Agenda packet, first session — Glendale City Council, July 30, 2024 (part 2 of 2)

220 of 487

CITY OF GLENDALE

WEED ABATEMENT CHARGES
JULY 22, 2024
6 5607 022 054 7 255 51.59
6 5607 022 055 7 255 51.59
6 5607 022 056 7 255 51.59
6 5607 022 057 7 255 51.59
6 5607 023 001 7 255 51.59
6 5607 023 003 7 255 51.59
6 5607 023 004 7 255 51.59
6 5607 023 006 7 255 51.59
6 5607 023 009 7 255 51.59
6 5607 023 010 7 255 51.59
6 5607 023 014 7 255 51.59
6 5607 024 007 7 255 51.59
6 5607 024 015 7 255 51.59
6 5607 024 016 7 255 51.59
6 5607 024 019 7 255 51.59
6 5607 024 021 7 255 51.59
6 5607 024 022 7 255 51.59
6 5607 024 023 7 255 51.59
6 5607 024 025 7 255 51.59
6 5607 024 030 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 001 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 002 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 003 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 008 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 010 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 013 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 014 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 015 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 016 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 021 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 023 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 024 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 025 7 255 51.59
6 5607 025 026 7 255 51.59
6 5607 026 010 7 255 51.59
6 5610 002 020 7 255 51.59
6 5610 002 021 7 255 51.59
6 5610 029 060 7 255 51.59
6 5611 009 070 7 255 51.59
6 5611 010 024 7 255 51.59
6 5613 015 003 7 255 51.59
6 5613 016 027 7 255 51.59
6 5613 017 017 7 255 51.59
6 5613 018 007 7 255 51.59

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221 of 487

CITY OF GLENDALE

WEED ABATEMENT CHARGES
JULY 22, 2024
6 5613 020 012 7 255 51.59
6 5613 020 013 7 255 51.59
6 5613 023 005 7 255 51.59
6 5613 023 006 7 255 51.59
6 5613 023 007 7 255 51.59
6 5613 023 008 7 255 51.59
6 5613 023 009 7 255 51.59
6 5613 023 034 7 255 51.59
6 5613 024 017 7 255 51.59
6 5613 024 018 7 255 51.59
6 5613 024 019 7 255 51.59
6 5613 024 022 7 255 51.59
6 5613 024 041 7 255 51.59
6 5613 024 043 7 255 51.59
6 5613 026 001 7 255 51.59
6 5613 026 002 7 255 51.59
6 5613 026 003 7 255 51.59
6 5613 026 014 7 255 51.59
6 5614 015 029 7 255 51.59
6 5614 015 030 7 255 51.59
6 5614 016 007 7 255 51.59
6 5614 025 053 7 255 51.59
6 5616 008 005 7 255 51.59
6 5616 009 003 7 255 51.59
6 5616 019 011 7 255 51.59
6 5616 021 036 7 255 51.59
6 5616 022 045 7 255 51.59
6 5617 012 027 7 255 51.59
6 5617 012 029 7 255 51.59
6 5617 014 037 7 255 51.59
6 5617 023 033 7 255 51.59
6 5618 022 004 7 255 51.59
6 5618 023 014 7 255 51.59
6 5618 023 015 7 255 51.59
6 5618 025 006 7 255 51.59
6 5618 026 001 7 255 51.59
6 5621 035 007 7 255 51.59
6 5626 026 270 7 255 51.59
6 5627 014 011 7 255 51.59
6 5630 003 030 7 255 51.59
6 5630 003 036 7 255 51.59
6 5630 009 023 7 255 51.59
6 5630 010 037 7 255 51.59
6 5630 010 056 7 255 51.59

