools ........................................................................ 5-38 6 PUBLIC UTILITIES AND SERVICES .............................................. 6-1

6.1 Police ............................................................................. 6-3

6.2 Fire .............................................................................. 6-10

6.3 Wastewater Collection and Treatment .......................... 6-17

6.4 Water ........................................................................... 6-23

6.5 Solid Waste .................................................................. 6-28

6.6 Disadvantaged Unincorporated Communities .............. 6-30 7 RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RESILIENCE ........................ 7-1

7.1 Context .......................................................................... 7-2

7.2 Use of Infrastructure and Resources .............................. 7-7

7.3 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions................. 7-12

7.4 Water Resources ......................................................... 7-23

7.5 Energy Resources........................................................ 7-37

7.6 Farmland ...................................................................... 7-41

7.7 Mineral Resources ....................................................... 7-43

7.8 Waste Reduction .......................................................... 7-46 8 HISTORIC AND CULTURAL RESOURCES ELEMENT ................. 8-1

8.1 Context .......................................................................... 8-2

8.2 Citywide Historic and Cultural Preservation .................... 8-9

8.3 The New City Beautiful ................................................. 8-13 9 NOISE AND SAFETY ..................................................................... 9-1

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9.2 Noise .............................................................................. 9-2

9.3 Seismic and Geologic Hazards .................................... 9-22

9.4 Storm Drainage and Flood Control ............................... 9-25

9.5 Wildland Fire Hazards .................................................. 9-32

9.6 Hazardous Materials .................................................... 9-32

9.7 Airport Safety ............................................................... 9-35

9.8 Emergency Response .................................................. 9-37 10 HEALTHY COMMUNITIES ...........................................................10-1

10.1 Planning for Community Health ....................................10-2

10.2 Health ..........................................................................10-5

10.3 Access to Parks and Recreation ................................10-14

10.4 Access to Healthy Food .............................................10-16

10.5 Objectives and Policies ..............................................10-29 11 HOUSING ELEMENT CONSISTENCY CHAPTER .......................11-1

11.1 Context ........................................................................11-2

11.2 Consistency with Regional Housing Needs Allocation Plan ..............................................................................11-3

11.3 Consistency Matrix .......................................................11-5 12 IMPLEMENTATION ......................................................................12-1

12.1 Overview ......................................................................12-2

12.2 Responsibilities ............................................................12-3

12.3 Infill Initiatives .............................................................12-10

12.4 Implementation in the Public Realm ...........................12-15

12.5 Implementation by the Private Sector .........................12-17

12.6 Defining and Supporting Infill......................................12-22

12.7 Summary of Implementation Actions ..........................12-28 GLOSSARY ......................................................................................... G-1 B3 Attach #1 of 3
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure I-1: Historic Growth Patterns .............................................. 1-15 Figure I-2: Existing Regional Setting ............................................. 1-16 Figure I-3: Residential Capacity Allocation .................................... 1-22 Figure I-4: Existing Land Use ........................................................ 1-31 Figure I-5: Age – Population Under 17 .......................................... 1-33 Figure I-6: Race – White/Hispanic ................................................. 1-33 Figure I-7: Race – Asian/African-American.................................... 1-33 Figure I-8: Language – Spanish Only ............................................ 1-33 Figure I-9: Linguistically Isolated – English Proficiency in the Home ........................................................................... 1-33 Figure I-10: Income – Family Income .............................................. 1-35 Figure I-11: Poverty – Family Poverty ............................................. 1-35 Figure I-12: Employment – Employment By Census Tract .............. 1-35 Figure I-13: Education – Education Level ........................................ 1-35 Figure I-14: Housing Unit Occupancy Status – Owner And Renter Occupied ...................................................................... 1-35 Figure UF-1: West Development Area Land Use Diagram ................ 3-21 Figure UF-2: Southwest Development Area Land Use Diagram........ 3-23 Figure UF-3: Southeast Development Area Land Use Diagram ........ 3-26 Figure LU-1: Fresno General Plan Land Use Diagram ...................... 3-31 Figure LU-2: Dual Designation .......................................................... 3-33 B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Figure LU-3 Disadvantaged Unincorporated Communities ............. 3-74 Figure LU-4: DUCs & District Boundaries ........................................ 3-75 Figure MT-1: Circulation .................................................................... 4-11 Figure MT-2: Paths and Trails ........................................................... 4-18 Figure MT-3: Regional Transportation ............................................... 4-25 Figure MT-4: Traffic Impact Zones (TIZs) .......................................... 4-34 Figure POSS-1: Parks and Open Space....................................................5-17 Figure POSS-2: River Parkway Trails Access Points ..............................5-19 Figure POSS-3: Schools and School Districts ..........................................5-42 Figure PU-1: Existing Wastewater System ........................................ 6-19 Figure PU-2: Existing Water Distribution System............................... 6-25 Figure PU-3: Existing Regional Groundwater Contamination ............ 6-26 Figure RC-1: Population Growth vs Depth to Groundwater ............... 7-25 Figure RC-2: Existing Kings Subbasin Groundwater Aquifer and Watershed Area ........................................................... 7-27 Figure NS-1: Typical Sound Levels ..................................................... 9-6 Figure NS-2: Existing Noise Contours (Vehicles) .............................. 9-11 Figure NS-3: Future Noise Contours (Vehicles) ................................ 9-12 Figure NS-4: Existing Fresno Yosemite International Airport Noise and Safety Zones ......................................................... 9-13 Figure NS-5: Existing Fresno Chandler Executive Airport Noise and Safety Zones ......................................................... 9-14 Figure NS-6: Existing Sierra Skypark Airport Noise and Safety Zones........................................................................... 9-15 Figure NS-7: Existing Floodplains ..................................................... 9-27 Figure HC-1: Public Transit .............................................................10-24 Figure IM-1: Priority Incentive Areas for Development ...................12-26 Figure IM-2: Sequencing of Development ......................................12-27 B3 Attach #1 of 3
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1: Required and Optional Elements with Corresponding General Plan Elements ................................................ 1-11 Table 1-2: Residential Development Capacity Under Horizon and Buildout ................................................................. 1-21 Table 1-3: Residential Development Capacity Under General Plan Horizon ................................................................ 1-21 Table 1-4: Residential Development Capacity Under Buildout (Beyond 2035) ............................................................. 1-23 Table 1-5: Population Estimate Under Horizon and Buildout ......... 1-24 Table 1-6: Additional Estimated Non-Residential Floor Area Under Horizon and Buildout ......................................... 1-24 Table 2-1: Income Comparisons ..................................................... 2-4 Table 2-2: Education Level Comparisons ........................................ 2-5 Table 2-3: Valley Higher Education Institutions ............................... 2-6 Table 2-4: Economic Sector Comparisons ...................................... 2-7 Table 2-5: Employment Projections by Type, Fresno County .......... 2-9 Table 2-6: Land Uses in 2035 - Percentage of Floor Area in Downtown and the Broader Planning Area ................... 2-12 Table 2-7: Screening Criteria for Targeted Industries .................... 2-13 Table 3-1: Citywide Standards for Density and Development Intensity ....................................................................... 3-36 Table 3-2: General Plan Land Use Designations and Zone
Districts ........................................................................ 3-45 Table 3.3: DUC Infrastructure Conditions Summary ..................... 3-69 Table 4-1: Roadway Characteristic Matrix ..................................... 4-12 Table 4-2: Multi-Modal Level of Service Indicators ........................ 4-15 Table 4-3: Bicycle Network ........................................................... 4-22 Table 5-1: Desirable Park Facility Standards .................................. 5-7 Table 5-2: City Park Space and Ratio Per 1,000 Residents by Park Category ................................................................ 5-9 Table 5-3: Park Acreage in Development Areas ........................... 5-10 B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Table 5-4: Existing City Park Space and Pocket/Neighborhood/ Community Park Space Needs Based on 5 Acres and
3 Acres Per 1,000 Residents Ratios ............................. 5-15 Table 5-5: Total Existing and Future Park Needs Scenarios ......... 5-16 Table 9-1: Measured Existing Noise Levels .................................... 9-7 Table 9-2: Transportation (Non-Aircraft) Noise Sources ................ 9-17 Table 9-3: Stationary Noise Sources ............................................. 9-17 Table 11-1: Plan Housing Capacity Comparison .............................11-4 Table 11-2: General Plan Capacity by Proposed Land Use
Designation ..................................................................11-5 Table 11-3: Consistency Matrix .......................................................11-5 Table 11-4: Term Equivalency Matrix ............................................11-15 Table 11-5: Zoning Districts Translation Matrix .............................11-16 Table 11-6: Acreage Distribution Existing Zones to Proposed New Downtown Planning Area Zones ........................11-17 Table 11-7: Housing Types Permitted by Zoning Districts in General Plan ..............................................................11-18 Table 11-8: Lot and Density Standards—Residential SingleFamily in General Plan ...............................................11-20 Table 11-9: Building Form, Lot and Density Standards—Residential Multi-Family Districts in General Plan .........................11-21 Table 11-10: Lot and Density Standards—Mixed-Use Districts in General Plan ..............................................................11-22 Table 11-11: Required On-Site Parking Spaces for Zone Districts in General Plan ..........................................................11-23 Table 12-1: General Plan Land Use Designations and Zoning Districts Consistency ..................................................12-18 Table 12-2: Summary of Implementation Actions for Plan
Policies ..................................................................... 12-29 B3 Attach #1 of 3
1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION RODUCTION
The Fresno General Plan
1 articulates a vision for the
city and presents a set of policies and implementation
actions to achieve that vision. The Plan capitalizes on opportunities inherent in Fresno’s assets and regional
location—on its human and natural resources; its
economic resources, and proud history. The Plan draws
from the ideas and visions of the many citizens,
business owners, elected officials, and City staff who
participated in the planning process, under the
leadership provided by the General Plan Citizens
Advisory Committee (GPCC), the Planning
Commission, the Mayor, and the City Council.
1 This document uses the terms “Fresno General Plan,” “The General Plan,” “the General Plan,” “this General Plan,” and “The Plan” interchangeably.

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1.1 CONTEXT
The City of Fresno2 last comprehensively updated its General Plan in 2002. Since then, the city has undergone a significant demographic and urban transformation. The legal environment governing land use, environmental preservation, housing, and other planning issues has also changed. A major, comprehensive revision of the General Plan is therefore necessary to eliminate any obsolete elements and policies, ensure legal conformity, and address new challenges, such as the need to prudently manage growth and enhance the city’s economy.

The Fresno General Plan is forward-looking, comprehensive, and long-range. It supports the community’s vision to preserve the desirable qualities that make the city of Fresno an ideal place to live, work, and play. The Plan recommends strategies to address prevalent existing conditions and trends that impede achieving and maintaining greater human, community, environmental, and economic health and prosperity. The Plan envisions Fresno as a vibrant, growing city, infused with a sense of heritage and community.

The primary purpose of a general plan is to outline a long-range vision for the physical development of the city that reflects the aspirations of the community. Since economic, social, transportation, environmental, public facilities and services, and other outcomes are interrelated with land use and development and are important to the community, the Plan includes applicable policies related to these complementary areas as well. The Plan presents a blueprint to guide economic development initiatives, as well as needed investments in improvements to increase competitiveness and promote economic growth. Planning and investment partnerships among landowners, developers, public agencies, and institutions will ensure effective and collaborative planning, efficient processing, shared public facilities and services financing. Under this Plan, the City will become a role model for Central Valley communities for growth management planning, regional cooperation, resilient urban development, economic vitality, revitalization of Downtown and established neighborhoods, resource efficiency, and environmental quality. The Plan also addresses a number of important community concerns, including:
• High concentrated poverty, high unemployment, and extreme disparities in qualityof-life circumstances and opportunities in different parts of the city; • Neglected and disinvested established neighborhoods and Downtown Planning Area;
2 The term “City of Fresno” or “City” with an upper case “C” used in this document refers to the City organization and institution governed and managed by the Mayor, City Council and City Staff. The term “city of Fresno” using a lower case “c’ or the word “Fresno” or “city” alone refers to the geographic urban area and built environment commonly, or the population as a whole, known as the city of Fresno.

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• Poor air quality, and environmental and community health issues; • Residential growth patterns that negatively impact natural resources and deplete strategic farmland; and
• Fiscal instability related to the city’s existing spread-out urban form and land use inefficiencies.

Overarching Principles of Resilience
The theme of resilience runs throughout the Plan and its strategies to address the city’s challenges and capitalize on its opportunities and assets. There are five principles of resilience that guide the intent and demonstrate the interrelationships among Plan goals, objectives, and implementing policies. These principles serve as an overarching framework for a healthy and prosperous Fresno.

1. Quality-of-Life and Basic Services in All Neighborhoods;

2. A Prosperous City - Centered on a Vibrant Downtown;

3. Ample Industrial and Employment Land Ready for Job Creation;

4. Care for the Built and Natural Environment; and

5. Fiscally Responsible and Sustainable Land Use Policies and Practices.

The Plan describes a balanced city with an appropriate proportion of its growth and reinvestment focused in the central core, Downtown, established neighborhoods, and along Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridors. A successful and vibrant Downtown is necessary to attract investment needed for infill development and rehabilitation of established neighborhoods, which are priorities for the Plan. Balancing a vibrant Downtown will be self-sufficient suburban Development Areas. This will result in a city with a revitalized Downtown and established neighborhoods and with livable new suburban neighborhoods supporting one another. The Plan contemplates subsequent adoption of community and Specific Plans to further refine and guide development in the Downtown Planning Area.

The Plan is not merely a compendium of ideas and wish lists. While it is general and long-range in scope, the Plan is also comprehensive with many near-term actions. It lays out policies and implementation strategies from the date of adoption to 2035 and beyond. The defined policies, figures, standards, guidelines and actions to be undertaken by the City focus on what is concrete and achievable in order to accommodate the future population. Broad objectives such as “economic development,” “quality of life,” and “neighborhood character” are meaningful only if translated into actions that are tangible and can be implemented. State law requires that many City B3 Attach #1 of 3
1-4 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
regulations, requirements, and actions be consistent with the Plan. Therefore, regular ongoing use and updating of the Plan is essential.3
Santa Fe Depot, pictured above, is the railroad station in the Downtown that is used by Amtrak California for its San Joaquin passenger train service. The historic renovated station is a local icon for the Fresno community. Photo: Joe Moore
Goals of the General Plan
The update process that created this General Plan was initiated to take a comprehensive look at where the city is, where it would like to be by General Plan Horizon (2035), and by General Plan Buildout beyond 2035 (see description for both on page 1-19). Some areas of Fresno may change very little in this timeframe, and others may change dramatically. This Plan focuses on current community needs, neighborhood character, economic development challenges and opportunities, mixed-use and infill development strategies, development considerations outside the current city limits, and the fiscal resources and management strategies needed to attain the City’s goals. Many of the existing community conditions are displayed in a series of figures at the end of this element, including Figure I-4: Existing Land Use and a number of figures that show the geographic distribution of the city’s existing demographic conditions. Lastly, the Plan responds to residents’ preferences about where different land uses such as 3 As a Charter city the City's zoning ordinance does not have to be consistent with the General Plan, but the City has chosen to require consistency in its Development Code.

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housing, shopping, industry, parks and recreation, and public facilities should be located and how City resources should be used to achieve the Plan’s goals.

Key themes of the Plan include the strengthening of existing centers of activity and commercial corridors in the city, as well as expansion of the city’s industrial capacity, retail base, and new residential neighborhoods. Thus, this Plan has been prepared to do the following:
• Establish a long-range vision that reflects the aspirations of the community and outlines steps to achieve this vision;
• Establish long-range land use development policies that will guide development decision-making by City departments by providing a basis for judging whether specific development proposals and public projects are in harmony with the outcomes envisioned in the Fresno General Plan policies; • Reflect the City’s current planning, resource conservation, and economic development efforts;
• Guide development in a manner that improves the quality of life for the whole community and meets future land needs based on the projected population and job growth;
• Allow the City, other public agencies, and private developers to design projects that will preserve and enhance community character and environmental resources, promote resiliency, and minimize hazards; and
• Provide the basis for establishing detailed plans and implementation programs, such as the zoning and subdivision regulations, community plans, Specific Plans, neighborhood plans, Concept Plans, and the Capital Improvement Program.

The Plan establishes 17 goals for the City. The introduction to each element of the Plan highlights which of these goals it supports:

1. Increase opportunity, economic development, business and job creation.

2. Support a successful and competitive Downtown.

Emphasize infill development and a revitalized central core area as the primary activity center for Fresno and the region by locating substantial growth in the B3 Attach #1 of 3
1-6 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
Downtown, and along the corridors leading to the Downtown. Use visionbased policies in a development code specific to the Downtown, when adopted, to ensure the creation of a unique sense of place in the central core.

3. Emphasize conservation, successful adaptation to climate and changing resource conditions, and performance effectiveness in the use of energy, water, land, buildings, natural resources, and fiscal resources required for the longterm sustainability of Fresno.

4. Emphasize achieving healthy air quality and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

5. Support agriculture and food production as an integral industry.

Emphasize the economic and cultural role of Fresno as a center of agriculture and food production systems by conserving farmland through a focus on developing vacant and underutilized land within the established Sphere of Influence of the City, limiting any further urban boundary expansion, and developing urban agriculture within the city and designated growth areas.

6. Protect, preserve, and enhance natural, historic, and cultural resources.

Emphasize the continued protection of important natural, historic and cultural resources in the future development of Fresno. This includes both designated historic structures and neighborhoods, but also “urban artifacts” and neighborhoods that create the character of Fresno.

7. Provide for a diversity of districts, neighborhoods, housing types (including affordable housing), residential densities, job opportunities, recreation, open space, and educational venues that appeal to a broad range of people throughout the city.

8. Develop Complete Neighborhoods and districts with an efficient and diverse mix of residential densities, building types, and affordability which are designed to be healthy, attractive, and centered by schools, parks, and public and commercial services to provide a sense of place and that provide as many services as possible within walking distance.

Intentionally plan for Complete Neighborhoods as an outcome and not a collection of subdivisions which do not result in Complete Neighborhoods.

9. Promote a city of healthy communities and improve quality of life in established neighborhoods.

Emphasize supporting established neighborhoods in Fresno with safe, well maintained, and accessible streets, public utilities, education and job training, proximity to jobs, retail services, health care, affordable housing, youth development opportunities, open space and parks, transportation options, and opportunities for home grown businesses.

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10. Emphasize increased land use intensity and mixed-use development at densities supportive of greater use of transit in Fresno.

Greater densities can be achieved through encouragement, infrastructure and incentives for infill and revitalization along major corridors and in Activity Centers.

11. Emphasize and plan for all modes of travel on local and Major Streets in Fresno.

Facilitate travel by walking, biking, transit, and motor vehicle with interconnected and linked neighborhoods, districts, major campuses and public facilities, shopping centers and other service centers, and regional transportation such as air, rail, bus and highways.

12. Resolve existing public infrastructure and service deficiencies, make full use of existing infrastructure, and invest in improvements to increase competitiveness and promote economic growth.

Emphasize the fair and necessary costs of maintaining sustainable water, sewer, streets, and other public infrastructure and service systems in rates, fees, financing and public investments to implement the General Plan.

Adequately address accumulated deferred maintenance, aging infrastructure, risks to service continuity, desired standards of service to meet quality-of-life goals, and required infrastructure to support growth, economic competitiveness and business development.

13. Emphasize the City as a role model for good growth management planning, efficient processing and permit streamlining, effective urban development policies, environmental quality, and a strong economy. Work collaboratively with other jurisdictions and institutions to further these values throughout the region.

Positively influence the same attributes in other jurisdictions of the San Joaquin Valley—and thus the potential for regional sustainability—and improve the standing and credibility of the City to pursue appropriate State, LAFCO, and other regional policies that would curb sprawl and prevent new unincorporated community development which compete with and threaten the success of sustainable policies and development practices in Fresno.

14. Provide a network of well-maintained parks, open spaces, athletic facilities, and walking and biking trails connecting the city’s districts and neighborhoods to attract and retain a broad range of individuals, benefit the health of residents, and provide the level of public amenities required to encourage and support development of higher density urban living and transit use.

15. Improve Fresno's visual image and enhance its form and function through urban design strategies and effective maintenance.

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1-8 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN

16. Protect and improve public health and safety.

17. Recognize, respect, and plan for Fresno's cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, and foster an informed and engaged citizenry.

Emphasize shared community values and genuine engagement with and across different neighborhoods, communities, institutions, businesses and sectors to solve difficult problems and achieve shared goals for the success of Fresno and all its residents.

Key Planning and Design Features
Some of the key planning and design features in this General Plan include:
• Economic Development, Downtown Revitalization Economic Development, Downtown Revitalization, Economic Development, Downtown Revitalization,and Neighborhood Revitalization and Neighborhood Revitalization through new initiatives, policies and programs designed to meet the city’s most pressing needs.
• Updated Urban Form based upon a revitalized Downtown and established Updated Urban Form neighborhoods, enhanced corridors with BRT and vibrant Activity Centers supported by concept planned new neighborhoods.
• Maximization of Urban and Fiscal Efficiency through a new balance and integration Maximization of Urban and Fiscal Efficiency of infill, rehabilitation, and growth area development that will benefit the city as a whole, compared to the historical near monolithic 100 percent of investment in outlying growth areas only.
• Minimization of Farmland Conversion by avoiding premature and inefficient Minimization of Farmland Conversion farmland conversion, focusing development within a defined planning boundary, and seeking long-term preservation of farmland acreage. • Complete Neighborhoods developed around parks and schools within walking Complete Neighborhoods distance with a mix of densities, building types, incomes, opportunities, and commercial services.
• Complete Streets, Connector Streets, Safe Complete Streets, Connector Streets, Safer Routes to School, Routes to School, Routes to School, and Multi and Multiand Multi and Multi-Modal Connectivity Connectivitynectivity nectivity by emphasizing neighborhood and street design that allows and encourages walking, biking, transit, and auto options.
• Measurable Results achieved by integrating design and implementing policies to Measurable Results produce measurable benefits related to reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, vehicle miles traveled, public health and household costs, consumption of water, energy, and land, and costs for infrastructure, operations, maintenance.

Relation of the General Plan to the Master EIR
The Fresno General Plan Master Environmental Impact Report (MEIR) will provide an analysis of the environmental impacts for the General Plan, and other projects as B3 Attach #1 of 3
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required by the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). After certification of the MEIR, the document may be used to provide the environmental analysis for individual planning approvals that implement the Plan when those “subsequent projects” are within the scope of the MEIR. CEQA Guidelines §15177 allows for limited environmental review when the lead agency determines that a subsequent project is within the scope of the MEIR. This provides for streamlining the CEQA process, saving time and money.

Under CEQA, the MEIR can provide streamlining opportunities for a variety of projects ranging from individual parcels, tract maps, and BRT Corridor to community, Specific, neighborhood and Concept Plans. A MEIR may be used for more than five years after it has been certified if it is either updated or if the City can make certain findings.

General Plan Requirements
State law requires each California municipality to prepare a general plan, which is a comprehensive, long-term vision “for the physical development of the county or city, and any land outside its boundaries which in the planning agency’s judgment bears relation to its planning.” State requirements call for general plans that “comprise an integrated, internally consistent and compatible statement of policies for the adopting agency.”
A city’s general plan has been described as its constitution for all future development— the framework within which decisions on how to grow, provide public services and facilities, and protect and enhance the environment must be made. California’s tradition of allowing local authority over land use decisions means that the State’s cities have considerable flexibility in preparing their general plans.

While allowing considerable flexibility, State planning laws do establish some requirements for the issues that general plans must address. The California Government Code (Section 65300) establishes both the content of general plans and rules for their adoption and subsequent amendment. Together, State law and judicial decisions establish three overall guidelines for general plans:
• The General Plan Must Be Comprehensive. This requirement has two aspects. First, The General Plan Must Be Comprehensive. the general plan must be geographically comprehensive. That is, it must apply throughout the entire incorporated area and it should include other areas that a jurisdiction determines bears a relation to its planning, as well as the equal context of the general plan. Second, the general plan must address the full range of relevant issues that affect the jurisdiction's physical development (California Government Code Section 65301(c)).
• The General Plan Must Be Internally Consistent. This requirement means that the The General Plan Must Be Internally Consistent. general plan must fully integrate its separate parts and relate them to each other B3 Attach #1 of 3
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without conflict. “Horizontal,” or internal, consistency applies both to figures and diagrams as well as general plan text. It also applies to data and analysis, as well as policies. All adopted elements of the general plan, whether required by State law or not, have equal legal weight. None may supersede another, so the general plan must balance and reconcile policies so there are no conflicts among the provisions of each element.
• The General Plan Must Be Long The General Plan Must Be Long-Range. Because anticipated development will affect the jurisdiction and the people who live or work there for years to come, State law requires every general plan to take a long-term perspective. Time frames for effective planning may vary between elements.

Consistency Requirements within the General Plan
State law requires general plans to include seven elements. This General Plan includes the seven required elements: Land Use, Circulation, Open Space, Conservation, Safety, Noise, and Housing. The seventh required element, the Housing Element, which was adopted by the City in 2008 and certified by the State in 2009, will be updated in 2015.

This Plan includes a Housing Element Consistency chapter that addresses consistency of the General Plan with the previously adopted Housing Element. Thus, all of the mandatory elements required by State law are included in this Plan.4 This Plan also includes optional elements5 that address local concerns: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability, Public Utilities and Services, Historic and Cultural Resources, Healthy Communities, and Implementation. Upon adoption of the Plan, these optional elements have equal weight under State law. Table 1-1 outlines how the required elements and optional elements correspond with this Plan. 4 Two or more mandated elements may be combined in a single element per California Government Code Section 65301(a) which has been done in this General Plan by combining into a single element the "Noise and Safety" elements. 5 The Government Code specifically states that the General Plan may include any other optional elements or address any other subjects that the City determines relate to the physical development of the city (California Government Code Section 65303).

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TABLE 1-1: REQUIRED AND OPTIONAL ELEMENTS WITH

CORRESPONDING GENERAL PLAN ELEMENTS
Required and Optional
Elements
General Plan Element
Optional
Optional
Land Use
Circulation
Open Space
Optional
Conservation
Optional
Safety
Noise
Optional
Housing
Optional
1: Introduction
2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability
3: Urban Form, Land Use, and Design
4: Mobility and Transportation
5: Parks, Open Space, and Schools
6: Public Utilities and Services
7: Resource Conservation and Resilience
8: Historic and Cultural Resources
9: Noise and Safety
9: Noise and Safety
10: Healthy Communities
11: Housing Element Consistency
12: Implementation
Source: Dyett & Bhatia, 2014.

Environmental Justice
While environmental justice is not a mandatory element in a general plan, there is a strong case for its inclusion, as State law now requires general plans to include consideration of environmental justice in preparing policies and implementation programs, and in creating the physical framework for development. The issues of environmental justice that the general plan can address include procedural inequities and geographic inequities.

Several new policies, distributed throughout this General Plan, are included to address environmental justice.

1.2 PLANNING CONTEXT
History of Fresno
Figure I-1: Historic Growth Patterns illustrates Fresno’s historic rate and pattern of growth. The city of Fresno’s story begins in 1871, when the Central Pacific Railroad was selecting station sites along the Central Pacific’s line through California’s San Joaquin Valley. In the midst of an otherwise dry prairie, Fresno was founded in 1872 with the establishment of the Fresno station. Since the railroad followed the lay of the San Joaquin Valley from northwest to southeast, the original surveyors of Fresno laid out the town’s parent grid to match the railroad tracks. Only when Fresno’s original diagonal grid met the north to south grid of the outlying agricultural colonies in the 1880s would the city adjust its streets to match the existing rural roads. This distinctive 45-degree adjustment at the edge of the original downtown core is shared by many San Joaquin Valley cities today.

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In 1885, Fresno was incorporated with a land area of three square miles and a population of approximately 4,000. Today, the original townsite is home to the largest concentration of historic structures and landmarks in Central California. A number of mid-rise buildings were erected in the Central Business District between 1915 and 1925, followed by a second building wave in the 1960s, giving Downtown the most distinctive skyline in the region.

Unlike the early 1890s, when it was estimated that roughly 40 percent of the city’s population lived southwest of Downtown, the dominant development pattern in the post WWII era has been to extend to the north and to a lesser degree to the east. This development was partially spurred by the extended streetcar system, the rise of the automobile, relatively cheap and abundant supply of land, evolving retail trends, and federal programs that enabled people to purchase single-family homes.

In 1957, a California Department of Highways plan called for construction of State Routes 99, 41, and 180 to form a freeway loop around Downtown, redirecting traffic around the City’s core rather than through it. The construction of the freeway loop system has had a devastating impact on the Downtown and its surrounding neighborhoods. Formerly unified neighborhoods were cut in two by freeways without surface crossings. Facilitated by the freeways, the City continued to stretch onto inexpensive land to the north and east, aiding the flight of people and businesses away from the center of the city.

Regional Location
The city of Fresno, located in the Central Valley, covers an area of 113 square miles.

