Exhibit I-1 – City Council EIR Certification Resolution with Final EIR — Fresno City Council, March 7, 2024 (part 7 of 7)

This section was prepared by an Ascent biologist and addresses biological resources known or with potential to occur on or near the project site and describes potential effects of implementation of the project on those resources.

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An Ascent biologist conducted reconnaissance-level surveys of the project site on November 1, 2021 and June 20, 2022. The project site consists of an undeveloped parcel in the northwestern portion of the city of Fresno, approximately 0.35 mile south of the San Joaquin River. The site is surrounded by the Riverside Golf Course to the north; residential development to the west; industrial and residential development to the east; and West Herndon Avenue, commercial development, some undeveloped parcels, and the Rio Vista Middle School to the south. There is a large transmission tower in the northwest corner of the project site. No raptor nests were observed on this tower; however, several owl pellets (likely attributed to a barn owl [Tyto alba] or great horned owl [Bubo virginianus]) and California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi) bones were observed under Responses to Comments Ascent
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the tower during the reconnaissance-level survey on November 1, 2021, indicating that owls and likely other raptors use the tower as a roost site. California ground squirrel burrows are present throughout the project site and several squirrels were observed during the reconnaissance-level surveys on November 1, 2021, and June 20, 2022. There is a mound of soil directly adjacent to the northern boundary of the project site with many California ground squirrel burrows.

The commenter raises potential impacts of the proposed golf course netting on biological resources and generally references other CEQA documents prepared for projects requiring “similar netting.” According to information prepared by Tanner Consulting Group, which specializes in golf course design, golf barrier netting is a woven poly material that is installed tautly, making it safe for birds to land on and making it difficult for birds to become trapped.

Tanner Consulting Group has surveyed and monitored numerous golf course and driving range locations, including netting installed at the San Jose State University Men’s and Woman’s Golf Training Center, and reported no evidence of bird entrapment or death (see Appendix B). Importantly, the golf course already includes nets on a large stretch of its property along Riverside Drive. The City, which operates Riverside Golf Course, has not had any issues with bird or bat entanglement in the existing golf course nets along North Riverside Avenue (Berry, pers. comm., 2023). Based on experience with existing nets at this location and the testimony of industry experts with experience in other locations, the City does not anticipate significant impacts to migratory birds from the proposed netting along the Spruce Avenue extension.

Response I103-5
The comment includes a summary and discussion of background related to GHG and CEQA and suggests that the Draft EIR approach to assessing consistency with the City of Fresno Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan (GHGRP) is flawed. The comment reaches two main points, which are 1) there are other GHG plans, policies, and regulations that the GHGRP may not address and 2) language in the Draft EIR suggests there is a conflict and/or inconsistency in the approach to assessing GHG.

Regarding the scope of the plans evaluated in the Draft EIR, the approach to evaluate the consistency with the GHGRP is reasonable and substantiated. The GHGRP is considered a “Qualified Plan,” according to CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5(b), and is the latest qualified plan available by the City of Fresno. Thus, it is appropriate for the City to assess whether the project complies with the requirements in the GHGRP as the measure of GHG impacts. In certain circumstances, consistency with a qualified GHG reduction plan can be used as a basis for dismissal of a project from detailed GHG emissions modeling and evaluation pursuant to CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5. However, to do so a project must be consistent with the land use designations in the City’s adopted General Plan (which are the basis for the emissions forecasts in the GHGRP). Because the project involves a General Plan amendment, the Draft EIR conservatively assumes that GHG emissions from the project could be greater with the General Plan amendment as compared to the land use designation currently adopted in the General Plan. As such, the GHGRP consistency checklist was not used in the analysis and the EIR does not streamline the evaluation of GHG emissions per Section 15183.5 of the State CEQA Guidelines.

Instead of employing the GHGRP checklist, a detailed evaluation of GHG impacts, including emissions modeling, was conducted to determine whether the project would comply with the reduction goals of the GHGRP. This modeling applies the same modeling approach as used in the GHGRP to quantifiably demonstrate that the project's design features and resulting emissions reductions would be sufficient to meet or exceed the GHGRP’s reduction targets.

Given the technical work and data that underlies the GHGRP, the City’s decision to use this Fresno-specific threshold is supported by substantial evidence. Further, due to this demonstrated consistency, the EIR evaluation can tier from the existing programmatic review of the GHGRP’s consistency with other State and local plans and regulations.

In addition, the Draft EIR includes a consistency evaluation of the 2022 Scoping Plan Update and Fresno Council of Governments (COG) 2022 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS) in Appendix F of the Draft EIR. Specifically, page 42 of Appendix F includes the following discussion of consistency with statewide emissions reduction targets:

The Project will be consistent with the state’s GHG reduction goals as discussed in the 2022 CARB Scoping Plan. The Project will serve the needs of consumers in California and provide an effective and efficient means Ascent Responses to Comments
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to shop at the warehouse, fill up a gasoline vehicle, and get a car wash all in the same location. The Project’s emissions sources are regulated (and are foreseeably expected to continue to be regulated in the future) in furtherance of the State’s environmental policy objectives and the Project will continue to meet those regulations to continually improve and reduce GHG emissions. Costco has a focus on sustainability, with specific measures being implemented to manage energy use across its warehouses. Costco's warehouse designs are consistent with the requirements of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), an internationally accepted benchmark for green building design and construction. Costco continues to improve the design and construction of its buildings, as technological advancements in these areas and building materials improve. Improved engineering and design has resulted in the use of less materials, such as columns and I-beams, while providing more strength. Costco prefers full metal buildings in order to use the maximum amount of recycled material.

Similarly, the project would be consistent with the GHG reduction goals established in the RTP/SCS (Appendix F, page 43). The analysis concludes (Appendix F, page 45):

While the Project would represent an increase in GHG emissions when compared to the existing conditions on the vacant site, the Project would not conflict with the Fresno COG’s RTP/SCS or statewide emission reduction targets in the 2022 CARB Scoping Plan Update.

As support for this conclusion, Tables C-1 and C-2 from Appendix F of the Draft EIR and provided below for reference, include detailed matrices of plan consistency.

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Thus, the concern expressed in the comment that these other plans are not addressed is unfounded. The GHG section also includes discussion of the current long-term goals of the state. The Draft EIR discusses statewide GHG emission targets, the CARB 2022 Scoping Plan, transportation-related standards and regulations in California, legislation associated with electricity generation, California Building Energy Efficiency Standards, California Integrated Waste Management Act, and California’s Climate Adaptation Strategy in Section 3.7.1.

Regarding the suggestion that the Draft EIR includes logically inconsistent and/or misleading explanations regarding the GHG and VMT analyses, there is a distinction between exceeding established VMT thresholds set by the City to implement Senate Bill (SB) 743 related to transportation and conflicting with GHG reduction programs derived from SB 375 and Fresno COG’s RTP/SCS. As explained further below, Appendix F of the Draft EIR properly evaluates consistency with both the CARB Scoping Plan Update (and related VMT priorities) and the Fresno COG RTP/SCS.

The evaluation of VMT in Section 3.13, “Transportation and Circulation,” is based upon the City’s adopted VMT threshold, which was developed to meet the State requirements set by SB 743 and address CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3. As explained in the “Methodology,” subsection (page 3.13-9), using this threshold, any net increase in total VMT would indicate a significant impact. Therefore, the transportation analysis appropriately evaluates the VMT per the City’s VMT guidelines and thresholds of significance.

The GHG analysis assesses how the project is consistent with the Fresno COG RTP/SCS because this plan includes aspects that are focused on addressing GHG and climate change. As discussed above, however, the VMT analysis is not a specific criterion to this consistency analysis. The Draft EIR addresses consistency with the RTP/SCS in Table C-2 (Appendix F of Draft EIR) and finds that the project will be consistent with the overall goals of the RTP/SCS, and would not impede the implementation of the RTP/SCS. More specifically, the comment claims the Draft EIR includes a double standard in assessing consistency of the Fresno COG RTP/SCS and 2022 Scoping Plan Update. This is not accurate, as the Draft EIR fully and consistently addresses impacts and benefits within the transportation and GHG sections. What the comment claims as a double standard is a conflation of a transportation impact with GHG emissions that are inconsistent with state and local planning.

While there is a well-understood relationship between VMT and generation of GHG emissions, and generation of certain levels of VMT is used in some jurisdictions as a trigger for a detailed GHG analysis, it is not uncommon for projects that have a significant VMT impact to not exceed established GHG emissions thresholds through the application of project elements or other commitments that address sources of GHG emissions beyond VMT. In these circumstances, detailed GHG emissions modeling is conducted to forecast emissions and identify whether the total emissions would exceed GHG thresholds adopted to align with state and regional GHG reduction targets. In some cases, as with the proposed project, this detailed modeling demonstrates compliance with adopted GHG standards.

In summary, the environmental topics of VMT within a transportation analysis and of GHG emissions in a GHG section are two different things judged by two different thresholds of significance. If they were synonymous, they would not be separately evaluated. A significant VMT impact (based on local/regional travel patterns) does not equate to a significant GHG impact (based on a broader scale). The detailed modeling provided in Appendix F of the Draft EIR provides the appropriate connections between the VMT and the generation of GHG emissions. VMT as a metric does not account for vehicle characteristics, fuel type, emission standards, and fleet-level standards, all of which directly influence GHG emissions. For example, VMT generated by a gasoline vehicle is not equal to VMT by an electric vehicle because electric vehicles have zero tailpipe emissions. A similar argument can be made for hybrid vehicles and other near zero or zero emission vehicles (e.g., plug-in hybrid vehicles and fuel cell vehicles) in terms of GHG production. Thus, the GHG analysis incorporates evaluation of VMT in the GHG emissions inventory. This approach in the GHG section properly addresses the GHG emissions, not just the VMT, which is a metric to assess transportation issues as discussed above.

Similarly, the consistency analysis to the 2022 CARB Scoping Plan is an analysis specific to itself without a specific correlation to the result of the VMT analysis. As shown in the Draft EIR, the consistency with the 2022 CARB Scoping Plan assesses the project’s consistency with three areas: Transportation Electrification, VMT Reduction, and Building Decarbonization. The project demonstrates consistency with these three areas through installation of 45 EV spaces, project mitigation measures and design features related to transportation, and commitment to using renewable solar Ascent Responses to Comments
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energy for the operational electricity required by the Project (see Appendix F of the Draft EIR). While the 2022 Scoping Plan notes that the State should establish guidance for regional and local agencies regarding administration of SB 743 mitigation banking/exchanges and how revenue is spent, it does not specifically note that projects must align with SB 743 in order to meet the State’s emission reduction targets.

The Sierra Club v. County of Fresno case established that a reasonable effort should be made to explain the connection between exceeding a numerical threshold and effects on sensitive receptors or the environment. This relationship is not analogous to the relationship between VMT and GHG emissions. As explained above and in the Draft EIR, VMT is a component of GHG emissions modeling. The Draft EIR is compliant with the decision in the Sierra Club v. County of Fresno case.

Thus, the comment’s suggestion to conflate the various criteria and issues together and insinuation of conflict between the analyses included in the Draft EIR is not correct, nor is it substantiated. For the reasons summarized above, the Draft EIR fully and adequately discloses the project’s GHG impacts, including potential for policy and regulatory conflicts and inconsistencies. The Draft EIR fulfills the City’s obligation under CEQA to disclose potential effects of the project and to provide the public with a meaningful opportunity to comment on the project’s potential for substantial adverse environmental effects. There is no unidentified significant impact as suggested by the comment; therefore, the Draft EIR does not need to be recirculated for additional public review.

Response I103-6
The commenter indicates that requiring sound wall upgrades at existing residences may not be enforceable. Mitigation Measure 3.11-5 (Draft EIR page 3.11-29) states “sound wall construction would only be implemented if all of the property owners on the west side of North Riverside Drive between West Herndon Avenue and West Spruce Avenue collectively agree to the mitigation.” As pointed out by the commenter, the sound wall upgrade is one of two options in the Draft EIR for mitigating the impact to a level that is below the threshold of significance. The other mitigation option reduces traffic noise via installation of rubberized pavement. The analysis explains that "the interior SENL [single-event noise level] at the sensitive receptor nearest to where the heavy vehicle activity could occur would be approximately 66.4 SENL. Thus, SENL’s at the nearest noise-sensitive receptors would exceed 65 SENL" by 1.4 SENL.

Either of the two mitigation options in Mitigation Measure 3.11-5 would result in greater reductions than required to achieve consistency with the City’s noise threshold: rubberized hot-mix asphalt reduced by an average of 4 to 6 dB, while a barrier that breaks the line of sight between a source and a receiver will typically result in at least 5 dB.

It is reasonably foreseeable that affected residents would be amenable to a sound wall upgrade, which requires very little ongoing maintenance; therefore, there is good reason to include this measure. However, if affected residents decline the sound wall upgrade, the rubberized asphalt is an effective and feasible (albeit likely more expensive in the long-term) alternative mitigation measure identified in the Draft EIR. It is not uncommon or otherwise prohibited in CEQA to include multiple mitigation options, including some options where feasibility cannot be guaranteed, as long as there are equally effective feasible alternative mitigation options identified.

The text of Mitigation Measure 3.11-5 clearly states that the “project proponent shall implement noise reduction measures to ensure that exterior noise levels at residential land uses near the west side of North Riverside Drive do not exceed the City’s current noise standard of 65 dB Ldn/CNEL. This performance standard can be achieved using either of the following measures.” The required noise reduction is, therefore, fully enforceable because the mitigation measure provides two paths to achieving the standard if one is determined to be infeasible. Nonetheless, the following language has been added to Mitigation Measure 3.11-5 to further clarify implementation.

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X Pave the roadway segment with rubberized hot-mix asphalt or equivalent surface treatment with known noise-reducing properties on top of the roadway surface. The rubberized hot-mix asphalt overlay shall be designed with appropriate thickness and rubber component quantity (typically 15 percent by weight of the total blend), such that traffic noise levels are reduced by an average of 4 to 6 dB (noise levels vary depending on travel speeds, meteorological conditions, and pavement quality) as compared to noise levels generated by vehicle traffic traveling on standard asphalt. Rubberized hot-mix asphalt has been found to achieve this level of noise reduction in other parts of California (Sacramento County 1999).

X Construct a sound barrier taller than the 6-foot cinderblock wall that is currently present from West Spruce Avenue to West Herndon Avenue. The sound barrier shall be constructed of solid material (e.g., wood, brick, adobe, an earthen berm, boulders, or combination thereof). The reflectivity of each sound barrier shall be minimized to ensure that traffic noise reflected off the barrier does not contribute to an exceedance of applicable Leq standards at other receptors. The level of sound reflection from a barrier can be minimized with a textured or absorptive surface or with vegetation on or next to the barrier. A barrier that breaks the line of sight between a source and a receiver will typically result in at least 5 dB of noise reduction (Caltrans 2013: 2-41; FTA 2018: 42). Barriers higher than the line of sight provide increased noise reduction (FTA 2018: 16). Scenic quality factors shall be taken into account during design, such as using more natural materials (e.g., berms and boulders) to reduce the visible mass of a wall. All barriers shall be designed to blend into the landscape along the roadway, to the extent feasible. Ensuring a character consistent with the surrounding area may involve the use of strategically placed native trees or other vegetation; the addition of special materials (e.g., wood or stonework) on the façade of the sound wall; and/or a sound wall that is covered in vegetation. Additionally, the sound barrier shall meet the standards established in General Plan Policy NS-1-o which establishes aesthetic considerations for sound walls including a maximum allowable height of 15 feet. If the sound barriers ensure that exterior traffic noise levels on the residential properties would not exceed 60 dB Leq, then the applicant shall not be required to pave the roadway with a special low-noise surface treatment. Sound wall construction would only be implemented if all of the property owners on the west side of North Riverside Drive between West Herndon Avenue and West Spruce Avenue collectively agree to the mitigation.

Response I103-7
The comment summarizes the transportation impacts identified as significant and unavoidable in the draft EIR, and reiterates comments regarding the relationship between VMT and GHG emissions, which are addressed above in Response I130-5.

Regarding transportation safety impacts, the comment speculates that the impact could be more severe than disclosed in the Draft EIR due to the proximity of railroad tracks to the intersection North Golden State Boulevard and West Herndon Avenue and the “heightened risk on train-on-car collisions.” Existing and proposed rail infrastructure was considered in the Transportation Impact Analysis (Draft EIR Appendix D). Additional traffic generated by the proposed Costco is anticipated to result in vehicle queues that extend from the intersection of North Golden State Boulevard and West Herndon Avenue to the east, past the intersection of West Herndon Avenue and Webber Avenue. The traffic modeling accounted for the railroad tracks and existing cross protection at the at-grade crossing of West Herndon Avenue. There is a space for approximately three cars between the North Golden State Boulevard and West Herndon Avenue intersection and the arm gates; as a result, traffic queues east of the arm gates in the current condition. The arm gates provide advanced warning and lower to restrict vehicular access when activated by an approaching train. The proposed Costco Commercial center would not include design features or incompatible uses that would increase the potential for motorists to queue within the arm gates for the railroad track such that a substantial increase in the potential for train-on-car collisions would occur. As explained in the Transportation Impact Analysis and summarized in the Draft EIR, the potential for increased safety hazards would occur east of the railroad tracks at the intersection of West Herndon Avenue and Weber Avenue. To address the potential for westbound traffic Ascent Responses to Comments
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to queue through the intersection, “DO NOT BLOCK” pavement markings would be added along the full width of Weber Avenue and signal phasing would be revised to optimize green-time allocation.

The comment suggests that an offsite alternative should have been evaluated for potential to reduce the identified queuing impacts. As discussed further in Response I130-8, the Draft EIR discusses three off-site alternatives. The offsite locations evaluated at North Riverside Drive and Veterans Boulevard and at Bullard Avenue and Veterans Boulevard would not have primary access from West Herndon Avenue. This may address the queuing impacts at the intersection North Golden State Boulevard and West Herndon Avenue identified in the Draft EIR. However, these locations would also be proximate to the existing rail line, and queuing impacts could occur in the alternative locations.

The comment suggests that West Herndon Avenue would be the primary roadway used to access the proposed Costco site, assumed to be preferred over Veterans Boulevard due to distance. The Transportation Impact Analysis also reflects this assumption (see Appendix D to the Draft EIR).

Finally, the comment suggests consideration of a mitigation measure that would condition operation of the proposed Costco on completion of the grade-separated rail crossing of West Herndon Avenue between North Golden State Boulevard and North Webber Avenue, which the comment suggests may improve circulation and reduce the queuing concerns identified in the Draft EIR. As acknowledged in the comment, this work is being completed by the California High Speed Rail Authority; the City and applicant have no control over the timing or outcome. This is not feasible mitigation for the City to impose because it would introduce unreasonable uncertainty given that the City has no jurisdiction over the implementation of the rail crossing and cannot ensure that it is completed in a timely fashion (or completed at all). Further, there is no clear evidence that the rail crossing improvements would improve the roadway operations impacts identified in the Draft EIR.

Response I103-8
The comment raises issues with the Draft EIR’s alternatives analysis, specifically related to the evaluation of off-site alternatives. The Draft EIR includes a discussion of off-site alternatives, including those identified in a previous correspondence submitted by the commenter, starting on page 6-4. The Draft EIR examines three potential off-site alternative locations for the project: Southeast Corner of West Herndon Avenue and Hayes Avenue; Area West of North Riverside Drive and North of Veterans Boulevard; and Area West of Bullard Avenue and South of Veterans Boulevard. The Draft EIR concludes (page 6-4) that, due primarily to potential infeasibility and because they would not clearly address the project’s significant environmental effects, none of these off-site alternative locations are carried forward into the full evaluation of project alternatives.

The commenter suggests that dismissal of these off-site alternatives was “improper” because it “precluded the opportunity to meaningfully contextualize at least one of the significant and unavoidable impacts (transportation safety hazards from queuing) and illustrate the ability and feasibility of reducing or avoiding significant and unavoidable impacts associated with the project.” The commenter then provides several selections from the CEQA Guidelines with various phrases underlined for emphasis. However, nearly all of the commenter’s arguments are contingent on the assumption that the off-site alternatives are appropriate for inclusion in the detailed alternatives evaluation. As mentioned above, the Draft EIR includes substantial evidence that these off-site alternatives are infeasible. CEQA requires project alternatives to be feasible. CEQA defines “feasible” in California Public Resources Code (PRC) Section 210610.1: “Feasible” means capable of being accomplished in a successful manner within a reasonable period of time, taking into account economic, environmental, social, and technological factors. Once an alternative is determined to be infeasible, it is not required to be evaluated in the EIR, and all other arguments for why it should be included become moot. Several examples where CEQA requires alternatives to be feasible are provided below (with underlines added for emphasis):

X PRC Section 21002. The Legislature finds and declares that it is the policy of the state that public agencies should not approve projects as proposed if there are feasible alternatives or feasible mitigation measures available which would substantially lessen the significant environmental effects of such projects, and that the procedures required by this division are intended to assist public agencies in systematically identifying both the significant effects of proposed projects and the feasible alternatives or Responses to Comments Ascent
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feasible mitigation measures which will avoid or substantially lessen such significant effects. The Legislature further finds and declares that in the event specific economic, social, or other conditions make infeasible such project alternatives or such mitigation measures, individual projects may be approved in spite of one or more significant effects thereof.

X PRC Section 21003. The Legislature further finds and declares that it is the policy of the state that: (c) Environmental impact reports omit unnecessary descriptions of projects and emphasize feasible mitigation measures and feasible alternatives to projects.

X California Code of Regulations (CCR) Section 15126.6(a). Alternatives to the Proposed Project. An EIR shall describe a range of reasonable alternatives to the project, or to the location of the project, which would feasibly attain most of the basic objectives of the project but would avoid or substantially lessen any of the significant effects of the project, and evaluate the comparative merits of the alternatives. An EIR need not consider every conceivable alternative to a project. Rather it must consider a reasonable range of potentially feasible alternatives that will foster informed decision making and public participation. An EIR is not required to consider alternatives which are infeasible. The lead agency is responsible for selecting a range of project alternatives for examination and must publicly disclose its reasoning for selecting those alternatives. There is no ironclad rule governing the nature or scope of the alternatives to be discussed other than the rule of reason.

X CCR Section 15126.6(c). Selection of a range of reasonable alternatives. The range of potential alternatives to the proposed project shall include those that could feasibly accomplish most of the basic objectives of the project and could avoid or substantially lessen one or more of the significant effects.

The EIR should briefly describe the rationale for selecting the alternatives to be discussed. The EIR should also identify any alternatives that were considered by the lead agency but were rejected as infeasible during the scoping process and briefly explain the reasons underlying the lead agency’s determination.

Additional information explaining the choice of alternatives may be included in the administrative record.

Among the factors that may be used to eliminate alternatives from detailed consideration in an EIR are:(i) failure to meet most of the basic project objectives, (ii) infeasibility, or (iii) inability to avoid significant environmental impacts.

The commenter disputes the Draft EIR’s infeasibility conclusions, suggesting that an off-site alternative should be “considered feasible enough” to be included in the detailed alternatives evaluation, rather than being rejected. “Feasible enough” is not a concept in CEQA—alternatives are considered either “potentially feasible” or “infeasible.” The commenter refutes several reasons for infeasibility identified in the Draft EIR, including site access issues, physical obstacles such as power lines, incompatible general plan designations and zoning, State restrictions on downzoning residentially designated property, as well as site ownership and acquisition issues. The commenter minimizes these issues by suggesting, in many cases, that the proposed project site shares similar constraints; however, the comparison with the project site is not thorough enough to draw the conclusions reached by the commenter. For example, the commenter equates the power line constraints associated with the site located at the southeast corner of West Herdon Avenue and Hayes Avenue with the power line constraints at the proposed project site. The constraints posed by the power lines at these two sites are not equivalent. Whereas the power lines at the proposed project site pass through a small section of the northeast corner of the rectangular site leaving the vast majority of the site unconstrained, the power lines at the alternative site completely bisect the oblong, triangular site, creating significant constraints for placement of large buildings and other tall structures, such as light standards. Another example is the commenter’s suggestion that the City could avoid violating SB 330 by “rebalancing housing unit allocations,” suggesting that the City of Freno already “facilitates SB 330 musical chairs,” and that this process would be similar to the proposed General Plan amendment and Rezone. This is far oversimplified. In order to “rebalance” the housing allocations, the City would need to rezone other properties, which would involve other property owners and stakeholders and potential unknown environmental impacts associated with changes in allowed use and/or intensity. Such a proposal for a single private development would be highly unusual. Finally, the commenter cites CEQA Guidelines Section 15126.6 and suggests that cost and lack of ownership should not be reasons to dismiss alternatives; however, Section 15126.6(f)(1) describes the considerations for feasibility of alternatives and states among Ascent Responses to Comments
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the factors that may be taken into account when addressing the feasibility of alternatives are site suitability, economic viability, availability of infrastructure, general plan consistency, other plans or regulatory limitations, jurisdictional boundaries (projects with a regionally significant impact should consider the regional context), and whether the proponent can reasonably acquire, control or otherwise have access to the alternative site (or the site is already owned by the proponent). The same section also stipulates that “no one of these factors establishes a strict limit on the scope of reasonable alternatives.” It should be noted that multiple reasons for infeasibility are provided in the Draft EIR for each of the offsite alternatives. Furthermore, the commenter does not address many of the other reasons for infeasibility identified in the Draft EIR, including parcels on the same site being under different ownership, including by FMFCD; FMFCD easements bisecting a site; and obstacles to site access associated with a gradeseparated overpass.

Interestingly, the commenter offers a court case to substantiate the critique of the Draft EIR’s alternatives analysis: We Advocate Through Environmental Review, et al v. County of Siskiyou. The commenter indicates that this case relates to narrowly defined objectives; however, the commenter then admits that the Draft EIR’s objectives are not written narrowly but suggests that the Draft EIR’s off-site alternatives analysis has the same “end-effect” in that the outcome was a “mere formality.” The Draft EIR follows CEQA’s guidance for consideration of alternatives, including CEQA’s specific guidance for alternative locations as provided in State CEQA Guidelines Section 15126[f][2], as follows:
(A) Key question. The key question and first step in analysis is whether any of the significant effects of the project would be avoided or substantially lessened by putting the project in another location. Only locations that would avoid or substantially lessen any of the significant effects of the project need be considered for inclusion in the EIR.
(B) None feasible. If the lead agency concludes that no feasible alternative locations exist, it must disclose the reasons for this conclusion, and should include the reasons in the EIR. For example, in some cases there may be no feasible alternative locations for a geothermal plant or mining project which must be in close proximity to natural resources at a given location.
(C) Limited new analysis required. Where a previous document has sufficiently analyzed a range of reasonable alternative locations and environmental impacts for projects with the same basic purpose, the lead agency should review the previous document. The EIR may rely on the previous document to help it assess the feasibility of potential project alternatives to the extent the circumstances remain substantially the same as they relate to the alternative. (Citizens of Goleta Valley v. Board of Supervisors (1990) 52 Cal.3d 553, 573).

First, regarding item “A,” the Draft EIR considers the “key question”: would any of the project’s significant effects be avoided? Each of the Draft EIR’s off-site alternatives discussions include a robust discussion on this point. Second, regarding item “B,” the Draft EIR considers the feasibility of these off-site alternatives, as described in detail above.

Finally, regarding item “C,” no previous document evaluated a range of reasonable alternative locations. Not only does the referenced court case (by the commenter’s own admission) have nothing to do with the off-site alternatives issue, but the commenter’s attempt to tie the general lesson from the case—that alternatives evaluation should not be a mere formality—to the Draft EIR does not work as the Draft EIR follows CEQA’s requirements for considering off-site alternatives.

Importantly, in addition to considering and dismissing three off-site alternatives and two additional alternatives, the Draft EIR includes a detailed alternatives evaluation that considers a reasonable range of alternatives, including two No Project Alternatives and two alternatives to the project focused specifically on reducing significant impacts of the project.

It should also be noted that the commenter indicates that his comments were not included in Appendix A of the Draft EIR. The NOP was released October 22, 2021 for a 30-day comment period. The referenced correspondence was an email dated March 30, 2022 (4 months after the close of the comment period). Although the letter was not included in the appendix with the comments received on the NOP, the comments provided were considered during preparation of the Draft EIR, as stated on page 6-4 of the Draft EIR.

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3 REVISIONS TO THE DRAFT EIR
This chapter presents specific text changes made to the Draft EIR since its publication and public review. The changes are presented in the order in which they appear in the original Draft EIR and are identified by the Draft EIR page number. Text deletions are shown in strikethrough, and text additions are shown in underline.

The information contained within this chapter clarifies and expands on information in the Draft EIR and does not constitute “significant new information” requiring recirculation. (See also Public Resources Code Section 21092.1; CEQA Guidelines Section 15088.5.)
Revisions to “Executive Summary”
The first sentence in Section ES.2.4, “Characteristics of the Project,“ on page ES-2 is revised as follows to reflect the revised site plan:

The proposed Costco building would occupy 241,342 219,126 square feet, of which approximately 24,000 square feet would be reserved for storage and receiving.

Revisions to Chapter 2, “Project Description”
Table 2-1 on page 2-10 is revised as follows to reflect the revised site plan:

Table 2-1 Project Elements
Structure Area (square feet)
Warehouse Retail Building Footprint 241,342 219,216
Warehouse/Retail 162,264 163,539
Loading/Back of house/Storage/Receiving 23,881 4,422
Market delivery operation 46,834
Open canopy space 5,126 3,233
Building envelope 2,9555 1,188
Fuel canopy 12,885
Car wash 4,800
Source: Data provided by Urban Planning Partners in 2022 and 2023.

The first sentence on page 2-13 under the heading “Costco Warehouse Building” is revised as follows to reflect the revised site plan:

The proposed warehouse would occupy 241,342 219,126 square feet of which approximately 24,000 square feet would be reserved for storage and receiving.

The description under the heading “Parking” on page 2-14 is revised as follows to reflect the revised site plan:

The project includes 889 873 total parking stalls, which meets the City of Fresno’s minimum parking requirements for the project. These parking stalls would include a total of 21 25 accessible spaces and 53 92 electric vehicle-ready parking stalls. The design would be in compliance with City and Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements. The project also would provide bicycle parking in accordance with the City’s Citywide Development Code.

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3-2 Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR
To provide clarification, the second paragraph of Section 2.2.4, “Construction,” on page 2-19 of the Draft EIR is revised as follows:

Table 2-2 lists equipment anticipated to be used during construction. All equipment used for construction would have Tier 3 engines with diesel particulate filters. In addition, approximately 325 loads of aggregate base would be imported onto the project site and approximately 3,000 cubic yards of utility and foundation spoils would be off hauled. Grading of the project site would be otherwise balanced and would not require additional import or export of soils. All staging would occur on the project site. Trucks would enter the project site from North Riverside Drive and exit the site via North Arthur Avenue.

The first bullet on page 2-22, which describes the entitlements requested from the City is revised to read:

X Approve a Conditional Use Permit to construct a ±241,342 219,126 square-foot, warehouse retail building with a ±4,800 square-foot car wash; and an ±13,000 square-foot, 32-station fuel canopy.

Revisions to Section 3.1, “Aesthetics”
The first sentence under Impact 3.1-1 on page 3.1-6 is revised as follows to reflect the revised site plan:

The project would construct an approximately 241,342 219,126-square-foot single story, contemporary-style retail building in the southeast corner of the project site, and a car wash and fueling stations along the northern portions of the site.

Revisions to Section 3.5, “Biological Resources”
To provide clarification, the first paragraph on page 3.5-1 of the Draft EIR is revised as follows:

In addition, the fourth paragraph on page 3.5-2 of the Draft EIR is revised as follows:

An Ascent biologist conducted reconnaissance-level surveys of the project site on November 1, 2021 and June 20, 2022. The project site consists of an undeveloped parcel in the northwestern portion of the city of Fresno, approximately 0.35 mile south of the San Joaquin River. The site is surrounded by the Riverside Golf Course to the north; residential development to the west; industrial and residential development to the east; and West Herndon Avenue, commercial development, some undeveloped parcels, and the Rio Vista Middle School to the south. There is a large transmission tower in the northwest corner of the project site. No raptor nests were observed on this tower; however, several owl pellets (likely attributed to a barn owl [Tyto alba] or great horned owl [Bubo virginianus]) and California ground squirrel (Otospermophilus beecheyi) bones were observed under the tower during the reconnaissance-level survey on November 1, 2021, indicating that owls and likely other raptors use the tower as a roost site. California ground squirrel burrows are present throughout the project site and several squirrels were observed during the reconnaissance-level surveys on November 1, 2021, and June 20, 2022. There is a mound of soil directly adjacent to the northern boundary of the project site with many California ground squirrel burrows.

Revisions to Section 3.11, “Noise and Vibration”
The first sentence under the subheading “Parking and Gas Station” on page 3.11-23 is revised as following to reflect the revised site plan:

Based on the current conceptual plan the proposed project would include 829 873 parking spaces to accommodate Costco members and employees.

Ascent Revisions to the Draft EIR
City of Fresno
Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR 3-3
The following language has been added to Mitigation Measure 3.11-5 on page 3.11-29 to further clarify implementation.

X Pave the roadway segment with rubberized hot-mix asphalt or equivalent surface treatment with known noise-reducing properties on top of the roadway surface. The rubberized hot-mix asphalt overlay shall be designed with appropriate thickness and rubber component quantity (typically 15 percent by weight of the total blend), such that traffic noise levels are reduced by an average of 4 to 6 dB (noise levels vary depending on travel speeds, meteorological conditions, and pavement quality) as compared to noise levels generated by vehicle traffic traveling on standard asphalt. Rubberized hot-mix asphalt has been found to achieve this level of noise reduction in other parts of California (Sacramento County 1999).

Revisions to Section 3.13, “Transportation and Circulation” The text of Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 beginning on page 3.13-15 of the Draft EIR is revised as follows:

Mitigation Measures
Table 3.13-3 presents the most recent California Air Pollution Control Officers Association (CAPCOA) Handbook for Analyzing GHG Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity (Handbook) measures for reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the transportation sector.

Most of the measures quantified in the CAPCOA Handbook aim to reduce VMT and encourage mode shifts from single-occupancy vehicles to shared (e.g., transit) or active modes of transportation (e.g., bicycle) Revisions to the Draft EIR Ascent
City of Fresno
3-4 Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR
(CAPCOA 2021). Although all transportation measures are provided below, not all are applicable or feasible given the implementation scale, nature of the proposed project, and/or limited jurisdictional authority of Costco, the applicant, to implement particular measures. The following mitigation measures have been proposed is based on the analysis of feasibility and applicability included in Table 3.13-5.

Table 3.13-5 Transportation Sector Measures to Reduce VMT Mitigation Measure Maximum Potential
VMT Reduction1
Feasible/Applicable
to the project? Notes
T-1 Increase Residential
Density
30% from project VMT N/A The proposed project does not
include residential uses.

T-2 Increase Job Density 30% from project VMT N/A This is a plan/communitywide strategy and is not applicable.

T-3 Provide Transit-Oriented
Development
31% from project VMT N/A This is a plan/communitywide
strategy and is not applicable.

T-4 Integrate Affordable and
Below Market Rate
Housing

28.6% from project/site
multifamily residential VMT
N/A The proposed project does not
include residential uses.

T-5 Implement Commute Trip
Reduction Program
(Voluntary)
4% project/site employee
commute VMT
Yes No See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

Measures T-7 through T-11 must be
implemented as part of T-5 to
achieve the maximum employee
commute VMT reduction. Because T11 would not be feasible, the commute trip reduction program
would not meet the full list of
CAPCOA parameters.

T-6 Implement Commute Trip
Reduction Program
(Mandatory
Implementation and
Monitoring)
26% from project/site
employee commute VMT
Yes No See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

Measures T-7 through T-11 must be
implemented as part of T-6 to
achieve the maximum employee
commute VMT reduction. Because T11 would not be feasible, the commute trip reduction program
would not meet the full list of
CAPCOA parameters.

