5.3.2 Growth Inducement
Growth inducement may constitute an adverse impact if the growth is not consistent with the land use and growth management policies for the local jurisdictions. The Proposed Project would replace an existing facility at the Airport and would not result in an increase in passengers at the Airport or result in additional economic growth in the Airport vicinity. Therefore, no indirect effect of growth would occur in the Airport vicinity.
CHAPTER 5 – I MPACT OVERVIEW
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 5-3 The Proposed Project would create new short-term employment opportunities. During construction, design, engineering, and construction-related jobs would be created. This would be a temporary situation, lasting until construction is completed. Construction workers would likely come from the existing large labor pool within Fresno County and would not result in new workers relocating to the area. As such, build out of the Proposed Project is not expected to encourage any development or growth in addition to, or in conflict with, the adopted plans.
5.4 Cumulative Impacts
According to Section 15130 of the CEQA Guidelines, an EIR shall discuss the cumulative impacts of a Proposed Project. A cumulative impact consists of an impact that is created as a result of the combination of the Proposed Project evaluated in the EIR together with other projects causing related impacts.
The cumulative impact study area was developed by starting with the entire Airport and then expanding to existing logical boundaries surrounding the Airport. The boundary was expanded to E. Dakota Avenue to the North, N. Clovis Avenue to the east, E. McKinley Avenue to the south, and N. Chestnut Avenue to the west (see Figure 5-1).
There are a variety of existing and reasonably foreseeable projects in the cumulative study area (see Table 5-1). Other projects in the cumulative study area were identified by using federal, State, and local agency websites, such as from the City of Fresno, Fresno County, and Caltrans. On-Airport projects were identified from the Airport’s Capital Improvement Program (CIP) and information provided by Airport staff.
5.4.1 Aesthetics
The Proposed Project would be visible from public roadways within the cumulative study area.
The general view would continue to be of an airport and of aviation activity. However, the Proposed Project would have a less than significant impact to scenic vistas due to the distance to the nearest scenic vista (Spano Park, approximately 7.2 miles northwest of the project study area), would not substantially damage scenic resources, would not conflict with applicable zoning and other regulations governing scenic quality, and would not create a new source of substantial light or glare. The Proposed Project and reasonably foreseeable future Airport projects would be expected to be constructed in a similar design to existing infrastructure at the Airport. Therefore, the Proposed Project would not have a cumulatively considerable contribution to aesthetics impacts.
5.4.2 Agriculture / Forest Resources
The Proposed Project is not located within are near agricultural or forest lands; there would be no impact. Therefore, the Proposed Project would not contribute to a cumulative effect on agricultural or forest resources.
5.4.3 Air Quality
The cumulative study area for Air Quality is the SJVAB. Construction of reasonably foreseeable future actions may coincide with the Proposed Project. The Proposed Project, in addition to existing and reasonably foreseeable future actions listed in Table 5-1 would result in temporary CHAPTER 5 – I MPACT OVERVIEW
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 5-4 Figure 5-1: Cumulative Study Area
Source: RS&H, 2024
CHAPTER 5 – I MPACT OVERVIEW
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 5-5 Table 5-1: Cumulative Projects
Project Project
Location
Project Description Project
Type
Construction
Years
On-Airport Projects
Taxiway B
Rehabilitation
Airport Rehabilitate Taxiway B pavement Infrastructure 2024-2025 Terminal
Expansion
Program
Airport Terminal expansion adding 97,000
sq ft concourse to the existing
terminal, with expanded TSA
checkpoint, circulation halls,
concession spaces, 2 hold rooms
and a federal inspection station
with dedicated arrivals atrium that
deconflicts lobby congestion for
the international passengers’ meet
& greet.
Building 2024-2025
Runway 11L/29R
Reconstruction
Airport Reconstruct the main runway at
FAT, Runway 11L/29R
Infrastructure 2025-2027
RTR Relocation Airport Relocate the remote
transmitter/receivers (RTR) for air
traffic control and other radio
communications following the
terminal expansion.
Building 2028
ARFF Station
Replacement
Project
Airport Construct a new ARFF station and
demolish the old ARFF station.
Building 2028-2029
Off-Airport Projects
None Identified in the Cumulative Study Area
Source: City of Fresno, 2024; Fresno County, 2024; RS&H, 2024 construction emissions. However, the SJVAPCD requires that all projects include adequate measures to minimize fugitive dust through its permitting and State-required environmental processes. The proposed reconstruction of Runway 11L/29R would occur in a similar timeframe as the Proposed Project and would result in a temporary increase in air pollutant emissions during the reconstruction of the runway. However, as with all cumulative projects considered in this EIR, the reconstruction of the runway would be required by SJVAPCD to comply with the conditions of its rules and regulations. Additionally, each project identified in Table 5-1 would be required to implement BMPs to reduce construction emissions, as required by federal, State, and local laws. Therefore, while these projects could be under construction at the same time and the Proposed Project would contribute to an increase in construction emissions, the Proposed Project’s contribution to cumulative air quality effects is not expected to be cumulatively considerable. This is because the Proposed Project would not have a significant effect on air quality and the temporary, periodic impacts associated with construction would be minimized through the use of environmental controls that would reduce construction emissions.