Most of the remaining land uses surrounding the city are rural residential and agricultural in nature, although the city of Clovis is adjacent to the northeast edge of Fresno. With a 2010 population of 495,000, Fresno is the largest city in Fresno County and fifth largest in California. Figure I-2 shows the regional location.

State Route 99 runs northwest-southeast on the western edge of the city, connecting it with Sacramento, the San Francisco Bay Area, Bakersfield, and Los Angeles. It is designated as a High Emphasis Focus Route on the Caltrans Interregional Transportation Strategic Plan. State Route 41 runs north-south through the heart of the city, connecting it with Yosemite National Park. State Route 168 links the Downtown to Clovis, and State Route 180 runs east-west to both agricultural communities and Kings Canyon National Park.

The northern border of the city is largely defined by the San Joaquin River, which flows on to the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and San Francisco Bay. No major rivers or creeks run through the city, although many irrigation canals cross Fresno.

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Planning Area
The City’s Planning Area is the geographic area for which the General Plan establishes policies about future urban growth, long-term agricultural activity, and natural resource conservation. The boundary of the Planning Area was determined by City staff, and initiated by City Council, in response to State law requiring each City to include in its General Plan all territory within the boundaries of the incorporated area as well as “any land outside its boundaries which in the planning agency’s judgment bears relation to its planning” (California Government Code Section 65300).

The Planning Area includes the area within the City Limits, the City’s Sphere of Influence (SOI), and land to the north adjacent to the SOI that serves as a logical boundary along Willow Avenue and east of the San Joaquin River, as well as land to the southwest of the SOI dedicated to the Fresno-Clovis Regional Wastewater Reclamation Facility (RWRF). The area to the north has open space and low density residential land use designations consistent with the rural residential and open space properties that exist there now.

Sphere of Influence (SOI)
The SOI is a boundary that encompasses lands that are expected to ultimately be annexed by the City, although until annexed it falls under the jurisdiction of the County of Fresno. The City’s SOI is determined by the Fresno Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO), which is an entity empowered to review and approve proposed boundary changes and annexations by incorporated municipalities. The City’s SOI comprises all land within the City Limits (excluding the RWRF), as well as County Islands (unincorporated land entirely surrounded by the city) and land beyond the outer City Limits on all sides (see Figure I-2). The SOI encompasses 157 square miles in total, of which 44 square miles is unincorporated land.

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1-14 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
Much of the city is surrounded by agricultural and rural residential land uses, and to the east, the Sierra Nevada Mountains serve as a beautiful backdrop, as shown in this picture (looking east). Photo: Heather Heinks B3 Attach #1 of 3
1895-1945
1946-2011
Historic Growth Patterns
Planning Area Boundary
Sphere of Inuence
City Limits
Fresno County
Figure I-1 :

Historic Growth Patterns
0 2 4
MILES
1/2 1
Source: City of Fresno Development and
Resource Management Department, 2010.
180
41 99
168
180
99 41
Fresno Yosemite
International Airport
California
State University
Fresno
San Jo a q u i n R ive r

SHAW AVE SHAW AVE

HERNDON AVE HERNDON AVE

BLACKSTONE AVE

WILLOW AVE

ASHLAN AVE

SHIELDS AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

CEDAR AVE

SHIELDS AVE SHIELDS AVE

ASHLAN AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

KINGS CANYON RD

HIGHLAND AVE

KINGS CANYON RD

OLIVE AVE OLIVE AVE

BUTLER AVE

JENSEN AVE

NORTH AVE NORTH AVE

JENSEN AVE

KEARNEY BLVD

BELMONT AVE BELMONT AVE

BULLARD AVE

NEES AVE

SHEPHERD AVE

FIGARDEN DR

GRANTLAND AVE

GARFIELD AVE

BLYTHE AVE

LB EHTY A EV

ARB YELW A EV

SKRAM A EV

CLINTON AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

KLOP A EV

SKRAM A EV

A TSEW VE

P MLA AVE

WEBER AVE

GOLDEN STATE BLVD

FRESNO ST

W TUNLA A EV

GIF A EV

CENTRAL AVE

AMERICAN AVE

HCAEP A EV

RADEC A EV

TUNTSEHC A EV TUNTSEHC A EV

SIVOLC A EV LC SIVO A EV

RELWOF A EV

ECNAREPMET A EV

JENSEN AVE

ECNAREPMET A EV

TSRIF TS TSRIF TS

BLACKSTONE AVE

FRESNO ST

GOLDEN STATE BLVD
H ST

EVA SSEN NAV

BARSTOW AVE

FRIANT RD

CALIFORNIA AVE

TIURF A EV

ED EFLOW A EV

COPPER AVE

FT WASHINGTON RD TSRIF TS

ASHLAN AVE

RELWOF A EV

AORAM AVE

CHURCH AVE

ANNADALE MLE A EV

YRREHC A EV

TSAE A EV

EGNARO AVE

ELPAM A EV

WOLLIW A EV

TIURF A EV

TSEW A EV

SEHGUH AVE

CLINTON AVE CLINTON AVE

DAKOTA AVE EVA SSEN NAV

ALLUVIAL AVE

BEHYMER AVE

PERRIN AVE

TEAGUE AVE

GETTYSBURG AVE GETTYSBURG AVE

VETERANS

AUDUBON DR

YRB NA A EV

AH SEY A EV

AILENROC AVE

V ENITNELA AVE

TUNTSEHC A EV

TULARE AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

GATES AVE

BULLARD AVE

WHITESBRIDGE AVE

ELPAM AVE
LANE
Fresno-Clovis
Regional Wastewater
Reclamation Facility (RWRF)
B3 Attach #1 of 3
Sa n Joaq uin River
Kin gs
Ri ver
W. AMERICAN AVE
180
41 168
99 41
99 180
145
152
145
43 N. FRIANT RD
AVE 15
AVE 12
ROAD 36
AVE 9
AVE 7
W. HERNDON AVE
W. SHAW AVE
W. BELMONT AVE
W. SHIELDS AVE
AVE 21

CLEVELAND AVE
AVE 20
ROAD 26

RAYMOND RD
AVE 17
AVE 14
AVE 12

PECAN AVE
ROAD 29
ROAD 20
ROAD 23

GRANADA DR
ROAD 27
AVE 16

YOSEMITE AVE TOZER ST
Madera
ROAD 22
AVE 24
N. ACADEMY AVE
N. MCCALL AVE
E. HERNDON AVE
E. SHEPARD AVE
E. SHAW AVE
N. BLACKSTONE AVE
W. BULLARD AVE

GOLDEN STATE BLVD
N. FIRST ST
N. CEDAR AVE
N. WILLOW AVE
N. MINNEWAWA AVE
N. CLOVIS AVE Clovis
E. ASHLAN AVE
E. MCKINLEY AVE
E. KINGS CANYON RD
W. JENSEN AVE JENSEN AVE
E. CENTRAL AVE
E. AMERICAN AVE
E. ADAMS AVE
S. CLOVIS AVE
S. PEACH AVE
S. CHESTNUT AVE
S. CEDAR AVE
N. PALM AVE
N. WEST AVE
N. MARKS AVE
N. BRAWLEY AVE
W. LINCOLN AVE GRANTLAND AVE

POLK AVE
S. MARKS AVE
S. DICKENSON AVE

MADERA AVE
S. MADERA AVE

JAMES RD
S. PLACER AVE
S. BUTTE AVE
W. MANNING AVE
S. COLORADO RD
S. MCMULLIN GRADE
S. HENDERSON RD
E. MANNING AVE
Sanger
Fowler
EL MONTE WAY E. MOUNTAIN VIEW AVE
W. KAMM AVE
Carruthers
Kerman
San Joaquin
Selma
Parlier
Reedley
E. FLORAL AVE
Easton Del Rey
Raisin
City
W. SOUTH AVE
E. NEBRASKA AVE
E. CONEJO AVE
E. ROSE AVE
E. NORTH AVE
E. LINCOLN AVE
E. GOODFELLOW AVE
E. ANNADALE AVE
S. REED AVE
S. FRANKWOOD AVE
E. ADAMS AVE
S. ACADEMY AVE
S. LAC JAC AVE
S. NE WMARK AVE S. ZEDIKER AVE
S. MCCALL AVE
S. BETHEL AVE
S. FOWLER AVE S. TEMPERENCE AVE
S. DE WOLF AVE
S. CEDAR AVE
W. NORTH AVE
W. CENTRAL AVE
E. NEES AVE
E. COPPER AVE

AUBERRY RD
Friant Ker n Canal

MILLERTON RD
Millerton
Reservoir
S. NAPA AVE
S. WEST AVE
S. ELM AVE
Kingsburg DinubaALTA AVE S. BUTTONWILLOW AVE RD 56

M A D E R A

C OUN T Y

FRESN O

C OUN T Y

TULAR E

C OU N T Y
Friant
Prather
Figure I-2: Existing Regional Setting
Planning Area Boundary
Sphere of Inuence
Fresno City Limits
Clovis Sphere of Inuence
County Line
Other Cities
0 2 4
MILES
1 8
MADERA
FRESNO

MARIPOSA
MERCED

STANISLAUS
INYO
MONO
SAN
BENITO

MONTEREY
KINGS
TULARE
15 Miles
30 Miles
45 Miles
Source: City of Fresno, 2014.

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DECEMBER 2014 1-17
Public Participation Process
The General Plan update study and formulation process was initiated by City planning staff in the summer of 2010. In order for the Plan to accurately address community needs and values, a comprehensive public process of obtaining the input of residents, businesses, and property owners, as well as City officials was initiated. The General Plan Citizens Advisory Committee (GPCC) provided leadership throughout this process, which involved the sharing of information and ideas between elected and appointed officials, City staff, the planning consultants, and residents. The following methods were used over the course of the Plan update to ensure the community’s full participation:
• Stakeholder Interviews. Over 160 interviews were conducted with City officials and representatives of various community stakeholders and organizations. • Stakeholder Outreach. Stakeholder Outreach. Outreach included neighborhood meetings, focus groups and other agencies. City staff was invited to make over 100 presentations before neighborhood associations, as well as business, educational, social, and non-profit segments of the community to discuss the Fresno General Plan and the Alternatives Report.
• Community Workshops munity Workshops. Over 20 public workshops were held on various topics including visioning and guiding principles, economic development, urban form, healthy communities, transportation, resource conservation, and the Fresno General Plan conceptual alternative scenarios.
• General Plan Citizens Advisory Committee. General Plan Citizens Advisory Committee.Committee. Committee. The GPCC served as a “sounding board” for ideas and alternatives during the update process, formulating consensus and providing direction for City staff and consultant team work. The GPCC also heard public comment and participated with invited speakers in discussions on a range of planning topics. Moreover, GPCC members attended public workshops to facilitate dialogue and understand community concerns. The GPCC held 24 meetings throughout the process through May 2012.
• Planning Commission of the City of Fresno and City Council of the City of Fresno. Planning Commission of the City of Fresno and City Council of the City of Fresno.

City staff appeared at more than 10 Planning Commission and City Council meetings that included discussion items on the Fresno General Plan with specific issues requiring policy direction. These meetings were also open to the public. • Other City Commissions and Committees. Other City commissions and advisory committees also met periodically to discuss issues and concerns pertaining to the Fresno General Plan and provide comments on documents prepared. • Newsletter and Survey. The City published a newsletter in English and Spanish to Newsletter and Survey. introduce the planning process and provide details on means of participation. The newsletter was distributed in August 2011. The City also conducted a telephone survey on issues and priorities for the Fresno General Plan.

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1-18 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
• Fresno General Plan Website. Fresno General Plan Website. General Plan Website. A website was created for the Fresno General Plan process, linked to the main City website. All meeting agendas, staff reports, workshop summaries, planning documents, and figures created during the update process were posted on the site.
• Fresno General Plan Mailing List Fresno General Plan Mailing List. Those who requested to receive information and notices were placed on the Fresno General Plan email distribution list. • Availability of Documents. Copies of the results from GPCC, Planning Commission Availability of Documents. and City Council meetings, workshops, and presentations were made available on the Fresno General Plan website and at City Hall.

Planning Process
The planning process for the General Plan update consisted of an initial phase of information gathering and correspondence that resulted in a Map Atlas of Existing Conditions Report and a Service Provider Summaries report, followed by an in-depth exploration of targeted issues and potential policy initiatives via a series of working papers reviewed with the GPCC and at public workshops. These findings, along with the GPCC’s visioning process setting goals for the Plan, culminated in the alternatives phase.

Alternatives
The alternatives process explored four fundamentally different approaches to accommodate projected population and job growth while meeting the proposed vision for Fresno. The Alternatives Report for the General Plan Citizens Committee, issued in March 2012, reviewed the four options, which differed by the type, density, mix, and location of future growth. The report evaluated the alternative scenarios against one another in terms of their relative (1) ability to meet housing and job demand, (2) provision of parks and open space, (3) impact on transportation and mobility, and (4) adherence to the proposed goals. A Fiscal Impact Analysis of the Concept Alternatives was prepared that assessed the comparative fiscal impacts of four alternative scenarios, and a RapidFire scenario impact assessment was also conducted that compared alternatives in terms of relative greenhouse gas emissions; household costs; land consumption; vehicle miles traveled per capita and fuel use; public health; building energy, water consumed, and related costs; and cumulative infrastructure and operations and maintenance costs. These reports were reviewed in numerous public outreach meetings, at a community workshop, and at public hearings by the GPCC, Planning Commission, and City Council.

Alternative A with Modifications
The City Council endorsed Alternative A with modifications. Alternative A focused on rebuilding the primary corridors as a series of neighborhood and regional mixed-use B3 Attach #1 of 3
DECEMBER 2014 1-19
centers surrounded by higher density housing, with roughly half of future housing in the City Limits and roughly half in growth areas on the urban edge. The Council’s modified Alternative A shifted more development to single-family housing and with more focus on growth west and southwest of State Route 99, but maintained a strong commitment to Downtown and major corridor revitalization, Complete Neighborhoods, and more compact development.

1.3 DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE PLAN – DWELLINGS,

POPULATION, AND JOBS
General Plan Horizon and General Plan Buildout
The “General Plan Horizon” will occur in the year 2035. Complete development under the General Plan past the horizon year of 2035 is referred to as “General Plan Buildout.” Designation of a site for a certain use does not necessarily mean that the site will be built/redeveloped with the designated use by Plan Horizon in 2035.

The City Council called for no expansion of the City’s SOI under the General Plan Horizon. It elected not to expand the SOI in part to fully develop Development Areas west and southwest of State Route 99, and to plan for the phased development of the Southeast Development Area (SEDA), formerly known as Southeast Growth Area (SEGA), which requires its development through adoption of a Specific Plan that includes comprehensive provision of public infrastructure. Portions of SEDA are anticipated to develop by 2035, with General Plan Buildout not occurring until 2050 or beyond.

The preservation of the SOI boundary for the General Plan not only serves to promote the successful development of SEDA, which will be built out over the longer term, but also will increase the opportunity to focus needed resources in Downtown and established neighborhoods, benefitting current home and property owners. Ultimately, it will lead to thoughtfully conceived and quality development in all Development Areas.

In addition, the strategic investment upgrades to the City’s surface water treatment facilities and distribution system, as well as the City’s wastewater reclamation facilities and distribution system needed to serve the greater development capacities called for by this Plan can only be justified by a fixed SOI boundary over the planning period as noted by goals, objectives and policies in this Plan.

Two levels of development under the Plan are described below and analyzed in the accompanying MEIR:
• General PlanGeneral Plan General Plan General PlanHorizon Horizon Horizon(2035). (2035). (2035). The General Plan has a horizon year of 2035, which means that figures for growth in residential units, non-residential square footage, B3 Attach #1 of 3
1-20 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
population, and jobs under the Plan are estimated through 2035. The Plan guides future development to Established Neighborhoods and Development Areas (see Figure I-3: Residential Capacity Allocation) that include both sites within the current city limits and sites within the growth areas that require future annexation to the city, consistent with the adopted Alternative A modified, and as described in the Urban Form, Land Use, and Design Element. Even with complete development under this Plan Horizon of 2035, it is anticipated that some areas in the City’s SOI will remain undeveloped.
• General PlanGeneral Plan General Plan General PlanBuildout (beyond 2035). Buildout (beyond 2035). Buildout (beyond 2035). After the 2035 horizon year, it is anticipated that the city will continue to develop beyond the General Plan Horizon. It will grow into the remaining portions of the SOI that were not developed during the horizon of the General Plan. Full Buildout of this SOI is anticipated to occur well after 2035, under the land uses, policies, and plans of this General Plan and as shown in Figure LU-1: Land Use Diagram.

The reason that two scenarios are contemplated and discussed is because the General Plan Land Use Diagram designates land uses for the entire SOI, and it is unlikely that all the vacant and underutilized land available to develop on within the City’s SOI will be developed on by the year 2035, which is the extent of this General Plan, and so additional consideration must be given to the remaining vacant and underutilized land that will be available to build on after the year 2035. This Plan has been analyzed and presented under the General Plan Horizon development level. However, the MEIR analyzes the environmental impacts of the General Plan under the Buildout of the SOI, so the complete buildout figures of the SOI were used, as opposed to the figures for the horizon year of the Plan. Figures for both the Plan and the subsequent SOI development are presented on the following pages.

Residential Development
Table 1-2 provides the existing and additional housing units expected under the General Plan Horizon and the General Plan Buildout. As shown, approximately 191,000 units currently exist in the SOI. The Plan is intended to accommodate an additional 76,000 units. In total, General Plan Horizon will result in an estimated 267,000 housing units in the SOI by 2035. Around 32,000 of these new units would be located in the existing city limits, including Downtown (see Table 1-3). After the 2035 horizon of the General Plan, development will continue to occur in the SOI raising the estimated number of residential units to be built to 145,000. Complete Buildout will result in approximately 336,000 in the SOI. Around 55,610 of these new units would be located in the existing city limits, including Downtown (see Table 1-4).

Table 1-3 details the General Plan residential buildout capacity by housing type (multifamily and townhouse, or single-family) and location (inside City Limits or requiring annexation), as shown in Figure I-3.

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DECEMBER 2014 1-21
TABLE 1-2: RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT CAPACITY UNDER
HORIZON AND BUILDOUT1
Residential Dwelling Units General Plan Horizon General Plan Buildout Existing2191,000 191,000
Additional Capacity 76,000 145,000
Total Capacity 267,000 336,000

1. Calculations are based on August 9, 2012 Land Use Diagram Draft Figure 2 of the Initiation Draft.

2. Existing dwelling unit count is based on the 2010 Census for dwelling units within the City Limits (approximately 171,000 dwelling units) added to the Fresno Council of Government informal aerial photo and census tract study estimate of 2010 population and dwelling units within the area located outside of the City Limits and inside the City’s Sphere of Influence boundary (approximately 20,000 dwelling units) for a total of approximately 191,000 dwelling units.

TABLE 1-31: RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT CAPACITY2 UNDER GENERAL PLAN

HORIZON
Area3Type of Dwelling Unit Location of Dwelling Unit Total Multi-family
and
Townhouse
Singlefamily Development on
Sites in Current
City Limits
Development
on Sites in
Growth Areas
Requiring
Annexation
Downtown Planning Area 7,800 1,200 9,000 0 9,000
BRT Corridors 6,000 0 6,000 0 6,000
Established Neighborhoods
South of Shaw
4,700 3,000 5,700 2,000 7,700
Established Neighborhoods
North of Shaw
4,000 2,400 6,200 200 6,400
South Industrial 0 0 0 0 0
DA-1: North 6,500 10,500 2,600 14,400 17,000
DA-1: South 4,000 6,500 2,500 8,000 10,500
DA-2: North 500 2,000 0 2,500 2,500
DA-2: South 500 1,500 0 2,000 2,000
DA-3: Southeast 2,500 3,500 0 6,000 6,000
DA-4: East 5,100 3,800 0 8,900 8,900
DA-4: West 0 0 0 0 0
Sub Totals 41,600 34,400 32,000 44,000 76,000
Total Dwelling Units under
General Plan Horizon
76,000 76,000

1. Calculations are based on August 9, 2012 Land Use Diagram Draft Figure 2 of the Initiation Draft.

2. The term “capacity” is intended to mean a Development Area’s ability to accommodate a specified number of units and is not intended to indicate the number of actual units built.

3. DA is Development Area. See Figure I-3: Residential Capacity Allocation.

Source: City of Fresno and Dyett & Bhatia, 2014.

B3 Attach #1 of 3
Downtown Planning Area
BRT Corridors Outside
Downtown Planning Area
Established Neighborhoods
South of Shaw
Established Neighborhoods
North of Shaw
South Industrial Area
Established Neighborhoods
DA-1 North
DA-1 South
DA-2 North
DA-2 South
DA-3 Southeast
DA-4 East
DA-4 West
Development Areas
180
41 99
168
180
99 41
Figure I-3:

Residential Capacity
Allocation
0 2 4
MILES
1/2 1
Planning Area Boundary
Sphere of Inuence
City Limits
Railroad lines
Airports
DA-1
North
DA-4
West
DA-1
South
DA-3
DA-4
East
DA-2
South
DA-2
North
South Industrial
Downtown
Established Neighborhoods South of Shaw
Established
Neighborhoods
South of Shaw
Established Neighborhoods North of Shaw
Source: City of Fresno
S a n J o a q u i n R i v e r
Note: The Corridor along Shaw
Avenue is to be supported by
enhanced bus service.

SHAW AVE SHAW AVE

HERNDON AVE HERNDON AVE BLACKSTONE AVE

WILLOW AVE

ASHLAN AVE

SHIELDS AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

CEDAR AVE

SHIELDS AVE SHIELDS AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

KINGS CANYON RD

HIGHLAND AVE

OLIVE AVE OLIVE AVE

BUTLER AVE

JENSEN AVE

NORTH AVE NORTH AVE

JENSEN AVE

KEARNEY BLVD

BELMONT AVE BELMONT AVE

BULLARD AVE

NEES AVE

SHEPHERD AVE

GRANTLAND AVE

GARFIELD AVE

BLYTHE AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

MARKS AVE

CLINTON AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

POLK AVE

MARKS AVE

WEST AVE

PALM AVE

WEBER AVE

GOLDEN STATE BLVD

FRESNO ST WALNUT AVE FIG AVE

CENTRAL AVE

AMERICAN AVE

PEACH AVE

CEDAR AVE

CHESTNUT AVE CHESTNUT AVE

CLOVIS AVE CLOVIS AVE

FOWLER AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

JENSEN AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

FIRST ST FIRST ST

BLACKSTONE AVE

FRESNO ST

GOLDEN STATE BLVD
H ST

VAN NESS AVE

BARSTOW AVE

FRIANT RD

CALIFORNIA AVE

FRUIT AVE

DE WOLFE AVE

COPPER AVE

FT WASHINGTON RD FIRST ST

ASHLAN AVE

FOWLER AVE

MAROA AVE

CHURCH AVE

ANNADALE

ELM AVE

CHERRY AVE

EAST AVE

ORANGE AVE

MAPLE AVE

WILLOW AVE

FRUIT AVE

HUGHES AVE

WEST AVE

CLINTON AVE CLINTON AVE

DAKOTA AVE

VAN NESS AVE

ALLUVIAL AVE

BEHYMER AVE

PERRIN AVE

TEAGUE AVE

GETTYSBURG AVE GETTYSBURG AVE

VETERANS

AUDUBON DR

BRYAN AVE

HAYES AVE

CORNELIA AVE

VALENTINE AVE

CHESTNUT AVE

TULARE AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

BULLARD AVE

WHITESBRIDGE AVE

MAPLE AVE
Fresno Yosemite
International
Airport
California
State University
Fresno
Fresno-Clovis
Regional Wastewater
Reclamation Facility (RWRF)

FIGARDEN DR
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DECEMBER 2014 1-23
Table 1-4 presents residential dwelling unit capacity by Development Area in General Plan Buildout, which is beyond 2035. An additional 55,610 residential units are projected to develop in the City Limits, while 89,764 units are projected to develop in Growth Areas requiring annexation, for an additional 145,374 residential units in the SOI at the end of General Plan Buildout. The analysis relied on vacant land sites available for all areas of the SOI, except for the BRT corridors which relied on a residential capacity analysis of existing commercial built land on BRT corridors, and the Downtown Planning Area which is based on projections.

Horizon and Buildout Population
The existing and estimated future population figures are presented in Table 1-5 for both the General Plan Horizon and General Plan Buildout.1 The city’s population of 495,000 in 2010 represents a 16 percent increase over its 2000 population of 428,000—an annual growth rate of 1.25 percent. The entire SOI had a 2010 population of 545,000, so around 50,000 people live in unincorporated land within the SOI. The General Plan Horizon will accommodate a population of approximately 226,000 new residents by 2035 within the SOI, resulting in a total 1 Calculations are based on August 9, 2012 Land Use Diagram Draft Figure 2 of the Initiation Draft.

TABLE 1-41: RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT CAPACITY UNDER
BUILDOUT (BEYOND 2035)
Area2 Number of Dwelling
Units on Sites in
Current City Limits
Number of
Dwelling Units in
Growth Areas
Requiring
Annexation
Total
Downtown Planning Area 10,000 0 10,000
BRT Corridors 10,471 0 10,471
Established Neighborhoods
South of Shaw
8,925 2,227 11,152
Established Neighborhoods
North of Shaw
9,017 486 9,503
South Industrial 7 0 7
DA-1: North 7,072 18,723 25,795
DA-1: South 9,085 11,564 20,649
DA-2: North 52 2,996 3,048
DA-2: South 206 2,238 2,444
DA-3: Southeast 0 9,092 9,092
DA-4: East 0 35,008 35,008
DA-4: West 775 7,430 8,205
Total Dwelling Units under
Buildout
55,610 89,764 145,374

1. Calculations are based on August 9, 2012 Land Use Diagram Draft Figure 2 of the Initiation Draft.

2. DA is Development Area. See Figure I-3: Residential Capacity Allocation.

Source: City of Fresno.

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1-24 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
population of 771,000 and an average annual growth rate of 1.24 percent. Meanwhile, General Plan Buildout anticipates an additional 425,000 new residents over the existing population by an unspecified date within the SOI, resulting in a total population of 970,000.

TABLE 1-51: POPULATION ESTIMATE UNDER HORIZON AND

BUILDOUT
Population General Plan Horizon General Plan Buildout
Existing2545,000 545,000
Additional Estimated 226,000 425,000
Total 771,000 970,000

1. Calculations are based on August 9, 2012 Land Use Diagram Draft Figure 2 of the Initiation Draft.

2. Existing Population includes the entire SOI area population from 2010 Census Data.

Source: City of Fresno.

Non-Residential Development
The amount of new non-residential development expected under General Plan Horizon and General Plan Buildout are detailed in Table 1-6. Under the General Plan Horizon, an estimated 55,000,000 square feet of non-residential use capacity is calculated as possible by 2035, while nearly 104,000,000 square feet of non-residential use capacity above current levels (approximately 49,000,000 square feet more than the 2035 horizon) is anticipated under General Plan Buildout. The new space is fairly evenly split between retail, office, and other uses (industrial, research and development, flex space, etc.).1
TABLE 1-61: ADDITIONAL ESTIMATED NON-RESIDENTIAL

FLOOR AREA UNDER HORIZON AND BUILDOUT
Additional Floor Area Above Current Levels In Square
Feet
Type General Plan Horizon General Plan Buildout
Retail210,925,293 20,613,762
Office318,334,371 34,593,153
Industry and Business Parks425,759,611 48,603,040
Total 55,019,275 103,809,955

1. Calculations are based on August 9, 2012 Land Use Diagram Draft Figure 2 of the Initiation Draft.

2. Sum of commercial floor area plus 50 percent of non-residential CMX floor area, 80 percent non-residential NMX floor area, 87.5 percent of non-residential RMX floor area, and 10 percent of BP/RBP floor area.

3. Sum of office floor area plus 50 percent of non-residential CMX floor area, 20 percent non-residential NMX floor area, 12.5 percent of non-residential RMX floor area, and 60 percent of BP/RBP floor area.

4. Sum of light and heavy industry land use floor area plus 30 percent of BP/RBP floor area.

Source: City of Fresno and Dyett & Bhatia, 2014.
1 Calculations are based on August 9, 2012 Land Use Diagram Draft Figure 2 of the Initiation Draft.

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Horizon and Buildout Employment and Jobs/Resident Balance A city’s ratio of jobs/employed residents would be 1:1 if the number of jobs in the city equaled the number of employed residents. In theory, such a balance would eliminate the need for commuting outside of the city for employment opportunities. More realistically, a balance means that in-commuting and out-commuting are matched, leading to efficient use of the transportation system, particularly during peak hours.