T-7 Implement Commute Trip
Reduction Marketing
4% project/site employee
commute VMT
Yes See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-8 Provide Ridesharing
Program
8% project/site employee
commute VMT
Yes See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-9 Implement Subsidized or
Discounted Transit
Program

5.5% from
employee/resident
Yes See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-10 Provide End-of-Trip
Bicycle Facilities

4.4% project/site
employee commute VMT
Yes See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-11 Provide EmployerSponsored Vanpool 20.4% project/site employee commute VMT
Yes No See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

A private vanpool program would
involve the capital cost of purchasing
vas plus the operating cost of
insurances, would raise liability
concerns, and would pose logistical
challenges such as equal treatment of
Ascent Revisions to the Draft EIR
City of Fresno
Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR 3-5
Mitigation Measure Maximum Potential
VMT Reduction1
Feasible/Applicable
to the project? Notes
employees and rules regarding
private use of the vans. This measure
cannot be feasibly implemented to
reduce VMT.

T-12 Price Workplace Parking 20% project/site
employee commute VMT
N/A Measure ineffective due to readily
available, uncontrolled and free
parking in the immediate vicinity of
the proposed project.

T-13 Implement Employee
Parking Cash-Out
12% project/site employee
commute VMT
N/A Measure ineffective due to readily
available, uncontrolled and free
parking in the immediate vicinity of
the proposed project.

T-14 Provide Electric Vehicle
Charging Infrastructure
-- N/A See Mitigation Measure 3.3-2a. This
measure does not affect VMT.

T-15 Limit Residential Parking
Supply

13.7% from residences’
VMT
N/A The proposed project does not
include residential uses.

T-16 Unbundle Residential
Parking Costs from
Property Cost

15.7% from project VMT N/A The proposed project does not include residential uses.

T-17 Improve Street
Connectivity
30% from vehicle travel in
the plan/community
Yes The proposed project would
construct West Spruce Avenue along
the northern project site boundary
improving street connectivity.

Additionally, the project would
construct North Arthur Avenue along
the eastern project site boundary,
connecting West Spruce Avenue and
West Spruce Herndon Avenue. See
Chapter 2, “Project Description.,” and
Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-18 Provide Pedestrian
Network Improvement

6.4% from vehicle travel in
the plan/community
Yes Pedestrian facility improvements
provided as part of the proposed
project. See Chapter 2, “Project
Description.,” and Mitigation Measure

3.13-2 below.

T-19-A Construct or Improve Bike
Facility

0.8% from vehicles parallel
roadways
Yes Bicycle facility improvements
provided as part of the proposed
project. See Chapter 2, “Project
Description.,” and Mitigation Measure

3.13-2 below.

T-19-B Construct or Improve Bike
Boulevard

0.2% from vehicles on
roadway
Yes Bicycle facility improvements
provided as part of the proposed
project. See Chapter 2, “Project
Description.,” and Mitigation Measure

3.13-2 below.

T-20 Expand Bikeway Network 0.5% from vehicles on
roadway
Yes Bicycle facility improvements
provided as part of the proposed
project. See Chapter 2, “Project
Description.,” and Mitigation Measure

3.13-2 below.

Revisions to the Draft EIR Ascent
City of Fresno
3-6 Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR
Mitigation Measure Maximum Potential
VMT Reduction1
Feasible/Applicable
to the project? Notes
T-21-A Implement Conventional
Carshare Program

0.15% from vehicle travel
in the plan/community
No This is a plan/communitywide
strategy and is not feasible.

T-21-B Implement Electric
Carshare Program
VMT reduction not
quantified—see CAPCOA
handbook
No This is a plan/communitywide
strategy and is not feasible.

T-22-A Implement Pedal (NonElectric) Bikeshare
Program

0.2% from vehicle travel in
the plan/community
No This is a plan/communitywide
strategy and is not feasible.

T-22-B Implement Electric
Bikeshare Program

0.06% from vehicle travel
in the plan/community
No This is a plan/communitywide
strategy and is not feasible.

T-22-C Implement Scootershare
Program

0.07% from vehicle travel
in the plan/community
No This is a plan/communitywide
strategy and is not feasible.

T-23 Provide CommunityBased Travel Planning 2.3% from vehicle travel in the plan/community
N/A The proposed project does not
include residential uses. This measure
applies to residences.

T-24 Implement Market Price
Public Parking (On-Street)
30% from vehicle travel in
the plan/community
No The applicant, Costco, does not have
jurisdiction over public on-street
parking facilities and operation.

T-25 Extend Transit Network
Coverage or Hours

4.6% from vehicle travel in
the plan/community
No The applicant, Costco, does not have
jurisdiction over the operation of
transit service.

T-26 Increase Transit Service
Frequency

11.3% from vehicle travel
in the plan/community
No The applicant, Costco, does not have
jurisdiction over the operation of
transit service.

T-27 Implement TransitSupportive Roadway
Treatments

0.6% from vehicle travel in
the plan/community
No This is a plan/communitywide
strategy and is not feasible.

T-28 Provide Bus Rapid Transit 13.8% from vehicle travel in the plan/community
No The applicant, Costco, does not have
jurisdiction over the operation of
transit service.

T-29 Reduce Transit Fares 1.2% from vehicle travel in
the plan/community
No This is a plan/communitywide
strategy and is not feasible.

T-30 Use Cleaner-Fuel Vehicles -- N/A This measure does not affect VMT.

VMT = Vehicle Miles Traveled; N/A = not applicable
Source: Mitigation Measures and VMT Reduction Potential provided by CAPCOA 2021 Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity Mitigation Measure 3.13-2: Provide a Mandatory Commute Reduction Program for to Reduce Costco Employees’ VMT by at least 26 Percent
Costco shall provide a Mandatory Commute Reduction program for employees that is designed to achieves at least a 26 percent reduction in employee VMT. The commute reduction program shall be provided to the City for approval acceptance prior to issuance of a certificate of occupancy. Specific actions may mustinclude the following measures described in the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association’s 2021 Handbook Ascent Revisions to the Draft EIR
City of Fresno
Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR 3-7
for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures Handbook:

X Commute Trip Reduction Marketing (estimated to result in up to 4 percent employee VMT reduction):

Costco shall implement a marketing strategy to promote Costco’s commute reduction program.

Information sharing and marketing promote and educate employees about their travel choices to the employment location beyond driving such as carpooling, taking transit, walking, and biking, thereby reducing VMT and greenhouse gas emissions. The following features (or similar alternatives) shall be provided:
on-site or online commuter information services,
employee transportation coordinators,
on-site or online transit pass sales, and
guaranteed ride home service.

X Provide Ridesharing Program (estimated to result in up to 8 percent employee VMT reduction): Costco shall develop and implement a ridesharing program. Ridesharing encourages carpooled vehicle trips in place of single-occupied vehicle trips, thereby reducing the number of trips, VMT, and greenhouse gas emissions. The following strategies provide examples of a multifaceted approach for promoting a rideshare program:
designating a certain percentage of desirable parking spaces for ridesharing vehicles, designating adequate passenger loading and unloading and waiting areas for ridesharing vehicles, and
providing an app or website for coordinating rides.

X Implement Subsidized or Discount Transit Program (estimated to result in up to 5.5 percent employee VMT reduction): Costco shall provide free transit passes for employees. Reducing the out-of-pocket cost for choosing transit improves the competitiveness of transit against driving, increasing the total number of transit trips and decreasing vehicle trips. This decrease in vehicle trips results in reduced VMT and, thus, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

X Provide End-of-Trip Bicycle Facilities (estimated to result in up to 4.4 percent employee VMT reduction):

Costco shall install and maintain end-of-trip facilities for employee use. End-of-trip facilities include elements such as bike parking, bike lockers, showers, and personal lockers. The provision and maintenance of secure bike parking and related facilities encourages commuting by bicycle, thereby reducing VMT and greenhouse gas emissions.

X Provide Employer-Sponsored Vanpool (estimated to result in up to 20.4 percent employee VMT reduction): Costco shall implement an employer-sponsored vanpool program. Vanpooling is a flexible form of public transportation that provides groups of 5 to 15 people with a cost-effective and convenient rideshare option for commuting. The mode shift from long-distance, single-occupied vehicles to shared vehicles reduces overall commute VMT, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions (CAPCOA 2021).

X Improve Street Connectivity (estimated to result in up to 30 percent employee VMT reduction): Costco shall construct West Spruce Avenue along the northern site boundary, creating new connections between West Spruce Avenue and North Aurther Avenue. The increased connectivity and intersection density that would result from these improvements would facilitate shorter trips, thereby reducing VMT.

Revisions to the Draft EIR Ascent
City of Fresno
3-8 Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR
X Provide Pedestrian Network Improvements/Construct Bike Facilities/Expand Bikeway Network (estimated to result in up to 10 percent employee VMT reduction1): Costco shall construct new, 12-foot-wide pedestrian and bicycle paths along West Herndon Avenue and North Riverside Drive to improve pedestrian access and connect to a larger bicycle network. This encourages a mode shift from automobiles to biking and walking, resulting in VMT reduction.

Revisions to Section 3.14, “Utilities”
The text under “Water Demand and Wastewater Output” on page 3.14-9 is revised as follows to reflect the revised site plan:

CEQA Guidelines Section 15155 requires preparation of a water supply assessment (WSA) when a project is of sufficient size to be defined as a “water-demand project.” Several characteristics can deem a project a “water-demand project” including:

X A shopping center or business establishment employing more than 1,000 persons or having more than 500,000 square feet of floor space (CEQA Guidelines Section 15155(a)(1)(B).

The project is estimated to employ approximately 300 individuals, and the warehouse and gas station would encompass approximately 241,342 232,101 square feet. It does not meet the definition of a “water demand project” pursuant to Section 15155 of the State CEQA Guidelines. Preparation of a WSA is not required for the project.

Revisions to the Air Quality Technical Report (Draft EIR Appendix C) The following table replaces Table F-1 in Appendix F, HARP Outputs, in Appendix C: Air Quality Technical Report of the Draft EIR:

Receptor ID X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m)
Receptor
Type
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
Acute
Hazard Index
1 240425.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.01 7.73E-04 0.00E+00
3 240475.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.01 9.28E-04 0.00E+00
4 240500.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.01 1.03E-03 0.00E+00
13 240725.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.02 1.94E-03 0.00E+00
14 240750.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.02 1.91E-03 0.00E+00
15 240400.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.01 8.49E-04 0.00E+00
16 240425.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.01 9.37E-04 0.00E+00
18 240475.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.02 1.17E-03 0.00E+00
19 240500.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.02 1.35E-03 0.00E+00
28 240725.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.03 2.43E-03 0.00E+00
29 240750.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.03 2.31E-03 0.00E+00
30 240775.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.03 2.12E-03 0.00E+00
32 240400.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.01 1.03E-03 0.00E+00
33 240425.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.01 1.16E-03 0.00E+00
35 240475.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.02 1.55E-03 0.00E+00
36 240500.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.02 1.91E-03 0.00E+00
67 240375.00 4080750.00 Residential 0.51 1.18E-03 0.00E+00 75 240375.00 4080775.00 Residential 0.58 1.33E-03 0.00E+00 1 Measures T-18 through T-22-C are in the Neighborhood Design subsector. The VMT reduction from the combined implementation of all measures within this subsector is capped at 10 percent (CAPCOA 2021: 135).

Ascent Revisions to the Draft EIR
City of Fresno
Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR 3-9
Receptor ID X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m)
Receptor
Type
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
Acute
Hazard Index
76 240400.00 4080775.00 Residential 0.70 1.61E-03 0.00E+00 77 240425.00 4080775.00 Residential 0.89 2.04E-03 0.00E+00 83 240375.00 4080800.00 Residential 0.64 1.48E-03 0.00E+00 84 240400.00 4080800.00 Residential 0.79 1.83E-03 0.00E+00 85 240425.00 4080800.00 Residential 1.03 2.37E-03 0.00E+00 91 240375.00 4080825.00 Residential 0.70 1.61E-03 0.00E+00 92 240400.00 4080825.00 Residential 0.88 2.02E-03 0.00E+00 93 240425.00 4080825.00 Residential 1.15 2.65E-03 0.00E+00 99 240375.00 4080850.00 Residential 0.75 1.73E-03 0.00E+00 100 240400.00 4080850.00 Residential 0.94 2.16E-03 0.00E+00 101 240425.00 4080850.00 Residential 1.23 2.83E-03 0.00E+00 108 240400.00 4080875.00 Residential 0.98 2.26E-03 0.00E+00 109 240425.00 4080875.00 Residential 1.28 2.93E-03 0.00E+00 115 240375.00 4080900.00 Residential 0.81 1.85E-03 0.00E+00 116 240400.00 4080900.00 Residential 1.01 2.31E-03 0.00E+00 117 240425.00 4080900.00 Residential 1.30 2.99E-03 0.00E+00 123 240375.00 4080925.00 Residential 0.82 1.88E-03 0.00E+00 124 240400.00 4080925.00 Residential 1.02 2.34E-03 0.00E+00 125 240425.00 4080925.00 Residential 1.31 3.01E-03 0.00E+00 139 240375.00 4080975.00 Residential 0.81 1.85E-03 0.00E+00 140 240400.00 4080975.00 Residential 1.00 2.30E-03 0.00E+00 141 240425.00 4080975.00 Residential 1.29 2.97E-03 0.00E+00 147 240375.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.78 1.80E-03 0.00E+00 148 240400.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.98 2.24E-03 0.00E+00 149 240425.00 4081000.00 Residential 1.26 2.90E-03 0.00E+00 156 240400.00 4081025.00 Residential 0.93 2.14E-03 0.00E+00 157 240425.00 4081025.00 Residential 1.21 2.78E-03 0.00E+00 163 240375.00 4081050.00 Residential 0.70 1.61E-03 0.00E+00 164 240400.00 4081050.00 Residential 0.87 1.99E-03 0.00E+00 165 240425.00 4081050.00 Residential 1.13 2.59E-03 0.00E+00 171 240375.00 4081075.00 Residential 0.64 1.46E-03 0.00E+00 172 240400.00 4081075.00 Residential 0.78 1.79E-03 0.00E+00 173 240425.00 4081075.00 Residential 1.00 2.29E-03 0.00E+00 189 240375.00 4081125.00 Residential 0.50 1.14E-03 0.00E+00 190 240400.00 4081125.00 Residential 0.57 1.31E-03 0.00E+00 191 240425.00 4081125.00 Residential 0.66 1.51E-03 0.00E+00 192 240450.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.02 1.72E-03 0.00E+00
193 240475.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.02 1.91E-03 0.00E+00
Revisions to the Draft EIR Ascent
City of Fresno
3-10 Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR
Receptor ID X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m)
Receptor
Type
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
Acute
Hazard Index
194 240500.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.03 2.11E-03 0.00E+00
195 240525.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.03 2.24E-03 0.00E+00
196 240550.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.03 2.27E-03 0.00E+00
197 240575.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.03 2.24E-03 0.00E+00
207 240375.00 4081150.00 Residential 0.43 9.80E-04 0.00E+00 208 240400.00 4081150.00 Residential 0.47 1.09E-03 0.00E+00 209 240425.00 4081150.00 Residential 0.52 1.20E-03 0.00E+00 210 240450.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.02 1.31E-03 0.00E+00
211 240475.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.02 1.41E-03 0.00E+00
212 240500.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.02 1.49E-03 0.00E+00
213 240525.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.02 1.52E-03 0.00E+00
214 240550.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.02 1.52E-03 0.00E+00
215 240575.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.02 1.48E-03 0.00E+00
216 240600.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.02 1.40E-03 0.00E+00
217 240625.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.02 1.29E-03 0.00E+00
218 240650.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.01 1.15E-03 0.00E+00
219 240675.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.01 9.87E-04 0.00E+00
220 240700.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.01 8.14E-04 0.00E+00
221 240725.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.01 6.67E-04 0.00E+00
222 240750.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.01 5.56E-04 0.00E+00
223 240775.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.01 4.73E-04 0.00E+00
224 240425.00 4081175.00 Residential 0.42 9.69E-04 0.00E+00 225 240450.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 1.03E-03 0.00E+00
226 240475.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 1.07E-03 0.00E+00
227 240500.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 1.10E-03 0.00E+00
228 240525.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 1.10E-03 0.00E+00
229 240550.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 1.09E-03 0.00E+00
230 240575.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 1.04E-03 0.00E+00
231 240600.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 9.82E-04 0.00E+00
232 240625.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 9.03E-04 0.00E+00
233 240650.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 8.09E-04 0.00E+00
234 240675.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 7.08E-04 0.00E+00
235 240700.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 6.10E-04 0.00E+00
236 240725.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 5.24E-04 0.00E+00
237 240750.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 4.53E-04 0.00E+00
238 240775.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.01 3.95E-04 0.00E+00
239 240525.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.01 8.40E-04 0.00E+00
240 240550.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.01 8.18E-04 0.00E+00
Ascent Revisions to the Draft EIR
City of Fresno
Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR 3-11
Receptor ID X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m)
Receptor
Type
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
Acute
Hazard Index
241 240575.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.01 7.83E-04 0.00E+00
242 240600.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.01 7.35E-04 0.00E+00
243 240625.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.01 6.78E-04 0.00E+00
244 240650.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.01 6.14E-04 0.00E+00
245 240675.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.01 5.48E-04 0.00E+00
246 240700.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.01 4.84E-04 0.00E+00
247 240725.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.01 4.28E-04 0.00E+00
248 240750.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.00 3.79E-04 0.00E+00
249 240400.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.00 3.27E-04 0.00E+00
250 240450.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.00 3.58E-04 0.00E+00
251 240500.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.01 3.94E-04 0.00E+00
256 240750.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.01 6.90E-04 0.00E+00
257 240800.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.01 7.37E-04 0.00E+00
258 240300.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.00 3.40E-04 0.00E+00
259 240350.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.00 3.70E-04 0.00E+00
260 240400.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.01 4.06E-04 0.00E+00
261 240450.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.01 4.51E-04 0.00E+00
267 240750.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.01 9.40E-04 0.00E+00
268 240800.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.01 9.74E-04 0.00E+00
269 240850.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.01 9.58E-04 0.00E+00
270 240300.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.01 4.26E-04 0.00E+00
271 240350.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.01 4.70E-04 0.00E+00
272 240400.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.01 5.25E-04 0.00E+00
274 240500.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.01 6.88E-04 0.00E+00
279 240750.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.02 1.32E-03 0.00E+00
280 240800.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.02 1.30E-03 0.00E+00
281 240850.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.02 1.20E-03 0.00E+00
282 240900.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.01 1.06E-03 0.00E+00
283 240250.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.01 4.90E-04 0.00E+00
284 240300.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.01 5.44E-04 0.00E+00
285 240350.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.01 6.18E-04 0.00E+00
286 240400.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.01 7.14E-04 0.00E+00
287 240800.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.02 1.70E-03 0.00E+00
288 240850.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.02 1.43E-03 0.00E+00
289 240900.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.02 1.19E-03 0.00E+00
297 240300.00 4080750.00 Residential 0.35 7.97E-04 0.00E+00 298 240350.00 4080750.00 Residential 0.44 1.02E-03 0.00E+00 299 240850.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.02 1.66E-03 0.00E+00
Revisions to the Draft EIR Ascent
City of Fresno
3-12 Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR
Receptor ID X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m)
Receptor
Type
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
Acute
Hazard Index
300 240900.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.02 1.26E-03 0.00E+00
301 240950.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.01 9.82E-04 0.00E+00
302 240250.00 4080800.00 Residential 0.31 7.24E-04 0.00E+00 303 240300.00 4080800.00 Residential 0.40 9.21E-04 0.00E+00 305 240850.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.02 1.63E-03 0.00E+00
306 240900.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.02 1.21E-03 0.00E+00
307 240950.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.01 9.18E-04 0.00E+00
308 240250.00 4080850.00 Residential 0.34 7.92E-04 0.00E+00 309 240300.00 4080850.00 Residential 0.45 1.03E-03 0.00E+00 311 240850.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.02 1.54E-03 0.00E+00
312 240900.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.01 1.11E-03 0.00E+00
313 240950.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.01 8.23E-04 0.00E+00
314 240250.00 4080900.00 Residential 0.36 8.38E-04 0.00E+00 315 240300.00 4080900.00 Residential 0.48 1.10E-03 0.00E+00 317 240850.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.02 1.37E-03 0.00E+00
318 240900.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.01 9.64E-04 0.00E+00
319 240950.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.01 7.04E-04 0.00E+00
321 240300.00 4080950.00 Residential 0.49 1.12E-03 0.00E+00 323 240850.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.01 1.15E-03 0.00E+00
324 240900.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.01 7.89E-04 0.00E+00
325 240950.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.01 5.73E-04 0.00E+00
326 240250.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.36 8.23E-04 0.00E+00 327 240300.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.47 1.08E-03 0.00E+00 329 240850.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.01 8.84E-04 0.00E+00
330 240900.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.01 6.07E-04 0.00E+00
331 240950.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.01 4.48E-04 0.00E+00
332 240250.00 4081050.00 Residential 0.33 7.64E-04 0.00E+00 333 240300.00 4081050.00 Residential 0.43 9.84E-04 0.00E+00 335 240850.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.01 6.24E-04 0.00E+00
336 240900.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.01 4.48E-04 0.00E+00
337 240950.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.00 3.44E-04 0.00E+00
338 240250.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.30 6.86E-04 0.00E+00 339 240300.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.37 8.59E-04 0.00E+00 340 240350.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.49 1.12E-03 0.00E+00 341 240850.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.01 4.33E-04 0.00E+00
342 240900.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.00 3.33E-04 0.00E+00
343 240950.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.00 2.67E-04 0.00E+00
344 240250.00 4081150.00 Residential 0.26 5.99E-04 0.00E+00 Ascent Revisions to the Draft EIR
City of Fresno
Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR 3-13
Receptor ID X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m)
Receptor
Type
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
Acute
Hazard Index
345 240300.00 4081150.00 Residential 0.31 7.21E-04 0.00E+00 346 240350.00 4081150.00 Residential 0.38 8.82E-04 0.00E+00 347 240800.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.01 4.09E-04 0.00E+00
348 240850.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.00 3.18E-04 0.00E+00
349 240900.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.00 2.57E-04 0.00E+00
350 240950.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.00 2.14E-04 0.00E+00
351 240250.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.22 5.08E-04 0.00E+00 352 240300.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.25 5.83E-04 0.00E+00 353 240350.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.29 6.68E-04 0.00E+00 354 240400.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.33 7.54E-04 0.00E+00 355 240450.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.01 8.22E-04 0.00E+00
356 240500.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.01 8.48E-04 0.00E+00
357 240800.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.00 3.02E-04 0.00E+00
358 240850.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.00 2.46E-04 0.00E+00
359 240900.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.00 2.06E-04 0.00E+00
360 240300.00 4081250.00 Residential 0.20 4.62E-04 0.00E+00 361 240350.00 4081250.00 Residential 0.22 5.04E-04 0.00E+00 362 240400.00 4081250.00 Residential 0.23 5.38E-04 0.00E+00 363 240450.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.01 5.56E-04 0.00E+00
364 240500.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.01 5.50E-04 0.00E+00
365 240550.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.01 5.20E-04 0.00E+00
366 240600.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.01 4.69E-04 0.00E+00
367 240650.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.01 4.03E-04 0.00E+00
368 240700.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.00 3.37E-04 0.00E+00
369 240750.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.00 2.81E-04 0.00E+00
370 240800.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.00 2.34E-04 0.00E+00
371 240850.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.00 1.97E-04 0.00E+00
372 240900.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.00 1.69E-04 0.00E+00
373 240350.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.17 3.85E-04 0.00E+00 374 240400.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.17 3.98E-04 0.00E+00 375 240450.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.01 4.00E-04 0.00E+00
376 240500.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.00 3.88E-04 0.00E+00
377 240550.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.00 3.64E-04 0.00E+00
378 240600.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.00 3.32E-04 0.00E+00
379 240650.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.00 2.93E-04 0.00E+00
380 240700.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.00 2.54E-04 0.00E+00
381 240750.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.00 2.19E-04 0.00E+00
382 240800.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.00 1.89E-04 0.00E+00
Revisions to the Draft EIR Ascent
City of Fresno
3-14 Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR
Receptor ID X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m)
Receptor
Type
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
Acute
Hazard Index
383 240850.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.00 1.63E-04 0.00E+00
384 240500.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.00 2.90E-04 0.00E+00
385 240550.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.00 2.73E-04 0.00E+00
386 240600.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.00 2.50E-04 0.00E+00
387 240650.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.00 2.25E-04 0.00E+00
388 240700.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.00 2.00E-04 0.00E+00
389 240750.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.00 1.78E-04 0.00E+00
390 240300.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.00 1.53E-04 0.00E+00
391 240400.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.00 1.73E-04 0.00E+00
392 240500.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.00 1.93E-04 0.00E+00
393 240600.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.00 2.15E-04 0.00E+00
395 240800.00 4080300.00 Residential 0.13 2.94E-04 0.00E+00 396 240900.00 4080300.00 Residential 0.15 3.37E-04 0.00E+00 397 240100.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.00 1.61E-04 0.00E+00
398 240200.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.00 1.77E-04 0.00E+00
399 240300.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.00 2.00E-04 0.00E+00
400 240400.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.00 2.31E-04 0.00E+00
401 240500.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.00 2.65E-04 0.00E+00
404 240800.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.01 4.46E-04 0.00E+00
405 240900.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.01 4.97E-04 0.00E+00
406 241000.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.01 4.97E-04 0.00E+00
409 240300.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.00 2.78E-04 0.00E+00
410 240900.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.01 7.46E-04 0.00E+00
411 241000.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.01 6.59E-04 0.00E+00
412 241100.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.01 5.39E-04 0.00E+00
413 240000.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.00 2.40E-04 0.00E+00
415 240200.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.00 3.63E-04 0.00E+00
416 241000.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.01 7.89E-04 0.00E+00
417 241100.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.01 5.76E-04 0.00E+00
418 240000.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.00 2.83E-04 0.00E+00
419 240100.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.00 3.63E-04 0.00E+00
420 240200.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.01 4.88E-04 0.00E+00
424 240000.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.00 3.10E-04 0.00E+00
425 240100.00 4080800.00 Residential 0.18 4.15E-04 0.00E+00 426 240200.00 4080800.00 Residential 0.26 5.88E-04 0.00E+00 427 241000.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.01 7.11E-04 0.00E+00
428 241100.00 4080800.00 Residential 0.20 4.50E-04 0.00E+00 429 241200.00 4080800.00 Residential 0.13 3.04E-04 0.00E+00 Ascent Revisions to the Draft EIR
City of Fresno
Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR 3-15
Receptor ID X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m)
Receptor
Type
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
Acute
Hazard Index
430 240000.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.00 3.20E-04 0.00E+00
431 240100.00 4080900.00 Residential 0.19 4.43E-04 0.00E+00 432 240200.00 4080900.00 Residential 0.29 6.61E-04 0.00E+00 433 241000.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.01 5.32E-04 0.00E+00
434 241100.00 4080900.00 Residential 0.14 3.33E-04 0.00E+00 435 241200.00 4080900.00 Residential 0.10 2.28E-04 0.00E+00 438 240200.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.28 6.50E-04 0.00E+00 439 241000.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.00 3.48E-04 0.00E+00
440 241100.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.10 2.31E-04 0.00E+00 441 241200.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.07 1.67E-04 0.00E+00 442 240000.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.00 2.99E-04 0.00E+00
443 240100.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.17 4.01E-04 0.00E+00 444 240200.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.25 5.63E-04 0.00E+00 445 241000.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.00 2.21E-04 0.00E+00
446 241100.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.07 1.61E-04 0.00E+00 447 241200.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.05 1.24E-04 0.00E+00 448 240000.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.00 2.70E-04 0.00E+00
449 240100.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.15 3.42E-04 0.00E+00 450 240200.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.19 4.43E-04 0.00E+00 451 241000.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.07 1.53E-04 0.00E+00 452 241100.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.05 1.19E-04 0.00E+00 453 240000.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.00 2.29E-04 0.00E+00
454 240100.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.12 2.71E-04 0.00E+00 455 240200.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.14 3.18E-04 0.00E+00 456 240300.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.16 3.65E-04 0.00E+00 457 240900.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.00 1.42E-04 0.00E+00
458 241000.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.05 1.11E-04 0.00E+00 459 241100.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.04 9.09E-05 0.00E+00 460 240100.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.09 2.04E-04 0.00E+00 461 240200.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.10 2.22E-04 0.00E+00 462 240300.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.10 2.37E-04 0.00E+00 463 240400.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.11 2.42E-04 0.00E+00 464 240500.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.00 2.27E-04 0.00E+00
465 240600.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.00 1.96E-04 0.00E+00
466 240700.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.00 1.63E-04 0.00E+00
467 240800.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.00 1.33E-04 0.00E+00
468 240900.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.00 1.06E-04 0.00E+00
469 241000.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.04 8.51E-05 0.00E+00 Revisions to the Draft EIR Ascent
City of Fresno
3-16 Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR
Receptor ID X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m)
Receptor
Type
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
Acute
Hazard Index
470 241100.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.03 7.10E-05 0.00E+00 471 240200.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.07 1.60E-04 0.00E+00 472 240300.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.07 1.65E-04 0.00E+00 473 240400.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.07 1.64E-04 0.00E+00 474 240500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.00 1.51E-04 0.00E+00
475 240600.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.00 1.32E-04 0.00E+00
476 240700.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.00 1.15E-04 0.00E+00
477 240800.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.00 9.95E-05 0.00E+00
478 240900.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.00 8.34E-05 0.00E+00
479 241000.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.03 6.89E-05 0.00E+00 480 240500.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.00 1.09E-04 0.00E+00
481 240600.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.00 9.66E-05 0.00E+00
482 240700.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.00 8.64E-05 0.00E+00
483 240800.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.00 7.75E-05 0.00E+00
484 240500.00 4079750.00 Worker 0.00 6.31E-05 0.00E+00
485 240750.00 4079750.00 Worker 0.00 7.34E-05 0.00E+00
486 240000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.03 6.55E-05 0.00E+00 487 240250.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.00 8.18E-05 0.00E+00
489 240750.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.00 1.17E-04 0.00E+00
490 241000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.07 1.53E-04 0.00E+00 491 241250.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.08 1.79E-04 0.00E+00 492 239750.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.00 8.98E-05 0.00E+00
493 240000.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.00 1.05E-04 0.00E+00
494 240250.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.00 1.27E-04 0.00E+00
495 241000.00 4080250.00 Residential 0.13 3.09E-04 0.00E+00 496 241250.00 4080250.00 Residential 0.13 2.94E-04 0.00E+00 501 241250.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.00 3.77E-04 0.00E+00
506 241500.00 4080750.00 Residential 0.06 1.42E-04 0.00E+00 507 239500.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.00 1.09E-04 0.00E+00
508 239750.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.00 1.71E-04 0.00E+00
510 241500.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.04 8.22E-05 0.00E+00 511 239500.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.00 1.05E-04 0.00E+00
512 239750.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.00 1.56E-04 0.00E+00
513 241250.00 4081250.00 Residential 0.03 7.88E-05 0.00E+00 514 241500.00 4081250.00 Residential 0.02 5.37E-05 0.00E+00 515 239750.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.00 1.18E-04 0.00E+00
516 240000.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.00 1.44E-04 0.00E+00
517 241250.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.02 4.69E-05 0.00E+00 Ascent Revisions to the Draft EIR
City of Fresno
Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR 3-17
Receptor ID X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m)
Receptor
Type
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
Acute
Hazard Index
518 241500.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.02 3.65E-05 0.00E+00 519 239750.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.00 6.76E-05 0.00E+00
520 240000.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.00 7.22E-05 0.00E+00
521 240250.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.00 7.62E-05 0.00E+00
522 240500.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.00 6.55E-05 0.00E+00
523 240750.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.00 5.81E-05 0.00E+00
524 241000.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.00 4.57E-05 0.00E+00
525 241250.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.00 3.29E-05 0.00E+00
526 240250.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.00 4.99E-05 0.00E+00
527 240500.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.00 4.19E-05 0.00E+00
528 240750.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.00 3.42E-05 0.00E+00
529 241000.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.00 3.13E-05 0.00E+00
531 240000.00 4079000.00 Residential 0.01 2.60E-05 0.00E+00 532 240500.00 4079000.00 Residential 0.01 2.72E-05 0.00E+00 534 241500.00 4079000.00 Worker 0.00 4.22E-05 0.00E+00
535 239000.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.00 2.66E-05 0.00E+00
536 239500.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.01 3.00E-05 0.00E+00 537 240000.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.02 3.74E-05 0.00E+00 538 240500.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.02 4.53E-05 0.00E+00 539 241000.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.00 6.06E-05 0.00E+00
540 241500.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.00 8.16E-05 0.00E+00
541 242000.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.04 8.13E-05 0.00E+00 542 239000.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.00 4.32E-05 0.00E+00
543 239500.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.02 5.33E-05 0.00E+00 544 241500.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.07 1.70E-04 0.00E+00 545 242000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.05 1.08E-04 0.00E+00 546 242500.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.03 5.90E-05 0.00E+00 547 238500.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.00 3.80E-05 0.00E+00
548 239000.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.00 5.87E-05 0.00E+00
549 242000.00 4080500.00 Residential 0.03 7.85E-05 0.00E+00 550 242500.00 4080500.00 Residential 0.02 4.11E-05 0.00E+00 551 238500.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.00 3.72E-05 0.00E+00
552 239000.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.00 5.84E-05 0.00E+00
553 242000.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.02 3.88E-05 0.00E+00 554 242500.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.01 2.35E-05 0.00E+00 555 238500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.00 3.39E-05 0.00E+00
556 239000.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.00 5.34E-05 0.00E+00
557 239500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.00 9.03E-05 0.00E+00
Revisions to the Draft EIR Ascent
City of Fresno
3-18 Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR
Receptor ID X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m)
Receptor
Type
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
Acute
Hazard Index
558 242000.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.01 2.43E-05 0.00E+00 559 242500.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.01 1.69E-05 0.00E+00 560 239000.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.00 3.90E-05 0.00E+00
561 239500.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.00 4.55E-05 0.00E+00
562 240000.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.00 4.98E-05 0.00E+00
563 241500.00 4082000.00 Residential 0.01 2.01E-05 0.00E+00 564 242000.00 4082000.00 Residential 0.01 1.44E-05 0.00E+00 565 239500.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.00 2.75E-05 0.00E+00
566 240000.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.00 2.85E-05 0.00E+00
567 240500.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.00 2.28E-05 0.00E+00
568 241000.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.00 1.90E-05 0.00E+00
569 241500.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.00 1.39E-05 0.00E+00
570 242000.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.00 1.01E-05 0.00E+00
571 240000.00 4083000.00 Worker 0.00 1.80E-05 0.00E+00
572 240500.00 4083000.00 Worker 0.00 1.45E-05 0.00E+00
573 241000.00 4083000.00 Worker 0.00 1.27E-05 0.00E+00
574 240982.00 4080428.00 Sensitive 0.24 5.48E-04 0.00E+00 575 241114.00 4080505.00 Sensitive 0.23 5.25E-04 0.00E+00 576 241812.00 4080393.00 Sensitive 0.05 1.20E-04 0.00E+00 577 239709.00 4079647.00 Sensitive 0.02 3.64E-05 0.00E+00 578 239709.00 4079647.00 Sensitive 0.02 3.64E-05 0.00E+00 579 242094.00 4081102.00 Sensitive 0.01 3.07E-05 0.00E+00 580 242489.00 4081376.00 Sensitive 0.01 1.80E-05 0.00E+00 581 241998.00 4079399.00 Sensitive 0.03 7.42E-05 0.00E+00 582 242523.00 4080146.00 Sensitive 0.02 5.26E-05 0.00E+00 583 240160.00 4078896.00 Sensitive 0.01 2.46E-05 0.00E+00 584 242576.00 4081764.00 Sensitive 0.01 1.39E-05 0.00E+00 585 242632.00 4080241.00 Sensitive 0.02 4.37E-05 0.00E+00

City of Fresno
Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR 4-1
4 REFERENCES
Berry, Keith. General Manager. Riverside Golf Course, Fresno, CA. November 2023—email correspondence with Jose Valenzuela of City of Fresno Current Planning regarding bird and bat entanglements in existing netting at the Riverside Golf Course.

California Air Pollution Control Officers Association. 2021. California Emissions Estimator Model. Available:
https://www.caleemod.com/. Accessed July 20, 2022.

Chapman, Gary. Engineering Technician III. Fresno Metropolitan Flood Control District, Fresno, CA. March and April 2021—email correspondence with Andrew Delia of Kimley-Horn regarding drainage requirements.