Operation of the Proposed Project would not result in a significant increase in emissions because it would replace an existing building with a more modern, energy efficient building, and would not increase landside or airside capacity at the Airport. Additionally, the Proposed Project CHAPTER 5 – I MPACT OVERVIEW
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 5-6 would not result in a change in aircraft operations (takeoffs and landings), and the existing runway configuration, arrival/departures procedures, and runway use percentages would remain unchanged. Therefore, the Proposed Project would not have a cumulatively considerable contribution to air quality impacts.
5.4.4 Biological Resources
The project study area does not provide suitable habitat for special-status animal species.
Additionally, no aquatic resources, riparian habitat, or other sensitive natural communities occur within or near the project study area. There would be no impact to biological resources as a result of implementation of the Proposed Project. Therefore, the Proposed Project would not contribute to a cumulative effect on biological resources.
5.4.5 Cultural and Tribal Resources
For archaeological and tribal resources, the Cultural Resources Assessment reported negative results of the records search for archaeological resources and determined that due to the severely disturbed/obscured nature of the project study area, there has very low sensitivity for archaeological resources. All cumulative projects listed in Table 5-1 occur on previously paved and/or graded surfaces and are unlikely to contain buried archaeological or tribal resources within the construction footprints. Thus, the Proposed Project’s contribution to a cumulative impact to archaeological or tribal resource would not be cumulatively considerable.
The Proposed Project would demolish the existing ATCT which is eligible for listing on the NRHP, resulting in a significant and unavoidable impact. All cumulative projects listed in Table 5-1 occur on previously paved and/or graded surfaces and are unlikely to contain NRHP- eligible resources within or in the vicinity of the construction footprints. As such, none of the cumulative projects listed are anticipated to affect NRHP-listed or NRHP-eligible properties and would not result in cumulative effects to significant built-environment cultural resources within the cumulative study area beyond those resulting from the Proposed Project. Therefore, the Proposed Project would not result in additional impacts to the built environment.
5.4.6 Energy
The Proposed Project and the projects in Table 5-1 would require energy for construction and operation. Construction energy consumption would result primarily from transportation fuels (e.g., diesel and gasoline) used for haul trucks, heavy-duty construction equipment, and construction workers and vendors traveling to and from the project study area. Electricity would be used during construction to provide temporary power for lighting, electronic equipment, and certain construction equipment. Construction of the Proposed Project would comply with all applicable federal, State, and local energy regulations identified in Section 3.7.1 to ensure that the use of energy resources is minimized. Therefore, construction-related electricity use would generally be considered temporary and negligible over the long term The Proposed Project would be constructed in compliance with Title 24, Chapter 6, including the use of energy efficient modern building materials and construction practices. The Proposed Project would also use new modern appliances and equipment, in accordance with the CCR Title 20. In addition, the Proposed Project would comply with federal, State, and local energy CHAPTER 5 – I MPACT OVERVIEW
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 5-7 efficiency policies and would operate more energy efficiently than the existing outdated ATCT.
The existing ATCT would be demolished following the completion of the new ATCT, so it would no longer consume energy. Additionally, because the Proposed Project would replace an existing facility with no expansion of use, there would be no change to operational VMT that would result in additional use of fuel. Therefore, the Proposed Project would not result in wasteful, inefficient, or unnecessary consumption of energy resources during construction or operation, and the Proposed Project would not have a cumulatively considerable contribution to energy resource impacts.
5.4.7 Geology and Soils
All of the projects listed in Table 5-1 and the Proposed Project would be exposed to similar geologic hazards such as surface rupture, strong ground shaking, liquefaction, erosion or loss of topsoil, and expansive soils. All of the projects listed in Table 5-1, like the Proposed Project, would incorporate appropriate BMPs to minimize erosion or loss of topsoil and be designed in accordance with building standards such as CBC and ASCE Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures. Therefore, the Proposed Project would not have a cumulatively considerable contribution to geologic and soil impacts.
5.4.8 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
The cumulative study area for Climate is the SJVAB. Construction of reasonably foreseeable future actions may coincide with the Proposed Project; however, the Proposed Project would not result in a significant contribution to climate effects. The SJVAPCD requires that all projects include adequate measures to minimize ozone precursors and GHGs through its permitting and State-required environmental processes. All cumulative projects considered in this EIR would be required by SJVAPCD to comply with the conditions of its rules and regulations. Additionally, the foreseeable state of the environment is not expected to change significantly over the limited construction duration. Therefore, the Proposed Project, when would not have a cumulatively considerable relative to GHG emissions.
5.4.9 Hazards and Hazardous Materials
Cumulative land use changes within the cumulative study area would have the potential to expose employees and airport travelers to chemical hazards through redevelopment of sites and structures that may be contaminated from either historical or ongoing uses. The severity of potential hazards for individual projects would depend upon the location, type, and size of development and the specific hazards associated with individual sites. Therefore, specific projects proposed in the cumulative study area would be required to undergo individual environmental review, including review of potential impacts related to hazards and hazardous materials that are applicable to that development site and proposed use.
Construction of the Proposed Project and demolition of the existing ATCT could disturb soils that potentially contain asbestos and PFAS and building materials that contain PCBs and lead.