At the Horizon Year of 2035, the General Plan can accommodate 0.48 jobs per new resident, roughly equivalent to the current percentage of the city’s population in the labor force (46 percent according to the 2010 US Census). Therefore, at General Plan Horizon, the SOI could accommodate approximately a total of 108,000 new jobs above current levels based on 0.48 jobs per 226,000 new residents anticipated by 2035 (see Table 1-5 for population). These new jobs would be roughly broken down into:
• Retail = 50,000 new jobs
• Office = 32,500 new jobs
• Other = 25,500 new jobs
At General Plan Buildout, well after 2035, it is estimated that there would be 0.45 jobs per new resident, roughly equivalent to the current percentage of the city’s population in the labor force (46 percent according to the 2010 US Census). At General Plan Buildout, the SOI could accommodate approximately a total of 189,500 new jobs above current levels based on 0.45 jobs per 425,000 new residents anticipated (see Table 1-5 for population). These new jobs would be roughly broken down into:
• Retail = 87,700 new jobs
• Office = 57,000 new jobs
• Other = 44,700 new jobs

1.4 PLAN ORGANIZATION
General Plan Structure
The General Plan is organized into the following elements:
• Introduction.Introduction. Introduction. This introductory element includes General Plan goals, State Introduction. requirements, and requirements for administration of the Plan. In addition, the projected development under General Plan Horizon and General Plan Buildout are summarized, and overarching themes of the Plan are presented. • Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability. This element addresses strategies Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability. for the City to boost the strength and range of existing businesses, expand B3 Attach #1 of 3
1-26 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
economic opportunities for current and future residents, and ensure the long-term ability of the City to deliver a high level of public services. • Urban Form, Land Use and Design. This element provides the physical framework Urban Form, Land Use and Design. for development in the city. It establishes policies related to the location and intensity of new development, citywide land use and growth management policies. • Mobility and Transportation. This element includes policies, programs, and standards to maintain efficient circulation for vehicles and alternative modes of transportation. It creates a framework for provision of Complete Streets; identifies future street and bikeway improvements; and addresses trails, parking, public transit, goods movement, and long-term plans for the municipal airport. • Parks, Open Space, and Schools. Parks, Open Space, and Schools.and Schools. and Schools. This element provides an inventory of existing and planned parks, recreation facilities, other open space, and public schools, and defines policies and standards relating to these services and amenities. This element also outlines policies relating to the preservation of open space and natural resources.
• Public Utilities and Services. The element addresses the provision of police, fire, Public Utilities and Services. wastewater treatment, drinking water, drainage, and solid waste disposal services. • Resource Conservation and Resilience. Resource Conservation and Resilience.Resilience. Resilience. This element provides strategies for improving critical environmental conditions regarding air quality and greenhouse gas emissions, ensuring long-term water and energy supplies, and strengthening the city for potential future changes in resource supply and climate change. The element complies with the requirements of AB 1706 for jurisdictions in the San Joaquin Valley to amend their general plans to include goals, data and analysis, policies and feasible implementation strategies designed to improve air quality. • Historic and Cultural Resources. This element provides policy guidance to protect, Historic and Cultural Resources. preserve, and celebrate the city’s history and its architectural and cultural heritage. • Noise and Safety. This element addresses the risks posed by geologic hazards, Noise and Safety. wildland fire, hazardous materials, and flooding. It also discusses emergency response, safety service response standards, and evacuation routes. The element also includes policies and standards to limit the impacts of noise sources throughout the city. Future noise contours are illustrated in order to facilitate administration of noise policies and standards.
• Healthy Communities. This element focuses specifically on subjects not fully discussed in other elements, in particular the relationships between the built, natural, and social environments, community health and wellness outcomes, youth leadership and community engagement, healthy food access, community gardens and urban agriculture.
6 Assembly Bill 170, Reyes (AB 170), was adopted by State lawmakers in 2003, creating Government Code Section 65302.1.

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• Housing Element Consistency. This chapter provides information regarding the Housing Element Consistency. ousing Element Consistency. consistency between the General Plan and the adopted Housing Element, including a matrix showing how the General Plan consistently implements the requirements of the Housing Element.
• Implementation. The Implementation element provides an implementation and Implementation. monitoring program for this General Plan.

Structure of the Elements
Each element of the General Plan typically contains:
• Introduction to provide a short overview of the element; • Goals of the General Plan supported by the particular element; • General background information and supporting narrative to provide context; • Objectives that provide intermediate steps toward attaining the goals; • Policies to guide decision making and commitment to particular actions to implement the objectives, which may include existing programs or call for the establishment of new ones; and
• Commentary or Policy Guidance to further discuss and clarify certain policies.

The Housing Element Consistency chapter varies somewhat from this format by focusing on how the General Plan’s goals, objectives and policies are consistent with the existing Housing Element, which has already been adopted and is incorporated into this Plan. The Implementation Element also has a different format to show how each policy has an implementation measure, including an action, procedure or program or technique that carries out the policy.

Together, the goals, objectives and policies articulate a vision for Fresno that the Plan seeks to achieve. They also provide protection for the city’s resources by establishing planning requirements, programs, standards, and criteria for project review.

Understanding the Plan
To help understand how this Plan is intended to be applied, consider the following when reading this document:
• Mandatory and Flexible Directives: Mandatory and datory and Flexible Directives: Flexible Directives: Terms in goals, objectives, policies and implementation measures such as “shall,” “must,” and “require” signify an unequivocal directive, which shall be narrowly construed. Any other language such as “may” or “should” signifies a less rigid directive, to be implemented in the B3 Attach #1 of 3
1-28 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
absence of compelling or contravening considerations. Unless clearly identified as an unequivocal directive, terms should be interpreted to be a flexible directive. • Consistency:Consistency: Consistency: Goals, objectives, policies and implementation measures should not Consistency:
be interpreted so broadly or narrowly such that they become inconsistent with one another or the law. One way to do this when reviewing the Plan is to mentally add “as otherwise consistent with the Plan and as authorized by law” to every policy or other item.
• Priorities:Priorities: Priorities: Some objectives, policies, etc., may identify certain items as being a Priorities:
priority or prioritized, and sometimes multiple priorities are identified for the same subject matter. A “priority” in an unequivocal directive means the topic must be considered, along with any other priorities for the same subject matter, before a decision is reached. It does not require precedent over another item or priority for the same subject matter.
• Commentary: The commentary in italics following certain goals, objectives and Commentary: mmentary:Commentary:
policies is not part of the goal, objective or policy itself, but is instead advisory and informational narrative intended to further discuss and clarify the goal to help guide the objectives of the General Plan. The same applies to commentary in italics following certain objectives and policies, which is not part of the objective or policy, is instead advisory and informational narrative intended to help guide the understanding and relevancy of the General Plan.
• Narrative: Any discussion that is not a goal, objective, policy or implementation Narrative: rrative:Narrative:
measure is considered to be narrative. Narrative includes background information, pictures, illustrations, italicized commentary and other discussion to provide basic context. Often the narrative may contain illustrations or discussions generally explaining certain principles or concepts. These are not requirements of the General Plan, unless otherwise the items are independently required by a goal, objective, policy or implementation measure.7 Other than the discussion in this “Understanding the Plan” section, narrative cannot be used to vary, expand or restrict any goal, objective, policy or implementation measure. • Glossary: The Glossary defines terms and phrases. The narrative can potentially Glossary:Glossary:
expand the context of terms and phrases to the extent the narrative is not inconsistent or acts to otherwise vary, expand, or restrict any goal, objective, policy or implementation measure.
• Language of Approximation: Terms such as “about,” “approximately” or “roughly” Language of Approximation: guage of Approximation:
are intended to be utilized flexibly, and should not be read to either represent a 7 The following Figures and Tables, as may be amended from time to time, are policies – even if not specifically referenced by an individual policy: Figure LU-1; Figure LU-2; Figure MT-1; Figure MT-2; Figure MT-4; Figure POSS-1; Figure POSS-2; Figure POSS-3; Figure NS-2; Figure NS-3; Figure NS-4; Figure NS-5; Figure NS-6; Figure NS-7; Figure IM1; Figure IM-2; Table 3-1; Table 3-3; Table 4-1; Table 9-2; Table 9-3; Table 11-3; Table 11-4; Table 11-5; Table 11-7; Table 11- 8; Table 11-9; Table 11-10; Table 11-11; Table 11-12; Table 11-13; Table 12-1.

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specific amount or to mandate ratios or a particular margin of variation. Further, such terms should not be read to imply a specific timeline requirement for implementation of goals and objectives. Rather, all goals and objectives are generally expected to be complete at or near the close of the General Plan Horizon in 2035.
• Titles: Titles have sometimes been provided for programs, regulations, ordinances Titles:
or other items anticipated to be approved at some future date. These titles are for informational purposes only, and a different title may be used if the program or ordinance otherwise meets the underlying intent of the goal, objective, policy or implementation measure.
• Reasonableness: The Plan should be read to provide the City with the greatest Reasonableness: sonableness:
discretion as to what is reasonable or appropriate under applicable law. For example, if a policy requires the City to take action “as resources are available,” the City is solely responsible for determining what is reasonably available. In making this determination, the City may look at a variety of factors including this Plan and public health, welfare and safety.

Administration of the Plan
The General Plan is intended to be a dynamic document. As such, it may be subject to more site-specific and comprehensive amendments over time, including mandatory amendments to update the Housing Element as required by law, amendments that may be needed to conform to State or federal law passed after adoption, or to eliminate or modify policies that may become obsolete or unrealistic over time due to changed conditions, such as the completion of a task or project, development on a site, or adoption of an ordinance or plan.

Annual Report
It is good planning practice to provide an annual report to the local legislative body on the status of the General Plan and progress in its implementation. This report provides an opportunity to investigate and make recommendations to the legislative body regarding reasonable and practical means for implementing the Plan, so that it will serve as an effective guide for orderly growth and development, preservation and conservation of open-space land and natural resources, and the efficient expenditure of public funds relating to the subjects addressed in the Plan. The report should include a summary of all Plan amendments adopted during the preceding year, as well as a work program for the upcoming year. The work program should outline upcoming projects and any Plan issues that need to be addressed.

All cities must submit an annual progress report to the State on Housing Element implementation, which must include an analysis of the progress in meeting the city's B3 Attach #1 of 3
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share of regional housing needs and local efforts to remove governmental constraints to maintenance, improvement, and development of workforce housing (California Government Code Sections 65583, 65584). City staff will continue to submit the Housing Element report to the State annually.

1.5 PLANNING FACTOR FIGURES
On the following pages are figures (Figures I-4 through I-14) showing key planning factors that guided policy development for this General Plan, including existing land use, socioeconomic factors, and housing ownership.

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180
41 99
168
180
99 41
Southeast
Development
Area
Southeast
Development Area

SHAW AVE SHAW AVE

HERNDON AVE HERNDON AVE BLACKSTONE AVE

WILLOW AVE

ASHLAN AVE

SHIELDS AVE

MCKINLEY AVE
Fresno Yosemite
International
Airport
Willow
International
Center
Fresno
City
College
Fresno-Clovis
Regional Wastewater
ReclamationFacility

CEDAR AVE

SHIELDS AVE SHIELDS AVE

ASHLAN AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

NEILSEN AVE

KINGS CANYON RD

HIGHLAND AVE

KINGS CANYON RD

OLIVE AVE OLIVE AVE

BELMONT AVE

BUTLER AVE

JENSEN AVE

NORTH AVE NORTH AVE

JENSEN AVE

CALIFORNIA AVE

KEARNEY BLVD

BELMONT AVE BELMONT AVE

BULLARD AVE

NEES AVE

SHEPHERD AVE

FIGARDEN DR

VETERANS

GRANTLAND AVE

GARFIELD AVE

BLYTHE AVE

CORNELIA AVE

WHITES BRIDGE AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

MARKS AVE MARKS AVE

CLINTON AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

POLK AVE

MARKS AVE

WEST AVE

PALM AVE

WEBER AVE

GOLDEN STATE BLVD

FRESNO ST

WALNUT AVE

TULARE AVE

ELM AVE

EAST AVE

FIG AVE

CENTRAL AVE

ORANGE AVE AMERICAN AVE CEDAR AVE
PEACH
CEDAR
AVE
AVE

CHESTNUT AVE CHESTNUT AVE

CLOVIS AVE CLOVIS AVE

FOWLER AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

JENSEN AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

FIRST ST FIRST ST

BLACKSTONE AVE

FRESNO ST

VENTURA ST

GOLDEN STATE BLVD

VAN NESS AVE
H ST

STANISLAUS ST
P ST

DIVISADERO ST
H ST
G ST

VAN NESS AVE

MAROA AVE MAROA AVE

SIERRA AVE

BULLARD AVE

BARSTOW AVE

VAN NESS BLVD

DANTE AVE

BULLARD AVE

PERRIN AVE

INTERNATIONAL AVE

FRIANT RD

CALIFORNIA AVE
Fresno
Pacific
University
Fresno
Chandler
Executive
Airport
Regional
Sports
Complex
Roeding
Park

FRUIT AVE

WISHON AVE

CLINTON AVE

DAKOTA AVE

GETTYSBURG AVE

BARSTOW

BULLARD

ALLUVIAL AVE

TEAGUE AVE

BEHYMER AVE

COPPER AVE CHESTNUT AVE

MAPLE AVE

SIERRA AVE
California
State University
Fresno

GETTYSBURG AVE

DAKOTA AVE

CHURCH AVE CHURCH AVE

ANNADALE AVE

CHERRY AVE

MAPLE AVE

WILLOW AVE WILLOW AVE

MINNEWAWA AVE

FOWLER AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

LEONARD AVE

DE WOLFE AVE

ARMSTRONG AVE

TULARE AVE

CALIFORNIA AVE

SUNNYSIDE AVE

ALLUVIAL AVE

AUDUBON AVE

VALENTINE AVE

HAYES AVE

BRYAN AVE SHAW AVE

CLINTON AVE
McCALL AVE

ARMSTRONG AVE
Woodward
Park
0 2 4
MILES
1/2 1
Planning Area Boundary
Sphere of Influence
City Limits
SEDA Boundary
Rural Residential
Single Family Residential
Multiple Family Residential
Commercial & Office
Public/Institutional
Industrial
Parks
Golf Course
Open Space/Agriculture
Vacant
Figure I-4:

Existing Land Use
Source: City of Fresno, DARM Dept., 2010; Primary Land Use, Fresno County, 2010.

San
Jo a q u i n
R ive r
Sa n J o a q u in Ri v e r
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0-20
21-31
32-41
42-51
Percent under age 17 by Census Tract
Planning Area Boundary
Sphere of Influence
City Limits
Figure I-5 :

Age - Population
under 17 years Old
0 2 4
MILES
1/2 1
Source: U.S. Census American Community Survey 2008-2012 San Jo a q u i n R ive r

SHAW AVE SHAW AVE

HERNDON AVE HERNDON AVE

BLACKSTONE AVE

WILLOW AVE

ASHLAN AVE

SHIELDS AVE

MCKINLEY AVE
Fresno Yosemite
International
Airport
California State University

CEDAR AVE
Fresno

SHIELDS AVE SHIELDS AVE

ASHLAN AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

KINGS CANYON RD HIGHLAND AVE

KINGS CANYON RD

OLIVE AVE OLIVE AVE

BELMONT AVE

BUTLER AVE

JENSEN AVE

NORTH AVE NORTH AVE

JENSEN AVE

KEARNEY BLVD

BELMONT AVE BELMONT AVE

BULLARD AVE

NEES AVE

SHEPHERD AVE

FIGARDEN DR

GRANTLAND AVE

GARFIELD AVE

BLYTHE AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

MARKS AVE

CLINTON AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

POLK AVE

MARKS AVE
N. WEST AVE

PALM AVE

WEBER AVE

GOLDEN STATE BLVD

FRESNO ST WALNUT AVE FIG AVE

CENTRAL AVE

AMERICAN AVE

PEACH AVE

CEDAR AVE

CHESTNUT AVE CHESTNUT AVE

CLOVIS AVE CLOVIS AVE

FOWLER AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

JENSEN AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

FIRST ST FIRST ST

BLACKSTONE AVE

FRESNO ST

GOLDEN STATE BLVD
H ST

VAN NESS AVE BARSTOW AVE

FRIANT RD

CALIFORNIA AVE

FRUIT AVE

DE WOLFE AVE

COPPER AVE

FTWASHINGTONRD

FIRST ST

AUDIBON
DR

ASHLAN AVE

FOWLER AVE
180
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168
180
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0.6-20

20.1-40

40.1-60

60.1-80

80.1-100
Percent White by Census Tract
0-20

20.1-40

40.1-60

60.1-80

80.1-100
Percent Hispanic or Latino by Census Tract
Planning Area Boundary
Sphere of Influence
City Limits
Figure I-6:

Ethnicity - Hispanic and White
by Census Tract
0 2 4
MILES
1/2 1
Source: U.S. Census American Community Survey 2008-2012 San Jo a q u i n R ive r

SHAW AVE SHAW AVE

HERNDON AVE HERNDON AVE

BLACKSTONE AVE

WILLOW AVE

ASHLAN AVE

SHIELDS AVE

MCKINLEY AVE
Fresno Yosemite
International
Airport
California State University

CEDAR AVE
Fresno

SHIELDS AVE SHIELDS AVE

ASHLAN AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

KINGS CANYON RD HIGHLAND AVE

KINGS CANYON RD

OLIVE AVE OLIVE AVE

BELMONT AVE

BUTLER AVE

JENSEN AVE

NORTH AVE NORTH AVE

JENSEN AVE

KEARNEY BLVD

BELMONT AVE BELMONT AVE

BULLARD AVE

NEES AVE

SHEPHERD AVE

FIGARDEN DR

GRANTLAND AVE

GARFIELD AVE

BLYTHE AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

MARKS AVE

CLINTON AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

POLK AVE

MARKS AVE
N. WEST AVE

PALM AVE

WEBER AVE

GOLDEN STATE BLVD

FRESNO ST WALNUT AVE FIG AVE

CENTRAL AVE

AMERICAN AVE

PEACH AVE

CEDAR AVE

CHESTNUT AVE CHESTNUT AVE

CLOVIS AVE CLOVIS AVE

FOWLER AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

JENSEN AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

FIRST ST FIRST ST

BLACKSTONE AVE

FRESNO ST

GOLDEN STATE BLVD
H ST

VAN NESS AVE BARSTOW AVE

FRIANT RD

CALIFORNIA AVE

FRUIT AVE

DE WOLFE AVE

COPPER AVE

FTWASHINGTONRD

FIRST ST

AUDIBON
DR

ASHLAN AVE

FOWLER AVE

MAROA AVE
180
41 99
168
180
99 41
0-20
21-31
Percent by Census Tract
Planning Area Boundary
Sphere of Influence
City Limits
Figure I-8:

Language:

Spanish Only in Home
0 2 4
MILES
1/2 1
Source: U.S. Census American Community Survey 2008-2012 San Jo a q u i n R ive r

SHAW AVE SHAW AVE

HERNDON AVE HERNDON AVE

BLACKSTONE AVE

WILLOW AVE

ASHLAN AVE

SHIELDS AVE

MCKINLEY AVE
Fresno Yosemite
International Airport
California
State University

CEDAR AVE
Fresno

SHIELDS AVE SHIELDS AVE

ASHLAN AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

KINGS CANYON RD HIGHLAND AVE

KINGS CANYON RD

OLIVE AVE OLIVE AVE

BELMONT AVE

BUTLER AVE

JENSEN AVE

NORTH AVE NORTH AVE

JENSEN AVE

KEARNEY BLVD

BELMONT AVE BELMONT AVE

BULLARD AVE

NEES AVE

SHEPHERD AVE

FIGARDEN DR

GRANTLAND AVE

GARFIELD AVE

BLYTHE AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

MARKS AVE

CLINTON AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

POLK AVE

MARKS AVE
N. WEST AVE

PALM AVE

WEBER AVE

GOLDEN STATE BLVD

FRESNO ST WALNUT AVE FIG AVE

CENTRAL AVE

AMERICAN AVE

PEACH AVE

CEDAR AVE

CHESTNUT AVE CHESTNUT AVE

CLOVIS AVE CLOVIS AVE

FOWLER AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

JENSEN AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

FIRST ST FIRST ST

BLACKSTONE AVE

FRESNO ST

GOLDEN STATE BLVD
H ST

VAN NESS AVE BARSTOW AVE

FRIANT RD

CALIFORNIA AVE

FRUIT AVE

DE WOLFE AVE

COPPER AVE

FTWASHINGTONRD

FIRST ST

AUDIBON
DR

ASHLAN AVE

FOWLER AVE
180
41 99
168
180
99 41
0-20
21-40
41-60
Limited English in Home
Percent by Census Tract
Includes population 5 years and older:

Speak Spanish: Speak English “not well”
and Speak Spanish: Speak English “not at all”
Planning Area Boundary
Sphere of Influence
City Limits
Figure I-9:

Linguistically Isolated
English Proficiency in
the Home
0 2 4
MILES
1/2 1
Source: U.S. Census American Community Survey 2008-2012 San Jo a q u i n R ive r

SHAW AVE SHAW AVE

HERNDON AVE HERNDON AVE

BLACKSTONE AVE

WILLOW AVE

ASHLAN AVE

SHIELDS AVE

MCKINLEY AVE
Fresno Yosemite
International Airport
California
State University

CEDAR AVE
Fresno

SHIELDS AVE SHIELDS AVE

ASHLAN AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

KINGS CANYON RD HIGHLAND AVE

KINGS CANYON RD

OLIVE AVE OLIVE AVE

BELMONT AVE

BUTLER AVE

JENSEN AVE

NORTH AVE NORTH AVE

JENSEN AVE

KEARNEY BLVD

BELMONT AVE BELMONT AVE

BULLARD AVE

NEES AVE

SHEPHERD AVE

FIGARDEN DR

GRANTLAND AVE

GARFIELD AVE

BLYTHE AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

MARKS AVE

CLINTON AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

POLK AVE

MARKS AVE
N. WEST AVE

PALM AVE

WEBER AVE

GOLDEN STATE BLVD

FRESNO ST WALNUT AVE FIG AVE

CENTRAL AVE

AMERICAN AVE

PEACH AVE

CEDAR AVE

CHESTNUT AVE CHESTNUT AVE

CLOVIS AVE CLOVIS AVE

FOWLER AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

JENSEN AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

FIRST ST FIRST ST

BLACKSTONE AVE

FRESNO ST

GOLDEN STATE BLVD
H ST

VAN NESS AVE BARSTOW AVE

FRIANT RD

CALIFORNIA AVE

FRUIT AVE

DE WOLFE AVE

COPPER AVE

FTWASHINGTONRD

FIRST ST

AUDIBON
DR

ASHLAN AVE

FOWLER AVE

MAROA AVE
180
41 99
168
180
99 41
0-20

20.1-40

40.1-60
Percent Asian by Census Tract
0-20

20.1-40

40.1-60
Percent Black or African American
by Census Tract
Planning Area Boundary
Sphere of Influence
City Limits
Figure I-7:

Ethnicity - Asian, and
African American by
Census Tract
0 2 4
MILES
1/2 1
Source: U.S. Census American Community Survey 2008-2012 San Jo a q u i n R ive r

SHAW AVE SHAW AVE

HERNDON AVE HERNDON AVE

BLACKSTONE AVE

WILLOW AVE

ASHLAN AVE

SHIELDS AVE

MCKINLEY AVE
Fresno Yosemite
International
Airport
California State University

CEDAR AVE
Fresno

SHIELDS AVE SHIELDS AVE

ASHLAN AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

KINGS CANYON RD HIGHLAND AVE

KINGS CANYON RD

OLIVE AVE OLIVE AVE

BELMONT AVE

BUTLER AVE

JENSEN AVE

NORTH AVE NORTH AVE

JENSEN AVE

KEARNEY BLVD

BELMONT AVE BELMONT AVE

BULLARD AVE

NEES AVE

SHEPHERD AVE

FIGARDEN DR

GRANTLAND AVE

GARFIELD AVE

BLYTHE AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

MARKS AVE

CLINTON AVE

BRAWLEY AVE

POLK AVE

MARKS AVE
N. WEST AVE

PALM AVE

WEBER AVE

GOLDEN STATE BLVD

FRESNO ST WALNUT AVE FIG AVE

CENTRAL AVE

AMERICAN AVE

PEACH AVE

CEDAR AVE

CHESTNUT AVE CHESTNUT AVE

CLOVIS AVE CLOVIS AVE

FOWLER AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

JENSEN AVE

TEMPERANCE AVE

FIRST ST FIRST ST

BLACKSTONE AVE

FRESNO ST

GOLDEN STATE BLVD
H ST

VAN NESS AVE BARSTOW AVE

FRIANT RD

CALIFORNIA AVE

FRUIT AVE

DE WOLFE AVE

COPPER AVE

FTWASHINGTONRD

FIRST ST

AUDIBON
DR

ASHLAN AVE

FOWLER AVE

MAROA AVE
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0-20
20-40
40-60
60-80
more than 80
Percent by Census Tract
Planning Area Boundary
Sphere of Influence
City Limits
Figure I-10:

Family Income less
than $25,000
0 2 4
MILES
1/2 1
Source: U.S. Census American Community Survey 2008-2012 San Jo a q u i n R ive r

SHAW AVE SHAW AVE

HERNDON AVE HERNDON AVE

BLACKSTONE AVE

WILLOW AVE

ASHLAN AVE

SHIELDS AVE

MCKINLEY AVE
Fresno Yosemite
International
Airport
California State University

CEDAR AVE
Fresno

SHIELDS AVE SHIELDS AVE

ASHLAN AVE

MCKINLEY AVE

KINGS CANYON RD HIGHLAND AVE

KINGS CANYON RD

OLIVE AVE OLIVE AVE

BELMONT AVE

BUTLER AVE

JENSEN AVE

NORTH AVE NORTH AVE

JENSEN AVE

KEARNEY BLVD

BELMONT AVE BELMONT AVE

BULLARD AVE

NEES AVE

SHEPHERD AVE

FIGARDEN DR

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Figure I-11:

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0 2 4
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Source: U.S. Census American Community Survey 2008-2012 San Jo a q u i n R ive r

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Percent by Census Tract
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Figure I-13:

Educational
Attainment Level
Population over 25
Years Old
0 2 4
MILES
1/2 1
Source: U.S. Census American Community Survey 2008-2012 San Jo a q u i n R ive r

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Percent by Census Tract
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Percent by Census Tract
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Figure I-14:

Renter and Owner
Occupied Housing
0 2 4
MILES
1/2 1
Source: U.S. Census American Community Survey 2008-2012 San Jo a q u i n R ive r

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Figure I-12:

Unemployed Population
over 16 Years Old
0 2 4
MILES
1/2 1
Source: U.S. Census American Community Survey 2008-2012 San Jo a q u i n R ive r

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1-36 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
B3 Attach #1 of 3
2 ECONOMIC EC ONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT AND

FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY
Fresno’s economy plays a crucial role in the physical
development of the Planning Area and the City’s ability to support implementation of General Plan policies and
programs. The City is committed to economic
development and fiscal sustainability. In fact, the outcome of many other General Plan initiatives is tied to the city’s economic success. More specifically, to further this
commitment, this element focuses on improving the
business climate, retaining local businesses, developing a high-skilled labor force, attracting new industries,
supporting the tax base, and sustaining the City’s ability to provide public services for current and future residents.

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2-2 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Fresno has a substantial array of opportunities to act upon for long-term economic development and job creation potential. These include its strategic geographic location within the California market, world-class agriculture industry, urban water resources, and the ability to capitalize on renewable energy and energy efficiency opportunities, as well as further the initiatives that the Swearengin Administration has put into place.

There are, however, a growing number of severe conditions and challenges that must be addressed and successfully overcome to realize Fresno’s future economic potential and ensure fiscal sustainability over the long term. These opportunities and issues represent major themes for this element and will involve:
• Responding to the city’s relatively low household income and high rates of poverty, and the related importance of education and workforce development for raising income and quality of life in the long term;
• Expanding the export oriented industry sectors that build on Fresno’s inherent strengths, such as agricultural and food value industries, and the potential of leveraging key assets, such as the Downtown, California State University, Fresno, and similar institutions of higher education;
• Understanding the relationship between the City’s fiscal health, capacity for action, and economic development policies in the General Plan; and • Formulating appropriate economic development policies to support job creation for all Fresno residents.

This General Plan recognizes that solutions to current fiscal problems must be structural and long-term, as opposed to merely deferring costs or increasing debt. The policies in this element are intended to support the City's fiscal health and the longterm viability of employment, housing, education, civic and cultural programs in Fresno - all of which require the delivery of efficient and effective municipal services from the City of Fresno.

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DECEMBER 2014 2-3
Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability Entertainment and recreation facilities, such as Chukchansi Park pictured above, are some of the key assets that play an important role in improving the quality of life in Fresno and the economic vitality of the city. Photo: Don Davis Relationship to City of Fresno General Plan Update Goals The objectives and policies in this element support a wide range of General Plan goals.

In particular, this element supports the following General Plan goals:1

1. Increase opportunity, economic development, business, and job creation.

12. Resolve existing public infrastructure and service deficiencies, make full use of existing infrastructure, and invest in improvements to increase competitiveness and promote economic growth.
1 The commentary in italics following certain goals is not part of the goal itself, but is instead advisory and informational language intended to further discussion, clarify the goal, and help guide the objectives of the General Plan.

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2-4 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
Emphasize the fair and necessary costs of maintaining sustainable water, sewer, streets, and other public infrastructure and service systems in rates, fees, financing and public investments to implement the General Plan.