City of Fresno. 2020 (March). Draft General Plan Program Environmental Impact Report. Available at:
https://files.ceqanet.opr.ca.gov/251381-3/attachment/JsvsQ9T4pAdj4Lj9OPIuO2sgMySq5NAm9i9yd JNaS_htKcRHJhCmMopYXWJuNe5Z20ymjoTsSkL7xUyk0. Accessed September 20, 2023.

Dayton Daily News 2016. West Chester's new Topgolf almost county's tallest 'building.' Available at:
https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/local/west-chester-new-topgolf-almost-county-tallest-building/ bNxanFgh8tF65HdQrsZbRO/. Accessed September 20, 2023.

Fresno Council of Governments. 2022 2022 Regional Transportation Plan and Sustainable Communities Strategy.

Adopted July 28, 2022. Available: https://www.planfresno.com/sustainable-communities-strategies-falloutreach/.

Holliday, Pari. Real Estate Development Director. Costco, Irvine, CA. November 15, 2023—Letter to Jose Valenzuela of City of Fresno Current Planning regarding the elements of the proposed Costco Commercial Center.

San Bernardino County. 2019 (April). Initial Study for Development of a TopGolf Entertainment Facility. Available at:
https://www.sbcounty.gov/Uploads/LUS/Environmental/TopGolf_Website/ Topgolf%20Entertainment%20IS%20April%202019.pdf. Accessed: September 20, 2023.

Spencer, W.D., P. Beier, K. Penrod, K. Winters, C. Paulman, H. Rustigian-Romsos, J. Strittholt, M. Parisi, and A. Pettler. 2010. California Essential Habitat Connectivity Project: A Strategy for Conserving a Connected California.

Available: https://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=18366. Accessed November 17, 2021.

References Ascent
City of Fresno
4-2 Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR
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City of Fresno
Costco Commercial Center Project Final EIR 5-1
5 LIST OF PREPARERS
City of Fresno (Lead Agency)
Phillip Siegrist .........................................................................................................................................................................Planning Manager Jose Valenzuela .................................................................................................................................................................. Supervising Planner Steven Martinez ......................................................................................................................................................................................... Planner Ascent Environmental, Inc. (CEQA Compliance)
Mike Parker, AICP .................................................................................................................................................................................... Principal Jessica Babcock......................................................................................................................................................................... Project Manager Nicole Greenfield ......................................................................................................................................................... Environmental Planner Gayiety Lane ....................................................................................................................................................................... Publishing Specialist Michele Mattei ................................................................................................................................................................... Publishing Specialist Ramboll US Consulting (Air Quality, Greenhouse Gas, Energy) Eric Lu...................................................................................................................................................................................... Managing Principal Haley Ozcan ..................................................................................................................................................................... Managing Consultant Kittleson & Associates (Transportation)
Amy R. Lopez .......................................................................................................................................................................... Associate Planner Urban Planning Partners (Applicant Representative)
Lynette Dias ............................................................................................................................................................................................. President

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Appendix A
Urban Decay Impact Memorandum

ALH|ECON
ALH Urban & Regional Economics
1 2239 Oregon Street
Berkeley, CA 94705
510.704.1599
[email protected]

MEMORANDUM
To: Pari Holliday, Director, Real Estate Development, Costco Wholesale From: Amy L. Herman, Principal
Re: Costco Fresno Relocation and Gas Station Urban Decay Impacts

Date: December 15, 2023

Introduction
ALH Urban & Regional Economics (“ALH Economics”) understands that Costco Wholesale has proposed development of a relocated Costco store in northwest Fresno, CA at the northeast corner of North Riverside Drive and West Herndon Avenue (the “Project”). The proposed Costco store would relocate the existing store at 4500 Shaw Avenue, Fresno, CA, which has an existing gas station. While the Shaw Avenue Costco store would close, the existing gas station would continue to operate along with the proposed new gas station. Thus, Project development would result in the net addition of 32 fueling stations (i.e., 16 pumps) to Fresno’s supply of gas stations, plus a drive-through car wash. There is yet another Costco gas station in Fresno located at 7100 N Abby Street.

A Draft Environmental Impact Report has been prepared for the Project. As part of the public review process of the DEIR, a limited number of comments were submitted expressing concern about the impact of the new gasoline pumps on the existing base of gas stations, as well as food store impacts. ALH Economics has prepared many studies examining the local urban decay impacts of Costco stores, Costco gas stations, or other large-scale general merchandise stores with food sales. These studies have been prepared for highly urbanized locations such as northwest Fresno. A typical definition of urban decay is as follows:
[U]rban decay is defined as, among other characteristics, visible symptoms of physical deterioration that invite vandalism, loitering, and graffiti that is caused by a downward spiral of business closures and multiple long term vacancies. This physical deterioration to properties or structures is so prevalent, substantial, and lasting for a significant period of time that it impairs the proper utilization of the properties and structures, or the health, safety, and welfare of the surrounding community. The manifestations of urban decay include such visible conditions as plywood-boarded doors and windows, parked trucks and long term unauthorized use of the properties and parking lots, extensive gang and other graffiti and ALH|ECON
ALH Urban & Regional Economics
2 offensive words painted on buildings, dumping of refuse on site, overturned dumpsters, broken parking barriers, broken glass littering the site, dead trees and shrubbery together with weeds, lack of building maintenance, abandonment of multiple buildings, homeless encampments, and unsightly and dilapidated fencing.” These visible conditions are often characterized as “urban blight.”1 This memorandum provides some select insights into prospective urban decay impacts assessed in other California communities with Costco gas stations and their applicability to the current proposed Costco gas station and relocated store, as well as additional analysis pertinent to Fresno.

There are exhibits cited in this memorandum. These exhibits are included as Appendix A.

Appendix B includes firm qualifications for ALH Economics, especially relative to urban decay analyses for retail projects, as well as a resume for the firm Principal, Amy L. Herman.

Gas Station Impact Analysis
Of most relevancy to Fresno, in 2020 ALH Economics assessed the prospective economic impacts, or urban decay impacts, of Costco Wholesale’s proposed development of a 32-pump fuel facility next to an existing Costco Business Center. In the process of preparing this analysis, ALH Economics conducted case study analysis of three California cities where a Costco gas station was recently added to the community. These case studies were prepared for the cities of Santa Maria (Santa Barbara County), Eastvale (Riverside County), and Ukiah (Mendocino County). The gas stations in these communities were developed in 2017, 2018, and 2018, respectively. In seeking to analyze the impacts of these gas stations, ALH Economics examined a trend in quarterly gasoline sales and the number of outlets selling gasoline in each community, focusing on the trend both before and after introduction of the new Costco gas station and after.

The gasoline sales changes in each community were compared to gasoline sector sales throughout the State of California. These data are presented in Exhibit 1.

The findings of this analysis indicated that each community’s initial response was a short-term downward trend in gasoline sales, then a re-stabilization within six months after a period of market adjustment, marked by no decline in the number of gas stations, with some cities even increasing the number of gas stations or planning expansions. Subsequent to the preparation of this analysis, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the gasoline sector in all of these case study cities, as well as throughout the State of California, as automobile-based work commutes and other automobile trips diminished greatly. Examination of taxable retail sales data published by the State of California Department of Tax and Fee Administration indicates that gasoline sales in California declined by almost 30% from 2019 to 2020, with very similar 1 See Chico Advocates for a Responsible Economy v. City of Chico (Chico Advocates) (2019), 40 Cal.App.5th 839, 843, and Joshua Tree Downtown Bus. All. v. County of San Bernardino (Joshua Tree) (2016) 1 Cal. App. 5th 677, 685.

ALH|ECON
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3 percentage declines in the case study cities. However, as the economy recovered, two of the case study cities experienced year to year percent sales increases greater than the State of California.

And by 2022, all three cities achieved annual gasoline sales significantly greater than prepandemic (see Exhibit 1). Moreover, by 2022, all three cities had more gas stations than they did prior to the opening of the Costco gas station under study, with the percentage increase in the number of gas stations greatly exceeding the percentage population growth over the same time period.

The annual trend data applicable to these case study cities and the State of California is also presented in Exhibit 1. For each case study city, this exhibit includes the annual number of permitted outlets selling gasoline, annual taxable gasoline sales, and the year-to-year percent change in sales, benchmarked to the annual percent change throughout the State. Exhibit 2 presents population trend data for each case study city over the 2016 to 2022 period, including a gas sales per capita metric. Thus, some of the poignant findings from the data in Exhibits 1 and 2 include the following:
x In Santa Maria, where the Costco gas station opened in 2017, the number of gasoline outlets grew 29% from 2016 to 2022, compared to a scant 3% population growth. Over the same period, gasoline sales increased by 83%.
x In Eastvale, where the Costco gas station opened in 2018, the number of gasoline outlets grew 33% from 2017 to 2022, while population increased by a much lower 10%. Over the same period, gasoline sales increased by 71%; and
x In Ukiah, where the Costco gas station also opened in 2018, the number of gasoline outlets grew 20% from 2017 to 2022, with gasoline sales increasing by a comparable 18%, while the already low population base increased by a nominal 1%.

While some of these sales changes can be tied to the volatility in gasoline pricing, they nevertheless indicate an increasing trend in the number of gasoline stations and gross amount of gasolines sales after the opening of a Costco gas station. Thus, these findings strongly suggest the base of gas stations existing prior to the development of the Costco gas stations are not negatively impacted by the Costco gas station, and thus do not result in closed gas stations potentially leading to urban decay.

This bodes well for the base of existing gas stations in northwest Fresno, as the case study data indicate that both in the near-term of six months and more long-term, gas sales in communities with new Costco gas stations rebound and grow, indicating a lack of economic impact associated with the Costco gas station. The likelihood this will also be the case in Fresno is further suggested by the per capita gasoline sales data presented in Exhibit 2, which also includes the City of Fresno. As these data indicate, per capita gasoline sales in the case study cities in 2022 ranged from a low of $989 in Eastvale to a high of $2,830 in Ukiah. The per capita figure of $2,183 in Santa Maria was also at the high end. These figures compare to $1,824 throughout the State of California. The comparable figure for Fresno in 2022 was $1,445. This suggests that Fresno’s ALH|ECON
ALH Urban & Regional Economics
4 gasoline sales are underperforming relative to the State as a whole, as well as other cities with Costco gas stations. Accordingly, these trends point to the potential for Fresno to be able to absorb additional gasoline sales, raising the per capita average. In addition, the percent increase in gas sales per capita metric shown in Exhibit 2 indicates that this measure has not increased in Fresno as much as most of the other cited locations, including the State of California. Specifically, from 2016 to 2022, gas sales per capita increased by 41% in Fresno, which is significantly lower than the 65% increase in the State of California and the 69% and 78% increases in Eastvale and Santa Maria, respectively. Only Ukiah had a lower percentage increase over the same time period, of 34%.

There are at least two other factors that suggest the impact on existing Fresno gas stations will be minimal, especially over time. First, only Costco members can purchase gas at Costco gas stations. In contrast, any consumer can purchase gas at the existing base of gasoline stations, many of which likely offer a wider range of fuel products, are open longer hours and for more days of the week, sell on-site convenience store products, have customer restrooms (which are not a Costco gas station feature), and in some cases provide expanded automobile care services.

Thus, all or most of the existing gas stations have more customer service offerings than Costco and they all have access to a broader customer base because they do not have a customer membership requirement. Lastly, because the proposed new Costco gas station will be about 3.4 miles from the existing Costco gas station, as well as about 7.0 miles from the other Costco gas station in Fresno, it is likely to draw some demand away from these stations. This is attributable to proximity, since gas is often a purchase of convenience, based on need and easy access, including pass-by demand en route to home, work, or other destinations. Costco members who live or work closer to the proposed gas station, may very well shift their demand away from the existing Costco gas stations in favor of the new gas station for this reason.

In summary, many factors suggest that the proposed Costco gas station at the northeast corner of North Riverside Drive and West Herndon Avenue will have minimal impact on existing Fresno gas stations, especially beginning six months or so after the new gas station opens. As a result, the opening of the new gas station is not likely to result in strong sales declines at existing gas stations, and none of the existing gas stations are likely to close. Consequently, urban decay, which can result from conditions associated with closed retail outlets, is not anticipated to result from development of the new Costco gas station.

Food Store Impacts
ALH Economics has prepared numerous urban decay studies for food stores or general merchandise stores with a significant food sales component. This includes EIR’s prepared for developments featuring stores such as Safeway, Whole Foods, Grocery Outlet Bargain Market, Walmart, Costco, and Target. Many of these projects are identified in Appendix B: Firm Qualifications and Principal Resume. As part of the process of preparing these studies, ALH Economics inventoried existing competitive food stores and estimated the sales impact of the store under study on these competitive stores. This analysis takes into consideration the market niches ALH|ECON
ALH Urban & Regional Economics
5 of each competitive store, the likely market area from which study stores will attract shoppers, and demographic growth trends.

Generally, in communities with a strong retail sector and demographic growth, the findings pertaining to the food sales components of the proposed new stores typically found there to be only a negligible impact on existing food store sales, not sufficient to put stores at risk of closure, and recouped over time depending upon the community’s anticipated population and household growth. ALH Economics believes these generalized findings will equally pertain to the relocated Costco Wholesale store and its food sales component. This belief is supported by a consistent upward trend in the City of Fresno’s taxable food sales, dating back to at least 2016. As shown in Table 1, the City of Fresno’s taxable food sales annually increased by a low of 3.1% to a high of

12.6% over the 2016-2022 time period. This indicates that food sales are strong in Fresno, with consistently increasing demand.

Taxable
Year Food Sales Amount Percent
2016 $375,394,312 - -
2017 $400,190,134 $24,795,822 6.6%
2018 $422,475,761 $22,285,627 5.6%
2019 $439,513,698 $17,037,937 4.0%
2020 $453,009,159 $13,495,461 3.1%
2021 $509,955,408 $56,946,249 12.6%
2022 $535,468,780 $25,513,372 5.0%
Annual Increase
Table 1. Annual Taxable Foods Sales
City of Fresno, 2016-2022
Sources: State of California, Department of Tax and
Fee Administration, Annual Taxable Sales Reports;
and ALH Urban & Regional Economics.

This future growth in food store sales is likely to continue into the future, consistent with future population and household growth. While it is not specific to the City of Fresno, the demographic projections in Table 2 indicate that Fresno County population is projected to grow consistently on an annual basis. Projections prepared by the State of California Department of Finance (DOF) suggest annual growth of about 0.4% to 0.5% per year up to the year 2030 (further growth is projected by DOF beyond this time period).

Other data prepared by DOF suggest that the City of Fresno’s population consistently comprises 53% to 54% of the County’s population.2
Thus, a significant portion of the countywide population growth will likely occur in Fresno assuming this trend continues into the future. This growth will continue to fuel demand for food store sales, thus offsetting any prospective negative food store sales impacts associated with the Costco relocation.
2 This finding is based on population data prepared by DOF, spanning the 2010’s and beyond.

ALH|ECON
ALH Urban & Regional Economics
6 Projected
Year Population Amount Percent
2020 1,007,344 -
2021 1,010,453 3,109 0.3%
2022 1,012,350 1,897 0.2%
2023 1,015,793 3,443 0.3%
2024 1,019,575 3,782 0.4%
2025 1,023,586 4,011 0.4%
2026 1,027,816 4,230 0.4%
2027 1,031,968 4,152 0.4%
2028 1,036,474 4,506 0.4%
2029 1,042,150 5,676 0.5%
2030 1,047,382 5,232 0.5%
Table 2. Fresno County Population Projections
2020-2030
Annual Increase
Sources: State of California, Department of Finance,
Report P-2C: Population Projections by Sex and 5-
year Age Group, 2020-2060; and ALH Urban &
Regional Economics.

The most substantial factor contributing to minimal food store sales impacts will be the fact that the Costco store is being relocated, rather than the Project comprising a net new Costco store in the Fresno market. In all likelihood existing Costco shoppers will transfer their purchases from the existing store to the new store, such that diversions from existing area food stores will be at a minimum. Thus, sales impacts are not likely to be high enough to contribute to the closure of existing food stores, and urban decay is not likely to result.

Summary Conclusion
In summary, past findings in other communities and existing and projected data for the City of Fresno all suggest that the gas station and food store retail sectors in Fresno are not likely to be significantly impacted by the relocation of the Shaw Avenue Costco store and opening of a net new gas station in association with this relocated store. Accordingly, the Project is not anticipated to cause or contribute to conditions of urban decay in the City of Fresno.

This memorandum is subject to the following Assumptions and General Limiting Conditions.

Projects\2023\Costco Fresno\2310\2310.m01

ASSUMPTIONS AND GENERAL LIMITING CONDITIONS
ALH Urban & Regional Economics has made extensive efforts to confirm the accuracy and timeliness of the information contained in this study. Such information was compiled from a variety of sources, including interviews with government officials, review of City and County documents, and other third parties deemed to be reliable. Although ALH Urban & Regional Economics believes all information in this study is correct, it does not warrant the accuracy of such information and assumes no responsibility for inaccuracies in the information by third parties. We have no responsibility to update this report for events and circumstances occurring after the date of this report. Further, no guarantee is made as to the possible effect on development of present or future federal, state or local legislation, including any regarding environmental or ecological matters.

The accompanying projections and analyses are based on estimates and assumptions developed in connection with the study. In turn, these assumptions, and their relation to the projections, were developed using currently available economic data and other relevant information. It is the nature of forecasting, however, that some assumptions may not materialize, and unanticipated events and circumstances may occur. Therefore, actual results achieved during the projection period will likely vary from the projections, and some of the variations may be material to the conclusions of the analysis.

Contractual obligations do not include access to or ownership transfer of any electronic data processing files, programs or models completed directly for or as by-products of this research effort, unless explicitly so agreed as part of the contract.

APPENDIX A: EXHIBITS
Exhibit 1
Gas Station Establishments and Taxable Sales, Before and After Opening of Costco Gas Stations (1)Cities of Santa Maria, Eastvale, and Ukiah, Compared to State of California Change in Gas Station Sales (2) 2016 through Second Quarter 2019; and 2016 through 2022 Annually City City City City City City
Year Qrtr Permits Sales (3) Permits Sales (3) Permits Sales (3) 2016 Q1 $9.8 22 $28,753,344 - - 5 $6,931,734 - - 13 $8,025,415 - - 2016 Q2 $11.2 21 $34,229,152 19% 14% 5 $9,327,188 35% 14% 13 $8,602,327 7% 14%2016 Q3 $11.4 22 $35,705,963 4% 1% 5 $9,326,994 0% 1% 13 $8,682,997 1% 1%2016 Q4 $10.9 21 $32,275,056 -10% -4% 5 $8,937,192 -4% -4% 13 $8,085,814 -7% -4%2017 Q1 $10.8 22 $31,899,587 -1% 0% 6 $7,975,912 -11% 0% 13 $9,151,355 13% 0%2017 Q2 $12.1 21 $37,752,870 18% 12% 6 $9,860,201 24% 12% 12 $9,707,151 6% 12%2017 Q3 $12.4 21 $39,433,674 4% 2% 6 $10,220,107 4% 2% 11 $9,798,948 1% 2%2017 Q4 $12.1 22 $34,962,172 -11% -2% 6 $10,283,603 1% -2% 10 $9,745,262 -1% -2%2018 Q1 $12.4 22 $32,843,761 -6% 2% 6 $11,950,950 16% 2% 10 $9,986,917 2% 2%2018 Q2 $14.1 23 $41,298,199 26% 14% 5 $13,540,070 13% 14% 10 $10,469,821 5% 14% 2018 Q3 $14.2 23 $35,995,544 -13% 0% 5 $10,030,173 -26% 0% 10 $9,908,776 -5% 0%2018 Q4 $13.6 23 $34,041,181 -5% -4% 4 $8,774,641 -13% -4% 10 $8,847,462 -11% -4%2019 Q1 $11.7 23 $33,074,430 -3% -14% 5 $7,396,867 -16% -14% 10 $6,071,999 -31% -14%2019 Q2 $14.6 23 $43,416,205 31% 25% 5 $9,944,539 34% 25% 11 $10,116,866 67% 25% City City City City City City
Year Permits Sales (3) Permits Sales (3) Permits Sales (3) 2016 $43.3 21 $130,963,515 - 5 $34,523,108 - 13 $33,396,553 -2017 $47.4 22 $144,048,303 10% 10% 6 $38,339,823 11% 10% 10 $38,402,716 15% 10% 2018 $54.3 23 $150,025,076 4% 14% 4 $47,072,735 23% 14% 10 $39,212,976 2% 14%2019 $54.1 23 $160,472,181 7% 0% 5 $35,085,275 -25% 0% 13 $34,569,499 -12% 0%2020 $38.3 22 $113,308,111 -29% -29% 5 $23,392,845 -33% -29% 12 $33,245,337 -4% -29%2021 $56.2 22 $178,407,693 57% 47% 5 $46,741,916 100% 47% 11 $39,524,382 19% 47%2022 $71.3 27 $239,294,794 34% 27% 8 $65,684,000 41% 27% 12 $45,424,981 15% 27% 29% 83% 33% 71% 20% 18%
(2) The trend analysis for each city includes the State of Calfiornia trend in gas station sales on a quarter over quarter basis. (3) All dollars are in current year dollars, and have not been adjusted for inflation. in $bil Change Change Change Change Change Change
CA State
Sales City Sales State Sales City Sales State Sales City Sales State Sales (1) Each Costco gas station opening date is identified in the column headings by City. For each city, the figures corresponding to the quarter during which the Costco gas station opened are shaded in light gray. Sources: State of California Department of Tax and Fee Administration, First Quarter 2016 through Third Quarter 2019, Taxable Quarterly Reports; Costco Wholesale Corporation; and ALH Urban & Regional Economics.

City of Santa Maria & CA City of Eastvale & CA City of Ukiah & CA CA State
Sales
in $bil
2016 - 2022 Percent
Increase
2017 - 2022 Percent
Increase
2017 - 2022 Percent
Increase
Date Costco Gas Station Opened: 9/13/2017 Date Costco Gas Station Opened: 6/5/2018 Date Costco Gas Station Opened: 7/18/2018 Change
City Sales State Sales City Sales State Sales City Sales State Sales Change Change Change Change Change
Exhibit 2
Population and Gas Sales Per Capita (1)Cities of Santa Maria, Eastvale, Ukiah, Fresno and the State of California (2)2016 through 2022 (2) Gas Sales Gas Sales Gas Sales Gas Sales Gas Sales
Year Population Per Capita Population Per Capita Population Per Capita Population Per Capita Population Per Capita 2016 106,744 $1,227 62,147 $556 15,796 $2,114 529,552 $1,027 39,179,627 $1,104 2017 107,978 $1,334 63,720 $602 15,889 $2,417 533,670 $1,106 39,500,973 $1,2012018 108,470 $1,383 64,855 $726 16,226 $2,417 538,330 $1,142 39,809,693 $1,3642019 107,356 $1,495 66,078 $531 16,296 $2,121 536,683 $1,095 39,927,315 $1,3562020 109,660 $1,033 69,742 $335 16,604 $2,002 542,081 $858 39,538,223 $970 2021 110,672 $1,612 70,457 $663 16,220 $2,437 541,652 $1,223 39,286,510 $1,431 2022 109,617 $2,183 69,978 $939 16,052 $2,830 542,829 $1,445 39,078,674 $1,824 3% 78% 13% 69% 2% 34% 3% 41% 0% 65%
(1) All dollars are in current year dollars, and have not been adjusted for inflation.

City of Santa Maria City of Eastvale City of Ukiah City of Fresno State of California Sources: Exhibit 1; State of California Department of Finance, Table 2: E-5 City/County Population and Housing Estimates, 1/1/2018, 1/1/2019; and 1/1/2023; and ALH Urban & Regional Economics. (2) The shaded lines indicate the year corresponsing with a Costco gas station opening date. Some locations are presented for general reference. 2016 - 2022 Percent Increase 2016 - 2022 Percent Increase 2016 - 2022 Percent Increase 2016 - 2022 Percent Increase 2016 - 2022 Percent Increase

APPENDIX B

FIRM QUALIFICATIONS AND PRINCIPAL RESUME

FIRM INTRODUCTION
ALH Urban & Regional Economics (ALH Economics) is a sole proprietorship devoted to providing urban and regional economic consulting services to clients throughout California. The company was formed in June 2011. Until that time, Amy L. Herman, Principal and Owner (100%) of ALH Economics, was a Senior Managing Director with CBRE Consulting in San Francisco, a division of the real estate services firm CB Richard Ellis. CBRE Consulting was the successor firm to Sedway Group, in which Ms. Herman was a part owner, which was a well-established urban economic and real estate consulting firm acquired by CB Richard Ellis in late 1999.

ALH Economics provides a range of economic consulting services, including:
x fiscal and economic impact analysis
x CEQA-prescribed urban decay analysis
x economic studies in support of general plans, specific plans, and other long-range planning efforts
x market feasibility analysis for commercial, housing, and industrial land uses x economic development and policy analysis
x other specialized economic analyses tailored to client needs Since forming ALH Economics, Ms. Herman’s client roster includes California cities, counties, and other public agencies; educational institutions; architectural, environmental, and other real estate-related consulting firms; commercial and residential developers; non-profits; and law firms. A select list of ALH Economics clients includes the following:
x the cities of Concord, Pleasanton, Tracy, Dublin, Inglewood, Petaluma, and Los Banos, the Office of Community Investment and Infrastructure as Successor Agency to the Redevelopment Agency of the City and County of San Francisco, Alameda County Community Development Agency, the Alameda County Fair, Bay Area Rapid Transit District, East Bay Community Energy, and The Presidio Trust; x the University of California at Berkeley, Stanford Real Estate, The Primary School, The Claremont Colleges Services, and the University of California at Riverside; x Environmental Science Associates (ESA), Dudek, Group 4 Architecture, Research + Planning, Inc., Paul Halajian Architects, LSA Associates, Raney Planning and Management, Inc., First Carbon Solutions - Michael Brandman Associates, and Infrastructure Management Group, Inc.;
x Catellus Development Corporation, Maximus Real Estate Partners, New West Communities, Build, Inc., Arcadia Development Co., KB Home, Howard Hughes Corporation dba Victoria Ward LLC, Blu Homes, Inc., Kimco Realty, Align Real Estate LLC, Centercal, Carvana Co., and Trammell Crow Residential;
x Costco Wholesale Corporation, One Medical, Golden State Lumber, Public Storage, Home Depot, and Lifetime Fitness;
x Gresham Savage Nolan & Tilden, PC, Remy Moose Manley, Pelosi Law Group, Sedgwick LLP, Coblentz Patch Duffy & Bass LLP

Throughout her more than 30-year career, Ms. Herman has managed real estate consulting assignments for hundreds of additional clients, including many California cities, corporations, residential, commercial, and industrial real estate developers, and Fortune 100 firms.

RELEVANT EXPERIENCE: RETAIL URBAN DECAY STUDIES
Description of Services
The Principal of ALH Economics, Amy L. Herman, has performed economic impact and urban decay studies for a number of retail development projects in California. These studies have generally been the direct outcome of the 2004 court ruling Bakersfield Citizens for Local Control (“BCLC”) v. City of Bakersfield (December 2004) 124 Cal.App.4th 1184, requiring environmental impacts analyses to take into consideration the potential for a retail project as well as other cumulative retail projects to contribute to urban decay in the market area served by the project.

Prior to the advent of the Bakersfield court decision, Ms. Herman managed these studies for project developers or retailers, typically at the request of the host city, or sometimes for the city itself. Following the Bakersfield decision, the studies have most commonly been directly commissioned by the host cities or environmental planning firms conducting Environmental Impact Reports (EIRs) for the projects. Studies are often conducted as part of the EIR process, but also in response to organized challenges to a city’s project approval or to Court decisions ruling that additional analysis is required.

The types of high volume retail projects for which these studies have been conducted include single store developments, typically comprising a Walmart Store, The Home Depot, Target store, Costco, and other club-like retail stores. The studies have also been conducted for large retail shopping centers, typically anchored by one or more of the preceding stores, but also including as much as 300,000 to 400,000 square feet of additional retail space with smaller anchor stores and in-line tenants.

The scope of services for these studies includes numerous tasks. The basic tasks common to most studies include the following:
x defining the project and estimating sales for the first full year of operations; x identifying the market area;
x identifying and touring existing competitive market area retailers; x evaluating existing retail market conditions at competitive shopping centers and along major commercial corridors in the market area;
x conducting retail demand, sales attraction, and spending leakage analyses for the market area and other relevant areas;
x forecasting future retail demand in the market area;
x researching the retail market’s history in backfilling vacated retail spaces; x assessing the extent to which project sales will occur to the detriment of existing retailers (i.e., diverted sales);
x determining the likelihood existing competitive and nearby stores will close due to sales diversions attributable to the project;
x researching planned retail projects and assessing cumulative impacts; and

x identifying the likelihood the project’s economic impacts and cumulative project impacts will trigger or cause urban decay.

Many studies include yet additional tasks, such as assessing the project’s impact on downtown retailers; determining the extent to which development of the project corresponds with city public policy, redevelopment, and economic development goals; projecting the fiscal benefits relative to the host city’s General Plan; forecasting job impacts; analyzing wages relative to the existing retail base; and assessing potential impacts on local social service providers.

Representative Projects

Many high volume retail projects for which Ms. Herman has prepared economic impact and urban decay studies are listed below. These include projects that are operational, projects under construction, projects approved and beyond legal challenges but not yet under construction, and project currently engaged in the public process. By category, projects are listed alphabetically by the city in which they are located.

Projects Operational
x Alameda, Alameda Landing, totaling 285,000 square feet anchored by a Target (opened October 2013), rest of center opening starting in 2015
x American Canyon, Napa Junction Phases I and II, 239,958 square feet, anchored by a Walmart Superstore, prepared in response to a Court decision; project opened September 2007
x Bakersfield, Gosford Village Shopping Center, totaling 700,000 square feet, anchored by a Walmart Superstore, Sam’s Club, and Kohl’s; Walmart store opened March 18, 2010, Sam’s Club and Kohl’s built earlier
x Bakersfield, Panama Lane, Shopping Center, totaling 434,073 square feet, anchored by a Walmart Superstore and Lowe’s Home Improvement Warehouse; Walmart store opened October 2009, Lowe’s store built earlier
x Bakersfield, Silver Creek Plaza, anchored by a WinCo Foods, totaling 137,609 square feet, opened February 28, 2014
x Cameron Park (El Dorado County), Grocery Outlet Bargain Market, 16,061 square feet, opened November 2023
x Carlsbad, La Costa Town Square lifestyle center, totaling 377,899 square feet, anchored by Steinmart, Vons, Petco, and 24 Hour Fitness, opened Fall 2014 x Citrus Heights, Stock Ranch Walmart Discount Store with expanded grocery section, 154,918 square feet; store opened January 2007
x Clovis, Clovis-Herndon Shopping Center, totaling 525,410 square feet, anchored by a Walmart Superstore, opened March 2013
x Concord, Lowe’s Commercial Shopping Center, totaling 334,112 square feet, anchored by a Lowe’s Home Improvement Warehouse and a national general merchandise store; EIR Certified December 2008 with no subsequent legal challenge; store opened January 2010
x Concord, Veranda Shopping Center, a 375,000-square foot center anchored by a Whole Foods 365 Market, Movie Theater, and upscale apparel retail, opened October 2017, with 365 Market opening December 2017

x Cool, Dollar General, proposed store on a 1.69-acre site totaling 9,100 square feet, opened 2023
x Dublin, Persimmon Place, 167,200 square feet, anchored by Whole Foods, opened 2015 x Folsom, Lifetime Fitness Center, a 116,363-square-foot fitness center including an outdoor leisure and lap pool, two water slides, whirlpool, outdoor bistro, eight tennis courts, outdoor Child Activity Area, and outdoor seating, opened April 2017 x Fresno, Park Crossing (formerly Fresno 40), totaling 209,650 square feet, July 2015 x Gilroy, 220,000-square-foot Walmart Superstore, replaced an existing Discount Store; store opened October 2005, with Discount Store property under new ownership planned for retail redevelopment of a 1.5-million-square-foot mall x Gilroy, Lowe’s Home Improvement Warehouse, 166,000 square feet; store opened May 2003
x Hayward, Costco Gas Station, addition to existing Costco Business Center, opened mid2023 x Hesperia, Main Street Marketplace, totaling 465,000 square feet, anchored by a Walmart Superstore and a Home Depot, Walmart under construction, opened September 2012 x Madera, Commons at Madera, totaling 306,500 square feet, anchored by a Lowe’s Home Improvement Warehouse; project opened July 2008
x Oakland, Safeway expansion, College & Claremont Avenues, 51,510 square feet total, comprising a 36,787 square-foot expansion, opened January 2015 x Oakland, Rockridge Safeway expansion and shopping center redevelopment (The Ridge), including total net new development of 137,072 square feet, opened September 2016 x Oroville, Walmart Superstore, 213,400 square feet, replacing existing Walmart Discount Store, opened April 2017
x Rancho Cordova, Capital Village, totaling 273,811 square feet, anchored by a Lowe’s Home Improvement Warehouse; phased project opening, January 2008 – July 2008 x Sacramento, Delta Shores, 1.3- to 1.5-million square feet, anchored by a lifestyle center; phased project opening beginning September 2017
x Sacramento, Downtown Commons, mixed-use entertainment complex with 682,500 square feet of retail space adjoining new Golden 1 Center for the Sacramento Kings; initial tenant 2016, additional tenants beginning November 2017 x Sacramento, Land Park Commercial Center, proposed commercial center with a 55,000- square-foot relocated and expanded full service Raley’s grocery store and pharmacy and seven freestanding retail buildings comprising 53,980 square feet, Raley’s opened April 2020
x San Francisco, Chase Center, prepared response to comments regarding impacts on Oakland Arena, opened September 2019
x San Jose (East San Jose), Home Depot Store, 149,468 square feet; store opened October 2007
x San Jose, Lowe’s Home Improvement Warehouse (redevelopment of IBM site), up to 180,000 square feet, store opened March 2010
x San Jose, Almaden Ranch, up to 400,000 square feet, anchor tenant Bass Pro Shop opened October 2015
x Sonora, Lowe’s Home Improvement Warehouse, 111,196 square feet; store opened December 2010
x Sonora, Sonora Crossroads, Walmart Discount Store expansion to a Superstore, net increase of 30,000 square feet, groundbreaking May 2017

x Tracy, Tracy Hills Specific Plan, Specific Plan area including 5,499 residential units, 875,300 square feet of commercial retail space, 624,200 square feet of office space, and 4,197,300 square feet of industrial space
x Ukiah, Costco, 148,000-square-foot warehouse membership store, groundbreaking September 2017, opened July 2018
x Victorville, The Crossroads at 395, totaling 303,000 square feet, anchored by a Walmart Superstore, opened May 2014
x Victorville, Dunia Plaza, totaling 391,000 square feet, anchored by a Walmart Superstore and a Sam’s Club, replacing existing Walmart Discount Store, opened September 2012 x West Sacramento, Riverpoint Marketplace, totaling 788,517 square feet, anchored by a Walmart Superstore, Ikea, and Home Depot; phased openings beginning March 2006 x Willows, Walmart Superstore totaling 196,929 square feet, replacing existing Walmart Discount Store (subsequently scaled back to a 54,404-square-foot expansion to existing 86,453-square-foot store), opened March 2012
x Walnut Creek, The Orchards at Walnut Creek, mixed-use project including up to 225,000 square feet of retail space, opened September 2016
x Woodland, Home Depot Store, 127,000 square feet; store opened December 2002 x Yuba City, Walmart Superstore, 213,208 square feet, replacing existing Discount Store; store opened April 2006. Discount Store site backfilled by Lowe’s Home Improvement Warehouse
Projects in Progress/Engaged in the Public Process
x Folsom, Westland-Eagle Specific Plan Amendment, Folsom Ranch, a 643-acre portion of the larger 3,585-acre Folsom Ranch Master Plan area including 977,000 square feet of retail space, along with residential, office, and industrial space (update on status required) x Oakland, Oakland Waterfront District Park, prepared gentrification, displacement, and urban decay study for the proposed new Oakland A’s multi-purpose Major League Baseball ballpark at the Howard Terminal, totaling approximately 55 acres, with a capacity of up to 35,000 persons and additional land uses, including up to 3,000 residential units, 1.5 million square feet of office, a 400-room hotel, up to 270,000 square feet of mixed retail, cultural and civic uses, a 50,000-square-foot performance center, and parking for all Project uses
x San Francisco, Whole Foods, 49,825-square-foot store in the City Center shopping center x Seaside, Campus Town Specific Plan, a proposed 122.23-acre mixed-use development project developed on a portion of the former Fort Ord Army Base, planned to include maximum buildout of 1,485 housing units, a 250-room hotel, 75 youth hostel beds, 150,000 square feet of retail, dining, and entertainment space, and 50,000 square feet of office, flex, makerspace, and light industrial uses.