Demolition anticipated to occur under the Proposed Project would facilitate the safe removal of potentially hazardous building materials and the cleanup of contaminated areas, thus reducing the level of risk on a particular site in the nearby vicinity and within the project study area compared to existing conditions. In addition, construction of the Proposed Project would involve CHAPTER 5 – I MPACT OVERVIEW
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 5-8 the use of hazardous materials (e.g., fuels and solvents), and would temporarily generate solid waste. However, spill prevention, control, and countermeasure plans are enforced, as appropriate, as well as a hazardous materials business response plan. Additionally, measures identified in Section 3.10.5.1 would be implemented to further reduce potential hazardous material impacts.
Projects listed in Table 5-1 occur on Airport property, which would also require adherence to the State’s NPDES General Industrial Permit and SWPPP that outlines construction BMPs for pollution prevention. Any hazardous substances generated or encountered during construction would be managed and disposed of by the contractor in compliance with federal, state, and local hazardous materials management guidelines.
Because cumulative projects would be fully regulated, thus reducing potential for public safety risks, impacts associated with exposure to hazards and hazardous materials would not be cumulatively considerable.
5.4.10 Hydrology and Water Quality
The region surrounding the Airport is already highly urbanized and densely developed with existing residential, commercial, and industrial sites. Projects within this region are expected to primarily involve redevelopment and many will require demolition of existing facilities prior to construction of new facilities, which would limit the net change in impervious surface area and the potential for significant hydrology and water quality impacts. Select projects have the potential to involve an increase in impervious surface area (particularly those occurring on existing vacant or undeveloped sites), although the extents are not known at this time.
Where applicable, new development and redevelopment within the region would be subject to similar environmental and stormwater regulations as the Proposed Project. For example, compliance with the CVRWQCB NPDES MS4 permit (Order No. R5-2016-0040-014). Under the MS4 permit, post-construction water quality control measures would be implemented as required under the FMFCD’s Fresno-Clovis Storm Water Quality Management Program (Fresno Metropolitan Flood District, 2013). This MS4 permit includes similar requirements for post- construction stormwater management for new and redevelopment, industrial and commercial site controls, construction site runoff control, water quality monitoring, and TMDL compliance.
Additionally, the federal, State, and local requirements described for the Proposed Project would be relevant as well, where applicable.
Compliance with these requirements would limit the risk for potentially significant impacts from these projects because each project would need to evaluate these potential risks and identify measures to be implemented to mitigate identified risks. Based on this, the potential contribution of the Proposed Project to cumulative impacts for hydrology and water quality would not be cumulatively considerable.
5.4.11 Land Use and Planning
The Proposed Project would not affect connectivity, divide an established community, or cause a significant environmental impact due to a conflict with any land use plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect. There would be no CHAPTER 5 – I MPACT OVERVIEW
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 5-9 impact and the Proposed Project would not contribute to a cumulative effect on land use and planning.
5.4.12 Mineral Resources
There are no known mineral resources within or near the project study area. There would be no impact and the Proposed Project would not contribute to a cumulative effect on mineral resources.
5.4.13 Noise
The Proposed Project, in addition to the projects listed in Table 5-1 would result in temporary construction-related noise. Construction of reasonably foreseeable future actions may coincide with the Proposed Project. Because construction of the Proposed Project and other on-Airport projects could overlap, there is potential for cumulative construction noise to reach levels above those levels associated with construction of the Proposed Project. However, construction noise is temporary in nature and the nearest noise sensitive land uses are approximately 0.5 miles away (2,640 feet). In addition, because of the construction noise typically dissipates at a rate of approximately 6 dB for each doubling of distance (between the noise source and the receptor, which is the location that is representative of where the sound would be experienced (e.g., a residence), it is unlikely that the construction noise from the Proposed Project would be audible over the existing operational noise of the Airport.
Operation of the Proposed Project would not result in a change in aircraft noise exposure or surface traffic. Additionally, the Proposed Project would not result in any operational noise effects beyond what exists currently in the cumulative study area. Therefore, the potential contribution of the Proposed Project to noise would not be cumulatively considerable.
5.4.14 Population and Housing
The Proposed Project would not result in direct population growth nor would it necessitate the displacement or removal of existing housing. There would be no impact and the Proposed Project would not contribute to a cumulative effect on population and housing.
5.4.15 Public Services
The Proposed Project would not result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, or the need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times, or other performance objectives for fire protection, police protection, schools, parks, or other public facilities. There would be no impact and the Proposed Project would not contribute to a cumulative effect on public services.
5.4.16 Recreation
The Proposed Project would not increase the use of existing neighborhood and regional parks or other recreational facilities such that substantial physical deterioration of the facility would occur or be accelerated nor would it require the construction or expansion of existing public CHAPTER 5 – I MPACT OVERVIEW
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 5-10 recreational facilities. There would be no impact and the Proposed Project would not contribute to a cumulative effect on recreation.
5.4.17 Transportation
The Proposed Project would not result in changes to surface traffic, transit, bicycle, or pedestrian facilities. There would be no impact and the Proposed Project would not contribute to a cumulative effect on transportation.
5.4.18 Utilities / Service Systems
5.4.18.1 Water/Wastewater
As previously described, the Proposed Project is required to comply with a variety of regulations and requirements that would minimize the risk of potential effects to water and wastewater. The risk of impacts from the Proposed Project alone on these significance criteria is less than significant. The Proposed Project was also reviewed in conjunction with a variety of upcoming projects in the region (Table 5-1) to evaluate the potential for cumulative impacts to water and wastewater. The Airport and the surrounding vicinity are already highly urbanized and developed with existing residential, commercial, and industrial land uses. Projects within this region are expected to primarily involve redevelopment and many require demolition of existing facilities prior to construction of new facilities. All of the cumulative projects are located within the same City DPU water supply and wastewater service area as the Proposed Project.