Page 3 of 14 ends

222 of 487

CITY OF GLENDALE

WEED ABATEMENT CHARGES
JULY 22, 2024
6 5630 011 025 7 255 51.59
6 5630 011 027 7 255 51.59
6 5630 011 028 7 255 51.59
6 5630 011 030 7 255 51.59
6 5630 011 031 7 255 51.59
6 5630 011 032 7 255 51.59
6 5630 011 033 7 255 51.59
6 5630 011 035 7 255 51.59
6 5630 011 038 7 255 51.59
6 5630 017 024 7 255 51.59
6 5630 022 001 7 255 51.59
6 5630 022 006 7 255 51.59
6 5630 022 007 7 255 1669.97
6 5630 022 009 7 255 51.59
6 5630 022 011 7 255 51.59
6 5630 022 015 7 255 1071.89
6 5630 022 017 7 255 1071.89
6 5630 022 018 7 255 959.57
6 5630 022 019 7 255 959.57
6 5630 022 020 7 255 959.57
6 5630 022 024 7 255 51.59
6 5630 022 025 7 255 51.59
6 5630 022 026 7 255 51.59
6 5630 022 027 7 255 51.59
6 5630 022 028 7 255 51.59
6 5630 022 029 7 255 51.59
6 5630 023 010 7 255 51.59
6 5630 023 011 7 255 51.59
6 5630 023 012 7 255 51.59
6 5630 023 013 7 255 1501.97
6 5630 023 016 7 255 51.59
6 5630 025 002 7 255 51.59
6 5632 001 006 7 255 51.59
6 5632 001 014 7 255 51.59
6 5632 025 051 7 255 51.59
6 5632 025 052 7 255 51.59
6 5636 011 002 7 255 51.59
6 5636 011 044 7 255 51.59
6 5638 020 035 7 255 51.59
6 5640 005 023 7 255 51.59
6 5640 015 043 7 255 51.59
6 5640 015 044 7 255 51.59
6 5640 017 017 7 255 51.59
6 5640 017 018 7 255 51.59

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223 of 487

CITY OF GLENDALE

WEED ABATEMENT CHARGES
JULY 22, 2024
6 5641 013 038 7 255 51.59
6 5643 018 024 7 255 51.59
6 5643 018 025 7 255 51.59
6 5648 008 003 7 255 51.59
6 5648 024 010 7 255 51.59
6 5648 024 013 7 255 51.59
6 5648 029 014 7 255 51.59
6 5649 011 005 7 255 51.59
6 5649 018 004 7 255 51.59
6 5649 018 030 7 255 51.59
6 5649 019 006 7 255 51.59
6 5649 025 032 7 255 51.59
6 5649 026 014 7 255 51.59
6 5649 026 024 7 255 51.59
6 5649 027 012 7 255 51.59
6 5650 001 016 7 255 51.59
6 5650 001 017 7 255 51.59
6 5650 039 011 7 255 51.59
6 5652 012 014 7 255 1566.77
6 5652 012 015 7 255 51.59
6 5652 012 063 7 255 51.59
6 5652 012 064 7 255 846.77
6 5652 018 031 7 255 51.59
6 5652 018 037 7 255 51.59
6 5652 018 038 7 255 51.59
6 5652 023 003 7 255 51.59
6 5653 022 031 7 255 51.59
6 5653 022 032 7 255 51.59
6 5654 002 124 7 255 51.59
6 5654 002 125 7 255 51.59
6 5654 003 009 7 255 51.59
6 5654 004 007 7 255 51.59
6 5654 004 008 7 255 51.59
6 5654 004 024 7 255 51.59
6 5654 006 001 7 255 51.59
6 5654 011 005 7 255 51.59
6 5654 011 009 7 255 51.59
6 5654 011 010 7 255 51.59
6 5654 011 014 7 255 51.59
6 5654 011 019 7 255 51.59
6 5654 011 020 7 255 51.59
6 5654 011 023 7 255 51.59
6 5654 011 024 7 255 51.59
6 5654 012 003 7 255 51.59

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224 of 487

CITY OF GLENDALE

WEED ABATEMENT CHARGES
JULY 22, 2024
6 5654 012 005 7 255 51.59
6 5654 012 010 7 255 51.59
6 5654 012 011 7 255 51.59
6 5654 012 015 7 255 51.59
6 5654 012 016 7 255 51.59
6 5654 012 021 7 255 51.59
6 5654 012 023 7 255 51.59
6 5654 012 024 7 255 51.59
6 5654 012 034 7 255 51.59
6 5654 025 027 7 255 51.59
6 5654 025 028 7 255 51.59
6 5654 028 003 7 255 51.59
6 5654 028 009 7 255 51.59
6 5654 028 010 7 255 51.59
6 5654 028 011 7 255 51.59
6 5654 028 013 7 255 51.59
6 5654 028 014 7 255 51.59
6 5654 028 015 7 255 51.59
6 5654 028 020 7 255 51.59
6 5654 030 006 7 255 51.59
6 5654 030 007 7 255 51.59
6 5654 030 020 7 255 51.59
6 5654 030 022 7 255 51.59
6 5659 004 015 7 255 51.59
6 5659 005 017 7 255 51.59
6 5659 005 021 7 255 51.59
6 5659 007 001 7 255 51.59
6 5659 007 013 7 255 51.59
6 5659 007 015 7 255 51.59
6 5659 007 024 7 255 51.59
6 5659 009 011 7 255 2214.4
6 5659 009 014 7 255 51.59
6 5659 020 008 7 255 51.59
6 5659 024 009 7 255 51.59
6 5659 024 010 7 255 51.59
6 5659 026 008 7 255 51.59
6 5659 028 023 7 255 51.59
6 5660 003 008 7 255 51.59
6 5660 005 006 7 255 51.59
6 5660 005 012 7 255 51.59
6 5660 005 013 7 255 51.59
6 5660 005 014 7 255 51.59
6 5660 006 018 7 255 51.59
6 5660 006 020 7 255 51.59