Projects Approved and Beyond Legal Challenges
x Bakersfield, Bakersfield Commons, totaling 1.2 million square feet of lifestyle retail space and 400,000 square feet of community shopping center space (project engaged in revisioning)
x Bakersfield, Crossroads Shopping Center, totaling 786,370 square feet, anchored by a Target

x Chico, Walmart expansion, expansion of an existing Walmart store plus addition of three development parcels including a fueling station, restaurant, and retail space. In Chico Advocates for a Responsible Economy v. City of Chico (2019) 40 Cal.App.5th 839, 849, Court of Appeal found that Urban Decay study adequately evaluated the Project’s urban decay impacts.
x Davis, Mace Ranch Innovation Center, an innovation center with 2,654,000 square feet of planned space, including research, office, R&D, manufacturing, ancillary retail, and hotel/conference center. FEIR completed January 2016 and Certified September 2017 x Fairfield, Green Valley Plaza, totaling 465,000 square feet x Fort Bragg, Grocery Outlet Bargain Market, approved June 2023 x Lincoln, Village 5 Specific Plan, area including 8,200 residential units, 3.1 million square feet of commercial retail space, 1.4 million square feet of office space, a 100-room hotel, and a 71-acre regional sports complex. Final EIR completed 2017. Specific Plan Approved January 2018. Groundbreaking anticipated 2019/2020. x Kern County, Rosedale and Renfro, totaling 228,966 square feet, anchored by a Target x Novato, Hanna Ranch, mixed-use project including 44,621 square feet of retail space, 21,190 square feet of office space, and a 116-room hotel x Pleasanton, Johnson Drive Economic Development Zone, including 189,037 square feet of new general retail space, 148,000 square feet of club retail space, and a 150- or 231- room hotel.
x Roseville, Hotel Conference Center, a 250-room hotel with a 20,000-square-foot conference facility and a 1,200-seat ballroom
x San Francisco, Candlestick Point, 635,000 square feet of regional retail and Hunters Point, with two, 125,000-square-foot neighborhood shopping centers (urban decay study not part of the legal challenge)

PRINCIPAL INTRODUCTION
Ms. Amy Herman, Principal of ALH Economics, has directed assignments for corporate, institutional, non-profit, and governmental clients in key service areas, including commercial market analysis, fiscal and economic impact analysis, economic development and redevelopment, location analysis, strategic planning, and policy analysis. During her career spanning over 30 years, Ms. Herman has supported client goals in many ways, such as to assess supportable real estate development, demonstrate public and other project benefits, to assess public policy implications, and to evaluate and maximize the value of real estate assets. In addition, her award-winning economic development work has been recognized by the American Planning Association, the California Redevelopment Association, and the League of California Cities.

Prior to forming ALH Economics, Ms. Herman worked for 20 years as an urban economist with Sedway Group and then CBRE Consulting’s Land Use and Economics practice. Her prior professional work experience included 5 years in the Real Estate Consulting Group of the now defunct accounting firm Laventhol & Horwath (L&H), preceded by several years with the real estate consulting firm Land Economics Group, which was acquired by L&H. During the course of her career, Ms. Herman has established a strong professional network and client base providing access to contacts and experts across a wide spectrum of real estate and urban development resources.

Ms. Herman holds a Master of Community Planning degree from the University of Cincinnati and a Bachelor of Arts degree in urban policy studies from Syracuse University. She pursued additional post-graduate studies in the Department of City and Regional Planning at the University of California at Berkeley. A professional resume for Ms. Herman follows.

ALH|ECON
ALH Urban & Regional Economics PROFESSIONAL PROFILE
AMY L. HERMAN

PRINCIPAL
ALH Urban & Regional
Economics
Berkeley, California
T 510.704.1599
[email protected]

SELECT OTHER CLIENTS
– Alameda County Fair
– Arcadia Development
Company
– Catellus Development
Corporation
– CenterCal Properties
– Claremont University
Consortium
– City of Dublin
– Dudek
– Environmental Science
Associates
– Equity One
– First Carbon Solutions
(formerly Michael
Brandman Associates)
– Gresham Savage Nolan
& Tilden
– Howard Hughes
Corporation
– City of Inglewood
– LSA Associates
– Maximus Real Estate
Partners
– The Primary School
– Remy Moose Manley
– Ronald McDonald House
– Signature Flight Support
– Syufy Enterprises
– City of Tracy
Amy L. Herman, Principal of ALH Urban & Regional Economics, has provided urban and regional consulting services for approximately 40 years. During this time, she has been responsible for directing assignments for corporate, institutional, non-profit, and governmental clients in key service areas, including fiscal and economic impact analysis, economic development and redevelopment, feasibility analysis, location analysis, strategic planning, policy analysis, and transit-oriented development. Her award-winning economic development work has been recognized by the American Planning Association, the California Redevelopment Association, and the League of California Cities.

Prior to forming ALH Urban & Regional Economics in 2011, Ms. Herman’s professional tenure included 20 years with Sedway Group, inclusive of its acquisition by CB Richard Ellis and subsequent name change to CBRE Consulting. Her prior professional work experience includes five years in the Real Estate Consulting Group of the now defunct accounting firm Laventhol & Horwath (L&H), preceded by several years with the land use consulting firm Land Economics Group, which was acquired by L&H.

Following are descriptions of select consulting assignments managed by Ms. Herman.

ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS
Alameda County. Prime consultant for a complex team that prepared a Local Development Business Plan for the newly launched East Bay Community Energy Community Choice Aggregation program for Alameda County. ALH Economics components included economic impact and financial analysis of the local development program components.

University of California. Conducted economic impact studies and frequent updates for five University of California campuses: Berkeley, Davis, Riverside, San Francisco, and San Diego.

Prepared models suitable for annual updates by campus personnel.

Hospital Council of Northern and Central California. Prepared an analysis highlighting the economic impacts of hospitals and long-term care facilities in Santa Clara County. The analysis included multiplier impacts for hospital spending, county employment, and wages. Completed a similar study for the Monterey Bay Area Region.

Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Completed economic impact analysis of BART’s operations in the San Francisco Bay Area region.

Various EIR Firms. Managed numerous assignments analyzing the potential for urban decay to result from development of major big box stores, shopping centers, and sports venues. The analysis comprises a required Environmental Impact Report component pursuant to CEQA.

FISCAL IMPACT ANALYSIS
Stanford Research Park. Analyzed historic and current fiscal contributions generated by the Stanford Research Park real estate base and businesses to the City of Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, and the Palo Alto Unified School District.

City of Concord. Structured and managed fiscal impact analysis designed to test the net fiscal impact of multiple land use alternatives pertaining to the reuse of the 5,170-acre former Concord Naval Weapons Station, leading to possible annexation into the City of Concord, California.

Kimco Realty. Prepared fiscal impact analysis of plans to renovate and redevelop part of Westlake Shopping Center and infill development of a 179-unit apartment project adjoining the shopping center.

Sycamore Real Estate Investments, LLC. Prepared a fiscal impact model for client implementation, to test the General Fund net fiscal impacts of alternative land use mixes.

Residential and Commercial Developers. Prepared fiscal impact studies for new development projects, including residential, office, and mixed-use projects, demonstrating the net fiscal impact on the respective city’s General Fund and local school districts.

ALH|ECON
ALH Urban & Regional Economics PROFESSIONAL PROFILE
AMY L. HERMAN
Principal ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC FINANCE
Infrastructure Management Group. Contributed to due diligence analysis of the proposed Transbay Transit Center to support evaluation of requested bond loan adjustment requests to support project construction.

Alameda County. Managed numerous assignments helping Alameda County achieve its economic development goals for the County’s unincorporated areas through surplus site disposition assistance, including market analysis and financial due diligence for residential and commercial mixed-use developments.

Office of Community Investment and Infrastructure as Successor Agency to the Redevelopment Agency of the City and County of San Francisco. Managed financial analysis estimating the tax payments in lieu of property taxes associated with UCSF development of medical office space in the former Mission Bay Redevelopment Project area.

LAND USE POLICY
Union City Property Owner. Provided an independent analysis regarding the reasonableness of the City of Union City continuing to reserve a key development area for office and/or R&D development in the context of the General Plan Update.

Alameda County Community Development Agency. Provided analysis and input regarding the Ashland and Cherryland Business District Specific Plan requirements for non-residential floor space in mixed-use development sites over 10,000 square feet DCT Industrial Trust (Subsequently acquired by ProLogis, Inc.). Performed economic analysis on a proposed change to the Newark Zoning Ordinance regarding permitted industrial uses. The analysis demonstrated the market, fiscal, and economic impacts that could result from the proposed zoning ordinance change.

City and County of San Francisco. Under direction of the San Francisco Planning Department, conducted analysis and literature review regarding residential and commercial displacement, especially they pertained to two planned Mission District mixed-income apartment projects.

DEVELOPMENT FEASIBILITY
China Harbour Engineering Company Ltd. (CHEC). Prepared a market assessment and development feasibility analysis for the potential development of a 5.54-acre parking lot at the West Oakland BART Station in Oakland, CA for CHEC, the development entity selected by BART to pursue joint development of the site pursuant to an Exclusive Right to Negotiate Agreement.

Align Real Estate, LLC. Prepared independent economic analysis of a proposed residential development in San Francisco on the site of several buildings, including one considered an historic resource pursuant to CEQA. The analysis tested several project alternatives, focusing on net developer margin as an indicator of financial feasibility.

Build, Inc. Conducted financial analysis comparing the development of a prospective San Francisco residential site as a “stand-alone” project compared to a larger “combined lot” project that would incorporate unused floor-area-ratio from an adjacent property.

Various Residential Developers. In support of fiscal impact studies, prepared residential market analysis examining historical development and pricing trends, absorption, and forecasting demand by product type. Prepared achievable pricing estimates by residential unit type and size.

EDUCATION
Bachelor of Arts degree in urban studies, magna cum laude, Syracuse University. Master of Community Planning degree from the University of Cincinnati. Advanced graduate studies in City and Regional Planning at the University of California at Berkeley.

Appendix B
Netting Report

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ascentenvironmental.com
Errata to the Final EIR
Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project 1

ERRATA TO THE FINAL EIR

INTRODUCTION
The City of Fresno (City) has prepared this Errata sheet to clarify and correct information in the Final Environmental Impact Report (Final EIR) for the Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project (State Clearinghouse No. 2021100443). Pursuant to State CEQA Guidelines Section 15088.5, recirculation is not required where the new information added to the EIR merely clarifies or amplifies or makes insignificant modifications in an adequate EIR. This Errata sheet includes minor text edits to the Final EIR for the project.

Revisions herein do not contain significant new information that alter the conclusions of the Final EIR, result in any new significant environmental impacts, or deprive the public of a meaningful opportunity to comment upon a substantial adverse environmental effect of the project.

STAFF INITIATED TEXT CHANGES
The Final EIR is revised as follows to provide greater clarity. Text additions are identified with double underline and text deletions are provided in double strikethrough.

Chapter 2: Responses to Comments
In Table 2-1 (Final EIR page 2-1), the footnote on the row for Comment O1 in Table 2-1 (Final EIR page 2-1) has been removed, as shown below. This change has no effect on the treatment of the comment in the responses contained in the Final EIR.

Table 2-1 List of Commenters
Letter No. Commenter Date

AGENCIES
A1 California Department of Fish and Wildlife August 14, 2023 A2 California Department of Transportation August 15, 2023 A3 San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District August 23, 2023

ORGANIZATIONS
O1 Burke, Williams & Sorensen, LLP, on behalf of Costco Wholesale August 28, 20231

INDIVIDUALS
I1 Matthew Schellenberg July 21, 2023
I2 Teresa Sanchez July 21, 2023
I3 Dolores Davidian July 19, 2023
I4 Vernon Valmonte July 18, 2023
I5 Denise King July 17, 2023
I6 Sharon Ross July 17, 2023
I7 Susan Hansen July 17, 2023
I8 Claudia Readwright July 17, 2023
I9 Shahzaib Zaman July 17, 2023
I10 Tj Atwal July 17, 2023
I11 Rey Alvarez July 17, 2023
I12 Agnes Habellion July 16, 2023
Errata to the Final EIR
Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project 2
Letter No. Commenter Date
I13 Linnea and David Faeth July 16, 2023
I14 Alana L. Lewis July 16, 2023
I15 Sharon Henson July 16, 2023
I16 Jeannette Correa July 16, 2023
I17 Dantenello Velasquez July 15, 2023
I18 Randy Ames July 15, 2023
I19 Kiersten Winrow July 14, 2023
I20 Joseph Pulido July 14, 2023
I21 Jeremy Bruno July 14, 2023
I22 Bob Eurich July 14, 2023
I23 Sukhi Dhillon July 14, 2023
I24 Sakit Bibra July 14, 2023
I25 Anya Ellis July 14, 2023
I26 Michael and Joan Paine July 14, 2023
I27 Bekah Bryant July 14, 2023
I28 Randy Mills July 13, 2023
I29 William and Melody Hardaway July 13, 2023
I30 Geoff J. July 13, 2023
I31 Birdevinder July 13, 2023
I32 Bryan Miller July 13, 2023
I33 Colton Metzler July 13, 2023
I34 Ty Murphy July 13, 2023
I35 Jax Ward July 13, 2023
I36 Elizabeth Mendoza July 13, 2023
I37 J. Chmielewski July 13, 2023
I38 Kent Yamaguchi July 13, 2023
I39 Nick Quisenberry July 13, 2023
I40 Don Marshall July 13, 2023
I41 Jerry Montejano July 13, 2023
I42 William Duane Peverill July 21, 2023
I43 Lorraine Arrington July 21, 2023
I44 Dr. Danielle Biggs July 21, 2023
I45 Holden Markwith July 21, 2023
I46 David Scott July 22, 2023
I47 Amy Siliznoff July 22, 2023
I48 Betty Williams July 22, 2023
I49 Jensen Vang July 22, 2023
I50 Melody Wolverton July 22, 2023
I51 Joseph Pulido July 22, 2023
I52 John Olszowka July 23, 2023
I53 Justin Latham July 23, 2023
Errata to the Final EIR
Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project 3
Letter No. Commenter Date
I54 Charles Ognibene July 23, 2023
I55 Jamey Schmidt July 24, 203
I56 William Duane Peverill July 24, 2023
I57 Lorraine Arrington July 24, 2023
I58 Pat Yaralian July 25, 2023
I59 Michael Van July 25, 2023
I60 Sabrina Hernandez July 26, 2023
I61 Javier Morales July 27, 2023
I62 James and Louisa Weyant July 27, 2023
I63 Shirley Hutchison July 27, 2023
I64 Maria Leon July 27, 2023
I65 Norman S. Stahl July 27, 2023
I66 Jesus Diaz July 27, 2023
I67 Anthony Scheideman July 27, 2023
I68 Rick and Kathy Haskill July 28, 2023
I69 Kevin Cartwright July 28, 2023
I70 Adalino July 28, 2023
I71 Juan Duran July 28, 2023
I72 Miguel Duran July 28, 2023
I73 Fabrizio Robalino July 31, 2023
I74 Celso “Sal” Romero, Jr. July 31, 2023
I75 Cindy Diaz August 1, 2023
I76 Joy Hinrichsen August 2, 2023
I77 Garrett Schaefer August 3, 2023
I78 Lynda Allison Doty August 8, 2023
I79 Tom Basset August 8, 2023
I80 Beth Durbin August 9, 2023
I81 Sandra J. Iley August 9, 2023
I82 Stephanie S. August 10, 2023
I83 Thomas Coppin August 10, 2023
I84 Dawn Mathews August 10, 2023
I85 Larry Rodriguez August 11, 2023
I86 Sylvia Fernandez August 11, 2023
I87 Jens Andersen August 13, 2023
I88 Richee Xavonglianekham August 14, 2023
I89 Janet Bergman August 15, 2023
I90 Robin Snowden August 17, 2023
I91 Shauna Sandin August 18, 2023
I92 Charles Yuvienco August 19, 2023
I93 Darius Assemi August 21, 2023
I94 Noel Delgado August 21, 2023
Errata to the Final EIR
Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project 4
Letter No. Commenter Date
I95 Ray Gonzales August 24, 2023
I96 Jennifer Airheart August 24, 2023
I97 Amy Zehring August 25, 2023
I98 Brian and Sherryl Kellogg August 24, 2023
I99 Rodger B. Jensen August 25, 2023
I100 James Fleck August 28, 2023
I101 Gabriel Ledesma August 28, 2023
I102 Lauryn Medina September 1, 20231
I103 Daniel Brannick August 31, 20231
1 The comment was received after the close of the public comment period.

The text introducing Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 was clarified in the Final EIR in response Comment O1-3 (Final EIR page 2-33). This same change is also identified in “Revisions to Section 3.13, ‘Transportation and Circulation’” (beginning on Final EIR page 3-4). One change made to that table was not underlined to indicate new text and included an insignificant typographical error. The “Notes” column in Table 3.13-5 for Measure T-11 has been updated as follows to reflect the addition of text that was made in the Final EIR but not properly identified with underline text:

Table 3.13-5 Transportation Sector Measures to Reduce VMT Mitigation Measure Maximum Potential
VMT Reduction1
Feasible/Applicabl
e to the project? Notes
T-1 Increase Residential
Density
30% from project VMT N/A The proposed project does not include residential uses.

T-2 Increase Job Density 30% from project VMT N/A This is a plan/communitywide strategy and is not applicable.

T-3 Provide Transit-Oriented
Development
31% from project VMT N/A This is a plan/communitywide strategy and is not applicable.

T-4 Integrate Affordable and
Below Market Rate
Housing

28.6% from project/site
multifamily residential
VMT
N/A The proposed project does not include
residential uses.

T-5 Implement Commute Trip
Reduction Program
(Voluntary)
4% project/site
employee commute
VMT
Yes No See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

Measures T-7 through T-11 must be
implemented as part of T-5 to achieve the
maximum employee commute VMT
reduction. Because T-11 would not be
feasible, the commute trip reduction
program would not meet the full list of
CAPCOA parameters.

Errata to the Final EIR
Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project 5
Mitigation Measure Maximum Potential
VMT Reduction1
Feasible/Applicabl
e to the project? Notes
T-6 Implement Commute Trip
Reduction Program
(Mandatory
Implementation and
Monitoring)
26% from project/site
employee commute
VMT
Yes No See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

Measures T-7 through T-11 must be
implemented as part of T-6 to achieve the
maximum employee commute VMT
reduction. Because T-11 would not be
feasible, the commute trip reduction
program would not meet the full list of
CAPCOA parameters.

T-7 Implement Commute Trip
Reduction Marketing
4% project/site
employee commute
VMT
Yes See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-8 Provide Ridesharing
Program
8% project/site
employee commute
VMT
Yes See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-9 Implement Subsidized or
Discounted Transit
Program

5.5% from
employee/resident
Yes See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-10 Provide End-of-Trip
Bicycle Facilities

4.4% project/site
employee commute
VMT
Yes See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-11 Provide EmployerSponsored Vanpool 20.4% project/site employee commute
VMT
Yes No See Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below. A
private vanpool program would involve
the capital cost of purchasing vans plus
the operating cost of insurances, would
raise liability concerns, and would pose
logistical challenges such as equal
treatment of employees and rules
regarding private use of the vans. This
measure cannot be feasibly implemented
to reduce VMT.

T-12 Price Workplace Parking 20% project/site
employee commute
VMT
N/A Measure ineffective due to readily
available, uncontrolled and free parking in
the immediate vicinity of the proposed
project.

T-13 Implement Employee
Parking Cash-Out
12% project/site
employee commute
VMT
N/A Measure ineffective due to readily
available, uncontrolled and free parking in
the immediate vicinity of the proposed
project.

T-14 Provide Electric Vehicle
Charging Infrastructure
-- N/A See Mitigation Measure 3.3-2a. This
measure does not affect VMT.

T-15 Limit Residential Parking
Supply

13.7% from residences’
VMT
N/A The proposed project does not include
residential uses.

T-16 Unbundle Residential
Parking Costs from
Property Cost

15.7% from project VMT N/A The proposed project does not include residential uses.

Errata to the Final EIR
Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project 6
Mitigation Measure Maximum Potential
VMT Reduction1
Feasible/Applicabl
e to the project? Notes
T-17 Improve Street
Connectivity
30% from vehicle travel
in the plan/community
Yes The proposed project would construct
West Spruce Avenue along the northern
project site boundary improving street
connectivity. Additionally, the project
would construct North Arthur Avenue
along the eastern project site boundary,
connecting West Spruce Avenue and West
Spruce Herndon Avenue. See Chapter 2,
“Project Description.,” and Mitigation
Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-18 Provide Pedestrian
Network Improvement

6.4% from vehicle travel
in the plan/community
Yes Pedestrian facility improvements provided
as part of the proposed project. See
Chapter 2, “Project Description.,” and
Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-19-
A
Construct or Improve
Bike Facility

0.8% from vehicles
parallel roadways
Yes Bicycle facility improvements provided as
part of the proposed project. See Chapter
2, “Project Description.,” and Mitigation
Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-19-B Construct or Improve
Bike Boulevard

0.2% from vehicles on
roadway
Yes Bicycle facility improvements provided as
part of the proposed project. See Chapter
2, “Project Description.,” and Mitigation
Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-20 Expand Bikeway Network 0.5% from vehicles on
roadway
Yes Bicycle facility improvements provided as
part of the proposed project. See Chapter
2, “Project Description.,” and Mitigation
Measure 3.13-2 below.

T-21-
A
Implement Conventional
Carshare Program

0.15% from vehicle
travel in the
plan/community
No This is a plan/communitywide strategy and
is not feasible.

T-21-B Implement Electric
Carshare Program
VMT reduction not
quantified—see
CAPCOA handbook
No This is a plan/communitywide strategy and
is not feasible.

T-22-
A
Implement Pedal (NonElectric) Bikeshare
Program

0.2% from vehicle travel
in the plan/community
No This is a plan/communitywide strategy and
is not feasible.

T-22-
B
Implement Electric
Bikeshare Program

0.06% from vehicle
travel in the
plan/community
No This is a plan/communitywide strategy and
is not feasible.

T-22-
C
Implement Scootershare
Program

0.07% from vehicle
travel in the
plan/community
No This is a plan/communitywide strategy and
is not feasible.

T-23 Provide CommunityBased Travel Planning 2.3% from vehicle travel in the plan/community
N/A The proposed project does not include
residential uses. This measure applies to
residences.

Errata to the Final EIR
Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project 7
Mitigation Measure Maximum Potential
VMT Reduction1
Feasible/Applicabl
e to the project? Notes
T-24 Implement Market Price
Public Parking (OnStreet)
30% from vehicle travel
in the plan/community
No The applicant, Costco, does not have
jurisdiction over public on-street parking
facilities and operation.

T-25 Extend Transit Network
Coverage or Hours

4.6% from vehicle travel
in the plan/community
No The applicant, Costco, does not have
jurisdiction over the operation of transit
service.

T-26 Increase Transit Service
Frequency

11.3% from vehicle travel
in the plan/community
No The applicant, Costco, does not have
jurisdiction over the operation of transit
service.

T-27 Implement TransitSupportive Roadway
Treatments

0.6% from vehicle travel
in the plan/community
No This is a plan/communitywide strategy and
is not feasible.

T-28 Provide Bus Rapid Transit 13.8% from vehicle
travel in the
plan/community
No The applicant, Costco, does not have
jurisdiction over the operation of transit
service.

T-29 Reduce Transit Fares 1.2% from vehicle travel
in the plan/community
No This is a plan/communitywide strategy and
is not feasible.

T-30 Use Cleaner-Fuel Vehicles -- N/A This measure does not affect VMT.

Notes:
1: The CAPCOA Handbook identifies the maximum potential GHG reduction associated with identified measures; however, the CAPCOA Handbook concludes that for the particular measures selected, the percent reduction in VMT would be the same as the percent reduction in GHG emissions. For clarity, this table reports reductions in relation to VMT. ŚĂƉƚĞƌϯ͗ZĞǀŝƐŝŽŶƐƚŽƚŚĞƌĂŌ
/Z
The Final EIR acknowledges revisions to the site plan that occurred after publication of the Draft EIR. As explained in Chapter 1, “Introduction,” of the Final EIR these proposed design refinements include reduced warehouse size, changes to the design of the warehouse entry, a shorter car wash tunnel, and parking lot design changes. As indicated in the Draft EIR, the proposed changes to the project design do not affect the analysis or conclusions in the Draft EIR and the potential environmental effects of the project are unaffected.

Although the Final EIR provides edits to the Draft EIR language to reflect the design refinements, the City has determined that these revisions are not necessary based on the fact that that the changes do not affect analysis or conclusions. As a result, these revised text have been omitted, as reflected below.

Page 3 ends

Revisions to “Executive Summary”
The first sentence in Section ES.2.4, “Characteristics of the Project,“ on page ES-2 is revised as follows to reflect the revised site plan:

The proposed Costco building would occupy 241,342 219,126 square feet, of which approximately 24,000 square feet would be reserved for storage and receiving.

Revisions to Chapter 2, “Project Description”
Table 2-1 on page 2-10 is revised as follows to reflect the revised site plan:

Errata to the Final EIR
Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project 8
Table 2-1 Project Elements
Structure Area (square feet)
Warehouse Retail Building Footprint 241,342 219,216
Warehouse/Retail 162,264 163,539
Loading/Back of house/Storage/Receiving 23,881 4,422
Market delivery operation 46,834
Open canopy space 5,126 3,233
Building envelope 2,9555 1,188
Fuel canopy 12,885
Car wash 4,800
Source: Data provided by Urban Planning Partners in 2022 and 2023.

The first sentence on page 2-13 under the heading “Costco Warehouse Building” is revised as follows to reflect the revised site plan:

The proposed warehouse would occupy 241,342 219,126 square feet of which approximately 24,000 square feet would be reserved for storage and receiving.

The description under the heading “Parking” on page 2-14 is revised as follows to reflect the revised site plan:

The text of the second paragraph on page 3-2 of the Final EIR is removed:
dŚĞĮƌƐƚďƵůůĞƚŽŶƉĂŐĞϮ-ϮϮ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐƚŚĞĞŶƟƚůĞŵĞŶƚƐƌĞƋƵĞƐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŝƚǇŝƐƌĞǀŝƐĞĚ to read:

X Approve a Conditional Use Permit to construct a ±241,342 219,126 square-foot, warehouse retail building with a ±4,800 square-foot car wash; and an ±13,000 squarefoot, 32-station fuel canopy.

The heading “ZĞǀŝƐŝŽŶƐƚŽ^ĞĐƟŽŶϯ͘ϭ͕‘ĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ’” (Final EIR page 3-2) and all text that follows is ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ͕ĂƐƐŚŽǁŶďĞůŽǁ͗
Revisions to Section 3.1, “Aesthetics”
dŚĞĮƌƐƚƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞƵŶĚĞƌ/ŵƉĂĐƚϯ͘ϭ-ϭŽŶƉĂŐĞϯ͘ϭ-ϲŝƐƌĞǀŝƐĞĚĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĞǀŝƐĞĚ site plan:
dŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚǁŽƵůĚĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĂŶĂƉƉƌŽǆŝŵĂƚĞůǇϮϰϭ͕ϯϰϮϮϭϵ͕ϭϮϲ-ƐƋƵĂƌĞ-ĨŽŽƚƐŝŶŐůĞƐƚŽƌǇ͕ ĐŽŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌǇ-ƐƚǇůĞƌĞƚĂŝůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƐŽƵƚŚĞĂƐƚĐŽƌŶĞƌŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŝƚĞ͕ĂŶĚĂĐĂƌ ǁĂƐŚĂŶĚĨƵĞůŝŶŐƐƚĂƟŽŶƐĂůŽŶŐƚŚĞŶŽƌƚŚĞƌŶƉŽƌƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƐŝƚĞ͘ Under the heading “ZĞǀŝƐŝŽŶƐƚŽ^ĞĐƟŽŶϯ͘ϭϭ͕‘EŽŝƐĞĂŶĚsŝďƌĂƟŽŶ’” ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐŽŶƉĂŐĞϯ-2 of the Final EIR, the following text is removed:

Errata to the Final EIR
Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project 9
dŚĞĮƌƐƚƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞƐƵďŚĞĂĚŝŶŐ“WĂƌŬŝŶŐĂŶĚ'ĂƐ^ƚĂƟŽŶ” ŽŶƉĂŐĞϯ͘ϭϭ-23 is revised as ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŽƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞƌĞǀŝƐĞĚƐŝƚĞƉůĂŶ͗
ĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůƉůĂŶƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚƉƌŽũĞĐƚǁŽƵůĚŝŶĐůƵĚĞϴϮϵϴϳϯ parking spaces to ĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƚĞŽƐƚĐŽŵĞŵďĞƌƐĂŶĚĞŵƉůŽǇĞĞƐ͘ In addition, the following change to the Draft EIR is added to page 3-3 of the Final EIR. The City has identified revisions necessary to noise Mitigation Measure 3.11-3 to clarify implementation of the measure and ensure consistency with the analyses in the Draft EIR. Specifically, the City identified a typographical error in the mitigation that incorrectly reports the required noise reduction compared to the analysis in the Draft EIR. The City is correcting that error to increase the noise reduction required by the mitigation. As part of those revisions, the City has also struck restrictive language related to the location of potential noise attenuating features that could be used to achieve the reductions to allow flexibility in identification of appropriate design changes that would provide noise reductions.

DŝƟŐĂƟŽŶDĞĂƐƵƌĞϯ͘ϭϭ-ϯŽŶƉĂŐĞϯ͘ϭϭ-ϮϱŚĂƐďĞĞŶŵŽĚŝĮĞĚĂƐĨŽůůŽǁƐƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĐůĂƌŝĨǇ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ͗
Mitigation Measure 3.11-3: Reduce Exposure of Existing Sensitive Receptors to Noise Generated by Loading Dock Activity
The project applicant shall construct a sound wall west of the loading docks or other noise attenuating feature west of the loading docks with a demonstrated ability to result in a 4 9 dB noise decrease at the eastern property line of the existing residences along North Riverside Drive.

The City has also identified revisions necessary to noise Mitigation Measure 3.11-5, which is related to singleevent noise levels, to clarify implementation of the measure and ensure consistency with the analysis in the Draft EIR. Page 3.11-14 of the Draft EIR notes, under the subheading “Selection of Noise Metrics for Thresholds of Significance,” that because the City does not have “SENL standards for analyzing heavy vehicle activity that expose receptors for a relatively short period, this noise impact analysis applies SENL standards recommended by the Federal Interagency Committee on Aviation Noise.” The analysis under Impact 3.11-5 (Draft EIR page 3.11-28) applies these metrics, concluding that “SENL’s at the nearest noise-sensitive receptors would exceed 65 SENL” (Draft EIR page 3.11-28). However, the text of the mitigation measure refers to the City’s Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL) standards, which are standards weighted over a 24- hour period and are not the basis of the analysis provided.

This change modifies the mitigation to better align with the analysis in the EIR related to noise measurements, clarifying that that the standard is for interior noise as measured by SENL. The revision also cleans up text that was clarified in the Final EIR through addition of text to the introduction language within the measure. Specifically, text was added in the Final EIR in response to comments to clarify that “if one option is not implemented, the other would be required.” As part of this cleanup, text at the end of the measure indicating the same has been removed. This change does not affect the effectiveness of the measure or the applicant’s obligations. Note that there are legal requirements that must be met to modify the existing sound wall on private property, which is the reason for the options presented in the mitigation.

Mitigation Measure 3.11-5: Implement Traffic Noise Reduction Measures along North Riverside Drive The project proponent shall implement noise reduction measures to ensure that exterior interior noise levels at residential land uses near the west side of North Riverside Drive do not exceed the Errata to the Final EIR
Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project 10
City’s current noise standard of 65 SENL dB Ldn/CNEL under existing-plus-project conditions. This measure is consistent with General Plan Policy NS-1-I, which recommends the use of design alterations to reduce noise impacts. This performance standard can be achieved using either of the following measures. Therefore, if one option is not implemented, the other would be required.:
x Pave the roadway segment with rubberized hot-mix asphalt or equivalent surface treatment with known noise-reducing properties on top of the roadway surface. The rubberized hotmix asphalt overlay shall be designed with appropriate thickness and rubber component quantity (typically 15 percent by weight of the total blend), such that traffic noise levels are reduced by an average of 4 to 6 dB (noise levels vary depending on travel speeds, meteorological conditions, and pavement quality) as compared to noise levels generated by vehicle traffic traveling on standard asphalt. Rubberized hot-mix asphalt has been found to achieve this level of noise reduction in other parts of California (Sacramento County 1999).

Pavement will require more frequent than normal maintenance and repair to maintain its noise attenuation effectiveness. The applicant shall fund the incremental cost for maintaining the roadway segment with the surface treatment. x Construct a sound barrier taller than the 6-foot cinderblock wall that is currently present from West Spruce Avenue to West Herndon Avenue. The sound barrier shall be constructed of solid material (e.g., wood, brick, adobe, an earthen berm, boulders, or combination thereof). The reflectivity of each sound barrier shall be minimized to ensure that traffic noise reflected off the barrier does not contribute to an exceedance of applicable Leq standards at other receptors. The level of sound reflection from a barrier can be minimized with a textured or absorptive surface or with vegetation on or next to the barrier. A barrier that breaks the line of sight between a source and a receiver will typically result in at least 5 dB of noise reduction (Caltrans 2013: 2-41; FTA 2018: 42). Barriers higher than the line of sight provide increased noise reduction (FTA 2018: 16). Scenic quality factors shall be taken into account during design, such as using more natural materials (e.g., berms and boulders) to reduce the visible mass of a wall. All barriers shall be designed to blend into the landscape along the roadway, to the extent feasible. Ensuring a character consistent with the surrounding area may involve the use of strategically placed native trees or other vegetation; the addition of special materials (e.g., wood or stonework) on the façade of the sound wall; and/or a sound wall that is covered in vegetation. Additionally, the sound barrier shall meet the standards established in General Plan Policy NS-1-o which establishes aesthetic considerations for sound walls including a maximum allowable height of 15 feet. If the sound barriers ensure that exterior traffic noise levels on the residential properties would not exceed 60 dB Leq, then the applicant shall not be required to pave the roadway with a special low-noise surface treatment. Sound wall construction would only be implemented if all of the property owners on the west side of North Riverside Drive between West Herndon Avenue and West Spruce Avenue collectively agree to the mitigation.

As described above, the City has determined that revisions to the Draft EIR to change the precise square footage noted throughout the Draft EIR are not necessary based on the fact that that the changes do not affect analysis or conclusions. As a result, the heading “Revisions to Section 3.14, ‘Utilities’” (Final EIR page 3- 8) and all text that follows is removed, as shown below:

Revisions to Section 3.14, “Utilities”
The text under “Water Demand and Wastewater Output” on page 3.14-9 is revised as follows to reflect the revised site plan:

Errata to the Final EIR
Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project 11
CEQA Guidelines Section 15155 requires preparation of a water supply assessment (WSA) when a project is of sufficient size to be defined as a “water-demand project.” Several characteristics can deem a project a “water-demand project” including:

X A shopping center or business establishment employing more than 1,000 persons or having more than 500,000 square feet of floor space (CEQA Guidelines Section 15155(a)(1)(B).