Many of the projects on the list are not expected to significantly affect water or wastewater utility demand, including airfield improvements and replacement facilities. Redevelopment projects may be able to use existing utility infrastructure, where feasible, if demands are not increasing relative to previous site developments. New infrastructure would need to be constructed in accordance with applicable local, regional, state, and federal environmental regulations (see Section 3.19.1), and construction within previously developed sites would limit the potential for environmental impacts.
Each new connection to a public utility would require coordination with the applicable utility agency to evaluate utility demand versus available capacity and establish the terms and conditions of their connection in the form of an agreement or permit. Projects would be required to comply with the requirements of the City, including requirements related to water-efficient fixtures or other water conservation strategies, which may also reduce the amount of wastewater generated.
As noted in Section 3.19.4.3, The Fresno-Clovis RWRF has a permitted treatment capacity of
91.5 mgd to secondary standards and a permitted treatment capacity of 5 mgd to tertiary standards. Of its 91.5 mgd treatment capacity, RWRF currently treats about 68 mgd of wastewater to secondary standards (City of Fresno, 2024j).
The potential for cumulative impacts to water and wastewater is minimized based on the Proposed Project location within an urbanized and developed region and the need to comply with the terms and conditions of the City and applicable environmental regulations. The potential CHAPTER 5 – I MPACT OVERVIEW
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 5-11 contribution of the Proposed Project to cumulative impacts for water and wastewater is not cumulatively considerable.
5.4.18.2 Solid Waste
The Proposed Project, when combined with the other cumulative projects, would increase the amount of solid waste generated through demolition and construction. However, all projects would adhere to State and local regulations related to solid waste diversion and the landfills within the County of Fresno have the capacity to accommodate the construction-related solid waste from the Proposed Project. Therefore, the temporary increase in solid waste during construction would not be significant.
Because the existing ATCT would be demolished following completion of the new ATCT, operation of the Proposed Project is not expected to generate additional solid waste beyond what is currently generated. Additionally, given the available capacity at the landfills, the additional solid waste generated by the Proposed Project is not anticipated to cause the facility to exceed its daily permitted capacity. As such, the Proposed Project would be served by a landfill with sufficient capacity to accommodate the facility’s waste disposal needs; therefore, cumulative impacts associated with solid waste would not be cumulatively considerable.
5.4.19 Wildfire
The Proposed Project is not located in an area that has been designated as VHFHSZ. There would be no impact and the Proposed Project would not contribute to a cumulative effect on wildfire.
CHAPTER 5 – I MPACT OVERVIEW
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 5-12 This page intentionally left blank
CHAPTER 6 – PUBLIC OUTREACH AND COORDINATION
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 6-1 6 Public Outreach and Coordination
CEQA requirements were considered and adhered to when conducting public involvement activities. The public involvement process was designed to inform the public and agencies about the Proposed Project, alert the public of the opportunity to raise environmental concerns, and provide the public with an opportunity to review and comment on the Proposed Project. By receiving and responding to public comments, the City was able to evaluate and address the public and agency concerns about the environmental effects of the Proposed Project and determine whether additional environmental analysis and mitigation measures were necessary as part of the preparation of the EIR.
Appendix A contains the public and agency comments received on the NOP during the public scoping period. Appendix E contains the notice of availability documentation for the release of the Draft EIR and the response to comments received during the public comment period.
6.1 Public Outreach Efforts
6.1.1 Scoping
A NOP, which informed the public and agencies that an EIR would be prepared, was published on March 22, 2024, and marked the beginning for a 30-day public comment period. The City conducted public outreach for the NOP and participated in a City HPC hearing to respond to questions from the HPC regarding the eligibility and proposed demolition of the existing ATCT.
As a result of the scoping comments received from the HPC, Alternative 2 and Options A and B were developed to evaluate all options to avoid demolition of the existing ATCT. Other comments received during the scoping period were from CDFW, NAHC, and SJVAPCD. All comments received were considered during the preparation of the Draft EIR and have been incorporated, as applicable.
The NOP with associated Initial Study, advertisements, and comments received during the scoping period are documented in Appendix A.
6.1.2 Draft Environmental Impact Report
Publication of the Draft EIR began a public review and comment period that lasted for 45 days from September 10 to October 27, 2025, as required by Section 12105(a) of the CEQA guidelines. Upon publication, the Draft EIR was available to federal, State, and local agencies as well as to interested organizations and members of the public for review. Comments received during the Draft EIR public comments period are addressed and included in the Final EIR.
CHAPTER 6 – PUBLIC OUTREACH AND COORDINATION
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 6-2 This page intentionally left blank
CHAPTER 7 – REFERENCES
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 7-1 7 References
1.1 Introduction Chapter
No references were used in this chapter.
1.2 Project Description Chapter
City of Fresno. (2019a). Fresno Yosemite International Airport Master Plan Update 2018.
Retrieved June 2024, from https://flyfresno.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/FAT- Master-Plan-ExecSum.pdf
Federal Aviation Administration. (2022). National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS).