Key Economic Factors
The city and surrounding areas are expected to continue experiencing high rates of population growth over the planning horizon of this General Plan, although this growth is expected to be at half of the rate as that of the past 30 years. The overall county population, including that of the city, is projected to increase in age and become increasingly Hispanic or Latino in composition, trends that create new leadership opportunities and economic possibilities.

Fresno’s population has low rates of income in comparison to the rest of California. In fact, Fresno has a poverty rate twice as high as the State and 14 percent higher than Fresno County. Its extreme poverty (family income less than $10,000) rate is more than double that of the State. In addition, the percentage of families receiving food stamps is significantly higher in the city than that of the state. Table 2-1 provides details.

Related, the city also has a relatively low level of education attainment, as shown in Table 2-2, with fewer than six percent of the labor force holding graduate or professional degrees, about half the statewide rate. The proportion of the labor force with bachelor’s degrees is about two-thirds that of the State average. In addition, one quarter of the city’s labor force never graduated from high school. This is 25 percent higher than the State percentage. These characteristics are reflected in Fresno’s low median household income and per capita income that are both 35 percent below the State average. These linked factors impact the City’s main revenues—sales tax and property tax—and directly affect economic development. To put it in actual dollars, per capita, city residents have $9,910 less to spend yearly compared to their State counterparts, and $995 less than Fresno County residents. Per family, the amount is $23,172 less per year compared to their State counterpart.

TABLE 2-1: INCOME COMPARISONS
Family/Per Capita
Income City of Fresno Fresno County California
Median Family Income $44,286 $49,177 $67,458
Families with Income
Below Poverty Level 25.1% 22.0% 12.3%
B3 Attach #1 of 3
DECEMBER 2014 2-5
Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability Family Income Less
than $25,000 30.2% 26.4% 16.6%
Family Income Less
than $10,000 10.0% 8.4% 4.6%
Families with Food
Stamp Benefits 21.2% 18.4% 8.3%
Per Capita Income $18,666 $19,621 $28,576
Source: U.S. Census 2010-12 American Community Survey
TABLE 2-2: EDUCATION LEVEL COMPARISONS
Education Level City of Fresno Fresno County California Less than 9th Grade 14.3% 16.3% 10.3%
9 th to 12th No Diploma 11.2% 10.7% 8.6%
No High School Diploma
(Total) 25.5% 27.0% 18.9%
High School Diploma or
Equivalent 23.6% 22.8% 20.8%
Bachelor’s Degree 13.7% 13.0% 19.4%
Graduate or Professional
Degree 5.7% 6.1% 11.1%
Source: U.S. Census 2010-12 American Community Survey.

Labor Force
Fresno’s labor force as a percentage of the total population remained relatively steady over the past decade, then began slightly declining after the 2008 recession, indicating that many adults have been dropping out of the work force or are no longer searching for work. At the same time, the city has suffered job losses and watched its unemployment rate markedly increase, which has contributed to discouragement amongst the labor force. However, as of September 2014, the unemployment rate in the City has fallen to 8.9 percent.

A contributing factor to Fresno’s declining labor force appears to be the mismatch between available jobs and the skills of the available labor force. The recent economic downturn has not had an equal effect on all sectors of the economy. In many cases, the sectors suffering the most losses are those that require low-skill labor—jobs that fit the educational attainment of many of Fresno’s workers. A February 2011 article in the Washington Post reported that while Fresno’s unemployment was then at 16.9 percent, “managers at the 7,000-employee Community Medical Centers say they cannot find enough qualified technicians, therapists, or even custodians willing and able to work with medical waste. The situation is much the same at Jain Irrigation, which cannot find all the workers it wants for $15-an-hour jobs running expensive machinery that B3 Attach #1 of 3
2-6 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
spins out precision irrigation tubing at 600 feet a minute, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.”2
One positive aspect of this trend is that the city is still adding jobs that pay living wages, are career-oriented positions, and require specialized skills or training.

Ultimately, it is precisely these types of jobs that will buoy the city’s long-term economic base. At the same time, much of the current workforce is not equipped for these positions, pointing to the need for a significant and long-term focus on workforce training and education. Fresno Regional Workforce Investment Board, California State University, Fresno, Fresno Pacific University, State Center Community College District (SCCCD), West Hills Community College District (WHCCD), the local school districts, and the many private technical and educational institutions are among the region’s most important assets. Together, they are providing training beyond high school to almost 100,000 Fresno Area residents each year (See Table 2-3). The Fresno Area is the “education capital” of the Central San Joaquin Valley because of its education and training infrastructure. These institutions are doing a significant amount to address the region’s “skills gap” issue, but this must continue to be the area’s top economic development priority for the next decade or more.

TABLE 2-3: VALLEY HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Institution Number of Students
California State University, Fresno 21,728
Fresno Pacific University 2,649
State Center Community College District (SCCCD)
Fresno City College 33,763
Reedley College 8,839
Willow International 8,155
Madera Center 4,118
Oakhurst 1,033
SCCCD Sub Total 55,908
West Hills Community District (WHCCD)
Coalinga 3,830
Firebaugh 2,860
Lemoore 7,557
Lemoore/NAS 170
WHCCD Sub Total 14,417
Grand Total 94,702
Source: Fresno Works. Expression of Interest for CAHSR, Heavy Maintenance Facility. 15 January 2010. 2 Fletcher, Michael. “Why does Fresno have thousands of job openings – and high unemployment?” The Washington Post. 2 February 2011.

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DECEMBER 2014 2-7
Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability Jobs and Employment
The growth potential for Fresno’s major employment sectors was an important economic factor used for programming land use and development under this General Plan. Table 2-4 shows employment projections by economic sector for the city as well as Fresno County.

The current and future health of the real estate market to support those sectors is important, as well as the fiscal impact of those uses on the City’s budgetary ability to maintain high levels of services and overall quality of life for residents. Generally, jobs in health and professional services, educational services, manufacturing (including water technology and food manufacturing), information technology, government, and finance are relatively high-income jobs that support a growing economy. In contrast, lower skill jobs in retail, wholesale trade, and hospitality services may also support the economy, but are characterized by much lower pay scales.

TABLE 2-4: ECONOMIC SECTOR COMPARISONS
Economic Sector City of
Fresno
Fresno
County
Difference
+/-
Agriculture 5.9% 10.7% 4.8
Construction 5.3% 5.7% 0.4
Manufacturing 6.8% 6.8% 0
Wholesale trade 3.7% 4.1% 0.4
Retail trade 12.0% 11.0% -1.0
Transportation and warehousing 5.1% 5.1% 0
Information 1.5% 1.4% -0.1
Finance and insurance 6.1% 5.1% -1.0
Professional, scientific, and management 9.1% 8.4% -0.7 Educational services, and health care 23.9% 22.7% -1.2
Arts, entertainment, and food services 10.1% 8.4% -1.7
Other services, except public administration 5.1% 4.8% -0.3 Public Administration 5.6% 5.8% 0.2
Source: U.S. Census 2010-2012 American Community Survey.

Direct and indirect employment in production agriculture and finished food products remains the economic base of the San Joaquin Valley—the most productive food and beverage producing region in the country and a critical area for the nation and world’s food supply. Fresno County is at the heart of the Valley and still sees a significant number of its jobs in the agricultural sector—both in direct farming and in related food processing, storage, and shipping. Total farm employment in Fresno County in 2013 was 49,200 jobs.3 While employment in this industry is projected to decrease to approximately 11.7 percent of total jobs by 2020, because of its job multiplier effect, the 3 State of CA. Employment Development Department, Labor Market Information, Fresno County, 2013.

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2-8 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
sector still retains its importance and is expected to remain an important driver of related industries moving forward.

A balance of jobs across all industry sectors throughout the county ensures that jobs are offered across the income spectrum and support all aspects of a healthy local economy. The strong industries identified above—government, healthcare, and others—provide a range of middle-class, living wage jobs. Table 2.5 shows a range of other industries that generally pay high salaries and provide opportunities for career advancement are Financial Activities (3.7 percent of jobs in 2010), Information (0.9 percent), Education Services and Healthcare (11.2 percent), Professional and Business Services (7.3 percent), and Manufacturing (6.6 percent). While this data is for the entire county and these sectors do not currently represent a very high percentage of total jobs, except for manufacturing and financial activities, all are projected to increase its share over the next decade. Since the large majority of the county’s job base is located in the city, this is an encouraging statistic for the city. Fresno’s challenge will be to continue to attract high-skilled workers—and to improve training of workers already here to be able to meet the demands of these jobs.

Fresno still must seek to diversify its economic base into other sectors to meet job creation goals, keep revenue local, and fully serve the population. One of the primary factors for doing this, and a critical contingency in expanding existing industries and developing new ones, is the education and skill level of the local workforce. The General Plan includes policies and implementation strategies that support expanding economic activity, but the quality and wage levels of the jobs will be related to the capacities and competencies of the workforce to meet the demands of business and industry.

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DECEMBER 2014 2-9
Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability TABLE 2-5: EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS BY TYPE,
FRESNO COUNTY1
Total
Annual Average
Employment Growth
2010 2020
Total Employment 364,200 423,100 58,900
Self-Employment 28,400 30,900 2,500
Unpaid Family & Private Household
Workers 10,300 11,700 1,400
Total Farm 46,000 49,400 3,400
Total Nonfarm 279,500 331,100 51,600
Industry
Percent of Total
Employment % Change
2010 2020
Construction 3.3% 4.4% 1.1%
Manufacturing 6.6% 6.2% -0.4%
Trade, Transportation, and Utilities 15.1% 15.5% 0.4%
Information 0.09% 0.09% 0%
Financial Activities 3.7% 3.5% -0.2%
Professional and Business Services 7.3% 8.0% 0.7%
Education Services, Health Care, and
Social Assistance 11.2% 12.0% 0.8%
Leisure and Hospitality 7.4% 7.9% 0.5%
Other Services 2.7% 2.7% 0.0%
Federal and State Government 5.8% 5.2% -0.6%
Local Government 12.6% 11.9% -0.7%
Subtotal 76.7% 78.2% 1.5%
Self-Employment, Family Workers,
and Private Household 10.6% 10.1% -0.5%
Total Farm 12.6% 11.7% -0.9%
Subtotal 23.3% 21.7% 1.6%
Total 100.0% 100.0%

1. Totals may not sum precisely due to rounding.

Source: California Employment Development Department, 2013.

Obstacles to Job Creation
The 2012 Fresno County Employment Study included input from 4,937 area employers within seven industry and two occupational clusters and documented numerous obstacles that employers identified as constraints to doing business, expanding business, and creating more jobs. Twenty-four percent of respondents cited “market conditions” as an impediment, including a tight banking climate, low sales, and customers’ difficulty in accessing financing. Labor availability and cost was identified by 18 percent of respondents, including lack of qualified workers for technical and high-skill positions, high turnover, job seekers’ poor skills and lack of training, lending support to some of B3 Attach #1 of 3
2-10 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
the trends described earlier surrounding the labor force. Regulatory constraints were identified by 11 percent of respondents, including issues such as the permitting process, regulations continuing to change with no efficient way to stay informed, difficulty attaining air quality and emissions standards, and licensing and certification requirements. Sixteen percent felt constrained by the cost of doing business, mentioning cost of compliance, and costs associated with taxes, workers’ compensation, healthcare, utilities, and labor.

Opportunities for Action
This General Plan seeks to improve Fresno’s overall economic competitiveness by supporting employment opportunities for residents and maintaining and improving community livability. Expanding, retaining, attracting and creating businesses is one of the greatest challenges facing the city today.

Providing for Professional, High-Paying Jobs
There is a connection between the education level of the work force and our ability to support the economy required for resilient land use and a healthy built environment.

The lack of high-tech, professional, high-paying jobs is leading to the departure of educated people from the city. Young people often leave Fresno for higher education or career opportunities and do not come back. Recent efforts to stem this outflow and retain local talent have been successful, including the Creative Economy Council, Creative Fresno, FLYP (Fresno’s Leading Young Professionals), Creative Fresno’s Boomerang Project, and Bitwise, a private business incubator.

Traditional and Emerging Industries
Industries well-suited to Fresno’s location and workforce include agricultural technologies, supply chain management, agricultural services (brokering and export), food innovation and processing facilities, water technology, and other precision manufacturers. A recent boost in medical industries is a trend worth supporting, as is the developing concentration of green industries in the region, such as solar, biofuels, recycling and other forms of alternative energy. Another bright spot are tech start-ups.

Bitwise Industries opened in the summer of 2013, and as of 2014, its 8,000 square-foot building is filled with 24 small tech companies on its first floor, with 26 more on a waiting list. Their Geekwise Academy on the second floor has trained over 100 students in the basics of software coding and website development. From 2009 to 2014, the annual competition “59 Days of Code” provided an opportunity for Valley coders to access a world-class network of advisors to help with every aspect of business, to directly connect to seed and venture capital, and to show off the creative programmers located here in Fresno and the San Joaquin Valley.

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DECEMBER 2014 2-11
Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability The revitalization of Downtown Fresno is anticipated to boost the economic health and vitality of the city. Photo: Fresno Bee
Downtown Revitalization: A Positive Impact
Ongoing Downtown revitalization efforts have potential for a significant positive impact on the city’s economy. A healthy and vibrant Downtown boosts the economic health and quality of life in a community. Specifically, it helps the city attract and retain “knowledge workers” who prefer a vibrant, urban center for their live/work/play spaces.

A revitalized Downtown creates jobs, incubates small businesses, reduces sprawl, protects and improves property values, and increases the community’s options for goods and services. In the case of Fresno, it will also increase the property values of currently vacant or underutilized land, thereby increasing tax revenues. In other vibrant cities, downtowns are a symbol of community pride and history.

As shown in Table 2-6, the magnitude of reinvestment in Downtown is projected to account for about 31 percent of the city’s total office growth, 21 percent of total retail growth, and 14 percent of total housing unit growth within the 2035 planning horizon for the General Plan. This General Plan anticipates and supports the revitalization of Downtown by targeting infill development in Downtown and along the major corridors within the city. It is anticipated that a subsequent community plan, such as the proposed Downtown Neighborhoods Community Plan and the Fulton Corridor Specific Plan, may further refine and implement a strategic development and regulatory plan for Downtown to support this projected growth.

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TABLE 2-6: LAND USES IN 2035 - PERCENTAGE OF FLOOR

AREA IN DOWNTOWN AND THE BROADER PLANNING AREA
Development Type Downtown Planning Area Outside
Downtown
Office 31 % 69 %
Retail 21 % 79 %
Residential 14 % 86 %
Source: City of Fresno.

Role of the City
Overall, Fresno possesses a number of assets that make it attractive to business and industry. These include its central location on the West Coast and access to major transportation corridors; airports; affordability; good neighborhoods; and training and educational opportunities that occur at institutions such as California State University, Fresno. The key to capitalizing on these assets is to market them effectively.

Looking ahead, the City needs to continue to take an active role in supporting local businesses and expanding and attracting both traditional and emerging industries.

Cities throughout the Western U.S. are competing for employers. So, Fresno needs to be aggressive in marketing itself and be accommodating to businesses, with development permitting processes that are easy to navigate, streamlined, predictable, and priced competitively with other comparative cities. One way to support expanding industry in Fresno is to identify and reserve large areas of land with state route and railroad access for industrial development and provide infrastructure to these areas:
water, sewer, roads, and Information Technology (IT) capability, including fiber connectivity.

Priorities set in the General Plan include creating new, large employment areas targeted for development, as shown on Figure LU-1: Land Use Diagram. There are an estimated 3,625 acres of vacant land in six clusters within the planning area, out of a total of approximately 5,000 acres of vacant industrial and business park designated land, which are being assessed as to the cost of major street and utility infrastructure improvements. Existing industrial areas also need to be cleaned-up; in some cases, physical and technology infrastructure need to be improved and landscaped so there is better “curb appeal” and productivity capabilities. This will help attract research and development and other professional industries.

Defining an Economic Development Strategy
A coordinated economic strategy is essential to support the City’s economic development objectives. Such a strategy includes initiatives targeted to specific economic sectors of the local economy, a managed program of fiscal development, B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability strategic public improvements, and a balanced approach to land use, consistent with the goals, objectives and policies of the Plan.

In 2010 and again in November 2013, Mayor Swearengin outlined the City’s economic development plan to the City Council. The plan notes the difference between “primary” and “secondary” industries in the Fresno region. Primary industries are defined as those that export products and services outside the local economy and, as a result, have the highest job multiplier effect and best economic impact on the city.

Secondary industries are defined as “people serving” industries (e.g. residential development, retail, etc.) that generate a level of economic activity, but do not tend to drive the major improvements needed in the local economy, such as lowering unemployment or improving wage levels.

The City’s economic development plan recognizes that different strategies are needed to support differing types of industry segments, whether they are “exporting” or “people serving.” Table 2-7 provides a useful description of targeted, export-oriented businesses, which are the primary focus of the City’s economic development plan.

TABLE 2-7: SCREENING CRITERIA FOR TARGETED

INDUSTRIES
Economic Characteristics Business Firm Characteristics
Above average wages High value added; may include training for workers
Employs local residents Labor-intensive
Basic sector or primary engine of growth1Purchases local goods and services Labor or service driven Requires minimal public investment Large investment per employee2

1. Basic sector and primary growth businesses typically generate secondary uses and are export oriented. They cater to the region, rather than just the local market. For example, a company manufacturing automobiles would require suppliers and distributors (thus generating secondary businesses), while a car dealership is local serving and generates few (if any) secondary uses. Earnings generated are forwarded outside the region.

2. Businesses with larger local investment tend to be more permanent.

Source: Dyett & Bhatia, 2014.

The components of the City’s economic development plan include:
• Strategies to Support the Expansion of “ Strategies to Support the Expansion of “Export Oriented Export Oriented Export Oriented”(Primary) Industries (Primary) Industries o Preparation of Industrial Land and Infrastructure. Activities include prioritizing industrial land in the General Plan; ensuring the City’s water, wastewater and transportation capital improvement plans are aligned with servicing targeted industrial parts of the city; and supporting the private development of industrial parks, particularly with a focus on providing on-site, affordable, clean and renewable energy to the park locations. Financing for infrastructure B3 Attach #1 of 3
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will need to be secured, and major public infrastructure improvements can be made to achieve “shovel ready” sites that will attract desired and targeted industry and business park uses.
o Industrial Business Expansion and Retention. This is the “bread and butter” of a solid economic development program for any City. The City of Fresno has lacked regular communication with its major industrial businesses and, as a result, has missed opportunities to support the expansion of our existing industrial businesses. The City has now begun a communications program to make contact with industrial firms in the city to let them know of incentives that exist to expand their operations in Fresno. This effort was initiated on a pilot basis in March 2013 and has already yielded several expansion opportunities. If the City does nothing else in terms of economic development, this outreach to our existing industrial businesses must continue.

It will most certainly reap opportunities for business expansion and job creation.
o Incentives. Incentives for industrial expansion are difficult to come by in the State of California. However, the City of Fresno collaborated with Pacific Gas & Electric to establish a very powerful incentive in the Enhanced Economic Development Rate approved by the California Public Utilities Commission in early 2014. The incentive can be used to support business expansion, retention, and location. In addition, the City of Fresno has adopted an impact fee waiver for industrial development within city limits, which provides another tool to incentivize business expansion. Lastly, the State of California announced in April 2014 the New Employment Credit (NEC), which is a hiring credit for businesses in California communities with the highest rates of unemployment and poverty. Fresno was selected as one of the five Pilot Areas for this tax credit.
o Integrating the “Food Value Chain.” Following the example of several agricultural communities elsewhere in the state, the City will be taking its industry targeting one step further to capitalize on its strategic edge in agricultural-related employment. The idea is to more closely integrate businesses involved in food production, processing, storage, distribution, and marketing by working with current and potential employers to identify shared needs and resources. This will help support the expansion of Fresno’s existing food “cluster” and the attraction of new businesses.
o Business Trade Show. An early initiative to further enhance Fresno’s food related industry is the launch of a trade show to support local food producers and manufacturers. Known as the Fresno Food Expo, the trade show attracts hundreds of buyers from retail, wholesale, and industrial markets all over the United States and several international locations. Now in its fourth year, the Fresno Food Expo has grown each year and provides area businesses the opportunities to pitch their products to some of the biggest food buyers in the B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability world. As the Fresno Area food manufacturers are successful in growing their businesses and expanding their customer bases, the City of Fresno benefits from the additional jobs those businesses will create.
o Export Commission. The City’s economic development plan also calls for the creation of an “export commission,” which would be tasked with helping local businesses gain access to export markets they are not currently serving. This initiative is in development and will rely on involvement from the business community and local economic development organizations to be successful. o Investing in Human Capital: Workforce Development and Adult Education.

The City’s economic development plan recognizes the critical importance of workforce development and adult education to support economic development.

The City works with the Adult Education Task Force, the Fresno Housing Authority, the Fresno Regional Workforce Investment Board, the Fresno County Economic Opportunities Commission, area school districts and community colleges, and local universities on a number of initiatives, including Learn2Earn to promote the expansion of adult education and job training. o Efficient and Effective Development Processes. The City of Fresno has a direct role in how efficiently and effectively development applications are processed in the City. While a number of agencies and utilities are involved in approving and processing development within the city limits, the City of Fresno is the lead agency on the process and, as a result, can either add value to industrial and other types of development with its application process, or create road blocks that hinder job creation. Ensuring an efficient and effective development process is a key strategy for supporting the expansion of both “export oriented” industries, as well as “people serving” industries. The Business Friendly Fresno (BFF) initiative is aimed at providing high quality customer service for development applications. Business Friendly Fresno was initiated in October 2013 with the first major report from the work delivered to the City Council in summer 2014. While there is much work to be done to ensure the successful implementation of the BFF work, significant changes are under way.
• Strategies to Support the “People Serving” (Secondary) Industries Several of the strategies listed above as being a support to exporters actually also benefit “people serving” businesses and industries in Fresno, namely Workforce Development and Adult Education and establishing Efficient and Effective Development Processes. In addition, the City’s economic development plan includes the following strategies that are specifically focused on supporting retail and real estate-related industries.

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o Development Code Changes. In conjunction with the General Plan update in 2014, the City has conducted a comprehensive review of its development code. In that process, several opportunities to streamline CUP processes for retail establishments have been identified.
o Buy Local Initiative: Small, Local, and/or Owned by Historically Underrepresented Groups. The City’s economic development plan includes a focus on supporting small and local businesses as well as those that are owned by historically underrepresented groups, including women and people of color. Planned efforts include providing City Hall procurement briefings to ensure these entities know about opportunities to bid on City projects. The City also offers an excellent certification program for small businesses and businesses owned by women and minorities in accordance with the United States Department of Transportation Disadvantaged Business Enterprise Program. Lastly, the City has committed to tracking progress on diversifying its supply chain and reporting those efforts to the public.
o Infill & Revitalization. A major focus of the City’s economic development plan includes supporting and incentivizing investment in parts of the city that have experienced significant decline and neglect over the last 50 years. This is an important aspect of the City’s economic development plan, not just because of the importance of improving sales and property tax revenues in distressed parts of the city, but because attracting and retaining the human capital needed to compete in a knowledge-based economy depends on the creation of an attractive, urban environment. Local work by the Creative Economy Council and Creative Fresno, along with national and international publications, all point to the trend of young, creative professionals and “empty nest” professionals (the fastest growing segments of the population with discretionary income), desiring walkable, mixed-use urban neighborhoods.

The General Plan objectives and policies are a tool the City uses to implement this part of its economic development plan. The City recognizes that much work has to be done in order to see investment flow back into the established neighborhoods south of Herndon Avenue, along the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridors, and in Downtown.

There are clearly major barriers to investment in these parts of the city; if there weren’t, then there would already be investment dollars flowing to these neighborhoods. The changes recommended in the Fulton Corridor Specific Plan, Downtown Neighborhoods Community Plan, General Plan Update, Downtown Development Code, and Development Code are intended to line up the City’s policies and zoning code to create a better environment for investing in older parts of the city.

Furthermore, the incentives described in this plan and in the Implementation chapter are designed to help change the investment environment in infill and revitalization parts of our city.

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Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability In addition to the above, the City of Fresno’s economic development work needs to include expanded efforts in the following areas:
• Marketing.Marketing. Marketing. Marketing is more than just a mere promotion of place. Marketing can Marketing. define Fresno’s image and increase its visibility to potential investors and the world at large, stressing opportunities for innovation. The City will work to create a stronger web presence and make more information available online (since this is the most economical way of marketing), in addition to the marketing efforts listed under ED-3-b, Commentary.
• Improving Improving Improving q Improving quality of uality of uality of uality of life to attract ife to attract ife to attract and retain and retain and retain and retain professionals to live in Fresno. professionals to live in Fresno. professionals to live in Fresno. The City will work in partnership with Creative Fresno, FLYP, the arts community, and other business and professional groups to create programs to attract and retain professional class workers to Fresno. This can be accomplished through measures such as ensuring there are enough housing and neighborhood choices for both mid-career and young professionals and their families, partnering with local schools to improve school quality, and ensuring there are enough retail, entertainment, and recreation facilities that cater to families. Additionally, as indicated above, creating land use opportunities for higher intensity development types will attract young professionals (the “creative class”) who are more attracted to active urban environments than single family neighborhoods.
• Developing a strategy for the City’s own real property assets. One of the City’s Developing a strategy for the City’s own real property assets. firmest investments is in its own land. Using City-owned property for “catalyst projects” will be a key tool for enabling physical development of a desired type and spurring further development in the surrounding area. The City’s economic development strategy will strive to include taking stock of, evaluating the potential of, and planning for its own real estate assets.
• Working regionally. The current operating environment for cities is increasingly Working regionally. being impacted by the need to create cooperative processes and solutions to problems region-wide. Because cities do not exist by themselves but always in close proximity to others, many issues are best approached with a “think globally, plan regionally, act locally” mindset. This is especially true for issues that require cooperation with other jurisdictions in the greater metropolitan area, such as traffic flow, unemployment, crime prevention, and air quality. Good practices include keeping communication lines open with peer cities, surrounding and adjacent counties, non-profits and other agencies, as well as participating in regional economic alliances to ensure that the city’s needs and interests are adequately represented.

Fiscal Sustainability
The Great Recession wreaked havoc on our nation and its communities over the last five years. The City of Fresno was particularly hard hit as the foreclosure crisis B3 Attach #1 of 3
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impacted more families in Central California cities than other cities in the state. The Great Recession revealed long-term, structural imbalance in the City’s General Fund, as well as the lack of a cash reserve. As a result of lessons learned from the Great Recession, ensuring fiscal sustainability over the long term is imperative. The City cannot repeat the mistakes of the past. Despite extensive and painful cuts, the most recent five-year projections demonstrate the continuing need for fiscal prudence, including incorporating long-term objectives and policies for fiscal sustainability in the General Plan. Those objectives and policies include: (1) restoring the City’s overall financial health; (2) achieving financial targets; (3) ensuring that new development pays its way; and (4) matching ongoing expenditures to ongoing revenues and identifying options to build an adequate reserve. This discussion provides a context and describes the concepts and benefits of fiscal sustainability. The specific Economic Development policies are found in Section 2.2.

Background
The City is at an important juncture in its efforts to control costs and maintain essential public services. Given the effects of the recent economic recession, the longterm structural imbalance of the City’s General Fund, and increasing expenses, it is increasingly difficult for the City to deliver services that are critical to the health, safety, and well-being of Fresno residents: police protection; fire protection; street and traffic system maintenance; and maintenance and operation of parks.

In fact, the largest General Fund costs are associated with employee salaries, fringe benefits (including health benefit costs), and pension and other post-employment benefit costs. Eighty percent of the General Fund is dedicated to covering personnel expenses. Currently, essential City services are at a minimum level, and further reductions could have an adverse impact on the overall health and safety of residents.

Less-essential City programs have been eliminated or severely curtailed, including parks maintenance and operations that come out of the City’s General Fund. Many of these changes are likely for the foreseeable future. Similarly, Fresno’s aging utility infrastructure has suffered from deferred maintenance. Utility rates had not been kept current to help cover costs.

The City has sought opportunities to increase revenues, including adoption of Commercial Solid Waste and Commercial Recycling franchises, an increase in the PG&E gas service franchise fee, increased building permit fees, and an aggressive Business License Tax audit program. Local revenues have been weak the past five years and are expected to rebound gradually, while longer-term prospects are stronger, based on the fiscal impact analysis and financial modeling done for the City.

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Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability With this in mind, in order for the City to achieve and support long-term fiscal sustainability, the following steps could be included in implementing Objective ED-5:

Achieve Fiscal Sustainability and its associated implementing policies:
• Improve the City’s Credit Rating. Improve the City’s Credit Rating. The most current five-year projections indicate the City is on track to address its structural imbalance and pay off remaining internal loans. If the City continues down the path outlined in the five-year projections, by 2019, the City will have paid off internal loans, begun to restore public safety services, and have a minimum cash reserve.