Exhibit 2
CEQA Findings of Fact and
Statement of Overriding Considerations
Costco Commercial Center Project
Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project
Findings and Facts in Support of Findings
and
Statement of Overriding Considerations
State Clearinghouse No. 2021100443
City of Fresno
February 2024

Costco Commercial Center Project
Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations i

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................................ 1 2 PROJECT SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Project Location .................................................................................................................................................................... 2

2.2 Project Elements ................................................................................................................................................................... 2

2.3 Project Objectives ................................................................................................................................................................. 4

2.4 Discretionary Approvals ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 3 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW PROCESS ..................................................................................................................................... 5

3.1 Notice of Preparation .......................................................................................................................................................... 5

3.2 Environmental Impact Report .......................................................................................................................................... 5 4 GENERAL CEQA FINDINGS ........................................................................................................................................................ 6

4.1 City Council Independent Judgment ............................................................................................................................. 6

4.2 Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program ........................................................................................................ 6

4.3 Nature and Legal Effect of Findings............................................................................................................................... 6

4.4 Reliance on Record .............................................................................................................................................................. 6

4.5 Findings Regarding Recirculation of the Draft EIR .....................................................................................................7 5 CERTIFICATION OF THE FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT ............................................................................ 8 6 FINDINGS OF FACT ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8

6.1 Significant Effects and Mitigation Measures ............................................................................................................... 9 7 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE PROJECT THAT ARE FOUND TO BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT .................... 9

7.1 Aesthetics ............................................................................................................................................................................... 10

7.2 Agricultural and Forestry Resources ............................................................................................................................. 11

7.3 Air Quality .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11

7.4 Archaeological, Historical, and Tribal Cultural Resources ..................................................................................... 13

7.5 Biological Resources ........................................................................................................................................................... 14

7.6 Energy...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

7.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change..................................................................................................... 15

7.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials ................................................................................................................................ 16

7.9 Hydrology and Water Quality ......................................................................................................................................... 18

7.10 Land Use and Planning ..................................................................................................................................................... 20

7.11 Noise ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

7.12 Public Services and Recreation ....................................................................................................................................... 21

7.13 Transportation and Circulation ...................................................................................................................................... 22

7.14 Utilities .................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 8 POTENTIALLY SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DETERMINED TO BE MITIGATED TO A LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT LEVEL ...................................................................................................................................................... 25

8.1 Archaeological, Historical, and Tribal Cultural Resources .................................................................................... 25

8.2 Biological Resources .......................................................................................................................................................... 29

8.3 Noise ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Ascent
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ii Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 9 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE PROJECT THAT ARE CONSIDERED UNAVOIDABLE SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS .......................................................................................................................................................................................34

9.1 Noise ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 34

9.2 Transportation and Circulation ...................................................................................................................................... 36 10 FINDINGS REGARDING PROJECT ALTERNATIVES .............................................................................................................40

10.1 Alternatives considered in the EIR ................................................................................................................................ 40

10.2 Environmentally Superior Alternative .......................................................................................................................... 45 11 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................................................................45 12 STATEMENT OF OVERRIDING CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................................................................45

12.1 Significant and Unavoidable Impacts ........................................................................................................................... 46

12.2 Overriding Considerations .............................................................................................................................................. 47

12.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................ 48 13 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................................49

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
APN assessor’s parcel number
BMP best management practice
CCR California Code of Regulations
CDFW California Department of Fish and Wildlife
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
City City of Fresno
CNEL Community Noise Equivalent Level
Costco Costco Wholesale Corporation
dB decibels
EIR environmental impact report
FAR floor area ratio
Findings Findings of Fact
FMFCD Fresno Metropolitan Flood Control District
GHGRP Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan
Ldn day-night level
Leq energy-equivalent noise level
MMRP mitigation monitoring and reporting program
MTCO2e metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent
NOP notice of preparation
PRC Public Resources Code
RWQCB Regional Water Quality Control Board
SJVAPCD San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District SR State Route
TIA Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis VMT vehicle miles traveled

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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 1 1 INTRODUCTION
The Costco Wholesale Corporation (Costco), the project applicant, proposes to construct a membership-only Costco Commercial Center, including a new warehouse with an attached tire center and home delivery services, and a detached gas station and drive-through car wash. The proposed project site is a vacant 22.4-acre parcel located at the northeast corner of the intersection of West Herndon Avenue and North Riverside Drive in the City of Fresno. An environmental impact report (EIR) has been prepared under the direction of City of Fresno (City), the lead agency under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), in accordance with the requirements of CEQA (Public Resources Code [PRC] Section 21000 et seq.) and the State CEQA Guidelines.

The existing Costco facility on West Shaw Avenue would be relocated to the project site. Costco has occupied the commercial building at 4500 West Shaw Avenue in the city of Fresno since 1985. Costco’s customer base has outgrown the capacity of the current facility, which could lead to future traffic and parking concerns. The new facility would serve the same customers as the existing facility plus anticipated growth in the area. The project would also allow Costco to expand services in the area to include an additional gas station and a car wash, as well as a loading area to facilitate delivery of purchases directly to homes in the Fresno area.

This statement of Findings of Fact (Findings) has been prepared in accordance with CEQA and its implementing guidelines (California Code of Regulations [CCR] Title 14, Section 15000 et seq.) to address the environmental effects associated with the proposed Costco Commercial Center Project. PRC Section 21081 and Section 15091 of the State CEQA Guidelines require that the lead agency prepare written Findings for identified significant impacts, accompanied by a brief explanation for the rationale for each finding. Section 15091 of the State CEQA Guidelines states, in part:
a) No public agency shall approve or carry out a project for which an EIR has been certified which identifies one or more significant environmental effects of the project unless the public agency makes one or more written findings for each of those significant effects, accompanied by a brief explanation of the rationale for each finding. The possible findings are:
1) Changes or alterations have been required in, or incorporated into, the project which avoid or substantially lessen the significant environmental effect as identified in the Final EIR. 2) Such changes or alterations are within the responsibility and jurisdiction of another public agency and not the agency making the finding. Such changes have been adopted by such other agency or can and should be adopted by such other agency.
3) Specific economic, legal, social, technological, or other considerations, including provision of employment opportunities for highly trained workers, make infeasible the mitigation measures or project alternatives identified in the final EIR.

The EIR for the project identified potentially significant effects that could result from project implementation. The City finds that the inclusion of mitigation measures as part of the project approval would reduce most, but not all, of those effects to a less-than-significant level. Those impacts that are not reduced to a less-than-significant level are identified and overridden due to specific project benefits identified in the Statement of Overriding Considerations set forth within these Findings.

The following sections make detailed Findings with respect to the potential effects of the project and refer, where appropriate, to the mitigation measures set forth in the EIR to avoid or substantially reduce potentially significant adverse impacts of the project. The EIR and the administrative record concerning the project provide additional facts in support of the Findings herein. The Draft and Final EIR are hereby incorporated into these Findings in their entirety.

Furthermore, the mitigation measures set forth in the Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program (MMRP) are incorporated by reference into these Findings.

The Fresno City Council (City Council) is the decision-making authority for the project. The City Council adopts these Findings in that capacity.

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2 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 2 PROJECT SUMMARY

2.1 PROJECT LOCATION
The project site is a 22.4-acre parcel located at the northeast corner of the intersection of West Herndon Avenue and North Riverside Drive in the city of Fresno. The project site is bordered by the undeveloped right-of-way for West Spruce Avenue to the north, the right-of-way of (currently unbuilt) North Arthur Avenue to the east, West Herndon Avenue to the south, and North Riverside Drive to the east. The project site’s address is 7120 North Riverside Drive and the assessor’s parcel number (APN) is 50302012. Local access to the site is provided by West Herndon Avenue, West Spruce Avenue, and North Riverside Drive. Regional access is provided by State Route (SR) 99, via the West Herndon Avenue interchange approximately 0.5 mile to the southwest.

2.2 PROJECT ELEMENTS
The Costco Commercial Center would include a warehouse retail building, gas station, and car wash. The size of each project element, as revised in the Final EIR, is summarized below in Table 2-1.

Table 2-1 Project Elements
Structure Area (square feet)
Warehouse Retail Building Footprint 219,216
Warehouse/Retail 163,539
Loading/Back of house/Storage/Receiving 4,422
Market delivery operation 46,834
Open canopy space 3,233
Building envelope 1,188
Fuel canopy 12,885
Car wash 4,800
Source: Data provided by Urban Planning Partners in 2022 and 2023.

The project would also include construction of off-site improvements to improve circulation and provide utilities to the site. Specific improvements include the following and are depicted in Figure 2-10:

1. Installation of a traffic signal at the intersection of West Fir Avenue, North Riverside Drive, and the main Costco driveway.

2. The construction of a private 36-foot asphalt right-of-way (currently named North Arthur Avenue) running along the eastern boundary of the project site.

3. Construction of the intersection of West Herndon Avenue and North Arthur Avenue to allow right-in/right-out and left-in turning, which would require a median cut on West Herndon Avenue.

4. The construction of West Spruce Avenue from North Riverside Drive to the intersection with North Sandrini Avenue. The asphalt roadway would include curb, gutter, sidewalk, and streetlights, as well as the installation of sewer and water mains underneath this portion of West Spruce Avenue. Existing turf and mature trees within the right-of-way would be removed. In addition, the existing irrigation system at the golf course and path for the golf carts would be relocated. A new fence and nets to prevent errant balls from striking vehicles and pedestrians would be installed along the northern boundary of the roadway.

5. Improvements to the intersection of West Herndon Avenue and North Riverside Drive.

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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 3

6. Improvements to North Riverside Drive, including moving the concrete median approximately 5 feet to the west, construction of a second southbound left-turn lane, construction of a second northbound lane, and construction of a 12-foot-wide multiuse trail and a 3-foot-tall, landscaped berm between trail and parking lot.

7. The construction of pedestrian and bicycle facilities, including a trail as identified by the City’s Active Transportation Plan along the project site’s frontage with West Herndon Avenue.

2.2.1 General Plan Amendments and Rezoning
The proposed Costco warehouse building is consistent with established zoning for the parcel; however, an amendment to the City of Fresno’s General Plan and rezoning of the site would be required to permit the proposed car wash. The project would require a general plan amendment to change the land use designation of the project site from Community Commercial (CC) to General Commercial (CG). The General Commercial designation proposed for the site is described in Urban Form, Land Use, and Design Element of the General Plan as appropriate for retail and service uses that may generate high volumes of vehicle traffic. Similarly, the project site would be rezoned from CC to CG.

The project also includes a proposed General Plan amendment and rezoning to reclassify West Herndon Avenue from North Riverside Drive to North Hayes Avenue as a superarterial. West Herndon Avenue is designated, depending on the specific segment, as either an expressway or superarterial, the two highest roadway classifications in the General Plan, throughout the project site’s vicinity and is designated as a superarterial between the project site and SR 99. The project includes a general plan amendment to reclassify the portion of West Herndon Avenue between North Riverside Drive and North Hayes Avenue from expressway to superarterial to allow the construction of an intersection where West Herndon Avenue meets the private North Arthur Avenue right-of-way. The current classification of expressway would not permit the construction of this intersection. The proposed intersection where West Herndon Avenue meets the North Arthur Avenue right-of-way would allow access to the project site via two north-south streets, rather than solely from North Riverside Drive. This may result in easier travel for southbound drivers along North Riverside Drive, including nearby residents and visitors to the Riverside Golf Course.

2.2.2 Planned Development Permit
Article 59 of Chapter 15 of the Fresno Municipal Code establishes regulations and procedures for Planned Development Permits (PD Permits), which are permits for “development on large areas of land and infill sites to allow for projects that desire greater flexibility than already provided for in this Code.” The PD Permit process allows developments to request deviations from development standards to respond to site conditions in a more customized and tailored manner than allowed by the standards specified in the Municipal Code.

The project applicant has applied for a PD Permit to request deviations from Section 15-2015 of the Municipal Code, which specifies that lighting fixtures in commercial districts have a maximum height of 25 feet. Costco aims to achieve

2.5 foot-candles of light throughout the parking area to maximize safety within the parking lot. This level of lighting is intended to provide security and safety for drivers and pedestrians navigating the parking lot at night. The project would include light fixtures with a maximum height of approximately 36.5 feet instead of the allowed 25-foot-tall fixtures to reduce the number of lights needed to achieve the desired light levels within the parking field. The proposed 36.5-foot-tall light poles would also allow a more diffuse distribution of light, reducing the difference in light levels in the areas between poles. The taller lighting would also ensure that the area beneath the PG&E easement that runs directly through the parking field has adequate lighting. (No structures, including light poles, are allowed within this overhead easement.) Off-site glare and light spillover from parking lot light fixtures would be minimized by using less powerful lights on fixtures at the edge of the property.

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4 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations

2.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The State CEQA Guidelines require that an EIR include a statement of objectives for the project and that the objectives include the underlying purpose of the project. These objectives help the lead agency determine the alternatives to evaluate in the EIR (see CEQA Guidelines Section 15124[b]) and gauge whether alternatives or mitigation measures are feasible. The following is a list of project objectives:

X Construct and operate a new membership-only Costco Commercial Center in northwest Fresno that serves the local community with a wide variety of goods and services from both nationally known businesses and regional and local businesses.

X Locate the new membership-only Costco Commercial Center in a location that is convenient for its members, the community, and employees to travel to for shopping and working.

X Locate the new membership-only Costco Commercial Center in an area serviced by adequate existing infrastructure, including roadways and utilities.

X Establish a facility of sufficient size to provide a state-of-the-art facility that integrates several services, including home and/or business delivery service, under one roof.

X Meet demand for automobile services, including gasoline, car wash, and tire center.

X Create a commercial use with architecture designed to facilitate integration with the overall design context for an area, including the surrounding community.

X Reduce energy consumption by incorporating sustainable design features and systems with enhanced energy efficiencies meeting State and federal requirements.

X Continue and increase big-box retail store sales tax revenues received by the City.

X Improve availability of integrated retail sales of goods and services in the northwest area of Fresno.

X Minimize circulation conflicts between automobiles and pedestrians for retail stores and gas stations.

2.4 DISCRETIONARY APPROVALS
A list of discretionary approvals, permits, and entitlements anticipated for the proposed project includes the approvals noted below. The following list identifies permits and other approval actions likely to be required from responsible agencies before implementation of the proposed project.

X State Water Resource Control Board: Coverage under the State General Stormwater Permit.

X Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB): National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit and Wastewater Discharge Permit.

X San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (SJVAPCD): Permit to construct and permit to operate.

X Fresno Metropolitan Flood Control District (FMFCD): Plan and drainage report review.

The proposed project would also require the following entitlements from the City of Fresno:

X Amend the 2035 Fresno General Plan to change the planned land use designations for the project site from the Community Commercial to the General Commercial planned land use designation and reclassify a portion of West Herndon Avenue between North Riverside Drive and North Hayes Avenue from Expressway to Superarterial.

X Amend the Official Zoning Map of the City of Fresno to reclassify the project site from the CC/EA/UGM/cz (Community Commercial/Expressway Area Overlay/Urban Growth Management/conditions of zoning) zone district to the CG/UGM/cz (General Commercial/Urban Growth Management/conditions of zoning) zone district.

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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 5 X Approve a Conditional Use Permit to construct a ±241,342 square-foot, warehouse retail building with a ±4,800 square-foot car wash; and an ±13,000 square-foot, 32-station fuel canopy.

X Approve an Alcoholic Beverage Control Conditional Use Permit to establish a Type 21 alcohol license that would allow the sale of beer, wine, and distilled spirits for consumption off the premises where sold.

X Approve a Planned Development Permit to modify parking lot development standards to allow for 36.5-foot-tall light fixtures rather than 25-foot light fixtures.

X Approve a Parcel Map for the subdivision of the existing parcel into two resultant parcels.

X Approve vacation of an existing public street right-of -way for North Arthur Avenue, between West Spruce Avenue and West Herndon Avenue.

X Approve a permit for construction noise.
3 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW PROCESS
In accordance with Section 15083 of the State CEQA Guidelines, the City has provided opportunities for individual members of the public, as well as organization and agency representatives, to consider the proposed actions and provide input and recommendations concerning the content of the EIR.

3.1 NOTICE OF PREPARATION
The City released a notice of preparation (NOP) for the EIR on October 22, 2021. The purpose of the NOP was to provide notification that an EIR was being prepared and to solicit input on the scope and content of the document.

A virtual public meeting was held on November 2, 2021, at 6:00 p.m. The scoping period for the project ended on November 22, 2021. The NOP and comments received in response to the NOP are included in Appendix A of the Draft EIR. Comments were received regarding traffic congestion, safety, and access; air quality and the proximity of the gas station to nearby sensitive receptors; access to existing recreational trails; and lighting. The comments received on the NOP and at the scoping meeting are addressed, as applicable, in the technical sections of the Draft EIR.

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
On July 11, 2023, the City released the Draft EIR for public review and comment. The Draft EIR was submitted to the State Clearinghouse for distribution to reviewing agencies; posted on the City’s website (https://www.fresno.gov/planning/plans-projects-under-review/#tab-14); and was made available at the Planning and Development Department (2600 Fresno Street, Room 3043). The document was also available for review at the Teague Branch Library (4718 N Polk Avenue). A notice of availability of the Draft EIR was published in the Fresno Bee.

As a result of these notification efforts, written and verbal comments were received from two state agencies (California Department of Fish and Wildlife [CDFW] and California Department of Transportation), one local agency (SJVAPCD), an organization representing the project applicant, and individuals. The Final EIR includes comments received on the Draft EIR; responses to these comments; and revisions to the Draft EIR, as necessary, in response to these comments or to amplify or clarify material in the Draft EIR. The EIR as discussed and referred to herein consists of the Draft EIR and the Final EIR together.

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6 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 4 GENERAL CEQA FINDINGS

4.1 CITY COUNCIL INDEPENDENT JUDGMENT
The City Council has exercised independent judgment in accordance with PRC Section 21082.1(c)(3) in retaining an environmental consultant for the preparation of the EIR, as well as reviewing, analyzing, and revising material prepared by the consultant. Having received, reviewed, and considered the information in the EIR, as well as all other information in the record, the City Council hereby makes Findings pursuant to and in accordance with Sections 21081, 21081.5, and 21081.6 of the PRC.

4.2 MITIGATION MONITORING AND REPORTING PROGRAM
PRC Section 21081.6(a)(1) requires lead agencies to “adopt a reporting and mitigation monitoring program for the changes to the project which it has adopted or made a condition of project approval in order to mitigate or avoid significant effects on the environment.” The mitigation monitoring and reporting program (MMRP) is adopted in conjunction with certification of the EIR and adoption of these Findings of Fact. The City will use the MMRP to track compliance with project mitigation measures and the MMRP will remain available for public review during the compliance period. Based on the entire record before the City Council and having considered the significant impacts of the project, the City Council hereby determines that all feasible mitigation measures within the responsibility and jurisdiction of the City have been adopted to reduce or avoid the potentially significant impacts identified in the EIR.

Furthermore, City finds that any inconsistency in the language of the mitigation measures in the EIR, in the MMRP, and in these Findings is inadvertent. Because measures have been revised over time, it is possible that such revisions or clarifications have been made in one document, but not another. In the event of such inconsistency, the language of a measure in one document shall be applied in a manner that harmonizes the measure with the corresponding measure in other documents, such that the most stringent version of the measure shall apply.

4.3 NATURE AND LEGAL EFFECT OF FINDINGS
These Findings constitute the City’s evidentiary and policy bases for its decision to approve the project in a manner consistent with the requirements of CEQA. To the extent that these Findings conclude that various mitigation measures outlined in the EIR and set forth in the MMRP are feasible and have not been modified, superseded or withdrawn, the City hereby binds itself to impose these measures as conditions of approval. These Findings, in other words, are not merely informational, but rather constitute a binding set of obligations that will come into effect when the City adopts a resolution approving the project.

Any Findings made by the City Council shall be deemed made, regardless of where they appear in this document. All of the language included in this document constitutes Findings by the City Council, whether or not any particular sentence or clause includes a statement to that effect. The City Council intends that these Findings be considered as an integrated whole and that any finding required or committed to be made by the City Council with respect to any particular subject matter of the EIR shall be deemed made if it appears in any portion of these Findings.

4.4 RELIANCE ON RECORD
In accordance with PRC Section 21167.6(e), the record of proceedings for the City’s decision on the project includes the following documents:

X The NOP for the project and all other public notices issued by the City in conjunction with the project; X All comments submitted by agencies or members of the public during the comment period on the NOP; Ascent
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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 7 X The Draft EIR for the project and all appendices;
X The Final EIR for the project, including comments received on the Draft EIR, and responses to those comments and all appendices;
X Documents cited or referenced in the Draft EIR and Final EIR; X The MMRP for the project;
X All reports, studies, memoranda, maps, staff reports, or other planning documents relating to the project prepared by the City, consultants to the City, or responsible or trustee agencies with respect to the City’s compliance with the requirements of CEQA and with respect to the City’s action on the project; X All documents submitted to the City by other public agencies or members of the public in connection with the project;
X Any minutes and/or verbatim transcripts of all information sessions, public meetings, and public hearings held by the City in connection with the project;
X Any and all resolutions or ordinances adopted by the City regarding the project, and all staff reports, analyses, and summaries related to the adoption of those resolutions or ordinances; X Matters of common knowledge to the City, including, but not limited to federal, state, and local laws and regulations;
X Any documents expressly cited in these Findings, in addition to those cited above; and X Any other materials required for the record of proceedings by PRC Section 21167.6(e).

The custodian of the documents and other materials that constitute the record of the proceedings upon which the City’s decisions are based is Steven Martinez , or his designee. Such documents and other materials are located at the City of Fresno Planning and Development Department, 2600 Fresno Street, Fresno, CA 93721.

4.5 FINDINGS REGARDING RECIRCULATION OF THE DRAFT EIR
The City Council adopts the following Findings with respect to whether the City was obligated to recirculate the Draft EIR. Under Section 15088.5 of the State CEQA Guidelines, recirculation of an EIR is required when “significant new information” is added to the EIR after public notice is given of the availability of the Draft EIR for public review but prior to certification of the Final EIR. The term “information” can include changes in the project or environmental setting, as well as additional data or other information. New information added to an EIR is not “significant” unless the EIR is changed in a way that deprives the public of a meaningful opportunity to comment upon a substantial adverse environmental effect of the project or a feasible way to mitigate or avoid such an effect (including a feasible project alternative) that the project’s proponents have declined to implement. Pursuant to State CEQA Guidelines Section 15088.5(a) “Significant new information” requiring recirculation includes, for example, a disclosure showing that:
(1) A new significant environmental impact would result from the project or from a new mitigation measure proposed to be implemented.
(2) A substantial increase in the severity of an environmental impact would result unless mitigation measures are adopted that reduce the impact to a level of insignificance. (3) A feasible project alternative or mitigation measure considerably different from others previously analyzed would clearly lessen the significant environmental impacts of the project, but the project’s proponents decline to adopt it.
(4) The Draft EIR was so fundamentally and basically inadequate and conclusory in nature that meaningful public review and comment were precluded.

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8 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations Recirculation is not required where the new information added to the EIR merely clarifies or amplifies or makes insignificant modifications in an adequate EIR.

The City Council recognizes that the Final EIR contains additions, clarifications, modifications, and other changes. (See Final EIR, Chapter 3, “Revisions to the Draft EIR.”) As discussed in the Final EIR, none of the information added to the Draft EIR altered the significance conclusions to identify additional impacts. Rather, the new information refined, amplified, and clarified the information provided in the Draft EIR. None of the revisions or updates to the Draft EIR’s analyses represents “significant new information” as that term is defined by the State CEQA Guidelines, Section 15088.5(a).

The City Council finds that recirculation of the Draft EIR is not required: (1) because recirculation is not required where the new information added to the EIR merely clarifies, amplifies, or makes insignificant modifications in an adequate EIR; and (2) because no “substantial adverse” impact would result from any of the revisions to the portions of the Draft EIR that were not recirculated (State CEQA Guidelines Section 15088.5[e]). 5 CERTIFICATION OF THE FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT REPORT
The City Council certifies that the EIR has been completed in compliance with CEQA and the State CEQA Guidelines, that the EIR was presented to the City Council, and that the City Council reviewed and considered the information contained therein before approving the proposed project, and that the EIR reflects the independent judgment and analysis of the City Council (State CEQA Guidelines Section 15090). Through adoption of these Findings, the EIR (consisting of the Draft EIR and the Final EIR) is certified. 6 FINDINGS OF FACT
PRC Section 21002 provides that “public agencies should not approve projects as proposed if there are feasible alternatives or feasible mitigation measures available which would substantially lessen the significant environmental effects of such projects[.]” The same statute provides that the procedures required by CEQA “are intended to assist public agencies in systematically identifying both the significant effects of projects and the feasible alternatives or feasible mitigation measures which will avoid or substantially lessen such significant effects.” Section 21002 goes on to provide that “in the event [that] specific economic, social, or other conditions make infeasible such project alternatives or such mitigation measures, individual projects may be approved in spite of one or more significant effects thereof.”
For each significant environmental effect identified in an EIR for a project, the approving agency must issue a written finding reaching one or more of three permissible conclusions. The first such finding is that “changes or alterations have been required in, or incorporated into, the project which avoid or substantially lessen the significant environmental effect as identified in the final EIR.” The second permissible finding is that “such changes or alterations are within the responsibility and jurisdiction of another public agency and not the agency making the finding, and such changes have been adopted by such other agency or can and should be adopted by such other agency.” The third potential conclusion is that “specific economic, legal, social, technological, or other considerations, including provision of employment opportunities for highly trained workers, make infeasible the mitigation measures or project alternatives identified in the final EIR.” (State CEQA Guidelines Section 15091.) PRC Section 21061.1 defines “feasible” to mean “capable of being accomplished in a successful manner within a reasonable period of time, taking into account economic, environmental, social, and technological factors.” The State CEQA Guidelines Section 15364 adds another factor: “legal” considerations. (See Citizens of Goleta Valley v. Bd. of Supervisors (1990) 52 Cal.3d 553, 565.) The concept of “feasibility” also encompasses the question of whether a particular alternative or mitigation measure promotes the underlying goals and objectives of a project. (City of Del Ascent
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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 9 Mar v. City of San Diego (1982) 133 Cal.App.3d 410, 417.) Moreover, “feasibility” under CEQA encompasses ‘desirability’ to the extent that desirability is based on a reasonable balancing of the relevant economic, environmental, social, legal, and technological factors.” (Ibid.; see also Sequoyah Hills Homeowners Assn. v. City of Oakland (1993) 23 Cal.App.4th 704, 715; California Native Plant Society v. City of Santa Cruz (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 957, 1001.)
With respect to a project for which significant impacts are not avoided or substantially lessened, a public agency, after adopting proper findings, may nevertheless approve the project if the agency first adopts a statement of overriding considerations setting forth the specific reasons why the agency finds that the project’s “benefits” render “acceptable” its “unavoidable adverse environmental effects.” (State CEQA Guidelines Sections 15093, 15043[b]; see also PRC Section 21081[b].) Those impacts that are not reduced to less than significant levels are identified and overridden due to specific project benefits identified specifically in the Statement of Overriding Considerations (see Section 12, below).

6.1 SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Chapter 3, “Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures,” of the Draft EIR describes the potential impacts of the project in 14 resource areas, and recommends mitigation measures to reduce impacts, to the extent feasible.

Chapter 4, “Cumulative Impacts,” of the Draft EIR determines whether the incremental effects of this project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of past projects, other current projects, and probable future projects. After implementation of the recommended mitigation measures, most of the impacts associated with the project would be reduced to less-than-significant levels. For some impacts, there are no feasible mitigation measures or feasible alternatives that would reduce the impact to a less-than-significant level (see Section 5.2, “Significant and Unavoidable Impacts,” of the Draft EIR.)
The City Council’s Findings with respect to the project’s significant and potentially significant effects and mitigation measures are set forth in Sections 9 and 10, below. These sections do not attempt to describe the full analysis of each environmental impact contained in the EIR. Instead, the sections provide a summary description of each impact, describe the applicable mitigation measures identified in the EIR and adopted by the City, and state the City Council’s Findings on the significance of each impact after imposition of the adopted mitigation measures. A full explanation of these environmental findings and conclusions can be found in the EIR. In making these Findings, the City Council ratifies, adopts, and incorporates into these Findings the analysis and explanation in the Draft EIR and Final EIR, and ratifies, adopts, and incorporates into these Findings the determinations and conclusions of the Draft EIR and Final EIR relating to environmental impacts and mitigation measures, except to the extent any such determinations and conclusions are specifically and expressly modified by these Findings. 7 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE PROJECT THAT ARE

FOUND TO BE LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT
The City Council finds that, based upon substantial evidence in the record, including information in the EIR, the following impacts have been determined be less than significant and no mitigation is required pursuant to PRC Section 21081(a) and CEQA Guidelines Section 15091(a).

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10 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations

7.1 AESTHETICS
Impact 3.1-1: Substantially Degrade the Existing Visual Character or Quality of Public Views of the Site and Its Surroundings or Conflict with Zoning and Other Regulations Governing Scenic Quality Implementation of the project would alter views by adding built-environment elements on a vacant parcel. However, the existing visual quality of the parcel is low. The project elements proposed would not change the suburban visual character of the general area, as elements of the project’s design (such as building height, color, massing, architectural detailing, screening vegetation and landscaping, and setback requirements) would be consistent with the visual character of the surrounding environment. (Draft EIR pp. 3.1-6 to 3.1-8)

FINDING
The City Council finds, based upon substantial evidence in the record, that the potential impacts of the Costco Commercial Center Project would be less than significant. No mitigation measures are required.

Impact 3.1-2: Create a New Source of Substantial Light or Glare Which Would Adversely Affect Nighttime Views in the Area The project would introduce new sources of light onto the existing, vacant project site. Light spillover onto adjacent land uses would be reduced by using less powerful lights on fixtures at the edge of a property. Reflective, glare causing materials would not be used. All fixtures would be downcast and would not exceed the 0.5-foot-candle standard for light spillover onto residential areas. (Draft EIR p. 3.1-9)

Impact 4-1: Cumulative Aesthetics Impacts
The project would contribute regional changes to aesthetics. The effects of these changes are highly subjective and tend to be localized. The combined effects of other projects in the cumulative impact area would not be cumulatively significant and the project would not have a considerable contribution such that a new cumulatively significant impact would occur. (Draft EIR p. 4-7)

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7.2 AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY RESOURCES
Impact 3.2-1: Involve Other Changes in the Existing Environment, Which, Due to Their Location or Nature, Could Result in Conversion of Farmland to Non-Agricultural Use
The project would result in the development of a parcel that was formerly used for agriculture and is recognized by the Department of Conservation as Farmland of Local Importance. The project site is no longer used for agriculture and is designated for commercial land use per the City of Fresno General Plan. Similarly, surrounding parcels are designated, and in some cases developed as, residential and commercial uses. The project would not involve changes to the existing environment that could result in conversion of farmland to non-agricultural use. (Draft EIR p. 3.2-5)

Impact 4-2: Cumulative Agriculture and Forestry Resources Impacts Although portions of the city, including the project site, were historically used for agriculture, the City has planned for urbanization of the incorporated city through its general plan. The City of Fresno General Plan Master Environmental Impact Report identified that development according to the land uses designated in the General Plan would result in the loss of up to 15,903 acres of Farmland Mapping and Monitoring Program-designated farmland (City of Fresno 2014: 5.2-12).

Although the project site is not zoned for agriculture and is not under Williamson Act contract, it is designated Farmland of Local Importance. Development of the project site would result in permanent conversion of this land.

Farmland of Local Importance is not a designation of concern under CEQA. Therefore, although there is an existing, adverse cumulative condition related to the loss of Farmland in the city of Fresno the project would not contribute to the impact in a cumulatively considerable manner. (Draft EIR pp. 4-7 to 4-8)

7.3 AIR QUALITY
Impact 3.3-1: Generate Short-Term Construction-Related Emissions of ROG, NOX, CO, SOX, PM10, and PM2.5
The project would not generate construction emissions of criteria air pollutants and ozone precursors exceeding SJVAPCD’s annual mass emissions thresholds of significance or daily screening criteria. These thresholds are inherently tied to long-term regional air quality planning (i.e., SJVAPCD’s air quality management plans), which demonstrates that the project would not conflict with the applicable air quality plans. (Draft EIR pp. 3.3-19 to 3.3-20) Ascent
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Impact 3.3-2: Generate Long-Term Operational Emissions of ROG, NOX, CO, SOX, PM10, and PM2.5
The project would not generate operational emissions of criteria air pollutants and ozone precursors exceeding SJVAPCD’s annual mass emissions thresholds of significance or daily screening criteria for permitted and nonpermitted sources following compliance with SJVACPD’s Rule 9510 (ISR) for this land use type. (Draft EIR pp. 3.3-20 to

3.3-21)

Impact 3.3-3: Expose Receptors to TAC Concentrations Adversely Affecting a Substantial Number of People
Based on the health risk assessment prepared for the project, construction and operation of the project would not produce significant diesel particulate matter or other toxic air contaminants (TACs) such that SJVAPCD’s thresholds for TAC cancer risk exposure of 20 in 1 million or an acute or chronic Hazard Index of 1 for the maximally exposed individual for non-carcinogens would be exceeded. Using these numerical thresholds established by SJVAPCD, the project would not generate substantial emissions of TACs causing an adverse health impact from TAC exposure. (Draft EIR pp. 3.3-22 to 3.3-23)

Impact 3.3-4: Expose Receptors to Substantial CO Concentrations Buildout of the project would not contribute to localized concentrations of mobile-source carbon dioxide that would exceed an applicable ambient air quality standard. (Draft EIR pp. 3.3-23 to 3.3-24)

Impact 3.3-5: Generate Other Emissions (Such as Those Leading to Odors) Adversely Affecting a Substantial Number of People Buildout of the project would not introduce an odor source identified by SJVAPCD that could result in an adverse odor impact. (Draft EIR p. 3.3-25)
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Impact 4-3: Cumulative Air Quality Impacts
There is a cumulative impact related to air quality in the city of Fresno. However, the project’s contribution to this cumulatively significant air quality impact would not be cumulatively considerable. In accordance with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064, subdivision (h)(3), a lead agency may determine that a project’s incremental contribution to a cumulative effect is not cumulatively considerable if the project complies with the requirements in a previously approved plan or mitigation program. All air quality pollutants would be below established thresholds. This level of emissions indicates that the project would not conflict with long-term regional air quality planning in the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin. Additionally, as long-term regional air quality planning is directly tied to attainment of the national and state air quality standards, the project would not contribute substantially to adverse health outcomes associated with cumulative air quality impairment. (Draft EIR p. 4-8)

7.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL, AND TRIBAL CULTURAL

RESOURCES
Impact 3.4-3: Disturb Human Remains
Based on documentary research, no evidence suggests that any prehistoric or historic-period marked or un-marked human interments are present within or in the immediate vicinity of the project site. However, ground-disturbing preconstruction and construction activities could uncover previously unknown human remains. Compliance with California Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 and PRC Section 5097 would make this impact less than significant. (Draft EIR p. 3.4-14 to 3.4-15)

Impact 4-4: Cumulative Archaeological, Historical, and Tribal Cultural Resources Impacts
The project could contribute to cumulative impacts associated with damage or loss of cultural resources.

Implementation of Mitigation Measures 3.4-1a and 3.4-1b would reduce the project’s individual impact to a less-thansignificant level by requiring that a worker environmental awareness program be prepared and provided to all construction personnel and supervisors who will have the potential to encounter and alter archaeological resources, requiring construction to halt if potential archaeological resources are discovered, coordination with Native American groups (if applicable), implementation of preservation options (including data recovery, mapping, capping, or avoidance), and proper curation if significant artifacts are recovered. Because the project’s individual impact would be Ascent
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14 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations reduced to a less-than-significant level, the project’s contribution to this cumulatively significant impact would not be cumulatively considerable. (Draft EIR p. 4-9)

7.5 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Impact 4-5: Cumulative Biological Resources Impacts
The project would contribute to cumulative biological resources impacts associated with construction and operation of land uses in the cumulative impact area. Mitigation Measures 3.5-1a and 3.5-1b would prevent potential adverse effects on these species associated with the individual project. Because implementation of mitigation measures would reduce the project’s individual impact to a less-than-significant level, the project’s contribution to the cumulatively significant impact would be less than cumulatively considerable. (Draft EIR pp. 4-9 to 4-10)

7.6 ENERGY
Impact 3.6-1: Result in a Potentially Significant Environmental Impact Due to the Wasteful, Inefficient, or Unnecessary Consumption of Energy Resources, During Project Construction or Operation The project would not use energy for construction that would be considered wasteful or unnecessary, as that energy expenditure would facilitate operation of the project and achievement of project goals. The project does not include any construction activity beyond what is needed to provide a functional facility. Construction of the project would adhere to best management practices (BMPs) for construction (e.g., restrict idling time to 5 minutes or less).