Retrieved February 2024, from
https://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/npias/current Federal Aviation Administration. (2025a, January). Terminal Area Forecast. Retrieved January 2025, from https://taf.faa.gov/
U.S. DOT. (2008). FAA's Management and Maintenance of Air Traffic Control Facilities.
Retrieved June 2024, from
https://www.oig.dot.gov/sites/default/files/REVIEW_OF_FAA_FACILITIES.pdf
1.3 Existing Conditions, Environmental Impacts, and Mitigation Measures Chapter
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. (2021). A Citizen’s Guide to Section 106 Review.
Retrieved from https://www.achp.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2021- 01/CitizenGuide2021_011321.pdf
American Society of Civil Engineers. (2022). Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures including Supplement 1, ASCE/SEI 7-22.
BAAQMD. (2022, April 20). 2022 CEQA Guidelines; Chapter 6, Project-Level Climate Impacts.
Retrieved August 2025, from CEQA Thresholds and Guidelines Update:
https://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/planning-and-research/ceqa/ceqa-guidelines- 2022/ceqa-guidelines-chapter-6-project-climate-impacts_final- pdf.pdf?rev=ce3ba3fe9d39448f9c15bbabd8c36c7f&sc_lang=en Blair, Church & Flynn Consulting Engineers. (2022). Industrial Activities Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan for Fresno Yosemite International Airport.
BSK. (2022). Preliminary Site Investigation for PFAS, Fresno Yosemite International Airport (FYI). Fresno.
California Air Pollution Control Officers Association. (2022, April). Appendix C: Emission Calculation Details for CalEEMod. Retrieved June 2024, from CalEEMod:
https://www.caleemod.com/documents/user-guide/04_Appendix%20C.pdf California Air Resources Board. (2024a). Air Monitoring Sites - Interactive Map. Retrieved May 2024, from https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/applications/air-monitoring-sites-interactive-map CHAPTER 7 – REFERENCES
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 7-2 California Air Resources Board. (2024b). AB 32 Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006.
Retrieved May 2024, from https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/resources/fact-sheets/ab-32-global- warming-solutions-act-2006
California Building Standards Commission. (2024a). CALGreen. Retrieved May 2024, from https://www.dgs.ca.gov/BSC/CALGreen
California Building Standards Commission. (2024b). 2022 California Building Code, Title 24, Part 2 (Volumes 1 & 2) with July 2024 Supplement. International Code Council, Inc.
Retrieved May 2024, from https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/CABC2022P3 California Department of Conservation. (2022). California Important Farmland Finder. Retrieved December 2023, from https://maps.conservation.ca.gov/DLRP/CIFF/ California Department of Conservation. (2024). Geologic Hazards. Retrieved June 2024, from California Geological Survey: https://maps.conservation.ca.gov/geologichazards/ California Department of Fish and Wildlife. (2024). CNDDB QuickView Tool. Retrieved February 2024, from https://wildlife.ca.gov/Data/CNDDB/Maps-and-Data California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. (2023, December). Fire Hazard Safety Zones. Retrieved 2023, from https://osfm.fire.ca.gov/what-we-do/community-wildfire- preparedness-and-mitigation/fire-hazard-severity-zones
California Department of Toxic Substances Control. (2023). EnviroStor. Retrieved December 2023, from https://www.envirostor.dtsc.ca.gov/public/map/?myaddress=fresno California Department of Water Resources. (2006, January 20). San Joaquin Valley Groundwater Basin - Kings Subbasin. California's Groundwater Basin 118. Retrieved June 2024, from https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web- Pages/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Bulletin-118/Files/2003-Basin- Descriptions/5_022_08_KingsSubbasin.pdf
California Department of Water Resources. (2019). Groundwater Basin Boundary Assessment Tool. Retrieved June 2024, from California State Portal:
https://gis.water.ca.gov/app/bbat/
California Department of Water Resources. (2024). GSA Map Viewer. Retrieved May 2024, from SGMA Portal:
https://sgma.water.ca.gov/webgis/index.jsp?jsonfile=https%3a%2f%2fsgma.water.ca.gov %2fportal%2fresources%2fjs%2fmapconfigs%2fGsaMaster.js
California Energy Commission. (2021). Environmental Impact Report: Amendments to the Building Efficiency Standards (2022 Energy Code). Retrieved March 2024, from https://www.energy.ca.gov/publications/2021/environmental-impact-report-amendments- building-efficiency-standards-2022-energy
California Energy Commission. (2024a). 2025 Building Energy Efficiency Standards. Retrieved January 2025, from https://www.energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/programs/building- energy-efficiency-standards/2025-building-energy-efficiency CHAPTER 7 – REFERENCES
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 7-3 California Energy Commission. (2024b). 2024 Integrated Energy Policy Report. Retrieved February 2025, from https://www.energy.ca.gov/data-reports/reports/integrated-energy- policy-report/2024-integrated-energy-policy-report-update California Energy Commission. (2025). California Retail Fuel Outlet Annual Reporting (CEC- A15) Results. Retrieved February 2025, from https://www.energy.ca.gov/data- reports/energy-almanac/transportation-energy/california-retail-fuel-outlet-annual- reporting
California Environmental Protection Agency. (2023). Hazardous Waste and Substances Site List. Retrieved December 2023, from
https://calepa.ca.gov/sitecleanup/corteselist/section-65962-5a/ California Geological Survey. (2009). California Tsunami Maps. Retrieved April 2024, from https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/tsunami/maps
California Geological Survey. (2018). Earthquake Fault Zones: A Guidance for Government Agencies, Propoerty Owners / Developers, and Geoscience Practitioners for Assessing Fault Rupture Hazards in California. Retrieved April 2024, from https://www.conservation.ca.gov/cgs/documents/publications/special- publications/SP_042-a11y.pdf
California State Water Resources Control Board. (2018). Plans and Policies. Retrieved May 2024, from Antidegradation Policy Project:
https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/plans_policies/antidegradation.html California State Water Resources Control Board. (2022). State and Regional Water Boards.