The recent poor financial health of the City has resulted in significant downgrades in the City’s bond rating by all major bond rating agencies. Good credit ratings ensure access to debt markets at competitive rates and improve the City’s ability to do lease-purchase acquisition of police and fire vehicle replacements and safety equipment. Restoring the City’s financial health will depend on the City’s ability to achieve positive fund balances in its accounts, have a long-term operating balance in the General Fund, and rebuild emergency cash reserves to levels appropriate for a City with a budget the size of Fresno's. The Reserve Management Act adopted by the City Council in 2011 provides the policy framework needed to ensure that reserves are at appropriate levels and that our credit rating improves. This would include maintaining appropriate financial reserves in Enterprise Funds to provide necessary bond debt coverage ratios and emergency reserves for these essential utilities.
• Achieve LongAchieve Long Achieve Long- Achieve Long-Term Fiscal Sustainability Term Fiscal Sustainability Term Fiscal Sustainability. In March 2012, the City Council adopted the Fiscal Sustainability Policy, which provided a path for the City to achieve financial health. Future City Councils and Administrations need to remain committed to implementation of the Fiscal Sustainability Policy in order to address the underlying, structural drivers of the City’s financial problems. In addition, the City should remain committed to the following: 1) proactive management, 2) eliminating developer subsidies for infrastructure (primarily transportation infrastructure funded through the local sales tax transportation program which has historically paid for roads to growth areas), and 3) reducing public service and maintenance costs in growth areas.

In sum, the objectives and policies in this element provide a viable framework for fiscal sustainability by restructuring operations to match expenditures to available revenues and restoring General Fund reserve fund balances. The City exists to provide core services to the public. In 2014, there are very few remaining service level cuts possible without the possibility of serious effects on public health, welfare, and safety. For this reason, the General Plan’s policies for fiscal sustainability are a priority.

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Link between Land Use and Fiscal Condition of the City
The fiscal analysis conducted by Economic & Planning Systems demonstrates the link between land use characteristics and the economic and fiscal well-being of the City.

Land use and public policy priorities in the General Plan have broad implications for Fresno’s economic and fiscal well-being. As such, land use and physical development decision-making needs to be understood within this broader context of interdependence with many different and related outcomes and impacts. While this has always been true, it is particularly important in these times of economic stress and volatility in California. In the face of such challenges, the major question is whether future land use planning will continue historical expansionist patterns or whether a focus on distinct urban boundaries, infill development, and revitalization of existing urban areas is adopted.

Specifically, if this General Plan succeeds in improving Fresno’s quality of life by supporting strong public safety, other municipal services, good schools, an efficient transportation system, improved air quality, diverse housing opportunities, and attractive recreational and commercial amenities, it will attract and retain residents and employers who might otherwise choose other locations in the San Joaquin Valley or beyond. An improving employment base can, in turn, create a positive feedback loop by boosting property values and household incomes, and improving economic and social conditions. Achieving these quality of life factors will also boost the City’s tax base and enable further investment in the type of public services and infrastructure needed to maintain economic growth and quality of life.

Of course, the City’s economic and fiscal health are also affected by a variety of factors outside of its control, including the national business cycle, State and federal budget decisions, business climate, international trade, and the performance of key local industries. Thus, a key challenge during recessionary periods is to guard against a negative economic and fiscal spiral triggered by declining tax revenues and further exacerbated by disinvestment in critical public services and infrastructure that in turn reduces quality of life and ultimately the loss of valuable jobs and employed residents.

As part of General Plan implementation, the City should continually treat its land use, economic, and fiscal performance as fundamental and integrally linked components that over the long run will rise and/or fall together. The City, through the General Plan, will be able to approach, analyze, and evaluate contingent and related items holistically, rather than as distinct or independent items. For example, an over-emphasis on creating additional capacity for revenue generating land uses, such as “big-box” retail, will not necessarily improve the City’s long-term fiscal health if household incomes do not support growth in consumer demand or if new store sales “cannibalize” existing retail areas. Likewise, overly permissive land use or development standards may result B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability in an urban landscape that is unappealing, one-dimensional, discontinuous, or neglectful of established neighborhoods.

In this context, the focus of this General Plan is on improving Fresno’s quality of life and related social and economic fabric through interrelated land use strategies, even if immediate budget constraints make the desired investments and municipal service standards difficult in the short-term. In the long-run, Fresno cannot win the economic and fiscal interplay by “competing for the bottom” (being a low-cost provider) or expecting a “silver bullet.” A balanced and integrated approach to planning future land use and investing in municipal services and facilities that improves quality of life for existing and future residents is the best way to ensure viable growth and the City’s economic and fiscal well-being.

2.2 OBJECTIVES AND POLICIES

OBJECTIVE
ED-1 Support economic development by maintaining a strong working relationship with the business community and improving the business climate for current and future businesses.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
ED-1-a Economic Development Strategy. Ensure the City of Fresno has Economic Development Strategy. omic Development Strategy. appropriate resources in place to implement its economic development strategy and work in close coordination with other public agencies, private entities, the nonprofit-sector, and multicultural communities to coordinate of economic development efforts on a region-wide basis.

ED-1-b Monitor Trends. Conduct bi-annual monitoring of economic trends in Monitor Trends. tor Trends. the economic base to identify emerging industries, new market opportunities, and the performance and mix of businesses in the city to allow the City to be proactive and adjust to market changes.

ED-1-c Buy Local. Promote, educate, and market the benefits of a “Buy Local” Buy Local. Buy Local. campaign. Explore a “Buy Local” requirement for Public Works and other City purchasing decisions.

ED-1-d Strategic Land Regulation. Explore Strategic Land Regulation. tegic Land Regulation. increasing the amount of land properly zoned, consistent with the General Plan, and ready to be expeditiously developed, redeveloped, and/or revitalized for economic B3 Attach #1 of 3
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development and job creation purposes. Establish a priority infill development program for sites and districts.

ED-1-e Ready-to-Go Sites. Go Sites.Go Sites. Go Sites. Establish a list of “ready-to-go” or “shovel-ready” sites in consultation with property owners, and provide the list to interested developers and businesses seeking sites in the city.

ED-1-f Economic Base Profile. Maintain a detailed description of the Economic Base Profile. omic Base Profile. economic base of the city and metropolitan statistical area which identifies businesses by type of firm, number of employees, total payroll, and location, and make this database available to all interested parties for an appropriate fee that covers cost of preparation and maintenance.

ED-1-g Economic Development Economic Development omic Development Communication Plan Communication Plan Communication Plan. Ensure the City of Fresno develops and executes a strategic communications plan for economic development that targets the city’s existing businesses for expansion, as well as businesses with the potential to open new facilities in Fresno. The plan should include the development of all tools needed to most effectively support economic development and positively brand the Fresno Region.

ED-1-h Regional Coordination. Work with regional economic development Regional Coordination. onal Coordination. organizations and surrounding cities on job creation programs of mutual interest.

ED-1-i Economic Progress Report. Submit an economic development Economic Progress Report. omic Progress Report. progress report to the City Council, as part of the annual General Plan Report.

ED-1-j Permit Streamlining and Incentives. Permit Streamlini it Streamlining and Incentives. ng and Incentives. Continue implementation of the BFF initiative endorsed by the City Council, including needed technology upgrades. Monitor the BFF initiative and make modifications as needed. Monitor effectiveness of the impact fee waiver for industrial development, Enhanced Economic Development Rate, and other incentives and advocate for their extension if proven to be successful. Continue to identify any additional incentives for projects that are consistent with City plans and policies; that encourage increased business development, business expansion, utilization of existing vacant industrial and commercial buildings; and that increase job creation.

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Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability

OBJECTIVE
ED-2 Support local business start-ups and encourage innovation by improving access to resources and capital and help overcome obstacles hampering economic development.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
ED-2-a Technical and Financial Support. Support efforts that provide Technical and Financial Support. nical and Financial Support. technical and financial assistance for start-up businesses.

Commentary: There are a number of entities in the Fresno Region Commentary:Commentary: Commentary:
that provide support to early stage businesses, including the Central Valley Business Incubator, the Water Energy Technology Center, the Fresno Area Hispanic Chamber of Commerce’s Downtown Business Hub, the Lyles Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship, the Small Business Development Center, the University Business Center, and the Fresno County Economic Opportunities Commission. In addition, Bitwise is a private business incubator in Downtown Fresno that provides space for early stage technology businesses.

ED-2-b Revolving Loan Program Revolving Loan Program lving Loan Program and Other Partnerships for Initial Capital and Other Partnerships for Initial Capital and Other Partnerships for Initial Capital.

Seek private sector or grant support for existing revolving loan programs and other types of micro-lending and start-up capital for Fresno-based businesses needing temporary financial assistance.

OBJECTIVE
ED-3 Attract and recruit businesses and offer incentives for economic development.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
ED-3-a Business Expansion and Business Business Expansion and Expansion and Attraction Program. Attraction Program. Attraction Program. Create, adopt, and implement programs to expand existing businesses and attract new businesses.

Commentary: This program will focus on desirable businesses and Commentary:Commentary: Commentary:
industries, which are those that:
• Possess a high growth potential, such as food- and medicalrelated businesses, water and renewable resource technologies, regional and local-serving retail, hotel and conference facilities; • Generate net fiscal benefits to the City through increased tax revenues;
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• Provide a range of jobs that match the local workforce and provide opportunities for skill training;
• Create higher-paying and/or higher-quality jobs for local residents;
• Complement or augment existing goods and services in
Fresno;
• Create less than significant impacts on the environment; and • Don’t require public investment beyond infrastructure and public safety services already available through the City of Fresno.

ED-3-b Marketing to Desired Businesses and Industries Marketing to eting to Desired Businesses and Industries Desired Businesses and Industries. Expand the City’s marketing efforts, focusing on desired industries and businesses.

Commentary: Actions may include, but are not limited to: Commentary:Commentary: Commentary:
• Regularly contact existing City of Fresno industrial businesses and seek their input on how the City can support their
expansion;
• Advertise in industry publications;
• Publicize local business success stories; and
• Prepare, update, and publish marketing materials, including an inventory of assets that Fresno offers, such as available development sites (and buildings), incentives, streamlined processing, affordable cost of living, quality of life, proximity to quality educational institutions and medical facilities, ease of access to communities throughout the Central Valley, and its multiethnic community.

ED-3-c Targeted Incentives Program. Create a list of incentives as part of a Targeted Incentives Program. eted Incentives Program. package to approach targeted industries and businesses about relocating to Fresno.

Commentary: As part of this program: Commentary:Commentary: Commentary:
• Identify quantifiable benchmarks to monitor and measure the progress of these incentives;
• Create a monitoring program to track the progress of the incentives, and
• Adjust and fine-tune the incentives as necessary to ensure they deliver the desired benefits to the city.

ED-3-d Strategic Catalysts. Undertake strategic initiatives to attract new retail Strategic Catalysts. tegic Catalysts. and commercial development in key locations:

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Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability • Promote catalyst projects at key locations to stimulate private investment and revitalize existing neighborhoods in need of such projects;
• Encourage quality retail and restaurant uses to locate near existing successes and in neighborhoods deficient in such uses; and
• Build on synergies that could occur between complementary businesses.

Commentary: Initially the catalyst projects are likely to be in the Commentary:Commentary: Commentary:

Downtown, the Fulton Corridor and the Mixed-Use Centers shown on the Land Use Diagram (Figure LU-1). This will help spur infill development and investment in Downtown, the surrounding established neighborhoods, and along future BRT corridors, which is one of the goals of the General Plan.

ED-3-e Competitive Utility Costs. Competitive etitive Competitive Utility Costs. Utility Costs. Strive to achieve and maintain price structures in Fresno for electricity, fuels, water, wastewater treatment and drainage that are competitive with other regions. Promote the Enhanced Economic Development Rate.

ED-3-f Strategic Infrastructure. Strive to provide necessary major street Strategic Infrastructure. tegic Infrastructure. infrastructure and utility capacities for properly zoned land, consistent with the General Plan, so this land can be efficiently and effectively developed in a timely manner. Ensure the City’s public works, public utilities, and transit capital improvement plans are aligned to support the economic development objectives in the General Plan.

Commentary:Commentary: Commentary: This is particularly important for fostering reuse of infill sites in areas where infrastructure and utilities are deficient.

OBJECTIVE
ED-4 Cultivate a skilled, educated, and well-trained workforce by increasing educational attainment and the relevant job skill levels in order to appeal to local and non-local businesses.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
ED-4-a Industry- IndustryIndustry-Education Partnerships Education Partnerships Education Partnerships. Facilitate partnerships between area businesses and training and education partners. Support the continuation of the Fresno Regional Workforce Investment Board’s biannual employment study to provide accurate information to the training community about job trends. Support expansion of Career B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Technical Education in area schools. Promote adult education for residents who require basic education and training.

ED-4-b Connect Residents to Jobs. Pilot a “Jobs in Your Neighborhood” Connect Residents to Jobs ect Residents to Jobs initiative to ensure residents are aware of job opportunities in their immediate neighborhood.

ED-4-c Job Training Program Incentives. Strive to create a program to Job Training Program Incentives. Training Program Incentives. provide incentives for local businesses to offer internship, mentoring, and apprenticeship programs to high school and college students in partnership with California State University, Fresno and other educational institutions and major employers.

ED-4-d Employment Development Conference. Employment Development oyment Development Conference. Conference. Conference. Participate in an employment development conference every two years to discuss employment training needs, collaboration opportunities, internship and apprenticeship opportunities, job and labor trends, and the educational performance of local schools, to come up with a list actions and strategies.

ED-4-e Access to Education and Training. Improve access to education and Access to Education and Training. ss to Education and Training. skills training by locating housing and employment opportunities near academic and vocational training facilities and programs.

ED-4-f Private- Private-Public Partnerships. Public Partnerships. Public Partnerships. Support the use of private-public partnerships that bring together academic programs and employers through internships, mentoring, and outreach initiatives.

OBJECTIVE
ED-5 Achieve fiscal sustainability.

Commentary:Commentary: Commentary: Fiscal sustainability will occur when (1) core services are funded, (2) all fund balances are positive, and (3) emergency and maintenance reserves have attained at least minimally acceptable levels. To attain this objective, the City should periodically prepare and implement mid-term actions that achieve fiscal sustainability to support this General Plan. These will complement the normal budget process and may include specific actions needed for identified problems. Chapter 12, Implementation includes details on the strategies that the City anticipates will be established in support of fiscal sustainability.

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Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
ED-5-a Standards and Service Districts. Establish levels of service and Standards and Service Districts. dards and Service Districts. development standards for necessary public infrastructure to be built and maintained with funding through capital improvement and maintenance districts.

Commentary:Commentary: Commentary: These districts would be established to promote economic development in specific areas of the city, consistent with the Land Use Diagram of the General Plan (Figure LU-1).

ED-5-b Fair and Proportional Fair and Proportional and Proportional Payments PaymentsPayments Payments. Require new residential and commercial development that requires annexation to the City to pay its fair and proportional share of needed community improvements through impact fees, assessment districts, and other mechanisms.

Approve new residential and commercial development projects that require annexation to the City only after making findings that all of the following conditions are met:
• No City revenue will be used to replace or provide developer funding that has or would have been committed to any
mitigation project;
• The development project will fully fund public facilities and infrastructure as necessary to mitigate any impacts arising from the new development;
• The development project will pay for public facilities and infrastructure improvements in proportion to the
development’s neighborhood and citywide impacts; and
• The development will fully fund ongoing public facility and infrastructure maintenance and public service costs.

ED-5-c Properly Set Fees Properly Set Fees erly Set Fees for Fee for Fee for Fee-Based Services Based Services Based Services. Ensure City services are being delivered as efficiently as possible. Eliminate duplicative efforts and streamline the development review process. Then, adopt fee structures that cover full City costs for fee-based services (e.g. staffing, legal services, noticing, and others). Identify services for which fees will be adopted and the percentage of such service costs that should be covered by the fee.

Commentary: The City provides a variety of services that are Commentary:Commentary: Commentary:
established on the assumption that they will be paid for in total or in part by user fees. State and local policy dictate that such fees not exceed the fully allocated costs of these services.

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ED-5-d Periodic Fee Studies Periodic Fee odic Fee Periodic Fee Studies Studies. Periodically conduct comprehensive fee studies to determine whether development impact fees fully account for the recovery of costs, consistent with applicable law.

Commentary: In the future, when the cost of providing services Commentary:Commentary: Commentary:
exceeds fee revenue, the City should identify such shortfalls through a comprehensive fee study. When it is not possible to reduce operating costs proportionately, the City should seek fee adjustments to avoid further subsidies. In cases where the City wishes to incentivize feebased services, such as for infill development in established neighborhoods, the City should lower infrastructure requirements or identify other options for cost recovery.

ED-5-e Fiscal Impact Analyses. Require fiscal impact analyses for development Fiscal Impact Analyses. al Impact Analyses. proposals requiring a General Plan amendment or annexation to assess citywide impacts and to identify any burden such projects might create for the City, any school districts, special districts, and other public agencies within the City’s Sphere of Influence.

Commentary: When preparing such measures for implementation, the Commentary:Commentary: Commentary:

City should explore the feasibility of a two-tiered system, in which larger projects must provide greater fiscal analysis than smaller projects.

ED-5-f Fiscal Management. Management. Management. Continue to implement responsible financial management practices.

Commentary: The City has adopted legislative polices for fiscal Commentary:Commentary: Commentary:
management including: Fiscal Sustainability Policy, Debt Management Act, Labor-Management Act, and Reserve Management Act.

Collectively they provide for fiscal discipline and public transparency.

When coupled with other General Plan policies, they create a framework for responsible fiscal management
ED-5-g Budget for Maintenance. Balance ongoing operating costs, paying off Budget for Maintenance. et for Maintenance. internal debt, and building reserves with the need to plan and pay for regular, basic maintenance and replacement of equipment and property.

ED-5-h Fund Shortage Notification. Pursuant to the Fiscal Sustainability Fund Shortage Notification. Shortage Notification.

Policy, continue to provide decision-makers timely notification of cash insufficiency and actions needed to ensure fiscal sustainability.

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Chapter 2: Economic Development and Fiscal Sustainability Commentary: The City Manager should continue to provide the Commentary:Commentary: Commentary:

Mayor and Council prompt written notification of the Manager's determination that a major government or enterprise fund is likely to have insufficient cash to cover its legal or budgetary obligations at year end.

ED-5-i Explore the use of CFDs to Offset Explore Explore the use of CFDs to Offset the use of CFDs to Offset Costs. Explore opportunities for establishing Community Facility Districts as an ongoing revenue source for maintenance and operations of various City facilities and services.

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3 URBAN FORM,

LAND USE, AND
DESIGN
The Urban Form, Land Use, and Design Element
focuses on establishing a structural framework for the
city, enhancing the character of neighborhoods and
districts, creating vibrant centers of activity and a
public realm that is engaging and livable, crafting a
tapestry of distinctive, connected communities, and
strengthening Fresno’s identity and sense of place.

How land use underlies the experience of living,
working, and visiting Fresno is also critical. Besides
policy direction on urban form, this element provides a basis for land use decision-making. It establishes a land use classification system, intensity and height
standards, and citywide and area-specific land use
policies.

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3.1 CONTEXT
Land use is one of the seven general plan topics or elements required by California’s Planning and Zoning Law. While a city is required to address the mandatory seven topics or elements, State law allows a general plan format that best fits the unique circumstances of the city. The City of Fresno has chosen to combine the required components of a land use element within the larger context of an Urban Form, Land Use, and Design Element because of the close relationship that these topics have to one another in Fresno.

In preparing this element, the City considered the impact of new growth on military readiness activities, and future development under the Plan is not anticipated to have any discernible impact on the Fresno Air National Guard military installation. Continuing enforcement of the Airport Land Use Plan for Fresno Yosemite International Airport will avoid interference with the military readiness activities at the military installation. Finally, given the absence of timber, forest land, and timber harvesting industry within the Planning Area, no land use classifications provide for timber production, nor are objectives and policies needed to address this subject. Plan Horizon and Buildout calculations are presented in the Introduction. Commonly used terms are defined in the Glossary.

RELATIONSHIP TO GENERAL PLAN GOALS
The objectives and policies of this element support the following General Plan goals:1

1. Increase opportunity, economic development, business, and job creation.

Use urban form, land use, and Development Code policies to streamline permit approval, promote local educational excellence and workforce relevance, significantly increase business development and expansion, retain and attract talented people, create jobs and sustained economic growth, strategically locate employment lands and facilities, and avoid over-saturation of a single type of housing, retail,, or employment. 1 The commentary in italics following certain goals is not part of the goal itself, but is instead advisory language intended to further discuss and clarify the goal, and to help guide the objectives of this General Plan.

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2. Support a successful and competitive Downtown.

Emphasize infill development and a revitalized central core area as the primary activity center for Fresno and the region by locating substantial growth near the Downtown core and along the corridors leading to the Downtown. Use vision-based policies in a development code specific to the Downtown, when adopted, to ensure the creation of a unique sense of place in the central core.

Intentionally plan for Complete Neighborhoods as an outcome, rather than collections of subdivisions which do not result in Complete Neighborhoods.

9. Promote a city of healthy communities and improve quality of life in established neighborhoods.

Emphasize supporting established neighborhoods in Fresno with safe, well maintained, and accessible streets, public utilities, education and job training, proximity to jobs, retail services, and health care, affordable housing, youth development opportunities, open space and parks, transportation options, and opportunities for home grown businesses.

10. Emphasize increased land use intensity and mixed-use development at densities supportive of greater use of transit in Fresno.

Greater densities can be achieved through encouragement, infrastructure, and incentives for infill and revitalization along major corridors and in Activity Centers.

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12. Resolve existing public infrastructure and service deficiencies, make full use of existing infrastructure, and invest in improvements to increase competitiveness and promote economic growth.

Emphasize the fair and necessary costs of maintaining sustainable water, sewer, streets, and other public infrastructure and service systems in rates, fees, financing, and public investments to implement the General Plan. Adequately address accumulated deferred maintenance, aging infrastructure, risks to service continuity, desired standards of service to meet quality-of-life goals, and required infrastructure to support growth, economic competitiveness and business development.

Work collaboratively with other jurisdictions and institutions to further these values throughout the region.

Positively influence the same attributes in other jurisdictions of the San Joaquin Valley–and thus the potential for regional sustainability–and improve the standing and credibility of the City to pursue appropriate State, LAFCO, and other regional policies that would curb sprawl and prevent new unincorporated community development which compete with and threaten the success of sustainable policies and development practices in Fresno.

15. Improve Fresno's visual image and enhance its form and function through urban design strategies and effective maintenance.

17. Recognize, respect, and plan for Fresno's cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, and foster an informed and engaged citizenry.

3.2 CITYWIDE URBAN FORM
Urban form is the configuration of the combined physical components of the city; it is created by the interrelationship of those components as they form a cohesive whole. The components of urban form include: circulation (streets, sidewalks, transit, and bikeways), open space, buildings, and natural features. A healthy and vibrant Downtown as the Primary Activity Center of the City is an essential aspect of a diverse, attractive, and successful urban form for the City. How these B3 Attach #1 of 3
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components relate to one another determines the degree to which Fresno will be walkable, with inter-related uses forming Complete Neighborhoods. Many people see urban form as the ultimate determinate of “livability.” Visualize for a moment a favorite place to vacation or take a walk. What is it about such places that draw you to them? Do you feel safe? Are there others eating, shopping, or just people watching? Is the area shaded? How wide are the sidewalks? How fast do cars move? How tall are the buildings? Is this a good place to call home, raise a family, and pursue a career? Often it may be difficult to articulate exactly what brings a sense of attraction and satisfaction to an area. Yet no one would dispute that some cities and neighborhoods are more desirable than others. Ultimately, a number of components interconnect to make a place work well and thrive, though it is clear that significant contributions are made by physical components of a space that influence how people navigate, dwell, and work within a city. The future growth of Fresno offers the opportunity to create new neighborhoods that support a satisfying and productive lifestyle as well as to improve many established neighborhoods through careful planning.

Urban form is what organizes the city, focuses growth, creates the best possible relationships between uses, provides services and mobility, and supports a quality of life that is so important to Fresnans. The major urban form themes in this element are:
• Understanding the suburban style, auto-oriented development patterns that characterize much of Fresno today and the potential of improving that pattern in the future with walkable, pedestrian and transit-oriented development. • Identifying areas for growth through self-supporting communities and efficient infrastructure and considering strategies for accepting future growth. • Enhancing established neighborhoods that lack identity and an active core that supports a mix of uses and services interconnected to residences with a convenient network of pedestrian ways and bike paths.
• Supporting Downtown as the Primary Activity Center of Fresno. • Defining parameters for growth within the City’s Sphere of Influence (SOI) that will ultimately be annexed to the City.
• Establishing policies for Urban Form to achieve General Plan goals and objectives.

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Making the Most of Existing Conditions: A New Emphasis
Fresno has generally grown out over the years from its first origins, Downtown.

For decades that growth has been mostly of a low density suburban style development that relies heavily on the auto as the single means of mobility. This has created a condition of sprawl, sometimes leaving neglected neighborhoods and developed land uses adjacent to a number of major streets either vacant or underutilized. This can be seen in Downtown today, as well as other areas surrounding Downtown.

A 1957 California Department of Highways plan called for construction of State Routes 99, 41, and 180 to form a freeway loop around Downtown, redirecting traffic around the City’s core rather than through it. The construction of this freeway loop system beyond State Route 99, starting in the 1980s, had a devastating impact on Downtown Fresno and its surrounding neighborhoods.

Formerly unified neighborhoods were cut in two by freeways without surface crossings. Facilitated by the freeways, the City continued to stretch onto inexpensive land to the north and east, aiding the flight of people and businesses away from the center of the city. By 2009, Fresno had reached a population just under 495,000 in an area of 113 square miles.

Infill opportunities in and around the center of Fresno, particularly in underutilized areas, hold great promise for recasting Fresno as a city of vibrant and Complete Neighborhoods. This can be done by creating a land use pattern and implementing policies that envision the revitalization of established neighborhoods and development of complete communities in growth areas, connected by multi-use corridors served by Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and enhanced bus service.

Through the Urban Form, Land Use, and Design Element of the General Plan, there is opportunity to enhance existing infrastructure to support a more urban and moderately higher density model of growth in the future. This can inspire creative thinking about Fresno’s urban form by its increasingly diverse population.

Major Strategic Directions for Future Growth
This General Plan shifts emphasis from a city dominated by suburban growth to one that also shares increased urban development in the form of infill and rehabilitation, along with new Activity Centers with mixed-uses and neighborhoods in growth areas. The basis of this Plan’s concepts are formed by balancing more efficient infill, Downtown, and neighborhood revitalization; B3 Attach #1 of 3
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transit-oriented development along major streets; mixed-uses in new Activity Centers in growth areas; and the building of Complete Neighborhoods.

Major urban form components include Activity Centers with mixed-uses, intensification, and infill development. Some of these Activity Centers are generally located on land along the first phase of the BRT system. The first phase is composed of BRT corridors along Blackstone Avenue between Downtown and the major shopping centers from Herndon Avenue to Nees Avenue, and along Ventura Avenue-Kings Canyon Road from Downtown to Clovis Avenue.

Concurrently there will be enhanced bus service along Shaw Avenue.

As demand necessitates, later phases of BRT may include:
• The California Avenue BRT corridor, which will connect southwest Fresno from the area located between Hughes and Marks Avenues to Downtown; and
• The Shaw Avenue corridor, which will support the opportunity for focused intensity at the West Shaw Activity Center proposed at Veterans Boulevard and Shaw Avenue west of State Route 99, extending south along Grantland Avenue to the Grantland Transit Village between Ashlan and Shields Avenues.

The Mobility and Transportation Element contains policies on developing and implementing effective, convenient, and safe public transportation and parking programs to meet the interrelated needs of Downtown and proposed BRT corridor land use development.

Employment centers in existing developed areas and in growth areas, composed of high concentrations of office, business parks and districts, and industrial clusters, are also important components of urban form. These areas have traditionally been served by freeways, freight rail, and major streets, and now will be additionally served by proposed BRT corridors with more intense land uses generating many new business and employment opportunities. New smaller scale business parks and larger scale regional business park campuses are shown on Figure LU-1: General Plan Land Use Diagram, in addition to traditional light and heavy industry locations, and will be designed to be more compatible and B3 Attach #1 of 3
3-8 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
appropriate to co-exist next to residential neighborhoods, retail, and mixed-use districts.

The General Plan does not expand the City’s SOI2 beyond its extent as of December 31, 2012 for residential and commercial development. 3 This strategy
supports the goals of this General Plan, particularly the success of Downtown, protection of agriculture, improvement of established neighborhoods, and efficient use of existing and future public infrastructure. The Land Use section addresses annexation policy.

Concepts for Focus Areas
Infill and development in growth areas will be in accord with General Plan land use designations, goals, objectives, and policies, and updated zoning and subdivision provisions. It is anticipated that policy direction for the Downtown Planning Area will be refined by community, Specific Plans, and neighborhood plans and further implemented by a Downtown Development Code after the General Plan is approved.

