Fresno City Council
April 18, 2024

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21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22841
Sample ID: KB 1 - S1 - 0-6
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 1 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 1.25 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22842
Sample ID: KB 1 - S2 - 6-12
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 2 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.74 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22843
Sample ID: KB 14 - S1 - 0-6
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 3 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.98 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22844
Sample ID: KB 14 - S2 - 6-12
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 4 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.38 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22845
Sample ID: KB 18 - S1 - 0-6
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 5 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.91 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22846
Sample ID: KB 18 - S2 - 6-12
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 6 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.76 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22847
Sample ID: KB 25 - S1 - 0-6
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 7 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 1.19 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22848
Sample ID: KB 25 - S2 - 6-12
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 8 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.32 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22849
Sample ID: KB 27 - S1 - 0-6
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 9 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.59 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22850
Sample ID: KB 27 - S2- 6-12
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 10 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.60 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22851
Sample ID: KB 28 - S1 - 0-6
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 11 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.94 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22852
Sample ID: KB 28 - S2 - 6-12
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 12 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.52 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22853
Sample ID: KB 36 - S1 - 0-6
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 13 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.60 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22854
Sample ID: KB 36 - S2 - 6-12
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 14 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.36 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22855
Sample ID: KB 38 - S1 - 0-6
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 15 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.88 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

21-068-0006
Account Number01944Report Number
Kleinfelder, Inc.380 North First StreetSuite ASan Jose, CA 95112 Send To:

Costco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEOFresno, CA
Analysis Result
Quantitation
Limit Method
Date and Time
Test Started Analyst
Job #: 20212905.001A
Lab Number: 22856
Sample ID: KB 38 - S2 - 6-12
Project:

Date Sampled:
03/09/2021
Purchase Order: 20212905.001A
Date Received:

REPORT OF ANALYSIS
Report Date: 03/15/2021
Page: 16 of 16
Organic Matter (Titration) , % 0.39 WALK-BLACK 03/11/2021 12:41 AAB Method Reference:

Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 3 - Chemical Methods, 2nd Ed. Rev. Soil Science Society of America, Black, C.A et al. 1982, pages 995-996.

Comments:

Kleinfelder, Inc.
380 North First StreetSan Jose
Page :

Report No :

Date Recd :

Purchase Order :

Date Printed :
21-068-000603/09/202103/15/20211 of 120212905.001A Project :

Fresno, CAJob #: 20212905.001ACostco Fresno - New Warehouse & Fuel GEO

COMPREHENSIVE SOIL ANALYSIS
CA
Suite A
95112
Lab No. Organic % dry wt. ECe dS/m pH Qual
Lime TEC
Half Sat
%
Sufficiency Factors
Sample Description - Sample ID
NO -N 3 NH4 -N PO -P4 K Ca Mg Cu Zn Mn Fe
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

0.66 22857
1267 None

6.3 0.3
10 7

0.7 0.1
2 126

1.8 1.0
938 216

1.8 0.4

0.3 0.9

0.3 0.7
4 8

0.3 Composite
Saturation Extract Values
Ca
meq/L
Mg
meq/L
Na
meq/L meq/L
KB
ppm meq/L
SO4 SAR Coarse
5 - 12
Fine
2 - 5
Gravel %
Very Coarse
1 - 2
Coarse

0.5 - 1
Med. to Very Fine

0.05 - 0.5
Sand
Percent of Sample Passing 2 mm Screen
Silt
.002-.05
Clay
0-.002
USDA Soil Classification Lab No.

2.7 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.09 0.7 0.4 0 0.6 6.6 12.4 41.1 20.8 19.0 Sandy Loam 22857 22857 Chloride (Cl) = 0.470 meq/L 22857 Aluminum = 2.18 meq/L Sufficiency factor (1.0=sufficient for average crop) below each nutrient value. N factor based on 200 ppm constant feed. SAR = Sodium adsorption ratio. Half Saturation %=approx field moisture capacity. Nitrogen(N), Potassium(K), Calcium(Ca) and Magnesium(Mg) by sodium chloride extraction. Phosphorus(P) by sodium bicarbonate extraction. Copper(Cu), Zinc(Zn), Manganese(Mn) & Iron(Fe) by DTPA extraction. Sat. ext. method for salinity (ECe as dS/m),Boron (B), Sulfate(SO
* LOW , SUFFICIENT , HIGH
4 ), Sodium(Na). Gravel fraction expressed as percent by weight of oven-dried sample passing a 12mm(1/2 inch) sieve. Particle sizes in millimeters. Organic percentage determined by Walkley-Black or Loss on Ignition.

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Appendix C
Air Quality Technical Report

Prepared for
Ascent Environmental, Inc.

Sacramento, California
Project Number
1690023335
Date
June 2023

COSTCO COMMERCIAL CENTER

AIR QUALITY TECHNICAL REPORT

FRESNO, CALIFORNIA
Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
i
Contents

CONTENTS

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Existing Conditions 1

1.2 Project Analysis 1

2. Environmental and Regulatory Background 2

2.1 Criteria Air Pollutants 2

2.1.1 Ozone 2

2.1.2 Nitrogen Dioxide 2

2.1.3 Carbon Monoxide 2

2.1.4 Sulfur Dioxide 3

2.1.5 Particulate Matter 3

2.1.6 Lead 3

2.1.7 Sulfates 4

2.1.8 Vinyl Chloride 4

2.1.9 Hydrogen Sulfide 4

2.1.10 Visibility-Reducing Particles 4

2.2 Non-Criteria Air Pollutants 4

2.2.1 Toxic Air Contaminants 4

2.2.2 Diesel Particulate Matter 5

2.3 Regulatory Setting 5

2.3.1 Federal and State Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Air Pollutants 5

2.3.2 Federal Heavy-duty Engines and Vehicles Fuel Efficiency Standards 6

2.3.3 Federal Hazardous Air Pollutants Program 8

2.3.4 California’s Air Toxics Program 8

2.3.5 California Health and Safety Code Section 41700 9

2.3.6 California’s Pavley Standards 9

2.3.7 California’s Advanced Clean Cars 9

2.3.8 California’s Advanced Clean Trucks 10

2.3.9 California’s Diesel Emissions Control Measures 10

2.3.9.1 ATCM: Diesel-Fueled Commercial Motor Vehicle Idling 10

2.3.9.2 ATCM: Stationary Compression Ignition Engines 11

2.3.9.3 In-Use Off-Road Diesel-Fueled Fleets 11

2.3.9.4 Truck and Bus Regulation 11

2.3.10 Local Regulations and Guidance 12

2.3.10.1 San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District 12

2.3.10.2 City of Fresno General Plan 15

2.4 Environmental Setting 15

2.4.1 Local Air Quality Monitoring Data 15

3. Significance Thresholds 16

3.1 California Environmental Quality Act Guidelines 16

3.2 San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Thresholds 16

3.3 Project Approach to Significance 17

4. Air Quality Emissions Inventory 18

4.1 Resources 18

4.1.1 California Emission Estimator Model® 18

4.2 Construction Emissions 19
Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
ii
Contents

4.2.1 Emissions from Construction Equipment 20

4.2.2 Emissions from On-Road Construction Trips 20

4.2.3 Fugitive Dust 20

4.2.4 Architectural Coating 21

4.2.5 Paving 21

4.2.6 Total Construction Emissions 21

4.3 Operational Emissions 21

4.3.1 Area Sources 21

4.3.2 Energy Sources 21

4.3.3 Operational Gasoline Transfer and Dispensing 22

4.3.4 Mobile Sources 22

4.3.4.1 Calculating Mobile Source Emissions 23

4.3.4.2 Mobile Source Emissions 24

4.3.5 Total Operational Emissions 24

5. Health Risk Assessment 26

5.1 Estimated Air Concentrations 26

5.1.1 Toxic Air Contaminant Emissions 26

5.1.2 Air Dispersion Modeling Methodology 27

5.1.2.1 AERMOD 27

5.1.2.2 Source Characterization 28

5.1.2.3 Meteorology 28

5.1.2.4 Land Use 28

5.1.2.5 Emission Rates 29

5.1.2.6 Receptors 29

5.2 Risk Characterization Methods 30

5.3 Exposure Assessment 30

5.3.1 Age Sensitivity Factors 31

5.3.2 Toxicity Assessment 31

5.4 Risk Characterization 32

5.4.1 Estimation of Cancer Risks 32

5.4.1.1 Estimation of Chronic Non-Cancer Hazard Indices 33

5.5 Health Risk Results 33

6. CO Hotspots 34

6.1 Regulatory Background 34

6.2 Traffic Study Findings 35

7. Project Inventory in Context 37

7.1 Threshold 1 37

7.2 Threshold 2 38

7.3 Threshold 3 38

7.3.1 Health Risk Thresholds 38

7.3.2 CO Hotspots 38

7.4 Threshold 4 40

7.4.1 Odors 40

7.4.2 Valley Fever 41

7.4.2.1 Background 41

7.4.2.2 Assessment of Valley Fever Risks 43
Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
iii
Contents (Continued)

CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
TABLES
Table 2-1 Summary of NAAQS and CAAQS
Table 2-2 SJVAPCD NAAQS and CAAQS Attainment Status
Table 2-3 Local Ambient Air Quality Data (Fresno County) Table 2-4 Frequency of Air Quality Standard Violations
Table 3-1 SJVAPCD CEQA Air Quality Significance Thresholds Table 4-1 Construction Schedule
Table 4-2 Construction Equipment
Table 4-3 Construction Material Movement
Table 4-4 Construction Demolition Assumptions
Table 4-5 Annual and Daily Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Project Construction Table 4-6 Gasoline Dispensing Facility Operational VOC Emissions Table 4-7 TRU Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Calculations Table 4-8a Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Project Operation Table 4-8b On-site Daily Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Project Operation Table 5-1 HARP Health Risk Assessment Options for Construction HRA Table 5-2 HARP Health Risk Assessment Options for Operational HRA Table 5-3 Health Risk Assessment Results

FIGURES
Figure 1 Modeled Construction Emission Sources
Figure 2 Modeled Operational Emission Sources
Figure 3 Meteorological Station Location
Figure 4 Modeled Grid and Sensitive Receptors

APPENDICES
Appendix A – CalEEMod® Output
Appendix B – Mobile Source Emission Calculations
Appendix C – Construction Health Risk Assessment Emission Calculations Appendix D – Operational Health Risk Assessment Emission Calculations Appendix E – AERMOD Inputs
Appendix F – HARP2 Outputs
Appendix G – CO Hotspots
Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
iv
Acronyms and Abbreviations

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Acronym Definition
AB Assembly Bill
ACC Advanced Clean Cars
AEI annual emissions inventory
AERMOD American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency regulatory air dispersion model
AP-42 United States Environmental Protection Agency’s Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
APCDs Air Pollution Control Districts
AQ air quality
AQAP Air Quality Attainment Plan
AQMDs Air Quality Management Districts
ATCM Airborne Toxic Control Measure
ASFs age sensitivity factors
AvgHP Maximum rated average horsepower
CAA Clean Air Act
CAAQS California Ambient Air Quality Standards
CalEEMod® California Emission Estimator Model®
CAP criteria air pollutant
CARB California Air Resources Board
CCR California Code of Regulations
CEC California Energy Commission
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
CO carbon monoxide
CO2 carbon dioxide
cREL chronic reference exposure level
CUP conditional use permit
CY cubic yard
DPM Diesel Particulate Matter
DTSC Department of Toxic Substances Control
EF emission factor
EIR Environmental Impact Report
EMFAC EMission FACtors model
EVR Enhanced vapor recovery
FAH Fraction of time at home
g/m3 gram/cubic meter
GDF gasoline dispensing facility
GHG greenhouse gas
HARP Hot Spots Analysis and Reporting Program
HIA acute hazard index
HIC chronic hazard index
HIs hazard indices
HQ hazard quotient
HRA health risk assessment
LDR Land Disposal Restrictions
LLC Limited Liability Company
Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
v
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronym Definition
LOS level of service
MDO market delivery operation
MSW municipal solid waste
MT metric tonnes
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NED National Elevation Datasets
NESHAPs National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
NO Nitric oxide
NO2 nitrogen dioxide
NOx oxides of nitrogen
O3 ozone
OEHHA California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment OFFROAD Off-road Emissions Inventory Program model
Pb Lead
PM particulate matter
PM10 particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter PM2.5 particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter ppm parts per million by volume
Ramboll Ramboll US Consulting, Inc.

RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
REL reference exposure level
ROG reactive organic gases
RTP/SCS Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy SAFE Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient
SCAQMD South Coast Air Quality Management District
SIP State Implementation Plan
SJVAB San Joaquin Valley Air Basin
SJVAPCD San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District SO2 Sulfur Dioxide
SOx sulfur oxide
TACs Toxic Air Contaminant
TRUs transportation refrigeration units
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
USGS United States Geologic Survey
VDECS Verified Diesel Emission Control Strategies
VMT Vehicle miles traveled
VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds
ZEV zero emission vehicle

Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
1 Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION
Ramboll US Consulting, Inc. (Ramboll) was retained to prepare an Air Quality (AQ) Technical Report for the proposed Costco warehouse and gasoline dispensing facility in Fresno, California (Project).

This AQ Technical Report analyzes the Project’s impacts on air quality from construction and operations. In particular, this report describes the existing setting of the Project site, describes the relevant regulatory setting, discusses the methodology used to evaluate AQ emissions related to the Project, and evaluates potential impacts related to AQ that would be affected as a result of implementation of the Project.

1.1 Existing Conditions
The existing 22.4-acre site is currently undeveloped, located within the Bullard Community Plan Area, and designated by both the General Plan and zoning as Community Commercial.

The location of the site is in Fresno, California at West Herndon Avenue and North Riverside Drive.

1.2 Project Analysis
The “Project” is defined as Project operation of the newly constructed Costco. Costco Wholesale Corporation (Costco) proposes to construct the Costco Commercial Center, which comprises a new Costco facility (including loading docks and internal space to provide lastmile home delivery of big and bulky items) with an attached tire center and a detached gas station and drive-through car wash in the City of Fresno.

The Project would develop a new Costco retail building; gas station; car wash; and associated parking areas, driveways, and other supporting infrastructure. Costco Wholesale is proposing to construct a wholesale retail facility with approximately 178,000 square feet (sq. ft.); of which approximately 57,000 sq. ft. would be reserved for storage and receiving at the northeast corner of W. Herndon Ave. and N. Riverside Dr (APN 50302012). The project involves the construction of a Costco retail facility that includes an attached tire center, as well as a detached gas station and a drive-through car wash. The project would include a Costco members-only gas station on the northern portion of the project site adjacent to West Spruce Avenue. The facility would include an approximately 11,500 square-foot canopy and a 125 square-foot controller enclosure. There would be four covered fueling islands, each with four two-sided fuel dispensers to provide for the fueling of eight cars at each island, for a total of 32 fueling positions. A Costco members-only automated carwash would be located at the northeastern corner of the project site, adjacent to the gas station. The car wash structure would be approximately 4,800 sq. ft. The project would have its main access points along North Riverside Drive and include approximately 889 parking stalls.

Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
2 Environmental and Regulatory Background

2. ENVIRONMENTAL AND REGULATORY BACKGROUND

2.1 Criteria Air Pollutants
Criteria air pollutants (CAPs) are defined as pollutants for which the federal and state governments have established ambient air quality standards, or criteria, for outdoor concentrations to protect public health. The federal and state standards have been set, with an adequate margin of safety, at levels above which concentrations could be harmful to human health and welfare. These standards are designed to protect the most sensitive people from illness or discomfort. Pollutants of concern include ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10), particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5), and lead. In California, sulfates, vinyl chloride, hydrogen sulfide, and visibility-reducing particles are also regulated as criteria air pollutants. These pollutants are discussed in the following paragraphs.

2.1.1 Ozone
O3 is a colorless gas that is formed in the atmosphere when volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sometimes referred to as reactive organic gases, and NOx react in the presence of ultraviolet sunlight. O3 is not a primary pollutant; it is a secondary pollutant formed by complex interactions of two pollutants directly emitted into the atmosphere. The primary sources of VOCs and NOX, the precursors of O3, are automobile exhaust and industrial sources. Meteorology and terrain play major roles in O3 formation, and ideal conditions occur during summer and early autumn on days with low wind speeds or stagnant air, warm temperatures, and cloudless skies. Short-term exposures (lasting for a few hours) to O3 at levels typically observed in the San Joaquin Valley can result in breathing pattern changes, reduction of breathing capacity, increased susceptibility to infections, inflammation of the lung tissue, and some immunological changes.

2.1.2 Nitrogen Dioxide
Most NO2, like O3, is not directly emitted into the atmosphere but is formed by an atmospheric chemical reaction between nitric oxide (NO) and atmospheric oxygen. NO and NO2 are collectively referred to as NOX and are major contributors to O3 formation. The primary sources of NO, the precursor to NO2, include automobile exhaust and industrial sources. High concentrations of NO2 can cause breathing difficulties and result in a brownish-red cast to the atmosphere, causing reduced visibility. There is some indication of a relationship between NO2 and chronic pulmonary fibrosis, and some increase in bronchitis in children (2 and 3 years old) has also been observed at concentrations below 0.3 parts per million by volume (ppm).

2.1.3 Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless and odorless gas formed by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. CO is emitted almost exclusively from motor vehicles, power plants, refineries, industrial boilers, ships, aircraft, and trains. In urban areas, such as the Project location, automobile exhaust accounts for the majority of CO emissions. CO is a non-reactive air pollutant that dissipates relatively quickly; therefore, ambient CO concentrations generally follow the spatial and temporal distributions of vehicular traffic. CO concentrations are influenced by local meteorological conditions, primarily wind speed, topography, and atmospheric stability. CO from motor vehicle exhaust can become locally concentrated when Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
3 Environmental and Regulatory Background
surface-based temperature inversions are combined with calm atmospheric conditions, a typical situation at dusk in urban areas between November and February. The highest levels of CO typically occur during the colder months of the year when inversion conditions, where a layer of warm air sits atop cool air, are more frequent and can trap pollutants close to the ground. In terms of health, CO competes with oxygen, often replacing it in the blood, thus reducing the blood’s ability to transport oxygen to vital organs. The results of excess CO exposure can be dizziness, fatigue, and impairment of central nervous system functions.

2.1.4 Sulfur Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) is a colorless, pungent gas formed primarily by the combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels. The main sources of SO2 are coal and oil used in power plants and industries; as such, the highest levels of SO2 are generally found near large industrial complexes. In recent years, SO2 concentrations have been reduced by the increasingly stringent controls placed on stationary source emissions of SO2 and limits placed on the sulfur content of fuels. SO2 is an irritant gas that attacks the throat and lungs and can cause acute respiratory symptoms and diminished ventilator function in children. SO2 can also yellow plant leaves and erode iron and steel.

2.1.5 Particulate Matter
Particulate matter (PM) pollution consists of very small liquid and solid particles floating in the air, which can include smoke, soot, dust, salts, acids, and metals. Particulate matter can form when gases emitted from industries and motor vehicles undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere. PM2.5 and PM10 represent fractions of particulate matter. Fine particulate matter, or PM2.5, is roughly 1/28 the diameter of a human hair. PM2.5 results from fuel combustion (e.g., motor vehicles, power generation, and industrial facilities), residential fireplaces, and woodstoves. In addition, PM2.5 can be formed in the atmosphere from gases such as sulfur oxides (SOX), NOX, and VOCs. Inhalable or coarse particulate matter, or PM10, is about one- seventh the thickness of a human hair. Major sources of PM10 include crushing or grinding operations; dust stirred up by vehicles traveling on roads; wood-burning stoves and fireplaces; dust from construction, landfills, and agriculture; wildfires and brush/waste burning; industrial sources; windblown dust from open lands; and atmospheric chemical and photochemical reactions.

PM2.5 and PM10 pose a greater health risk than larger-size particles. When inhaled, these tiny particles can penetrate the human respiratory system’s natural defenses and damage the respiratory tract. PM2.5 and PM10 can increase the number and severity of asthma attacks, cause or aggravate bronchitis and other lung diseases, and reduce the body’s ability to fight infections. Very small particles of substances such as lead, sulfates, and nitrates can cause lung damage directly or be absorbed into the bloodstream, causing damage elsewhere in the body. Additionally, these substances can transport absorbed gases, such as chlorides or ammonium, into the lungs, also causing injury. Whereas PM10 tends to collect in the upper portion of the respiratory system, PM2.5 is so tiny that it can penetrate deeper into the lungs and damage lung tissues. Suspended particulates also damage and discolor surfaces on which they settle, as well as produce haze and reduce regional visibility.

2.1.6 Lead
Lead (Pb) in the atmosphere occurs as particulate matter. Sources of lead include leaded gasoline, the manufacturing of batteries, paint, ink, ceramics, ammunition, and secondary lead smelters. Prior to 1978, mobile emissions were the primary source of atmospheric lead.

Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
4 Environmental and Regulatory Background
Between 1978 and 1987, the phase-out of leaded gasoline reduced the overall inventory of airborne lead by nearly 95%. With the phase-out of leaded gasoline, secondary lead smelters, battery recycling, and manufacturing facilities are becoming lead-emission sources of greater concern.

Prolonged exposure to atmospheric lead poses a serious threat to human health. Health effects associated with exposure to lead include gastrointestinal disturbances, anemia, kidney disease, and in severe cases, neuromuscular and neurological dysfunction. Of particular concern are low-level lead exposures during infancy and childhood. Such exposures are associated with decrements in neurobehavioral performance, including intelligence quotient performance, psychomotor performance, reaction time, and growth.

2.1.7 Sulfates
Sulfates are the fully oxidized form of sulfur, which typically occur in combination with metals or hydrogen ions. Sulfates are produced from reactions of SO2 in the atmosphere.

Sulfates can result in respiratory impairment, as well as reduced visibility.

2.1.8 Vinyl Chloride
Vinyl chloride is a colorless gas with a mild, sweet odor, which has been detected near landfills, sewage plants, and hazardous waste sites, due to the microbial breakdown of chlorinated solvents. Short-term exposure to high levels of vinyl chloride in air can cause nervous system effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, and headaches. Long-term exposure through inhalation can cause liver damage, including liver cancer.

2.1.9 Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless and flammable gas that has a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. Sources of hydrogen sulfide include geothermal power plants, petroleum refineries, sewers, and sewage treatment plants. Exposure to hydrogen sulfide can result in nuisance odors, as well as headaches and breathing difficulties at higher concentrations.

2.1.10 Visibility-Reducing Particles
Visibility-reducing particles are any particles in the air that obstruct the range of visibility.

Effects of reduced visibility can include obscuring the view shed of natural scenery, reduced airport safety, and discouraging tourism. Sources of visibility-reducing particles are the same as for PM2.5 described above.

2.2 Non-Criteria Air Pollutants

2.2.1 Toxic Air Contaminants
A substance is considered toxic if it has the potential to cause adverse health effects in humans, including increasing the risk of cancer upon exposure, or acute and/or chronic non-cancer health effects. A toxic substance released into the air is considered a toxic air contaminant (TAC). Examples include certain aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, certain metals, and asbestos. TACs are generated by a number of sources, including stationary sources such as dry cleaners, gas stations, combustion sources, waste processing facilities and laboratories; mobile sources such as automobiles; and area sources such as landfills.

Adverse health effects associated with exposure to TACs may include carcinogenic (i.e., cancer-causing) and non-carcinogenic effects. Non-carcinogenic effects typically affect one or more target organ systems and may be experienced either on short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic) exposure to a given TAC.

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2.2.2 Diesel Particulate Matter
Diesel particulate matter (DPM) is part of a complex mixture that makes up diesel exhaust.

Diesel exhaust is composed of two phases, gas and particle, both of which contribute to health risks. CARB classified “particulate emissions from diesel-fueled engines” (DPM; 17 CCR 93000) as a TAC in August 1998. DPM is emitted from a broad range of diesel engines: on-road diesel engines of trucks, buses, and cars, and off-road diesel engines including locomotives, marine vessels, and heavy-duty construction equipment, among others. Approximately 70% of all airborne cancer risk in California is associated with DPM.1 To reduce the cancer risk associated with DPM, CARB adopted a diesel risk reduction plan in 2000.

2.3 Regulatory Setting

2.3.1 Federal and State Ambient Air Quality Standards for Criteria Air Pollutants The Federal Clean Air Act (CAA) requires the adoption of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), which are periodically updated, to protect the public health and welfare from the effects of air pollution. Current federal standards are set for SO2, CO, NO2, O3, PM10, PM2.5, and Pb.2
The State of California also has established additional standards, known as the California Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS), which are generally more restrictive than the NAAQS. The current NAAQS and CAAQS are shown in Table 2-1.

Specific geographic areas are classified as either "attainment" or "non-attainment" areas for each pollutant based upon the comparison of measured data with the NAAQS and CAAQS.

Those areas designated as “non-attainment” for purposes of NAAQS compliance are required to prepare regional air quality plans, which set forth a strategy for bringing an area into compliance with the standards. These regional air quality plans developed to meet federal requirements are included in an overall program referred to as the State Implementation Plan (SIP). If the SIP is deemed acceptable, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) will delegate responsibility for implementation pursuant to the SIP to the State and/or its air districts therein.

Whenever the USEPA revises or establishes a new NAAQS, the State and the USEPA have specific obligations to ensure that the NAAQS is met.3 These are listed below:
• The USEPA must designate areas as meeting (attainment areas) or not meeting (non-attainment areas) the NAAQS within two years after its promulgation. • States must submit “infrastructure SIPs” to show that they have the basic air quality management program components in place to implement the NAAQS within three years after its promulgation.
1 CARB. 2000. Risk Reduction Plan to Reduce Particulate Matter Emissions from Diesel-Fueled Engines and Vehicles. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic//diesel/documents/rrpfinal.pdf.

Accessed: February 2022.
2 NAAQS. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqs-table. Accessed: February 2022. 3 USEPA. NAAQS Implementation Process. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants/naaqsimplementation-process. Accessed: February 2022.

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• States must submit non-attainment area SIPs that outline the strategies and emission control measures that will improve air quality and make the area meet the NAAQS within 18 to 36 months after designation.

The steps involved in the SIP process are described below.4 • SIPs must be developed with public input and be formally adopted by the State and submitted to the USEPA by the Governor’s designee (CARB in California). • The USEPA reviews each SIP and proposes to approve or disapprove all or part it. The public is then provided with an opportunity to comment on the USEPA's proposed action.

The USEPA considers public input before taking final action on a State's plan. • If the USEPA approves all or part of a SIP, those control measures are enforceable in federal court. In the event a State fails to submit an approvable SIP or if the USEPA disapproves a SIP, the USEPA is required to develop a Federal Implementation Plan.

Table 2-2 summarizes the attainment status of Fresno County (San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District) for the pollutants regulated by the NAAQS and CAAQS.5 As seen in Table 2-2, Fresno County is currently in attainment (including where unclassified) for: the federal PM10 standard, the federal and State CO standards, the federal and State NO2 standards, the federal and State SO2 standards, the federal and state lead standards, and the State visibility-reducing particles, sulfates, hydrogen sulfide, and vinyl chloride standards. However, as also shown in Table 2-2, Fresno County is currently designated as nonattainment for the State 1-hour O3 standard, the federal and State 8-hour O3 standards, the State PM10 standards, and the federal and State PM2.5 standards.6, 7, 8

2.3.2 Federal Heavy-duty Engines and Vehicles Fuel Efficiency Standards In 2010, President Obama issued a memorandum directing federal agencies to establish additional standards regarding fuel efficiency and GHG reduction, clean fuels, and advanced vehicle infrastructure. In response to this directive, the USEPA and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) proposed stringent, coordinated federal GHG and fuel economy standards for model year 2017–2025 light-duty vehicles. The proposed standards are projected to achieve 163 grams/mile of CO2 in model year 2025, on an average industry fleet-wide basis, which is equivalent to 54.5 miles per gallon (mpg) if this level were achieved solely through fuel efficiency. The final rule was adopted in 2012 for model years 2017–2021, and NHTSA intends to set standards for model years 2022–2025 in a future rulemaking.

In addition to the regulations applicable to cars and light-duty trucks described above, in 2011, the USEPA and NHTSA announced fuel economy and GHG standards for medium- and 4 USEPA. State Implementation Plan Development Process. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/criteria-airpollutants/naaqs-implementation-process. Accessed: February 2022. 5 USEPA. Non-attainment Areas for Criteria Pollutants (Green Book). Available at: https://www.epa.gov/greenbook. Accessed: February 2022. 6 Ibid.
7 California standard attainment status based on CARB website. Available at:
http://www.arb.ca.gov/desig/adm/adm.htm. Accessed: February 2022. 8 SJVAPCD Attainment status. Available at: https://www.valleyair.org/aqinfo/attainment.htm. Accessed: February 2022.

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heavy-duty trucks for model years 2014–2018. The standards for CO2 emissions and fuel consumption are tailored to three main vehicle categories: combination tractors, heavy-duty pickup trucks and vans, and vocational vehicles.

In August 2016, the USEPA and NHTSA announced the adoption of the phase two program related to the fuel economy and GHG standards for medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The phase two program will apply to vehicles with model year 2018 through 2027 for certain trailers, and model years 2021 through 2027 for semi-trucks, large pickup trucks, vans, and all types of sizes of buses and work trucks. The final standards are expected to lower carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 1.1 billion metric tons (MT) and reduce oil consumption by up to two billion barrels over the lifetime of the vehicles sold under the program.9 In August 2017, the USEPA asked for additional information and data relevant to assessing whether the GHG emissions standards for model years 2022-2025 remain appropriate. In early 2018, the USEPA Administrator announced that the midterm evaluation for the GHG emissions standards for cars and light-duty trucks for model years 2022-2025 was completed and stated his determination that the current standards should be revised in light of recent data. Subsequently, in April 2018, the USEPA and NHTSA proposed to amend certain existing Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for passenger cars and light trucks and establish new standards, covering model years 2022-2025. Compared to maintaining the post-2020 standards now in place, the pending proposal would increase U.S. fuel consumption.10 California and other states have announced their intent to challenge federal actions that would delay or eliminate GHG reductions. In April 2020, NHTSA and EPA amended the CAFE and GHG emissions standards for passenger cars and light trucks and established new less stringent standards, covering model years 2021 through 2026.