Retrieved May 2024, from https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterboards_map.html California State Water Resources Control Board. (2024a, January). Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act. Retrieved May 2024, from
https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/laws_regulations/docs/portercologne.pdf California State Water Resources Control Board. (2024b). Final California 2024 Integrated Report (303(d) List/305(b) Report): San Joaquin River. Retrieved April 2025, from https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/2023_2024state_ir_reports /apx-b-factsheets/01308.shtml
California State Water Resources Control Board. (2025). Fresno Yosemite International Airport (T10000012775). Retrieved April 2025, from GeoTracker:
https://geotracker.waterboards.ca.gov/profile_report?global_id=T10000012775 California Wildlife Conservation Board. (2024). California Riparian Habitat Conservation Program. Retrieved February 2024, from https://wcb.ca.gov/Programs/Riparian CalRecycle. (2024a). SWIS Facility/Site Activity Details: American Avenue Disposal Site (10- AA-0009). Retrieved May 2024, from
https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/SolidWaste/SiteActivity/Details/4535?siteID=352 CalRecycle. (2024b). SWIS Facility/Site Activity Details: City Of Clovis Landfill (10-AA-0004).
Retrieved May 2024, from
https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/SolidWaste/SiteActivity/Details/4529?siteID=347 CHAPTER 7 – REFERENCES
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 7-4 Caltrans. (2024). Scenic Highways. Retrieved April 2024, from:
https://dot.ca.gov/programs/design/lap-landscape-architecture-and-community- livability/lap-liv-i-scenic-highways
Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board. (2019, February). The Water Quality Control Plan (Basin Plan) for the California Regional Water Quality Control Board Central Valley Region. Retrieved May 2024, from
https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/water_issues/basin_plans/sacsjr_201902. pdf
City of Fresno. (2014a, December 18). Fresno General Plan. Retrieved February 2025, from https://www.fresno.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/upload_temp_Consolidated-GP-10- 13-2022_compressed.pdf
City of Fresno. (2014b). Metropolitan Water Resources Management Plan Update Addendum.
Retrieved June 2024, from https://www.fresno.gov/wp-
content/uploads/2023/03/010614ce1Jan2014Addendum.pdf
City of Fresno. (2019b, January). Fresno Municpal Code Chapter 15: Citywide Development Code. Retrieved January 2025, from fresno.gov: https://www.fresno.gov/wp- content/uploads/2023/03/Development_Code_January_2019.pdf City of Fresno. (2020a). 2020 Urban Water Management Plan. Retrieved June 2024, from https://www.fresno.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Fresno-2020-UWMP_Final_2021- 07-21-1.pdf
City of Fresno. (2020b). CEQA Guidelines for Vehicle Miles Traveled Thresholds. Retrieved from https://www.fresno.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/CEQA-Guidelines-for-Vehicle- Miles-Traveled-Final-Adopted-Version.pdf
City of Fresno. (2022, May). Fresno Yosemite International Airport Tarmac Contingency Plan.
Retrieved April 2025, from Fly Fresno: https://flyfresno.com/wp- content/uploads/2022/08/Emergency-Contingency-Plan-05.21.2022.pdf City of Fresno. (2024a). City of Fresno GIS Viewer. Retrieved April 2024, from https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/2b2f1f8322fb426db97ed50fc1693786#data_s= id%3AdataSource_2-18a097a94ae-layer-57%3A129905
City of Fresno. (2024b, May). Article 16 - Historic Preservation Ordinance. Retrieved June 2024, from Fresno, California - Code of Ordinances:
https://library.municode.com/ca/fresno/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=MUCOFR_C H12IMFEHIREOTMITO_ART16HIPROR
City of Fresno. (2024c, April). Article 14 - Hazardous Spills Expense Recovery. Retrieved May 2024, from Fresno, California - Code of Ordinances:
https://library.municode.com/ca/fresno/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=MUCOFR_C H10REREPUNUREPRCOUS_ART14HASPEXRE_S10-1404LICO
City of Fresno. (2024d, April). Article 7 - Urban Storm Water Quality Management and Discharge Control. Retrieved May 2024, from Fresno, California - Code of Ordinances:
https://library.municode.com/ca/fresno/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=MUCOFR_C H6MUSEUT_ART7URSTWAQUMADICO
CHAPTER 7 – REFERENCES
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 7-5 City of Fresno. (2024e, April). Article 6 - Fresno Floodplain Ordinance; Section 11-604, Methods of Reducing Flood Losses. Retrieved May 2024, from Fresno, California - Code of Ordinances:
https://library.municode.com/ca/fresno/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=MUCOFR_C H11BUPERE_ART6FRFLPLOR_S11-604MEREFLLO
City of Fresno. (2024f). Water Quality and Testing. Retrieved June 2024, from https://www.fresno.gov/publicutilities/water-division/water-quality-and- testing/#groundwater
City of Fresno. (2024g, April). Article 1 - Noise Regulations. Retrieved May 2024, from Fresno, California - Code of Ordinances:
https://library.municode.com/ca/fresno/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=MUCOFR_C H10REREPUNUREPRCOUS_ART1NORE
City of Fresno. (2024h, April). Article 9 - Recycled Water Ordinance. Retrieved May 2024, from Fresno, California - Code of Ordiinances:
https://library.municode.com/ca/fresno/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=MUCOFR_C H6MUSEUT_ART9REWAOR
City of Fresno. (2024i). Water Operations. Retrieved May 2024, from https://www.fresno.gov/publicutilities/water-division/water-operations/ City of Fresno. (2024j). Sewer & Wastewater. Retrieved May 2024, from https://www.fresno.gov/publicutilities/sewer-wastewater/#about-the-wastewater- management-division
City of Fresno. (2024k). Solid Waste Facilities. Retrieved May 2024, from https://www.fresno.gov/publicutilities/trash-disposal-recycling/solid-waste-facilities/ DarkSky International. (2024). Find a Dark Sky Place. Retrieved April 2024, from Dark Sky:
https://darksky.org/what-we-do/international-dark-sky-places/all- places/?_location_dropdown=western-united-states
Environmental Resources Management. (2023). Second Quarter 2023 Progress Report, Old Hammer Field Project, Fresno, CA.