In growth areas and large infill areas outside of the Downtown Planning Area, subsequent Specific Plans or Concept Plans are also anticipated to refine more discreet land use and transportation design integration and intensity with necessary public facilities, maintenance, and services financing. CEQA streamlining will facilitate this refinement because the City will have a Master Environmental Impact Report (MEIR) in place that may address the major issues from these “subsequent projects” for identified growth areas and certain large infill areas. These subsequent projects are described for CEQA purposes in the MEIR. It is anticipated that these subsequent Specific Plans will include preparation of design guidelines and standards, and infrastructure financing programs.

The sheer scale of existing developed land in need of reinvestment, coupled with Fresno’s fiscal constraints, means that near-term actions need to focus on smaller geographic areas where there are opportunities to leverage public and private 2 Except for a possible expansion south for industry and employment, proximate to the SOI boundary between SR41 and SR99, to accommodate a maintenance yard and facilities, and industrial parks surrounding and supporting High Speed Rail functions. See Policy LU-1-g: SOI Expansion. 3 The SOI has not been expanded since 2006.

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investment concurrently and build on existing assets. These areas have the best development potential and targeted investments can put in motion a positive feedback cycle, whereby a sustained level of public and private investment signals to the marketplace that something positive is happening.

Infill Incentives
This General Plan emphasizes and builds on the City’s interest in supporting infill development, which includes a number of fiscal, environmental, economic, social, transportation, and resource related benefits. Land Use policies listed here establish a more cohesive city environment with vibrant neighborhoods, BRT corridors, and Activity Centers that are implemented through increased infill development. See Figure IM-1 (Chapter 12).

Infill incentives, priority areas, and project application process streamlining are the focus of the Infill Development Act (IDA) approved by the Fresno City Council on November 1, 2012 and the Fresno General Plan Implementation and Infill Finance Task Force (Task Force) Final Report prepared by the Task Force in in late 2013. Both the IDA and the recommendations in the Task Force Final Report are discussed in the Implementation Element of this General Plan which set the framework for the implementation strategies that will facilitate increased infill development in the city of Fresno. A key recommendation from the Task Force is to prioritize and incentivize rehabilitation and new construction in the Downtown Planning Area, along BRT Corridors, and within established neighborhoods generally south of Herndon Avenue.

Complete Neighborhoods
Much of Fresno has been built as discrete residential tracts bordered by strip retail centers, many of which are not accessible from the adjacent homes due to security walls or other barriers. By contrast, the Complete Neighborhoods concept will enable Fresnans to live in communities with convenient services, employment, and recreation within walking distance.

Complete Neighborhoods are not and should not be all alike. In fact, each neighborhood should express the needs, character, and values of its residents through the specific arrangement of the many possible characteristics that make up each neighborhood. All elements of a neighborhood do not need to be of the same architectural style to create a Complete Neighborhood. While it is important to use common design components to create interest and character, individuality of the various parts of the neighborhood is more important.

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The defining characteristic of a Complete Neighborhood is a neighborhood that is mostly self-sufficient, walkable, and interconnected. It provides residents with most all they need on a daily basis nearby. In other words, a Complete Neighborhood anticipates and plans in advance all amenities needed in a neighborhood to ensure quality and lasting property values before the residential units are built instead of trying to piecemeal those amenities after the fact. This convenient and healthy lifestyle is the benefit of a Complete Neighborhood.

While total self-sufficiency or even completeness is unlikely to be accomplished in each neighborhood, all or most of the following characteristics can be combined to create an enhanced quality of life and retained and increased property values:
• A range of housing choices;
• Neighborhood-serving retail;
• A range of employment opportunities;
• Public services, such as health clinics;
• Entertainment and cultural assets;
• Parks and public schools within or near the neighborhood; • Community services, such as a library, recreation center, senior center, and/or community garden;
• Public plaza/civic space; and
• Access to public transit.

This list can be combined and arranged in each specific neighborhood in such a way as to create a true sense of place and community that improves quality of life and increases property values.

Connectivity and Walkability
In Fresno, the early street grid pattern created neighborhoods with relatively small blocks, which can still be easily walked today due to their interconnected nature. However, as Fresno developed, the street and lot patterns changed, particularly after the advent of the automobile. Rather, the norm became blocks of 200 feet wide by 600 to 1300 feet in length, which are not as easily walked.

The orientation of these blocks also directly impacted the number of access points to the major roadways, with the longer block lengths running parallel to major roadway frontages, thus providing less connectivity and walkability. As subdivision design introduced the cul-de-sac and further interrupted the traditional grid patterns, neighborhoods were intentionally cut off, becoming isolated and disconnected from other adjacent uses and neighborhoods.

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Wide streets and long blocks result in the need to drive for even the shortest of trips, leading to more traffic congestion and worse air quality. Smaller block sizes in a connected pattern create the opportunity to easily walk to the corner store, visit a friend, or even to work.

Complete Streets can include a substantial tree canopy and landscaping to create a sense of place, provide shade, and reduce heat build-up, as shown above.

A centerpiece of the Mobility and Transportation Element is a Complete Streets system. Complete Streets are designed and operated to enable safe, attractive, and comfortable access and travel for all users such as pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists and public transport users of all ages and abilities. Among their advantages, Complete Streets are intended to encourage health through walking and biking, create a sense of place, improve social interaction, and generally improve adjacent property values. Complete Streets can also incorporate landscaping and a substantial tree canopy as a feature to reduce heat build-up and create a tunnel effect, shown to slow down vehicle traffic.

OBJECTIVE
UF-1 Emphasize the opportunity for a diversity of districts, neighborhoods, and housing types.

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IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
UF-1-a Diverse Neighborhoods. Support development projects that provide Fresno with a diversity of urban and suburban
neighborhood opportunities.

Commentary: Future growth will occur in a range of higher, medium, and lower densities in existing and new mixed-use urban centers, compact neighborhoods, and suburban areas.

This policy also envisions making use of underutilized land, reducing long-term farmland conversion, supporting transit and multiple transportation modes, mixing and balancing compatible residential and retail uses in new growth areas, and existing infill areas to produce economic opportunities, jobs, housing options, recreation, and other choices.

UF-1-b Revitalized Downtown Planning Area. Support adoption of community plans or Specific Plans, Downtown Development Code, programs, and streamlined regulations to support a revitalized Downtown Planning Area as the Primary Activity Center for Fresno and the surrounding region.

Commentary: The General Plan anticipates the Downtown
Planning Area will be further refined through specific and community plans, such as the proposed Downtown
Neighborhoods Community Plan (DNCP) and the Fulton
Corridor Specific Plan (FCSP), and further implemented
through the adoption of a new Development Code for
regulations specific to Downtown Planning Area.

UF-1-c Identifiable City Structure. Focus integrated and ongoing planning efforts to achieve an identifiable city structure, comprised of a concentration of buildings, people, and
pedestrian-oriented activity in Downtown; along a small number of transit-oriented, mixed-use corridors and strategically located Activity Centers; and in existing and new neighborhoods augmented with parks and connected by multi-purpose trails and tree lined bike lanes and streets.

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large range of income levels, and further affordable housing opportunities throughout the city.

Commentary: The Development Code will provide guidance to promote continuity in development scale and character and transitions between densities and design typologies.

UF-1-e Unique Neighborhoods. Promote and protect unique neighborhoods and mixed use areas throughout Fresno that respect and support various ethnic, cultural and historic enclaves; provide a range of housing options, including furthering affordable housing opportunities; and convey a unique character and lifestyle attractive to Fresnans. Support unique areas through more specific planning processes that directly engage
community members in creative and innovative design efforts.

UF-1-f Complete Neighborhoods, Densities, and Development Standards. Use Complete Neighborhood design concepts and development standards to achieve the development of Complete Neighborhoods and the residential density targets of the General Plan.

3.3 INFILL DEVELOPMENT
An Objective of this General Plan is to plan for infill development. The terms “infill area” and “infill development” are intended to be used interchangeably, and shall be defined as consistent with the definition of “infill area” set forth in Objective UF-12.

However, the City acknowledges that various statutes articulate alternative definitions for “infill.” To the extent that the City must comply with those alternative statutory definitions, the definitions of “infill” contained within Public Resources Code 21061.3 and CEQA Guidelines 15332 may apply.

The Downtown Planning Area and the Fulton Street Corridor The centerpiece of Fresno is the Downtown Planning Area. The General Plan anticipates the Downtown Planning Area will be further refined through specific and community plans, such as the proposed DNCP and the FCSP, and further implemented through the adoption of a new Development Code for regulations specific to the Downtown Planning Area.

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The General Plan, as well as these proposed plans, envisions a new focus on land use and design along major streets and in neighborhoods that support Downtown, with an emphasis on Fulton Street. This new focus includes proposals for increased density and vibrant mixed-use centers that will emanate from the Downtown area along the Blackstone Avenue, Ventura Avenue-Kings Canyon Road, and California Avenue transportation corridors (described below), extending the reach of and connections with Downtown in all directions.

OBJECTIVES
UF-2 Enhance the unique sense of character and identity of the different subareas of the Downtown neighborhoods.

UF-3 Revitalize the Downtown to be the economic and cultural heart of Fresno and the region.

UF-4 Support and encourage arts and culture in the Downtown neighborhoods.

Commentary: As part of Plan implementation, the City will prepare and adopt regulations and programs to support and encourage arts and culture in the Downtown neighborhoods.

UF-5 Promote a greater concentration of buildings and people in the Downtown.

UF-6 Support new development in the Downtown through investment in public infrastructure.

UF-7 Promote a diverse mix of uses in the Downtown in order to create a community with a 24 hour entertainment district.

UF-8 Develop each of Downtown’s neighborhoods and districts, according to its unique character.

UF-9 Capitalize on the High Speed Train system to help revitalize the Downtown neighborhoods.

Commentary: As part of Plan implementation, the City intends to prepare and adopt a station area plan to capitalize on the High Speed Train system to compliment and encourage
revitalization in the Downtown Planning Area.

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UF-10 Calibrate parking according to the Downtown’s parking needs and make it efficient and easy to find.

UF-11 Revitalize the Fulton Corridor consistent with the reconstruction project.

BRT Corridors & Centers
Fresno’s BRT corridors offer great opportunities for future growth over time in the form of mixed-use development on sites that are now underutilized or vacant.

Vibrant Activity Centers with public spaces, medium-high and high-density residential, retail, and employment uses will be located on these major street corridors. The Activity Centers will also support surrounding neighborhoods, multi-modal transportation including the BRT system, and Downtown. BRT corridors proposed in the General Plan include the following:

Blackstone Avenue Corridor
Blackstone Avenue is currently the most prominent major street corridor connecting the Downtown area to the northern areas of Fresno, including the major commercial centers concentrated between Herndon and Nees Avenues.

This major street is part of the first phase planned BRT route for transit supportive corridor related land use development and contains many “opportunity sites” that may be developed into Activity Centers in the future.

Naturally, this development will occur over time as properties become available or landowners choose to re-develop. Initially, the BRT stops will occur every half-mile. Eventually, Blackstone Avenue is planned to have major BRT stations and surrounding mixed-use centers at one-mile intervals, located at the intersections of major east-west avenues such as Bullard, Shaw, Ashlan, Shields, and McKinley. Ultimately, the BRT stations will be the focus of mixed-use development that is pedestrian-oriented and closely ties the stations with the surrounding neighborhood.

Ventura Avenue - Kings Canyon Road Corridor
Ventura Avenue and Kings Canyon Road link the Downtown with the Southeast Development Area (SEDA) to the east. Much of the major street corridor is contained in the area anticipated to be encompassed by the DNCP, and the General Plan contains urban form and land use concepts and strategies from that proposed plan. Both north and south sides of this corridor are planned with existing and new residential neighborhoods. Like the Blackstone Avenue Corridor, the Ventura Avenue - Kings Canyon Road Corridor offers many opportunities for mixed-use development on both under-utilized properties and vacant land. This corridor is envisioned to be developed in the future with areas B3 Attach #1 of 3
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of multi-family housing facing directly on the street and retail centers integrated with housing at the one-mile and half-mile road intersections. At certain intersections, such as the Clovis Avenue intersection, more intense sub-regional mixed-use development is planned to occur. Much of the Ventura Avenue – Kings Canyon Road west of Chestnut Avenue is expected to evolve over time as a “Main Street” environment. Main Street Commercial designation encourages a traditional “Main Street” character with active storefronts, outdoor seating, and pedestrian-oriented design. This land use and design type promotes primarily one to two story retail uses, with moderate office and minimal multi-family as supportive uses.

Clovis Avenue – State Route 180/Belmont Corridor
The Clovis Avenue – State Route 180/Belmont Corridor is essentially an extension of the Ventura Avenue - Kings Canyon Road Corridor and BRT system up Clovis Avenue to State Route 180 interchange area, including land along Belmont Avenue. The intent for this corridor is to promote mixed-use, transit-oriented development surrounding the planned Fancher Creek Town Center, which is to be located at the intersection of Clovis Avenue and Tulare Street. It is envisioned as an area of highly integrated residential uses with a variety of densities and types designed in and around a regional activity and commercial center. Development in this corridor will involve a combination of infill, revitalization, and new construction on large, by-passed parcels. Because of its proposed density, mix of uses, and connectivity, the area could also host a Park-and- Ride lot, especially near the State Route 180/Clovis Avenue interchange.

Shaw Avenue Corridor
The Shaw Avenue Corridor will be served by enhanced bus service and is envisioned as the primary transit corridor connecting Fresno and Clovis. This enhanced service in Fresno will extend along Shaw Avenue as far east as the intersection of State Route 168 and the California State University, Fresno, campus and as far west as the West Development Area located west of State Route 99. Shaw Avenue has been an important corridor in Fresno for decades, with much of the area’s retail and employment uses located there. As opportunities arise, it is envisioned that the Shaw Avenue Corridor will be developed as mixed-use infill with a variety of building types and sizes.

Particular attention will be paid to urban design to make sure that the scale and form of new buildings are always coordinated with existing development. This includes improving connectivity with new development along the Shaw Avenue Corridor with the surrounding and adjoining neighborhoods.

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California Avenue and West Shaw Avenue Future Transit Corridors The West Shaw Avenue Corridor (west of State Route 99) is discussed in the “West Development Area” section below. The California Avenue Corridor is discussed in the “Southwest Development Area” section.

Non-Corridor Infill
Fresno needs to promote well-designed infill and rehabilitation throughout the city, not just along the corridors. This includes single-family lots, small multifamily lots and small subdivisions. There will also be revitalization and rehabilitation over the years of small retail centers, employment centers and some multi-family properties. These infill developments and redevelopments will focus on creating Complete Neighborhoods in existing areas. Some tools that can be used to accomplish this include: connectivity, financial incentives for investing in established neighborhoods, design compatibility, providing missing uses such as recreation, enhanced landscaping and maintenance of public right-of-way areas, and providing community-based services.

OBJECTIVE
UF-12 Locate roughly one-half of future residential development in infill areas—defined as being within the City on December 31, 2012—including the Downtown core area and surrounding
neighborhoods, mixed-use centers and transit-oriented
development along major BRT corridors, and other non-corridor infill areas, and vacant land.

Commentary: The Planning Director will provide an annual report describing the City’s compliance with the Plan and progress toward meeting the goals and objectives to City Council, and prepare, every five years, an updated plan for achieving this goal, with recommended appropriate policy amendments and also new implementation strategies necessary to meet this goal by 2035. The rate of progress toward meeting this goal is not expected to occur in a linear or “one-to-one” pattern. Development in infill areas versus growth areas may progress in an uneven pattern, depending upon the schedule of relevant key incentive programs (such as those related to BRT) and the impact of market forces. However, the City expects to make steady progress toward all the goals and objectives and anticipates meeting them at or near the close of General Plan Horizon in 2035. See the Implementation Element for additional implementation strategies for this objective.

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3-18 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
UF-12-a BRT Corridors. Design land uses and integrate development site plans along BRT corridors, with transit-oriented
development that supports transit ridership and convenient pedestrian access to bus stops and BRT station stops.

Commentary: Developments close to major streets encourages walking and can be connected with the adjacent neighborhoods through a network of pedestrian ways. Parking will be concealed from the street, and predominant residential uses will be considered an acceptable use in all mixed-use areas.

UF-12-b Activity Centers. Mixed-use designated areas along BRT and/or transit corridors are appropriate for more intensive
concentrations of urban uses. Typical uses could include commercial areas; employment centers; schools; compact
residential development; religious institutions; parks; and other gathering points where residents may interact, work, and obtain goods and services in the same place.

Commentary: Activity Centers are typified by a full range of uses, including residential, retail, employment, education, recreation, public amenities, and/or open space features. Near the mixed-use central area of the Activity Center, there are typically higher residential densities, typically 15 to 45 dwelling units per acre, but away from the center of the Activity Center, uses become predominantly residential at lower densities.

UF-12-c Local-Serving Neighborhood Centers. Design Neighborhood Centers for local services and amenities that build upon the character and identity of surrounding neighborhoods and communities.

UF-12-d Appropriate Mixed-Use. Facilitate the development of vertical and horizontal mixed-uses to blend residential, commercial, and public land uses on one or adjacent sites. Ensure land use compatibility between mixed-use districts in Activity Centers and the surrounding residential neighborhoods.

Commentary: Vertical mixed-use may be achieved within the same building with multiple compatible uses in multiple stories, and horizontal mixed use may be achieved across an integrated B3 Attach #1 of 3
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development site with a mix of compatible and complementary uses housed in different buildings.

UF-12-e Access to Activity Centers. Promote adoption and implementation of standards supporting pedestrian activities and bicycle linkages from surrounding land uses and neighborhoods into Activity Centers and to transit stops. Provide for priority transit routes and facilities to serve the Activity Centers.

UF-12-f Mixed-Use in Activity Centers. Adopt a new Development Code which includes use regulations and standards to allow for mixed-uses and shared parking facilities.

UF-12-g Impacts on Surrounding Uses. Establish design standards and buffering requirements for high-intensity Activity Centers to protect surrounding residential uses from increased impacts from traffic noise and vehicle emissions, visual intrusion, interruption of view and air movement, and encroachment upon solar access.

UF-12-h Parking Standards for Shared Parking. Explore opportunities to provide shared parking within mixed-use designations to reduce the need to construct large parking lots or structures needed for peak use times only.

3.4 DEVELOPMENT AREAS4
The pace of new development in the Development Areas needs to be balanced with the City’s goals for achieving significant reinvestment within the 2012 City Limits. Development Areas are generally depicted on Figure I-3: Residential Capacity Allocation. Figure LU-1: General Plan Land Use Diagram shows the general mix of compatible uses recommended residential designations for the Development Areas. Concept Plans will achieve the optimum benefits of designing new neighborhoods as Complete Neighborhoods.

As discussed earlier, Complete Neighborhoods are a key planning concept for development of new residential areas in designated Development Areas. 4 Development Area descriptions, densities, illustrative diagrams, land uses, circulation network, etc., are based on the August 9, 2012 Land Use Diagram Draft Figure 2 of the Initiation Draft.

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3-20 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
Complete Neighborhoods are neighborhoods connected with a range of housing types; employment, supporting retail and service uses; parks and open space; and public/civic uses.

Concept Planning
The General Plan aims to achieve efficient, attractive, and resilient development in the Development Areas through the implementation of Complete Neighborhoods. Some key attributes of Concept Plans are described below. • Much of the implementation will involve coordinating a harmonious integration of new growth areas and existing development. • Subdivision and proposed commercial developments should depict how the project may impact surrounding properties, including how street connectivity will be achieved within the Concept Plan area.
• Concept Plans should envision parks, and in some cases a school, with higher densities located around the park and school, and predominantly residential development with a mix of housing types beyond the core. • Concept Plans should capture the Complete Neighborhood potential of the area.
• Retail and employment centers should be allowed to serve the neighborhood.

West Development Area
The West Development Area (see Figure UF-1: West Development Area Land Use Diagram below) provides many opportunities for the development of Complete Neighborhoods. New neighborhoods will be integrated with the urbanized areas of Fresno to the east through the connections afforded by roadways and future BRT corridors. As each neighborhood evolves, existing subdivisions will become an integrated part of the overall plan.

West Shaw Avenue Corridor & Transit Village
The Shaw Avenue Corridor from State Route 99 to the Grantland Avenue intersection is envisioned to be developed as a mixed-use corridor supported by enhanced transit service, which includes high density and urban neighborhood residential components, along with retail, employment and civic uses. There is a proposal for a Community Park, up to 40 acres in size, along the east side of Veterans Boulevard between Shaw Avenue and Barstow Avenue, which will anchor the West Shaw Transit Village. The park is bisected by a Class 1 bike trail along the Herndon Canal. A regional mixed-use center is designated between Veterans Boulevard and Grantland Avenue. These land uses will be mixed both B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Chapter 3: Urban Form, Land Use, and Design
vertically and horizontally, and represent the transit-oriented cores of Complete Neighborhoods connected with surrounding residential areas.

Grantland Avenue Transit Village
A mixed-use transit-oriented center is contemplated along the east side of Grantland Avenue between Ashlan and Shields Avenues, as part of the proposed Grantland-East Communities. Initial development is contemplated in the area bounded by Ashlan, Bryan, Shields, and Grantland Avenues, with multi-family, retail, park, and school uses along the east side of Grantland Avenue. The Grantland Avenue Transit Village will be an area of focus for a Complete Neighborhood, as a high density and urban neighborhood with residential development around a 15-acre Community Park and 15-acre mixed-use neighborhood shopping center, complementing a Central Unified School site on the west side of Grantland Avenue.

Grantland-East Communities
The Grantland-East Communities, generally bounded by Ashlan, Polk, Clinton, and Grantland Avenues, will be coordinated with the Grantland Avenue Transit Village developments, and support their land uses and plan configurations. Of the 12 quarter sections (160 acres per section, generally formed by the half-grid of major streets) within the Grantland-East Communities boundary, the nine sections south of Ashlan Avenue will develop via Concept Plans. This design creates access to over 600 acres of useable, but currently inaccessible land, within these quarter sections, ringed by rural residential lots. The City will work closely with property owners and developers to develop Concept Plans that capture the Complete Neighborhood potential of these areas. The concept envisions parks, and in some cases a school, located at the center, with mediumhigh and urban residential density multiple-family and townhome development clustered around the park and school, and predominantly medium-density residential development with a mix of housing types beyond the core.

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3-22 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
Figure UF-1: West Development Area Land Use Diagram
Southwest Development Area
The Southwest Development Area (see Figure UF-2: Southwest Development Area Land Use Diagram) contains a significant amount of the vacant residentially designated land within the City’s SOI, but the area has not yet exhibited much market demand to develop typical suburban neighborhoods with desired commercial and retail services. The area is generally characterized by a patchwork of un-coordinated existing subdivisions, industry, and farmland.

However, the General Plan envisions great opportunities in southwest Fresno that can be created by focusing on the development of Complete Neighborhoods:
eventually providing a BRT corridor along California Avenue, creating a Transit Village between Hughes and Marks Avenues, and building a regional shopping center and community park with surrounding neighborhood development B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Chapter 3: Urban Form, Land Use, and Design
between Church and Jensen Avenues along Martin Luther King Boulevard (MLK) west of the Rutherford B. Gaston Middle School.

California Avenue is a primary corridor connecting the Southwest Development Area to Downtown, the Blackstone Avenue Corridor north, and the Ventura Avenue-Kings Canyon Road Corridor east to SEDA. Over time, this corridor will contain substantial new development, infill and redevelopment providing market feasible opportunities for mixed-use development that furthers the goals of the General Plan. California Avenue will have a Complete Street system and transit network to connect southwest Fresno to other metro area communities.

The Veteran’s Community Activity Center will be centered by a community park next to the Veteran’s Home Complex located on the southeast corner of Marks and California Avenues. This area is envisioned for high density and urban neighborhood residential density around the core with Complete Neighborhoods to the north, south, and east. The Veteran’s Community Activity Center will anchor the western terminus of the California Avenue Transportation Corridor system, supplying a unique and desirable destination and urban living environment in southwest Fresno.

Southwest Neighborhoods
In addition to the California Avenue Corridor and Veteran’s Community Activity Center, one other focus area is the Southwest Neighborhoods, which is generally bounded by Church, Marks, North, and Elm Avenues. New medium and medium low density neighborhoods adjoining existing residential areas are designed with local streets, centered by parks, multi-family, townhomes, and in some cases, schools to form a network of Complete Neighborhoods, as is proposed in other Development Areas. Neighborhood shopping centers are located to serve these new clusters of neighborhoods.

Martin Luther King Boulevard (MLK) Activity Center
A regional shopping center on the northwest corner of Jensen Avenue and MLK Boulevard is proposed to be integrated with a higher density neighborhood district between Church and Jensen Avenues along MLK, centered by a community park across from the new Fresno Unified School District Rutherford B. Gaston Middle School complex. This regional retail use will serve the Southwest Development Area, established neighborhoods in southwest Fresno, proximate residential areas in southeast Fresno, and rural areas to the south and west of Fresno. The MLK Village is on the southern edge of the Downtown Planning Area and will also serve residents in that area.

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3-24 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
Figure UF-2: Southwest Development Area Land Use Diagram Southeast Development Area (SEDA)
The original Southeast Growth Area Specific Plan (see Figure UF-3: Southeast Development Area Land Use Diagram), or SEGA, contains approximately 9,000 acres and was formally designated as a Growth Area in the 2025 Fresno General Plan. While originally called SEGA, this area is now referred to as the Southeast Development Area (SEDA).

SEGA was approved in 2006 by the Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO) for incorporation into the City with a number of provisions that included preparation of a Specific Plan and associated environmental assessment documents before any annexations of land to the City could be approved. The City started the process of preparing a Specific Plan for SEGA, but due to delays, the planning for SEGA was rolled into the City-wide General Plan Update, as the supporting environmental analysis required by CEQA was not completed, nor the B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Chapter 3: Urban Form, Land Use, and Design
draft Specific Plan approved by the City. The planning concepts for SEGA have been used to guide the planning for the SEDA.

Planning concepts for SEGA included design and development concepts for street, block, and lot patterns; bike and pedestrian access and circulation; open spaces; mixed-use centers; neighborhoods; building orientations; energy and water saving approaches; employment areas; subdivisions; site planning; and more. These items are illustrative of configuration types suitable for the Southeast Development Area to the extent they are not inconsistent with this General Plan.

Planning now for ultimate urban land uses, circulation, intensities, and urban design for SEDA is imperative for preserving land and protecting the surrounding agriculture and rural areas. Absent new technology, treated water sources, additional recharge or offsets, or significant reduction in consumption achieved through conservation or other methods, metropolitan surface water treatment and wastewater infrastructure systems are also needed to support Fresno, Clovis, and eventual SEDA development. This Development Area also has the unique feature of an eastern border designated as a permanent buffer, which is designed to separate and preserve long-term agriculture to the east and outside SOI boundary from urban uses further to the west inside the SOI boundary.

In SEGA, each subarea was proposed to be developed with a master plan, and potentially, property owner agreements to achieve the scale and intensity required to support independent district type financing structures for necessary public infrastructure, and ongoing maintenance and public service costs. General Plan Development Areas generally follow SEGA subarea descriptions. These areas will require additional planning, such as a Specific Plan and/or concept planning in conformance with the City-County MOU for development of this area.

North SEDA (North of McKinley Avenue)
The North SEDA subarea is planned with two community centers that are surrounded by Residential-Urban Neighborhood and Residential-Medium Density land uses. A K-12 educational complex planned by Clovis Unified School District is anticipated to be located adjacent to the community center at Clinton and Highland Avenues. It is anticipated that there will also be two neighborhood centers located amidst the residential areas that are designated Public Facilities – Neighborhood Center.

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3-26 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
Central SEDA (between McKinley & Jensen Avenues)
Central SEDA is bounded by McKinley, Highland, Jensen and Temperance Avenues. This subarea would be characterized by a regional center designated as Regional Mixed Use, three community centers designated as Corridor/Center Mixed Use, and fourteen neighborhood centers designated as Public Facilities – Neighborhood Center. It is anticipated that the regional center also will contain three employment centers. It would be desirable to integrate the regional center and community centers with mixed residential, while locating the neighborhood centers in either neighborhood residential or existing rural residential areas designated as low density residential.

Peach – Jensen Avenues Neighborhood
The Peach-Jensen Avenues Neighborhood subarea, generally bounded by Peach, Jensen, Minnewawa, and North Avenues, is deemed appropriate for long-term residential uses. It represents an additional growth subarea opportunity in southeast Fresno for development of Complete Neighborhoods. It is just outside the SEDA boundary to the west and complements SEDA development planned around the regional education and vocational training complex proposed by the State Center Community College District (SCCCD) at Clovis and North Avenues. It is anticipated that this new neighborhood will adjoin and support a proposed Activity Center with a future community college at Clovis Avenue to the east and a business park and light industrial employment center to the west.

Primarily a residential area, the area would be served with local streets, park and recreational trails, and multi-family townhomes, and it will be filled-out by medium density residential to conform with adjacent centers.