Moreover, the project would utilize Tier 3 construction equipment for construction equipment exceeding 50 horsepower. The project would introduce new electricity and natural gas consumption relative to baseline conditions; however, the project would be enrolled in PG&E’s Solar Choice Program to procure 100 percent of its electricity from solar resources. The project would also be served by existing infrastructure capable of meeting the project’s operational energy needs. During operation, energy would not be used in a wasteful or inefficient manner. (Draft EIR pp. 3.6-7 to 3.6-9)

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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 15 Impact 3.6-2: Conflict with or Obstruct Implementation of Energy Measures of a State or Local Plan for Renewable Energy or Energy Efficiency
The project would be consistent with the relevant energy measures from the City of Fresno’s Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan (GHGRP) that pertain to nonresidential development. Because the project would incorporate relevant measures as project design features, such as a commitment to PG&E’s Solar Choice Program, and would incorporate energy-reducing measures from the GHGRP, the project would not conflict with or obstruct implementation of the City of Fresno’s GHGRP. (Draft EIR p. 3.6-9)

Impact 4-6: Cumulative Energy Impacts
Cumulative development would result in increased energy demand and consumption from increased construction activities, vehicle trips, and electrical and natural gas consumption. The cumulative effects of related projects are not significant and the project would not have a considerable contribution such that a new cumulatively significant impact would occur. (Draft EIR pp. 4-10)

7.7 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Impact 3.7-1: Generate GHG Emissions That Would Conflict with the City’s Greenhouse Gas Reduction Plan
The project would incorporate various measures similar to GHG reduction measures in the GHGRP as project design features. The project’s emissions would also be reduced by regulatory mechanisms such as the Advanced Clean Cars II Program and the Advanced Clean Trucks regulation. To demonstrate compliance with the GHGRP, the project would be required to reduce its emissions by 1.5 percent or 381 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MTCO2e) in 2030 and 11.6 percent or 2,711 MTCO2e by 2035. Through the incorporation of on-site reduction measures derived from the GHGRP and reductions realized from these aforementioned programs, the project would reduce its emissions by 3,140 and 6,719 MTCO2e in 2030 and 2035, respectively, as compared to levels of emissions without accounting for the project features and regulatory compliance. This level of reduction exceeds the GHGRP standards.

Therefore, the project would be consistent with the GHGRP. (Draft EIR pp. 3.7-11 to 3.7-13)

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7.7.1 Impact 4-7: Cumulative Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change Impacts
There is an existing substantial adverse impact related to GHG emissions and global climate change. Based on consistency with the GHGRP, which itself is consistent with the state’s targets established to address the existing cumulative condition of global climate change, the project would not make a considerable contribution to the cumulative condition. (Draft EIR p. 4-11) Further, the project-level analysis of GHG emissions is inherently a cumulative analysis and the EIR concludes there the project will not have a significant effect concerning GHG emissions.

7.8 HAZARDS AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Impact 3.8-1: Create a Significant Hazard through Routine Transport, Use, or Disposal of Hazardous Materials
Project construction and operation would involve the routine transport, use, and disposal of hazardous materials.

Potential impacts would be addressed through compliance with applicable regulations that would reduce impacts associated with the use, transport, storage, and sale of hazardous materials, including measures taken to address the safety of underground storage tanks and the handling of hazardous materials in accordance with the Hazardous Materials Business Emergency/Contingency Plan and the local Certified Unified Program Agency. (Draft EIR pp. 3.8-7 to 3.8-8)

Impact 3.8-2: Create a Significant Hazard through Reasonably Foreseeable Upset and Accident Conditions Involving the Release of Hazardous Materials into the Environment or be Located on a Site which is Included on a List of Hazardous Materials Sites Compiled Pursuant to Government Code Section 65962.5 and would Create a Significant Hazard to the Public or the Environment
The potential for past use of the project site to result in substantial hazards has been evaluated, including soil sampling as part of a Phase II Environmental Site Assessment. Operation of the project, which would involve the use, storage, and sale of potentially hazardous materials, would be subject to regulations designed to reduce the potential for the project to create hazardous conditions through a reasonably foreseeable upset or accident condition. There is no evidence of a substantial hazard to the public or the environment. Implementation of the project would not create a significant hazard due to release of chemicals associated with past agricultural use of the site, location on a site that is on a list of known hazardous materials sites, or due to operation of the project. (Draft EIR pp. 3.8-9 to 3.8-10) Ascent
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Impact 3.8-3: Emit Hazardous Emissions or Handle Hazardous or Acutely Hazardous Materials, Substances, or Waste within 0.25 Mile of an Existing or Proposed School
Compliance with all relevant regulations for the handling and transport of hazardous materials would reduce the potential for the generation of hazardous waste typical of construction activities. Additionally, the potential for operation of the project to result in hazardous effects on schools would be limited because the gas station would be designed to minimize potential for accidental releases of fuel into the environment. (Draft EIR pp. 3.8-10 to 3.8-11)

Impact 3.8-4: Impair Implementation of or Physically Interfere with the Implementation of an Adopted Emergency Response Plan or Emergency Evacuation Plan
The Fresno County Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan does not identify formal evacuation routes. Compliance with the conditions of the Street Work and Traffic Control Permit during any potential road closures, applicable General Plan policies, and review of the site plan by the City Fire Department would result in a less-than-significant impact on implementation of an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan. (Draft EIR p. 3.8-11)

Impact 3.8-5: Expose People or Structures, Either Directly or Indirectly, to a Significant Risk of Loss, Injury, or Death Involving Wildland Fires
The project site is not located within a designated urban-wildland interface area nor is it near designated State Responsibility Areas. Existing development and irrigated agricultural land surround the project site, and the likelihood for wildland fire in the area is low. The project design would comply with existing regulations and would ensure the Costco facility and associated tire center, gas station, and drive-through car wash meet the standards for emergency access, fuel modification, setback, signage, and water supply, which help prevent damage to structures or people by reducing wildfire hazards. (Draft EIR pp. 3.8-11 to 3.8-12)

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18 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations Impact 4-8: Cumulative Hazards and Hazardous Materials Impacts Hazardous materials and safety issues generally occur independently of one another and are related to site-specific and project-specific characteristics and conditions. Compliance with all applicable federal, state, and local regulations related to hazards and hazardous materials on a project-by-project basis would ensure that site-specific impacts are appropriately addressed and cannot combine with site-specific impacts from other project sites. The cumulative effects of related projects are not significant, and the project would not have a considerable contribution such that a new cumulatively significant impact would occur. (Draft EIR pp. 4-11 to 4-12)

7.9 HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY
Impact 3.9-1: Violate Water Quality Standards or Waste Discharge Requirements or Otherwise Degrade Water Quality
Project construction activities such as grading, excavation, and trenching could result in erosion and sedimentation, and discharge of other nonpoint source pollutants. In addition, the project would include fuel storage and dispersal, tire maintenance, and a car wash facility that could generate stormwater pollutants including oils, lubricants, and heavy metals. Regulations apply to the project that would reduce potentially significant impacts, including the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Program, underground storage tank regulations contained in CCR, Title 23, Water, Division 3, Chapter 16 (underground storage tank regulations), Central Valley RWQCB General Permit for Stormwater Discharges from municipal separate storm sewer systems (Order R5-2016-0040), and FMFCD’s Storm Drainage and Flood Control Master Plan. Because compliance with these regulations and BMPs would be incorporated into the project, there would not be a violation of water quality standards or waste discharge requirement or interference with implementation of a water quality control plan. (Draft EIR pp. 3.9-8 to 3.9-9)

Impact 3.9-2: Substantially Decrease Groundwater Supplies; Interfere with Groundwater Recharge, Such That the Project May Impede Sustainable Groundwater Management of the Basin; or Conflict with or Obstruct Implementation of a Water Quality Control Plan or Sustainable Groundwater Management Plan
The project would receive water from the City of Fresno Department of Public Utilities, which relies on groundwater and surface water supplies. The North Kings Groundwater Sustainability Agency (GSA) is projected to reach sustainability by 2040 if groundwater flows from within the North Kings GSA plan area to neighboring GSAs and basins are reduced and projects are developed to address present and future projected groundwater conditions. The project would not decrease groundwater supplies or interfere with groundwater recharge such that implementation of a Ascent
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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 19 sustainable groundwater management would be impeded, nor would the project conflict with or obstruct implementation of a water quality control plan or sustainable groundwater management plan. (Draft EIR p. 3.9-10)

Impact 3.9-3: Substantially Alter the Existing Drainage Pattern of the Site or Area in a Manner That Would Result in Substantial Erosion or Siltation, Substantially Increase in Surface the Rate or Amount of Surface Runoff in a Manner That Would Result in Flooding or Exceedance of the Capacity of Existing or Planned Stormwater Drainage Systems, or Impede or Redirect Flood Flows
The applicant would construct utility improvements within the site to service the proposed uses and connect to available utilities adjacent to the project site. Stormwater from the site would be directed to existing FMFCD drainage facilities in North Riverside Drive, West Spruce Avenue, and West Herndon Avenue, located within the EH local stormwater drainage area. In addition, the project would be required to comply with the City of Fresno grading plan check process and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Construction General Permit Region-wide municipal separate storm sewer system. Compliance with the grading plan check process requires that all new development drains properly and is routed to the appropriate location. Additionally, these regulations would result in appropriate handling of stormwater on site to reduce potential for substantial increased runoff and minimize potential for downstream flooding. Participation in the region-wide municipal separate storm sewer system permit would reduce water quality impacts to surface and groundwater by ensuring that discharged water meets the water quality standards and goals established in the Central Valley RWQCB’s Basin Plan through the implementation of BMPs described above. The runoff generated by the project is not anticipated to exceed the capacity of existing and planned stormwater drainage systems. (Draft EIR p. 3.9-11)

Impact 4-9: Cumulative Hydrology and Water Quality Impacts The effects of buildout of the project on surface water quality, groundwater quality and quantity, alteration of drainage patterns, and flood hazards would be addressed though compliance with existing regulations. Development associated with anticipated projects in the cumulative impact area would be subject to similar state and local regulations. The combined effects of other projects in the cumulative impact area would not be cumulatively significant and the project would not have a considerable contribution such that a new cumulatively significant impact would occur. (Draft EIR p. 4-12)

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7.10 LAND USE AND PLANNING
Impact 3.10-1: Cause a Significant Environmental Impact Due to a Conflict with Relevant Plans, Policies, and Zoning Adopted for the Purpose of Avoiding or Mitigating an Environmental Effect The proposed project would require a general plan amendment (GPA), rezone, and conditional use permit (CUP).

Requests for discretionary permits require that the project be evaluated for compliance and consistency with a variety of policy and regulatory programs adopted to avoid or reduce the severity of potential environmental effects. The project would not conflict with City policies adopted for the purposes of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect. (Draft EIR pp. 3.10-5 to 3.10-7)

Impact 4-10: Cumulative Land Use and Planning Impacts
Land use and planning impacts would occur where there would be physical division of established communities or inconsistency land use plans and regulations adopted to avoid or mitigate environmental effects. There is not a significant cumulative impact as a result of community division or development of projects that do not adhere to adopted plans and regulations. The cumulative effects of related projects are not significant and the project would not have a considerable contribution such that a new cumulatively significant impact would occur. (Draft EIR p. 4-13)

7.11 NOISE
Impact 3.11-2: Generate Excessive Groundborne Vibration or Groundborne Noise Levels
Construction activity associated with the proposed project would generate short-term increases in vibration near sensitive receptors in the vicinity of the project site. Based on the distance between the equipment anticipated to be used during construction and the location of nearby sensitive receptors, vibration levels would not exceed applicable state and federal thresholds with respect to structural damage and human annoyance. Additionally, City of Fresno Municipal Code Section 15-2507 exempts construction activity from vibration standards. (Draft EIR pp. 3.11-20 to 3.11-21)

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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 21 Impact 3.11-4: Generate a Substantial Permanent Increase in Ambient Noise Levels in the Vicinity of the Project due to Traffic Noise Levels in Excess of Standards Established in the Local General Plan or Noise Ordinance, or Applicable Standards of Other Agencies The proposed project is expected to increase traffic along the surrounding roadway network and, thus, increase traffic noise in the vicinity of the project site. Project-generated traffic noise would not result in an exceedance of the City’s interior or exterior standard at any sensitive receptors (residences) along North Riverside Drive. Additionally, although existing noise levels on West Herndon Avenue exceed the City’s exterior noise standard of 65 decibels (dB) at daynight level (Ldn)/ Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL) for nearby residential uses, project-generated traffic would not result in an exceedance of interior noise standards (i.e., 45 Ldn/CNEL) or a substantial increase (i.e., greater than 3 dB) in transportation noise. (Draft EIR pp. 3.11-26 to 3.11-27)

Impact 4-11: Cumulative Noise and Vibration Impacts
The ambient noise along West Herndon Avenue is influenced by roadway noise that exceeds the City’s standards. The project’s contribution to this cumulatively significant noise impact would be less than cumulatively considerable.

Although the existing noise levels along West Herndon Avenue are above the City’s noise standard, the traffic noise generated by the project would not result in a substantial increase. The 1 dB increase in traffic noise would be imperceptible and would not be a cumulatively considerable contribution to ambient noise on West Herndon Avenue in the cumulative condition. Although there is an existing, adverse cumulative condition associated with roadway noise along West Herndon Avenue, the project would not contribute in a cumulatively considerable manner to this condition. The project would also result in single-event noise from semi-trucks along North Riverside Drive. This impact would be addressed through implementation of Mitigation Measure 3.11-5. Because the project’s individual impact would be reduced to a less-than-significant level, the project’s contribution to the cumulatively significant impact would be less than cumulatively considerable (Draft EIR pp. 4-13 to 4-14)

7.12 PUBLIC SERVICES AND RECREATION
Impact 3.12-1: Result in Substantial Adverse Physical Impacts Associated with the Provision of New or Physically Altered Fire or Police Facilities or the Need for New or Physically Altered Governmental Facilities
The project site is in a developing suburban area that is within the service area of the City’s fire and police departments. The proposed facility would serve the city’s existing population in northwest Fresno. The project would Ascent
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22 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations not introduce new residents to the area and new or physically altered facilities would not be required. Further, the project would comply with all applicable fire safety regulations and pay fire impact fees.

Impact 4-12: Cumulative Public Services and Recreation Impacts The project would not result in substantial demand for public services. The cumulative effects of related projects are not significant and the project would not have a considerable contribution such that a new cumulatively significant impact would occur. (Draft EIR p. 4-14)

7.13 TRANSPORTATION AND CIRCULATION
Impact 3.13-1: Conflict with a Program, Plan, Ordinance, or Policy Addressing the Circulation System, Including Transit, Roadway, Bicycle, and Pedestrian Facilities
The proposed project would be consistent with established City and regional policies and plans related to bicycle and pedestrian facilities and transit service in the project area. The proposed project’s off-site improvements include construction of bicycle facilities along its western, southern, and northern frontages (North Riverside Drive, West Herndon Avenue, and Spruce Avenue, respectively) and would be consistent with the City of Fresno Active Transportation Program. Additionally, although demand would be minimal, the existing transit service has the capacity to accommodate any increase in ridership generated by the proposed project. Lastly, the proposed project’s reclassification of West Herndon Avenue between North Riverside Drive and North Hayes Avenue would allow the project to construct the proposed intersection that would provide additional access to the project site. This general plan amendment would allow for consistency between the proposed project and the general plan. Therefore, the project would not conflict with a plan, program, ordinance, or policy addressing the circulation system. (Draft EIR pp.

3.13-11 to 3.13-13)

Impact 3.13-4: Result in Inadequate Emergency Access
The proposed project would be designed according to City of Fresno standards and would be reviewed and approved by the City of Fresno and the appropriate emergency service providers. Additionally, the proposed project would develop a Traffic Control Plan to ensure sufficient emergency access is maintained during construction activities. The proposed project would meet all City design standards, municipal code regulations, and requirements Ascent
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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 23 provided in the 2019 California Fire Code as adopted by the City of Fresno. Additionally, the proposed project would be subject to review by the City and emergency service departments to ensure adequate access is provided. Thus, the proposed project would provide adequate emergency access during construction and operation. (Draft EIR pp. 3.13- 21 to 3.13-22)

7.14 UTILITIES
Impact 3.14-1: Require or Result in the Relocation or Construction of New or Expanded Water, Wastewater Treatment or Storm Water Drainage, Electric Power, Natural Gas, or Telecommunications Facilities, the Construction or Relocation of which could cause Significant Environmental Effects
The project would develop a currently vacant site into a Costco facility, which would require extending the surrounding utility infrastructure onto the project site. All utility infrastructure extensions and hookups would occur within the disturbance area of the project site, the environmental effects of which have been analyzed in the EIR. The project’s projected demand for water, electric power, and natural gas, along with the project’s projected wastewater and stormwater output, are within the existing and future capacity of the utility providers that serve the project site. For these reasons, the project would not require the relocation or construction of new or expanded utility infrastructure that could result in significant environmental effects that are not evaluated in the EIR. (Draft EIR pp. 3.14-11 to 3.14-12)

Impact 3.14-2: Have Insufficient Water Supplies Available to Serve the Project and Reasonably Foreseeable Future Development during Normal, Dry, and Multiple Dry Years
The Urban Water Management Planning Act projects that the City would have an excess of water through 2045 during normal, dry, and multiple dry years. While the project would require a General Plan amendment from Community Commercial to General Commercial, the City’s 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) does not differentiate between commercial districts. Therefore, the project is accounted for within the UWMP’s water supply calculation. Given that the project’s water demand is accounted for in the City’s UWMP projections for future development during normal, dry, and multiple dry years, and that the UWMP projections found that the City would have an excess of water in the aforementioned drought scenarios, there would be sufficient water supplies to serve the project. (Draft EIR pp. 3.14-12 to 3.14-13)
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Impact 3.14-3: Result in a Determination by the Wastewater Treatment Provider Which Serves or May Serve the Project That It Has Inadequate Capacity to Serve the Project’s Projected Demand in Addition to the Provider’s Existing Commitments
The City of Fresno Department of Public Utilities provides wastewater and sewer service to the project site. All wastewater is diverted to one of the City’s two wastewater treatment plants that have an average flow capacity of

88.71 million gallons per day. The project would produce approximately 0.05 million gallons per day of wastewater.

The City of Fresno Department of Public Utilities has reviewed the proposed project and has identified sewer facility charges as conditions of approval. The Department of Public Utilities has not identified inadequate capacity to serve the project’s projected demand in addition to the City’s existing commitments (Diaz and Gray pers. comm. 2021).

Based upon the relative quantity of wastewater produced by the project and the consistency of the project with the General Plan land use designation for the project site, upon which the Department of Public Utilities bases future wastewater generation projections, it is anticipated that there is adequate capacity to accommodate provision of sewer service to the project site. (Draft EIR pp. 3.14-13 to 3.14-14)

Impact 3.14-4: Generate Solid Waste in Excess of State or Local Standards, or in Excess of the Capacity of Local Infrastructure, or Otherwise Impair the Attainment of Solid Waste Reduction Goals or Not Comply with Federal, State, and Local Management and Reduction Statutes and Regulations Related to Solid Waste The project would comply with all applicable federal, state, and local management and reduction statutes related to solid waste, including the state Integrated Waste Management Act and the solid waste policies of the City of Fresno General Plan. The project’s anticipated solid waste production of 2.9 tons per day would comprise 0.13 percent of the American Avenue Landfill’s maximum permitted throughput of 2,200 tons per day. The project would not generate solid waste in excess of the capacity of local infrastructure. Following closure of the American Avenue Landfill (anticipated in 2031), solid waste would be transported by the licensed waste hauler to the facility identified to accept waste from the city. The project would not be inconsistent with established regulations or generate solid waste that exceeds the capacity of existing infrastructure. (Draft EIR p. 3.14-14)

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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 25 Impact 4-14: Cumulative Utilities Impacts
The combined demand for some utilities, such as electricity, could result in the need to construct new or expected infrastructure. The cumulative effects of related projects could be potentially significant due to the combined demand for some utilities, such as electricity, and the resulting need to construct new or expected infrastructure. However, the demand for utilities from the project and associated environmental effects would not result in cumulatively considerable environmental effects. (Draft EIR p. 4-15)

DETERMINED TO BE MITIGATED TO A

LESS THAN SIGNIFICANT LEVEL
Based on the analysis contained in the EIR, the following impacts have been determined to be significant impacts that can be reduced to less than significant levels with implementation of mitigation measures described below and set forth in the MMRP. Pursuant to Section 21081(a) of the PRC and Section 15091(a)(1) of the State CEQA Guidelines, the City Council finds that, for each of the following potentially significant effects identified in the EIR, changes or alterations have been required in, or incorporated into, the proposed project that mitigate the identified potentially significant effects on the environment to a less-than-significant level. These findings are explained below and are supported by substantial evidence in the record of proceedings.

8.1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL, AND TRIBAL CULTURAL

RESOURCES
Impact 3.4-1: Cause a Substantial Adverse Change in the Significance of Archaeological Resources
Although no known archaeological resources have been identified on the project site, project-related grounddisturbing activities may result in the discovery of or damage to yet undiscovered archaeological resources as defined in State CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5. (Draft EIR pp. 3.4-12 to 3.4-13)

MITIGATION MEASURES
Mitigation Measure 3.4-1a: Develop and Implement a Worker Environmental Awareness Program The applicant shall retain a qualified professional archaeologist meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards for archaeologists to prepare a worker environmental awareness program. The program shall be provided to all construction personnel and supervisors who will have the potential to encounter and alter archaeological resources. A copy of the worker environmental awareness program shall be provided to the City’s Planning Division before construction activities begin. The topics to be addressed in the worker environmental awareness program will include, at a minimum:

X types of cultural resources expected on the project site; Ascent
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26 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations X types of evidence that indicates cultural resources might be present (e.g., glass shards, lithic scatters); X what to do if a worker encounters a possible resource; X what to do if a worker encounters animal bones or possible human bones; and X repercussions for removing or intentionally disturbing archaeological resources.

Mitigation Measure 3.4-1b: Retain an Archaeological Monitor and Native American Monitor, and Halt GroundDisturbing Activity upon Discovery of Subsurface Archaeological Features or Tribal Cultural Resources In the event that any historic-era subsurface archaeological features or deposits (e.g., glass, metal, and/or ceramic refuse scatters), or prehistoric subsurface archaeological features or deposits (e.g., locally darkened soil (“midden”), stone tool chipping debris, bones, shell beads, or concentrated charcoal layers), are discovered during construction, all ground-disturbing activity within 50 feet of the resources shall be halted and the City shall be notified. The applicant will then retain the services of a qualified professional archaeologist to assess the significance of the find.

Specifically, the archaeologist shall determine whether the find qualifies as an historical resource, a unique archaeological resource, or tribal artifacts. If the find does fall within one of these three categories, the qualified archaeologist shall then make recommendations to the City regarding appropriate procedures that should be used to protect the integrity of the resource and to ensure that no additional resources are affected. Procedures could include preservation in place, archival research, subsurface testing, and/or data recovery, with preservation in place being the preferred option if feasible. If the find is a tribal artifact, the City shall provide a reasonable opportunity for input from a Native American tribal representative affiliated with the location of the discovery; affiliation shall be determined by the City, in consultation with the qualified archaeologist, based on the City’s AB 52 list or the contact list provided by the NAHC. If responsive, the tribal representative will then determine whether the artifact is considered a tribal cultural resource, as defined by PRC Section 21074. The applicant, in consultation with the City and Tribe, shall implement the recommended preservation options (which may include preservation in place, data recovery, mapping, capping, or avoidance), and proper curation of significant artifacts, if it determines that the measures are feasible in light of project design, logistics, and cost considerations.

FINDING
The City Council finds that the above mitigation measures are feasible and would reduce the potential impacts of the Costco Commercial Center Project to a less-than-significant level. These mitigation measures are imposed upon the project as conditions of approval adopted by the City Council. Accordingly, the City Council finds that pursuant to PRC Section 21081(a)(1) and State CEQA Guidelines Section 15091(a)(1), changes or alterations have been required in, or incorporated into, project that would avoid or substantially lessen the significant environmental effect identified in the EIR.

RATIONALE
Mitigation Measures 3.4-1a and 3.4-1b would minimize impacts by requiring that a worker environmental awareness program be prepared and provided to all construction personnel and supervisors who would have the potential to encounter and alter archaeological resources. These measures would also require construction to halt if potential archaeological resources are discovered, coordination with Native American groups (if applicable), implementation of preservation options (including data recovery, mapping, capping, or avoidance), and proper curation if significant artifacts are recovered. These mitigation measures would also be consistent with Objective HCR-1, Policy HCR-1-c, Objective HCR-2, Policy HCR-2-b, Policy HCR-2-c, and HCR-2-d of the City of Fresno General Plan and the Historic Preservation Ordinance. (Draft EIR p. 3.4-14)
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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 27 Impact 3.4-2: Cause a Substantial Adverse Change in the Significance of a Tribal Cultural Resource
Tribal consultation has not resulted in the identification of tribal cultural resources on the project site. Despite this, excavation activities associated with project construction may disturb or destroy previously undiscovered significant subsurface tribal cultural resources. (Draft EIR p. 3.4-14)

X types of cultural resources expected on the project site; X types of evidence that indicates cultural resources might be present (e.g., glass shards, lithic scatters); X what to do if a worker encounters a possible resource; X what to do if a worker encounters animal bones or possible human bones; and X repercussions for removing or intentionally disturbing archaeological resources.

FINDING
The City Council finds that the above mitigation measures are feasible and would reduce the potential impacts of the Costco Commercial Center Project to a less-than-significant level. These mitigation measures are imposed upon the Ascent
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28 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations project as conditions of approval adopted by the City Council. Accordingly, the City Council finds that pursuant to PRC Section 21081(a)(1) and State CEQA Guidelines Section 15091(a)(1), changes or alterations have been required in, or incorporated into, project that would avoid or substantially lessen the significant environmental effect identified in the EIR.

RATIONALE
Impacts related to tribal cultural resources would be reduced by requiring that a worker environmental awareness program be prepared and provided to all construction personnel and supervisors who will have the potential to encounter and alter cultural resources; and requiring construction to halt if potential archaeological resources are discovered, coordination with Native American groups (if applicable), implementation of preservation options (including preservation in place, data recovery, mapping, capping, or avoidance), and proper curation if significant artifacts are recovered. These mitigation measures would also be consistent with Policy HCR-2-d of the City of Fresno General Plan related to Native American sites. (Draft EIR p. 3.4-14) Impact 3.4-4: Directly or Indirectly Destroy a Unique Paleontological Resource or Site or Unique Geologic Feature
Although no known paleontological resources have been identified on the project site, project-related grounddisturbing activities may result in the discovery of or damage to yet undiscovered resources. (Draft EIR p. 3.4-15)

MITIGATION MEASURES
Mitigation Measure 3.4-4: Halt Ground-Disturbing Activity upon Discovery of Subsurface Paleontological Resources If paleontological resources are discovered during earthmoving activities, the project applicant shall immediately halt operations within 30 feet of the find and notify the City. If the find is determined to be significant, it shall be salvaged by a qualified paleontologist retained by the project applicant following the standards of the SVP (2010) and curated at a certified repository such as the University of California Museum of Paleontology.

FINDING
The City Council finds that the above mitigation measure is feasible and would reduce the potential impacts of the Costco Commercial Center Project to a less-than-significant level. This mitigation measure is imposed upon the project as a condition of approval. Accordingly, the City Council finds that pursuant to PRC Section 21081(a)(1) and State CEQA Guidelines Section 15091(a)(1), changes or alterations have been required in, or incorporated into, project that would avoid or substantially lessen the significant environmental effect identified in the EIR.

RATIONALE
The potential for the project to result in the direct or indirect destruction of unique paleontological resources is low; however, the potential cannot be dismissed. With implementation of Mitigation Measure 3.4-4, which sets forth standard treatment measures to limit destruction of unique paleontological resources, the effect of the project on yet undiscovered paleontological resources would be effectively reduced. (Draft EIR p. 3.4-16) Ascent
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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 29

8.2 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Impact 3.5-1: Result in Disturbance to or Loss of Special-Status Wildlife Species and Habitat
Project activities would include ground disturbance, tree removal, and other vegetation removal, which could result in disturbance, injury, or mortality of several special-status wildlife species if present, reduced breeding productivity of these species, and loss of species habitat. (Draft EIR pp. 3.5-13 and 3.5-15)

MITIGATION MEASURES
Mitigation Measure 3.5-1a: Conduct Take Avoidance Survey for Burrowing Owl, Implement Avoidance Measures, and Compensate for Loss of Occupied Burrows
X A qualified biologist shall conduct a focused survey for burrowing owls in accessible areas (i.e., not including private property) of habitat suitable for the species on and within 1,640 feet (500 meters) of the project site no less than 14 days before initiating ground disturbance activities using survey methods described in Appendix D of the CDFW 2012 Staff Report (CDFW 2012). Much of the area within this 1,640-foot survey area does not contain habitat suitable for burrowing owl (e.g., residential areas, commercial development, roads) and would not require surveys. Inaccessible areas that contain habitat suitable for burrowing owl (e.g., the Riverside Golf Course property) shall be surveyed using binoculars or a spotting scope.

X If no occupied burrows are found, the qualified biologist shall submit a report documenting the survey methods and results to the City of Fresno, and no further mitigation shall be required.

X If an active burrow is found within 1,640 feet of pending construction activities during the nonbreeding season (September 1 through January 31), the applicant shall establish and maintain a minimum protection buffer of 164 feet (50 meters) around the occupied burrow throughout construction. If an active burrow is found on property outside of the project site (e.g., the Riverside Golf Course), then the protection buffer shall be established on a map, and only the portion of the buffer within the project site shall be marked with fencing, flagging, or other means. The actual buffer size shall be determined by the qualified biologist based on the time of year and level of disturbance in accordance with guidance provided in the CDFW Staff Report on Burrowing Owl Mitigation (CDFW 2012). The protection buffer may be adjusted if, in consultation with CDFW, a qualified biologist determines that an alternative buffer shall not disturb burrowing owl use of the burrow because of particular site features or other buffering measures. If occupied burrows are present that cannot be avoided or adequately protected with a no-disturbance buffer, a burrowing owl exclusion plan shall be developed, as described in Appendix E of the CDFW Staff Report. Burrowing owls shall not be excluded from occupied burrows until the project burrowing owl exclusion plan is approved by CDFW. The exclusion plan shall include a compensatory habitat mitigation plan (see below).

X If an active burrow is found during the breeding season (February 1 through August 31), occupied burrows shall not be disturbed and shall be provided with a protective buffer at a minimum of 164 feet unless a qualified biologist verifies through noninvasive means that either: (1) the birds have not begun egg laying, or (2) juveniles from the occupied burrows are foraging independently and are capable of independent survival. The size of the buffer may be adjusted depending on the time of year and level of disturbance as outlined in the CDFW 2012 Staff Report. If an active burrow is found on property outside of the project site (e.g., the Riverside Golf Course), then the protection buffer shall be established on a map, and only the portion of the buffer within the site shall be marked with fencing, flagging, or other means. The size of the buffer may be reduced if a broad-scale, longterm, monitoring program acceptable to CDFW is implemented so that burrowing owls are not adversely affected. Once the fledglings are capable of independent survival, the owls can be evicted, and the burrow can Ascent
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30 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations be destroyed per the terms of a CDFW-approved burrowing owl exclusion plan developed in accordance with Appendix E of CDFW 2012 Staff Report.

X If burrowing owls are evicted from burrows and the burrows are destroyed by implementation of project activities, the applicant shall mitigate the loss of occupied habitat in accordance with guidance provided in the CDFW 2012 Staff Report, which states that permanent impacts on nesting, occupied, and satellite burrows, and burrowing owl habitat (i.e., grassland habitat with suitable burrows) shall be mitigated such that habitat acreage and number of burrows are replaced through permanent conservation of comparable or better habitat with similar vegetation communities and burrowing mammals (e.g., ground squirrels) present to provide for nesting, foraging, wintering, and dispersal. The applicant shall retain a qualified biologist to develop a burrowing owl mitigation and management plan that incorporates the following goals and standards:

X Mitigation lands shall be selected based on comparison of the habitat lost to the compensatory habitat, including type and structure of habitat, disturbance levels, potential for conflicts with humans, pets, and other wildlife, density of burrowing owls, and relative importance of the habitat to the species throughout its range.

X If feasible, mitigation lands shall be provided adjacent or proximate to the project site so that displaced owls can relocate with reduced risk of injury or mortality. Feasibility of providing mitigation adjacent or proximate to the project site depends on availability of sufficient habitat to support displaced owls that may be preserved in perpetuity.

X If habitat suitable for burrowing owl is not available for conservation adjacent or proximate to the project site, mitigation lands can be secured off-site and shall aim to consolidate and enlarge conservation areas outside of planned development areas and within foraging distance of other conservation lands. Mitigation may be also accomplished through purchase of mitigation credits at a CDFW-approved mitigation bank, if available.

Alternative mitigation sites and acreages may also be determined in consultation with CDFW.

X If burrowing owl habitat mitigation is completed through permittee-responsible conservation lands, the mitigation plan shall include mitigation objectives, site selection factors, site management roles and responsibilities, vegetation management goals, financial assurances and funding mechanisms, performance standards and success criteria, monitoring and reporting protocols, and adaptive management measures.

Success shall be based on the number of adult burrowing owls and pairs using the site and if the numbers are maintained over time. Measures of success, as suggested in the CDFW 2012 Staff Report, shall include site tenacity, number of adult owls present and reproducing, colonization by burrowing owls from elsewhere, changes in distribution, and trends in stressors.

X Within 14 days before the onset of project construction activities during the breeding season (approximately February 1 through August 31, as determined by a qualified biologist), a qualified biologist familiar with birds of California and with experience conducting nesting bird surveys shall conduct focused surveys for Swainson’s hawk, white-tailed kite, other nesting raptors, and other native birds. Surveys shall be conducted in accessible areas (i.e., not including private property) within 0.5 mile of the project site for Swainson’s hawk and white-tailed kite; within 500 feet of the site for other raptors; and within 50 feet of the site for non-raptor common native bird nests. Inaccessible areas that contain habitat suitable for nesting birds (e.g., the Riverside Golf Course property) shall be surveyed using binoculars or a spotting scope.

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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 31 X If no nests are found, the qualified biologist shall submit a report documenting the survey methods and results to the City of Fresno, and no further mitigation shall be required.

X Impacts on nesting birds shall be avoided by establishing appropriate buffers around active nest sites identified during focused surveys to prevent disturbance to the nest. Project construction activity, including tree removal, shall not commence within the buffer areas until a qualified biologist has determined that the young have fledged, the nest is no longer active, or reducing the buffer would not likely result in nest abandonment. An avoidance buffer shall be implemented for Swainson’s hawk and white-tailed kite in consultation with CDFW.

CDFW guidelines recommend implementation of 0.25- or 0.5-mile-wide buffers for Swainson’s hawk nests, but the size of the buffer may be decreased if a qualified biologist and the City of Fresno, in consultation with CDFW, determine that such an adjustment would not be likely to adversely affect the nest. For other species, a qualified biologist shall determine the size of the buffer for nests of non-special-status species after a site- and nestspecific analysis. Buffers typically shall be 500 feet for common raptors. Buffer size for non-raptor common bird species generally shall be at least 20 feet. Factors to be considered for determining buffer size shall include presence of natural buffers provided by vegetation or topography, nest height above ground, baseline levels of noise and human activity, species sensitivity, and proposed project construction activities. The size of the buffer may be adjusted if a qualified biologist determines that such an adjustment would not be likely to adversely affect the nest. Any buffer reduction for a listed or fully protected species (i.e., Swainson’s hawk, white-tailed kite) shall require consultation with CDFW. If an active nest is found on property outside of the project site (e.g., the Riverside Golf Course), then the protection buffer shall be established on a map, and only the portion of the buffer within the project site shall be marked with fencing, flagging, or other means. Periodic monitoring of the nest by a qualified biologist during project construction activities shall be required if the activity has potential to adversely affect the nest, the buffer has been reduced, or if birds within active nests are showing behavioral signs of agitation (e.g., standing up from a brooding position, flying off the nest) during project construction activities, as determined by the qualified biologist.