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225 of 487

CITY OF GLENDALE

WEED ABATEMENT CHARGES
JULY 22, 2024
6 5660 007 001 7 255 51.59
6 5660 007 007 7 255 51.59
6 5660 008 002 7 255 51.59
6 5660 008 004 7 255 51.59
6 5660 008 023 7 255 51.59
6 5660 008 024 7 255 51.59
6 5660 008 027 7 255 51.59
6 5660 013 003 7 255 51.59
6 5660 013 005 7 255 51.59
6 5660 015 006 7 255 51.59
6 5660 015 014 7 255 51.59
6 5660 015 016 7 255 51.59
6 5660 015 018 7 255 51.59
6 5660 015 029 7 255 51.59
6 5660 017 007 7 255 51.59
6 5660 019 014 7 255 51.59
6 5660 019 015 7 255 51.59
6 5660 020 034 7 255 51.59
6 5660 020 035 7 255 51.59
6 5660 021 027 7 255 51.59
6 5660 022 001 7 255 51.59
6 5660 022 003 7 255 51.59
6 5660 022 004 7 255 51.59
6 5660 022 005 7 255 51.59
6 5660 022 007 7 255 51.59
6 5660 022 008 7 255 51.59
6 5660 023 012 7 255 51.59
6 5660 023 014 7 255 51.59
6 5660 023 018 7 255 51.59
6 5660 024 002 7 255 51.59
6 5660 024 012 7 255 51.59
6 5660 024 013 7 255 51.59
6 5660 024 014 7 255 51.59
6 5660 024 015 7 255 51.59
6 5660 024 025 7 255 51.59
6 5660 024 027 7 255 51.59
6 5660 024 028 7 255 51.59
6 5660 024 029 7 255 51.59
6 5660 024 034 7 255 51.59
6 5660 026 027 7 255 51.59
6 5660 032 024 7 255 51.59
6 5660 032 044 7 255 51.59
6 5660 033 005 7 255 51.59
6 5660 033 270 7 255 51.59

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226 of 487

CITY OF GLENDALE

WEED ABATEMENT CHARGES
JULY 22, 2024
6 5660 034 026 7 255 51.59
6 5660 037 039 7 255 51.59
6 5661 006 037 7 255 51.59
6 5661 007 035 7 255 51.59
6 5661 007 036 7 255 351.65
6 5662 009 002 7 255 51.59
6 5662 009 003 7 255 51.59
6 5662 009 020 7 255 51.59
6 5662 012 010 7 255 51.59
6 5662 018 016 7 255 51.59
6 5662 019 001 7 255 51.59
6 5662 019 002 7 255 51.59
6 5662 019 011 7 255 51.59
6 5662 019 012 7 255 51.59
6 5662 020 006 7 255 51.59
6 5662 020 007 7 255 51.59
6 5662 020 008 7 255 676.36
6 5662 020 009 7 255 51.59
6 5662 020 010 7 255 51.59
6 5662 020 011 7 255 51.59
6 5662 020 014 7 255 51.59
6 5662 021 008 7 255 51.59
6 5662 021 009 7 255 51.59
6 5662 021 010 7 255 51.59
6 5662 021 011 7 255 51.59
6 5663 003 002 7 255 51.59
6 5663 007 008 7 255 51.59
6 5663 007 023 7 255 51.59
6 5663 008 018 7 255 51.59
6 5663 009 001 7 255 51.59
6 5663 009 002 7 255 51.59
6 5663 009 003 7 255 51.59
6 5663 009 004 7 255 51.59
6 5663 009 005 7 255 51.59
6 5663 009 006 7 255 51.59
6 5663 009 007 7 255 505.4
6 5663 009 008 7 255 505.4
6 5663 009 010 7 255 51.59
6 5663 009 015 7 255 51.59
6 5663 009 016 7 255 51.59
6 5663 010 005 7 255 51.59
6 5663 010 010 7 255 51.59
6 5663 011 001 7 255 51.59
6 5663 011 008 7 255 51.59