South SEDA (South of Jensen Avenue)
South SEDA is generally bounded by Temperance Avenue to North Avenue, North Avenue to Minnewawa Avenue, Minnewawa to Jensen Avenue, and Jensen back to Temperance Avenue. This subarea is also planned with two community centers and four neighborhood centers, with surrounding mixed residential and neighborhood residential beyond the centers. This area is also intended to feature a major education and vocational training complex proposed by the SCCCD and significant land designated for employment in regional business parks with light industry and a range of businesses and enterprises. Land use in South SEDA is proposed with Complete Neighborhoods anchored by mixed-use centers to be integrated and compatible with these larger institutional and employment users.

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Figure UF-3: Southeast Development Area Land Use Diagram

OBJECTIVE
UF-13 Locate roughly one-half of future residential development in the Growth Areas—defined as unincorporated land as of December 31, 2012 SOI—which are to be developed with Complete
Neighborhoods that include housing, services, and recreation; mixed-use centers; or along future BRT corridors.

Commentary: The Planning Director will provide an annual report describing the City’s compliance with the Plan and progress toward meeting the goals and objectives to City Council and every five years prepare an updated plan for achieving this goal, with recommended appropriate policy amendments and also new implementation strategies necessary B3 Attach #1 of 3
3-28 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
to meet this goal by 2035. The rate of progress toward meeting this goal is not expected to occur in a linear or “one-to-one” pattern. Development in infill areas versus growth areas may progress in an uneven pattern, depending upon the schedule of relevant key incentive programs (such as those related to BRT) and the impact of market forces. However, the City expects to make steady progress toward all the goals and objectives and anticipates meeting them at or near the close of General Plan Horizon in 2035. See the Implementation Element for additional implementation strategies for this objective.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
UF-13-a Future Planning to Require Design Principles. Require future planning, such as Specific Plans, neighborhood plans or Concept Plans, for Development Areas and BRT Corridors designated by the General Plan to include urban design principles and standards consistent with the Urban Form, Land Use, and Design Element.

Commentary: The General Plan requirements and regulations will be further defined through Specific Plans, neighborhood plans and Concept Plans to coordinate more discreet land use and transportation design integration and intensity with necessary public facilities, maintenance, and services financing for Development Areas following General Plan adoption and the subsequent adoption of a new Development Code.

OBJECTIVE
UF-14 Create an urban form that facilitates multi-modal connectivity.

Commentary. Multi-modal connectivity creates the opportunity for people to travel through a variety of modes of transportation, including biking, walking, driving, and using public transit.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
UF-14-a Design Guidelines for Walkability. Develop and use design guidelines and standards for a walkable and pedestrian-scaled environment with a network of streets and connections for pedestrians and bicyclists, as well as transit and autos.

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Commentary. These guidelines will highlight how to achieve these design ideas and avoid barriers to access, such as:
• Walls and fences that separate related uses or isolate neighborhoods;
• Over reliance on cul-de-sacs and dead end streets that cut off access within neighborhoods;
• Disconnected bike and pedestrian paths;
• Wide streets that lack pedestrian support, such as sidewalks, median strips, and a landscaped strip that separates
pedestrians from the street;
• Street front parking lots that separate pedestrian from commercial operations;
• Retail centers that are exclusively auto-oriented;
• Transit stops that are not easily accessible from an
individual’s starting point and destination; and
• Long blocks that discourage walking.

UF-14-b Local Street Connectivity. Design local roadways to connect throughout neighborhoods and large private developments with adjacent major roadways and pathways of existing adjacent development. Create access for pedestrians and bicycles where a local street must dead end or be designed as a cul-de-sac to adjoining uses that provide services, shopping, and connecting pathways for access to the greater community area.

UF-14-c Block Length. Create development standards that provide desired and maximum block lengths in residential, retail, and mixed-use districts in order to enhance walkability.

Commentary: When preparing such standards the City should assess the desirability of varying maximum block length requirements between single family residential, multi-family residential, mixed use, and commercial districts.

3.5 LAND USE
The following sections provide the General Plan’s required land use information with use classifications, maximum densities and intensities on Figure LU-1:

Fresno General Plan Land Use Diagram.

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3-30 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
The City has reviewed those areas covered by the General Plan that are subject to flooding identified by flood plain mapping prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), which can be found at Figure NS-7: Floodplains.

The City will annually review those areas covered by the Plan as set out in the Implementation Element.

Land Use Diagram
The Land Use Diagram is the City’s master designation of land uses for Fresno including the City’s SOI. The Land Use Diagram includes the Downtown Planning Area, shown in an inset, and its designations are anticipated to be further refined and implemented through specific and community plans, such as the proposed FCSP and the DNCP. Land use designations for the Downtown Planning Area are generalized to facilitate implementation by providing some flexibility for the detailed plans.

Dual Designations
All new parks, open space, and public facilities (such as school sites) carry dual land use designations, so that if that facility is not needed, private and public development consistent with zoning and development standards may be approved. These dual land use designations are shown in Figure LU-2: Dual Designation.

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North
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Shepherd
Nees
Blackstone
First
Cedar
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Garfield
Bryan
Polk
Blythe
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Maroa
Fresno
Millbrook
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General Plan Land Use
and Circulation Map
Development and Resource Management
Planning Division
*Dual land use designations for public facilities and
open space are shown in Figure LU-2: Dual Designation Diagram. ®
Date: 4/7/2017
Fresno General Plan
Land Use Diagram

RESIDENTIAL
Low Density (1-3.5 D.U./acre)
Medium Low Density (3.5-6 D.U./acre)
Medium Density (5.0-12 D.U./acre)
Medium High Density (12-16 D.U./acre)
Urban Neighborhood (16-30 D.U./acre)
High Density (30-45 D.U./acre)

DOWNTOWN
Downtown Core
Downtown General
Downtown Neighborhood
BUFFER
Buffer

BOUNDARIES
Fresno Planning Area Boundary
Fresno Sphere of Influence
Southeast Development Area (SEDA)
This map is believed to be an accurate representation
of the City of Fresno GIS data. However, we make
no warranties either expressed or implied for the
correctness of this data.

CIRCULATION LEGEND
Freeway
Expressway
Scenic Expressway
Super Arterial
Arterial
Y Y Y Scenic Arterial
! ! Scenic Drive
Collector
Scenic Collector

MIXED USE
Neighborhood Mixed Use
Corridor/Center Mixed Use
Regional Mixed Use

COMMERCIAL
Main Street
Community
Recreation
General
Highway & Auto
Regional
Resolution Number Date
2014 - 226 18-Dec-14
2014 - 227 18-Dec-14
Resolution Number Date
2015 - 133 16-Jul-15
2016 - 21 4-Feb-16
2016 - 23 4-Feb-16
2016 - 69 12-May-16
2016 - 148 18-Aug-16
2016 - 160 1-Sep-16
2016 - 166 1-Sep-16
2016 - 186 22-Sep-16
2016-238 17-Nov-16
2016-251 1-Dec-16

PLAN ADOPTION

PLAN AMENDMENTS
City of Fresno

EMPLOYMENT
Office
Business Park
Regional Business Park
Light Industrial
Heavy Industrial
BP
RBP

OPEN SPACE
Clear Zone
Commercial-Recreational
Community Park
Flood Control Project
Golf Course
Lake, Pond
Multi-Use
Neighborhood Park
Outdoor Environmental Education Area
Open Space
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Regional Park
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Figure LU-1:

PUBLIC FACILITIES
Public/Quasi-public Facility
Special School
Elementary School
Elementary & Middle School
Elementary, Middle & High School
Middle School
High School
College
School with Park
Airport
Cemetery
Church
Community Activity Center
Convalescent Hospital
Fairgrounds
Fire Station
Government Offices
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PG & E Substation
Police Dressing Station
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Waste Water Treatment Facility
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3-32 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
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Blackstone
Nees
Herndon
Bullard
Shaw
Ashlan
Shields
McKinley
Belmont
Whites Bridge
Alluvial
Sierra
Barstow
Gettysburg
Dakota
Clinton
Olive
Garfield
Bryan
Grantland
Hayes
Polk
Cornelia
Blythe
Brawley
Valentine
Marks
Van Ness
West
Fruit
Palm
Fresno
First
Millbrook
Cedar
Maple
Chestnut
Willow
Peach
Ashlan
Dakota
Shields
Clinton
McKinley
Olive
Belmont
Tulare
Butler
California
Church
Jensen
Annadale
North
Kings Canyon
Maroa
International
Copper
Behymer
Shepherd
Nees
Herndon
Bullard
Shaw
Gettysburg
Teague
Alluvial
Sierra
Barstow
Perrin
Clovis
Sunnyside
Fowler
Armstrong
Temperance
Locan
Chestnut
Willow
Peach
Minnewawa
Clovis
Sunnyside
Fowler
Armstrong
Temperance
Locan
Malaga
American
OrangeCedarMaple
Fig
Elm
CherryEast
MarksHughesWestFruitWalnut
Grantland
Bryan
Hayes
Polk
Cornelia
Brawley
Valentine
Blythe
Kearney
Muscat
North
Annadale
Muscat
Central
California
Jensen
Church
Central
Nielsen
99 41
180
180
168
99 41
Date: 4/7/2017 MA
California
State University
Fresno
Fresno
International
Airport
Note: All planned land uses for future parks, open space, ponding basins, schools (e.g. special, elementary, middle, high, and colleges) and schools with parks carry dual planned land use designations so that if that facility is not needed private and public development consistent with zoning and development standards may be approved. This map shows the additional land use designations.

Dual Designation Diagram
Residential
Low Desnisty (1-3.5 D. U./Acre)
Medium Low Desnisty (3.5-6 D. U./Acre)
Medium Desnisty (5-12 D. U./Acre)
Medium High Desnisty (12-16 D. U./Acre)
Urban Neighborhood (16-30 D. U./Acre)
High Density (30-45 D. U./Acre)
Commercial
Community
Main Street
General
Employment
Office
Business Park
Regional Business Park
Light Industrial
Heavy Industrial
Mixed Use
Corridor/Center Mixed Use
Regional Mixed Use
Neighborhood Mixed Use
Boundaries
Southeast Development Growth Area (SEDA)
Fresno Planning Area Boundary
City Limit
Sphere of Influence
Fresno - Clovis
Regional Wastewater
Reclamation Facility (RWRF)
Resolution Number Date
2014 - 226 18-Dec-14
2014 - 227 18-Dec-14
Resolution Number Date
2015 - 133 16-Jul-15
2016 - 23 4-Feb-16
2016 - 166 1-Sep-16

PLAN ADOPTION

PLAN AMENDMENTS
Source: City of Fresno, 2017
0 0.5 1 2 3 4
Miles
Figure LU-2:

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Density and Intensity
The General Plan calculates density on net acreage, defined as the land area of a lot remaining after dedication of all areas for major streets, schools, regional trails, certified wetlands or floodplains, and land underneath electric transmission lines. For residential uses, the density and intensity standards are expressed as the number of housing units per net acre. For non-residential uses, a measure known as Floor Area Ratio (FAR) is specified. FAR is defined as the permitted ratio of gross floor area to site area. It is a measure of building bulk that controls both visual prominence and traffic generation, as shown in the diagram below.

The citywide density and intensity standards, established in Table 3-1, are intended to establish minimum and maximum densities per net acre allowed in each General Plan land use category, exclusive of the Downtown Planning Area.

Minimum and maximum densities, intensities, and required land use mixes will be more precisely defined within the Development Code for purposes of determining the consistency of a proposed zone district and a property development entitlement with an applicable land use designation.

Minimum lot/parcel sizes (and corresponding lot frontage minimums and other lot design requirements) will be defined in the Development Code for each zone district. The Development Code will also provide procedures and criteria for preparing and implementing “planned development” for a given area to allow for limited reconfiguration of the planned land uses for that area and variations from base zoning district development standard, while maintaining the equivalent densities, intensities and mix of uses. Finally, the General Plan land use designation may provide overlap in the defined densities, intensities and land uses described for various land uses.

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TABLE 3-1: CITYWIDE STANDARDS FOR DENSITY AND DEVELOPMENT

INTENSITY
Land Use
Minimum to Maximum Residential
Density
(du/net acre)1,2,3
Maximum Floor
Area Ratio
Buffer Max = 0.05 (1 unit per 20 net acres) -
Residential
Low Density Min = 1 unit per 5 acres
Max = 3.5 units per acre
-
Medium Low Density Min = 3.5 units per acre
Max = 6 units per acre
-
Medium Density Min = 5 units per acre
Max = 12 units per acre
-
Medium High Density Min = 12 units per acre
Max = 16 units per acre
-
Urban Neighborhood
Density
Min = 16 units per acre
Max = 30 units per acre
-
High Density Min = 30 units per acre
Max = 45 units per acre
-
Commercial
Main Street 1.0
Community 1.0
Recreation 0.5
General 2.0
Highway & Auto 0.75
Regional 1.0
Mixed-Use
Neighborhood Mixed-Use Min = 12 units per acre
Max = No Limit

1.5 Corridor/Center Mixed-Use Min = 16 units per acre
Max = No Limit

1.5 Regional Mixed-Use Min = 30 units per acre
Max = No Limit

2.0 Downtown
Downtown Neighborhood Min = No limit
Max = No limit
No limit
Downtown General Min = No limit
Max = No limit
No limit
Downtown Core Min = No limit
Max = No limit
No limit
Employment
Office - 2.0
Business Park - 1.0
Regional Business Park - 1.0
Light Industrial - 1.5
Heavy Industrial - 1.5

1. Based on Net Acreage.

2. Residential density refers to the ratio of residential dwelling units per acre (43,560 square feet) of land which is calculated by dividing the number of existing or proposed residential dwelling units by the land area of the property designated for, or proposed for development with, a residential use. The residential land area includes property upon which the residential and ancillary structures are located, together with yards and other private or common open spaces, and includes vehicle access drives and parking areas together with public and private roadways. The residential land area does not include major streets or State Routes designated by Figure MT-1: General Plan Circulation Diagram, and does not include schools or regional trails.

3. Additional density may be allowed for affordable housing or provision of community benefits (pursuant to California Government Code Sections 65915 – 65918, as may be amended).

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Land Use Classifications
These land use classifications cover the entire Planning Area, with the exception of the Downtown Planning Area. The land use classifications for the Downtown Planning Area are described later in this element.

Residential
Residential land uses provide for a wide range of neighborhoods and housing types.

LOW DENSITY
This designation is intended to provide for large lot residential development. Low Density residential allows one to 3.5 housing units per acre. The resulting land use pattern is large lot residential in nature, such as rural residential, ranchettes, or estate homes.

MEDIUM LOW DENSITY
The Medium Low Density designation is intended to provide for single family detached housing with densities of 3.5 to 6 units per acre.

MEDIUM DENSITY
Medium Density residential covers developments of 5 to 12 units per acre and is intended for areas with predominantly single-family residential development, but can also accommodate a mix of housing types, including small-lot starter homes, zero-lot-line developments, duplexes, and townhouses. Much of the City’s established neighborhoods fall within this designation.

MEDIUM HIGH
Medium High Density residential is intended for neighborhoods with a mix of single-family residences, townhomes, garden apartments, and multi-family units intended to support a fine-grain, pedestrian scale. This land use accommodates densities from 12 to 16 units per acre overall.

URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD
Urban Neighborhood residential covers densities from 16 to 30 units per acre, which will require multi-family dwellings but still allows for a mix of housing types including single-family houses. This land use is intended to provide for a compact community that includes community facilities and walkable access to parkland and commercial services; it also supports efficient, frequent transit B3 Attach #1 of 3
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service. Urban Neighborhood is designated for targeted areas with complementary land uses adjacently located.

HIGH DENSITY
High Density residential is intended to accommodate attached homes, two- to four-plexes, and apartment buildings, and it will be supported by walkable access to frequent transit, retail and services, and community facilities such as parks and schools. High Density allows for 30 to 45 units per acre.

Commercial
Commercial land use designations allow a wide range of retail and service establishments intended to serve local and regional needs.

MAIN STREET
Main Street Commercial encourages a traditional Main Street character with active storefronts, outdoor seating and pedestrian-oriented design. This designation promotes primarily one to two story retail uses. It also preserves small-scale, fine-grain character in neighborhoods where single-family residential and townhomes are predominant. The maximum FAR is 1.0.

An example of Fresno’s established residential neighborhoods, with wide streets, sidewalks, and large trees.

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COMMUNITY
Community Commercial is intended for commercial development that primarily serves local needs such as convenience shopping and small offices. Many of the city’s current commercial districts fall into this designation. Specific uses allowed include medium-scale retail, office, civic and entertainment uses, supermarkets, drug stores and supporting uses. The maximum FAR is 1.0.

RECREATION
The Recreation designation is intended for areas of private commercial recreation uses, such as bowling alleys and golf driving ranges. The maximum FAR is 0.5.

GENERAL
The General Commercial designation is intended for a range of retail and service uses that are not appropriate in other areas because of higher volumes of vehicle traffic and potential adverse impacts on other uses. Development such as strip malls fall into this designation. Examples of allowable uses include: building materials, storage facilities with active storefronts, equipment rental, wholesale businesses, and specialized retail not normally found in shopping centers. The maximum FAR is 2.0.

HIGHWAY & AUTO
The Highway & Auto designation is intended for limited areas near State Route 99 to accommodate uses that depend on or are supported by freeway access but do not generate a large volume of traffic. Hotels, restaurants, and auto malls are typical land uses. The maximum FAR is 0.75.

REGIONAL
The Regional Commercial designation is intended to meet local and regional retail demand, such as large-scale retail, office, civic and entertainment uses; shopping malls, with large format or “big-box” retail allowed; and supporting uses such as gas stations, and hotels. Buildings typically have relatively large footprints. Development and design standards will create a pedestrian orientation within centers and along major corridors. The maximum FAR is 1.0.

Employment
OFFICE
The Office designation is intended for administrative, financial, business, professional, medical, and public offices. This designation is mainly intended to apply to existing office uses on smaller lots, generally located on arterial B3 Attach #1 of 3
3-40 FRESNO GENERAL PLAN
roadways. This designation is also considered compatible with existing residential neighborhoods given the smaller level of noise and traffic generated compared to commercial uses. Retail uses would be limited to business services, food services, and convenience goods for those who work in the area. The maximum FAR is 2.0.

BUSINESS PARK
The Business Park designation provides for office/business parks in campus-like settings that are well suited for large offices or multi-tenant buildings. This designation is intended to accommodate and allow for the expansion of small businesses. Given its proximity to residential uses, only limited outdoor storage will be permitted, while adequate landscaping is imperative to minimize the visual impacts. Typical land uses include research and development, laboratories, administrative and general offices, medical offices and clinics, professional offices, prototype manufacturing, testing, repairing, packaging, and printing. No free-standing retail is permitted, except for small uses serving businesses and employees. The maximum FAR is 1.0.

REGIONAL BUSINESS PARK
The Regional Business Park designation is intended for large or campus-like office and technology development that includes office, research and development, manufacturing, and other large-scale, professional uses, with limited and properly screened outdoor storage. Permitted uses include incubatorresearch facilities, prototype manufacturing, testing, repairing, packaging, and printing, as well as offices and research facilities. Small-scale retail and service uses serving local employees and visitors are permitted as secondary uses. The maximum FAR is 1.0.

LIGHT INDUSTRIAL
The Light Industrial designation accommodates a diverse range of light industrial uses, including limited manufacturing and processing, research and development, fabrication, utility equipment and service yards, wholesaling, warehousing, and distribution activities. Small-scale retail and ancillary office uses are also permitted. Light Industrial areas may serve as buffers between Heavy Industrial and other land uses and otherwise are generally located in areas with good transportation access, such as along railroads and State Routes. The maximum FAR is 1.5.

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HEAVY INDUSTRIAL
The Heavy Industrial designation accommodates the broadest range of industrial uses including manufacturing, assembly, wholesaling, distribution, and storage activities that are essential to the development of a balanced economic base.

Small-scale commercial services and ancillary office uses are also permitted. The maximum FAR is 1.5.

Mixed-Use5
Mixed-use designations are based on commercial uses and also require a residential or upper-floor office component.

NEIGHBORHOOD MIXED-USE
This designation allows a minimum of 50 percent residential uses and provides for mixed-use districts of local-serving, pedestrian-oriented commercial development, such as convenience shopping and professional offices in two- to three-story buildings. Development is expected to include ground-floor neighborhood retails uses and upper-level housing or offices, with a mix of small lot single family houses, townhomes, and multi-family dwelling units on side streets, in a horizontal or vertical mixed-use orientation. The built form will have a scale and character that is consistent with pedestrian-orientation, to attract and promote a walk-in clientele, with small lots and frequent roadway and pedestrian connections permitting convenient access from residences to commercial space.

Automobile-oriented uses are not permitted.

CORRIDOR/CENTER MIXED-USE
The Corridor/Center Mixed-Use designation is higher intensity than Neighborhood Mixed-Use, and is intended to allow for horizontal and vertical mixed-use development in multiple story buildings along key circulation corridors where height and density can be easily accommodated. Ground-floor retail and upper-floor residential or offices are the primary uses, with personal and business services and public and institutional space as supportive uses.

Development will facilitate the transformation of existing transportation corridors into vibrant, highly walkable areas with broad, pedestrian-friendly sidewalks, 5 The General Plan is long-term in nature, and recognizes the importance of providing for an orderly evolution of existing, legal non-conforming uses during the planning period in a manner that acknowledges their current economic contributions while providing for a transition into conforming uses consistent with applicable land use designations.

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trees, landscaping, and local-serving uses with new buildings that step down in relationship to the scale and character of adjacent neighborhoods. This designation will largely apply along major roadways, at targeted locations between regional Activity Centers. A minimum of 40 percent residential uses is required, and the maximum FAR is 1.5.

REGIONAL MIXED-USE
The Regional Mixed-Use land use designation is intended to accommodate mixed-use development in urban-scale buildings and retail establishments that serve residents and businesses of the region at large. Medium-scale retail, residential, office, civic and entertainment uses, and shopping malls (with large format or “big-box” retail) are allowed, as are supporting uses such as gas stations and hotels in mixed-use or single use buildings. Design standards will support a pedestrian orientation within centers and along major corridors, with parking on the side or rear in general, but automobile-oriented uses also will be accommodated on identified streets and frontages. A minimum of 30 percent residential uses is required, and the maximum FAR is 2.0.

Open Space
The Open Space designations (Parks and Recreational Facilities; Other Public Open Space) apply to open space areas that are not parks or trails, such as riparian corridors, the clear zone around Fresno-Yosemite International Airport, and the San Joaquin River bottom, which is primarily designated as open space even though it includes a limited number of existing homes.

Public Facilities
This designation applies to public facilities, such as City Hall, county buildings, schools, colleges, the municipal airports, and hospitals. It also includes public facilities, such as fire and police stations, City-operated recycling centers, sewage treatment plants, neighborhood, community and regional parks, recreational centers, and golf courses. Finally, it applies to multi-purpose trails that serve both regional and neighborhood needs.

Buffer
This designation is intended to separate urban uses from long-term agricultural uses in order to preserve long-term viable agricultural areas and intensive farming operations adjoining but outside the Planning Area. The Buffer designation will serve to prevent urban residential and related uses from developing near agricultural operations and infringing on full operation of important farmland. A variety of uses are compatible with the purpose of the Buffer, which will be defined in detail in the Development Code. General B3 Attach #1 of 3
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categories include environmental habitats; water conveyance, retention and recharge; preservation and preparation of gravel resources for beneficial uses related to permanent water resource facilities; limited agriculture and necessary supportive uses, such as agricultural processing, excluding animal processing or uses that have the potential to create nuisances; and residential uses with 20 acres of land required per residence.

Downtown
Downtown designations allow a wide range of uses and the most intense development patterns in the region while creating pedestrian-oriented urban environments.

Downtown Core
The Downtown Core (DTC) is the cultural, civic, shopping, and transit center of Fresno and the region. This designation is applied to the traditional central business district of the city near the proposed High Speed Rail station and oriented around the restored section of Fulton Street. New buildings will be up to 15 stories in height and will be located at or near the sidewalk. Ground floor spaces will have active frontages with commercial, retail, multi-family housing, and office activity to support active streetscapes and walking. Upper floors and the floor area behind storefronts will accommodate a wide variety of office, civic, lodgings, housing, or additional commercial uses.

Downtown General
The Downtown General (DTG) designation will support a high concentration of regional activity generators such as governmental buildings and convention centers within a pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use urban setting. New buildings will be up to 10 stories in height and will be located at or near the sidewalk. Ground floor spaces will have active frontages with commercial, retail, multi-family housing, and office activity to support active streetscapes and walking. Upper floors and the floor area behind storefronts will accommodate a wide variety of office, civic, lodging, housing, or additional commercial uses.

Downtown Neighborhood
The Downtown Neighborhood (DTN) designation will create lively, walkable, mixed-use urban neighborhoods surrounding the Downtown Core and Downtown General areas. New buildings will be up to 6 stories in height and will be located at or near the sidewalk. Ground floor spaces will have active frontages with commercial, retail, multi-family housing, and office activity to support active streetscapes and walking. Upper floors and the floor area behind storefronts will B3 Attach #1 of 3
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accommodate a wide variety of office, civic, lodging, housing, or additional commercial uses.

Downtown Neighborhood areas feature a mix of uses, including retail, office, civic, housing, and entertainment.

General Plan and Zoning Consistency
Table 3-2 summarizes the proposed zoning districts that will contain detailed development guidelines and regulations for the land uses in the General Plan.

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TABLE 3-2: GENERAL PLAN LAND USE DESIGNATIONS AND ZONING DISTRICTS

CONSISTENCY
General Plan Land Use Designation Development Code Zoning District Buffer B Buffer
Residential
Low Density RE Residential Estate
RS-1 Residential Single Family, Extremely
Low Density
RS-2 Residential Single Family, Very Low
Density
RS-3 Residential Single Family, Low Density
Medium Low Density RS-4 Residential Single Family, Medium Low Density
Medium Density RS-5 Residential Single Family, Medium
Density
Medium High Density RM-MH Mobile Home Park
RM-1 Residential Multi-Family, Medium
High Density
Urban Neighborhood RM-2 Residential Multi-Family, Urban Neighborhood
High Density RM-3 Residential Multi-Family, High Density Mixed-Use
Neighborhood NMX Neighborhood Mixed Use
Corridor/Center CMX Corridor/Center Mixed Use
Regional RMX Regional Mixed Use
Commercial
Main Street CMS Commercial - Main Street
Community CC Commercial - Community
Regional CR Commercial - Regional
General CG Commercial - General
Highway and Auto CH Commercial - Highway and Auto
Recreation CRC Commercial - Recreation
Downtown
Downtown Neighborhood DTN Downtown Neighborhood
Downtown General DTG Downtown General
Downtown Core DTC Downtown Core
Employment
Office O Office
Business Park BP Business Park
Regional Business Park RBP Regional Business Park
Light Industrial IL Light Industrial
Heavy Industrial IH Heavy Industrial
Other
Open Space OS Open Space
PR Parks and Recreation
Public Facilities PI Public and Institutional
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Local Plans
The City has adopted a number of plans that apply to defined areas throughout Fresno. Under the City’s Local Planning and Procedures Ordinance (LPPO), Specific and Community Plans prevail when inconsistent with the General Plan.

As a practical matter, this means full implementation of the General Plan may require certain Specific or Community plans to be either repealed or amended to allow consistency. As part of this process, policies and portions from certain plans have been considered in developing the General Plan, essentially resulting in a consolidation and update of planning documents through this repeal and amendment of plans. See Implementing Policy D-7-a for the list of plans being amended or repealed.

Annexation
As specified by Policy LU-1-g, this General Plan promotes the principle that the SOI not be expanded. The one exception to SOI expansion is to allow for the siting of a maintenance yard proximate to and south of the SOI boundary associated with the California High Speed Train project.

Regional Cooperation
Fresno is part of an eight-county region, each with its own Metropolitan Planning Organization. Collectively, they have approved the San Joaquin Valley Blueprint along with the Smart Growth principles listed below, which have been integrated into the General Plan. The adopted San Joaquin Valley Blueprint 12 Smart Growth principles:

1. Create a range of housing opportunities and choices;

2. Create walkable neighborhoods;

3. Encourage community and stakeholder collaboration;

4. Foster distinctive, attractive communities with a strong sense of place;

5. Make development decisions predictable, fair, and cost-effective;

6. Mix land uses;

7. Preserve open space, farmland, natural beauty, and critical environmental areas;

8. Provide a variety of transportation choices;

9. Strengthen and direct development towards existing communities;

10. Take advantage of compact building design;
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11. Enhance the economic vitality of the region; and

12. Support actions that encourage environmental resource management.

The City of Fresno is also partnering with 13 of the other 15 federally defined Urbanized Areas in the San Joaquin Valley as part of the Smart Valley Places network, to plan and implement smart growth, livability, and sustainability through revised land use and transportation systems in the respective cities within all the Urbanized Areas in the eight-county Valley region. The City of Fresno also seeks to develop a regional cooperative planning and development strategy with all the city, county, and special district jurisdictions in Fresno, Madera, Tulare, and Kings counties in order to better achieve increased air quality, lower greenhouse gas emissions, farmland preservation, water and energy conservation, increased regional transportation infrastructure and economic development, and sustainable fiscal resource and mutual quality-of-life goals in the region.