On September 27, 2019, the USEPA and NHTSA published the SAFE Rule (Part One).11 The SAFE Rule (Part One) went into effect in November 2019, and revoked California’s authority to set its own GHGs standards and set zero emission vehicle mandates in California. The SAFE Rule (Part One) freezes new zero emission vehicles (ZEV) sales at model year 2020 levels for year 2021 and beyond, and will likely result in a lower number of future ZEVs and a corresponding greater number of future gasoline internal combustion engine vehicles. In response to the USEPA’s adoption of the SAFE Rule (Part One), CARB has issued guidance regarding the adjustment of vehicle emissions factors to account for the rule’s implications 9 USEPA and NHTSA. 2016. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles – Phase 2. Available at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-10-25/pdf/2016- 21203.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.
10 NHTSA. 2018. Federal Register, Vol. 83, No. 72, Rules & Regulations, Mid-Term Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards for Model Year 2022-2025 Light Duty Vehicles. April 13. Available at:
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/04/13/2018-07364/mid-term-evaluation-of-greenhouse-gasemissions-standards-for-model-year-2022-2025-light-duty. Accessed: February 2022. 11 USEPA and NHTSA. 2019. Federal Register, Vol. 84, No. 188, The Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Rule Part One: One National Program. September 27. Available at: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR2019-09-27/pdf/2019-20672.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.

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on criteria air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions.12,13 The SAFE Rule is subject to ongoing litigation and on February 8, 2021, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals granted the Biden Administration’s motion to stay litigation over Part 1 of the SAFE Rule. On April 22 and April 28, 2021, respectively, NHTSA and USEPA formally announced their intent to reconsider the Safe Rule (Part One).14 In August 2021, USEPA proposed to revise existing national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions standards for passenger cars and light trucks for Model Years 2023- 2026 to make the standards more stringent. The NHTSA finalized the Corporate Average Fuel Economy Pre-emption rulemaking to withdraw its portions of the SAFE I Rule on December 21, 2021.15 On March 9, 2022, USEPA reinstated California’s authority under the Clean Air Act to implement its own GHG emission standards and ZEV sales mandate and entirely rescinded the SAFE Rule (Part One).

In December 2021, the USEPA finalized federal GHG emissions standards for passenger cars and light trucks for Model Years 2023 through 2026. These standards are the strongest vehicle emissions standards ever established for the light-duty vehicle sector and are based on sound science and grounded in a rigorous assessment of current and future technologies.

The updated standards will result in avoiding more than 3 billion tons of GHG emissions through 2050.16

2.3.3 Federal Hazardous Air Pollutants Program
The 1977 CAA Amendments required the USEPA to identify National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) to protect the public health and welfare. Hazardous air pollutants include certain VOCs, pesticides, herbicides, and radionuclides that present a tangible hazard, based on scientific studies of exposure to humans and other mammals.

Under the 1990 CAA Amendments, which expanded the control program for hazardous air pollutants, 189 substances and chemical families were identified as hazardous air pollutants.

2.3.4 California’s Air Toxics Program
The state Air Toxics Program was established in 1983 under Assembly Bill (AB) 1807 (Tanner). The California TAC list identifies more than 700 pollutants, of which carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic toxicity criteria have been established for a subset of these pollutants pursuant to the California Health and Safety Code. In accordance with AB 2728, the state list includes the (federal) hazardous air pollutants.
12 CARB. 2019. EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors to Account for the SAFE Vehicle Rule Part One. November 20.

Available at: https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/msei/emfac_off_model_adjustment_factors_final_draft.pdf. Accessed:

February 2022.
13 CARB. 2020. EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors for Carbon Dioxide Emissions to Account for the SAFE Vehicles Rule Part One and the Final SAFE Rule. June 26. Available at:
https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/msei/emfac_off_model_co2_adjustment_factors_06262020-final.pdf. Accessed:

February 2022.
14 USEPA. 2021. Federal Register, Vol. 86, No. 80, California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Standards; Advanced Clean Car Program; Reconsideration of a previous Withdrawal of a Waiver of Preemption; Opportunity for Public Hearing and Public Comment. April 28. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissionsvehicles-and-engines/notice-reconsideration-previous-withdrawal-waiver. Accessed: February 2022. 15 NHTSA. Available at: https://www.nhtsa.gov/laws-regulations/corporate-average-fuel-economy. Accessed: May 2022.
16 USEPA. 2021. Final Rule to Revise Existing National GHG Emissions Standards for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks Through Model Year 2026. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/regulations-emissions-vehicles-andengines/final-rule-revise-existing-national-ghg-emissions. Accessed: January 2022.

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The Air Toxics “Hot Spots” Information and Assessment Act of 1987 (AB 2588) seeks to identify and evaluate risk from air toxics sources; however, AB 2588 does not reduce the quantity of air toxics emissions. Instead, under AB 2588, TAC emissions from individual facilities are quantified and prioritized. “High-priority” facilities are required to perform a health risk assessment, and if specific thresholds are exceeded, are required to communicate the results to the public in the form of notices and public meetings.

In 2000, CARB approved a comprehensive Diesel Risk Reduction Plan to reduce diesel emissions from both new and existing diesel-fueled vehicles and engines. The plan is anticipated to result in an 85% decrease in statewide diesel health risk in 2020 compared with the diesel risk in 2000. Additional regulations apply to new trucks and diesel fuel, including the On-Road Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle (In-Use) Regulation, the On-Road Heavy Duty (New) Vehicle Program, the In-Use Off-Road Diesel Vehicle Regulation, and the New Off-Road Compression-Ignition (Diesel) Engines and Equipment program. All of these regulations and programs have timetables by which manufacturers must comply and existing operators must upgrade their diesel-powered equipment. There also are several Airborne Toxic Control Measures that reduce diesel emissions, including In-Use Off-Road Diesel-Fueled Fleets (13 CCR 2449 et seq.) and In-Use On-Road Diesel-Fueled Vehicles (13 CCR 2025).

2.3.5 California Health and Safety Code Section 41700
This section of the Health and Safety Code states that a person shall not discharge from any source whatsoever quantities of air contaminants or other material that cause injury, detriment, nuisance, or annoyance to any considerable number of persons or to the public, or that endanger the comfort, repose, health, or safety of any of those persons or the public, or that cause, or have a natural tendency to cause, injury or damage to business or property. This section also applies to sources of objectionable odors.

2.3.6 California’s Pavley Standards
AB 1493 ("the Pavley Standard" or AB 1493) required CARB to adopt regulations by January 1, 2005, to reduce GHG emissions from non-commercial passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks of model year 2009 through 2016.

CARB’s approach to passenger vehicles (cars and light trucks), under AB 1493, combines the control of smog-causing pollutants and GHG emissions into a single coordinated package of standards. This new approach also includes efforts to support and accelerate the numbers of plug-in hybrids and zero-emission vehicles in California. These standards will apply to all passenger and light-duty trucks used by customers, employees of and deliveries to the Project. While AB 1493 focuses on the reduction of GHG emissions, it is anticipated that this regulation would also help reduce criteria air pollutants.

2.3.7 California’s Advanced Clean Cars
In January 2012, CARB approved the Advanced Clean Cars (ACC) program,17 a new emissions-control program for model year 2017 through 2025. The program combines the control of smog, soot, and GHGs with requirements for greater numbers of zero-emission vehicles. By 2025, when the rules will be fully implemented, the new automobiles will emit 34 percent fewer global warming gases and 75 percent fewer smog-forming emissions. While ACC focuses on the reduction of GHG emissions, it is anticipated that this regulation would 17 Advanced Clean Cars Program. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/index.php/our-work/programs/advancedclean-cars-program. Accessed: February 2022.

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also help reduce criteria air pollutants. At the time of this writing, CARB has adopted the Advanced Clean Cars II (ACC II) regulations which “will seek to reduce criteria and greenhouse gas emissions from new light- and medium-duty vehicles beyond the 2025 model year and increase the number of zero emission vehicles (ZEV) for sale”.18

2.3.8 California’s Advanced Clean Trucks
In June 2020, CARB approved the Advanced Clean Trucks regulation, which has requirements for manufacturer ZEV sales and a one-time reporting requirement for large entities and fleets.19 The Advanced Clean Truck Regulation is part of a holistic approach to accelerate a large-scale transition of zero-emission medium-and heavy-duty vehicles from Class 2b to Class 8. Manufacturers who certify Class 2b-8 chassis or complete vehicles with combustion engines are required to sell zero-emission trucks as an increasing percentage of their annual California sales from 2024 to 2035. By 2035, zero-emission truck/chassis sales need to be 55% of Class 2b – 3 truck sales, 75% of Class 4 – 8 straight truck sales, and 40% of truck tractor sales. Large employers including retailers, manufacturers, brokers and others are required to report information about shipments and shuttle services. Fleet owners, with 50 or more trucks, are required to report about their existing fleet operations.

This information helps to identify future strategies to ensure that fleets purchase available zero-emission trucks and place them in service where suitable to meet their needs.

2.3.9 California’s Diesel Emissions Control Measures
CARB has adopted a number of Airborne Toxic Control Measures (ATCMs) to control diesel particulate emissions and emissions from in-use on- and off-road diesel-fueled vehicles. With the assistance of the Advisory Committee and its subcommittees, CARB developed and approved the Risk Reduction Plan to Reduce Particulate Matter Emissions from Diesel-Fueled Engines and Vehicles20 and the Risk Management Guidance for the Permitting of New Stationary Diesel-Fueled Engines.21 Various control measures adopted by CARB to reduce diesel emissions are summarized below.

2.3.9.1 ATCM: Diesel-Fueled Commercial Motor Vehicle Idling This ATCM applies to diesel-fueled commercial motor vehicles with gross vehicular weight ratings of greater than 10,000 pounds that are or must be licensed for operation on highways. The measure limits idling of trucks to a maximum of 5 minutes, except when the vehicle is queuing.22 While this ATCM focuses on the reduction of diesel particulate emissions as a toxic, this regulation would also help reduce criteria air pollutants. 18 Advanced Clean Cars II Program. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/advanced-clean-cars-ii-meetingsworkshops. Accessed: February 2022. 19 CARB. 2020. Advanced Clean Trucks. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/advanced-cleantrucks. Accessed: February 2022. 20 CARB. 2000. Risk Reduction Plan to Reduce Particulate Matter Emissions from Diesel-Fueled Engines and Vehicles. Available at: https://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/documents/rrpfinal.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 21 CARB. 2008. California’s Diesel Risk Reduction Plan: Risk Management Guidance for the Permitting of New Stationary Diesel-Fueled Engines. Available at: https://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/documents/rmg.htm. Accessed:

February 2022.
22 13 CCR 2485: Airborne Toxic Control Measure to Limit Diesel-Fueled Commercial Motor Vehicle Idling. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/msprog/truck-idling/13ccr2485_09022016.pdf. Accessed:

February 2022.

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2.3.9.2 ATCM: Stationary Compression Ignition Engines
This ATCM establishes emission standards and fuel use requirements for new and in-use stationary engines used in prime and emergency back-up applications (non-agricultural) and for new stationary engines used in agricultural applications.23 While this ATCM focuses on the reduction of diesel particulate emissions as a toxic, this regulation would also help reduce criteria air pollutants.

2.3.9.3 In-Use Off-Road Diesel-Fueled Fleets
These regulations reduce diesel PM and NOx emissions from in-use, off-road heavy-duty diesel vehicles in California. Such vehicles typically are used in construction, mining, and industrial operations. The regulations, among other requirements, impose limits on idling; require all vehicles to be reported to CARB (using the Diesel Off-Road Online Reporting System) and labeled; restrict the adding of older vehicles into fleets; and require fleets to reduce their emissions by retiring, replacing, or repowering older engines, or installing Verified Diesel Emission Control Strategies (VDECS) (i.e., exhaust retrofits).

The requirements and compliance dates of the regulations vary by fleet size. Large fleets have compliance deadlines each year from 2014 through 2023, medium fleets each year from 2017 through 2023, and small fleets each year from 2019 through 2028.24 At the time of writing, CARB is in the process of developing a rule amendment. The target of the amendment aligns with the targets set out by the Draft 2020 Mobile Source Strategy, which sets a goal of reducing statewide NOx emissions from the construction and earth moving sector by 7.5 tpd by 2031.

2.3.9.4 Truck and Bus Regulation
The Truck and Bus Regulation (13 CCR 2025) requires diesel trucks and buses to be upgraded to reduce emissions; newer heavier trucks and buses must meet PM filter requirements; lighter and older heavier trucks must be replaced; and, by January 1, 2023, nearly all trucks and buses will need to have 2010 model year engines or equivalent to reduce PM and NOx emissions.

The regulation applies to nearly all privately- and federally-owned diesel-fueled trucks and buses, and to privately- and publicly-owned school buses with a gross vehicle weight rating greater than 14,000 pounds. The regulation provides a variety of flexibility options tailored to fleets operating low use vehicles, fleets operating in selected vocations like agricultural and construction, and small fleets of three or fewer trucks. 23 17 CCR 93115: Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Stationary Compression Ignition (CI) Engines. Available at:
https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Document/I32577B50D60811DE88AEDDE29ED1DC0A?originationContext=Se arch+Result&listSource=Search&viewType=FullText&navigationPath=Search%2fv3%2fsearch%2fresults%2fnavi gation%2fi0ad62d2e00000160511f23fc18257bb0%3fstartIndex%3d1%26Nav%3dREGULATION_PUBLICVIEW% 26contextData%3d(sc.Default)&rank=1&list=REGULATION_PUBLICVIEW&transitionType=SearchItem&contextD ata=(sc.Search)&t_T1=17&t_T2=93115&t_S1=CA+ADC+s. Accessed: February 2022. 24 13 CCR 2449: General Requirements for In-Use Off-Road Diesel-Fueled Fleets. Available at:
https://govt.westlaw.com/calregs/Document/ID1C693E02DDD11E197D9B83B68A61150?originationContext=Se arch+Result&listSource=Search&viewType=FullText&navigationPath=Search%2fv3%2fsearch%2fresults%2fnavi gation%2fi0ad62d2e000001605120fcc918257bd2%3fstartIndex%3d1%26Nav%3dREGULATION_PUBLICVIEW% 26contextData%3d(sc.Default)&rank=1&list=REGULATION_PUBLICVIEW&transitionType=SearchItem&contextD ata=(sc.Search)&t_T1=13&t_T2=2449&t_S1=CA+ADC+s. Accessed: February 2022.

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2.3.10 Local Regulations and Guidance
Air pollution often does not conform to city and/or county jurisdictional boundaries, and the State has been divided into air basins based on geographical and meteorological conditions.

Air pollution within each air basin is regulated by the regional air pollution control districts/air quality management districts, in a manner that is consistent with and in furtherance of standards adopted by the USEPA and CARB. The Project site is located within the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin (SJVAB) and the jurisdictional boundaries of the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (SJVAPCD).

2.3.10.1 San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District District Plans
While CARB is responsible for the regulation of mobile emission sources within the state, local Air Quality Management Districts (AQMDs) and Air Pollution Control Districts (APCDs) are responsible for enforcing standards and regulating stationary sources. The Project site is located within the SJVAB and is subject to the guidelines and regulations of the SJVAPCD.

The SJVAPCD is responsible for developing and implementing the clean air plan for attainment and maintenance of the ambient air quality standards in the SJVAB. The SJVAPCD's air quality plans include emissions inventories to measure the sources of air pollutants, to evaluate how well different control methods have worked, and to show how air pollution will be reduced. The plans also use computer modelling to estimate future levels of pollution and to demonstrate that the Valley will meet air quality goals. The most recent plans are summarized below.
2018 Plan for the 1997, 2006, and 2012 PM2.5 Standards
In November 2018, SJVAPCD adopted the 2018 Plan for the 1997, 2006, and 2012 PM2.5 Standards.25 This plan addresses the USEPA federal 1997 annual PM2.5 standard and 24-hour PM2.5 standard; the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standard; and the 2012 annual PM2.5 standard. In the report, SJVAPCD included mobile source measures and a comprehensive suite of fiscally responsible local measures for stationary and area sources, including measures to further reduce emissions from industrial sources, residential wood burning and commercial charbroiling.
2016 Plan for the 2008 8-Hour Ozone Standard
In June 2016, SJVAPCD adopted the 2016 Plan for the 2008 8-hour Ozone Standard. 26 Through the comprehensive stationary and mobile source control strategies that previously have been adopted and that are now proposed in this plan, NOx emissions in the SJVAB are expected to be reduced by over 60% between 2012 and 2031. As a result, the ambient ozone concentrations are projected to decrease dramatically in all areas of the Valley, such that future 8-hour ozone concentrations are expected to demonstrate attainment. 25 SJVAPCD. 2018. 2018 Plan for the 1997, 2006, and 2012 PM2.5 Standards. Available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/pmplans/documents/2018/pm-plan-adopted/2018-Plan-for-the-1997-2006-and-2012- PM2.5-Standards.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.
26 SJVAPCD (June 2016), “2016 Plan for the 2008 8-Hour Ozone Standard.” Available at:
https://www.valleyair.org/Air_Quality_Plans/Ozone-Plan-2016/Adopted-Plan.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.

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District Rules and Regulations
The SJVAPCD is responsible for planning, implementing, and enforcing federal and state ambient standards in the SJVAB. Below is a list of SJVAPCD rules relevant to the Project:

Regulation II: Permits
Regulation II (Rules 2010-2550) contains a series of rules covering permitting requirements within the SJVAB. SJVAPCD regulations require any person constructing, altering, replacing or operating any source which emits, may emit, or may reduce emissions to obtain an Authority to Construct or a Permit to Operate.

Rule 3135: Dust Control Plan Fee
This rule requires the applicant to submit a fee in addition to a Dust Control Plan. The purpose of this fee is to recover the SJVAPCD's cost for reviewing these plans and conducting compliance inspections.27
Rule 4101: Visible Emissions
This rule applies to any source operation that emits or may emit air contaminants. The purpose of this rule is to prohibit the emissions of visible air contaminants to the atmosphere.28
Rule 4102: Nuisance
This rule applies to any source operation that emits or may emit air contaminants or other materials. In the event that the Project or construction of the Project creates a public nuisance, it could be in violation and be subject to SJVAPCD enforcement action.29 Rule 4601: Architectural Coating
This rule limits VOC content in architectural coatings. This rule also contains requirements for architectural coatings storage, clean up and labeling.30 Rule 4622: Gasoline Transfer into Motor Vehicle Fuel Tanks This rule applies to any gasoline storage and dispensing operation or mobile fueler from which gasoline is transferred into motor vehicle fuel tanks. The purpose of this rule is to limit emissions to gasoline vapors.31
27 SJVAPCD (October 2005), “Dust Control Plan Fee,” Rule 3135. Available at:
https://www.valleyair.org/rules/currntrules/2018/R3135-a2.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 28 SJVAPCD (February 2005), “Visible Emissions,” Rule 4101. Available at:
https://www.valleyair.org/rules/currntrules/r4101.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 29 SJVAPCD (May 1992), “Nuisance,” Rule 4102. Available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/rules/currntrules/r4102.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 30 SJVAPCD (April 1991), “Architectural Coatings,” Rule 4601. Available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/rules/currntrules/r4601.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 31 SJVAPCD (December 2013), “Gasoline Transfer into Motor Vehicle Fuel Tanks,” Rule 4622. Available at:
https://www.valleyair.org/rules/currntrules/Rule4622.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.

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Rule 4641: Cutback, Slow Cure, and Emulsified Asphalt, Paving and Maintenance Operations Rule 4641 applies to the manufacture and use of cutback asphalt, slow cure asphalt and emulsified asphalt for paving and maintenance operations. Asphalt paving operations associated with the Project will be subject to Rule 4641.32 Regulation VIII: Fugitive PM10 Prohibitions
Regulation VIII (Rules 8011-8081) contains a series of rules designed to reduce PM10 emissions (predominantly dust/dirt) generated by human activity, including construction and demolition activities, road construction, bulk materials storage, paved and unpaved roads, carryout and track out, etc. If a construction Project is 10 or more acres in area or will include moving, depositing or relocating more than 2,500 cubic yards (CY) per day of bulk materials on at least three days, then a Dust Control Plan must be submitted as specified in Section 6.3.1 of Rule 8021 (Construction, Demolition, Excavation, Extraction and Other Earthmoving Activities). Construction activities shall not commence until the SJVAPCD has approved the Dust Control Plan. The Project may also be subject to additional provisions within Rule 8021, as well as Rule 8031 (Bulk Materials), Rule 8041 (Carryout and Track Out), Rule 8051 (Open Areas), Rule 8061 (Paved and Unpaved Roads), and Rule 8071 (Unpaved Vehicle/Equipment Traffic Areas). For example, Rule 8061 places thresholds and requirements on limiting Visible Dust Emissions from unpaved road segments to 20% opacity.33
Rule 9510: Indirect Source Rule
This rule requires the applicants of certain development projects which equal or exceed established applicability thresholds to apply to the SJVAPCD when applying for the development’s last discretionary approval.34 The rule is applicable for a development project which upon full buildout would include 2,000 square feet of commercial space as well as a large development project which upon full buildout would include 10,000 square feet of commercial space. This Project includes a commercial space (warehouse) greater than 10,000 square feet. Projects subject to the rule are required to quantify indirect emissions (mobile source emissions), area source emissions and construction exhaust emissions and to mitigate a portion of these emissions. The Indirect Source Rule was adopted December 2005 and last amended December 2017. Rule 9510 was adopted to reduce the impacts of growth in emissions from all new development in the San Joaquin Valley. Developers of projects subject to Rule 9510 must reduce emissions occurring during construction and operational phases through on-site measures or pay off-site mitigation fees. The reductions for construction equipment exhaust emissions (for equipment greater than 50 horsepower) are 20% of the total NOx emissions and 45% of the total PM10 exhaust emissions. For operation, the operational baseline NOx emissions must be reduced by 33.3% and operational baseline PM10 emissions by 50% over a period of ten years. One hundred percent of all off-site mitigation fees are used by the SJVAPCD to fund emission reduction projects through its Incentives Programs, achieving emission reductions on behalf of the project. The emission 32 SJVAPCD (April 1991), “Cutback, Slow Cure, and Emulsified Asphalt, Paving and Maintenance Operations,” Rule 4641. Available at: http://www.valleyair.org/rules/currntrules/r4641.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 33 SJVAPCD (November 2001), “Paved and Unpaved Roads,” Rule 8061. Available at:
https://www.valleyair.org/rules/currntrules/r8061.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 34 SJVAPCD Rule 9510 (Indirect Source Review). Available online at:
https://www.valleyair.org/rules/currntrules/r9510-a.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.

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reductions expected from the rule allow the SJVAPCD to achieve attainment of the federal air quality standards for ozone by 2031.35

2.3.10.2 City of Fresno General Plan
The City of Fresno’s General Plan was adopted in December 2014.36 The General Plan includes a Resource Conservation and Resilience section which addresses both air quality and greenhouse gas emissions. The City acknowledges its role in improving air quality by supporting and leading, where appropriate, regional, State and federal programs and actions for the improvement of air quality, especially the SJVAPCD’s efforts to monitor and control air pollutants from both stationary and mobile sources, which is summarized in Policy RC-4- a. Other implementing policies under the overall RC-4 objective in the General Plan seek to take necessary actions to achieve and maintain compliance with State and federal air quality standards for criteria pollutants.

The City of Fresno’s General Plan and Development Code Update Master Environmental Impact Report37 outlines the local air quality and assesses carbon monoxide hotspot impacts.

The report states that no CO hotspot modeling should be required for new projects during General Plan Buildout unless intersection volumes exceed 36,000 peak hour trips.

2.4 Environmental Setting

2.4.1 Local Air Quality Monitoring Data
The Project is located within the SJVAB. The SJVAB consists of eight counties: Fresno, Kern (western and central), Kings, Madera, Merced, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, and Tulare.

Cumulatively, these counties make up about 16% of California's geographic area, making the SJVAB the second largest air quality basin in the State.

The SJVAB has 37 monitoring stations to measure air quality; 24 operated by the SJVAPCD, 2 by the National Park Service, 2 by tribal groups, 9 by CARB, and 1 jointly operated by the SJVAPCD and CARB. The location of these monitoring stations can be viewed on the SJVAPCD air monitoring webpage map of air monitoring sites in operation.38 The monitoring stations closest to the Project site are Fresno – Sierra Skypark #2; Fresno – Garland; and Fresno – First Street. Only one monitoring station in the SJVAPCD measures SO2, so the Fresno station at First Street was used for this data. The most recent four years of published data at these monitoring stations are provided in Table 2-3. The frequency with which the ozone and PM standards have been exceeded at the nearest monitoring sites is displayed in Table 2-4.
35 SJVAPCD. 2016 Ozone Plan for 2008 8-Hour Ozone Standard. Available at:
https://www.valleyair.org/Air_Quality_Plans/Ozone-Plan-2016/Adopted-Plan.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 36 City of Fresno. 2014. Fresno General Plan. Available at: https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wpcontent/uploads/sites/10/2019/07/ConsolidatedGP6182020.pdf. Accessed: July 2022. 37 City of Fresno. 2014. General Plan and Development Code Update. Available at:
https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Sec-05-03-Air-Quality-MEIR.pdf.

Accessed: July 2022.
38 SJVAPCD. Air Monitoring. Available at: https://valleyair.org/aqinfo/air-monitoring.htm. Accessed: February 2022.

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3. SIGNIFICANCE THRESHOLDS

3.1 California Environmental Quality Act Guidelines
The analysis provided in this report evaluates the significance of the Project’s criteria air pollutant emissions by reference to the following questions from Section III, Air Quality, of Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines39:

Threshold 1. Would the Project conflict with or obstruct implementation of the applicable air quality plan?
Threshold 2. Would the Project result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the Project region is non-attainment under an applicable federal or state ambient air quality standard? Threshold 3. Would the Project expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations?
Threshold 4. Would the Project result in other emissions (such as those leading to odors) adversely affecting a substantial number of people?
An evaluation of the Project based on the significance thresholds discussed below is provided in subsequent sections.

3.2 San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Thresholds The SJVAPCD has established significance thresholds40 to assess the impacts of projectrelated construction and operational emissions on regional and local ambient air quality.

Table 3-1 shows the mass annual thresholds for construction and operation as adopted by the SJVAPCD for CAP and TAC emissions. As shown in Table 3-1, the SJVAPCD has separate operational emissions thresholds for permitted equipment and activities and non-permitted equipment and activities. Permitted equipment and activities are those which require a permit through SJVAPCD. Non-permitted equipment and activities do not require a permit and include area, energy, and mobile sources. The analysis summarized in this report estimates project-related construction and operational mass emissions and compares the emissions to these significance thresholds.

The thresholds represent screening-level thresholds that can be used to evaluate whether project-related emissions would cause a significant impact on air quality. For pollutants in attainment, emissions below the screening-level thresholds would not cause a significant impact. When assessing the significance of project-related impacts on air quality, impacts may be significant when on-site emission increases from construction activities or operational activities exceed the 100 pounds per day screening level of any criteria pollutant after implementation of all enforceable mitigation measures.41 Under such circumstance, SJVAPCD recommends that an ambient air quality analysis be performed. In the event that emissions exceed these daily thresholds, modeling would be required to demonstrate that 39 California Natural Resources Agency. 2018. Appendix G of the CEQA Guidelines. Available at:
http://resources.ca.gov/ceqa/docs/2018_CEQA_FINAL_TEXT_122818.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 40 SJVAPCD. 2015. Air Quality Thresholds of Significance – Criteria Pollutants. March 19. Available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/0714-gamaqi-criteria-pollutant-thresholds-of-significance.pdf.

Accessed: February 2022.
41 SJVAPCD. 2015. GAMAQI. Available at: http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/GAMAQI.pdf. Accessed: July 2022.

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the project’s total air quality impacts result in ground-level concentrations that are below the CAAQS and NAAQS, including appropriate background levels.

3.3 Project Approach to Significance
This report, relative to threshold 1, evaluates the Project for consistency with applicable plans related to emissions, including the regional air quality attainment plans. This report, relative to threshold 2, quantifies the Project’s emissions during construction and operations and compares those results to the applicable SJVAPCD thresholds. Relative to threshold 3, this report includes a CO hotspots analysis and summarizes results of the Health Risk Assessment Technical Report which assesses the potential health risk impacts to sensitive receptors. This report, relative to threshold 4, evaluates the potential for odor-generating activities from the Project.

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4. AIR QUALITY EMISSIONS INVENTORY
This section describes the methodology that Ramboll used to develop the criteria air pollutant emission inventories associated with the Project, which include one-time emissions associated with construction of the Project, and annual emissions associated with operation of the Project. Construction is expected to occur in mid- to late-2023. Emissions due to operation of the Project are therefore quantified for 2023. This is a conservative assumption for on-road and off-road mobile sources as vehicular emissions are expected to decrease in future years due to anticipated Statewide improvements and fleet turnover to newer equipment and vehicles. Sub-categories of operational emissions include the following: area, energy, mobile, and gasoline dispensing facility (GDF) sources. The emissions inventory reflects the reasonably foreseeable change based on the discontinued operation of the Costco Warehouse located at 4500 W Shaw Avenue. For purposes of this analysis, 4500 W Shaw Avenue is assumed to be backfilled by a shopping center use.

4.1 Resources

4.1.1 California Emission Estimator Model®
Ramboll primarily utilized the California Emissions Estimator Model (CalEEMod®) version 2020.4.042 methodology to assist in quantifying the criteria air pollutant emissions in the inventories presented in this report for the proposed project. CalEEMod® provides methodologies to calculate both construction emissions and operational emissions from a land use development project. It calculates daily or annual criteria air pollutant emissions.

Specifically, the model methodology aids the user in the following calculations:
• One-time short-term construction emissions associated with site preparation, grading, building, and paving from off-road construction equipment, and on-road mobile equipment associated with workers, vendors, and hauling. • Operational emissions associated with the fully built out project, such as on-road mobile vehicle traffic generated by the land uses, emissions from architectural coating, and emissions from consumer products.

CalEEMod® is a statewide program designed to calculate both criteria pollutant and GHG emissions from development projects in California developed under the auspices of the SCAQMD, with input from other California air districts, and is currently supported by numerous lead agencies for use in quantifying the emissions associated with development projects undergoing environmental review. CalEEMod® utilizes widely accepted models for emission estimates combined with appropriate default data that can be used if site-specific information is not available. These models and default estimates use sources such as the USEPA AP-42 emission factors,43 CARB’s on-road and off-road equipment emission models such as the EMission FACtor model (EMFAC) and the Emissions Inventory Program model 42 SCAQMD. 2020. California Emissions Estimator Model®. Available at: https://www.aqmd.gov/caleemod.

Accessed: February 2022.
43 The USEPA maintains a compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors and process information for several air pollution source categories. The data is based on source test data, material balance studies, and engineering estimates. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/air-emissions-factors-and-quantification/ap-42-compilation-airemissions-factors. Accessed: February 2022.

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(OFFROAD), and studies commissioned by California agencies such as the California Energy Commission (CEC) and CalRecycle.