RATIONALE
Mitigation Measures 3.5-1a and 3.5-1b would minimize impacts by requiring preconstruction surveys for burrowing owl, Swainson’s hawk, white-tailed kite, other common raptors, and other native birds, and implementation of protective measures for active nests. Specifically, Mitigation Measure 3.5-1a would reduce potential impacts on burrowing owl to a less-than-significant level by requiring a take avoidance survey for burrowing owl, implementation of measures to avoid injury or mortality of burrowing owls and destruction of active burrows if detected, and compensation if burrows cannot be avoided such that the habitat acreage and the number of burrows destroyed are replaced through permanent conservation of comparable or better habitat. Implementation of Mitigation Measure

3.5-1b would reduce potential impacts on Swainson’s hawk, white-tailed kite, other raptors, and other common native nesting birds to a less-than-significant level by requiring focused surveys for nesting birds and implementation of measures to avoid disturbance, injury, or mortality of the species if nests are detected. (Draft EIR pp. 3.5-15 and

3.5-16)
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32 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations

8.3 NOISE
Impact 3.11-3: Generate a Substantial Permanent Increase in Ambient Noise Levels in the Vicinity of the Project due to Operational Stationary and On-Site Noise in Excess of Standards Established in the Local General Plan or Noise Ordinance, or Applicable Standards of Other Agencies
The proposed project would involve the generation of noise from various stationary and other operations-related non-transportation noise sources. Combined noise levels from non-transportation noise sources would fluctuate depending on each noise source’s location and proximity to sensitive receptors, the presence of noise barriers (i.e., building walls), operating hours, and if the nature of each noise is intermittent or continuous. Although noise may combine from the various generators, it is unlikely that combined noise levels would increase to levels that exceed the City’s noise standards at nearby sensitive receptors. The HVAC equipment, parking area, tire center, car wash, and transformer and trash compactor would not exceed appliable City standards. However, the loading area could result in potentially significant levels of noise depending on project design.

MITIGATION MEASURES
Mitigation Measure 3.11-3: Reduce Exposure of Existing Sensitive Receptors to Noise Generated by Loading Dock Activity
The project applicant shall construct a sound wall west of the loading docks or other noise attenuating feature with a demonstrated ability to result in a 9 dB noise decrease at the existing residences along North Riverside Drive.

FINDING
The City Council finds that the above mitigation measure is feasible and would reduce the potential impacts of the Costco Commercial Center Project to a less-than-significant level. This mitigation measure is imposed upon the project as a condition of approval adopted by the City Council. Accordingly, the City Council finds that pursuant to PRC Section 21081(a)(1) and State CEQA Guidelines Section 15091(a)(1), changes or alterations have been required in, or incorporated into, project that would avoid or substantially lessen the significant environmental effect identified in the EIR.

RATIONALE
The implementation of Mitigation Measure 3.11-3 would require the implementation of design features to reduce noise levels to meet industry standards. (Draft EIR p. 3.11-25) Ascent
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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 33 Impact 3.11-5: Generate a Substantial Permanent Increase in Ambient Noise Levels in the Vicinity of the Project due to Intermittent Single-Event Noise Levels from Trucks in Excess of Standards Established in the Local General Plan or Noise Ordinance, or Applicable Standards of Other Agencies
The proposed project has the potential to expose nearby residents to single-event noise levels (SENLs) due to operation of heavy vehicles accessing the project site during operational activities. The closest sensitive receptor west of North Riverside Drive could experience interior noise levels of approximately 66.4 dB SENLs, exceeding a threshold of 65 dB SENL.

MITIGATION MEASURES
Mitigation Measure 3.11-5: Implement Traffic Noise Reduction Measures along North Riverside Drive The project proponent shall implement noise reduction measures to ensure that interior noise levels at residential land uses near the west side of North Riverside Drive do not exceed 65 dB SENL under existing-plus-project conditions. This measure is consistent with General Plan Policy NS-1-I, which recommends the use of design alterations to reduce noise impacts. This performance standard can be achieved using either of the following measures. Therefore, if one option is not implemented, the other would be required.

X Pave the roadway segment with rubberized hot-mix asphalt or equivalent surface treatment with known noisereducing properties on top of the roadway surface. The rubberized hot-mix asphalt overlay shall be designed with appropriate thickness and rubber component quantity (typically 15 percent by weight of the total blend), such that traffic noise levels are reduced by an average of 4 to 6 dB (noise levels vary depending on travel speeds, meteorological conditions, and pavement quality) as compared to noise levels generated by vehicle traffic traveling on standard asphalt. Rubberized hot-mix asphalt has been found to achieve this level of noise reduction in other parts of California (Sacramento County 1999). Pavement will require more frequent than normal maintenance and repair to maintain its noise attenuation effectiveness. The applicant shall fund the incremental cost for maintaining the roadway segment with the surface treatment.

Barriers higher than the line of sight provide increased noise reduction (FTA 2018: 16). Scenic quality factors shall be taken into account during design, such as using more natural materials (e.g., berms and boulders) to reduce the visible mass of a wall. All barriers shall be designed to blend into the landscape along the roadway, to the extent feasible. Ensuring a character consistent with the surrounding area may involve the use of strategically placed native trees or other vegetation; the addition of special materials (e.g., wood or stonework) on the façade of the sound wall; and/or a sound wall that is covered in vegetation. Additionally, the sound barrier shall meet the standards established in General Plan Policy NS-1-o which establishes aesthetic considerations for sound walls including a maximum allowable height of 15 feet.

FINDING
The City Council finds that the above mitigation measure is feasible and would reduce the potential impacts of the Costco Commercial Center Project to a less-than-significant level. This mitigation measure is imposed upon the Ascent
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34 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations project as a condition of approval and adopted by the City Council. Accordingly, the City Council finds that pursuant to PRC Section 21081(a)(1) and State CEQA Guidelines Section 15091(a)(1), changes or alterations have been required in, or incorporated into, project that would avoid or substantially lessen the significant environmental effect identified in the EIR.

RATIONALE
The implementation of Mitigation Measure 3.11-5 would require the project applicant to construct a sound barrier and/or pave North Riverside Drive with noise reducing materials. The sound barrier would only be implemented if all of the property owners on the west side of North Riverside Drive between West Herndon Avenue and West Spruce Avenue collectively agree to the improvement (if it occurs on private lands). If sound barriers that reduce exterior traffic noise levels on the residential properties to less than 65 dB SENL are constructed, then the applicant shall not be required to pave the roadway with a special low-noise surface treatment. However, if the sound barrier component of the mitigation measure cannot feasibly reduce the exterior traffic noise levels to below the established threshold, the rubberized hot-mix asphalt or equivalent surface treatment would be required. City staff have confirmed the feasibility of this option. The implementation of either one of these mitigation measure options would ensure residents near North Riverside Drive would not experience SENL above 65 dB. (Draft EIR p. 3.11-29) 9 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF THE PROJECT THAT ARE

CONSIDERED UNAVOIDABLE SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS
As documented throughout Chapter 3, “Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures,” and Chapter 4, “Cumulative Impacts,” of the Draft EIR, after implementation of the recommended mitigation measures, most of the impacts associated with the project would be reduced to a less-than-significant level. The following impacts are considered significant and unavoidable; that is, no feasible mitigation is available to reduce the project’s impacts to a less-than-significant level:

X Impact 3.11-1: Generate a Substantial Temporary Increase in Ambient Noise Levels in Excess of Standards Established in the Local General Plan or Noise Ordinance, or Applicable Standards of Other Agencies X Impact 3.13-2: Conflict or Be Inconsistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3, Subdivision (b) Regarding Vehicle Miles Traveled
X Impact 3.13-3: Substantially Increase Hazards Due to a Geometric Design Feature (e.g., Sharp Curves or Dangerous Intersections) or Incompatible Uses (e.g., Farm Equipment) X Impact 4-13: Cumulative Transportation and Circulation Impacts

9.1 NOISE
Impact 3.11-1: Generate a Substantial Temporary Increase in Ambient Noise Levels in Excess of Standards Established in the Local General Plan or Noise Ordinance, or Applicable Standards of Other Agencies
Construction would be located in close proximity to existing noise-sensitive receptors. Most noise-generating construction activity would be performed during daytime hours, when construction noise is exempt from noise standards by the City of Fresno Municipal Code. However, it is possible that construction activity may be required during the non-exempt evening and nighttime hours (10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m., Monday through Saturday, and all-day Ascent
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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 35 Sunday) for activities such as large continuous concrete pours. On-site construction could start as early as 2:00 a.m. and the exterior nighttime noise standard of 50 dB between the hours of 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. could be exceeded during nighttime construction activities. Thus, potential nighttime construction activities could expose nearby noisesensitive receptors to noise levels that exceed City nighttime noise standards as detailed in the Municipal Code. (Draft EIR pp. 3.11-16 to 3.11-19)

MITIGATION MEASURES
Mitigation Measure 3.11-1: Implement Additional Measures to Reduce Exposure to Construction Noise Reduction during Noise-Sensitive Time Periods
For all outdoor construction activity that is to take place outside of the City of Fresno construction noise exception timeframes (i.e., 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., Monday through Saturday, and all hours of the day on Sunday), and that is anticipated to generate interior noise levels at sensitive receptors that exceed the City of Fresno General Plan interior noise standard of 45 dB for residential land uses, the construction contractor shall comply with the following measures:

X Consistent with Section 10-110 of the City Noise Control Ordinance, obtain an exception to Article 1, “Noise Regulations,” through the Chief Administrative Officer. A permit may be issued authorizing noises prohibited by the noise ordinance whenever it is found that the public interest will be served thereby or that extreme hardship will result from the strict enforcement.

X Install temporary noise curtains as close as possible to the noise-generating activity such that the curtains obstruct the direct line of sight between the noise-generating construction activity and the nearby sensitive receptors. Temporary noise curtains shall consist of durable, flexible composite material featuring a noise barrier layer bounded to sound-absorptive material on one side. The noise barrier layer shall consist of rugged, impervious, material with a surface weight of at least one pound per square foot.

X Noise-reducing enclosures and techniques shall be used around stationary noise-generating equipment (e.g., concrete mixers, generators, compressors).

X Operate heavy-duty construction equipment at the lowest operating power possible. All construction equipment shall be properly maintained and equipped with noise-reduction intake and exhaust mufflers and engine shrouds, in accordance with manufacturers’ recommendations. Equipment engine shrouds shall be closed during equipment operation.

X Where available and feasible, construction equipment with back-up alarms shall be equipped with either audible self-adjusting backup alarms or alarms that only sound when an object is detected. Self-adjusting backup alarms shall automatically adjust to 5 dB over the surrounding background levels. All non-self-adjusting backup alarms shall be set to the lowest setting required to be audible above the surrounding noise levels.

X Provide a minimum of one week of advanced notice to owners of all residential located within 350 feet of where nighttime construction activity would take place. This noticing shall inform the recipients of when and where nighttime construction would occur and the types of measures being implemented to lessen the impact at potentially affected receptors. This noticing shall also provide the contact information for the designated disturbance coordinator. The disturbance coordinator shall receive all public complaints and be responsible for determining the cause of the complaint and implementing any feasible measures to alleviate the problem.

FINDINGS
Changes or alterations have been required in, or incorporated into, the project that avoid or substantially lessen the significant environmental effect as identified in the EIR (State CEQA Guidelines Section 15091[a][1]). However, the City Council finds that feasible mitigation measures may not reduce the identified significant impact to a level below significant. Therefore, this impact would remain significant and unavoidable. However, pursuant to PRC Section Ascent
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36 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 21081(b), see the Statement of Overriding Considerations for the specific overriding economic, legal, social, technological, and other benefits of the project that outweigh this significant and unavoidable impact.

RATIONALE
The proposed project is anticipated to require limited nighttime construction, which has the potential to result in short-term, temporary exceedances of the nighttime exterior noise standard. Interior noise standards would not be exceeded and sleep disruption is not anticipated. Therefore, actual effects would be limited to individuals outdoors between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. on the specific night(s) of construction and their experience of the tranquil nighttime environment.

Implementation of Mitigation Measure 3.11-1 would provide substantial reductions in levels of construction noise exposure at noise-sensitive receptors by ensuring proper equipment use; and requiring the use of enclosures, shields, and noise curtains (noise curtains typically can reduce noise by up to 10 dB [EPA 1971]). Thus, construction noise could potentially be reduced from 63 dB Leq prior to mitigation to approximately 53 db Leq after Mitigation Measure 3.11-1 is implemented. Although noise reduction would be achieved with implementation of these measures, the effectiveness of Mitigation Measure 3.11-1 would depend upon the specific site conditions at the time of construction. Because it cannot be assured that the applicable noise standards can be met, this impact would remain significant and unavoidable.

9.2 TRANSPORTATION AND CIRCULATION
Impact 3.13-2: Conflict or be Inconsistent with State CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3, Subdivision (b)
Construction activity is temporary and would generate fewer than 500 daily trips; thus, the proposed project meets the screening criteria established in the City of Fresno CEQA Guidelines for VMT Thresholds while construction activities occur. Generation of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) attributed to project operation is expected to result in a net increase of average daily VMT by 129,326. The City of Fresno CEQA Guidelines for VMT Thresholds states that “VMT generated by retail projects would indicate a significant impact for any net increase in total VMT” (City of Fresno 2020); therefore, the proposed project would result in a significant impact to VMT. (Draft EIR pp. 3.13-13 to

3.13-15)

MITIGATION MEASURES
Mitigation Measure 3.13-2: Provide a Program to Reduce Costco Employees’ VMT by at least 26 Percent Costco shall provide a program that is designed to achieve at least a 26 percent reduction in employee VMT. The program shall be provided to the City for acceptance prior to issuance of a certificate of occupancy. Specific actions must include the following measures described in the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association’s 2021 Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity:

X Commute Trip Reduction Marketing (estimated to result in up to 4 percent employee VMT reduction): Costco shall implement a marketing strategy to promote Costco’s commute reduction program. Information sharing and marketing promote and educate employees about their travel choices to the employment location beyond driving such as carpooling, taking transit, walking, and biking, thereby reducing VMT and greenhouse gas emissions. The following features (or similar alternatives) shall be provided:
on-site or online commuter information services,
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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 37 employee transportation coordinators,
on-site or online transit pass sales, and
guaranteed ride home service.

X Provide Ridesharing Program (estimated to result in up to 8 percent employee VMT reduction): Costco shall develop and implement a ridesharing program. Ridesharing encourages carpooled vehicle trips in place of single-occupied vehicle trips, thereby reducing the number of trips, VMT, and greenhouse gas emissions. The following strategies provide examples of a multifaceted approach for promoting a rideshare program:
designating a certain percentage of desirable parking spaces for ridesharing vehicles, designating adequate passenger loading and unloading and waiting areas for ridesharing vehicles, and providing an app or website for coordinating rides.

X Provide End-of-Trip Bicycle Facilities (estimated to result in up to 4.4 percent employee VMT reduction): Costco shall install and maintain end-of-trip facilities for employee use. End-of-trip facilities include elements such as bike parking, bike lockers, showers, and personal lockers. The provision and maintenance of secure bike parking and related facilities encourages commuting by bicycle, thereby reducing VMT and greenhouse gas emissions.

X Provide Pedestrian Network Improvements/Construct Bike Facilities/Expand Bikeway Network (estimated to result in up to 10 percent employee VMT reduction1)
: Costco shall construct new, 12-foot-wide pedestrian and bicycle paths along West Herndon Avenue and North Riverside Drive to improve pedestrian access and connect to a larger bicycle network. This encourages a mode shift from automobiles to biking and walking, resulting in VMT reduction.

FINDING
Changes or alterations have been required in, or incorporated into, the project that avoid or substantially lessen the significant environmental effect as identified in the EIR (State CEQA Guidelines Section 15091[a][1]). However, the City Council finds that feasible mitigation measures would not reduce the identified significant impact to a level below significant. Therefore, this impact would remain significant and unavoidable. However, pursuant to PRC Section 21081(b), see the Statement of Overriding Considerations for the specific overriding economic, legal, social, technological, and other benefits of the project that outweigh this significant and unavoidable impact.

RATIONALE
The primary source of daily VMT is warehouse shopping by Costco members. Members purchase items in bulk at Costco facilities, making walking, biking, or transit trips to the warehouse impractical. Bulk shopping generally requires access to a personal automobile and is often a single-destination outing. Mitigation that would substantially

1 Measures T-18 through T-22-C are in the Neighborhood Design subsector. The VMT reduction from the combined implementation of all measures within this subsector is capped at 10 percent (CAPCOA 2021: 135).

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38 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations reduce the VMT of Costco members is infeasible due to the nature of Costco’s land use and business model, which is inherently auto-oriented. Implementation of Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 would reduce employee trips. However, employee trips account for 436 daily trips (less than 2 percent of the total daily trips) and 13,385 VMT (approximately 7 percent of the daily VMT). Based on the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association’s estimates in the Quantifying Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Measures Handbook (CAPCOA 2021), Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 could achieve up to a 26 percent reduction in project employee commute VMT, which is less than 2 percent of the proposed project’s total daily regional VMT. (Draft EIR p. 3.13-18) Impact 3.13-3: Substantially Increase Hazards Due to a Geometric Design Feature (e.g., Sharp Curves or Dangerous Intersections) or Incompatible Uses (e.g., Farm Equipment)
The proposed project would follow all safety protocol during construction activities and would develop and implement a Traffic Control Plan in accordance with City standards. The proposed project would be required to meet City design standards and regulations, including internal circulation and off-site improvement standards for all modes of transportation. Additionally, the proposed project’s plans would be subject to review by the City, thus ensuring applicable design requirements related to safety are met. However, as detailed in the Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis (TIA) prepared for the proposed project (Kittelson & Associates 2023) and included as Appendix D to the Draft EIR, the proposed project would not meet safety thresholds related to intersection queuing.

Although the proposed project would follow all safety and design protocol as described above, the TIA found that the proposed project would potentially increase the occurrence of safety hazards due to queuing. The following intersections were determined to not have sufficient storage to contain 95th percentile queues with project implementation: North Riverside Drive and West Fir Avenue; North Riverside Drive and West Herndon Avenue; and North Golden State Boulevard and West Herndon Avenue.

The City has issued several conditions of approval for the proposed project that would require the implementation of off-site improvements to reduce transportation hazards. However, no off-site improvements at the intersection of North Golden State Boulevard and West Herndon Avenue have been identified that would alleviate the queuing effect. (Draft EIR pp. 3.13-18 to 3.13-20)

MITIGATION MEASURES
Mitigation Measure 3.13-3: Provide Off-Site Improvements Costco shall provide the following off-site improvements to alleviate queuing that would result in transportation hazards to the greatest extent feasible prior to issuance of a certificate of occupancy:

X North Golden State Boulevard and West Herndon Avenue: Revise signal phasing to optimize green-time allocation relative to anticipated volumes. To reduce queue blockage of the intersection, “DO NOT BLOCK” pavement markings are required for the full width of North Weber Avenue. On the north leg of the intersection (i.e., North Golden State Boulevard, northeast of West Herndon Avenue), reconstruct the median to extend the south bound dual left-turn pocket as far north as possible without interfering with the existing north bound leftturn pocket at West Kathryn Avenue.

All off-site improvements shall be designed in accordance with City roadway design standards and are subject to review by the City and responsible emergency service providers.

FINDING
Changes or alterations have been required in, or incorporated into, the project that avoid or substantially lessen the significant environmental effect as identified in the EIR (State CEQA Guidelines Section 15091[a][1]). However, the City Ascent
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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 39 Council finds that feasible mitigation measures would not reduce the identified significant impact to a level below significant. Therefore, this impact would remain significant and unavoidable. However, pursuant to PRC Section 21081(b), see the Statement of Overriding Considerations for the specific overriding economic, legal, social, technological, and other benefits of the project that outweigh this significant and unavoidable impact.

RATIONALE
Following construction of off-site improvements detailed in Mitigation Measure 3.13-3, the southbound left-turn queue at the North Golden State Boulevard and West Herndon Avenue intersection would continue to overflow the available storage for the turn pocket and block the adjacent travel lane by approximately 50 feet. Constraints in the median preclude increasing the southbound left-turn lanes to fully accommodate the 95th percentile queue. As discussed in the EIR, existing roadway layout and approved projects in the area preclude additional design features to address this impact. Specifically, the alignment of the California High Speed Rail parallels the existing railway northeast of North Golden State Boulevard and limits the available right of way for improvements. According to analysis in the TIA, the spillback condition would occur during the most congested period of the day and would not be a continuous condition. However, because the southbound left-turn queue at the North Golden State Boulevard and West Herndon Avenue would continue to overflow the available storage for the turn pocket and block the adjacent travel lane during certain times throughout the day, this would remain a transportation hazard with mitigation. (Draft EIR p. 3.13-21)
Impact 4-13: Cumulative Transportation and Circulation Impacts The project would result in an increase in VMT. Growth projected in the cumulative impact area could also result in increased VMT. The discussion of VMT impacts associated with the project in Impact 3.13-2 is inherently a cumulative impact analysis because it addresses project generated VMT based on an efficiency threshold that is aligned with long-term goals and relevant plans. The proposed project would result in a net increase of 129,326 regional daily VMT. (Draft EIR p. 4-14)

MITIGATION MEASURES
No additional feasible mitigation measures are available to reduce impacts.

FINDING
The City Council finds that feasible mitigation measures would not reduce the identified significant impact to a level below significant. Therefore, this impact would remain significant and unavoidable. However, pursuant to PRC Section 21081(b), see the Statement of Overriding Considerations for the specific overriding economic, legal, social, technological, and other benefits of the project that outweigh this significant and unavoidable impact.

RATIONALE
The implementation of Mitigation Measure 3.13-2, which requires the project applicant to provide a commute reduction program, would be focused on reducing employee trips, which account for less than 2 percent of trips. Due to the unique nature of the project, which involves bulk shopping that generally requires access to a personal automobile and is often a single-destination outing, it would be infeasible to implement other mitigation measures to minimize VMT impacts from Costco members. (Draft EIR p. 4-14) Ascent
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40 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 10 FINDINGS REGARDING PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
PRC Section 21002 provides that “public agencies should not approve projects as proposed if there are feasible alternatives or feasible mitigation measures available which would substantially lessen the significant environmental effects of such projects[.]” The same statute states that the procedures required by CEQA “are intended to assist public agencies in systematically identifying both the significant effects of proposed projects and the feasible alternatives or feasible mitigation measures which will avoid or substantially lessen such significant effects.” Where a lead agency has determined that, even after the adoption of all feasible mitigation measures, a project as proposed will still cause one or more significant environmental effects that cannot be substantially lessened or avoided, the agency, prior to approving the project as mitigated, must first determine whether, with respect to such impacts, there remain any project alternatives that are both environmentally superior and feasible within the meaning of CEQA. Although an EIR must evaluate this range of potentially feasible alternatives, an alternative may ultimately be deemed by the lead agency to be “infeasible” if it fails to fully promote the lead agency’s underlying goals and objectives with respect to the project. (California Native Plant Society v. City of Santa Cruz (2009) 177 Cal.App.4th 957, 999–1000 (CNPS); Citizens for Open Government v. City of Lodi (2012) 205 Cal.App.4th 296, 314–315; City of Del Mar v.

City of San Diego (1982) 133 Cal.App.3d 401, 417; Los Angeles Conservancy v. City of West Hollywood (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 1031, 1041-1043.) “‘Feasibility’ under CEQA encompasses ‘desirability’ to the extent that desirability is based on a reasonable balancing of the relevant economic, environmental, social, and technological factors.” (Ibid.; see also CNPS, supra, 177 Cal.App.4th at p. 1001.) Thus, even if a project alternative will avoid or substantially lessen any of the significant environmental effects of the project, the decision-makers may reject the alternative if they determine that specific considerations make the alternative infeasible.

10.1 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED IN THE EIR
The Draft EIR identified and compared the significant environmental impacts of alternatives in Chapter 4, “Alternatives.” The emphasis of the analysis is on a determination of whether the alternative would reduce, eliminate, or create new significant impacts, as well as the alternative’s relative beneficial effects compared to the project and how well the alternative meets each of the project objectives. In accordance with the provisions of State CEQA Guidelines Section 15126.6, the EIR identified and considered the following reasonable range of feasible alternatives to the proposed project. These alternatives would be capable, to varying degrees, of reducing identified impacts.

X Alternative 1a: No Project Alternative assumes continued operation of the existing Costco facility at its current location, but also assumes development of the project site with the type and intensity of commercial uses consistent with the existing General Plan land use designation and zoning.

X Alternative 1b: No Development Alternative assumes continued operation of the existing Costco facility at its current location and no development of the project site.

X Alternative 2: Reduced Size Costco Warehouse assumes that the proposed warehouse at the proposed site would be similar in size to the existing Costco warehouse.

X Alternative 3: Mixed-Use Costco Center Alternative would adjust the land use mix on the project site to include high-density residential development intended to promote VMT efficiency.

The City Council finds that the range of alternatives studied in the EIR reflects a reasonable range of alternatives.

10.1.1 Alternative 1: Alternative 1a: No Project Alternative - Development Consistent with Existing Land Use and Zoning Alternative 1a assumes that development of the site would occur consistent with the existing land use designation (Community Commercial) and zoning (Community Commercial) of the site. The existing Community Commercial Ascent
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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 41 designation allows a floor area ratio (FAR) of 1.0, whereas the proposed General Commercial designation allows a FAR of 2.0, which is twice the floor area allowed under the existing designation. Also, whereas the General Commercial designation allows uses with higher traffic volumes, such as strip malls, wholesale businesses, and specialized retail, the Community Commercial designation is intended for commercial development that primarily serves local needs, such as medium-scale retail, office, civic and entertainment use, supermarkets, drug stores, and supporting uses.

Based on the applicable development standards, and assuming that future development would be consistent with City standards related to building coverage, setbacks, landscaping, and building heights, future development of the site is anticipated to include commercial/retail development totaling approximately 120,000 square feet (s.f.), which is approximately half the intensity of the proposed project. It should be noted that, although Alternative 1a would include less overall development, this analysis assumes that no portion of the site would remain vacant, and that the entire site would be graded. However, because there would be less overall floor area, there would likely be opportunities for increased landscape areas.

Under Alternative 1a, the existing Costco facility on West Shaw Avenue would continue to operate. Operation of the existing facility is accounted for in the baseline, existing conditions described throughout this EIR. For this reason, continued operation and associated energy use, VMT, and air pollutant and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the magnitude disclosed for existing operations are considered a continuation of baseline conditions and are not considered impacts resulting from Alternative 1a. However, the existing Shaw Avenue Costco has existing circulation challenges and limited parking that would persist with intensification of the use of the Costco property as the Costco member base in northwest Fresno continues to grow. (Draft EIR pp. 6-7 to 6-8)

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Implementation of Alternative 1a would result in less overall development than the project and would be consistent with the existing General Plan land use designation and zoning for the project site. As demonstrated in the Draft EIR analysis, most impacts would be similar to those of the proposed project. Impacts related to Noise and Vibration and Traffic and Circulation would be reduced under this alternative. Under Alternative 1a, the overall floor area would be substantially smaller than the proposed project and may also consist of a series of smaller structures (depending on the specific development); therefore, overnight foundation pouring may not be necessary under this scenario. Also, the smaller size would also likely allow for increased site design flexibility, which could place structures farther from existing sensitive receptors than under the proposed project. Because of these reasons, there is a reasonable likelihood that Alternative 1a could result in a substantial reduction to the project’s significant impacts related to construction noise.

As described above, unlike the proposed General Commercial designation, which allows uses with higher traffic volumes, the existing Community Commercial designation is intended for commercial development that primarily serves local needs, such as medium-scale retail, office, civic and entertainment use, supermarkets, drug stores, and supporting uses. Therefore, a project consistent with this designation would generally be more VMT efficient than a wider-serving project, such as a Costco facility. Also, whereas some transportation demand management measures are not very effective for a Costco facility (i.e., shoppers buying in bulk would not generally be able use bicycles or transit), they may be more feasible for a local-serving retail development. Therefore, Alternative 1a may substantially reduce the project’s significant impacts related to VMT and traffic hazards due to overall reduced traffic volumes. (Draft EIR pp. 6-8 to 6-9)

RELATION TO PROJECT OBJECTIVES
Alternative 1a would not achieve the basic project objective of establishing a facility of sufficient size that integrates several services, including home and/or business delivery service, under one roof. Alternative 1a would also not meet the project objective related to meeting demand for automobile services, including gasoline, car wash, and tire center because the car wash is not consistent with existing zoning. Other objectives related to operation of a retail center that serves the community with a wide variety of goods in northwest Fresno that is serviced by adequate infrastructure, creating a commercial center that is integrated with the overall design context, reducing energy Ascent
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42 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations consumption, increasing taxable sales, and minimizing circulation conflicts could be achieved by commercial development of the site under Alternative 1a. (Draft EIR p. 6-8)

FINDINGS
The City Council finds that Alternative 1a would result in similar or reduced impacts on the project site and would not alleviate existing adverse logistical conditions on the Shaw Avenue Costco site that make continued operation or redevelopment of the Shaw Avenue Costco less desirable. The City Council rejects Alternative 1a because it does not meet many of the project objectives which establish the underlying purpose of the project.

10.1.2 Alternative 1b: No Project Alternative – No Development The No Development Alternative is a version of the “no project” alternative wherein the existing environmental setting would be maintained. The existing Costco facility on West Shaw Avenue would continue to operate.

This alternative assumes that permissible development would not occur on the project site and the lot would remain vacant. Alternative 1b is provided for informational purposes and discloses the effects on the environment if the environmental setting were maintained. Although the site remaining undeveloped is a potential outcome of not approving the proposed project, decision-makers could only select and implement this alternative if the City also purchased the property or changed the land use designation to ensure a “no development” outcome. Otherwise, it is reasonably foreseeable that development of the property would occur as described in Alternative 1a. (Draft EIR p. 6-9)

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
The No Development Alternative would eliminate all environmental effects of construction and operation identified in the Draft EIR. Alternative 1b would not conflict with City policies adopted for the purposes of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect. However, the No Development Alternative would not be consistent with the existing General Plan land use designation and zoning, which have been established by the City to identify appropriate locations for development. Eliminating the development potential of the project site could result in increased pressure to develop commercial land uses in other areas of northwest Fresno that are less suitable for this type of development. With the exception of land use and planning impacts, which would be similar to the proposed project, all impacts would be reduced under this alternative. (Draft EIR pp. 6-9 to 6-10)

RELATION TO PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The No Development Alternative would not meet any of the objectives established for the project. (Draft EIR p. 6-9)

FINDINGS
The City Council finds that Alternative 1b would result in similar or reduced impacts on the project site. However, the alternative would not alleviate existing adverse logistical conditions on the Shaw Avenue Costco site that make continued operation or redevelopment of the Shaw Avenue Costco less desirable. Moreover, the City does not intend to purchase the property or change the land use designation of the project site to ensure a “no development” outcome. The City Council rejects Alternative 1b because it does not meet any of the project objectives, which establish the underlying purpose of the project.

10.1.2 Alternative 2: Reduced Size Costco Warehouse
The Reduced Size Costco Warehouse Alternative assumes development of a Costco warehouse on the project site that is the same size as the existing Costco warehouse on Shaw Avenue. As with redevelopment of the existing Ascent
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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 43 Costco site, a smaller warehouse would not accommodate consolidation with the market delivery operation and those processes would continue at their current location. The fueling station would also be substantially smaller than the proposed station, and there would be no car wash. The site would be designed to place the smaller structure as far as reasonably possible from existing sensitive receptors that back onto North Riverside Drive across from the project site. Under this alternative, there may be a slight reduction in construction activity, but the general duration and types of construction would be similar. (Draft EIR p. 6-10)

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Implementation of the Reduced Size Costco Warehouse Alternative would result in less intense development on the project site, although the overall level of ground disturbance and the construction period and intensity would be similar. Overall operations would be similar. The significant impacts associated with the project that cannot be minimized or avoided through mitigation relate to traffic queuing, VMT, and construction noise. Reducing the size of the Costco warehouse would result in a reduction in average daily traffic contributing to queuing effects on area roadways and total VMT. Although the Reduced Size Costco Warehouse Alternative may result in a slight decrease in total VMT, it would not eliminate the significant VMT impact. It would also not change the effectiveness of mitigation measures (i.e., shoppers buying in bulk would not typically use bicycle or transit). Because the queuing impact is identified for the of 95th percentile queue lengths under the project (i.e., the queue length that has only a 5 percent probability of being exceeded during a given analysis period) modest reductions in vehicle traffic generated by the alternative could reduce the severity of these impacts. The actual reduction would depend on both the volume and timing of the traffic generated. The impact is assumed to be slightly reduced overall.

Regarding the project’s significant impact related to noise, a smaller version of the project may allow more flexibility in terms of site design and layout, potentially providing more distance between specific project elements and existing sensitive receptors. Because noise generally attenuates according to the “inverse square law” (i.e., a doubling of distance from a point source reduces sound pressure by approximately 6 dB), the amount of increased distance a smaller structure would allow would not likely avoid the impact, but in combination with the mitigation measures identified, the construction-related noise impact would be further reduced. (Draft EIR p. 6-11)

RELATION TO PROJECT OBJECTIVES
This alternative would likely not adequately meet several of the project objectives, including expanding the space available for integrated retail sales and services in the local market, providing a state-of-the-art facility to better serve the membership in the greater Fresno area, integrated automobile services, and developing a facility that is large enough to accommodate all the uses and services that Costco provides to its members elsewhere. (Draft EIR p. 6-10)

FINDINGS
The City Council finds that Alternative 2 would result in similar or slightly reduced impacts on the project site while substantially limiting the development potential and functional use of the site. The City Council rejects Alternative 2 because it does not meet many of the project objectives, which establish the underlying purpose of the project.

10.1.3 Alternative 3: Mixed-Use Costco Center Alternative Under the Mixed-Use Costco Center Alternative, a two-story Costco warehouse would be developed within a smaller footprint to allow room for a low-to-mid-rise, high-density housing development on the project site. Given the large number of commercial/retail uses in the area and the generally low level of medium- and high-density housing, a high-density housing development would offer additional housing type(s) and contribute to making this area a “complete neighborhood.”. The overall floor area would likely be smaller than the proposed Costco warehouse but may be larger than the existing Costco warehouse. Due to site constraints, no gas station, car wash, or market delivery operation would be included under this alternative.

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44 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations Critically, the Costco warehouse structure would be designed such that loading docks and other noise- and airpollutant-generating facilities and equipment are located on the side of the building farthest from any sensitive receptor and as far from sensitive receptors as possible, including the on-site high-density residential structure. While it is theoretically possible to design a site plan that supports both high-density residential and large commercial uses, it is a rare mix of uses, and feasibility is highly questionable. (Draft EIR pp. 6-11 to 6-12)

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
Implementation of the Mixed-Use Costco Center Alternative would result in greater intensity of development on the project site, although the overall level of ground disturbance and the construction period and intensity would be similar. The Mixed-Use Costco Center Alternative would involve development of structures much larger in scale than the proposed project, including a two-story Costco warehouse and a low-to-mid-rise high-density housing development. Under this alternative, the mass of structures on the project site would be much more prominent and would not generally be consistent with the one- and two-story single-family residential development or the singlestory commercial development in the vicinity. The contrast would be especially stark on the northern portion of the site, which is adjacent to the fairway for Riverside Golf Course. Although this change in visual character may not rise to the level of a significant impact that cannot be minimized, it would be greater than the proposed project.

Because the Mixed-Use Costco Center Alternative would result in a smaller commercial warehouse and includes uses that are more VMT efficient than the Costco warehouse facility alone, the alternative would likely result in somewhat reduced VMT impacts compared to the project. However, because the project site is not in a jobs-rich area that would support walkable/bikeable employment for on-site residents, the VMT efficiency associated with the residential development would be limited, and not likely enough to counter the project’s daily VMT generation. As discussed above, the City’s CEQA Guidelines for VMT Thresholds establishes that any increase in net VMT for retail projects would be a significant impact. Therefore, although the project would likely result in modest reductions, it would not avoid or minimize the significant impact related to VMT. Furthermore, based on the overall reductions in traffic generated by the project, there may be a reduction in queuing effects. The actual reduction would depend on both the volume and timing of the traffic generated. The impact is assumed to be slightly reduced overall.