Federal Aviation Administration. (2006, April 28). Ch.1(9)(n). Retrieved from https://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/publications/orders/environmental_5050_4 Federal Aviation Administration. (2017, October 26). FAA Order 1053.1C. Retrieved from Energy and Water Management Program for FAA Buildings and Facilities:
https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Order/FAA_Order_1053_1C.pdf Federal Aviation Administration. (2020, February 21). Advisory Circular 150/5200-33C, Hazardous Wildlife Attractants on or near Airports. Retrieved May 2024, from https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/150-5200-33C.pdf Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2009, February 18). FEMA Flood Map Service Center: Search By Address. Retrieved June 2024, from FEMA:
https://msc.fema.gov/portal/search?AddressQuery=Fresno%20Yosemite%20Internation al%20Airport
CHAPTER 7 – REFERENCES
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 7-6 Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2020). Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA).
Retrieved May 2024, from FEMA: https://www.fema.gov/glossary/special-flood-hazard- area-sfha
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2023a, September). Flood Insurance. Retrieved May 2024, from FEMA: https://www.fema.gov/flood-insurance Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2023b). Glossary. Retrieved May 2024, from FEMA:
https://www.fema.gov/about/glossary
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2024a). Flood Maps. Retrieved May 2024, from FEMA: https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps
Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2024b). FEMA Flood Map Service Center. Retrieved April 2024, from https://msc.fema.gov/portal/home
Federal Highway Administration. (2006). FHWA Roadway Construction Noise Model User's Guide. U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 2024, from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/construction_noise/rcnm/rcnm.pdf Federal Highway Administration. (2024). Noise Overview. Retrieved April 2025, from AASHTO Center for Environmental Excellence: https://environment.transportation.org/focus- areas/noise/noise-overview/#elementor-toc__heading-anchor-1 Federal Transit Administration. (2018). Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual.
Retrieved from https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/research- innovation/118131/transit-noise-and-vibration-impact-assessment-manual-fta-report-no- 0123_0.pdf
Fresno County. (2024a, May). Hazard Mitigation Plan 2024. Retrieved May 2024, from https://www.fresnocountyca.gov/files/sharedassets/county/v/1/resources/hazard- mitigation-plan/draft-2024-fresno-county-hazard-mitigation-plan.pdf Fresno County. (2024b). Hazardous Materials Business Plans. Retrieved May 2024, from https://www.fresnocountyca.gov/Departments/Public-Health/Environmental- Health/Hazardous-Materials-Business-Plans
Fresno County Airport Land Use Commission. (2018, December). Fresno County Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan. Retrieved May 2024, from Fresno Council of Governments:
https://fresnocog.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Fresno-ALUCP- 12-04-17-final-with-Amended-Table.pdf
Fresno Fire Department. (2019, May). 202.015 Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting (ARFF) Plan.
Retrieved June 2024, from City of Fresno:
https://documents.fresno.gov/WebLink/0/edoc/1825584/202.015%20- %20Aircraft%20Rescue%20and%20Firefighting%20(ARFF)%20Plan.pdf Fresno Metropolitan Flood District. (2013). Fresno-Clovis Storm Water Quality Managment Program. Retrieved April 2025, from
https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb5/board_decisions/adopted_orders/fresno/2013_fr esno_swqmp.pdf
CHAPTER 7 – REFERENCES
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 7-7 Fresno Unified School District. (2024). School Locator. Retrieved June 2024, from https://apps.fresnounified.org/schoollocator
Leon, D. (2018). SB 100 Joint Agency Report. Retrieved May 2024, from https://www.energy.ca.gov/sb100
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2024). Fresno Monthly Precipitation By Year. Retrieved June 2024, from National Weather Service:
https://www.weather.gov/hnx/fatrnyr
Page, R. W., & LeBlanc, R. (1969). Geology, Hydrology, and Water Quality in the Fresno Area, California. Fresno: U.S. Geological Survey. doi:10.3133/ofr69328 PG&E. (2024). 2023 Power Mix. Retrieved February 2025, from PG&E:
https://www.pge.com/assets/pge/docs/account/billing-and-assistance/bill-inserts/1224- power-content-label.pdf
San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. (2009). Final Staff Report - Addressing Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts under the California Environmental Quality Act.