As mentioned above, CalEEMod® is based upon the CARB-approved OFFROAD and EMFAC models. OFFROAD44 is an emission factor model used to calculate emission rates from offroad mobile sources (e.g., construction equipment, agricultural equipment). The off-road diesel emission factors used by CalEEMod® are based on the CARB OFFROAD2011 program.

EMFAC201745 is the emission factor model used in CalEEMod® to calculate emissions rates from on-road vehicles (e.g., passenger vehicles). EMFAC2017 has been superseded by EMFAC2021. In order to allow for a more accurate representation of mobile source operational emissions associated with the Project, operational mobile source emission factors were estimated using EMFAC2021. These emissions factors were then used to estimate mobile source operational emissions based on CalEEMod® methodology and defaults along with Project specific values where available.

In addition, CalEEMod® contains default values and existing regulation methodologies to use in each specific local air district region. Appropriate statewide default values can be utilized if regional default values are not defined. Ramboll used default factors for the Fresno County area for the emissions inventory, unless otherwise noted in the methodology descriptions below.

4.2 Construction Emissions
This section describes the calculation of criteria air pollutant emissions from construction activities at the Project site. While the exact construction schedule and equipment mix may vary from the current analysis, the emissions are not expected to be higher than that calculated given the conservative assumptions included in the analysis.

The major construction phases included in this analysis are:
• Demolition: involves removing buildings or structures. • Site Preparation: involves clearing vegetation (grubbing and tree/stump removal) and removing stones and other unwanted material or debris prior to grading. • Grading: involves the cut and fill of land to ensure the proper base and slope for the construction foundation.
• Paving: involves the laying of concrete or asphalt such as in parking lots or roads. • Building Construction: involves the construction of structures and buildings. • Architectural Coating: involves parking and lane striping The proposed schedule for constructing the Project is shown in Table 4-1. Constructionrelated emissions of ROGs, NOX, CO, SOX, PM10, and PM2.5 were estimated using CalEEMod®.

PM emissions are composed of exhaust emissions and fugitive emissions. Exhaust emissions are typically given out by a combustion engine of on-road vehicles and/or off-road equipment. Fugitive emissions are PM dust suspended in the air by wind action and 44 CARB. 2011. Off Road Mobile Source Emission factors. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ourwork/programs/mobile-source-emissions-inventory. Accessed: February 2022. 45 CARB. 2015. Mobile Source Emissions Inventory. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ourwork/programs/mobile-source-emissions-inventory/msei-modeling-tools. Accessed: February 2022.

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construction related activities. Default on-site equipment lists in CalEEMod® supplemented with Project-specific material movement inputs were used for the various construction phases.

4.2.1 Emissions from Construction Equipment
The emission calculations associated with construction equipment are from off-road equipment engine use based on the equipment list and phase length, and on-road vehicle trips and phase length.

Since the majority of the off-road construction equipment used for construction projects are diesel fueled, CalEEMod® methodology assumes all of the equipment operates on diesel fuel.

The calculations include the running exhaust emissions from off-road equipment. Since the equipment is assumed to be diesel, there are no starting emissions associated with the equipment, as these are de minimis for diesel-fueled equipment. CalEEMod® calculates the exhaust emissions based on default values for horsepower and load factor from CARB’s OFFROAD2011.46
Project construction would include on-site equipment during grading/excavation and site preparation that generates fugitive dust. The construction-related equipment mix assumptions are project-specific. See Table 4-2 for the construction equipment by construction phase. The combustion emissions from this equipment were calculated using CalEEMod®; the fugitive dust emissions from this equipment were calculated using the quantity of material moved and AP-42 emissions factors. PM10 and PM2.5 emissions from fugitive dust will be controlled by watering consistent with Regulation VIII (Rules 8011 through 8081). For purposes of this analysis, CalEEMod® defaults assume watering the construction site twice a day reduces the fugitive dust emissions by 55%. Additionally, construction equipment greater than 50 hp used at the site shall meet USEPA Tier 3 emission standards for PM10 and PM2.5 and include particulate matter emissions control equivalent to CARB Level 3 verifiable diesel emission control devices.

4.2.2 Emissions from On-Road Construction Trips
Construction generates on-road vehicle criteria air pollutant emissions from personal vehicles for worker and vendor commuting.

These emissions are calculated in CalEEMod® based on the number of trips and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) along with emission factors from EMFAC2017. The numbers of worker and vendor trips represent defaults from CalEEMod® based on the construction equipment to be used. The number of haul trips was estimated based on the volume of soil to be imported/exported (Table 4-3) and the square footage to be demolished (Table 4-4).

4.2.3 Fugitive Dust
Fugitive dust contributes to PM10 and PM2.5 emissions and is generated by the various construction activities occurring at the Project site including entrained road dust, grading, demolition, and truck loading.

Entrained road dust is generated by vehicle travel on paved and unpaved roads. Emission factors for entrained road dust are on a “per mile” basis. In CalEEMod®, entrained road dust emission factors are based on the equations presented in the Paved Roads and Unpaved 46 SCAQMD. 2020. California Emissions Estimator Model® User’s Guide, Appendix A. Available at:
https://www.aqmd.gov/caleemod. Accessed: February 2022.

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Roads chapters of USEPA’s AP-42 and are then multiplied by the total VMT for Project-related trips. Emissions from entrained road dust were estimated using CalEEMod® and are presented in Appendix A.

Fugitive dust emissions from bulldozing equipment (i.e., rubber-tired dozers), grading equipment (i.e., graders, rubber-tired dozers, and scrapers), and demolition activity occur during the Project construction. In addition, truck loading activities would generate fugitive dust emissions. The construction material movement and demolition assumptions are presented in Table 4-3 and Table 4-4, respectively. Emissions from these sources were estimated using CalEEMod® and are presented in Appendix A.

4.2.4 Architectural Coating
VOC off-gassing emissions result from evaporation of solvents contained in surface coatings.

CalEEMod® was used to estimate VOC evaporative emissions from application of surface coatings and these emissions are presented in Appendix A.

4.2.5 Paving
CalEEMod® was used to estimate the VOC off-gassing emissions associated with asphalt paving. The emissions associated with paving are presented in Appendix A.

4.2.6 Total Construction Emissions
The annual and daily criteria air pollutant emissions associated with construction are shown in Table 4-5. As shown in Table 4-5, annual and daily criteria air pollutant emissions from construction of the Project are below the SJVAPCD significance thresholds.

4.3 Operational Emissions
This section describes the calculation of criteria air pollutant emissions from Project operational activities. Operational emissions are evaluated for the first year of Project operation in 2023.

4.3.1 Area Sources
Area sources are those emissions that are generally too small to be uniquely identified as point sources and are thus generally aggregated as a group. CalEEMod® estimates emissions for the following sources, which are included under the category of “area” sources:
landscaping equipment (e.g., lawn mowers), consumer products, and architectural coatings.

Criteria air pollutant emissions due to natural gas combustion in buildings, could also be considered area sources, but are reported by CalEEMod® in the emissions associated with building energy use (described below).

The criteria air pollutant emissions generated by the Project were calculated using CalEEMod® defaults and can be viewed in Appendix A.

4.3.2 Energy Sources
Criteria air pollutant emissions are emitted from buildings as a result of activities for which natural gas is typically used as an energy source. Combustion of fossil fuels, such as natural gas, emits criteria air pollutants directly into the atmosphere. Climate Zone 11 was selected based on the CEC forecast climate zone map shown in the CalEEMod® User’s Guide. The analysis assumes that the Project’s land uses accord to the 2019 Title 24 Standards, as that code cycle became effective on January 1, 2020. To calculate the total building natural gas input for the Project, Ramboll utilized default values provided in CalEEMod®, which are based on the Commercial End-Use Survey (CEUS).

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Criteria air pollutant emissions from the natural gas consumption were estimated in CalEEMod® and can be viewed in Appendix A.

4.3.3 Operational Gasoline Transfer and Dispensing
Emissions from gasoline transfer and dispensing mainly occur during loading, breathing, refueling, spillage, and from hose permeation. Emission factors were obtained from SJVAPCD staff for EVR Phase I and EVR Phase II installed underground tank. These emissions which are permitted through the SJVAPCD are presented in Table 4-6.

4.3.4 Mobile Sources
The criteria air pollutant emissions associated with on-road mobile sources are generated from customers and delivery trucks travelling to and from the Project site. The emissions associated with on-road mobile sources include running, idling and starting exhaust emissions, evaporative emissions, tire wear, brake wear, and entrained road dust. Running emissions are dependent on VMT. Starting and evaporative emissions are associated with the number of starts or time between vehicle uses and the assumptions used in determining these values are described below. In addition, a portion of warehouse delivery trucks will be equipped with transportation refrigeration units (TRUs), which result in emissions when the warehouse delivery truck is docked at the site. Ramboll calculated mobile source emissions using the trip rates and trip length information based on analyses conducted by Kittelson & Associates, Inc (Kittelson).

The analysis includes the reductions from adopted regulatory programs, which are accounted for within the EMFAC2021 model:
• AB 1493 (“the Pavley Standard”) required CARB to adopt regulations by January 1, 2005, to reduce GHG emissions from non-commercial passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks of model year 2009 and thereafter. CalEEMod® and EMFAC2021 include emission reductions for non-commercial passenger vehicles and light-duty trucks of model year 2017 – 2025.
• The ACC program, introduced in 2012, combines the control of smog, soot causing pollutants and GHG emissions into a single coordinated package of requirements for model years 2015 through 2025. CalEEMod® and EMFAC2021 include reductions associated with this regulation that are represented in this analysis. While ACC focuses on the reduction of GHG emissions, it is anticipated that this regulation would also help reduce criteria air pollutants.
• The USEPA/NHTSA advanced fuel economy and GHG standards (Phase 1) were adopted in 2011 for medium and heavy-duty trucks for model years 2014-2018.47 This Heavy-Duty National Program is intended to reduce fuel use and GHG emissions from medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, semi-trucks, pickup trucks and vans, and all types and sizes of work trucks and buses in between. CalEEMod® and EMFAC2021 include reductions associated with this regulation that are represented in this analysis. 47 USEPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. 2011. Available at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011- 09-15/pdf/2011-20740.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.

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• The USEPA/NHTSA advanced fuel economy and GHG standards (Phase 2) were adopted in 2016 for medium- and heavy-duty trucks for model years 2018 and beyond.48 The Phase 2 program includes technology-advancing standards that substantially reduce GHG and criteria pollutant emissions and fuel consumption resulting in an ambitious, yet achievable, program that will allow manufacturers to meet the applicable standards over time, at reasonable cost, through a mix of different technologies. The Phase 2 program’s standards will be phased in, beginning with model year 2021 and culminating with model year 2027. 49
In November 2019, CARB released EMFAC off-model adjustment factors to account for the Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient (SAFE) Vehicles Rule Part One.50 The SAFE Rule has been incorporated into EMFAC2021, which is used in this analysis.

4.3.4.1 Calculating Mobile Source Emissions
Mobile source emissions calculation requires trip rates and trip lengths for each different trip type in the Project (e.g., passenger vehicles and delivery trucks).

The following sections describe the methodology to derive the necessary inputs. The mobile source calculations were performed using Excel following CalEEMod® methodology in order to capture the Project’s mobile emissions.

The Project emissions inventory accounts for the moving of the Costco Warehouse from 4500 W Shaw Avenue to the new Project location (i.e., W. Herndon Avenue and N. Riverside Drive). It is reasonably foreseeable that the 4500 W Shaw Avenue location will be backfilled with a shopping center use, which will have lower mobile emissions compared to the current Costco Warehouse operations. The reduction in mobile emissions from the removal of the Costco Warehouse at 4500 W Shaw Avenue is incorporated into the Project emissions inventory. The VMT and trip rate assumed for the change at 4500 W Shaw Avenue and Project location are detailed in Appendix B.
a) Trip Generation Rates
The trip generation rates for the Project were based on Kittelson data. The trips for the northeast corner of W. Herndon Ave. and N. Riverside Dr (Herndon/Riverside) and 4500 W Shaw Ave are shown in Appendix B in Table B-1a and Table B-1b, respectively. b) Trip Lengths
Trip lengths for passenger vehicles, fuel delivery trucks, and warehouse delivery trucks were provided by Kittelson. The trip length for the MDO delivery trucks is based on the average routed round trip length for Fresno MDO deliveries. These trip lengths for Herndon/Riverside and 4500 W Shaw Ave are presented in Appendix B, Table B-1a and Table B-1b, respectively.
48 USEPA, Office of Transportation and Air Quality. 2016. Available at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016- 10-25/pdf/2016-21203.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.
49 The emission reductions attributable to Phase 2 of the regulations for medium- and heavy-duty trucks were not included in the Project's emissions inventory due to the difficulty in quantifying the reductions. Excluding these reductions results in a more conservative (i.e., higher) estimate of emissions for the Project. 50 CARB. 2019. EMFAC Off-Model Adjustment Factors to Account for the SAFE Vehicles Rule Part One. Available at:
https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/msei/emfac_off_model_adjustment_factors_final_draft.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.

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c) Fleet Mix
The fleet mixes derived based on CalEEMod® and EMFAC2021 were used to determine the mix of light-duty vehicles used for member vehicles and employee vehicles. The MDO delivery trucks, fuel delivery trucks, and warehouse delivery trucks were assumed to all be heavy-heavy-duty trucks. The fleet mixes were used to calculate the fleet-weighted average emission factor for each vehicle type. The fleet mixes for the operational mobile trips are shown in Table B-2 of Appendix B.
d) Transportation Refrigeration Units
The Project includes Transport Refrigeration Units (TRUs), which are refrigeration systems powered by diesel internal combustion engines designed to refrigerate or heat perishable products that are transported in various containers, including truck vans, semi-truck trailers, shipping containers, and railcars. These TRUs account for approximately 15% of the warehouse delivery trucks. This analysis assumes that TRUs are plugged in at the loading dock. Emission factors for TRUs were obtained from OFFROAD2021 for TRU trailers in Fresno County and are presented in Table 4-7.
e) On-Road Mobile Source Emission Factors
Exhaust, evaporative, tire wear, and brake wear emission factors were obtained from EMFAC2021 for Fresno County and are presented in Appendix B, Tables B-3 through B-5.

Emission factors for passenger vehicles were calculated as a fleet-weighted average.

Entrained road dust emission factors were calculated following guidance in the CalEEMod® User’s Guide, Appendix A, which is based on AP-42, Section 13.2.1 for vehicles traveling on paved roads. Entrained road dust emission factors for PM10 and PM2.5 are shown in Appendix B, Table B-6.

4.3.4.2 Mobile Source Emissions
The emission factors for each vehicle type were calculated from EMFAC2021 model outputs.

The fleet mixes from Table B-2 were used to form member vehicle weighted emission factors and employee vehicle weighted emission factors. The emission factors used to estimate mobile emissions from running exhaust, running losses, tire wear, brake wear (Table B-3), and entrained road dust (Table B-6) are on a “per mile” basis and thus the emissions were calculated by multiplying these factors by the estimated VMT for each vehicle type. The emission factors for starting exhaust and non-running evaporative processes (Table B-4) are on a “per trip” basis and thus the emissions were calculated by multiplying these factors by the estimated number of trips for each vehicle type. The emission factors used to estimate criteria air pollutant emissions from idling (Table B-5) are on a “per minute of idling” basis and thus the emissions were calculated by multiplying these factors by the estimated idle duration for each vehicle type.

Member vehicles used the member vehicle weighted emission factors, while warehouse, fuel station, and car wash employees and MDO driver and warehouse employee vehicles used the employee vehicle weighted emission factors. The overall mobile source emissions are shown in Appendix B, Table B-7a and B-7b.

4.3.5 Total Operational Emissions
Table 4-8a summarizes the Project operational criteria air pollutant emissions from permitted and non-permitted sources on an annual basis. Table 4-8b summarizes the Costco Commercial Center
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Project operational on-site daily criteria air pollutant emissions from permitted and nonpermitted sources.

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5. HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
This HRA evaluates the estimated cancer risk, non-cancer chronic hazard index (HIC), and acute hazard index (HIA) associated with construction and operation of the Project to address the SJVACPD Significance Thresholds.

5.1 Estimated Air Concentrations
To evaluate the health risks and concentration of air toxics in the surrounding area, SJVAPCD recommends estimating concentrations using air pollution dispersion modeling. The methodologies used to evaluate emissions for the Project are based on the most recent SJVAPCD Modeling and Health Risk Assessment Guidelines and the most recent Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines from Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA).51,52,53
Off-site air concentrations of TACs from Project emissions are estimated using the American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency regulatory air dispersion model (AERMOD). Details on the inputs and methodology used in the dispersion modeling are discussed further in the sections below.

5.1.1 Toxic Air Contaminant Emissions
Ramboll evaluated excess lifetime cancer risk and HIC for off-site receptors from Project construction emissions. In particular, the construction HRA assesses the lifetime cancer risk and HIC associated with DPM emissions from off-road diesel construction equipment and hauling and vendor trucks during construction of the Project. Diesel exhaust, a complex mixture that includes hundreds of individual constituents, is identified by the State of California as a known carcinogen.54,55 Under California regulatory guidelines, DPM is used as a surrogate measure of exposure for the mixture of chemicals that make up diesel exhaust as a whole. We conservatively assumed that all PM10 from diesel fueled equipment and trucks is DPM. Gasoline vehicles were not included in the HRA per the direction from SJVAPCD.56
Additionally, Ramboll evaluated the lifetime cancer risk, HIC, and HIA analyses resulting from Project operation, which includes DPM emissions associated with Costco delivery trucks travel and idling, warehouse diesel delivery truck travel and idling, MDO diesel delivery truck travel and idling, and TAC emissions (e.g., benzene) from gasoline transfer and dispensing.

Costco members’ vehicles are assumed to be gasoline-fueled, hybrid, and electric vehicles.

Therefore, TAC emissions associated with Costco members’ vehicles are not included in the 51 SJVAPCD. 2006. Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling. August. Available at:
https://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/Tox_Resources/Modeling%20Guidance.pdf Accessed: February 2022. 52 SJVAPCD. Health Risk Assessment Guidance Document for AB2588 and CEQA. Document provided by the SJVAPCD staff, Kyle Melching, via email dated August 4, 2021. 53 Cal/EPA, OEHHA. 2015. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines. February. Available at:
https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/2015guidancemanual.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 54 Cal/EPA, OEHHA. 1998. Findings of the Scientific Review Panel on The Report on Diesel Exhaust, as adopted at the Panel’s April 22, 1998, meeting.
55 Cal/EPA, OEHHA. 2018. OEHHA/ARB Consolidated Table of Approved Risk Assessment Health Values. May.

Available at: https://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/healthval/contable.pdf. Accessed: May 2021. 56 Email communication with SJVAPCD staff, Diana Walker, on August 17, 2021.

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operational HRA based on the direction from the District.57 Detailed emission calculations for the construction and operational HRAs are presented in Appendix C and Appendix D.

5.1.2 Air Dispersion Modeling Methodology
Ramboll used AERMOD Version 21112 to estimate ambient air concentrations and evaluate the health risks of TACs at off-site receptors. 58,59 For each receptor location, the model generates air concentrations (or air dispersion factors if unit emissions [i.e., 1 g/s] were modeled) that result from emissions from multiple sources.

Air dispersion models such as AERMOD require a variety of inputs such as source parameters, meteorological data, topography information, and receptor parameters. When site-specific information was unknown, default parameter sets that are designed to produce conservative (i.e., overestimates of) air concentrations were used.

5.1.2.1 AERMOD
AERMOD has been approved for use by USEPA, CARB, and SJVAPCD, and incorporates multiple variables in its algorithms including:
• Meteorological data representative of surface and upper air conditions; • Local terrain data to account for elevation changes; and • Physical specification of emission sources including information such as:
 Location;
 Release height; and
 Source dimensions.

Dispersion model averaging times are specified based on the averaging times of ambient air quality standards and the air quality significance thresholds established by the appropriate regulatory agencies. For the Project construction HRA, the PERIOD averaging time (average concentration for the 5-year meteorological data set) was used to calculate chronic (longterm) health effects. No acute non-cancer toxicity has been identified for DPM.60 Thus, an acute HI from Project construction was not calculated.

For the Project operational HRA, the 1-hour averaging time was used to evaluate acute (short-term) effects and the PERIOD averaging time (average concentration for the 5-year meteorological data set) was used to calculate chronic (long-term) health effects. 57 Ibid.
58 USEPA. 2021. User’s Guide for the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model (AERMOD). August. Available at:
https://gaftp.epa.gov/Air/aqmg/SCRAM/models/preferred/aermod/aermod_userguide.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.
59 USEPA. 2017. Guideline on Air Quality Models (Revised). 40 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 51, Appendix W.

Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. January. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/scram/clean-air-actpermit-modeling-guidance. Accessed: February 2022. 60 CARB. 2018. Consolidated Table of OEHHA/ARB Approved Risk Assessment Health Values. August, https://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/healthval/contable.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.

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The following other options in AERMOD were selected for use in this analysis. The regulatory default option was selected based the SJVAPCD modeling recommendations,61 which established the settings for variables such as rural modeling dispersion option, receptor heights, off-site receptor grid spacing, and emissions source parameters. The air dispersion model was run using a unit emission factor approach. The model output based on a unit emission factor approach was incorporated into a post-processing step with the calculated emission rates to estimate the air concentrations at each receptor.

5.1.2.2 Source Characterization
For the Project construction HRA, DPM emissions from haul trucks and vendor vehicles traveled on the roadway links within 0.25 miles of the site boundary were modeled using line-volume sources in the air dispersion model. Volume sources covering the planned construction areas were used to represent DPM exhaust emissions from the off-road equipment for the construction modeling. 20 meters-by-20 meters volume sources62 are used to characterize construction off-road equipment with a release height of 5 meters, an initial lateral dimension of 2.3 (length of side/2.15), and an initial vertical dimension of

1.4 m. Modeled construction emission source locations are shown in Figure 1.

For the Project operational analysis, DPM emissions from mobile sources traveling on the roadway links within 0.25 miles of the site boundary were modeled as line-volume sources.

Point sources were used to represent on-site idling for fuel delivery trucks, warehouse delivery trucks, and MDO delivery trucks, as well as transport refrigeration unit (TRU) emissions when in use by warehouse delivery trucks at the warehouse loading docks. The GDF emission sources were modeled as point sources (loading and breathing emissions) and volume sources (refueling, hose permeation, and spillage). Modeled operational emission source locations are shown in Figure 2. Detailed source parameters and their bases were provided in Appendix E.

5.1.2.3 Meteorology
SJVAPCD provides AERMOD model-ready meteorological data sets for use in air quality and risk impact analyses in the SJVAB. SJVAPCD’s Fresno, CA (Station ID 93193) meteorological data set was selected based on that station’s close geographic proximity to the Project. The SJVAPCD meteorological data set for January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2017 was used for the analysis.63 The meteorological station location is presented in Figure 3.

5.1.2.4 Land Use
The land uses surrounding the Project alignment are primarily a mix of developed residential and commercial areas. AERMOD offers the option of using either rural or urban dispersion characteristics. Selection of rural or urban dispersion characteristics depends on the predominant land use within a three-kilometer radius of the site. SJVAPCD recommends that if 50% or more of the land use types within the three-kilometer radius is classified as heavy 61 SJVAPCD. 2006. Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling. Available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/tox_resources/Modeling%20Guidance.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 62 The modeled volume is an approximate representation of the area where construction activity may occur. Slight changes to the exact boundary of the construction activity area are not anticipated to meaningfully alter the analysis findings.
63 SJVAPCD. Meteorological Data. Available at: ftp://ftp2.valleyair.org/public/Modeling/Meteorological_Data.

Accessed: February 2022.

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industrial, light/moderate industrial, and/or commercial, then urban dispersion characteristics must be chosen for all Project emissions sources. Otherwise, the rural dispersion characteristics must be chosen.64 Ramboll determined that less than 50% of the land use within the three-kilometer radius is classified as the urban land use types, and rural dispersion characteristics were therefore used for the Project.

Data specifying terrain elevations of sources and receptors are imported into the model.

Elevations are based on National Elevation Datasets (NEDs) and consist of an array of regularly spaced points on a horizontal plane for which an elevation is specified. NED 1-arc second data used in this analysis were obtained from the United States Geologic Survey (USGS).65

5.1.2.5 Emission Rates
Emissions were modeled using the ǒ/Q (“chi over q”) method, such that each source group has a unit emission rate (i.e., 1 gram per second [g/s]), and the model estimates dispersion factors (with units of [μg/m3]/[g/s]). Actual emissions were multiplied by the dispersion factors to obtain concentrations.

For the Project construction analysis, emissions from all modeled construction sources including off-road construction equipment, off-site vendor vehicle travel, and off-site hauling vehicle travel – were assumed to occur between the hours of 7:00 AM and 10:00 PM and 6 days per week for the Project construction duration of one year.

For the Project operational analysis, warehouse delivery trucks and TRUs are expected to operate between 2AM and 1PM, 7 days per week. Emissions from gasoline refueling, hose permeation, and spillage were modeled from 6 AM to 10 PM based on the anticipated operating schedule of the gas station. Emissions from fuel delivery trucks, MDO delivery trucks, and gasoline tank loading and breathing loss were conservatively modeled 24 hours per day, 7 days per week.

5.1.2.6 Receptors
In order to evaluate health impacts to off-site receptors, nearby sensitive receptor populations were identified. SJVAPCD identifies the following as off-site sensitive receptors:
schools, daycare facilities, hospitals, and adult/elderly care facilities.66 The following receptors are included in the AERMOD modeling per SJVAPCD guidance:67 • 25 m x 25 m from the site boundary to 100 m from the site boundary; • 50 m x 50 m from 100 m to 250 m from the site boundary; • 100 m x 100 m from 250 m to 500 m from the site boundary; • 250 m x 250 m from 500 m to 1,000 m from the site boundary; • 500 m x 500 m from 1,000 m to 2,000 m from the site boundary; 64 SJVAPCD. 2006. Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling. Available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/tox_resources/Modeling%20Guidance.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 65 USGS National Elevation Dataset. Available at: https://www.mrlc.gov/tools. Accessed: February 2022. 66 SJVAPCD. 2006. Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling. Available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/tox_resources/Modeling%20Guidance.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 67 Ibid.

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• Coarse Grid 100 m x 100 m from 200 m to ¼-mile from the Project;68 and • Discrete sensitive receptors.

Sensitive receptor locations within a 2,000 meter radius of the modeled site boundary69 were procured from a third-party that identified these receptors.70 The locations of all receptors are illustrated on Figure 4. Receptor heights were assumed to be ground-level based on SJVAPCD guidance.71

5.2 Risk Characterization Methods
The Project construction and operational HRA’s was conducted in accordance with SJVAPCD risk assessment guidelines.72 These guidelines are based on OEHHA’s 2015 Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines.73 The 2015 OEHHA Guidelines include various updates that are protective of human health, particularly related to estimating potential risks in infants, children, and other sensitive receptors. Lifetime cancer risk, HIC, and HIA were calculated at each receptor. TAC emissions and air dispersion results were input into HARP, version 21081, the OEHHA-recommended program for completing an HRA. Specific steps taken to complete the HRA, such as exposure assessment, dose-response, and risk characterization are described in more detail below.

5.3 Exposure Assessment
To calculate health impacts for comparison to SJVAPCD thresholds, this report assesses risk to residential, worker, and sensitive receptors. The exposure rate for the residential scenario is more conservative than those for other sensitive receptor types (i.e., school child, daycare child, and patients) as residents have the highest exposure frequency, exposure time, and exposure duration, thus for this analysis, sensitive receptors were evaluated using residential exposure assumptions.

Exposure Assumptions: The exposure duration, pathways, exposure analysis methods (e.g., OEHHA 95th High End Method) evaluated in the HRA used to estimate excess lifetime cancer risks for exposed populations were selected in accordance with risk assessment guidelines from OEHHA and SJVAPCD.74,75 A deposition rate of 0.05 m/s was used for multipathway analysis. For construction HRA, we conservatively assume that exposure begins at birth (age 0), rather than at the third trimester due to higher overall intake of DPM.
68 Ibid.
69 Ibid.
70 EDR. 2021. EDR Offsite Receptor Report.
71 SJVAPCD. 2006. Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling. Available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/tox_resources/Modeling%20Guidance.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. 72 SJVAPCD. Health Risk Assessment Guidance Document for AB2588 and CEQA. Document provided by the SJVAPCD staff, Kyle Melching, via email dated August 4, 2021. 73 Cal/EPA, OEHHA. 2015. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines. February. Available at:
https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/2015guidancemanual.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 74 Cal/EPA, OEHHA. 2015. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines. February. Available at:
https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/2015guidancemanual.pdf. Accessed: February 2022. 75 SJVAPCD. 2006. Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling. Available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/tox_resources/Modeling%20Guidance.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.

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Calculation of Intake: The dose estimated for each exposure pathway is a function of the concentration of a chemical and the intake of that chemical. The intake factor for inhalation, IFinh, can be calculated as follows:

IFinh = DBR * FAH * EF * ED * CF
AT
Where:

IFinh = Intake Factor for Inhalation (m3/kg-day)
DBR = Daily Breathing Rate (L/kg-day)
FAH = Frequency of time at Home (unitless)
EF = Exposure Frequency (days/year)
ED = Exposure Duration (years)
CF = Conversion Factor, 0.001 (m3/L)
AT = Averaging Time (days)
The chemical intake or dose is estimated by multiplying the inhalation intake factor, IFinh, by the chemical concentration in air, Ci. When coupled with the chemical concentration, this calculation is mathematically equivalent to the dose algorithm given in the current OEHHA Hot Spots guidance.76

5.3.1 Age Sensitivity Factors
As a conservative and health-protective measure, the estimated excess lifetime cancer risks for a resident will be adjusted using age sensitivity factors (ASFs) that account for an “anticipated special sensitivity to carcinogens” of infants and children as recommended in the OEHHA 2009 Technical Support Document and OEHHA 2015 Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines.77,78 Cancer risk estimates were weighted by a factor of 10 for exposures that occur from the third trimester of pregnancy to two years of age and by a factor of three for exposures that occur from two years through 15 years of age. No weighting factor (i.e., an ASF of one, which is equivalent to no adjustment) is applied to ages 16 and older.

5.3.2 Toxicity Assessment
The toxicity assessment characterizes the relationship between the magnitude of exposure and the nature and magnitude of adverse health effects that may result from such exposure.

For purposes of calculating exposure criteria to be used in risk assessments, adverse health effects are classified into two broad categories – cancer and non-cancer endpoints. Toxicity values that are used to estimate the likelihood of adverse effects occurring in humans at 76 Cal/EPA, OEHHA. 2015. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines. Appendix D. February.