Impacts related to construction noise effects on existing sensitive receptors would also be. Due to the constrained size of the project site to support a Costco warehouse and a housing development, this alternative could increase the effects of construction noise by placing the construction areas closer to existing sensitive receptors. Also, the taller structures may require pile driving, which could result in increased impacts related to vibration. However, the modified design of this alternative may limit the need for nighttime construction associated with continuous concrete pours for large foundations. (Draft EIR pp. 6-12 to 6-13)

RELATION TO PROJECT OBJECTIVES
This alternative would likely not meet several project objectives, including developing a Costco facility that is large enough to accommodate all the uses and services that Costco provides to its members elsewhere and meeting member demand for automobile services, including gasoline. Also, because this alternative would involve large multistory structures in an area dominated by one-and two-story residential development and single-story commercial development, it would likely not achieve the objective related to integration with the overall design context for the area. (Draft EIR p. 6-12)

FINDINGS
The City Council finds that Alternative 3 would result in the potential for moderate reductions in the significant and unavoidable noise and transportation impacts of the project. However, Alternative 3 may also increase aesthetic impacts. In addition to the uncertainty associated with feasibility, this alternative would limit the functionality and efficiency of the larger, integrated Costco Commercial Center and would require the project applicant to engage a Ascent
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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 45 third party in the design and development of high-density housing because Costco does not develop housing This is considered an excessive development requirement. The City Council rejects Alternative 3 because it does not substantially reduce impacts, does not meet several of the project objectives, and would result in a project of different scope than the proposal.

10.2 ENVIRONMENTALLY SUPERIOR ALTERNATIVE
Because the No Development Alternative (Alternative 1b, described in Section 6.4.2 of the Draft EIR) would avoid all adverse impacts resulting from construction and operation of the proposed project, it is the environmentally superior alternative. However, the No Development Alternative would not meet the objectives of the project. The No Project Alternative (Alternative 1a, described in Section 6.4.1 of the Draft EIR) would also avoid the significant and unavoidable effects of the project, while achieving some of the project objectives related to providing a commercial center on the site.

When the environmentally superior alternative is the No Project Alternative, the State CEQA Guidelines (Section 15126[d][2]) require identification of an environmentally superior alternative from among the other action alternatives evaluated. Alternative 2: Reduced Size Costco Warehouse would be the environmentally superior action alternative because although the environmental impacts would be similar to the proposed project, and no significant impacts or significant and unavoidable impacts would be completely avoided, the project’s significant impacts related to VMT and construction noise would be slightly reduced. (Draft EIR p. 6-13) As described above, the City Council finds that Alternative 2 would result in similar or slightly reduced impacts on the project site while substantially limiting the development potential and functional use of the site. The City Council rejects Alternative 2 because it does not meet many of the project objectives, which establish the underlying purpose of the project.
11 CONCLUSION
In accordance with CEQA and the State CEQA Guidelines, the City Council adopts these Findings as part of its certification of the Final EIR for the project. Pursuant to Section 21082.1(c)(3) of the PRC, the City Council also finds that the Final EIR reflects the City Council’s independent judgment as the lead agency for the project. As required by CEQA, the City, in adopting these Findings, also adopts an MMRP for the project. The City finds that the MMRP, which is incorporated by reference and made a part of these Findings, meets the requirements of Section 21081.6 of the PRC by providing for the implementation and monitoring of measures intended to mitigate potentially significant effects of the project. Based on the entire record before the City, and having considered the significant and unavoidable impacts of the project, the City hereby determines that all feasible mitigation measures within the responsibility and jurisdiction of the City have been adopted to reduce or avoid the potentially significant impacts identified in the EIR, and that no additional feasible mitigation is available to further reduce significant impacts. 12 STATEMENT OF OVERRIDING CONSIDERATIONS
As discussed in the Findings of Fact above, the Costco Commercial Center Project would result in significant adverse environmental effects that cannot be avoided with the adoption of all feasible mitigation measures. Further, there are no feasible project alternatives that would mitigate or substantially lessen the impacts. Despite the occurrence of these effects, however, the Fresno City Council chooses to approve the project because, in its view, the economic, environmental, social, and other benefits of the project will render the significant effects acceptable.

In adopting this Statement of Overriding Considerations, the City Council has considered the information contained in the EIR for the project and the record of proceedings in which the project was considered. The City Council hereby Ascent
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46 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations determines that the project’s benefits outweigh the significant unmitigated adverse environmental impacts, as discussed below.

12.1 SIGNIFICANT AND UNAVOIDABLE IMPACTS
Pursuant to PRC Section 21081(b) and CEQA Guidelines Section 15093, the City Council has balanced the benefits of the project against the following significant unavoidable adverse impacts and has adopted all feasible mitigation measures with respect to these impacts.

X Impact 3.11-1: Generate a Substantial Temporary Increase in Construction Noise Levels in Excess of Applicable Standards Established in the Local General Plan or Noise Ordinance, or Applicable Standards of Other Agencies X Impact 3.13-2: Conflict or Be Inconsistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3, Subdivision (b) Regarding Vehicle Miles Traveled
X Impact 3.13-3: Substantially Increase Hazards Due to a Geometric Design Feature (e.g., Sharp Curves or Dangerous Intersections) or Incompatible Uses (e.g., Farm Equipment) X Impact 4-13: Cumulative Transportation Impacts

12.1.1 Construction Noise (Impact 3.11-1)
As described above in Section 9, “Environmental Effects of the Project that are Considered Unavoidable Significant Impacts,” the proposed project is anticipated to require limited nighttime construction, which has the potential to result in short-term, temporary exceedances of the nighttime exterior noise standard. Interior noise standards would not be exceeded and sleep disruption is not anticipated. Therefore, actual effects would be limited to individuals outdoors between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. on the specific night(s) of construction and their experience of the tranquil nighttime environment. In addition, mitigation has been identified that is anticipated to sufficiently reduce noise levels at nearby sensitive receptors to eliminate the significant impact.

The significant and unavoidable impact is identified due to uncertainty. If significant impacts occur, they would be limited to individuals outside at night during the limited construction window.

12.1.2 Vehicle Miles Traveled (Impact 3.13-2 and Impact 4-13) As described above in Section 9, “Environmental Effects of the Project that are Considered Unavoidable Significant Impacts,” the primary source of daily VMT would be warehouse shopping by Costco members. Members purchase items in bulk at Costco facilities, making walking, biking, or transit trips to the warehouse impractical. Mitigation measures that would substantially reduce the VMT of Costco members are infeasible.

The implementation of Mitigation Measure 3.13-2 would reduce employee trips. However, employee trips account for 436 daily trips (less than 2 percent of the total daily trips) and 13,385 VMT (approximately 7 percent of the daily VMT). (Draft EIR p. 3.13-18)
The City’s standard of no net increase in VMT for retail projects cannot be achieved by a warehouse retail project due to the practical considerations of purchasing items in bulk. The concept of VMT is largely tied to the understanding of vehicle exhaust as a major contributor to global GHG emissions. Importantly, bulk shopping does present the opportunity for numerous efficiencies in shipping and packaging that may reduce GHG emissions compared to other commercial projects. As described in Section 3.7 of the Draft EIR, the project is consistent with the GHGRP and would not result in significant GHG emissions overall. Additionally, through regulatory mechanisms in place, such as the Advanced Clean Cars program and Advanced Clean Trucks, gasoline and diesel fuel consumption will continue to decrease as California’s on-road transportation sectors electrifies over time.

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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 47

12.1.3 Traffic Hazards (Impact 3.13-3)
As described above in Chapter 9, “Environmental Effects of the Project that are Considered Unavoidable Significant Impacts,” following construction of off-site improvements detailed in Mitigation Measure 3.13-3, the southbound leftturn queue at the North Golden State Boulevard and West Herndon Avenue intersection would continue to overflow the available storage for the turn pocket and block the adjacent travel lane by approximately 50 feet. Constraints in the median preclude increasing the southbound left-turn lanes to fully accommodate the 95th percentile queue.

Specifically, the alignment of the California High Speed Rail parallels the existing railway northeast of North Golden State Boulevard and limits the available right of way for improvements. According to analysis in the TIA, the spillback condition would only occur during the most congested period of the day. (Draft EIR p. 3.13-21) The City has required all feasible mitigation measures to address this intermittent condition, which presents a traffic hazard only if motorists are not adequately attentive to the turn pocket spillover. This area is undergoing change due to the construction of the Highspeed Rail, which both limits the City’s ability to expend the roadway and creates a dynamic environment where the impact may be less severe in the cumulative condition (i.e., once the rail improvements are complete).

Therefore, the significant and unavoidable impact is due to intermittent conditions in an area undergoing changes to the transportation network. The project alternatives are not anticipated to substantially reduce this impact.

12.2 OVERRIDING CONSIDERATIONS
CEQA requires decision makers to balance, as applicable, the economic, legal, social, technological or other benefits of a project against its significant and unavoidable environmental impacts when determining whether to approve the project. If the specific economic, legal, social, technological or other benefits of the project outweigh the significant and unavoidable impacts, those impacts may be considered "acceptable" (CEQA Guidelines Section 15093(a)). When significant impacts are not avoided or lessened, CEQA requires the agency to state, in writing, the specific reasons for considering a project’s environmental impacts acceptable. Those reasons must be based on substantial evidence in the EIR or elsewhere in the administrative record (CEQA Guidelines Section 15093(b)).

In the City Council’s judgment, the project and its benefits outweigh its unavoidable significant effects. The following statements, based in part upon the project objectives described in the EIR and Findings, support this conclusion. The substantial evidence supporting the various benefits can be found in the administrative record including the preceding Findings, which are incorporated by reference into this section. The City Council finds that each of the enumerated benefits is individually meritorious and each benefit independently provides substantial public benefits that justify adoption of the project.

X The project would provide convenient shopping to serve existing and projected demand for retail warehouse shopping in the growing area of northwest Fresno.

X The project would result in a state-of-the-art facility of sufficient size to integrate several services, including home and/or business delivery service, under one roof. This promotes operational efficiencies compared to existing Costco warehouse and market delivery operations.

X The project would be conditioned on the completion of several elements of the transportation network in northwest Fresno, including a pedestrian pathway along West Herndon Avenue and the completion of West Spruce Avenue. The project would be consistent with the furtherance of General Plan policies that support multimodal transportation and complete streets, such as Policy MT-1-b, Policy MT-1-g and Policy MT-1-j.

X The project would continue and increase big-box retail store sales tax revenues received by the City..

X The project is consistent with Objective ED-1 of the General Plan to support economic development by maintaining a strong working relationship with the business community and improving the business climate for current businesses.

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48 Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations

12.3 CONCLUSION
After balancing environmental costs against project benefits, the City Council has concluded that the benefits the City and its constituents will derive from the project outweigh the anticipated impacts to noise and transportation. The City Council has chosen to accept certain environmental impacts because to eliminate them would unduly compromise another important economic, fiscal, environmental, land use or other goal.

The City Council finds that any residual or remaining effects on the environment resulting from the project, identified as significant and unavoidable in the Findings of Fact, are acceptable due to the benefits set forth in this Statement of Overriding Considerations. The City Council finds and determines that the project and the supporting environmental documentation provide for a positive balance of the competing goals and that the economic, fiscal, environmental, land use or other benefits to be obtained by the project outweigh any environmental and related potential detriments from the Project. The City Council has concluded that the Project’s implementation will represent a net positive impact on the City based upon a comprehensive analysis of all the underlying planning and environmental documentation. Therefore, the City adopts this Statement of Overriding Considerations.

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Findings and Facts in Support of Findings and Statement of Overriding Considerations 49 13 REFERENCES
California Air Pollution Control Officers Association. 2021. California Emissions Estimator Model. Available:
https://www.caleemod.com/. Accessed July 20, 2022.

City of Fresno. 2014. City of Fresno: General Plan and Development Code Update Master EIR. Prepared by First Carbon Solutions. Available: https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Sec-08-00-EFNSMEIR.pdf. Accessed December 14, 2021. ———. 2020. Fresno General Plan Public Review Draft Program Environmental Impact Report. State Clearinghouse Number 2019050005. Prepared by LSA, Fresno. CA.

Kittleson & Associates. 2023 (May). Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis. Prepared for Costco Wholesale.

Exhibit 3
Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program
Costco Commercial Center Project
Fresno Costco Commercial Center Project

MITIGATION MONITORING AND REPORTING PROGRAM
State Clearinghouse No. 2021100443
City of Fresno
February 2024

City of Fresno
Costco Commercial Center Project MMRP 1

MITIGATION MONITORING AND REPORTING PROGRAM

INTRODUCTION
CEQA and the State CEQA Guidelines (PRC Section 21081.6 and State CEQA Guidelines Sections 15091[d] and 15097) require public agencies “to adopt a reporting and monitoring program for changes to the project which it has adopted or made a condition of project approval to mitigate or avoid significant effects on the environment.” A Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program (MMRP) is required for the proposed project because the EIR identifies potential significant adverse impacts related to the project implementation, and mitigation measures have been identified to reduce those impacts.

PURPOSE OF MITIGATION MONITORING AND REPORTING PROGRAM
This MMRP has been prepared to ensure that all required mitigation measures are implemented and completed in a satisfactory manner prior to or as part of implementation of the proposed project. The attached table has been prepared to assist the responsible parties in implementing the mitigation measures. The table identifies the mitigation measures, monitoring responsibility, mitigation timing, and provides space to confirm implementation of the mitigation measures. The numbering of mitigation measures follows the numbering sequence found in the Draft EIR.

Mitigation measures that are referenced more than once in the EIR are not duplicated in the MMRP table.

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Unless otherwise specified herein, the project applicant or its designee is responsible for taking all actions necessary to implement the mitigation measures under its jurisdiction according to the specifications provided for each measure and for demonstrating that the action has been successfully completed. The City of Fresno shall confirm implementation of all measures under its jurisdiction according to the specifications provided for each measure.

Inquiries should be directed to:

Steven Martinez, Planner II
City of Fresno Planning and Development Department
2600 Fresno Street, Third Floor, Room 3043
Fresno, CA 93721
Phone: (559) 621-8047
Email: [email protected]
The location of this information is:

City of Fresno
2600 Fresno Street, Third Floor, Room 3043
Fresno, CA 93721

MITIGATION MONITORING AND REPORTING PROGRAM TABLE
The categories identified in the attached MMRP table are described below.

X Mitigation Measure – This column provides the verbatim text of the adopted mitigation measure.

X Implementation Responsibility – This column identifies the party responsible for implementing the mitigation measure.

X Timing – This column identifies the time frame in which the mitigation will be implemented.

X Verification – This column is to be dated and signed by the person (either project manager or his/her designee) responsible for verifying compliance with the requirements of the mitigation measure.

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2 Costco Commercial Center Project MMRP Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program Mitigation Measures Implementation Responsibility Timing Verification Archaeological, Historical, and Tribal Cultural Resources Mitigation Measure 3.4-1a: Develop and Implement a Worker Environmental Awareness Program The applicant shall retain a qualified professional archaeologist meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards for archaeologists to prepare a worker environmental awareness program. The program shall be provided to all construction personnel and supervisors who will have the potential to encounter and alter archaeological resources. A copy of the worker environmental awareness program shall be provided to the City’s Planning Division before construction activities begin. The topics to be addressed in the worker environmental awareness program will include, at a minimum: f types of cultural resources expected on the project site; f types of evidence that indicates cultural resources might be present (e.g., glass shards, lithic scatters);
f what to do if a worker encounters a possible resource; f what to do if a worker encounters animal bones or possible human bones; and f repercussions for removing or intentionally disturbing archaeological resources.

Project Applicant Develop plan before
construction activities begin; implement plan during construction Mitigation Measure 3.4-1b: Retain an Archaeological Monitor and Native A merican Monitor,
and Halt Ground-Disturbing Activity upon Discovery of Subsurface Archaeological Features or Tribal Cultural Resources In the event that any historic-era subsurface archaeological features or deposits (e.g., glass, metal, and/or ceramic refuse scatters), or prehistoric subsurface archaeological features or deposits (e.g., locally darkened soil (“midden”), stone tool chipping debris, bones, shell beads, or concentrated charcoal layers), are discovered during construction, all ground-disturbing activity within 50 feet of the resources shall be halted and the City shall be notified. The applicant will then retain the services of a qualified professional archaeologist to assess the significance of the find. Specifically, the archaeologist shall determine whether the find qualifies as an historical resource, a unique archaeological resource, or tribal artifacts. If the find does fall within one of these three categories, the qualified archaeologist shall then make recommendations to the City regarding appropriate procedures that should be used to protect the integrity of the resource and to ensure that no additional resources are affected. Procedures could include preservation in place, archival research, subsurface testing, and/or data recovery, with preservation in place being the preferred option if feasible. If the find is a tribal artifact, the City shall provide a reasonable opportunity for input from a Native American tribal representative affiliated with the location of the discovery; affiliation shall be determined by the City, in consultation with the qualified archaeologist, based on the City’s AB 52 list or the Project Applicant During construction activities
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Mitigation Measures Implementation Responsibility Timing Verification contact list provided by the NAHC. If responsive, the tribal representative will then determine whether the artifact is considered a tribal cultural resource, as defined by PRC Section 21074. The applicant, in consultation with the City and Tribe, shall implement the recommended preservation options (which may include preservation in place, data recovery, mapping, capping, or avoidance), and proper curation of significant artifacts, if it determines that the measures are feasible in light of project design, logistics, and cost considerations. Mitigation Measure 3.4-4: Halt Ground-Disturbing Activity upon Discovery of Subsurface Paleontological Resources If paleontological resources are discovered during earthmoving activities, the project applicant shall immediately halt operations within 30 feet of the find and notify the City. If the find is determined to be significant, it shall be salvaged by a qualified paleontologist retained by the project applicant following the standards of the SVP (2010) and curated at a certified repository such as the University of California Museum of Paleontology.

Project Applicant During construction activities
Biological Resources Mitigation Measure 3.5-1a: Conduct Take Avoidance Survey for Burrowing Owl, Implement Avoidance Measures, and Compensate for Loss of Occupied Burrows f A qualified biologist shall conduct a focused survey for burrowing owls in accessible areas (i.e., not including private property) of habitat suitable for the species on and within 1,640 feet (500 meters) of the project site no less than 14 days before initiating ground disturbance activities using survey methods described in Appendix D of the CDFW 2012 Staff Report (CDFW 2012). Much of the area within this 1,640-foot survey area does not contain habitat suitable for burrowing owl (e.g., residential areas, commercial development, roads) and would not require surveys. Inaccessible areas that contain habitat suitable for burrowing owl (e.g., the Riverside Golf Course property) shall be surveyed using binoculars or a spotting scope. f If no occupied burrows are found, the qualified biologist shall submit a report documenting the survey methods and results to the City of Fresno, and no further mitigation shall be required. f If an active burrow is found within 1,640 feet of pending construction activities during the nonbreeding season (September 1 through January 31), the applicant shall establish and maintain a minimum protection buffer of 164 feet (50 meters) around the occupied burrow throughout construction. If an active burrow is found on property outside of the project site (e.g., the Riverside Golf Course), then the protection buffer shall be established on a map, and only the portion of the buffer within the project site shall be marked with fencing, flagging, or other means. The actual buffer size shall be determined by the qualified biologist based on the time of year and level of disturbance in accordance with guidance provided in the CDFW Staff Report on Burrowing Owl Mitigation (CDFW 2012).

The protection buffer may be adjusted if, in consultation with CDFW, a qualified biologist Project Applicant Before construction activities
begin (no less than 14 days prior to ground disturbance) and during construction activities
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Mitigation Measures Implementation Responsibility Timing Verification determines that an alternative buffer shall not disturb burrowing owl use of the burrow because of particular site features or other buffering measures. If occupied burrows are present that cannot be avoided or adequately protected with a no-disturbance buffer, a burrowing owl exclusion plan shall be developed, as described in Appendix E of the CDFW Staff Report. Burrowing owls shall not be excluded from occupied burrows until the project burrowing owl exclusion plan is approved by CDFW. The exclusion plan shall include a compensatory habitat mitigation plan (see below). f If an active burrow is found during the breeding season (February 1 through August 31), occupied burrows shall not be disturbed and shall be provided with a protective buffer at a minimum of 164 feet unless a qualified biologist verifies through noninvasive means that either: (1) the birds have not begun egg laying, or (2) juveniles from the occupied burrows are foraging independently and are capable of independent survival. The size of the buffer may be adjusted depending on the time of year and level of disturbance as outlined in the CDFW 2012 Staff Report. If an active burrow is found on property outside of the project site (e.g., the Riverside Golf Course), then the protection buffer shall be established on a map, and only the portion of the buffer within the site shall be marked with fencing, flagging, or other means. The size of the buffer may be reduced if a broadscale, long-term, monitoring program acceptable to CDFW is implemented so that burrowing owls are not adversely affected. Once the fledglings are capable of independent survival, the owls can be evicted, and the burrow can be destroyed per the terms of a CDFW-approved burrowing owl exclusion plan developed in accordance with Appendix E of CDFW 2012 Staff Report. f If burrowing owls are evicted from burrows and the burrows are destroyed by implementation of project activities, the applicant shall mitigate the loss of occupied habitat in accordance with guidance provided in the CDFW 2012 Staff Report, which states that permanent impacts on nesting, occupied, and satellite burrows, and burrowing owl habitat (i.e., grassland habitat with suitable burrows) shall be mitigated such that habitat acreage and number of burrows are replaced through permanent conservation of comparable or better habitat with similar vegetation communities and burrowing mammals (e.g., ground squirrels) present to provide for nesting, foraging, wintering, and dispersal. The applicant shall retain a qualified biologist to develop a burrowing owl mitigation and management plan that incorporates the following goals and standards:
Mitigation lands shall be selected based on comparison of the habitat lost to the compensatory habitat, including type and structure of habitat, disturbance levels, potential for conflicts with humans, pets, and other wildlife, density of burrowing owls, and relative importance of the habitat to the species throughout its range.

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Mitigation Measures Implementation Responsibility Timing Verification If feasible, mitigation lands shall be provided adjacent or proximate to the project site so that displaced owls can relocate with reduced risk of injury or mortality. Feasibility of providing mitigation adjacent or proximate to the project site depends on availability of sufficient habitat to support displaced owls that may be preserved in perpetuity. If habitat suitable for burrowing owl is not available for conservation adjacent or proximate to the project site, mitigation lands can be secured off-site and shall aim to consolidate and enlarge conservation areas outside of planned development areas and within foraging distance of other conservation lands. Mitigation may be also accomplished through purchase of mitigation credits at a CDFW-approved mitigation bank, if available. Alternative mitigation sites and acreages may also be determined in consultation with CDFW. If burrowing owl habitat mitigation is completed through permittee-responsible conservation lands, the mitigation plan shall include mitigation objectives, site selection factors, site management roles and responsibilities, vegetation management goals, financial assurances and funding mechanisms, performance standards and success criteria, monitoring and reporting protocols, and adaptive management measures. Success shall be based on the number of adult burrowing owls and pairs using the site and if the numbers are maintained over time. Measures of success, as suggested in the CDFW 2012 Staff Report, shall include site tenacity, number of adult owls present and reproducing, colonization by burrowing owls from elsewhere, changes in distribution, and trends in stressors.

Mitigation Measure 3.5-1b: Conduct Focused Surveys for Swainson’s Hawk, White-Tailed Kite, Other Nesting Raptors, and Other Native Nesting Birds and Implement Protective Buffers f To minimize the potential for loss of Swainson’s hawk, white-tailed kite, other raptors, and other native birds, project construction activities (e.g., tree removal, vegetation clearing, ground disturbance, staging) shall be conducted during the nonbreeding season (approximately September 1-January 31, as determined by a qualified biologist), if feasible. If project construction activities are conducted during the nonbreeding season, no further mitigation shall be required. f Within 14 days before the onset of project construction activities during the breeding season (approximately February 1 through August 31, as determined by a qualified biologist), a qualified biologist familiar with birds of California and with experience conducting nesting bird surveys shall conduct focused surveys for Swainson’s hawk, whitetailed kite, other nesting raptors, and other native birds. Surveys shall be conducted in accessible areas (i.e., not including private property) within 0.5 mile of the project site for Swainson’s hawk and white-tailed kite; within 500 feet of the site for other raptors; and within 50 feet of the site for non-raptor common native bird nests. Inaccessible areas that contain habitat suitable for nesting birds (e.g., the Riverside Golf Course property) shall be surveyed using binoculars or a spotting scope.

Project Applicant Before construction activities
begin (with 14 days of ground disturbance) and during construction activities Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program Ascent
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Mitigation Measures Implementation Responsibility Timing Verification f If no nests are found, the qualified biologist shall submit a report documenting the survey methods and results to the City of Fresno, and no further mitigation shall be required. f Impacts on nesting birds shall be avoided by establishing appropriate buffers around active nest sites identified during focused surveys to prevent disturbance to the nest. Project construction activity, including tree removal, shall not commence within the buffer areas until a qualified biologist has determined that the young have fledged, the nest is no longer active, or reducing the buffer would not likely result in nest abandonment. An avoidance buffer shall be implemented for Swainson’s hawk and white-tailed kite in consultation with CDFW. CDFW guidelines recommend implementation of 0.25- or 0.5-mile-wide buffers for Swainson’s hawk nests, but the size of the buffer may be decreased if a qualified biologist and the City of Fresno, in consultation with CDFW, determine that such an adjustment would not be likely to adversely affect the nest. For other species, a qualified biologist shall determine the size of the buffer for nests of non-special-status species after a site- and nest-specific analysis. Buffers typically shall be 500 feet for common raptors. Buffer size for non-raptor common bird species generally shall be at least 20 feet. Factors to be considered for determining buffer size shall include presence of natural buffers provided by vegetation or topography, nest height above ground, baseline levels of noise and human activity, species sensitivity, and proposed project construction activities. The size of the buffer may be adjusted if a qualified biologist determines that such an adjustment would not be likely to adversely affect the nest. Any buffer reduction for a listed or fully protected species (i.e., Swainson’s hawk, white-tailed kite) shall require consultation with CDFW. If an active nest is found on property outside of the project site (e.g., the Riverside Golf Course), then the protection buffer shall be established on a map, and only the portion of the buffer within the project site shall be marked with fencing, flagging, or other means. Periodic monitoring of the nest by a qualified biologist during project construction activities shall be required if the activity has potential to adversely affect the nest, the buffer has been reduced, or if birds within active nests are showing behavioral signs of agitation (e.g., standing up from a brooding position, flying off the nest) during project construction activities, as determined by the qualified biologist.

Noise and Vibration Mitigation Measure 3.11-1: Implement Additional Measures to Reduce Exposure to Noise Reduction during Noise-Sensitive Time Periods For all outdoor construction activity that is to take place outside of the City of Fresno construction noise exception timeframes (i.e., 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m., Monday through Saturday, and all hours of the day on Sunday), and that is anticipated to generate interior noise levels at sensitive receptors that exceed the City of Fresno General Plan interior noise standard of 45 dB for residential land uses, the construction contractor shall comply with the following measures:

Project Applicant During construction activities
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Mitigation Measures Implementation Responsibility Timing Verification f Consistent with Section 10-110 of the City Noise Control Ordinance, obtain an exception to Article 1, “Noise Regulations,” through the Chief Administrative Officer. A permit may be issued authorizing noises prohibited by the noise ordinance whenever it is found that the public interest will be served thereby or that extreme hardship will result from the strict enforcement. f Install temporary noise curtains as close as possible to the noise-generating activity such that the curtains obstruct the direct line of sight between the noise-generating construction activity and the nearby sensitive receptors. Temporary noise curtains shall consist of durable, flexible composite material featuring a noise barrier layer bounded to sound-absorptive material on one side. The noise barrier layer shall consist of rugged, impervious, material with a surface weight of at least one pound per square foot. f Noise-reducing enclosures and techniques shall be used around stationary noise-generating equipment (e.g., concrete mixers, generators, compressors). f Operate heavy-duty construction equipment at the lowest operating power possible. All construction equipment shall be properly maintained and equipped with noise-reduction intake and exhaust mufflers and engine shrouds, in accordance with manufacturers’ recommendations. Equipment engine shrouds shall be closed during equipment operation. f Where available and feasible, construction equipment with back-up alarms shall be equipped with either audible self-adjusting backup alarms or alarms that only sound when an object is detected. Self-adjusting backup alarms shall automatically adjust to 5 dB over the surrounding background levels. All non-self-adjusting backup alarms shall be set to the lowest setting required to be audible above the surrounding noise levels. f Provide a minimum of one week of advanced notice to owners of all residential located within 350 feet of where nighttime construction activity would take place. This noticing shall inform the recipients of when and where nighttime construction would occur and the types of measures being implemented to lessen the impact at potentially affected receptors. This noticing shall also provide the contact information for the designated disturbance coordinator. The disturbance coordinator shall receive all public complaints and be responsible for determining the cause of the complaint and implementing any feasible measures to alleviate the problem.

Mitigation Measure 3.11-3: Reduce Exposure of Existing Sensitive Receptors to Noise Generated by Loading Dock Activity The project applicant shall construct a sound wall west of the loading docks or other noise attenuating feature with a demonstrated ability to result in a 9 dB noise decrease at the existing residences along North Riverside Drive.

Project Applicant Prior to issuance of certificates
of occupancy
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Mitigation Measures Implementation Responsibility Timing Verification Mitigation Measure 3.11-5: Implement Traffic Noise Reduction Measures along North Riverside Drive The project proponent shall implement noise reduction measures to ensure that interior noise levels at residential land uses near the west side of North Riverside Drive do not exceed the City’s current noise standard of 65 dB SENL under existing-plus-project conditions. This measure is consistent with General Plan Policy NS-1-I, which recommends the use of design alterations to reduce noise impacts. This performance standard can be achieved using any combination of the following measures. Therefore, if one option is not implemented, the other would be required. f Pave the roadway segment with rubberized hot-mix asphalt or equivalent surface treatment with known noise-reducing properties on top of the roadway surface. The rubberized hot-mix asphalt overlay shall be designed with appropriate thickness and rubber component quantity (typically 15 percent by weight of the total blend), such that traffic noise levels are reduced by an average of 4 to 6 dB (noise levels vary depending on travel speeds, meteorological conditions, and pavement quality) as compared to noise levels generated by vehicle traffic traveling on standard asphalt. Rubberized hot-mix asphalt has been found to achieve this level of noise reduction in other parts of California (Sacramento County 1999). Pavement will require more frequent than normal maintenance and repair to maintain its noise attenuation effectiveness. The applicant shall fund the incremental cost for maintaining the roadway segment with the surface treatment. f Construct a sound barrier taller than the 6-foot cinderblock wall that is currently present from West Spruce Avenue to West Herndon Avenue. The sound barrier shall be constructed of solid material (e.g., wood, brick, adobe, an earthen berm, boulders, or combination thereof). The reflectivity of each sound barrier shall be minimized to ensure that traffic noise reflected off the barrier does not contribute to an exceedance of applicable Leq standards at other receptors. The level of sound reflection from a barrier can be minimized with a textured or absorptive surface or with vegetation on or next to the barrier. A barrier that breaks the line of sight between a source and a receiver will typically result in at least 5 dB of noise reduction (Caltrans 2013: 2-41; FTA 2018: 42). Barriers higher than the line of sight provide increased noise reduction (FTA 2018: 16). Scenic quality factors shall be taken into account during design, such as using more natural materials (e.g., berms and boulders) to reduce the visible mass of a wall. All barriers shall be designed to blend into the landscape along the roadway, to the extent feasible. Ensuring a character consistent with the surrounding area may involve the use of strategically placed native trees or other vegetation; the addition of special materials (e.g., wood or stonework) on the façade of the sound wall; and/or a sound wall that is covered in vegetation. Additionally, the sound barrier shall meet the standards established in Project Applicant Prior to issuance of certificates
of occupancy

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Mitigation Measures Implementation Responsibility Timing Verification General Plan Policy NS-1-o which establishes aesthetic considerations for sound walls including a maximum allowable height of 15 feet.

Transportation and Circulation Mitigation Measure 3.13-2: Provide a Program to Reduce Costco Employees’ VMT by at least 26 Percent Costco shall provide a program that is designed to achieve at least a 26 percent reduction in employee VMT. The program shall be provided to the City for acceptance prior to issuance of a certificate of occupancy. Specific actions must include the following measures described in the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association’s 2021 Handbook for Analyzing Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, Assessing Climate Vulnerabilities, and Advancing Health and Equity: f Commute Trip Reduction Marketing (estimated to result in up to 4 percent employee VMT reduction): Costco shall implement a marketing strategy to promote Costco’s commute reduction program. Information sharing and marketing promote and educate employees about their travel choices to the employment location beyond driving such as carpooling, taking transit, walking, and biking, thereby reducing VMT and greenhouse gas emissions. The following features (or similar alternatives) shall be provided:
on-site or online commuter information services, employee transportation coordinators, on-site or online transit pass sales, and guaranteed ride home service. f Provide Ridesharing Program (estimated to result in up to 8 percent employee VMT reduction): Costco shall develop and implement a ridesharing program. Ridesharing encourages carpooled vehicle trips in place of single-occupied vehicle trips, thereby reducing the number of trips, VMT, and greenhouse gas emissions. The following strategies provide examples of a multifaceted approach for promoting a rideshare program:
designating a certain percentage of desirable parking spaces for ridesharing vehicles, designating adequate passenger loading and unloading and waiting areas for ridesharing vehicles, and
providing an app or website for coordinating rides.
f Implement Subsidized or Discount Transit Program (estimated to result in up to 5.5 percent employee VMT reduction): Costco shall provide free transit passes for employees.

Reducing the out-of-pocket cost for choosing transit improves the competitiveness of transit against driving, increasing the total number of transit trips and decreasing vehicle Project Applicant Prior to issuance of certificates
of occupancy

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Mitigation Measures Implementation Responsibility Timing Verification trips. This decrease in vehicle trips results in reduced VMT and, thus, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. f Provide End-of-Trip Bicycle Facilities (estimated to result in up to 4.4 percent employee V MT
reduction): Costco shall install and maintain end-of-trip facilities for employee use. End-oftrip facilities include elements such as bike parking, bike lockers, showers, and personal lockers. The provision and maintenance of secure bike parking and related facilities encourages commuting by bicycle, thereby reducing VMT and greenhouse gas emissions. f Improve Street Connectivity (estimated to result in up to 30 percent employee V MT
reduction): Costco shall construct West Spruce Avenue along the northern site boundary, creating new connections between West Spruce Avenue and North Aurther Avenue. The increased connectivity and intersection density that would result from these improvements would facilitate shorter trips, thereby reducing VMT. f Provide Pedestrian Network Improvements/Construct Bike Facilities/Expand Bikeway Network (estimated to result in up to 10 percent employee V MT reduction1)
: Costco shall
construct new, 12-foot-wide pedestrian and bicycle paths along West Herndon Avenue and North Riverside Drive to improve pedestrian access and connect to a larger bicycle network. This encourages a mode shift from automobiles to biking and walking, resulting in VMT reduction.

Mitigation Measure 3.13-3: Provide Off-Site Improvements Costco shall provide the following off-site improvements to alleviate queuing that would result in transportation hazards to the greatest extent feasible prior to issuance of building permit: f North Golden State Boulevard and West Herndon Avenue: Revise signal phasing to optimize green-time allocation relative to anticipated volumes. To reduce queue blockage of the intersection, “DO NOT BLOCK” pavement markings are required for the full width of North Weber Avenue. On the north leg of the intersection (i.e., North Golden State Boulevard, northeast of West Herndon Avenue), reconstruct the median to extend the south bound dual left-turn pocket as far north as possible without interfering with the existing north bound left-turn pocket at West Kathryn Avenue.

All off-site improvements shall be designed in accordance with City roadway design standards and are subject to review by the City and responsible emergency service providers.

Project Applicant and City of Fresno
Prior to issuance of certificates of occupancy

Fresno City CouncilMarch 7, 2024

Fresno City Council
March 7, 2024