OBJECTIVE
LU-1 Establish a comprehensive citywide land use planning strategy to meet economic development objectives, achieve efficient and equitable use of resources and infrastructure, and create an attractive living environment.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
LU-1-a Promote Development within the Existing City Limits as of December 31, 2012. Promote new development, infill, and rehabilitation of existing building stock in the Downtown Planning Area, along BRT corridors, in established
neighborhoods generally south of Herndon Avenue, and on other infill sites and vacant land within the City.

LU-1-b Land Use Definition and Compatibility. Include zoning districts and standards in the Development Code that provide for the General Plan land use designations and create appropriate transitions or buffers between new development with existing uses, taking into consideration the health and safety of the community.

LU-1-c Provision of Public Facilities and Services. Promote orderly land use development in pace with public facilities and services needed to serve development.

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Commentary: Proposed school sites, parks, and storm water retention basin sites are shown in their most probable location, but the General Plan Land Use Diagram only represents
probable placement for many of these prospective future public uses, and these various future public facility sites may be relocated or purchased in alternate locations.

LU-1-d Orderly Transition of Existing Uses. Implement updates to the Fresno Municipal Code to provide for the orderly transition of existing, legal non-conforming uses on the BRT Corridors.

Commentary: The goals, objectives and policies of this General Plan are long-term in nature. The General Plan recognizes the importance of providing for an orderly evolution of existing, legal non-conforming uses in a manner that acknowledges their current economic contributions while providing for a full transition into conforming uses consistent with applicable land use designations.

LU-1-e Annexation Requirements. Adopt implementing policies and requirements that achieve annexations to the City that conform to the General Plan Land Use Designations and open space and park system, and are revenue neutral and cover all costs for public infrastructure, public facilities, and public services on an ongoing basis consistent with the requirements of ED-5-b.

Commentary: If initiated directly with LAFCO without
application by the City, the City is likely to oppose the proposed annexation unless it is consistent with the General Plan and the sequence of development discussed in the Implementation Element.

Regarding Disadvantaged Unincorporated Communities, the City will partner with the community, if there is wide support for annexation, to coordinate terms to initiate and support the annexation process.

LU-1-f Coordination with Fresno County Land Use Planning. Seek a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the County of
Fresno to prohibit development inconsistent with this General Plan on unincorporated land within the City’s SOI.

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Commentary: The MOU should also require all new
development within the SOI to comply with all City development standards and policies.

LU-1-g SOI Expansion. Maintain the City’s current SOI boundaries without additional expansion, except to allow for the siting of a maintenance yard for the California High Speed Train project and related industrial and employment priority areas proximate to and south of the SOI boundary between State Route 41 and State Route 99. Prohibit residential uses in the expansion area.

OBJECTIVE
LU-2 Plan for infill development that includes a range of housing types, building forms, and land uses to meet the needs of both current and future residents.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
LU-2-a Infill Development and Redevelopment. Promote development of vacant, underdeveloped, and re-developable land within the City Limits where urban services are available by considering the establishment and implementation of supportive regulations and programs.

LU-2-b Infill Development for Affordable Housing. Establish a priority infill incentive program for residential infill development of existing vacant lots and underutilized sites within the City as a strategy to help to meet the affordable housing needs of the community.

LU-2-c Infill Design Toolkit. Develop and distribute an infill design toolkit, consistent with the City's Infill Development Act to support and encourage infill development.

Commentary: The toolkit will use photos and diagrams to:
• Explain design and permit requirements and priority infill development incentives;
• Illustrate context-responsive best practices for prototype development; and
• Address detailed issues such as parking, scale, privacy, outdoor spaces, housing types, transitions, building design, B3 Attach #1 of 3
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siting and street orientation, setbacks, windows, and general material guidelines and buffering for adjacent uses.

LU-2-d Infrastructure Upgrades. Facilitate urban infill by building and upgrading community and neighborhood public infrastructure and services to enhance public health and convenience, and improve the overall experience and quality of city living.

LU-2-e Neighborhood Preservation. Incorporate standards in the Development Code to preserve the existing residential quality of established neighborhoods.

LU-2-f Lot Consolidation. Include incentives in the Development Code for streamlining the consolidation of very small, oddly shaped, and difficult to develop lots to create more efficient and developable parcels.

OBJECTIVE
LU-3 Support the successful fulfillment of plans when adopted for the Downtown Planning Area.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
LU-3-a Downtown Planning Area Plans. Prepare and adopt community plans and Specific Plans for the revitalization and continued development of the Downtown Planning Area neighborhoods, including the Fulton Street corridor, accompanied by
implementing regulations that will govern future development in the area.

LU-3-b Mixed-Use Urban Corridors that Connect the Downtown Planning Area. Support the development of mixed-use urban corridors that connect the Downtown Planning Area with the greater Fresno-Clovis Metropolitan Area with functional, enduring, and desirable urban qualities along the Blackstone Avenue, Shaw Avenue, California Avenue, and Ventura
Avenue/Kings Canyon Road corridors, as shown on Figure LU1: General Plan Land Use Diagram.

LU-3-c Zoning for High Density on Major BRT Corridors.

Encourage adoption of supportive zoning regulations for compact development along BRT corridors leading to the
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Downtown Core that will not diminish the long-term growth and development potential for Downtown.

OBJECTIVE
LU-4 Enhance existing residential neighborhoods through regulations, code enforcement, and compatible infill development.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
LU-4-a Neighborhood Nuisance Abatement. Continue proactive and responsive code enforcement and nuisance abatement programs to improve the attractiveness of residential neighborhoods.

LU-4-b Neighborhood Reinvestment. Promote and consider
partnerships with lending institutions that provide a variety of financing alternatives and adhere to the provisions of the federal Community Reinvestment Act.

LU-4-c Housing Task Force. Establish an interagency housing task force to coordinate the housing programs of the City with similar programs of other local jurisdictions and the Fresno Housing Authority to develop a coordinated affordable housing implementation plan.

OBJECTIVE
LU-5 Plan for a diverse housing stock that will support balanced urban growth, and make efficient use of resources and public facilities.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
LU-5-a Low Density Residential Uses. Promote low density residential uses only where there are established neighborhoods with semirural or estate characteristics.

LU-5-b Medium-Low Density Residential Uses. Promote medium-low density residential uses to preserve existing uses of that nature or provide a transition between low and medium density residential areas.

LU-5-c Medium Density Residential Uses. Promote medium density residential uses to maximize efficient use of residential property through a wide range of densities.

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LU-5-d Medium-High Density Residential Uses. Promote mediumhigh density residential uses to optimize use of available or planned public facilities and services and to provide housing opportunities with convenient access to employment, shopping, services, and transportation.

LU-5-e Urban Neighborhood Residential Uses. Promote urban neighborhood residential uses to support compact communities and Complete Neighborhoods that include community facilities, walkable access to parkland and commercial services, and transit stops.

LU-5-f High Density Residential Uses. Promote high-density residential uses to support Activity Centers and BRT Corridors, and walkable access to transit stops.

LU-5-g Scale and Character of New Development. Allow new development in or adjacent to established neighborhoods that is compatible in scale and character with the surrounding area by promoting a transition in scale and architectural character between new buildings and established neighborhoods, as well as integrating pedestrian circulation and vehicular routes.

LU-5-h Housing Offering Amenities. Support housing that offers residents a range of amenities, including public and private open space, landscaping, and recreation facilities with direct access to commercial services, public transit, and community gathering spaces.

LU-5-i Housing for Seniors. Facilitate the development of senior housing projects that are accessible to public transportation and services.

LU-5-j Campus-Centered Communities. Encourage development of campus-centered communities by focusing growth around
existing and planned academic facilities and by directing infrastructure to those areas.

OBJECTIVE
LU-6 Retain and enhance existing commercial areas to strengthen Fresno’s economic base and site new office, retail, and lodging use districts to serve neighborhoods and regional visitors.

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IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
LU-6-a Design of Commercial Development. Foster high quality design, diversity, and a mix of amenities in new development with uses through the consideration of guidelines, regulations and design review procedures.

LU-6-b Commercial Development Guidelines. Consider adopting commercial development guidelines to assure high quality design and site planning for large commercial developments, consistent with the Urban Form policies of this Plan.

Commentary: The guidelines should address:
• Architectural finishes, coordinated color palette, massing, and hierarchy in scale;
• Pedestrian-scaled amenities, signage, and lighting;
• Site improvements, including parking lot landscaping, perimeter landscaping, foundation landscaping, walkways, and passageways;
• Ground floor transparency requirements along shopping streets and limitations on blank walls in these areas;
• Anti-theft glass on windows, rather than bars or roll-down metal screens, that are architecturally compatible with building design;
• Screening of truck loading, parking, mechanical equipment, transformers, ventilation systems, storage containers, and refuse collection areas from the street;
• Shading and its relationship and effects on surrounding buildings;
• Building entries; and
• Design standards for perimeter walls and fencing.

LU-6-c Appropriate Office Development. Promote the establishment of development standards for new offices, addressing location, size, and intensity necessary to meet the City’s needs. Integrate and support employment in adjacent and proximate
neighborhoods.
• Locate office projects to provide a transition between more intensive commercial uses and residential areas;
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• Facilitate office uses in conjunction with, and adjacent to, institutions and employment centers; and
• Avoid over concentrating office uses in any one part of Fresno when new office developments would create
excessive vacancy rates in other established office areas.

LU-6-d Neighborhood and Community Commercial Center Design.

Plan for neighborhood mixed use and community commercial uses to implement the Urban Form concepts of this Plan, promote the stability and identity of neighborhoods and community shopping areas, and allow efficient access without compromising the operational effectiveness of the street system. • Neighborhoods will be anchored by community commercial centers with a mix of uses that meet the area’s needs and create a sense of place; and
• Community commercial centers will be located within
Activity Centers.

LU-6-e Regional Center Planning and Design. Promote economic growth with regional commercial centers.
• New regional commercial centers will be located with access to State Routes and/or other major transportation facilities to ensure access from throughout the region; and
• Regional shopping centers will have internally-unified building design, landscaping, and signage standards.

LU-6-f Auto-Oriented Commercial Uses. Direct highway-oriented and auto-serving commercial uses to locations that are compatible with the Urban Form policies of the General Plan. Ensure adequate buffering measures for adjacent residential uses, noise, glare, odors, and dust.

LU-6-g Lodging Facilities Location. Site lodging facilities and related accommodations near major transportation facilities.

OBJECTIVE
LU-7 Plan and support industrial development to promote job growth.

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IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
LU-7-a Incentives for a Diversity of Industries, Increased Food Processing and Manufacturing, and Related Employment
Opportunities in Fresno. Use the City’s Capital Improvement Program to set priorities for locations and timing of water, sewer, and transportation infrastructure investments by the City and initiate implementation programs to encourage development of targeted industries as identified under Policy ED-3-c, in employment land use areas designated on Figure LU-1: Land Use Diagram.

Commentary: The South Industrial Area, located generally south of Jensen Avenue within the City’s SOI, intersected by State Routes 41 and 99, and containing over 1,100 vacant acres designated for industry, is one such priority industrial development area for major infrastructure improvements (See Figure I-3).

LU-7-b Business and Industrial Parks. Promote business and industrial park sites that are of sufficient size, unified in design, and diversified in activity to attract a full range of business types needed for economic growth.

LU-7-c Efficiency of Industrial Uses. Promote industrial land use clusters to maximize the operational efficiency of similar activities.
• Provide access to a range of transportation modes through plans and incentives, ensuring that local, regional, and national connections are available to industrial uses;
• Develop a strategy to promote rail-accessible sites for industries that need such capability; and
• Ensure timely access to the full range of urban services for industrial development by coordinating proposed plans with the annual and long-range City infrastructure planning.

LU-7-d Industrial Waste. Establish appropriate development standards and review procedures in the Development Code for industrial waste recycling operations and waste transfer stations.

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LU-7-e Shared Parking for Industrial Uses. Promote use of shared surface parking and other arrangements necessary to meet industrial needs with updated parking regulations.

OBJECTIVE
LU-8 Provide for the development of civic and institutional land uses to meet the educational, medical, social, economic, cultural, and religious needs of the community.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
LU-8-a Civic and Institutional Use Compatibility. Protect civic and institutional areas from incompatible uses that could affect their vitality and contributions to the city.

LU-8-b Access to Public Facilities. Ensure that major public facilities and institutions have adequate multi-modal access and can be easily reached by public transit.

LU-8-c Zoning for Public Facilities. Allow public facility uses in zoning districts where appropriate.

LU-8-d Public Facilities and Institutions Meeting City Standards.

Request that federal, State, and local agencies locating public facilities and institutions in the City or designated growth area, meet City standards for public streets and sidewalks, access, parking, water supply, wastewater disposal, landscaping, and amenities.

OBJECTIVE
LU-9 Plan land uses, design, and development intensities to supplement and support, and not compete with, the Downtown.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
LU-9-a Residential Locations. Plan for new residential uses and types in a manner that help make the Downtown Planning Area a convenient destination for employment and regional retail shopping.

LU-9-b Activity Centers. Plan for future Activity Centers at appropriate locations that avoid competition with Downtown businesses.

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LU-9-c Primacy of Downtown. Maintain the Downtown mixed-use areas as the Primary Activity Center within the city with the tallest buildings to enhance its profile and visibility.

Commentary: Activity Centers outside of Downtown may
include, but not be limited to, the vicinity of Woodward Park and the Blackstone Avenue, Kings Canyon Avenue, and Shaw Avenue corridors.

LU-9-d Directional Signage. Direct travelers to the Downtown with directional signage throughout the city and along regional routes.

LU-9-e Downtown Sightline. Require new development to preserve existing sightlines to Downtown to the extent feasible.

LU-9-f View Corridors. Promote new view corridors that highlight the Downtown skyline.

LU-9-g Improve Access. Provide opportunities to enhance the existing physical accessibility of Downtown in order to encourage the inclusion of individuals with disabilities.

OBJECTIVE
LU-10 Promote regional cooperation and coordination on land use and planning issues among local jurisdictions.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
LU-10-a Regional Land Use and Transportation Planning Program.

Continue participation efforts in a coordinated Regional Land Use and Transportation Planning Program with the City of Clovis, Fresno and Madera counties, and other cities in the region.

Commentary: This program can undertake mutually-agreeable development strategy to:
• Identify areas suitable for development;
• Direct urban development to incorporated cities;
• Propose programs to meet federal, State, and local air quality requirements;
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• Identify future regional facilities and services, including transportation corridors, water, and sewerage;
• Conserve agricultural land and prevent its premature
conversion including requirements for an economic
assessment, phasing plan, and criteria to prevent leapfrog development; and
• Discourage the creation of new rural residential lots and subdivisions.

LU-10-b Integrity of the General Plan. Urge neighboring jurisdictions to support the integrity and implementation of the General Plan.

LU-10-c Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). Comply with the most recent Master Settlement Agreement and Amended and Restated MOU between the City of Fresno and County of
Fresno. Update the existing MOU and Agreement as necessary to implement the goals of this Plan.

OBJECTIVE
LU-11 Encourage coordination with adjacent jurisdictions in providing public services, infrastructure and cooperative economic development.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
LU-11-a Regional Programs. Coordinate with the County of Fresno, County of Madera, the City of Clovis and other cities or special districts to:
• Promote resource management programs to avoid overlap and duplication of effort;
• Promote the development of a regional justice system
program to meet future needs of the justice system, both adult and juvenile, including the judicial system and law enforcement;
• Promote the development of a regional public health
program to meet future needs including community,
environmental and mental health services; and
• Promote the development of a regional program to meet future library, recreational and social service needs of the region.

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LU-11-b Regional Economic Development. Promote cooperative efforts with the County of Fresno, the County of Madera, the City of Clovis, other cities, or special districts to develop a regional approach to economic development that:
• Identifies regional economic development programs to
create jobs and provide cost-effective incentives to assist business development of regional significance; and
• Promotes an agricultural-industrial synergy that will enable a significant portion of agricultural products to be fully prepared and processed locally.

LU-11-c General Plan Consistency. Pursue coordinated planning and development project reviews with relevant federal, State, and local public agencies to ensure consistency with this General Plan.

3.6 BUILDINGS AND DESIGN
Many well-known areas in Fresno are easily identified by their urban design and architecture. Both new and old, these areas can also serve as a basis for community dialogue when discussing design in general or specific proposed design guidelines and standards. Areas such as the Tower District, Huntington Boulevard, Wilson Island, Van Ness Boulevard in the Fresno High area, and Old Fig Garden possess architectural and urban design characteristics that are highly valued by local residents and businesses. There are other areas in Fresno that are not so well known, but are highly regarded by their neighborhood because of urban design features.

For the most part, higher density and high-rise buildings are focused in Downtown. The State Route 41/Blackstone Avenue corridor is designated in the 2025 General Plan as a high-rise/mid-rise district, originally proposed in 1984, but has not yet developed as such. Once outside Downtown, the intensity and overall mass of buildings with a few exceptions in the River Park area are relatively low and homogenous. Generally, one- and two-story buildings predominate, although in distinct areas some structures rise up to four and six stories. Going forward and in support of Downtown, LU-9 policies provide desirable guidance.

Many buildings in Fresno are conservative in design, with some exceptions, such as the City Hall and the Robert E. Coyle Federal Building. Pre-World War II homes are highly valued and exhibit considerable variety and texture. The B3 Attach #1 of 3
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California ranch home movement produced notable homes in Old Fig Garden.

Also, some garden office buildings are notable for the quality of their landscape and low-lying design.

OBJECTIVE
D-1 Provide and maintain an urban image that creates a “sense of place” throughout Fresno.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
D-1-a Direct Access to Units. Require all new multi-family residential development along BRT and other transit or pedestrian-oriented streets (Collector and Local), including high-rise, townhomes or other units, to provide direct pedestrian street access and to promote walkable connectivity, individualization, familyfriendly development, identity, and street safety to the maximum extent reasonably feasible.

D-1-b Active Ground Floor Frontage. Encourage all new
development located within Activity Centers and/or along BRT corridors to incorporate active ground floor frontages that engage pedestrians to the maximum extent feasible. Establish
pedestrian-oriented design standards in the Development Code for building frontages, transparency, fenestration, and entries to create active streetscapes.

D-1-c Privately Owned Public Spaces. Consider creating and adopting design standards and incentives for providing privately owned public open spaces and plazas for gathering to enhance the pedestrian realm and provide opportunities for social interaction.

D-1-d Public Art. Continue to promote a citywide public art program that contributes to an awareness of the City’s history and culture.

D-1-e Graphic Identity. Continue the preservation, promotion, procurement and strategic location of landmarks, monuments and artwork that provide orientation and represent Fresno's cultural heritage and artistic values.

D-1-f Update Street Signs. Consider updating street sign regulations to create a way-finding system and graphic identity without dominating city and district appearance.

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D-1-g Reducing Surface Parking. Consider adopting and
implementing incentives to replace existing large surface parking lots in centers with parking structures, and to incorporate them into high-density mixed-use developments.

D-1-h Screening of Parking. Consider requiring all new development with parking in Activity Centers and along corridors to be screened or concealed. Locate principal pedestrian entrances to new non-residential buildings on the sidewalk; any entrances from parking areas should be incidental or emergency use only.

D-1-i Wrapping Parking Structures. Consider requiring new development of above-grade parking structures to be wrapped with and provide direct access to active uses, such as dwelling units, offices, and shopping spaces.

Commentary: If active uses are not feasible on the ground floor of parking garages, frontages should be architecturally attractive. This may be accomplished by including unique designs and materials, such as glass, articulated masonry, murals or landscaping setbacks.

D-1-j Lighting Standards. Update lighting standards to reflect best practices and protect adjoining uses from glare and spillover light.

Commentary: Security and interior lighting should not be visible from the exterior of parking garages.

OBJECTIVE
D-2 Enhance the visual image of all "gateway" routes entering the Fresno Planning Area.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
D-2-a Design Requirements for Gateways. Create unified design requirements for gateways to welcome travelers to the City’s Activity Centers.

Commentary: Gateway route designation will be considered for application to key access routes such as State Routes 99, 41, 168, and 180; passenger rail rights-of-way; Peach Avenue, McKinley Avenue, and Clinton Way where air travelers enter Fresno; Van Ness Avenue; Fulton, Divisadero, Tulare, and B3 Attach #1 of 3
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Fresno Streets; Belmont and Olive; and Blackstone, Abby, Shaw and Herndon Avenues.

D-2-b Funding for Gateway Enhancements. Pursue funding to implement gateway enhancement plans and programs.

D-2-c Highway Beautification. Work with Caltrans, the Fresno Council of Governments, Tree Fresno, neighboring jurisdictions, and other organizations to obtain funding for highway
beautification programs.

OBJECTIVE
D-3 Create unified plans for Green Streets, using distinctive features reflecting Fresno’s landscape heritage.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
D-3-a Green Street Tree Planting. Create a Green Street Tree Planting Program, with a well-balanced variety and spacing of trees to establish continuous shading and visual continuity for each streetscape. Strive to achieve coherent linkages between public and private spaces, prioritizing tree planting along treedeficient Arterial Roadways in neighborhoods characterized by lower per capita rates of vehicle ownership.

D-3-b Funding for Green Street Tree Planting Program. Pursue funding for the Green Street Tree Planting Program, including landscaping of median islands.

D-3-c Local Streets as Urban Parkways. Develop local streets as "urban parkways,” where appropriate, with landscaping and pedestrian spaces.

D-3-d Undergrounding Utilities. Partner with utility companies to continue to pursue the undergrounding of overhead utilities as feasible.

OBJECTIVE
D-4 Preserve and strengthen Fresno’s overall image through design review and create a safe, walkable and attractive urban environment for the current and future generations of residents.

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IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
D-4-a Design Review for Large Buildings. Consider adopting and implementing a streamlined design review process for new construction and visible exterior alterations of large and significant multi-family, mixed-use and non-residential developments.

Commentary: Thresholds of size and significance will need to be defined and review processes designed not to impede investment and development time frames.

D-4-b Incentives for Pedestrian-Oriented Anchor Retail. Consider adopting and implementing incentives for new pedestrianfriendly anchor retail at intersections within Activity Centers and along corridors to attract retail clientele and maximize foot traffic.

Commentary: Examples of incentives include increased floor area ratios, deferred impact fees, and priority processing.

D-4-c Appropriate Day and Night Activity. Promote new residential, commercial and related forms of development that foster both day and appropriate night time activity; visual presence on the street level; appropriate lighting; and minimally obstructed view areas.

D-4-d Design for Safety. Continue to involve the City’s Police Department in the development review process to ensure new buildings are designed with security and safety in mind.

D-4-e Flexibility through Overlay Districts. Allow innovative lot designs and patterns to enhance community livability in residential neighborhoods through new zoning provisions, with flexible development standards.

D-4-f Design Compatibility with Residential Uses. Strive to ensure that all new non-residential land uses are developed and maintained in a manner complementary to and compatible with adjacent residential land uses, to minimize interface problems with the surrounding environment and to be compatible with public facilities and services.

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D-4-g Development Code Update for Design Concepts. Ensure that standards in the Development Code implement General Plan design concepts for each land use type.

Commentary: The following will be considered in the new Development Code:
• Appropriate space is provided for activities proposed (e.g., indoor area for display of merchandise, as opposed to
sidewalk/parking lot display);
• Sufficient space and access is provided for support functions, (e.g., storage, loading, parking, waste disposal/recycling); • Location of customer parking areas does not discourage pedestrian and bicycle access;
• Access for the disabled is incorporated into project designs as required;
• Buildings in shopping centers are linked by pedestrian walkways;
• Business and industrial parks have campus-like settings, with uniformity of improvements and shared facilities for parking, loading, mass transit, and with internal and
external bicycle and pedestrian access; and
• Structural conversions and changes of occupancy
demonstrate compliance with building and zoning codes.

D-4-h Metal Buildings. Promote the establishment of standards and guidelines for metal buildings to be acceptable and economical forms of structures.
• New buildings with metal walls or metal roofs shall be painted or have other appropriate finishes, as approved by the City; and
• Mechanical equipment shall be screened with parapet walls, mechanical wells, or other means. Roof vent color must
match that of the roof. The distinctive pattern of ribs and joints in standing seam and other metal roofing materials should coordinate dimensionally with similar elements in exterior walls.

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OBJECTIVE
D-5 Maintain and improve community appearance through programs that prevent and abate blighting influences.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
D-5-a Code Enforcement. Continue enforcement of the Fresno Municipal Code to remove or abate public nuisances in a timely manner.

D-5-b Clean Streets. Promote community partnerships and continued City efforts toward litter clean-up and abatement of trash stockpiles on public and private streets.

D-5-c Façade Improvements. Pursue funding for, and support of, building facade improvement programs.

D-5-d Graffiti Prevention and Abatement. Seek ways to end graffiti, continue and expand the City's effective Graffiti Abatement Program.

D-5-e Community Sanitation. Continue efforts in Operation CleanUp to address rubbish/debris associated with homelessness.

OBJECTIVE
D-6 Encourage design that celebrates and supports the cultural and ethnic diversity of Fresno.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
D-6-a Consult with neighboring populations, including non-English speaking groups, to inform the architecture, landscape, programming, and interior design of City-owned facilities such as parks, offices, street lighting, and other visible features.

Commentary: The intent of this policy is to incorporate local needs and desires into the design and function of local-serving public facilities, as appropriate.

D-6-b Consider adopting and implementing incentives for, and support efforts by, private development to incorporate culturally-specific architectural elements in areas with a predominant ethnic population.

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OBJECTIVE
D-7 Continue applying local urban form, land use, and design policies to specific neighborhoods and locations.

IMPLEMENTING POLICIES
D-7-a Amend or repeal the Community and Specific Plans as listed below. As appropriate, relocate specific street setback requirements found in the various plans to the Development Code. Repeal the Local Planning and Procedures Ordinance (LPPO) after adoption of the General Plan.

To Be Amended:

Bullard Community Plan (becomes Pinedale Neighborhood
Plan)
Sierra Sky Park Land Use Policy Plan (for consistency with the Airport Land Use Commission’s Sierra Sky Park Plan)
Tower District Specific Plan
Butler-Willow Specific Plan
North Avenue Industrial Plan
Sun Garden Acres Specific Plan
Hoover Community Plan (becomes El Dorado Park
Neighborhood Plan)
To Be Repealed:

West Area Community Plan
Roosevelt Community Plan
Fulton/Lowell Specific Plan
Woodward Park Community Plan
Central Area Community Plan
McLane Community Plan
Fresno-High Roeding Plan
Yosemite School Area Specific Plan
Dakota-First Street Specific Plan
Edison Community Plan
Civic Center Master Plan
Highway City Specific Plan
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D-7-b Consider preparing new community, neighborhood, and/or Specific Plans for neighborhoods and locations that were covered by repealed plans.

Commentary: The City will work with community members in the preparation of new community, neighborhood, and/or
Specific Plans after the adoption of the General Plan.

D-7-c Forestiere Underground Gardens. In the event that the Highway City Specific Plan is repealed, those goals and implementation policies in the Highway City Specific Plan that are pertinent to the Forestiere Underground Gardens shall be incorporated in their entirety into this General Plan and will remain in effect.

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3.7 DISADVANTAGED UNINCORPORATED COMMUNITIES
California Senate Bill 244 (Wolk, 2011; SB 244) requires local municipalities to identify Disadvantaged Unincorporated Communities (DUCs) within or adjacent to their Sphere of Influence (SOI), analyze the infrastructure needs of the DUCs (including water, wastewater, stormwater drainage, and structural fire protection), and evaluate potential funding mechanisms to make service extension feasible.

Disadvantaged Unincorporated Communities are defined as settled places not within city limits where the median household income is 80 percent or less than the statewide median household income.6, 7 Under the policy set forth by the Fresno Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO), a DUC must also have at least 15 residences with a density of one unit per acre or greater. 8 In 2015, Fresno LAFCO identified a total of 20 DUCs that are located within or adjacent to the City of Fresno SOI and which meet the full definition of a DUC (See Figure LU-3).

Infrastructure Conditions Summary of Fresno Area DUCs
Water
Water access for DUCs is served through either the City of Fresno Public Utilities Department or through private wells. Adequate water infrastructure is defined as having existing infrastructure connecting a parcel that contains one or more residences to the City’s water system. The analysis does not include parcels that do not contain residences (i.e. vacant land or businesses) nor does it consider whether or not a residence has active service.

Wastewater
Similar to water, wastewater service is provided either through the City of Fresno Public Utilities Department or through private septic tanks. Adequate 6 State of California Office of Planning and Research. Technical Advisory to SB 244. 7 Flegal, C., Rice, S., Mann, J., & Tran, J. California Unincorporated: Mapping Disadvantaged Communities.

PolicyLink, 2013
8 Fresno Local Agency Formation Commission. City of Fresno Municipal Service Review Public Review Draft, prepared by Policy Consulting Associates, LLC. October 20, 2015.

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wastewater infrastructure is likewise defined as having existing infrastructure connecting a parcel that contains one or more residences to the City’s system.

Fresno City CouncilFebruary 1, 2024

Fresno City Council
February 1, 2024