Available at: https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/2015gmappendices.pdf. Accessed: September 2021. 77 Cal/EPA, OEHHA. 2009. Technical Support Document for Cancer Potency Factors: Methodologies for Derivation, Listing of Available Values, and Adjustment to Allow for Early Life Stage Exposures. May. Available online at:
https://oehha.ca.gov/air/crnr/technical-support-document-cancer-potency-factors-2009. Accessed: September 2021.
78 Cal/EPA, OEHHA. 2015. Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines. Appendix D: February.

Available at: https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/crnr/2015gmappendices.pdf. Accessed: September 2021.

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different exposure levels are identified as part of the toxicity assessment component of a risk assessment. Toxicity factors in the latest HARP Health Database,79 integrated into the HARP program, were used in this HRA. The HARP program contains the most up-to-date listing of available inhalation and oral cancer potency factors (CPFs), chronic inhalation and oral RELs, and acute RELs approved by California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA) for use in health risk assessments.

5.4 Risk Characterization
This section describes the methods used to estimate potential adverse effects associated with off-site exposures to chemicals emitted from the Project. The results of the HRA are presented in Section 5.5. HARP was used to estimate carcinogenic risks and non-cancer HIs associated with potential exposures to potential emissions from the Project’s construction and operational emissions.

5.4.1 Estimation of Cancer Risks
Excess lifetime cancer risks are estimated as the upper-bound incremental probability that an individual will develop cancer over a lifetime as a direct result of exposure to potential carcinogens. The estimated risk is expressed as a unitless probability. The cancer risk attributed to a chemical is calculated by multiplying the chemical intake or dose at the human exchange boundaries (e.g., lungs) by the chemical-specific cancer potency factor (CPF). For carcinogenic chemicals, both inhalation and non-inhalation pathways must be considered, using the CPFs in HARP. Total risk is the sum of risks attributable to each chemical considered by each pathway.

The equation used to calculate the potential excess lifetime cancer risk for the inhalation pathway is as follows:
ܨܵܣ ݔ ݅ܨܲܥ ݔ ݄݅݊ܨܫ ݔ ܨܥ ݔ ݅ܥ ൌ ݄݇݅݊ݏܴ݅
Where:

Riskinh = Cancer risk; the incremental probability of an individual developing cancer as a result of inhalation exposure to a particular potential carcinogen (unitless)
Ci = Annual average air concentration for chemical (μg/m3) CF = Conversion factor (mg/μg)
IFinh = Intake factor for inhalation (m3/kg-day)
CPFi = Cancer potency factor for chemical
(mg chemical/kg body weight-day)-1
ASF = Age sensitivity factor (unitless)
A similar equation, using oral dose and the oral CPF, is used to calculate risks from oral exposure. Oral cancer risks include dermal absorption, incidental ingestion of soil, and mother’s milk. HARP default exposure parameters were used, as described above. 79 The latest HARP Health Database is available from ARB here: https://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/harp/harp.htm.

Accessed: February 2022.

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5.4.1.1 Estimation of Chronic Non-Cancer Hazard Indices The potential for exposure to result in adverse chronic non-cancer effects is evaluated by comparing the estimated annual average air concentration (which is equivalent to the average daily air concentration) to the non-cancer chronic reference exposure level (cREL) for each chemical. When calculated for a single chemical, the comparison yields a ratio termed a hazard quotient (HQ). To evaluate the potential for adverse chronic non-cancer health effects from simultaneous exposure to multiple chemicals, the HQs for all chemicals are summed, yielding a HI:
ܮܧܴܿ / ݅ܥ ൌ ܳ݅ܪ
ܫܪ ൌ σ ܪܳ
Where:

HI = Hazard index
HQi = Chronic hazard quotient for chemical i
Ci = Annual average concentration of chemical i (μg/m3) cRELi = Chronic noncancer reference exposure level for chemical i (μg/m³)
Estimation of non-inhalation chronic health effects uses a similar method, but the annual average air concentration is replaced by the dose calculated by HARP using the exposure parameters mentioned above, and the appropriate non-inhalation REL is used.

Estimation of an HI for each target organ (also referred to as a segregation of HI by target organ analysis) is recommended by OEHHA because the non-cancer effects of chemicals with different target organs are generally not additive.

5.5 Health Risk Results
Using the health risk assessment options for HARP detailed in Table 5-1 and Table 5-2 for the construction HRA and operational HRA, respectively, the potential health impacts during the construction and operation of the Project were estimated at the maximally impacted residential, worker, and sensitive receptors. The cancer risk, HIC, and HIA results of the construction and operational health risk assessment are presented in Table 5-3.

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6. CO HOTSPOTS
Mobile-source impacts occur on two basic scales of motion. Regionally, Project-related travel will add to regional trip generation and increase the VMT within the local airshed and the SJVAB. Locally, Project traffic will be added to the City’s roadway system. There is a potential for the formation of microscale CO “hotspots” in the area immediately around points of congested traffic. Because of continued improvement in mobile emissions at a rate faster than the rate of vehicle growth and/or congestion, the potential for CO hotspots in the basin is steadily decreasing.

Projects contributing to adverse traffic impacts may result in the formation of CO hotspots.

To verify that the Project would not cause or contribute to a violation of the CO standard, a screening evaluation of the potential for CO hotspots was conducted. The Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis prepared by Kittelson evaluated the level of service (LOS) (i.e., increased congestion) impacts at intersections affected by the Project.

The potential for CO hotspots was evaluated based on the results of the traffic analysis.

6.1 Regulatory Background
The City of Fresno’s General Plan and Development Code Update was reviewed to determine if the Project would require a site-specific hotspot analysis. The localized impacts to ambient CO concentrations from peak traffic volumes within the City were modeled using the CALINE4 CO Hotspots model. It was determined that tripling the maximum traffic volume within the City during the peak hour – 12,000 trips – resulted in an 8-hour CO concentration of 6 ppm, which falls below the 8-hour CAAQS of 9.0 ppm.80 Because that volume of traffic is very unlikely to occur, it was determined that CO hotspot modeling is not required for new projects unless roadway intersection traffic volumes exceed 36,000 peak hour trips.

Further, SJVAPCD’s Guidance for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts indicates that the project would result in no potential to create a violation of the CO standard if neither of the following SJVAPCD screening criteria are met at any of the intersections affected by the project:81
• A traffic study for the project indicates that the LOS on one or more streets or at one or more intersections in the project vicinity will be reduced to LOS E or F. • A traffic study indicates that the project will substantially worsen an already existing LOS F on one or more streets or at more or more intersections in the project vicinity. 80 City of Fresno. 2014. General Plan and Development Code Update. Available at:
https://www.fresno.gov/darm/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/11/Sec-05-03-Air-Quality-MEIR.pdf. Accessed:

February 2022.
81 SJVAPCD. 2015. Guidance for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts. Available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/GAMAQI.pdf. Accessed: February 2022.

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6.2 Traffic Study Findings
The Traffic Study82 prepared for this project evaluated the LOS impacts at six existing intersections and three proposed intersections resulting from new roadways for site access.

Kittelson evaluated eight scenarios, which are summarized in Appendix G:
• Scenario 1: Existing Conditions (2021),
• Scenario 2: Existing Plus Project Conditions (2021)
• Scenario 3: Existing Plus Project Conditions with Off-Site Improvements (2021) • Scenario 4: Future Conditions (2042),
• Scenario 5: Future Plus Project Conditions (2042),
• Scenario 6: Future Plus Project with Reclassification Conditions with Off-Site Improvements (2042)
• Scenario 7: Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W. Herndon Ave. (2042), and
• Scenario 8: Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W. Herndon Ave. with Off-Site Improvements (2042).

Scenarios 3, 6, and 8 would not result in a reduction of LOS on one or more streets or at one or more intersections in the project vicinity to LOS E or F.

Based on the analysis performed by Kittelson, the LOS impacts show that the following intersections have the potential to reduce to LOS E or F with the Project:
• Scenario 2: Existing Plus Project Conditions (2021)
 Intersection No. 2 (N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave): PM and Saturday peak hours  Intersection No. 3 (N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave): AM, PM, and Saturday peak hours  Intersection No. 4 (N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave): PM and Saturday peak hours • Scenario 5: Future Plus Project Conditions (2042):
 Intersection No. 2 (N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave): PM and Saturday peak hours  Intersection No. 3 (N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave): AM, PM, and Saturday peak hours  Intersection No. 4 (N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave): PM and Saturday peak hours • Scenario 7: Future Plus Project Conditions without Reclassification of W. Herndon Ave. (2042)
 Intersection No. 2 (N Riverside Dr/W Fir Ave): PM and Saturday peak hours  Intersection No. 3 (N Riverside Dr/W Herndon Ave): AM, PM, and Saturday peak hour  Intersection No. 4 (N Golden State Blvd/W Herndon Ave): PM and Saturday peak hours For these intersections listed above, the total traffic volumes are less than the 36,000 vehicles per hour threshold determined in the General Plan. Further, the Project satisfies the remaining SJVAPCD screening criterion because there are no existing LOS F on any of the 82 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. 2023. Fresno Costco Relocation Transportation Impact Analysis. May Costco Commercial Center
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studied intersections. Therefore, the Project would not result in the potential to create a violation of the CO standard.

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7. PROJECT INVENTORY IN CONTEXT
This section assesses the significance of the Project’s emissions for purposes of CEQA.

7.1 Threshold 1
Would the Project conflict with or obstruct implementation of the applicable air quality plan? CARB has developed a three-step approach to determine project conformity with the applicable Air Quality Attainment Plan (AQAP):

1. Determination that an AQAP is being implemented in the area where the project is being proposed. SJVAPCD has implemented the current, modified 2016 8-hour AQAP as approved by CARB and approved by USEPA for the 2008 8-hour O3 standard.

2. The proposed project must be consistent with the growth assumptions of the applicable AQAP. The Fresno County 2050 growth Projections83 for the 2018 Public Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS)84,85 provides for future employment/population factors.

3. The project must contain in its design all reasonably available and feasible air quality control measures. The Project incorporates various policy and rule-required implementation measures that would reduce related emissions.

As discussed in Section 2.3, SJVAPCD’s air quality plans rely on information from CARB and Fresno Council of Governments (Fresno COG) to project future emissions and determine the strategies necessary for the reduction of emissions through regulatory controls. CARB mobile source emission projections and Fresno COG growth projections are based on population, vehicle trends, and land use plans developed by the cities and Fresno County as part of the development of their general plans. As such, projects that propose development that is consistent with the growth anticipated by the general plan(s) would be consistent with the growth projections of the SIP because associated emissions of criteria pollutants in a designated non-attainment area would be accounted for in these air quality plans. If a project proposes development that is greater than anticipated in Fresno COG’s growth projections, the project would be in conflict with the regional air quality attainment plans and SIP and could potentially result in a significant air quality impact.

The Project is expected to serve the existing population of the area by providing more convenient access to Costco services, and thus it is not expected to lead to population growth. Therefore, it is consistent with the growth projections developed by Fresno COG for the area. The Project also does not involve a change in land use type that would conflict with that established in the City of Fresno General Plan.

The Project shows conformity with CARB’s three step approach and the Project growth was anticipated by the Fresno COG RTP/SCS and incorporated into the AQAP. Implementation of 83 Fresno County Council of Governments, 2017. Fresno County 2050 Growth Projections. Available at:
https://2ave3l244ex63mgdyc1u2mfp-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wpcontent/uploads/publications/RTP/2018_RTP/Fresno_COG_2050_Projections_Final_Report_050417.pdf.

Accessed: February 2022.
84 Fresno County Council of Governments, 2018. Fresno County 2018 Regional Transportation. Available at:
https://www.fresnocog.org/project/regional-transportation-plan-rtp/. Accessed: February 2022. 85 The 2022 RTP/SCS is in development and 70% complete, but the final adoption is not planned until June 2022.

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rule-required measures would ensure that the Project would not obstruct an air quality plan during construction or operation.

7.2 Threshold 2
Would the Project result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the Project region is non-attainment under an applicable federal or state ambient air quality standard?
Per Table 2-2, the Project region is a designated non-attainment area for ozone (the State 1-hour O3; federal and State 8-hour O3) and particulate matter (State PM10; federal and State PM2.5). Ozone precursors include VOC and NOX. As discussed in Section 4, estimated emissions for the Project show that the annual emissions for construction (Table 4-5) and on-site operations (Table 4-8a and Table 4-8b) are less than the SJVAPCD significance thresholds for all criteria pollutants. For annual operational criteria air pollutant emissions, the NOx and PM10 are above the SJVAPCD significance thresholds prior to compliance with Rule 9510. Through compliance with Rule 9510, the operational PM10 and NOx emissions would be below the significance thresholds.

7.3 Threshold 3
Would the Project expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations?

7.3.1 Health Risk Thresholds
The construction-related and operational health risk assessment results were used to assess if the Project would expose off-site receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations. As discussed in Section 5, the construction analysis evaluates the health risk resulting from off-road equipment DPM emissions during construction of the Project, as well as the DPM emissions from hauling and vendor trucks. The operational analysis evaluates the health risk resulting from DPM emissions from TRU usage, travel and idling for fuel delivery trucks, warehouse delivery trucks, and MDO delivery trucks, as well as TAC emissions from gasoline transfer and dispensing.

The results of the analyses show that the lifetime cancer risk, HIC, and acute hazard index of the Project-related construction and operational emissions are less than the SJVAPCD significance thresholds (Table 5-3).

7.3.2 CO Hotspots
Per Section 6, the Project would not result in a CO “hot spot” and a CO “hot spots” analysis is not needed to determine whether the change in the level of service (LOS) of an intersection in the Project area would have the potential to result in exceedances of the CAAQS or NAAQS or expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations.

7.3.3 Health Effects of Criteria Air Pollutants
Significant project criteria air pollutant emissions could potentially lead to increased concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere and could result in health effects due to the increased emissions. The following section describes the mechanism by which project-related emissions could increase the concentrations of criteria air pollutants in the atmosphere and qualitatively describes the potential health effects.

The ambient concentration of criteria pollutants is a result of complex atmospheric chemistry and emissions of pollutant precursors and direct emissions. NOX and VOC are precursors to ozone and, and NOx, VOC, and SOX are precursors to secondarily formed PM2.5. Chemical and Costco Commercial Center
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39 Project Inventory in Context
physical processes transform some of these precursors to the criteria pollutant concentrations in the atmosphere. The calculation of ozone and secondary PM2.5 concentrations resulting from precursors is dependent on the spatial location of the criteria air pollutant emissions and how the emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere. Source apportionment, or the practice of deriving information about pollution sources and the amount they contribute to ambient air pollution levels, is also influenced by the meteorological conditions of the project location.

There are several variables which determine whether emissions of air pollutants from the project move and disperse in the atmosphere in a manner in which concentrations of criteria pollutants would become elevated and result in health impacts. A specific mass of precursor emissions does not equate to an equivalent concentration of the resultant ozone or secondary particulate matter in that area. The resulting concentration of criteria pollutants is influenced by sunlight, other pollutants in the air, complex reactions, and transport. The dispersion is based on the meteorological conditions of the source (the project), local terrain (elevation profile), and the height and size of the source. The surrounding land use, wind direction and wind speed will influence the location where the project emissions disperse.

Meteorology, the presence of sunlight, and other complex chemical factors all combine to determine the ultimate concentration and location of ozone or PM formed by emissions of precursors.

The resulting health effects are further based on a complex relationship of multiple variables and factors. The calculated health effects are dependent upon the concentrations of pollutants to which the receptors are exposed, the number and type of exposure pathways for a receptor, and the intake parameters for a receptor, which vary based upon age and sensitivity (i.e. presence of pre-existing conditions). Health effects would be more likely for individuals with greater susceptibility to exposures, and also dependent on the location of receptors relative to the project site impacts whether receptors are exposed to projectrelated pollutants.

The following is a summary of the health effects from ozone, PM2.5 and PM10. Meteorology and terrain play major roles in ozone formation, and ideal conditions occur on days with low wind speeds or stagnant air, warm temperatures, and cloudless skies. Short-term exposures (lasting for a few hours) to ozone at levels typically observed in California can result in health effects. When inhaled, PM2.5 and PM10 can penetrate the human respiratory system’s natural defenses and damage the respiratory tract. PM2.5 and PM10 can increase the number and severity of asthma attacks and cause or aggravate bronchitis and other lung diseases.

Whereas PM10 tends to collect in the upper portion of the respiratory system, PM2.5 is so tiny that it can penetrate deeper into the lungs and damage lung tissues. Health effects of PM2.5 include mortality (all causes), hospital admissions (respiratory, asthma, cardiovascular), emergency room visits (asthma), and acute myocardial infarction (non-fatal). For ozone, the endpoints are mortality, emergency room visits (respiratory) and hospital admissions (respiratory).

For this project, mass emissions for construction are below significance levels. For operation, emissions are also below significance levels for on-site daily emissions. Annual operational emissions are above the significance thresholds for NOx and PM10 prior to rule compliance and reduced to below the annual thresholds after rule compliance. The health effects from these emissions have been addressed by the analyses included herein.

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The SJVAPCD’s Guidance for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts establishes thresholds which are based upon scientific data that demonstrate the level of criteria air pollutant emissions that can be accommodated in the San Joaquin Valley without affecting the attainment of the CAAQS and NAAQS. As discussed in Section 2.3.1, the CAAQS and NAAQS are set to protect the public health and welfare from the effects of air pollution. Thus, the analyses relative to the SJVAPCD significance thresholds are an indicator for the potential health effects. The District has also adopted health risk thresholds that provide a threshold regarding the potential health effects for air pollutants. The GAMAQI states that “the District has established thresholds of significance for TACs that are extremely conservative and protective of health impacts on sensitive receptors.” The CO hotspots analysis further evaluates for health effects based on the CAAQS for CO. The evaluation of the air emissions, which is a measure of potential health effects, are highlighted in Section 7.1 through 7.3.2.

7.4 Threshold 4
Would the Project result in other emissions (such as those leading to odors) adversely affecting a substantial number of people?

7.4.1 Odors
According to SJVAPCD’s Guidance for Assessing and Mitigating Air Quality Impacts, each project that will generate odors should be evaluated to determine the likelihood that it would result in nuisance odors. SJVAPCD recognizes the subjective nature of odor impacts and recommends that each project should be assessed on a “case-by-case” basis, taking into consideration all available pertinent information to qualitatively determine if a significant impact is likely to occur, such as information regarding the characteristics of the buffer zone between the sensitive receptor(s) and the odor source(s), local meteorological conditions, and the nature of the odor source. To facilitate the evaluation of odors, SJVAPCD has produced a list of common types of facilities, along with the distance from the source within which odors could possibly be significant. The list provides a qualitative assessment of a project’s potential to adversely affect off-site receptors. The table below presents the list of common facilities and the minimum distance from the source below which the odor impacts may be significant. The Project does not include any uses identified by the SJVAPCD as being associated with odors, and thus the Project would not result in odors adversely affecting a substantial number of people.

SJVAPCD Screening Levels for Potential Odor Sources
Type of Facility Distance
Wastewater Treatment Facility 2 Miles
Sanitary Landfill 1 Mile
Transfer Station 1 Mile
Composting Facility 1 Mile
Petroleum Refinery 2 Miles
Asphalt Batch Plant 1 Mile
Chemical Manufacturing 1 Mile
Fiberglass Manufacturing 1 Mile
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41 Project Inventory in Context
SJVAPCD Screening Levels for Potential Odor Sources
Type of Facility Distance
Painting/Coating Operations 1 Mile
Food Processing Facility 1 Mile
Feed Lot/Dairy 1 Mile
Rendering Plant 1 Mile

7.4.2 Valley Fever

7.4.2.1 Background
Valley Fever or coccidioidomycosis is one of the most studied and oldest known fungal infections. Coccidioidomycosis was first discovered in the early 1890s in Domingo Ezcurra, an Argentinean soldier, and in 1900 was established as a fungal disease. After an outbreak in the 1930s in the San Joaquin Valley of California, this disease was given its nickname “San Joaquin Valley Fever,” often shortened further to “Valley Fever”.86 Valley Fever is primarily a disease of the lungs caused by inhalation of spores of the Coccidioides immitis fungus. The Coccidioides fungus resides in the soil in southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and parts of Central and South America. When weather and moisture conditions are favorable, the fungus “blooms” and forms many tiny spores that lie dormant in the soil. The spores are found in the top few inches of soil, become airborne when the soil is disturbed by wind, vehicles, excavation, or other ground-moving activities, and are subsequently inhaled into the lungs. After the fungal spores have settled in the lungs, they change into a multicellular structure called a spherule. Fungal growth in the lungs occurs as the spherule grows and bursts, releasing endospores, which then develop into more spherules.

Infection occurs when the spores of the fungus become airborne and are inhaled. The fungal spores become airborne when contaminated soil is disturbed by human activities, such as construction and agricultural activities, and natural phenomenon, such as windstorms, dust storms, and earthquakes.

Valley Fever symptoms generally occur within 2-3 weeks of exposure. Approximately 60% of Valley Fever cases are mild and display flu-like symptoms or no symptoms. The remainder developed flu-like symptoms (fatigue, cough, chest pain, fever, rash, headache, and joint aches) that can last for a month and tiredness that can sometimes last for longer than a few weeks. In some cases, painful red bumps may develop. A small percentage of infected persons (<1%) can develop disseminated disease that spreads outside the lungs to the brain, bone, and skin. Without proper treatment, Valley Fever can lead to severe pneumonia, meningitis, and even death. Symptoms may appear 1 to 4 weeks after exposure. 86 Los Angeles County Department of Health Services. 2004. Coccidioidomycosis: Cases of Valley Fever on the Rise in Southern California. The Public’s Health Newsletter for Medical Professionals in Los Angeles County, Volume 4, Number 3. April. Available at: http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/media/tph/TPHApril2004.pdf. Accessed:

February 2022.

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These symptoms are not unique to Valley Fever and may be caused by other illnesses as well. Identifying and confirming this disease requires specific laboratory tests such as:
(1) microscopic identification of the fungal spherules in the infected tissue, sputum, or body fluid sample; (2) growing a culture of Coccidioides immitis from a tissue specimen, sputum, or body fluid; (3) detection of antibodies (serological tests specifically for Valley Fever) against the fungus in blood serum or other body fluids; and (4) administering the Valley Fever skin test (called coccidioidin or spherulin), which indicates prior exposure to the fungus Valley Fever is not contagious, and thus cannot be passed from person to person. Most individuals who are infected will recover without treatment within 6 months and will have a life-long immunity to the fungal spores. In severe cases, such as patients with rapid and extensive primary illness, those who are at risk for dissemination of disease, and those who have disseminated disease, antifungal drug therapy is used. Only 1-2% of those exposed who seek medical attention will develop a disease that spreads to other parts of the body other than the lungs. The table below presents infection classifications and normal diagnostic spread as noted in recent research.

Range of Valley Fever Cases87,88
Infection Classification Percent of Total Diagnosed Cases Asymptomatic infections 60
Infections that resolve spontaneously (with lifelong
immunity) 35
Chronic disease or disease disseminated throughout
the body Up to 5
Meningeal infection (affecting brain and/or spinal
cord and requiring lifetime treatment) 0.15–0.75
Factors that affect the susceptibility to coccidioidal dissemination are race, sex, pregnancy, age, and immunosuppression. In 2019, there were 9,004 reported Valley Fever cases in California.89 Consistent with previous years, the highest incidence of Valley fever in 2019 was reported in counties in the Central Valley and Central Coast regions of California, including Kern, Kings, San Luis Obispo, Fresno, Tulare, Madera, and Monterey counties. Of the 9,004 reported cases, 621 were reported for Fresno County.90 Within Fresno County, elevated 87 Hector RF, Laniado-Laborin R. 2005. Coccidioidomycosis—A Fungal Disease of the Americas. PLoS Medicine. 2005;2(1):e2. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020002. Available at:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC545195. Accessed: February 2022. 88 Saubolle, Michael A., Peter P. McKellar, and Den Sussland. 2007. Epidemiologic, clinical, and diagnostic aspects of coccidioidomycosis. Journal of clinical microbiology 45.1: 26-30. Available at:
http://jcm.asm.org/content/45/1/26.short. Accessed: February 2022. 89 California Department of Public Health. 2020. Valley Fever Cases Reach Record High in California in 2019.

Available at: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/OPA/Pages/NR20-321.aspx. Accessed: February 2022. 90 California Department of Public Health. 2020. Epidemiologic Summary of Valley Fever in California, 2019. https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/CDPH%20Document%20Library/CocciEpiSummary2019.pdf.

Accessed: February 2022.

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areas of Valley Fever activity are known in the western portion, which does not include the City of Fresno.91

7.4.2.2 Assessment of Valley Fever Risks
The Coccidioides immitis fungus spores found in soil, which are responsible for transmitting the Valley Fever, can disperse in the air when the soil is disturbed during construction activities, and then can be inhaled into the lungs. On-site construction workers potentially could be exposed to Valley Fever from fugitive dust generated during construction of the Project, notably during grading and other earthmoving activities. Construction activities are subject to SJVAPCD Regulation VIII (Fugitive PM10 Prohibition). Regulation VIII is intended to reduce ambient concentrations of PM10 by requiring actions to prevent, reduce or mitigate anthropogenic fugitive dust emissions. By reducing fugitive dust emissions, Regulation VIII reduces potential exposure to Valley Fever. Since current long-term residents typically already have been exposed to and have developed immunity to Valley Fever, construction activities are not expected to add significantly to exposure of off-site residents to the fungus.

Operation of the Project is not expected to produce significant amounts of fugitive dust.

Therefore, operational activities are not expected to add significantly to exposure of off-site residents to the fungus.
91 Fresno County. Valley Fever in Fresno County. Available at:
https://www.co.fresno.ca.us/home/showpublisheddocument/20584/636482356859800000. Accessed: February 2022.

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Ramboll
TABLES
Table 2-1. Summary of NAAQS and CAAQS
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Concentration3 Method4 Primary3,5 Secondary3,6 Method7
1 Hour 0.09 ppm
(180 μg/m3
) -
8 Hour 0.070 ppm
(137 μg/m3
)

0.070 ppm
(137 μg/m3)
24 Hour 50 μg/m3 150 μg/m3
Annual Arithmetic
Mean 20 μg/m3 -
24 Hour - - 35 μg/m3 Same as Primary
Standard
Annual Arithmetic
Mean 12 μg/m3 Gravimetric or Beta
Attenuation 12.0 μg/m3 15.0 μg/m3
1 Hour 20 ppm (23 mg/m3
) 35 ppm (40 mg/m3) -
8 Hour 9.0 ppm (10 mg/m3
) 9 ppm (10 mg/m3) -
8 Hour (Lake
Tahoe) 6 ppm (7 mg/m3
) --
1 Hour 0.18 ppm
(339 μg/m3
) 100 ppb (188 μg/m3
) -
Annual Arithmetic
Mean

0.030 ppm
(57 μg/m3
)

0.053 ppm
(100 μg/m3)
Same as Primary
Standard
1 Hour 0.25 ppm
(655 μg/m3
) 75 ppb (196 μg/m3
)
3 Hour - - 0.5 ppm
(1300 μg/m3)
24 Hour 0.04 ppm
(105 μg/m3
)

0.14 ppm
(for certain areas)11 -
Annual Arithmetic
Mean - 0.030 ppm
(for certain areas)11 -
30 Day Average 1.5 μg/m3 -
Calendar Quarter - 1.5 μg/m3
(for certain areas)12
Rolling 3-Month
Average - 0.15 μg/m3
Visibility Reducing
Particles14 8 Hour See footnote 14
Beta Attenuation and
Transmittance through
Filter Tape
Sulfates 24 Hour 25 μg/m3 Ion Chromatography
Hydrogen Sulfide 1 Hour 0.03 ppm (42 μg/m3
) Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Vinyl Chloride12 24 Hour 0.01 ppm (26 μg/m3
) Gas Chromatography
Pollutant Averaging Time
California Standards1 National Standards2
Ozone (O3)
8 Ultraviolet Photometry Same as Primary
Standard Ultraviolet Photometry
Respirable Particulate
Matter (PM10)
9 Gravimetric or Beta
Attenuation
Same as Primary
Standard
Inertial Separation and
Gravimetric Analysis
Fine Particulate Matter
(PM2.5)
9 Inertial Separation and
Gravimetric Analysis
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Non-Dispersive Infrared
Photometry (NDIR)
Non-Dispersive Infrared
Photometry (NDIR)
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
10 Gas Phase
Chemiluminescence
Gas Phase
Chemiluminescence
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
11 Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Ultraviolet
Fluorescence;
Spectrophotometry
(Pararosaniline Method)
Lead (Pb)12,13 Atomic Absorption High Volume Sampler
and Atomic Absorption Same as Primary
Standard
No National Standards
Notes:
1 California standards for ozone, carbon monoxide (except 8-hour Lake Tahoe), sulfur dioxide (1 and 24 hour), nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, and visibility reducing particles), are values that are not to be exceeded. All others are not to be equaled or exceeded. California ambient air quality standards are listed in the Table of Standards in Section 70200 of Title 17 of the California Code of Regulations. 2 National standards (other than ozone, particulate matter, and those based on annual arithmetic mean) are not to be exceeded more than once a year. The ozone standard is attained when the fourth highest 8-hour concentration measured at each site in a year, averaged over three years, is equal to or less than the standard.

For PM10, the 24-hour standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with a 24-hour average concentration above 150 g/m3 is equal to
or less than one. For PM2.5, the 24-hour standard is attained when 98 percent of the daily concentrations, averaged over three years, are equal to or less than the standard. Contact the U.S. EPA for further clarification and current national policies. 3 Concentration expressed first in units in which it was promulgated. Equivalent units given in parentheses are based upon a reference temperature of 25°C and a reference pressure of 760 torr. Most measurements of air quality are to be corrected to a reference temperature of 25°C and a reference pressure of 760 torr; ppm in this table refers to ppm by volume, or micromoles of pollutant per mole of gas. 4 Methods specified by the ARB or any equivalent measurement method which can be shown to the satisfaction of the ARB to give equivalent results at or near the level of the air quality standard may be used.
5 National Primary Standards: The levels of air quality necessary, with an adequate margin of safety to protect the public health. 6 National Secondary Standards: The levels of air quality necessary to protect the public welfare from any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant. 7 Reference method as described by the U.S. EPA. An “equivalent method” of measurement may be used but must have a “consistent relationship to the reference method” and must be approved by the U.S. EPA.
8 On October 1, 2015, the national 8-hour ozone primary and secondary standards were lowered from 0.075 to 0.070 ppm.