Retrieved May 2024, from https://www.valleyair.org/Programs/CCAP/12-17- 09/1%20CCAP%20-%20FINAL%20CEQA%20GHG%20Staff%20Report%20- %20Dec%2017%202009.pdf
San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. (2015, March 19). Air Quality Thresholds of Significance-Criteria Pollutants. Retrieved February 2025, from California Environmental Quality Act: https://ww2.valleyair.org/media/m2ecyxiw/1-cms-format-ceqa-air-quality- thresholds-of-significance-criteria-pollutants.pdf
San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. (2024a). Ambient Air Quality Standards & Attainment Status. Retrieved May 2024, from https://ww2.valleyair.org/air-quality- information/ambient-air-quality-standards-valley-attainmnet-status/ San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District. (2024b). About the District. Retrieved May 2024, from https://ww2.valleyair.org/about/
State of California. (2024). Summary of Projected Climate Change Impacts on California.
Retrieved June 2024, from California Climate Adaption Strategy:
https://www.climateresilience.ca.gov/overview/impacts.html U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2024). Soil Data Explorer. Retrieved June 2024, from Web Soil Survey: https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2000). Water Quality Standards; Establishment of Numeric Criteria for Priority Toxic Pollutants for the State of California. Retrieved May 2024, from Federal Register: https://www.federalregister.gov/d/00-11106 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 9. (2008, Oct). Fresno Sole Source Aquifer Designated Area. Retrieved June 2024, from EPA:
https://archive.epa.gov/region9/water/archive/web/pdf/fresno-ssa-map.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2020). Renewable Fuel Standard Program: Standards for 2020 and Biomass Diesel Volume for 2021 and Other Changes. Retrieved May 2024, CHAPTER 7 – REFERENCES
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 7-8 from Federal Register: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2020-02-06/pdf/2020- 00431.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2024). California Nonattainment / Maintenance Status for Each County by Year for All Criteria Pollutants. Retrieved May 2024, from Green Book: https://www3.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/anayo_ca.html U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2024a). Endangered Species Act, Section 9, Prohibited Acts.
Retrieved July 2025, from USFWS Laws and Regulations:
https://www.fws.gov/laws/endangered-species-act/section-9 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2024b). Endangered Species Act, Section 7, Interagency Cooperation. Retrieved July 2025, from USFWS Laws and Regulations:
https://www.fws.gov/laws/endangered-species-act/section-7
1.4 Alternatives Chapter
Caltrans. (2020). Transportation and Construction Vibration Guidance Manual. Retrieved from https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/environmental- analysis/documents/env/tcvgm-apr2020-a11y.pdf
City of Fresno. (2019a). Fresno Yosemite International Airport Master Plan Update 2018.
Retrieved June 2024, from https://flyfresno.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/FAT- Master-Plan-ExecSum.pdf
City of Fresno. (2025, May). City of Fresno Municipal Code, Article 24, Parking and Loading.
Retrieved from
https://library.municode.com/ca/fresno/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=MUCOFR_C H15CIDECOINRE_PTIIIREAPSOALDI_ART24PALO_S15-2401PU
CTBX. (2024). Replace Airport Traffic Control Tower Siting Report.
Federal Aviation Administration. (2025b). Air Traffic Control Visibility Analysis Tool. Retrieved from https://www.hf.faa.gov/visibility/
U.S. Department of the Interior. (2017). The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring & Reconstructing Historic Buildings. Retrieved from
https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/treatment-guidelines-2017-part1-preservation- rehabilitation.pdf
1.5 Impact Overview Chapter
City of Fresno. (2024j). Sewer & Wastewater. Retrieved May 2024, from https://www.fresno.gov/publicutilities/sewer-wastewater/#about-the-wastewater- management-division
Fresno Metropolitan Flood District. (2013). Fresno-Clovis Storm Water Quality Managment Program. Retrieved April 2025, from
https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/rwqcb5/board_decisions/adopted_orders/fresno/2013_fr esno_swqmp.pdf
CHAPTER 7 – REFERENCES
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 7-9
1.6 Public Outreach and Coordination Chapter
No references were used in this chapter.
1.7 List of Preparers Chapter
No references were used in this chapter.
CHAPTER 7 – REFERENCES
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 7-10 This page intentionally left blank
CHAPTER 8 – LIST OF PREPARERS
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 8-1 8 List of Preparers
8.1 City of Fresno
8.1.1 Fresno Yosemite International Airport
Henry Thompson, Director of Aviation (in memoriam)
Francisco Partida, Interim Director of Aviation
8.1.2 Planning and Development
Jennifer Clark, Director of Development
Ashley Atkinson, Assistant Director of Development
8.2 RS&H California, Inc.
Karin Bouler, Project Manager
Dave Full, AICP, Project Director and Quality Control
Audrey Hsu, Environmental Analyst
Matt Prevo, Environmental Analyst
CHAPTER 8 – LIST OF PREPARERS
Fresno Yosemite International Airport – Airport Traffic Control Tower Replacement EIR 8-2 This page intentionally left blank