Table 2-1. Summary of NAAQS and CAAQS
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
ARB - Air Resources Board PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter CAAQS - California Ambient Air Quality Standards PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter CO - carbon monoxide ROG - reactive organic gases
lbs - pounds SOx - sulfur oxide compounds
mg/m3
- milligrams per cubic meter U.S. EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards g/m3
- micrograms per cubic meter
NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2) VOC - volatile organic compounds ppm - parts per million
10 To attain the 1-hour national standard, the 3-year average of the annual 98th percentile of the 1-hour daily maximum concentrations at each site must not exceed 100 ppb. Note that the national 1-hour standard is in units of parts per billion (ppb). California standards are in units of parts per million (ppm). To directly compare the national 1-hour standard to the California standards the units can be converted from ppb to ppm. In this case, the national standard of 100 ppb is identical to 0.100 ppm.
9 On December 14, 2012, the national annual PM2.5 primary standard was lowered from 15 g/m3 to 12.0 g/m3. The existing national 24-hour PM2.5 standards (primary and secondary) were retained at 35 g/m3
, as was the annual secondary standard of 15 g/m3. The existing 24-hour PM10 standards (primary and secondary) of 150 g/m3 also were retained. The form of the annual primary and secondary standards is the annual mean, averaged over 3 years. 11 On June 2, 2010, a new 1-hour SO2 standard was established and the existing 24-hour and annual primary standards were revoked. To attain the 1-hour national standard, the 3-year average of the annual 99th percentile of the 1-hour daily maximum concentrations at each site must not exceed 75 ppb. The 1971 SO2 national standards (24-hour and annual) remain in effect until one year after an area is designated for the 2010 standard, except that in areas designated nonattainment for the 1971 standards, the 1971 standards remain in effect until implementation plans to attain or maintain the 2010 standards are approved.

Note that the 1-hour national standard is in units of parts per billion (ppb). California standards are in units of parts per million (ppm). To directly compare the 1- hour national standard to the California standard the units can be converted to ppm. In this case, the national standard of 75 ppb is identical to 0.075 ppm. 12 The ARB has identified lead and vinyl chloride as 'toxic air contaminants' with no threshold level of exposure for adverse health effects determined. These actions allow for the implementation of control measures at levels below the ambient concentrations specified for these pollutants. 13 The national standard for lead was revised on October 15, 2008 to a rolling 3-month average. The 1978 lead standard (1.5 g/m3 as a quarterly average) remains
in effect until one year after an area is designated for the 2008 standard, except that in areas designated nonattainment for the 1978 standard, the 1978 standard remains in effect until implementation plans to attain or maintain the 2008 standard are approved. 14 In 1989, the ARB converted both the general statewide 10-mile visibility standard and the Lake Tahoe 30-mile visibility standard to instrumental equivalents, which are "extinction of 0.23 per kilometer" and "extinction of 0.07 per kilometer" for the statewide and Lake Tahoe Air Basin standards, respectively.

Abbreviations:

Table 2-2. SJVAPCD NAAQS and CAAQS Attainment Status
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Federal Standards2 California Standards3
Ozone (1 Hour) No Federal Standard4 Nonattainment/Severe Ozone (8 Hour) Nonattainment/Extreme5 Nonattainment
Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10) Attainment6 Nonattainment Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Nonattainment7 Nonattainment Carbon Monoxide (CO) Attainment/Unclassified Attainment/Unclassified Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Attainment/Unclassified Attainment Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Attainment/Unclassified Attainment Lead (Particulate) No Designation/Classification Attainment Visibility Reducing Particles No Federal Standard Unclassified Sulfates No Federal Standard Attainment
Hydrogen Sulfide No Federal Standard Unclassified
Vinyl Chloride No Federal Standard Attainment
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CAAQS - California Ambient Air Quality Standards
CCR - California Code of Regulations
CFR - Code of Federal Regulations
CO - carbon monoxide
EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NO2 - nitrogen dioxide
PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter ROG - reactive organic gases
SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District SJVAB - San Joaquin Valley Air Basin
SOx - sulfur oxide compounds
4 Effective June 15, 2005, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) revoked the federal 1-hour ozone standard, including associated designations and classifications. EPA had previously classified the SJVAB as extreme nonattainment for this standard. EPA approved the 2004 Extreme Ozone Attainment Demonstration Plan on March 8, 2010 (effective April 7, 2010). Many applicable requirements for extreme 1-hour ozone nonattainment areas continue to apply to the SJVAB.
7 The Valley is designated nonattainment for the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS. EPA designated the Valley as nonattainment for the 2006 PM2.5 NAAQS on November 13, 2009 (effective December 14, 2009). 5 Though the Valley was initially classified as serious nonattainment for the 1997 8-hour ozone standard, EPA approved Valley reclassification to extreme nonattainment in the Federal Register on May 5, 2010 (effective June 4, 2010).

Pollutant
Designation/Classification1
1 See SJVAPCD Attainment Status. Available at: https://www.valleyair.org/aqinfo/attainment.htm. Accessed:

September 2021.
2 See 40 CFR Part 81.
3 See CCR Title 17 Sections 60200-60210.
6 On September 25, 2008, EPA redesignated the San Joaquin Valley to attainment for the PM10 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and approved the PM10 Maintenance Plan.

Table 2-3. Local Ambient Air Quality Data (Fresno County) Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Pollutant1,2
Averaging
Time 2017 2018 2019 2020
Most Stringent
Ambient Air Quality
Standard3 Monitoring Station
1 hour 0.128 ppm 0.100 ppm 0.097 ppm 0.116 ppm 0.09 ppm (State) 8 hours 0.107 ppm 0.087 ppm 0.084 ppm 0.096 ppm 0.070 ppm (State/National)
24 hours 153.6 μg/m3 136.2 μg/m3 334.9 μg/m3 283.7 μg/m3 50 μg/m3 (State)
Annual 39.4 μg/m3 40.6 μg/m3 35.9 μg/m3 48.4 μg/m3 20 μg/m3 (State)
24 hours 86 μg/m3 95.7 μg/m3 51.3 μg/m3 163.2 μg/m3 35 μg/m3 (National)
Annual 14.8 μg/m3 16.2 μg/m3 11.1 μg/m3 163.2 μg/m3 12 μg/m3 (National)
1 hour 7.7 ppb 7.2 ppb 8.9 ppb 16.2 ppb 75 ppb (National) 24 hours 2.3 ppb 2.6 ppb 2.1 ppb 2.2 ppb 140 ppb (National) 1 hour 51 ppb 43 ppb 41 ppb 43 ppb 100 ppb (National)
Annual 7.21 ppb 7.93 ppb 6.98 ppb 7.5 ppb 30 ppb (State) 1 hour 2.3 ppb 2.1 ppb 1.9 ppb 5 ppb 20 (State)
8 hours 1.9 ppb 2 ppb 1.5 ppb 2.5 ppb 9.0 (State)
CARB - California Air Resources Board ppm - parts per million CO - carbon monoxide PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter EPA - Environmental Protection Agency PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter NO2 - nitrogen dioxide SO2 - sulfur dioxide
ppb - parts per billion g/m3
- micrograms per cubic meter
Ozone Fresno - Sierra Skypark #2
PM10 Fresno - Garland
PM2.5 Fresno - Garland
Abbreviations:

SO2 Fresno - First Street
NO2 Fresno - Sierra Skypark #2
CO Fresno - First Street
Notes:
1 Ozone, PM10, PM2.5 data obtained from CARB iDAM: Air Quality Data Statistics. Daily exceedances for particulate matter are estimated days because PM10 and PM2.5 are not monitored daily. Available at: https://www.arb.ca.gov/adam/select8/sc8start.php. 2 SO2, NO2, and CO data obtained from EPA AirData. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/outdoor-air-quality-data/monitor-values-report. Accessed:

September 2021.
3 Most Stringent Ambient Air Quality Standard obtained from the table of ambient air quality standards available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/aaqs2.pdf. Accessed: September 2021.

Table 2-4. Frequency of Air Quality Standard Violations Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
National
24-Hour PM10
State
24-Hour PM10
National
24-Hour PM2.5
State
1-Hour O3
State
8-Hour O3
National
8-Hour O3
2017 1 97 31 6 46 44
2018 0 103 36 4 30 27
2019 3 73 10 2 9 9
2020 14 100 45 8 19 18
1 * = There was insufficient (or no) data available to determine the value.

CARB - California Air Resources Board
O3 - ozone
PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter Abbreviations:

Monitoring Site Year
Number of Days Exceeding Standard1,2
Notes:
2 Ozone, PM10, PM2.5 data obtained from CARB iDAM: Air Quality Data Statistics. Daily exceedances for particulate matter are estimated days because PM10 and PM2.5 are not monitored daily. Available at: https://arb.ca.gov/adam/select8/sc8start.php. Accessed: September 2021.

Fresno-Sierra Skypark #2
(O3); Fresno-Garland (PM2.5,
PM10)

Table 3-1. SJVAPCD Air Quality Significance Thresholds
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Permitted
Equipment and
Activities
Non-Permitted
Equipment and
Activities
NOX 10 10 10
VOC 10 10 10
PM10 15 15 15
PM2.5 15 15 15
SOX 27 27 27
CO 100 100 100
Carcinogens
Source:
μg/m3 - micrograms per cubic meter PM2.5 - fine particulate matter CO - carbon monoxide ppm - parts per million
CO2e - carbon dioxide equivalents SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District GHG - greenhouse gases SO2 - sulfur dioxide
lbs - pounds SOx - sulfur oxides
MT - metric ton TACs - toxic air contaminants
NO2 - nitrogen dioxide VOC - volatile organic compounds NOx - nitrogen oxides yr - year
PM10 - respirable particulate matter
Criteria Air Pollutant Annual Thresholds (tons/year)1
Non-Carcinogens
2 SJVAPCD. San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Air Quality Thresholds of Significance - Toxic Air Contaminants. Available at: http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/0714-GAMAQI-TACs-Thresholds-ofSignificance.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

Abbreviations:

Pollutant Construction
Operation
Maximum Exposed Individual Cancer Risk 20 in 1 million
Cancer Burden > 0.5 excess cancer cases (in areas 1 in 1 million) Chronic & Acute Hazard Index 1.0 (project increment)
Acute: Hazard Index equals or exceeds 1 for
the Maximally Exposed Individual
Chronic: Hazard Index equals or exceeds 1 for
the Maximally Exposed Individual
Toxic Air Contaminants (TACs) Thresholds2
1 SJVAPCD. San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Air Quality Thresholds of Significance - Criteria Pollutants. Available at: http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/0714-GAMAQI-Criteria-Pollutant-Thresholds-ofSignificance.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

Table 4-1. Construction Schedule
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
CalEEMod®
Phase Type1 Start Date1 End Date1
Phase
Duration2
(days)
Demolition 5/1/2023 5/8/2023 7
Site Preparation 5/1/2023 5/8/2023 7
Grading 5/9/2023 6/12/2023 30
Grading/BC Overlap 6/13/2023 7/5/2023 20
Building Construction 7/6/2023 11/10/2023 110
Paving 7/29/2023 9/13/2023 40
Architectural Coating 9/14/2023 11/10/2023 50
Notes:
1 Construction phases and duration are based on Project-specific estimates. 2 The construction work week was assumed to be 6 days per week.

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - California Emissions Estimator Model

Table 4-2. Construction Equipment
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Phase Name
Offroad Equipment Type1
Number of
Equipment1
Usage Hours2
(hours/day)
Equipment
Horsepower2
(hp)
Equipment Load
Factor2
Concrete/Industrial Saws 1 8 81 0.73
Excavators 3 8 158 0.38
Rubber Tired Dozers 2 8 247 0.4
Site Preparation Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 4 8 97 0.37
Graders 3 8 187 0.41
Other Construction Equipment 2 8 401 0.42
Paving Equipment 1 8 132 0.36
Rubber Tired Dozers 4 8 247 0.4
Scrapers 2 8 367 0.48
Surfacing Equipment 1 8 263 0.3
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 2 8 97 0.37
Excavators 3 8 158 0.38
Rough Terrain Forklifts 2 8 100 0.4
Rubber Tired Dozers 3 8 247 0.4
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 8 97 0.37
Excavators 3 8 158 0.38
Rough Terrain Forklifts 2 8 100 0.4
Rubber Tired Dozers 3 8 247 0.4
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 3 7 97 0.37
Rough Terrain Forklifts 1 8 100 0.4
Rubber Tired Dozers 2 8 247 0.4
Tractors/Loaders/Backhoes 2 8 97 0.37
Architectural Coating Air Compressors 1 6 78 0.48
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - California Emissions Estimator Model
hp - horsepower
2 Equipment usage hours, horsepower, and load factor are based on CalEEMod® defaults, with the exception of the horsepower value for "Other Construction Equipment" during the Grading phase. The "Other Construction Equipment" represents soil compactors and is based is based on project-specific data.

Demolition
Grading
Grading/BC Overlap
Building Construction
Paving
1 Number and type of offroad equipment for the Grading, Grading/BC Overlap, Building Construction, and Paving phases based on Projectspecific data. Equipment used in the Demolition and Architectural Coating phases are based on CalEEMod® default values.

Table 4-3. Construction Material Movement
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Phase Name
Material Imported1
(yd3)
Material Exported1
(yd3)
Grading 60,000 0
Grading/BC Overlap 0 3,000
Notes:
1 Soil import and export quantities based on project-specific data.

Abbreviations:
yd3 - cubic yard

Table 4-4. Construction Demolition Assumptions
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Phase Name Size Metric Unit Amount1
Demolition/Site Prep Tons of Debris 10
Notes:
1 Square-footage quantity based on project-specific data.

Table 4-5. Annual and Daily Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Project Construction Costco Commercial CenterFresno, California
VOC2 NOx CO SOX
3 PM10 PM2.5 VOC2 NOx CO SOX
3 PM10 PM2.5
Project Construction4 2.1 3.9 4.6 0.01 0.6 0.2 11.3 21.4 25.4 0.1 3.3 1.3 SJVAPCD Significance Thresholds5 10 10 100 27 15 15 100 100 100 100 100 100 Exceeds Threshold for anyYear of Construction? NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NONotes:

Abbreviations:CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel ROG - reactive organic gases CARB - California Air Resources Board SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control DistrictCO - carbon monoxide SO2 - sulfur dioxide lbs - pounds SOx - sulfur oxide compounds
NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2) USEPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter VOC - volatile organic compounds PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter 2 For purposes of this analysis VOC emissions are assumed to be equal to ROG.3 For purposes of this analysis SOX emissions are assumed to be equal to SO2.5 SJVAPCD Air Quality Significance Thresholds. Available at http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/0714-GAMAQI-Criteria-Pollutant-Thresholds-of-Significance.pdf. Accessed: January 2022. (pounds/day)
Daily Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates1 Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates1 Scenario (tons/year)
1 Total emissions for project construction were estimated using CalEEMod® (see Appendix A). Total construction emissions include construction of the fuel station, warehouse, car wash, and parking lot.
4 Construction emissions assume watering control consistent with SJVAPCD Rule 8021. Construction equipment greater than 50 hp used at the site shall meet USEPA Tier 3 emission standards for PM10 and PM2.5 and include particulate matter emissions control equivalent to CARB Level 3 verifiable diesel emission control devices.

Table 4-6. Gasoline Dispensing Facility Operational VOC Emissions Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Loading Breathing Refueling
Hose
Permeation Spillage Total
Herndon/Riverside 9.9
Notes:

Abbreviations:

EVR - enhanced vapor recovery
lb - pounds
SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District VOC - volatile organic compounds
1 Emission factors obtained from SJVAPCD staff via email on October 13, 2021 for EVR Phase I and EVR Phase II Installed Underground Tank.
2 Herndon/Riverside emissions are estimated using a throughput of 25.5 million gallons/year.

Emissions2
(tons/year)
VOC Emission Factor1
(lb/1,000 gallons)
Scenario

0.15 0.024 0.356 0.009 0.24 0.779

Table 4-7. TRU Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Calculations Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
VOC NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5

2.52 2.12 0.32 0.002 0.06 0.06
VOC NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5
Herndon/Riverside 712 0.39 0.33 0.05 0.000 0.009 0.009
Abbreviations:

CARB - California Air Resources Board ppm - parts per million CO - carbon dioxide SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District NOx - oxides of nitrogen
PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter Constants:

Horsepower 4 50 bhp
Load Factor 5 0.38
TRU Cycle Duration 6 622 minutes
Fuel Consumption2 0.040 gal/hp-hr
Fuel Sulfur Content2 15 ppm
Density of Diesel 3,221 g/gal
Conversion Factors:
453.592 g/lb
1000000 g/MT
60 min/hr
365 day/year
2000 lb/ton
VOCs - Volatile Organic Compounds
TRU - transportation refrigeration unit
SOx - sulfur oxide compounds
PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter Emission Factor1,2
(g/bhp-hr)
6 TRU Cycle Duration is based on 2 hours of off-site loading time plus the duration of the on-site and off-site transit. It is assumed that loading/unloading will occur while the TRU is plugged in, so no emissions are estimated for this time period. Assumptions based on Table II.G.1 of CARB Proposed Amendments to the Airborne Toxic Control Measure for In-Use Diesel-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets, and Facilities Where TRUs Operate. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/board/rulemaking/tru2021/appi.pdf. Accessed: May 2022. 3 Approximately 15% of warehouse delivery trucks are equipped with TRUs.

Scenario
Number of Round Trips
with TRUs3
Annual Average TRU Emissions
(tons/year)
Notes:
1 Emission factors obtained from OFFROAD2021 emissions output for Calendar Year 2023, Transportation Refrigeration Unit - Instate Trailer and Transportation Refrigeration Unit - Out-Of-State Trailer in Fresno County. 2 SOX emission factors based on sulfur content of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (15 ppm) and fuel consumption from OFFROAD2021. 4 Horsepower is based on SJVAPCD Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling, section 2.3.1 Transportation Refrigeration unit (TRU), Modeling Parameters.
5 Load factor obtained from CARB Draft 2019 Update to Emissions Inventory for Transport Refrigeration Units, for TRUs Over 25 hp, 2013 and newer. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/coldstorage/documents/hra_emissioninventory2019.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

Table 4-8a. Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Project Operation Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
VOC2 NOx CO SOX
3 PM10 PM2.5
Gasoline Dispensing Facility 9.9 -- -- -- -- --
Permitted Total 9.9 -- -- -- -- --
SJVAPCD Significance Thresholds4 10 10 100 27 15 15
Exceeds Threshold? NO -- -- -- -- --
Area5 0.95 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
Energy5 0.01 0.13 0.11 0.00 0.01 0.01
Mobile6 8.6 11.8 81.3 0.2 18.1 4.6
Non-permitted Total 9.5 11.9 81.4 0.2 18.1 4.6
SJVAPCD Significance Thresholds4 10 10 100 27 15 15
Exceeds Threshold? NO YES NO NO YES NO
Annual Emissions Reduction from Rule
9510 Compliance7 -- -3.0 -- -- -9.1 --
Non-permitted Total with Rule
Compliance8 9.5 8.9 81.4 0.2 9.1 4.6
Exceeds Threshold? NO NO NO NO NO NO
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter CO - carbon monoxide ROG - reactive organic gases
EMFAC - EMission FACtors model SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District lbs - pounds SO2 - sulfur dioxide
NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2) SOx - sulfur oxide compounds PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter VOC - volatile organic compounds 1 Emissions totals may not add up due to rounding. Emissions shown as zero may be non-zero values; however, they are below a meaningful reporting level for this analysis.
2 For purposes of this analysis VOC emissions are assumed to be equal to ROG.

Permitted
Non-permitted
Emission Category
Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates1
(tons/year)
3 For purposes of this analysis SOX emissions are assumed to be equal to SO2. 7 The annual emissions reductions from Rule 9510 compliance for NOx and PM10 are calculated using the SJVAPCD Indirect Source Rule Fee Estimator available at: https://ww2.valleyair.org/media/q2jdhwze/fee-estimator.xlsm. Accessed: February 2023. 5 Total area and energy emissions were estimated using CalEEMod® (see Appendix A). 6 Total mobile emissions include emissions from on-road vehicles and TRUs. On-road mobile emissions were estimated using CalEEMod ®
default trip lengths, EMFAC2021 emission factors, and Project-specific vehicle trip rates provided by Kittelson & Associates, See Appendix B for details. TRU emissions were estimated using OFFROAD2021 emission factors. 4 SJVAPCD Air Quality Significance Thresholds. Available at http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/0714-GAMAQI-Criteria-PollutantThresholds-of-Significance.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

Table 4-8b. On-Site Daily Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Project Operation Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
VOC2 NOx CO SOX
3 PM10 PM2.5
Gasoline Dispensing Facility4 54.4 -- -- -- -- --
Total Daily Permitted On-Site
Emissions (lb/day) 54.4 -- -- -- -- --
SJVAPCD Significance Thresholds5 100 100 100 100 100 100 Exceeds Threshold? NO -- -- -- -- --
Area6 5.19 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00
Energy6 0.08 0.74 0.62 0.00 0.06 0.06
Mobile on-road 12.0 9.1 97.6 0.1 0.2 0.1
Mobile TRU Emissions 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Mobile7 12.0 9.1 97.6 0.1 0.2 0.1
Total Daily Non-permitted On-Site
Emissions (lb/day) 17.3 9.8 98.3 0.1 0.3 0.2
SJVAPCD Significance Thresholds5 100 100 100 100 100 100 Exceeds Threshold? NO NO NO NO NO NO
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter CO - carbon monoxide ROG - reactive organic gases
EMFAC - EMission FACtors model SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District lbs - pounds SO2 - sulfur dioxide
NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2) SOx - sulfur oxide compounds PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter VOC - volatile organic compounds Emission Category
On-Site Daily Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates1 (lbs/day)
7 Total mobile emissions include emissions from on-road vehicles and TRUs. On-road mobile emissions were estimated using CalEEMod® default trip lengths, EMFAC2021 emission factors, and Project-specific vehicle trip rates provided by Kittelson & Associates, See Appendix B for details. TRU emissions were estimated using OFFROAD2021 emission factors. 4 The gasoline dispensing facility VOC emissions are for the Herndon/Riverside facility.

Permitted On-Site
5 SJVAPCD Air Quality Significance Thresholds. Available at http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/0714-GAMAQI-Criteria-PollutantThresholds-of-Significance.pdf. Accessed: January 2022.

Non-permitted On-Site
1 Emissions totals may not add up due to rounding. Emissions shown as zero may be non-zero values; however, they are below a meaningful reporting level for this analysis.
2 For purposes of this analysis VOC emissions are assumed to be equal to ROG. 3 For purposes of this analysis SOX emissions are assumed to be equal to SO2. 6 Total area and energy emissions were estimated using CalEEMod® (see Appendix A).

Table 5-1. HARP Health Risk Assessment Options for Construction HRA Costco Commercial CenterFresno, California
Residential Cancer
Risk Run
Residential Chronic
Risk Run
Worker Cancer
Risk Run
Worker Chronic
Risk Run Acute Risk Run
Analysis Type Cancer Risk Chronic Risk (Non-cancer) Cancer Risk Chronic Risk (Non-cancer) Acute Risk (Non-cancer)Receptor Type N/AExposure Duration2 0.53-Year (0 start age) N/A 0.53-Year (16 start age) N/A N/A Intake RatePercentile
95th percentile(High End)
95th percentile(High End) N/A
Tab “Inh” Use Defaults (No Change)Tab “Soil” N/ATab “Derm” N/ATab “MMlk” N/A N/A N/ATab “HG Produce” N/A N/A N/ATab “Pig, Chicken, &Egg” N/A N/A N/A Notes:

Abbreviations:ADMRT - Air Dispersion Modeling and Risk ToolHARP - Hotspots Analysis and Reporting ProgramN/A - not applicableSJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Uncheck "Apply fraction of time spent at home (FAH)
to ages greater than or equal to 16 years” Check box "Use Adjustment Factors" with WAF = 1.873 Use Defaults (No Change)
HARP2
Risk Analyses Screen/
Option Title
Options Chosen1
Select RiskScenario
Individual Resident Worker
95th percentile
(High End)
1 Options were chosen based on SJVAPCD's Draft HRA Guidance provided to Ramboll by Kyle Melching (SJVAPCD) on August 4, 2021.2 Exposure duration was set to 0.53 years to reflect the duration of construction activity (i.e. 193 days).3 Annual concentration adjustment factor for worker is set based on a construction schedule of 7:00 AM to 10:00 PM, 6 days a week.

Use Defaults (No Change)
Warm Climate Warm Climate
Use Defaults (No Change)Use Defaults (No Change)Use Defaults (No Change) SelectPathways toEvaluate
Tab “Pathways toEvaluate”
User Defined Select "Worker Pathways" Default Inhalation Only Select deposition rate of 0.05 m/s Select deposition rate of 0.05 m/s Pathway

Table 5-2. HARP Health Risk Assessment Options for Operational HRA Costco Commercial CenterFresno, California
Residential Cancer
Risk Run
Residential Chronic
Risk Run
Worker Cancer
Risk Run
Worker Chronic
Risk Run
Analysis Type Cancer Risk Chronic Risk (Non-cancer) Cancer Risk Chronic Risk (Non-cancer)Receptor TypeExposure Duration2 69.47-Year N/A 39.47-Year (16.53 start age) N/A Intake Rate PercentileTab “Inh”Tab “Soil”Tab “Derm”
Tab “MMlk” N/A N/ATab “HG Produce” N/A N/ATab “Pig, Chicken, & Egg” N/A N/A Notes:

Abbreviations:ADMRT - Air Dispersion Modeling and Risk ToolHARP - Hotspots Analysis and Reporting Program HRA - health risk assessmentN/A - not applicable SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District 1 Options were chosen based on SJVAPCD's Draft HRA Guidance provided to Ramboll by Kyle Melching (SJVAPCD) on August 4, 2021.3 Annual concentration adjustment factor for workers is set based on Costco general operating hours of 16 hours per day and 7 days a week.2 Exposure duration reflects the start of Project operation after a 0.53-year construction duration.

Use Defaults (No Change)
Warm Climate Warm Climate
Use Defaults (No Change)Use Defaults (No Change)Use Defaults (No Change) Select Pathways to Evaluate
Tab “Pathways to Evaluate”
User Defined Select "Worker Pathways"
Select deposition rate of 0.05 m/s Select deposition rate of 0.05 m/s Uncheck "Apply fraction of time spent at home (FAH)
to ages greater than or equal to 16 years”
Check box "Use Adjustment Factors" with worker
adjustment factor (WAF) = 1.53
Use Defaults (No Change)
HARP2
Risk Analyses Screen/
Option Title
Options Chosen1
Select Risk Scenario
Individual Resident Worker
95th percentile
(High End)
95th percentile
(High End)

Table 5-3. Health Risk Assessment Results
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor Type
Maximum
Estimated
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Maximum
Estimated
Chronic Hazard
Index
Maximum
Estimated
Acute Hazard
Index
Residential 1.3 0.00 0.00
Sensitive 0.2 0.00 0.00
Worker 0.0 0.00 0.00
Residential 5.1 0.01 0.14
Sensitive 0.8 0.00 0.02
Worker 3.4 0.07 0.52
Residential 6.4 0.01 0.14
Sensitive 1.0 0.00 0.02
Worker 3.4 0.07 0.52
SJVAPCD Threshold3 20 1 1
Notes:

Abbreviations:
3 SJVAPCD CEQA Thresholds of Significance. Available at:
http://www.valleyair.org/transportation/0714-GAMAQI-TACs-Thresholds-ofSignificance.pdf. Accessed: July 2022.

SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District CEQA - California Environmental Quality Act
Project Construction
Project Operational
Total Health Risk1,2
1 Total cancer risk and chronic hazard index values are provided relative to the maximally impacted receptors from Project operation.
2 Acute health hazard index is provided as a maximum of construction and operational values. These values are not additive due to the short-term risk impacts.

Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX A
CALEEMOD® OUTPUT

Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX B

MOBILE SOURCE EMISSION CALCULATIONS
Table B-1a. Trip Lengths and Vehicle Miles Traveled by Operational Mobile Sources (Herndon/Riverside) Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Average
One-Way Trip
Length1,2
Peak Daily Trips
(one-way
trips/day)3
Peak Daily
VMT4
Annual Average
Trips (one-way
trips/yr)
Annual
Average VMT
Primary 17.3 10,046 173,528 3,666,790 63,337,720
Diverted 1.0 4,038 4,119 1,473,870 1,503,435
Pass-By 0.1 3,788 379 1,382,620 138,262
Warehouse, Fuel Station, and Car Wash
Employee Vehicles Primary 30.7 300 9,210 109,500 3,361,650 MDO Driver and Warehouse Employee
Vehicles Primary 30.7 136 4,175 49,640 1,523,875
MDO Delivery Trucks Primary 81.5 20 1,630 7,300 594,950 Fuel Delivery Trucks Primary 125.0 14 1,750 5,110 638,750 Warehouse Delivery Trucks Primary 125.0 26 3,250 9,490 1,186,250 Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel
MDO - market delivery operation
VMT - vehicle miles traveled
4 Peak daily VMT based on Project-specific data provided by Kittelson & Associates or estimated as a product of average trip length and number of trips presented in this table.

Trip Type
Member Vehicles
1 Average trip lengths for primary and diverted trip types are based on Project-specific data provided by Kittelson & Associates. Pass-by trip length for member vehicles is assumed to be equal to the CalEEMod® default trip length of 0.1 miles. 3 Peak daily trips are based on Project-specific data provided by Kittelson & Associates. 2 Average trip length for MDO delivery trucks provided by Costco. The average routed round trip length for Fresno MDO delivery trucks is 163 miles.

Table B-1b. Trip Lengths and Vehicle Miles Traveled by Operational Mobile Sources (4500 W. Shaw Avenue)
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Peak Daily Trips
(one-way
trips/day)1
Peak Daily
VMT2
Annual Average
Trips (one-way
trips/yr)
Annual Average
VMT
Primary 1,363 58,264 497,495 21,266,360
Pass-by 48 0 17,520 0
Diverted 2,099 3,442 766,135 1,256,330
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel
MDO - market delivery operation
VMT - vehicle miles traveled
2 Peak daily VMT based on Project-specific data provided by Kittelson & Associates or estimated as a product of average trip length and number of trips presented in this table.

Trip Type
1 Peak daily trips are based on Project-specific data provided by Kittelson & Associates.

Passenger Vehicles

Table B-2. Operational Mobile Source Fleet Mixes
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Fleet Mix
CalEEMod®
Default1
Gas 12,057,533 52.8% 55.0%
Phe 351,337 1.54% 1.6%
Elec 514,390 2.25% 0%
Dsl 22,675 0.10% 0%
Gas 1,013,826 5.88% 5.9%
Phe 1,027 0.01% 0.0%
Elec 1,049 0.01% 0%
Dsl 250 0.00% 0%
Gas 5,488,159 19.29% 19.4%
Phe 39,774 0.14% 0.1%
Elec 17,710 0.06% 0%
Dsl 14,595 0.05% 0%
Gas 4,629,686 17.47% 17.8%
Phe 29,118 0.11% 0.1%
Elec 19,405 0.07% 0%
Dsl 71,606 0.27% 0%
LHD1 All 2.7% -- -- --
LHD2 All 0.7% -- -- --
MHD All 1.4% -- -- --
HHDT All 2.2% -- -- --
OBUS All 0.1% -- -- --
UBUS All 0.0% -- -- --
MCY All 2.4% -- -- --
SBUS All 0.2% -- -- --
MH All 0.3% -- -- --
Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel MDV - medium-duty vehicle EMFAC - EMission FACtors model MH - motor homes
HHDT - Heavy heavy-duty truck MHD - medium heavy-duty trucks LDA - light duty automobiles OBUS - other buses
LDT - light-duty trucks SBUS - school buses
LHD - light heavy-duty trucks UBUS - urban buses
MCY - motorcycles VMT - vehicle miles traveled

17.6%

16.1%
Notes:

Fuel Type

EMFAC VMT
Output2
(miles/day)
Employee Vehicle
Fleet Mix3
Member Vehicle
Fleet Mix4
1 CalEEMod® default for Fresno County calendar year 2023. 2 Data obtained from EMFAC2021 for default emissions activity. 3 Fleet mix for employee vehicles estimated based on the ratio of the vehicle classes in CalEEMod® default fleet mix and the EMFAC2021 VMT output.
4 Fleet mix for member vehicles visiting the Costco Gas Station are estimated based on the ratio of the vehicle classes in CalEEMod® default fleet mix and the EMFAC2021 VMT output. Vehicles are assumed to be gasoline or plug-in hybrid.

Vehicle
Category
LDA
LDT1
LDT2
MDV

51.0%

5.3%

Table B-3. Operational Mobile Source CAP Emission Factors - Running Exhaust, Running Loss, Tire Wear, and Brake Wear
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
VOC3 NOx CO SOx PM10
4 PM2.54
LDA Gas 12,057,533 0.51 0.58 10.53 0.04 0.20 0.07
LDA Phe 351,337 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDA Elec 514,390 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
LDA Dsl 22,675 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDT1 Gas 1,013,826 0.16 0.21 2.25 0.00 0.02 0.01
LDT1 Phe 1,027 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDT1 Elec 1,049 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDT1 Dsl 250 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDT2 Gas 5,488,159 0.28 0.52 6.01 0.02 0.10 0.03
LDT2 Phe 39,774 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDT2 Elec 17,710 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LDT2 Dsl 14,595 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MDV Gas 4,629,686 0.34 0.67 6.18 0.02 0.08 0.03
MDV Phe 29,118 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
MDV Elec 19,405 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MDV Dsl 71,606 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00
HHDT Dsl 2,030,441 0.03 3.94 0.16 0.03 0.32 0.14
VOC3 NOx CO SOx PM10
4 PM2.54
LDA 0.038 0.044 0.793 0.003 0.015 0.005
LDA 0.005 0.003 0.221 0.001 0.012 0.004
LDA 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.004
LDA 0.032 0.275 0.339 0.002 0.035 0.024
LDT1 0.141 0.192 2.013 0.003 0.017 0.007
LDT1 0.003 0.003 0.201 0.001 0.012 0.004
LDT1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.004
LDT1 0.268 1.602 1.824 0.004 0.247 0.226
LDT2 0.046 0.086 0.994 0.004 0.016 0.006
LDT2 0.003 0.003 0.209 0.001 0.012 0.004
LDT2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.004
LDT2 0.016 0.080 0.136 0.003 0.023 0.012
MDV 0.067 0.131 1.210 0.004 0.017 0.006
MDV 0.004 0.003 0.220 0.001 0.012 0.004
MDV 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.012 0.004
MDV 0.013 0.103 0.209 0.004 0.023 0.012
Gas
Phe
Dsl
Elec
Dsl
Gas
Phe
Elec
Dsl
Gas
Phe
Elec
Dsl
EMFAC Vehicle
Class Fuel

EMFAC VMT
Output1
(miles/day)
EMFAC Emissions Output1,2
(tons/day)
Passenger Vehicles5
Delivery Trucks5
EMFAC Vehicle
Class
Running Exhaust, Running Loss, Tire Wear and Brake Wear Emission Factors6 (grams/mile)
Passenger Vehicles5
Fuel
Gas
Phe
Elec

Table B-3. Operational Mobile Source CAP Emission Factors - Running Exhaust, Running Loss, Tire Wear, and Brake Wear
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
VOC3 NOx CO SOx PM10
4 PM2.54
EMFAC Vehicle
Class
Running Exhaust, Running Loss, Tire Wear and Brake Wear Emission Factors6 (grams/mile)
Fuel

0.050 0.075 0.967 0.003 0.016 0.005

0.049 0.075 0.945 0.003 0.016 0.005
HHDT 0.01 1.76 0.07 0.015 0.14 0.06
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CAP - criteria air pollutant
CO - carbon monoxide PM - particulate matter
Dsl - Diesel PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter EMFAC - EMission FACtors model PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter LDA - light-duty automobile ROG - reactive organic gases LDT - light-duty truck SOx - sulfur oxide compounds
HHDT - heavy heavy-duty truck VOC - volatile organic compounds MDV - medium-duty vehicle VMT - vehicle miles traveled
NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2)
Conversion Factor:
907184.74 grams per ton
5 Delivery trucks are assumed to be diesel-fueled.

Member Vehicle Weighted Emission Factor7
1 Data obtained from EMFAC2021 for default emissions activity. 2 Sum of running exhaust, running loss, tire wear, and brake wear emissions obtained from EMFAC2021 for default emissions activity. 3 For purposes of this analysis VOC is assumed to be equal to ROG. 4 PM emissions are a sum of exhaust, tire wear, and brake wear.

Delivery Trucks5
Employee Vehicle Weighted Emission Factor7
Dsl
6 Emission factors for EMFAC vehicle classes are estimated as a ratio of the EMFAC emissions output and EMFAC VMT output. 7 Emission factors for EMFAC vehicle classes are weighted based on the project-specific fleet mix in Table B-2 to estimate trip-based emission factors for passenger vehicles.

Phe - Plug-in hybrid

Table B-4. Operational Mobile Source CAP Emission Factors - Starting Exhaust, Hot Soak, Diurnal Loss, and Resting Loss
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5
Starting
Exhaust Hot Soak Diurnal
Resting
Loss
LDA Gas 1,459,129 0.547 0.156 0.574 0.000 0.428 5.313 0.001 0.004 0.003 LDA Phe 31,224 0.006 0.001 0.004 0.000 0.004 0.044 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDA Elec 56,838 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDA Dsl 3,207 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT1 Gas 135,565 0.114 0.037 0.154 0.000 0.076 1.087 0.000 0.001 0.001 LDT1 Phe 83 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT1 Elec 118 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT1 Dsl 62 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT2 Gas 657,946 0.318 0.073 0.285 0.000 0.281 2.975 0.001 0.002 0.001 LDT2 Phe 3,337 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT2 Elec 2,516 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT2 Dsl 1,661 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 MDV Gas 598,810 0.420 0.084 0.339 0.000 0.358 3.094 0.001 0.002 0.001 MDV Phe 2,568 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.000 MDV Elec 2,761 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 MDV Dsl 8,640 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 HHDT Dsl 237,288 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5
Starting
Exhaust Hot Soak Diurnal
Resting
Loss
LDA 0.340 0.097 0.357 0.000 0.266 3.303 0.001 0.002 0.002 LDA 0.167 0.043 0.130 0.000 0.113 1.285 0.001 0.002 0.002 LDA 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDA 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT1 0.763 0.251 1.029 0.000 0.512 7.275 0.001 0.004 0.003 LDT1 0.167 0.025 0.078 0.000 0.113 1.285 0.001 0.002 0.001 LDT1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT2 0.438 0.101 0.394 0.000 0.388 4.103 0.001 0.002 0.002 LDT2 0.167 0.027 0.088 0.000 0.113 1.285 0.001 0.002 0.002 LDT2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 LDT2 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 MDV 0.636 0.128 0.513 0.000 0.543 4.687 0.001 0.002 0.002 MDV 0.167 0.033 0.108 0.000 0.113 1.285 0.001 0.003 0.002 MDV 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 MDV 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.433 0.111 0.427 0.000 0.351 3.901 0.001 0.002 0.002

0.423 0.108 0.417 0.000 0.342 3.804 0.001 0.002 0.002
HHDT 0 0 0 0 2.8 0 0 0 0
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CAP - criteria air pollutant
CO - carbon monoxide PM - particulate matter
Dsl - Diesel PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter EMFAC - EMission FACtors model PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter LDA - light-duty automobile ROG - reactive organic gases LDT - light-duty truck SOx - sulfur oxide compounds
HHDT - heavy heavy-duty truck VOC - volatile organic compounds MDV - medium-duty vehicle VMT - vehicle miles traveled
NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2)
Conversion Factor:
907184.74 grams per ton
Phe
Dsl
Elec
Dsl
Gas
Phe
Elec
EMFAC
Vehicle
Class Fuel
EMFAC Vehicle Trips
Output1
(trips/day)
EMFAC Emissions Output1
(tons/day)
VOC2
Starting Exhaust
Passenger Vehicles
Member Vehicle Weighted Emission Factor5
Delivery Trucks3
1 Data obtained from EMFAC2021 for default emissions activity. 2 For purposes of this analysis VOC is assumed to be equal to ROG.

Employee Vehicle Emission Factor5
Dsl
Gas
Phe
Elec
Dsl
Gas
Phe
Elec
Dsl
Gas
Passenger Vehicle
Delivery Trucks3
Vehicle
Class
Starting Exhaust, Hot Soak, Diurnal, and Resting Loss Emission Factors4 (grams/trip)
VOC2
Fuel Starting Exhaust
4 Emission factors for EMFAC vehicle classes are estimated as a ratio of the EMFAC emissions output and EMFAC trip output.

Phe - Plug-in hybrid
3 Delivery trucks are assumed to be diesel-fueled.
5 Emission factors for EMFAC vehicle classes are weighted based on the project-specific fleet mix in Table B-2 to estimate trip-based emission factors for passenger vehicles.

Table B-5. Operational Mobile Source CAP Emission Factors - Idling Exhaust Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
VOC2 NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5
LDA Gas 0.003 0.003 0.059 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDA Phe 0.001 0.001 0.041 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDA Elec 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDA Dsl 0.012 0.012 0.177 0.000 0.004 0.003
LDT1 Gas 0.012 0.015 0.158 0.000 0.001 0.001
LDT1 Phe 0.001 0.000 0.037 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDT1 Elec 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDT1 Dsl 0.049 0.044 0.209 0.000 0.042 0.040
LDT2 Gas 0.004 0.007 0.074 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDT2 Phe 0.001 0.001 0.038 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDT2 Elec 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
LDT2 Dsl 0.012 0.008 0.104 0.000 0.001 0.001
MDV Gas 0.006 0.010 0.091 0.000 0.000 0.000
MDV Phe 0.001 0.001 0.040 0.000 0.000 0.000
MDV Elec 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
MDV Dsl 0.009 0.008 0.174 0.000 0.001 0.001

0.0041 0.0059 0.0730 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004

0.0040 0.0058 0.0720 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004
HHDT Dsl 0.045 0.928 0.628 0.002 0.001 0.001
Notes:

Abbreviations:

CAP - criteria air pollutant NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2) CO - carbon monoxide PM - particulate matter
EMFAC - EMission FACtors model PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter LDA - light-duty automobile PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter LDT - light-duty truck ROG - reactive organic gases
HHDT - heavy heavy-duty truck SOx - sulfur oxide compounds MDV - medium-duty vehicle VOC - volatile organic compounds mph - miles per hour
Conversion Factor:
60 minutes per hour
Employee Vehicle Weighted
Emission Factor3
Member Vehicle Weighted
Emission Factor3
EMFAC Vehicle
Class
Idling Emission Factors1
(grams/idle-minute)
Passenger Vehicles
Fuel
Delivery Trucks4
1 Data obtained from EMFAC2021 project-level output. Passenger vehicle emission rates are equivalent to the running exhaust emission rate in grams per mile at 5 mph, multiplied by the speed correction factor of 2.5 mph. 2 For purposes of this analysis VOC is assumed to be equal to ROG. 4 Delivery trucks are assumed to be diesel-fueled.
3 Emission factors for EMFAC vehicle classes are weighted based on the project-specific fleet mix in Table B-2 to estimate trip-based emission factors for passenger vehicles.

Table B-6. Entrained Road Dust Emission Factors for Operational Mobile Sources Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
PM10 PM2.5
Member/Employee Vehicles
Delivery Trucks
Notes:

0.0022 = kPM10 (lb/VMT), PM10 particle size multiplier

0.00054 = kPM2.5 (lb/VMT), PM2.5 particle size multiplier

0.1 = sL (g/m2
), silt loading (CalEEMod Default)

2.4 = W (tons), mean vehicle weight (CalEEMod Default)
Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - California Emissions Estimator Model
EF - emission factor
lb - pounds
PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter VMT - vehicle miles traveled
3 Assumes 100% of on-road travel occurs on paved roads.

Vehicle Type
Entrained Road Dust
Emission Factor1
(ton/VMT)

3.31E-07 8.11E-08
1 Emission factor calculated following guidance in the CalEEMod® User's Guide, Appendix A, which is based on AP-42, Section 13.2.1 for vehicles traveling on paved roads. The equation is:

EF = k x (sL)0.91 x (W)1.02 , where:

Table B-7a. Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Operational Mobile Sources (Herndon/Riverside) Costco Commercial CenterFresno, California
VOC4 NOx
5 CO5 SOx
5 PM10
6 PM2.5
6 Primary7 17.3 3,666,790 63,337,720 -- 7.44 6.69 83.29 0.23 22.04 5.53 Diverted8 1.0 1,473,870 1,503,435 -- 0.97 0.69 7.94 0.01 0.53 0.13 Pass-By8 0.10 1,382,620 138,262 -- 0.84 0.55 6.09 0.00 0.05 0.02 Warehouse, Fuel Station, and Car Wash
Employee Vehicles Primary7 30.7 109,500 3,361,650 -- 0.30 0.32 3.96 0.01 1.17 0.29 MDO Driver and Warehouse Employee Vehicles Primary7 30.70 49,640 1,523,875 -- 0.13 0.14 1.79 0.01 0.53 0.13 MDO Delivery Trucks Primary7 81.5 7,300 594,950 18,250 0.01 1.20 0.06 0.01 0.29 0.09 Fuel Delivery Trucks Primary7 125.0 5,110 638,750 12,775 0.01 1.27 0.06 0.01 0.31 0.10 Warehouse Delivery Trucks Primary7 125.0 9,490 1,186,250 23,725 0.02 2.36 0.11 0.02 0.58 0.18 -- -- -- 33,638,400 0.15 0.22 2.71 0.01 0.02 0.01

9.9 13.4 106.0 0.3 25.5 6.5
Abbreviations:

CO - carbon monoxide PM - particulate matterlb - pounds PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter NO - nitrogen monoxide PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter NO2 - nitrogen dioxide SOx - sulfur oxide compounds
NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2) VOC - Volatile Organic Compound Member Vehicles
Mobile Source Activity
4 VOC emissions include running exhaust, running loss, hot soak, diurnal, resting loss, starting exhaust, and idling exhaust. Emissions were estimated using emission factors from Tables B-3, B-4, and B-5 along with annual VMT, annual trips, and idle duration.
5 NOX, CO, and SOX emissions include running exhaust, starting exhaust, and idling exhaust. Emissions were estimated using emission factors from Tables B-3, B-4, and B-5 along with annual VMT, annual trips, and idle duration.
6 PM10 and PM2.5 emissions include running exhaust, tire wear, brake wear, fugitive dust, starting exhaust, and idling exhaust. Emissions were estimated using emission factors from Tables B-3, B-4, B-5, and B6 along with annual VMT, annual trips, and idle duration.

Trip Type
Idle
Duration2,3
(minutes/
year)
Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions
(tons/year)
Trip
Distance1
(miles)
Annual
Average
Trips1
(one-way
trips/year)
Annual
Average
VMT1
(miles/year)
7 Primary trip emissions include travel emissions (running exhaust, running loss, tire wear, brake wear, and fugitive dust), evaporative emissions (hot soak, diurnal, and resting loss), and starting exhaust emissions.
8 Pass-by and Diverted trip emissions include travel emissions (running exhaust, running loss, tire wear, brake wear, and fugitive dust) and hot soak evaporative emissions, and starting exhaust emissions.

GDF Vehicle Idling
Total Emissions
Notes
1 Data obtained from Table B-1a.2 Idle duration for passenger vehicles visiting the gas station is estimated using a maximum queue length of 3 vehicles per queue lane and a transaction time of 4 minutes per vehicle. The queue is assumed to stay constant while the gas station is open (6 AM to 10 PM), 7 days/week. Queue length is based on Saturday midday peak hour average queue length projections from existing Costco facilities provided byKittelson & Associates. 3 Delivery truck idle duration is 5 minutes based on the CARB Air Toxic Control Measure to Limit Diesel-Fueled Commercial Motor Vehicle Idling. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/atcm-tolimit-vehicle-idling/about. Accessed: September 2021. For GDF idling this is actually idling duration in units of minutes per year.

Table B-7b. Annual Criteria Air Pollutant Emission Estimates for Operational Mobile Sources (4500 W. Shaw Avenue) Costco Commercial Center Fresno, California
VOC2 NOx
3 CO3 SOx
3 PM10
4 PM2.5
4 Primary5 497,495 21,266,360 1.71 1.96 24.81 0.08 7.40 1.85 Pass-by6 17,520 0 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00
Diverted6 766,135 1,256,330 0.30 0.25 2.99 0.00 0.44 0.11

1.7 2.0 24.8 0.1 7.4 1.9
Abbreviations:

CO - carbon monoxide PM - particulate matter lb - pounds PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter NO - nitrogen monoxide PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter NO2 - nitrogen dioxide SOx - sulfur oxide compounds
NOx - nitrogen oxide compounds (NO + NO2) VOC - Volatile Organic Compound Mobile Source Activity
Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions
(tons/year)
Annual
Average VMT1
Trip Type (miles/year)
Annual
Average
Trips1
(one-way
trips/year)
Passenger Vehicles
Total Emissions
Notes
1 Data obtained from Table B-1b.6 Pass-by and diverted emissions include travel emissions (running exhaust, running loss, tire wear, brake wear, and fugitive dust) and evaporative emissions (hot soak), and starting exhaust emissions based on the number of round trips (i.e., half of one-way trips). 2 VOC emissions include running exhaust, running loss, hot soak, diurnal, resting loss, starting exhaust, and idling exhaust. Emissions were estimated using emission factors from Tables B-3, B-4, and B-5 along with annual VMT, annual trips, and idle duration. 3 NOX, CO, and SOX emissions include running exhaust, starting exhaust, and idling exhaust. Emissions were estimated using emission factors from Tables B-3, B-4, and B-5 along with annual VMT, annual trips, and idle duration.
4 PM10 and PM2.5 emissions include running exhaust, tire wear, brake wear, fugitive dust, starting exhaust, and idling exhaust. Emissions were estimated using emission factors from Tables B-3, B-4, B-5, and B-6 along with annual VMT, annual trips, and idle duration. 5 Primary trip emissions include travel emissions (running exhaust, running loss, tire wear, brake wear, and fugitive dust), evaporative emissions (hot soak, diurnal, and resting loss), and starting exhaust emissions.

Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX C

CONSTRUCTION HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT EMISSION CALCULATIONS Table C-1. Off-Road Equipment DPM Emissions
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Year Phase
Phase
Duration1
(days)
Emission
Source
Category1
Mitigated PM10
Emissions1
(tons/year)
2023 Demolition 7 Off-Road 4.50E-04
2023 Site Preparation 7 Off-Road 2.60E-04
2023 Grading 30 Off-Road 5.62E-03
2023 Grading/BC Overlap 20 Off-Road 2.18E-03
2023 Building Construction 110 Off-Road 1.16E-02
2023 Paving 40 Off-Road 2.06E-03
2023 Architectural Coating 50 Off-Road 3.60E-04
Notes:
1 Unmitigated PM10 emissions are estimated using CalEEMod® default construction assumptions.

Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - California Emissions Estimator Model
PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter

Table C-2. Vendor and Haul Truck DPM Emissions
Costco Commercial CenterFresno, California
Source
Group ID
Percent of
Incoming
Trips2
Percent of
Outgoing
Trips2
Total Annual
Hauling Truck
Trips3
(one-way
trips/year)
Segment
Length4
(miles)
Segment
Length
(miles)
Annual VMT5
(miles/year)
DPM Emissions6
(lbs/year)
Herndon Ave (west of Riverside Drive) OFFTRV1 100% 100% 7,877 389.3 0.24 1,905.44 1.12E-01Riverside Dr (Between Entry D and Herndon Ave) OFFTRV2 100% 0% 3,939 132.9 0.08 325.24 1.92E-02 Riverside Dr (Between Entry C and Entry D) OFFTRV3 100% 0% 3,939 99.0 0.06 242.28 1.43E-02 Riverside Dr (Between Entry B and Entry C) OFFTRV4 100% 0% 3,939 93.0 0.06 227.60 1.34E-02 Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and Herndon Ave) OFFTRV5 0% 100% 3,939 53.8 0.03 131.66 7.77E-03Herndon Ave (Between Riverside Dr and Arthur Ave) OFFTRV6 0% 100% 3,939 272.5 0.17 666.88 3.94E-02Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and Entry F) OFFTRV7 0% 100% 3,939 292.9 0.18 716.81 4.23E-02Herndon Ave (west of Riverside Drive) OFFTRV1 100% 100% 99.0 389.3 0.24 23.95 9.26E-04 Riverside Dr (Between Entry D and Herndon Ave) OFFTRV2 100% 0% 49.5 132.9 0.08 4.09 1.58E-04Riverside Dr (Between Entry C and Entry D) OFFTRV3 100% 0% 49.5 99.0 0.06 3.05 1.18E-04Riverside Dr (Between Entry B and Entry C) OFFTRV4 100% 0% 49.5 93.0 0.06 2.86 1.11E-04Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and Herndon Ave) OFFTRV5 0% 100% 49.5 53.8 0.03 1.65 6.40E-05Herndon Ave (Between Riverside Dr and Arthur Ave) OFFTRV6 0% 100% 49.5 272.5 0.17 8.38 3.24E-04Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and Entry F) OFFTRV7 0% 100% 49.5 292.9 0.18 9.01 3.48E-04 Notes:

Abbreviations:AERMOD - American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model m - metersCalEEMod® - California Emissions Estimator Model PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter DPM - diesel particulate matter VMT - vehicle miles travelledlbs - pounds Modeled Roadway Links1
2 A roadway link was conservatively assumed to experience 100% of incoming and outgoing trips if it could experience any percentage of trips. 6 DPM emissions are calculated as the product of annual VMT and PM 10 emission factor per vehicle type. For purposes of this analysis, DPM emissions are assumed to be equal to PM 10 exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles.
3 Total annual one-way trips are calculated as the sum of inbound and outbound one-way trips. Annual one-way haul truck and vendor truck trips per construction phase are estimated using CalEEMod ®.
4 Segment length based on modeled source length in AERMOD.5 Annual VMT is calculated as the product of segment length and total annual one-way trips.

Hauling
Truck Routes
Vendor
Truck Routes
1 See Figure 1 for a graphic representation of the modeled sources.

Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX D

OPERATIONAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT EMISSION CALCULATIONS

Table D-2. Diesel Particulate Matter Emission Factors
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Off-site Running
Exhaust3
(g/mile)
On-site Running
Exhaust4
(g/mile)
Idle Exhaust
(g/idle-minute)
HHDT 2,030,441 0.029 0.012 0.0002
Notes:

Conversion Factors:
60 min/hr
907,185 g/ton
Abbreviations:

DPM - diesel particulate matter min - minutes
EMFAC - EMission FACtors model mph - miles per hour
HHDT - Heavy heavy-duty truck PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter g - grams VMT - vehicle miles travelled
hr - hours
3 Off-site running exhaust emission factor is based on EMFAC2021 default activity output for aggregated speeds.
4 On-site running exhaust emission factor is based on EMFAC2021 project-level emission rate output for a speed of 5 mph.

Fuel Delivery, Warehouse Delivery, and MDO Delivery Trucks DPM Emission Factor2
2 For purposes of this analysis, DPM emissions are assumed to be equal to PM10 exhaust emissions from diesel vehicles.

EMFAC VMT Output1
(miles/day)
EMFAC
Vehicle
Class
1 Data obtained from EMFAC2021 output for HHDT diesel vehicle default emissions activity.

Table D-3. Delivery Truck Emissions
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Project VMT2
(miles)
Project Trips2
(one-way trips)
DPM Exhaust
Emissions3,4
Annual Annual
Annual
(lb/year)
FT_TRV1 Herndon Ave (West of Riverside
Drive) 2,472 10,220 -- 1.60E-01
FT_TRV2 Riverside Dr (Between Entry D
and Herndon Ave) 844 10,220 -- 5.45E-02
FT_TRV3 Riverside Dr (Between Entry C
and Entry D) 629 10,220 -- 4.06E-02
FT_TRV4 Riverside Dr (Between Entry B
and Entry C) 591 10,220 -- 3.82E-02
FT_TRV5 Riverside Dr (Between Spruce
Ave and Entry B) 309 10,220 -- 2.00E-02
FT_TRV6 Spruce Ave (Between Riverside
Drive and Entry A) 365 10,220 -- 2.36E-02
FT_TRV7 Spruce Ave (Between Entry A and
Arthur Ave) 684 5,110 -- 4.42E-02
FT_TRV8 Arthur Ave (Between Spruce Ave
and Entry F) 200 5,110 -- 1.29E-02
FT_TRV9 Entry F 688 5,110 -- 1.89E-02
FT_TRV10 Entry A 169 5,110 -- 4.63E-03
FT_IDLE On-Site Idling -- 5,110 5 1.17E-02
WT_TRV1 Herndon Ave (West of Riverside
Drive) 4,591 18,980 -- 2.97E-01
WT_TRV2 Riverside Dr (Between Entry D
and Herndon Ave) 784 9,490 -- 5.06E-02
WT_TRV3 Entry D 1,457 9,490 -- 4.00E-02
WT_TRV4 Entry E 744 9,490 -- 2.04E-02
WT_TRV5 Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and
Herndon Ave) 317 9,490 -- 2.05E-02
WT_TRV6 Herndon Ave (Between Riverside
Dr and Arthur Ave) 1,607 9,490 -- 1.04E-01
WT_IDLE1 On-Site Idling -- 4,745 5 5.43E-03
WT_IDLE2 On-Site Idling -- 4,745 5 5.43E-03
MD_TRV1 Herndon Ave (West of Riverside
Drive) 2,018 8,343 -- 1.30E-01
MD_TRV2 Riverside Dr (Between Entry D
and Herndon Ave) 517 6,257 -- 3.34E-02
MD_TRV3 Riverside Dr (Between Entry C
and Entry D) 160 2,607 -- 1.04E-02
MD_TRV4 Entry D 1,041 6,779 -- 6.73E-02
MD_TRV5 Riverside Dr (Between Entry B
and Entry C) 151 2,607 -- 9.74E-03
MD_TRV6 Entry E 613 7,821 -- 3.96E-02
MD_TRV7 Riverside Dr (Between Spruce
Ave and Entry B) 79 2,607 -- 5.10E-03
MD_TRV8 Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and
Herndon Ave) 209 6,257 -- 1.35E-02
MD_TRV9 Spruce Ave (Between Entry A and
Arthur Ave) 209 1,564 -- 1.35E-02
MD_TRV10 Herndon Ave (Between Riverside
Dr and Arthur Ave) 1,059 6,257 -- 6.85E-02
MD_TRV11 Spruce Ave (Between Riverside
Drive and Entry A) 56 1,564 -- 3.61E-03
MD_TRV12 Arthur Ave (Between Spruce Ave
and Entry F) 61 1,564 -- 3.95E-03
MD_TRV13 Spruce Ave (West of Riverside
Drive) 382 1,564 -- 2.47E-02
MD_TRV14 Riverside Drive (North of Spruce
Ave) 385 1,564 -- 2.49E-02
Source Group ID Modeled Roadway Link 1
Idle Duration
(minutes/round
trip)

Table D-3. Delivery Truck Emissions
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Project VMT2
(miles)
Project Trips2
(one-way trips)
DPM Exhaust
Emissions3,4
Annual Annual
Annual
Source Group ID Modeled Roadway Link (lb/year) 1
Idle Duration
(minutes/round
trip)
MD_TRV15 Spruce Ave (East of Arthur Ave) 258 1,043 -- 1.67E-02 MD_TRV16 Riverside Dr (South of Herndon
Ave) 300 1,043 -- 1.94E-02
MD_TRV17 Herndon Ave (East of Arthur Ave) 257 1,043 -- 1.66E-02 MD_TRV18 Arthur Ave (Between Entry E and
Entry F) 285 1,564 -- 1.84E-02
MD_IDLE1 On-Site Idling -- 7,300 5 8.36E-03
MD_IDLE2 On-Site Idling -- 7,300 5 8.36E-03
Notes:

Conversion Factor:
453.59 g/lb
Abbreviations:

CalEEMod® - CALifornia Emissions Estimator MODel
DPM - diesel particulate matter
g - grams
lb - pounds
VMT - vehicle miles traveled
4 DPM emissions for on-site vehicle idling were estimated using the number of round trips (i.e., half of the one-way trips) and DPM idling exhaust emission factor from Table D-2.
1 See Figure 2 for a graphic representation of the modeled sources. 2 Data was obtained from Table D-1.
3 DPM running exhaust emissions were calculated using the emission factors from Table D-2 along with Project VMT and trips.

Table D-4. Gasoline Transfer and Dispensing Emissions
Costco Commercial CenterFresno, California

LOADING BREATH SPILL
Loading Breathing Refueling
Hose
Permeation Total Spillage

0.15 0.024 0.356 0.009 -- 0.24
Benzene 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% -- 1.00%
Ethyl Benzene 1.60% 1.60% 1.60% 1.60% -- 1.60%
Toluene 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% 8.0% -- 8.0%
Xylene 2.4% 2.4% 2.4% 2.4% -- 2.4%
Benzene 0.0022 0.0003 0.0051 0.0001 0.0053 0.0115
Ethyl Benzene 0.0115 0.0018 0.0273 0.0007 0.0280 0.0184 Toluene 0.0576 0.0092 0.1367 0.0035 0.1402 0.0922
Xylene 0.0173 0.0028 0.0410 0.0010 0.0420 0.0276
Benzene 11.48 1.84 27.23 0.69 27.92 61.20
Ethyl Benzene 61.20 9.79 145.25 3.67 148.92 97.92
Toluene 306.00 48.96 726.24 18.36 744.60 489.60
Xylene 91.80 14.69 217.87 5.51 223.38 146.88
Throughput:

Maximum Hourly 4,800 gallons/hr
Annual 25.5 million gallons/year
Notes:

Abbreviations:CAPCOA - California Air Pollution Control Officers Association lb - poundsCARB - California Air Resources Board SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control Districthr - hour VOC - volatile organic compounds 1 Emission factors and speciation obtained from SJVAPCD and CAPCOA 1997 Gasoline Service Station Industrywide Risk Assessment Technical Guidance. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic//ab2588/rrap-iwra/gasiwra.pdf and https://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/AB-2588-Toxics-Profiles.docx. Accessed: October2021. 2 Maximum hourly throughput is based on a maximum of 15 vehicles per dispensing position per hour, with an average fill up of 10 gallons per vehicle.

Source Group ID
Weight Percent
Emissions (lb/hr)
VOC Emission Factor (lb/1,000 gallons)
REFILL
Emissions (lb/year)

VOC NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5

2.52 2.12 0.32 0.002 0.06 0.06
Number of Trips with
TRUs3 712
VOC NOx CO SOx PM10 PM2.5
TRU_1 4,591 16.17 13.56 2.03 0.01 0.38 0.35
TRU_2 784 2.76 2.32 0.35 0.00 0.07 0.06
TRU_3 1,457 30.79 25.83 3.87 0.02 0.73 0.67
TRU_4 744 15.71 13.18 1.97 0.01 0.37 0.34
TRU_5 317 1.12 0.94 0.14 0.00 0.03 0.02
TRU_6 1,607 5.66 4.75 0.71 0.00 0.13 0.12
Constants:

Horsepower 4 50 bhp
Load Factor 5 0.38
TRU Idling Duration 6 0 min
On-Site Travel 7 5 miles/hr
Off-Site Travel 7 30 miles/hr
Fuel Consumption2 0.04 gal/hp-hr
Fuel Sulfur Content2 15 ppm
Density of Diesel 3,221 g/gal
Conversion Factors:
453.59 g/lb
1,000,000 g/MT
60 min/hr
365 day/year
2,000 lb/ton
Abbreviations:
bph - brake horsepower NOx - oxides of nitrogen
CARB - California Air Resources Board PM10 - particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter CO - carbon monoxide PM2.5 - particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter g - grams ppm - parts per million
gal - gallon SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District hp - horsepower SOx - oxides of sulfur
hr - hour TRU - transport/transportation refrigeration unit lb - pounds VOC - volatile organic compounds
min - minutes
5 Load factor obtained from CARB Draft 2019 Update to Emissions Inventory for Transport Refrigeration Units, for TRUs Over 25 hp, 2013 and newer. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/cold-storage/documents/hra_emissioninventory2019.pdf. Accessed:

January 2022.
6 It is assumed that TRUs will be powered by electric plug-ins at each loading dock during delivieries to the warehouse. Therefore, zero emissions are estimated to occur from TRUs at the loading docks due to zero minutes of TRU idling duration. 7 TRU On-Road Duration is based on the segment length and travel speed for each roadway. On-site travel speed is assumed to be 5 miles per hour, and off-site travel speed is assumed to be 30 miles per hour. Assumptions are based on Table II.G.1 of CARB Proposed Amendments to the Airborne Toxic Control Measure for In-Use Diesel-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets, and Facilities Where TRUs Operate. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/barcu/board/rulemaking/tru2021/appi.pdf. Accessed: July 2022.

Annual Average TRU Emissions
Annual VMT (lb/year)
Modeled Roadway Link (miles/year)
4 Horsepower is based on SJVAPCD Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling, section 2.3.1 Transportation Refrigeration unit (TRU), Modeling Parameters.

Emission Factor1,2
(g/bhp-hr)
Notes:
1 Emission factors obtained from OFFROAD2021 emissions output for Calendar Year 2023, Transportation Refrigeration Unit - Instate Trailer and Transportation Refrigeration Unit - Out-Of-State Trailer in Fresno County. 2 SOX emission factors based on sulfur content of ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (15 ppm) and fuel consumption from OFFROAD2021. 3 Approximately 15% of warehouse delivery trucks are equipped with TRUs.

Table D-5. TRU Emission Calculations
Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX E

AERMOD INPUTS
Table E-1. Modeled Source Parameters - Point Sources
C ostco Commercial C enterFresno, California
Source Type Model ID Description
Stack Height1
(m)
Stack
Temperature1
(K)
Exit
Velocity1
(m/s)
Stack
Diameter1
(m)
Emission
Rate
(g/s)
Point LOADING GDF loading em issions 3.66 291.00 0.00035 0.0508 1Point BREATH GDF brea thing emissions 3.66 288.71 0.000106 0.0508 1Point FT_IDLE Fuel Delivery Truck Idling 3.84 366.0 51.71 0.100 1Point WT_IDLE_EAST Warehouse Delivery Truck Idling 3.84 366.0 51.71 0.100 1Point WT_IDLE_WEST Warehouse Delivery Truck Idling 3.84 366.0 51.71 0.100 1Point MD_IDLE_EAST MDO Delivery Truck Idling 0.18 366.0 0.001 0.100 1Point MD_IDLE_WEST MDO Delivery Truck Idling 0.18 366.0 0.001 0.100 1Note s:

Abbrevia tions:gal - gallons SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control DistrictGDF - gasoline dispensing facility s - se condg - gram TRU - transporta tion re frigera tion unitK - Kelvin yr - yearm - me ters 1 Point source parame te rs are ba sed on SJVAPCD Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling. Available at:
https://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/Tox_Re source s/Modeling%20Guidance .pdf. Acce ssed: O ctober 2021.

P age 1 of 1 Ramboll
Table E-2. Modeled Source Parameters - Volume Sources
Costco Commercial CenterFresno, California
Source Type Model ID Description
Release
Height1,2
(m)
Initial Lateral
Dimension,
Sigma Y3,4
(m)
Initial Vertical
Dimension,
Sigma Z1,2
(m)
Emission Rate5
(g/s)
Volume REFILL Refueling and Hose Permeation 4.0 8.79 1.86 1.0Volume SPILL Spillage 4.0 8.79 1.86 1.0Volume VOL_1 through VOL_241 On-Site Construction Equipment 5.0 9.30 1.40 1.0Notes:Abbreviations:g - gram SJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control DistrictGDF - gasoline dispensing facility s - secondm - meters USEPA - United States Environmental Protection AgencySCAQMD - South Coast Air Quality Management DistrictReferences:USEPA. 2015. Transportation Conformity Guidance for Quantitative Hot-spot Analyses in PM2.5 and PM10 Nonattainment and Maintenance Areas Appendices.November. Available at: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPdf.cgi?Dockey=P100NN22.pdf. Accessed: May 2021. 5 Emission rate for on-site construction equipment represents the sum of all volume source emission rates.1 Release height and Sigma Z for refueling, hose permeation, and spillage are based on SJVAPCD Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling.2 Release height and Sigma Z for on-site construction equipment are based on SCAQMD Localized Significance Threshold Methodology.3 Initial lateral dimension for refueling, hose permeation, and spillage are based on the dimensions of the GDF canopy and calculated using USEPA AERMOD Guidance.
4 Initial lateral dimension for on-site construction equipment is based on 20 meters of a volume source length of side provided in SCAQMD Localized Significance Threshold Methodology and calculated using USEPA AERMOD Guidance.SCAQMD. 2008. Localized Significance Threshold Methodology. Available at: http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/ceqa/handbook/localized-significancethresholds/final-lst-methodology-document.pdf?sfvrsn=2. Accessed: January 2022.SJVAPCD. 2006. Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling. Available at: https://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/Tox_Resources/Modeling%20Guidance.pdf. Accessed:October 2021.

Table E-3. Modeled Source Parameters - Mobile Sources
Costco Commercial CenterFresno, California
Source Type Model ID Description
Plume Width1
(m)
Plume Height2,3
(m)
Release Height4,5
(m)
Line-Volume FT_TRV1 through FT_TRV10 Fuel Delivery Truck Travel 3.66 6.80 3.40Line-Volume WT_TRV1 through WT_TRV6 Warehouse Delivery Truck Travel 3.66 6.80 3.40Line-Volume MD_TRV1 through MD_TRV18 MDO Truck Travel 3.66 3.84 1.83Line-Volume OFFTRV1 through OFFTRV7 Construction-Related Vendor andHauling Truck Travel 3.66 6.80 3.40 Notes:

Abbreviations:m - metersMDO - market delivery operationSJVAPCD - San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control DistrictUSEPA - United States Environmental Protection AgencyReferences:SJVAPCD. 2006. Guidance for Air Dispersion Modeling. Available at: https://www.valleyair.org/busind/pto/Tox_Resources/Modeling%20Guidance.pdf. Accessed:October 2021.USEPA. 2015. Transportation Conformity Guidance for Quantitative Hot-spot Analyses in PM2.5 and PM10 Nonattainment and Maintenance Areas Appendices.

November. Available at: https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPdf.cgi?Dockey=P100NN22.pdf. Accessed: May 2021. 4 Release height for fuel delivery, warehouse delivery, and construction-related trucks is estimated as half of the initial vertical dimension based on the USEPA Transportation Conformity Guidance.
5 Release height for MDO delivery trucks is equal to SJVAPCD recommended value of 6 feet for truck height. This release height is lower than the release heights for other trucks to capture the low-level placement of the MDO delivery trucks' tailpipe exhausts. 1 Plume width is equal to SJVAPCD recommended value of 12 feet for truck width. Diana Walker (SJVAPCD) confirmed this value on October 7, 2021.2 The plume height for fuel delivery, warehouse delivery, and construction-related trucks is assumed to be equal to 1.7 times the vehicle height. Vehicle height is based on the USEPA Transportation Conformity Guidance.
3 The plume height for MDO delivery trucks is equal to SJVAPCD recommended value of 12.6 feet for truck height. This plume height is lower than the plume heights for other trucks to capture the low-level placement of the MDO delivery trucks' tailpipe exhausts.

Costco Commercial Center
Air Quality Technical Report
Fresno, California
Ramboll

APPENDIX F
HARP2 OUTPUTS
Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
1 240425.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.13 5.58E-03 0.00E+00
3 240475.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.16 6.73E-03 0.00E+00
4 240500.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.18 7.51E-03 0.00E+00
13 240725.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.34 1.42E-02 0.00E+00
14 240750.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.34 1.40E-02 0.00E+00
15 240400.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.15 6.08E-03 0.00E+00
16 240425.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.16 6.73E-03 0.00E+00
18 240475.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.20 8.49E-03 0.00E+00
19 240500.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.24 9.79E-03 0.00E+00
28 240725.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.43 1.78E-02 0.00E+00
29 240750.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.41 1.70E-02 0.00E+00
30 240775.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.38 1.56E-02 0.00E+00
32 240400.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.18 7.26E-03 0.00E+00
33 240425.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.20 8.27E-03 0.00E+00
35 240475.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.27 1.12E-02 0.00E+00
36 240500.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.33 1.38E-02 0.00E+00
67 240375.00 4080750.00 Residential 7.00 8.52E-03 0.00E+00 75 240375.00 4080775.00 Residential 7.94 9.67E-03 0.00E+00 76 240400.00 4080775.00 Residential 9.64 1.17E-02 0.00E+00 77 240425.00 4080775.00 Residential 12.21 1.49E-02 0.00E+00 83 240375.00 4080800.00 Residential 8.87 1.08E-02 0.00E+00 84 240400.00 4080800.00 Residential 10.96 1.34E-02 0.00E+00 85 240425.00 4080800.00 Residential 14.21 1.73E-02 0.00E+00 91 240375.00 4080825.00 Residential 9.71 1.18E-02 0.00E+00 92 240400.00 4080825.00 Residential 12.15 1.48E-02 0.00E+00 93 240425.00 4080825.00 Residential 15.93 1.94E-02 0.00E+00 99 240375.00 4080850.00 Residential 10.39 1.26E-02 0.00E+00 100 240400.00 4080850.00 Residential 13.02 1.58E-02 0.00E+00 101 240425.00 4080850.00 Residential 16.99 2.07E-02 0.00E+00 108 240400.00 4080875.00 Residential 13.59 1.65E-02 0.00E+00 109 240425.00 4080875.00 Residential 17.62 2.15E-02 0.00E+00 115 240375.00 4080900.00 Residential 11.17 1.36E-02 0.00E+00 116 240400.00 4080900.00 Residential 13.93 1.70E-02 0.00E+00 117 240425.00 4080900.00 Residential 18.00 2.19E-02 0.00E+00 123 240375.00 4080925.00 Residential 11.32 1.38E-02 0.00E+00 124 240400.00 4080925.00 Residential 14.08 1.71E-02 0.00E+00 125 240425.00 4080925.00 Residential 18.14 2.21E-02 0.00E+00 139 240375.00 4080975.00 Residential 11.17 1.36E-02 0.00E+00 140 240400.00 4080975.00 Residential 13.88 1.69E-02 0.00E+00 141 240425.00 4080975.00 Residential 17.88 2.18E-02 0.00E+00 147 240375.00 4081000.00 Residential 10.87 1.32E-02 0.00E+00 148 240400.00 4081000.00 Residential 13.51 1.64E-02 0.00E+00 149 240425.00 4081000.00 Residential 17.43 2.12E-02 0.00E+00 156 240400.00 4081025.00 Residential 12.91 1.57E-02 0.00E+00 157 240425.00 4081025.00 Residential 16.71 2.03E-02 0.00E+00 163 240375.00 4081050.00 Residential 9.70 1.18E-02 0.00E+00 164 240400.00 4081050.00 Residential 12.04 1.47E-02 0.00E+00 165 240425.00 4081050.00 Residential 15.59 1.90E-02 0.00E+00 171 240375.00 4081075.00 Residential 8.84 1.08E-02 0.00E+00 172 240400.00 4081075.00 Residential 10.84 1.32E-02 0.00E+00 173 240425.00 4081075.00 Residential 13.86 1.69E-02 0.00E+00 189 240375.00 4081125.00 Residential 6.90 8.40E-03 0.00E+00 Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index

Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
190 240400.00 4081125.00 Residential 7.93 9.66E-03 0.00E+00 191 240425.00 4081125.00 Residential 9.13 1.11E-02 0.00E+00 192 240450.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.31 1.26E-02 0.00E+00
193 240475.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.34 1.41E-02 0.00E+00
194 240500.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.38 1.55E-02 0.00E+00
195 240525.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.40 1.65E-02 0.00E+00
196 240550.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.40 1.68E-02 0.00E+00
197 240575.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.40 1.65E-02 0.00E+00
207 240375.00 4081150.00 Residential 5.92 7.21E-03 0.00E+00 208 240400.00 4081150.00 Residential 6.57 8.01E-03 0.00E+00 209 240425.00 4081150.00 Residential 7.26 8.84E-03 0.00E+00 210 240450.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.23 9.65E-03 0.00E+00
211 240475.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.25 1.04E-02 0.00E+00
212 240500.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.26 1.09E-02 0.00E+00
213 240525.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.27 1.12E-02 0.00E+00
214 240550.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.27 1.12E-02 0.00E+00
215 240575.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.26 1.09E-02 0.00E+00
216 240600.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.25 1.03E-02 0.00E+00
217 240625.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.23 9.52E-03 0.00E+00
218 240650.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.21 8.49E-03 0.00E+00
219 240675.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.18 7.27E-03 0.00E+00
220 240700.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.14 5.99E-03 0.00E+00
221 240725.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.12 4.91E-03 0.00E+00
222 240750.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.10 4.09E-03 0.00E+00
223 240775.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.08 3.48E-03 0.00E+00
224 240425.00 4081175.00 Residential 5.86 7.13E-03 0.00E+00 225 240450.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.18 7.57E-03 0.00E+00
226 240475.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.19 7.89E-03 0.00E+00
227 240500.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.20 8.10E-03 0.00E+00
228 240525.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.20 8.13E-03 0.00E+00
229 240550.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.19 7.99E-03 0.00E+00
230 240575.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.19 7.69E-03 0.00E+00
231 240600.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.17 7.23E-03 0.00E+00
232 240625.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.16 6.65E-03 0.00E+00
233 240650.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.14 5.96E-03 0.00E+00
234 240675.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.13 5.21E-03 0.00E+00
235 240700.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.11 4.49E-03 0.00E+00
236 240725.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.09 3.85E-03 0.00E+00
237 240750.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.08 3.33E-03 0.00E+00
238 240775.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.07 2.91E-03 0.00E+00
239 240525.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.15 6.19E-03 0.00E+00
240 240550.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.15 6.03E-03 0.00E+00
241 240575.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.14 5.76E-03 0.00E+00
242 240600.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.13 5.41E-03 0.00E+00
243 240625.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.12 4.99E-03 0.00E+00
244 240650.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.11 4.52E-03 0.00E+00
245 240675.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.10 4.03E-03 0.00E+00
246 240700.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.09 3.56E-03 0.00E+00
247 240725.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.08 3.15E-03 0.00E+00
248 240750.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.07 2.79E-03 0.00E+00
249 240400.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.06 2.37E-03 0.00E+00
250 240450.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.06 2.60E-03 0.00E+00

Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
251 240500.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.07 2.87E-03 0.00E+00
256 240750.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.12 5.06E-03 0.00E+00
257 240800.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.13 5.41E-03 0.00E+00
258 240300.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.06 2.44E-03 0.00E+00
259 240350.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.06 2.67E-03 0.00E+00
260 240400.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.07 2.94E-03 0.00E+00
261 240450.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.08 3.27E-03 0.00E+00
267 240750.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.17 6.89E-03 0.00E+00
268 240800.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.17 7.14E-03 0.00E+00
269 240850.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.17 7.03E-03 0.00E+00
270 240300.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.07 3.04E-03 0.00E+00
271 240350.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.08 3.38E-03 0.00E+00
272 240400.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.09 3.79E-03 0.00E+00
274 240500.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.12 5.00E-03 0.00E+00
279 240750.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.23 9.68E-03 0.00E+00
280 240800.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.23 9.51E-03 0.00E+00
281 240850.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.21 8.78E-03 0.00E+00
282 240900.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.19 7.78E-03 0.00E+00
283 240250.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.08 3.38E-03 0.00E+00
284 240300.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.09 3.84E-03 0.00E+00
285 240350.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.11 4.41E-03 0.00E+00
286 240400.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.12 5.13E-03 0.00E+00
287 240800.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.30 1.25E-02 0.00E+00
288 240850.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.25 1.05E-02 0.00E+00
289 240900.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.21 8.74E-03 0.00E+00
297 240300.00 4080750.00 Residential 4.73 5.76E-03 0.00E+00 298 240350.00 4080750.00 Residential 6.05 7.37E-03 0.00E+00 299 240850.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.29 1.22E-02 0.00E+00
300 240900.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.22 9.29E-03 0.00E+00
301 240950.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.17 7.22E-03 0.00E+00
302 240250.00 4080800.00 Residential 4.33 5.28E-03 0.00E+00 303 240300.00 4080800.00 Residential 5.52 6.72E-03 0.00E+00 305 240850.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.29 1.20E-02 0.00E+00
306 240900.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.21 8.89E-03 0.00E+00
307 240950.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.16 6.75E-03 0.00E+00
308 240250.00 4080850.00 Residential 4.76 5.80E-03 0.00E+00 309 240300.00 4080850.00 Residential 6.20 7.55E-03 0.00E+00 311 240850.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.27 1.13E-02 0.00E+00
312 240900.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.20 8.14E-03 0.00E+00
313 240950.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.15 6.05E-03 0.00E+00
314 240250.00 4080900.00 Residential 5.05 6.15E-03 0.00E+00 315 240300.00 4080900.00 Residential 6.65 8.10E-03 0.00E+00 317 240850.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.24 1.01E-02 0.00E+00
318 240900.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.17 7.09E-03 0.00E+00
319 240950.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.12 5.17E-03 0.00E+00
321 240300.00 4080950.00 Residential 6.77 8.24E-03 0.00E+00 323 240850.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.20 8.46E-03 0.00E+00
324 240900.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.14 5.81E-03 0.00E+00
325 240950.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.10 4.22E-03 0.00E+00
326 240250.00 4081000.00 Residential 4.97 6.05E-03 0.00E+00 327 240300.00 4081000.00 Residential 6.51 7.93E-03 0.00E+00 329 240850.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.16 6.50E-03 0.00E+00

Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
330 240900.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.11 4.47E-03 0.00E+00
331 240950.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.08 3.30E-03 0.00E+00
332 240250.00 4081050.00 Residential 4.61 5.61E-03 0.00E+00 333 240300.00 4081050.00 Residential 5.94 7.23E-03 0.00E+00 335 240850.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.11 4.59E-03 0.00E+00
336 240900.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.08 3.30E-03 0.00E+00
337 240950.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.06 2.53E-03 0.00E+00
338 240250.00 4081100.00 Residential 4.14 5.04E-03 0.00E+00 339 240300.00 4081100.00 Residential 5.18 6.31E-03 0.00E+00 340 240350.00 4081100.00 Residential 6.76 8.23E-03 0.00E+00 341 240850.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.08 3.19E-03 0.00E+00
342 240900.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.06 2.45E-03 0.00E+00
343 240950.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.05 1.97E-03 0.00E+00
344 240250.00 4081150.00 Residential 3.62 4.41E-03 0.00E+00 345 240300.00 4081150.00 Residential 4.35 5.30E-03 0.00E+00 346 240350.00 4081150.00 Residential 5.33 6.49E-03 0.00E+00 347 240800.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.07 3.01E-03 0.00E+00
348 240850.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.06 2.34E-03 0.00E+00
349 240900.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.05 1.89E-03 0.00E+00
350 240950.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.04 1.57E-03 0.00E+00
351 240250.00 4081200.00 Residential 3.07 3.73E-03 0.00E+00 352 240300.00 4081200.00 Residential 3.52 4.29E-03 0.00E+00 353 240350.00 4081200.00 Residential 4.04 4.91E-03 0.00E+00 354 240400.00 4081200.00 Residential 4.56 5.55E-03 0.00E+00 355 240450.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.15 6.05E-03 0.00E+00
356 240500.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.15 6.24E-03 0.00E+00
357 240800.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.05 2.22E-03 0.00E+00
358 240850.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.04 1.81E-03 0.00E+00
359 240900.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.04 1.52E-03 0.00E+00
360 240300.00 4081250.00 Residential 2.79 3.40E-03 0.00E+00 361 240350.00 4081250.00 Residential 3.04 3.70E-03 0.00E+00 362 240400.00 4081250.00 Residential 3.25 3.96E-03 0.00E+00 363 240450.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.10 4.09E-03 0.00E+00
364 240500.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.10 4.05E-03 0.00E+00
365 240550.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.09 3.82E-03 0.00E+00
366 240600.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.08 3.45E-03 0.00E+00
367 240650.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.07 2.97E-03 0.00E+00
368 240700.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.06 2.48E-03 0.00E+00
369 240750.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.05 2.07E-03 0.00E+00
370 240800.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.04 1.72E-03 0.00E+00
371 240850.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.04 1.45E-03 0.00E+00
372 240900.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.03 1.24E-03 0.00E+00
373 240350.00 4081300.00 Residential 2.33 2.83E-03 0.00E+00 374 240400.00 4081300.00 Residential 2.40 2.93E-03 0.00E+00 375 240450.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.07 2.94E-03 0.00E+00
376 240500.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.07 2.85E-03 0.00E+00
377 240550.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.06 2.68E-03 0.00E+00
378 240600.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.06 2.44E-03 0.00E+00
379 240650.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.05 2.15E-03 0.00E+00
380 240700.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.05 1.87E-03 0.00E+00
381 240750.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.04 1.61E-03 0.00E+00
382 240800.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.03 1.39E-03 0.00E+00

Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
383 240850.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.03 1.20E-03 0.00E+00
384 240500.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.05 2.14E-03 0.00E+00
385 240550.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.05 2.00E-03 0.00E+00
386 240600.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.04 1.84E-03 0.00E+00
387 240650.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.04 1.65E-03 0.00E+00
388 240700.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.04 1.47E-03 0.00E+00
389 240750.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.03 1.31E-03 0.00E+00
390 240300.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.03 1.11E-03 0.00E+00
391 240400.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.03 1.26E-03 0.00E+00
392 240500.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.03 1.41E-03 0.00E+00
393 240600.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.04 1.57E-03 0.00E+00
395 240800.00 4080300.00 Residential 1.77 2.15E-03 0.00E+00 396 240900.00 4080300.00 Residential 2.03 2.47E-03 0.00E+00 397 240100.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.03 1.17E-03 0.00E+00
398 240200.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.03 1.28E-03 0.00E+00
399 240300.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.03 1.45E-03 0.00E+00
400 240400.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.04 1.68E-03 0.00E+00
401 240500.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.05 1.93E-03 0.00E+00
404 240800.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.08 3.27E-03 0.00E+00
405 240900.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.09 3.64E-03 0.00E+00
406 241000.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.09 3.65E-03 0.00E+00
409 240300.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.05 2.01E-03 0.00E+00
410 240900.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.13 5.47E-03 0.00E+00
411 241000.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.12 4.84E-03 0.00E+00
412 241100.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.10 3.96E-03 0.00E+00
413 240000.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.04 1.73E-03 0.00E+00
415 240200.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.06 2.52E-03 0.00E+00
416 241000.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.14 5.80E-03 0.00E+00
417 241100.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.10 4.23E-03 0.00E+00
418 240000.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.05 2.05E-03 0.00E+00
419 240100.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.06 2.61E-03 0.00E+00
420 240200.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.08 3.45E-03 0.00E+00
424 240000.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.05 2.27E-03 0.00E+00
425 240100.00 4080800.00 Residential 2.49 3.03E-03 0.00E+00 426 240200.00 4080800.00 Residential 3.52 4.29E-03 0.00E+00 427 241000.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.13 5.23E-03 0.00E+00
428 241100.00 4080800.00 Residential 2.72 3.31E-03 0.00E+00 429 241200.00 4080800.00 Residential 1.84 2.24E-03 0.00E+00 430 240000.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.06 2.34E-03 0.00E+00
431 240100.00 4080900.00 Residential 2.66 3.24E-03 0.00E+00 432 240200.00 4080900.00 Residential 3.98 4.84E-03 0.00E+00 433 241000.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.09 3.91E-03 0.00E+00
434 241100.00 4080900.00 Residential 2.01 2.45E-03 0.00E+00 435 241200.00 4080900.00 Residential 1.38 1.68E-03 0.00E+00 438 240200.00 4081000.00 Residential 3.92 4.77E-03 0.00E+00 439 241000.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.06 2.56E-03 0.00E+00
440 241100.00 4081000.00 Residential 1.40 1.70E-03 0.00E+00 441 241200.00 4081000.00 Residential 1.01 1.23E-03 0.00E+00 442 240000.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.05 2.20E-03 0.00E+00
443 240100.00 4081100.00 Residential 2.42 2.94E-03 0.00E+00 444 240200.00 4081100.00 Residential 3.40 4.14E-03 0.00E+00 445 241000.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.04 1.63E-03 0.00E+00

Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
446 241100.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.97 1.19E-03 0.00E+00 447 241200.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.75 9.13E-04 0.00E+00 448 240000.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.05 1.98E-03 0.00E+00
449 240100.00 4081200.00 Residential 2.07 2.52E-03 0.00E+00 450 240200.00 4081200.00 Residential 2.67 3.26E-03 0.00E+00 451 241000.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.92 1.12E-03 0.00E+00 452 241100.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.72 8.76E-04 0.00E+00 453 240000.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.04 1.68E-03 0.00E+00
454 240100.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.64 1.99E-03 0.00E+00 455 240200.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.92 2.34E-03 0.00E+00 456 240300.00 4081300.00 Residential 2.21 2.69E-03 0.00E+00 457 240900.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.03 1.04E-03 0.00E+00
458 241000.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.67 8.16E-04 0.00E+00 459 241100.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.55 6.68E-04 0.00E+00 460 240100.00 4081400.00 Residential 1.23 1.50E-03 0.00E+00 461 240200.00 4081400.00 Residential 1.34 1.63E-03 0.00E+00 462 240300.00 4081400.00 Residential 1.43 1.74E-03 0.00E+00 463 240400.00 4081400.00 Residential 1.46 1.78E-03 0.00E+00 464 240500.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.04 1.67E-03 0.00E+00
465 240600.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.03 1.44E-03 0.00E+00
466 240700.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.03 1.20E-03 0.00E+00
467 240800.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.02 9.77E-04 0.00E+00
468 240900.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.02 7.77E-04 0.00E+00
469 241000.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.51 6.25E-04 0.00E+00 470 241100.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.43 5.22E-04 0.00E+00 471 240200.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.97 1.18E-03 0.00E+00 472 240300.00 4081500.00 Residential 1.00 1.22E-03 0.00E+00 473 240400.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.99 1.20E-03 0.00E+00 474 240500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.03 1.11E-03 0.00E+00
475 240600.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.02 9.74E-04 0.00E+00
476 240700.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.02 8.46E-04 0.00E+00
477 240800.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.02 7.31E-04 0.00E+00
478 240900.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.01 6.13E-04 0.00E+00
479 241000.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.42 5.06E-04 0.00E+00 480 240500.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.02 8.00E-04 0.00E+00
481 240600.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.02 7.10E-04 0.00E+00
482 240700.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.02 6.35E-04 0.00E+00
483 240800.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.01 5.70E-04 0.00E+00
484 240500.00 4079750.00 Worker 0.01 4.62E-04 0.00E+00
485 240750.00 4079750.00 Worker 0.01 5.37E-04 0.00E+00
486 240000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.39 4.80E-04 0.00E+00 487 240250.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.01 5.99E-04 0.00E+00
489 240750.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.02 8.57E-04 0.00E+00
490 241000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.92 1.12E-03 0.00E+00 491 241250.00 4080000.00 Residential 1.08 1.31E-03 0.00E+00 492 239750.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.02 6.57E-04 0.00E+00
493 240000.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.02 7.65E-04 0.00E+00
494 240250.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.02 9.30E-04 0.00E+00
495 241000.00 4080250.00 Residential 1.86 2.26E-03 0.00E+00 496 241250.00 4080250.00 Residential 1.77 2.16E-03 0.00E+00 501 241250.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.07 2.77E-03 0.00E+00
506 241500.00 4080750.00 Residential 0.86 1.04E-03 0.00E+00

Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
507 239500.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.02 8.00E-04 0.00E+00
508 239750.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.03 1.25E-03 0.00E+00
510 241500.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.50 6.04E-04 0.00E+00 511 239500.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.02 7.70E-04 0.00E+00
512 239750.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.03 1.15E-03 0.00E+00
513 241250.00 4081250.00 Residential 0.48 5.79E-04 0.00E+00 514 241500.00 4081250.00 Residential 0.32 3.95E-04 0.00E+00 515 239750.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.02 8.63E-04 0.00E+00
516 240000.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.03 1.06E-03 0.00E+00
517 241250.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.28 3.45E-04 0.00E+00 518 241500.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.22 2.68E-04 0.00E+00 519 239750.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 4.96E-04 0.00E+00
520 240000.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 5.31E-04 0.00E+00
521 240250.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 5.60E-04 0.00E+00
522 240500.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 4.81E-04 0.00E+00
523 240750.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 4.27E-04 0.00E+00
524 241000.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 3.36E-04 0.00E+00
525 241250.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.01 2.42E-04 0.00E+00
526 240250.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.01 3.67E-04 0.00E+00
527 240500.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.01 3.08E-04 0.00E+00
528 240750.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.01 2.51E-04 0.00E+00
529 241000.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.01 2.30E-04 0.00E+00
531 240000.00 4079000.00 Residential 0.16 1.91E-04 0.00E+00 532 240500.00 4079000.00 Residential 0.16 2.00E-04 0.00E+00 534 241500.00 4079000.00 Worker 0.01 3.10E-04 0.00E+00
535 239000.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.00 1.95E-04 0.00E+00
536 239500.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.18 2.20E-04 0.00E+00 537 240000.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.23 2.74E-04 0.00E+00 538 240500.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.27 3.32E-04 0.00E+00 539 241000.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.01 4.44E-04 0.00E+00
540 241500.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.01 5.98E-04 0.00E+00
541 242000.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.49 5.97E-04 0.00E+00 542 239000.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.01 3.16E-04 0.00E+00
543 239500.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.32 3.90E-04 0.00E+00 544 241500.00 4080000.00 Residential 1.03 1.25E-03 0.00E+00 545 242000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.65 7.91E-04 0.00E+00 546 242500.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.36 4.34E-04 0.00E+00 547 238500.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.01 2.79E-04 0.00E+00
548 239000.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.01 4.30E-04 0.00E+00
549 242000.00 4080500.00 Residential 0.47 5.77E-04 0.00E+00 550 242500.00 4080500.00 Residential 0.25 3.02E-04 0.00E+00 551 238500.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.01 2.73E-04 0.00E+00
552 239000.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.01 4.28E-04 0.00E+00
553 242000.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.23 2.85E-04 0.00E+00 554 242500.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.14 1.73E-04 0.00E+00 555 238500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.01 2.49E-04 0.00E+00
556 239000.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.01 3.92E-04 0.00E+00
557 239500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.02 6.63E-04 0.00E+00
558 242000.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.15 1.79E-04 0.00E+00 559 242500.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.10 1.24E-04 0.00E+00 560 239000.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.01 2.86E-04 0.00E+00
561 239500.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.01 3.34E-04 0.00E+00

Table F-1. Construction Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
562 240000.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.01 3.66E-04 0.00E+00
563 241500.00 4082000.00 Residential 0.12 1.47E-04 0.00E+00 564 242000.00 4082000.00 Residential 0.09 1.06E-04 0.00E+00 565 239500.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.00 2.02E-04 0.00E+00
566 240000.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.01 2.10E-04 0.00E+00
567 240500.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.00 1.67E-04 0.00E+00
568 241000.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.00 1.39E-04 0.00E+00
569 241500.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.00 1.02E-04 0.00E+00
570 242000.00 4082500.00 Worker 0.00 7.38E-05 0.00E+00
571 240000.00 4083000.00 Worker 0.00 1.32E-04 0.00E+00
572 240500.00 4083000.00 Worker 0.00 1.07E-04 0.00E+00
573 241000.00 4083000.00 Worker 0.00 9.31E-05 0.00E+00
574 240982.00 4080428.00 Sensitive 3.30 4.02E-03 0.00E+00 575 241114.00 4080505.00 Sensitive 3.17 3.86E-03 0.00E+00 576 241812.00 4080393.00 Sensitive 0.72 8.83E-04 0.00E+00 577 239709.00 4079647.00 Sensitive 0.22 2.67E-04 0.00E+00 578 239709.00 4079647.00 Sensitive 0.22 2.67E-04 0.00E+00 579 242094.00 4081102.00 Sensitive 0.19 2.25E-04 0.00E+00 580 242489.00 4081376.00 Sensitive 0.11 1.32E-04 0.00E+00 581 241998.00 4079399.00 Sensitive 0.45 5.44E-04 0.00E+00 582 242523.00 4080146.00 Sensitive 0.32 3.86E-04 0.00E+00 583 240160.00 4078896.00 Sensitive 0.15 1.80E-04 0.00E+00 584 242576.00 4081764.00 Sensitive 0.08 1.02E-04 0.00E+00 585 242632.00 4080241.00 Sensitive 0.26 3.21E-04 0.00E+00 Abbreviations:
m - meter

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
1 240425.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.53 1.39E-03 3.98E-02
3 240475.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.56 1.50E-03 4.23E-02
4 240500.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.56 1.55E-03 4.38E-02
13 240725.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.78 2.05E-03 4.11E-02
14 240750.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.69 2.17E-03 4.02E-02
15 240400.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.66 1.46E-03 4.16E-02
16 240425.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.68 1.51E-03 4.23E-02
18 240475.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.72 1.64E-03 4.53E-02
19 240500.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.73 1.70E-03 4.73E-02
28 240725.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.88 2.30E-03 4.46E-02
29 240750.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.75 2.44E-03 4.34E-02
30 240775.00 4080675.00 Worker 0.62 2.58E-03 4.24E-02
32 240400.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.90 1.59E-03 4.51E-02
33 240425.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.92 1.65E-03 4.51E-02
35 240475.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.98 1.79E-03 4.84E-02
36 240500.00 4080700.00 Worker 1.01 1.87E-03 5.05E-02
67 240375.00 4080750.00 Residential 5.56 1.88E-03 5.00E-02 75 240375.00 4080775.00 Residential 5.22 2.10E-03 5.24E-02 76 240400.00 4080775.00 Residential 6.11 2.17E-03 5.57E-02 77 240425.00 4080775.00 Residential 7.61 2.25E-03 5.75E-02 83 240375.00 4080800.00 Residential 5.17 2.35E-03 5.58E-02 84 240400.00 4080800.00 Residential 6.16 2.44E-03 5.98E-02 85 240425.00 4080800.00 Residential 7.76 2.54E-03 6.27E-02 91 240375.00 4080825.00 Residential 5.20 2.65E-03 5.94E-02 92 240400.00 4080825.00 Residential 6.26 2.76E-03 6.34E-02 93 240425.00 4080825.00 Residential 7.95 2.88E-03 6.87E-02 99 240375.00 4080850.00 Residential 5.13 3.01E-03 6.27E-02 100 240400.00 4080850.00 Residential 6.22 3.15E-03 6.79E-02 101 240425.00 4080850.00 Residential 8.30 3.30E-03 7.28E-02 108 240400.00 4080875.00 Residential 5.76 3.63E-03 7.21E-02 109 240425.00 4080875.00 Residential 7.07 3.82E-03 7.87E-02 115 240375.00 4080900.00 Residential 4.61 3.99E-03 7.18E-02 116 240400.00 4080900.00 Residential 5.15 4.23E-03 7.75E-02 117 240425.00 4080900.00 Residential 5.76 4.48E-03 8.47E-02 123 240375.00 4080925.00 Residential 4.34 4.63E-03 8.11E-02 124 240400.00 4080925.00 Residential 4.70 4.97E-03 8.34E-02 125 240425.00 4080925.00 Residential 5.15 5.32E-03 9.16E-02 139 240375.00 4080975.00 Residential 4.07 6.02E-03 9.45E-02 140 240400.00 4080975.00 Residential 4.46 6.74E-03 1.04E-01 141 240425.00 4080975.00 Residential 4.99 7.55E-03 1.18E-01 147 240375.00 4081000.00 Residential 4.02 6.59E-03 9.92E-02 148 240400.00 4081000.00 Residential 4.48 7.55E-03 1.08E-01 149 240425.00 4081000.00 Residential 5.14 8.71E-03 1.24E-01 156 240400.00 4081025.00 Residential 4.50 8.12E-03 1.14E-01 157 240425.00 4081025.00 Residential 5.28 9.60E-03 1.33E-01 163 240375.00 4081050.00 Residential 3.89 7.14E-03 1.02E-01 164 240400.00 4081050.00 Residential 4.47 8.42E-03 1.17E-01 165 240425.00 4081050.00 Residential 5.32 1.01E-02 1.34E-01 171 240375.00 4081075.00 Residential 3.84 7.19E-03 1.06E-01 172 240400.00 4081075.00 Residential 4.42 8.51E-03 1.21E-01 173 240425.00 4081075.00 Residential 5.31 1.03E-02 1.40E-01 189 240375.00 4081125.00 Residential 3.43 7.12E-03 1.06E-01 Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
190 240400.00 4081125.00 Residential 3.96 8.44E-03 1.21E-01 191 240425.00 4081125.00 Residential 4.67 1.02E-02 1.38E-01 192 240450.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.79 1.26E-02 1.61E-01
193 240475.00 4081125.00 Worker 0.95 1.60E-02 1.90E-01
194 240500.00 4081125.00 Worker 1.21 2.11E-02 2.28E-01
195 240525.00 4081125.00 Worker 1.62 2.91E-02 2.83E-01
196 240550.00 4081125.00 Worker 2.30 4.25E-02 3.66E-01
197 240575.00 4081125.00 Worker 3.47 6.52E-02 4.69E-01
207 240375.00 4081150.00 Residential 3.26 7.02E-03 1.04E-01 208 240400.00 4081150.00 Residential 3.74 8.29E-03 1.17E-01 209 240425.00 4081150.00 Residential 4.39 9.95E-03 1.34E-01 210 240450.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.74 1.22E-02 1.55E-01
211 240475.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.88 1.52E-02 1.82E-01
212 240500.00 4081150.00 Worker 1.09 1.94E-02 2.23E-01
213 240525.00 4081150.00 Worker 1.39 2.52E-02 2.70E-01
214 240550.00 4081150.00 Worker 1.76 3.26E-02 3.34E-01
215 240575.00 4081150.00 Worker 2.17 4.07E-02 4.03E-01
216 240600.00 4081150.00 Worker 2.45 4.62E-02 4.85E-01
217 240625.00 4081150.00 Worker 2.35 4.43E-02 5.17E-01
218 240650.00 4081150.00 Worker 1.81 3.37E-02 4.15E-01
219 240675.00 4081150.00 Worker 1.26 2.32E-02 3.25E-01
220 240700.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.89 1.61E-02 2.17E-01
221 240725.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.66 1.17E-02 2.21E-01
222 240750.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.51 8.93E-03 1.76E-01
223 240775.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.41 7.04E-03 1.48E-01
224 240425.00 4081175.00 Residential 4.08 9.41E-03 1.32E-01 225 240450.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.67 1.12E-02 1.51E-01
226 240475.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.78 1.35E-02 1.76E-01
227 240500.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.91 1.62E-02 2.09E-01
228 240525.00 4081175.00 Worker 1.06 1.92E-02 2.44E-01
229 240550.00 4081175.00 Worker 1.20 2.20E-02 2.88E-01
230 240575.00 4081175.00 Worker 1.31 2.41E-02 3.36E-01
231 240600.00 4081175.00 Worker 1.34 2.49E-02 3.63E-01
232 240625.00 4081175.00 Worker 1.24 2.30E-02 3.91E-01
233 240650.00 4081175.00 Worker 1.02 1.87E-02 2.78E-01
234 240675.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.80 1.45E-02 2.46E-01
235 240700.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.61 1.09E-02 1.77E-01
236 240725.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.48 8.39E-03 1.26E-01
237 240750.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.39 6.66E-03 1.40E-01
238 240775.00 4081175.00 Worker 0.32 5.45E-03 1.31E-01
239 240525.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.78 1.38E-02 2.16E-01
240 240550.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.82 1.48E-02 2.51E-01
241 240575.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.85 1.54E-02 2.79E-01
242 240600.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.84 1.53E-02 2.78E-01
243 240625.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.77 1.40E-02 3.04E-01
244 240650.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.66 1.19E-02 2.01E-01
245 240675.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.55 9.80E-03 1.81E-01
246 240700.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.45 7.93E-03 1.63E-01
247 240725.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.37 6.35E-03 1.08E-01
248 240750.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.31 5.17E-03 8.77E-02
249 240400.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.22 8.86E-04 2.84E-02
250 240450.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.22 9.37E-04 3.13E-02

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
251 240500.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.23 9.71E-04 2.97E-02
256 240750.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.33 1.22E-03 2.76E-02
257 240800.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.34 1.32E-03 2.67E-02
258 240300.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.28 8.99E-04 2.88E-02
259 240350.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.27 9.44E-04 2.89E-02
260 240400.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.27 1.00E-03 3.07E-02
261 240450.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.28 1.07E-03 3.39E-02
267 240750.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.42 1.44E-03 3.11E-02
268 240800.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.41 1.57E-03 3.02E-02
269 240850.00 4080550.00 Worker 0.37 1.71E-03 2.91E-02
270 240300.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.36 1.03E-03 3.13E-02
271 240350.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.36 1.08E-03 3.32E-02
272 240400.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.36 1.15E-03 3.43E-02
274 240500.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.37 1.31E-03 3.72E-02
279 240750.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.56 1.75E-03 3.50E-02
280 240800.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.48 1.92E-03 3.37E-02
281 240850.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.40 2.11E-03 3.23E-02
282 240900.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.33 2.31E-03 3.05E-02
283 240250.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.59 1.16E-03 3.21E-02
284 240300.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.52 1.21E-03 3.52E-02
285 240350.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.51 1.26E-03 3.72E-02
286 240400.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.52 1.34E-03 3.82E-02
287 240800.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.52 2.41E-03 3.84E-02
288 240850.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.40 2.68E-03 3.57E-02
289 240900.00 4080650.00 Worker 0.34 2.92E-03 3.48E-02
297 240300.00 4080750.00 Residential 4.03 1.72E-03 4.23E-02 298 240350.00 4080750.00 Residential 4.96 1.83E-03 4.63E-02 299 240850.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.42 4.72E-03 4.99E-02
300 240900.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.38 4.89E-03 4.60E-02
301 240950.00 4080750.00 Worker 0.35 4.75E-03 4.17E-02
302 240250.00 4080800.00 Residential 3.00 1.96E-03 4.16E-02 303 240300.00 4080800.00 Residential 3.58 2.11E-03 4.69E-02 305 240850.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.47 6.51E-03 5.85E-02
306 240900.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.43 6.36E-03 5.20E-02
307 240950.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.38 5.78E-03 4.68E-02
308 240250.00 4080850.00 Residential 2.91 2.42E-03 4.89E-02 309 240300.00 4080850.00 Residential 3.48 2.64E-03 5.13E-02 311 240850.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.57 9.00E-03 6.83E-02
312 240900.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.49 8.02E-03 5.98E-02
313 240950.00 4080850.00 Worker 0.41 6.70E-03 5.05E-02
314 240250.00 4080900.00 Residential 2.91 2.94E-03 5.43E-02 315 240300.00 4080900.00 Residential 3.44 3.34E-03 6.33E-02 317 240850.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.70 1.20E-02 8.05E-02
318 240900.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.55 9.38E-03 6.74E-02
319 240950.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.42 7.08E-03 5.85E-02
321 240300.00 4080950.00 Residential 3.30 4.06E-03 6.79E-02 323 240850.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.80 1.40E-02 9.42E-02
324 240900.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.55 9.55E-03 7.35E-02
325 240950.00 4080950.00 Worker 0.39 6.61E-03 5.50E-02
326 240250.00 4081000.00 Residential 2.65 3.65E-03 6.02E-02 327 240300.00 4081000.00 Residential 3.07 4.53E-03 7.22E-02 329 240850.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.74 1.31E-02 9.49E-02

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
330 240900.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.47 8.15E-03 7.19E-02
331 240950.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.33 5.47E-03 5.93E-02
332 240250.00 4081050.00 Residential 2.48 3.72E-03 6.32E-02 333 240300.00 4081050.00 Residential 2.87 4.70E-03 7.46E-02 335 240850.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.54 9.51E-03 1.03E-01
336 240900.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.35 5.99E-03 7.83E-02
337 240950.00 4081050.00 Worker 0.25 4.12E-03 6.24E-02
338 240250.00 4081100.00 Residential 2.18 3.69E-03 6.49E-02 339 240300.00 4081100.00 Residential 2.58 4.67E-03 7.78E-02 340 240350.00 4081100.00 Residential 3.19 6.14E-03 9.61E-02 341 240850.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.36 5.95E-03 1.01E-01
342 240900.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.25 4.05E-03 7.62E-02
343 240950.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.19 2.94E-03 6.04E-02
344 240250.00 4081150.00 Residential 1.97 3.64E-03 6.35E-02 345 240300.00 4081150.00 Residential 2.34 4.60E-03 7.58E-02 346 240350.00 4081150.00 Residential 2.88 6.03E-03 9.26E-02 347 240800.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.34 5.69E-03 1.22E-01
348 240850.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.24 3.92E-03 8.64E-02
349 240900.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.18 2.87E-03 6.86E-02
350 240950.00 4081150.00 Worker 0.14 2.19E-03 5.48E-02
351 240250.00 4081200.00 Residential 1.81 3.54E-03 6.14E-02 352 240300.00 4081200.00 Residential 2.13 4.41E-03 7.21E-02 353 240350.00 4081200.00 Residential 2.58 5.65E-03 8.87E-02 354 240400.00 4081200.00 Residential 3.23 7.40E-03 1.11E-01 355 240450.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.59 9.82E-03 1.48E-01
356 240500.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.72 1.26E-02 1.91E-01
357 240800.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.23 3.68E-03 9.71E-02
358 240850.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.18 2.78E-03 7.75E-02
359 240900.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.14 2.17E-03 6.32E-02
360 240300.00 4081250.00 Residential 1.87 3.99E-03 6.83E-02 361 240350.00 4081250.00 Residential 2.17 4.83E-03 8.72E-02 362 240400.00 4081250.00 Residential 2.52 5.77E-03 1.05E-01 363 240450.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.41 6.63E-03 1.28E-01
364 240500.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.43 7.26E-03 1.58E-01
365 240550.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.44 7.67E-03 1.79E-01
366 240600.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.43 7.45E-03 1.95E-01
367 240650.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.35 6.01E-03 1.24E-01
368 240700.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.28 4.67E-03 1.08E-01
369 240750.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.21 3.44E-03 7.81E-02
370 240800.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.16 2.55E-03 5.11E-02
371 240850.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.13 2.01E-03 5.60E-02
372 240900.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.11 1.65E-03 5.60E-02
373 240350.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.71 3.77E-03 7.74E-02 374 240400.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.85 4.10E-03 9.29E-02 375 240450.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.28 4.35E-03 1.10E-01
376 240500.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.28 4.56E-03 1.24E-01
377 240550.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.28 4.66E-03 1.28E-01
378 240600.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.26 4.39E-03 1.36E-01
379 240650.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.22 3.65E-03 8.75E-02
380 240700.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.19 3.05E-03 7.80E-02
381 240750.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.16 2.47E-03 7.04E-02
382 240800.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.13 1.92E-03 4.43E-02

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
383 240850.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.10 1.53E-03 3.49E-02
384 240500.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.20 3.12E-03 9.65E-02
385 240550.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.20 3.13E-03 9.68E-02
386 240600.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.18 2.89E-03 1.08E-01
387 240650.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.16 2.46E-03 6.66E-02
388 240700.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.14 2.14E-03 6.04E-02
389 240750.00 4081350.00 Worker 0.12 1.84E-03 5.55E-02
390 240300.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.11 5.33E-04 1.99E-02
391 240400.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.11 5.79E-04 2.46E-02
392 240500.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.12 5.97E-04 2.03E-02
393 240600.00 4080300.00 Worker 0.12 6.08E-04 2.09E-02
395 240800.00 4080300.00 Residential 1.14 7.45E-04 1.84E-02 396 240900.00 4080300.00 Residential 1.24 8.29E-04 1.74E-02 397 240100.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.13 5.58E-04 1.90E-02
398 240200.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.14 5.89E-04 2.06E-02
399 240300.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.15 6.39E-04 2.15E-02
400 240400.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.15 7.10E-04 2.87E-02
401 240500.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.15 7.49E-04 2.44E-02
404 240800.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.23 9.67E-04 2.16E-02
405 240900.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.23 1.09E-03 2.07E-02
406 241000.00 4080400.00 Worker 0.21 1.24E-03 1.91E-02
409 240300.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.22 7.92E-04 2.57E-02
410 240900.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.30 1.53E-03 2.46E-02
411 241000.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.23 1.75E-03 2.33E-02
412 241100.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.19 1.83E-03 2.14E-02
413 240000.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.24 8.16E-04 2.08E-02
415 240200.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.42 9.58E-04 2.76E-02
416 241000.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.25 2.54E-03 2.81E-02
417 241100.00 4080600.00 Worker 0.20 2.45E-03 2.51E-02
418 240000.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.24 1.06E-03 2.53E-02
419 240100.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.33 1.17E-03 2.69E-02
420 240200.00 4080700.00 Worker 0.52 1.29E-03 3.21E-02
424 240000.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.23 1.34E-03 2.85E-02
425 240100.00 4080800.00 Residential 2.02 1.58E-03 3.43E-02 426 240200.00 4080800.00 Residential 2.59 1.83E-03 3.78E-02 427 241000.00 4080800.00 Worker 0.33 5.03E-03 4.11E-02
428 241100.00 4080800.00 Residential 1.62 3.53E-03 3.35E-02 429 241200.00 4080800.00 Residential 1.13 2.41E-03 2.49E-02 430 240000.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.22 1.54E-03 3.08E-02
431 240100.00 4080900.00 Residential 1.92 1.97E-03 3.76E-02 432 240200.00 4080900.00 Residential 2.50 2.57E-03 4.79E-02 433 241000.00 4080900.00 Worker 0.32 5.32E-03 4.67E-02
434 241100.00 4080900.00 Residential 1.39 3.12E-03 3.29E-02 435 241200.00 4080900.00 Residential 0.92 1.99E-03 2.50E-02 438 240200.00 4081000.00 Residential 2.32 3.00E-03 5.19E-02 439 241000.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.24 3.90E-03 4.95E-02
440 241100.00 4081000.00 Residential 1.03 2.26E-03 3.57E-02 441 241200.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.70 1.48E-03 2.73E-02 442 240000.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.18 1.59E-03 3.37E-02
443 240100.00 4081100.00 Residential 1.53 2.12E-03 4.22E-02 444 240200.00 4081100.00 Residential 1.90 3.00E-03 5.54E-02 445 241000.00 4081100.00 Worker 0.15 2.24E-03 4.95E-02

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
446 241100.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.73 1.43E-03 3.55E-02 447 241200.00 4081100.00 Residential 0.50 1.00E-03 2.72E-02 448 240000.00 4081200.00 Worker 0.15 1.56E-03 3.25E-02
449 240100.00 4081200.00 Residential 1.26 2.07E-03 4.05E-02 450 240200.00 4081200.00 Residential 1.57 2.90E-03 5.23E-02 451 241000.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.67 1.41E-03 4.18E-02 452 241100.00 4081200.00 Residential 0.49 9.89E-04 3.12E-02 453 240000.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.13 1.49E-03 3.08E-02
454 240100.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.07 1.92E-03 3.87E-02 455 240200.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.28 2.54E-03 4.81E-02 456 240300.00 4081300.00 Residential 1.57 3.35E-03 6.78E-02 457 240900.00 4081300.00 Worker 0.09 1.27E-03 3.47E-02
458 241000.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.47 9.53E-04 3.73E-02 459 241100.00 4081300.00 Residential 0.37 7.41E-04 2.87E-02 460 240100.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.85 1.59E-03 3.80E-02 461 240200.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.94 1.86E-03 4.57E-02 462 240300.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.99 2.05E-03 5.67E-02 463 240400.00 4081400.00 Residential 1.06 2.17E-03 7.11E-02 464 240500.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.15 2.27E-03 7.71E-02
465 240600.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.13 2.05E-03 8.69E-02
466 240700.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.10 1.58E-03 4.79E-02
467 240800.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.08 1.22E-03 4.16E-02
468 240900.00 4081400.00 Worker 0.06 8.66E-04 2.23E-02
469 241000.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.35 6.54E-04 1.76E-02 470 241100.00 4081400.00 Residential 0.28 5.35E-04 2.26E-02 471 240200.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.65 1.24E-03 3.96E-02 472 240300.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.65 1.29E-03 4.71E-02 473 240400.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.68 1.34E-03 5.42E-02 474 240500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.09 1.36E-03 5.27E-02
475 240600.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.08 1.20E-03 5.89E-02
476 240700.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.07 9.74E-04 3.19E-02
477 240800.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.06 8.31E-04 2.94E-02
478 240900.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.05 6.51E-04 2.34E-02
479 241000.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.28 5.01E-04 1.44E-02 480 240500.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.07 9.05E-04 4.22E-02
481 240600.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.06 7.90E-04 4.21E-02
482 240700.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.05 6.67E-04 2.42E-02
483 240800.00 4081600.00 Worker 0.04 5.96E-04 2.25E-02
484 240500.00 4079750.00 Worker 0.04 2.45E-04 9.93E-03
485 240750.00 4079750.00 Worker 0.05 2.67E-04 9.02E-03
486 240000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.36 2.77E-04 1.11E-02 487 240250.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.05 3.28E-04 2.00E-02
489 240750.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.07 3.87E-04 1.21E-02
490 241000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.63 4.75E-04 1.11E-02 491 241250.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.62 5.76E-04 9.98E-03 492 239750.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.08 3.64E-04 1.17E-02
493 240000.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.08 4.03E-04 1.46E-02
494 240250.00 4080250.00 Worker 0.09 4.66E-04 1.65E-02
495 241000.00 4080250.00 Residential 1.08 8.08E-04 1.53E-02 496 241250.00 4080250.00 Residential 0.85 9.86E-04 1.35E-02 501 241250.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.14 1.69E-03 1.81E-02
506 241500.00 4080750.00 Residential 0.51 9.92E-04 1.38E-02

Table F-2. Operational Health Risk Assessment Results for All Receptors Costco Commercial Center
Fresno, California
Receptor ID
X-Coordinate
(m)
Y-Coordinate
(m) Receptor Type
Acute Hazard
Index
Cancer Risk
(in a million)
Chronic
Hazard Index
507 239500.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.09 6.16E-04 1.50E-02
508 239750.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.13 9.33E-04 2.08E-02
510 241500.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.31 6.05E-04 1.54E-02 511 239500.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.08 5.91E-04 1.49E-02
512 239750.00 4081250.00 Worker 0.10 8.88E-04 2.07E-02
513 241250.00 4081250.00 Residential 0.30 5.79E-04 2.04E-02 514 241500.00 4081250.00 Residential 0.19 3.45E-04 1.35E-02 515 239750.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.07 7.78E-04 1.87E-02
516 240000.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.09 1.08E-03 2.86E-02
517 241250.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.18 3.24E-04 1.51E-02 518 241500.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.13 2.42E-04 1.18E-02 519 239750.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.04 4.55E-04 1.37E-02
520 240000.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.04 4.73E-04 1.67E-02
521 240250.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.04 5.07E-04 2.28E-02
522 240500.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.04 4.84E-04 2.41E-02
523 240750.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.03 4.07E-04 1.63E-02
524 241000.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.03 3.11E-04 1.43E-02
525 241250.00 4081750.00 Worker 0.02 2.06E-04 7.26E-03
526 240250.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.03 3.14E-04 1.61E-02
527 240500.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.02 2.83E-04 1.70E-02
528 240750.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.02 2.14E-04 9.34E-03
529 241000.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.02 1.97E-04 9.12E-03
531 240000.00 4079000.00 Residential 0.11 1.17E-04 1.13E-02 532 240500.00 4079000.00 Residential 0.12 1.17E-04 5.29E-03 534 241500.00 4079000.00 Worker 0.03 1.66E-04 4.38E-03
535 239000.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.02 1.27E-04 4.82E-03
536 239500.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.16 1.40E-04 6.09E-03 537 240000.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.18 1.69E-04 1.22E-02 538 240500.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.20 1.85E-04 7.77E-03 539 241000.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.04 2.33E-04 6.84E-03
540 241500.00 4079500.00 Worker 0.04 2.96E-04 5.94E-03
541 242000.00 4079500.00 Residential 0.26 3.27E-04 5.14E-03 542 239000.00 4080000.00 Worker 0.04 2.00E-04 9.39E-03
543 239500.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.31 2.36E-04 8.10E-03 544 241500.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.52 6.30E-04 9.12E-03 545 242000.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.31 5.09E-04 7.01E-03 546 242500.00 4080000.00 Residential 0.18 3.15E-04 4.97E-03 547 238500.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.03 2.11E-04 5.99E-03
548 239000.00 4080500.00 Worker 0.05 3.10E-04 8.05E-03
549 242000.00 4080500.00 Residential 0.26 4.65E-04 7.27E-03 550 242500.00 4080500.00 Residential 0.13 2.32E-04 4.82E-03 551 238500.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.03 2.16E-04 6.32E-03
552 239000.00 4081000.00 Worker 0.05 3.37E-04 9.15E-03
553 242000.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.14 2.48E-04 7.95E-03 554 242500.00 4081000.00 Residential 0.08 1.40E-04 5.17E-03 555 238500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.03 1.93E-04 5.51E-03
556 239000.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.04 3.05E-04 8.05E-03
557 239500.00 4081500.00 Worker 0.06 5.54E-04 1.36E-02
558 242000.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.08 1.41E-04 6.58E-03 559 242500.00 4081500.00 Residential 0.06 9.08E-05 5.32E-03 560 239000.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.02 2.36E-04 7.16E-03
561 239500.00 4082000.00 Worker 0.03 2.89E-04 1.04E-02