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227 of 487

CITY OF GLENDALE

WEED ABATEMENT CHARGES
JULY 22, 2024
6 5663 011 009 7 255 51.59
6 5663 011 011 7 255 51.59
6 5663 011 012 7 255 51.59
6 5663 011 014 7 255 51.59
6 5663 011 016 7 255 51.59
6 5663 011 017 7 255 51.59
6 5663 011 018 7 255 51.59
6 5663 011 020 7 255 51.59
6 5663 012 003 7 255 51.59
6 5663 013 003 7 255 51.59
6 5663 013 007 7 255 51.59
6 5663 013 008 7 255 51.59
6 5663 013 009 7 255 51.59
6 5663 013 012 7 255 51.59
6 5663 013 013 7 255 51.59
6 5663 013 014 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 007 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 008 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 011 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 012 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 015 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 016 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 021 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 023 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 024 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 026 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 027 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 028 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 039 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 040 7 255 51.59
6 5663 014 041 7 255 51.59
6 5663 015 002 7 255 51.59
6 5663 015 005 7 255 51.59
6 5663 015 007 7 255 51.59
6 5663 015 009 7 255 51.59
6 5663 016 001 7 255 51.59
6 5663 016 002 7 255 1942.74
6 5663 017 002 7 255 51.59
6 5663 017 003 7 255 51.59
6 5663 017 005 7 255 51.59
6 5663 019 003 7 255 51.59
6 5663 019 004 7 255 51.59
6 5663 019 005 7 255 51.59
6 5663 019 006 7 255 51.59

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228 of 487

CITY OF GLENDALE

WEED ABATEMENT CHARGES
JULY 22, 2024
6 5663 019 010 7 255 51.59
6 5663 020 008 7 255 51.59
6 5663 020 011 7 255 51.59
6 5663 020 015 7 255 51.59
6 5663 020 016 7 255 51.59
6 5663 020 017 7 255 51.59
6 5663 022 004 7 255 51.59
6 5663 022 011 7 255 51.59
6 5663 025 013 7 255 51.59
6 5663 026 022 7 255 51.59
6 5663 027 029 7 255 51.59
6 5663 027 031 7 255 51.59
6 5663 029 042 7 255 51.59
6 5663 032 078 7 255 51.59
6 5663 032 079 7 255 51.59
6 5663 037 021 7 255 51.59
6 5663 041 066 7 255 51.59
6 5665 006 004 7 255 51.59
6 5665 006 014 7 255 51.59
6 5665 008 017 7 255 3505.49
6 5665 014 029 7 255 865.97
6 5665 014 031 7 255 1576.37
6 5665 014 038 7 255 1006.37
6 5665 014 040 7 255 1492.37
6 5665 015 004 7 255 1501.97
6 5665 015 005 7 255 762.77
6 5665 015 006 7 255 819.17
6 5665 015 007 7 255 51.59
6 5665 015 016 7 255 51.59
6 5665 015 017 7 255 1295.57
6 5665 015 019 7 255 865.97
6 5665 015 024 7 255 1651.97
6 5665 017 028 7 255 51.59
6 5665 017 029 7 255 51.59
6 5665 017 030 7 255 51.59
6 5665 017 031 7 255 51.59
6 5665 017 032 7 255 51.59
6 5666 001 001 7 255 51.59
6 5666 003 002 7 255 1127.57
6 5666 004 018 7 255 51.59
6 5666 004 019 7 255 51.59
6 5666 004 020 7 255 1412.45
6 5666 004 038 7 255 3503.57
6 5666 007 013 7 255 865.97

Page 10 of 14 ends

229 of 487

CITY OF GLENDALE

WEED ABATEMENT CHARGES
JULY 22, 2024
6 5666 007 014 7 255 1389.17
6 5666 008 007 7 255 1389.17
6 5666 008 034 7 255 1314.77
6 5666 008 039 7 255 51.59
6 5666 008 040 7 255 51.59
6 5666 008 041 7 255 51.59
6 5666 009 014 7 255 51.59
6 5666 013 005 7 255 51.59
6 5666 014 008 7 255 51.59
6 5666 015 006 7 255 51.59
6 5666 016 013 7 255 51.59
6 5666 017 008 7 255 51.59
6 5666 017 014 7 255 51.59
6 5666 018 005 7 255 51.59
6 5666 018 006 7 255 51.59
6 5666 018 019 7 255 51.59
6 5666 018 020 7 255 51.59
6 5666 018 021 7 255 51.59
6 5666 019 012 7 255 51.59
6 5666 019 016 7 255 51.59
6 5666 019 017 7 255 51.59
6 5666 019 030 7 255 51.59
6 5666 019 031 7 255 51.59
6 5666 019 036 7 255 51.59
6 5666 020 004 7 255 51.59
6 5666 020 005 7 255 51.59
6 5666 020 006 7 255 51.59
6 5666 020 049 7 255 51.59
6 5666 021 001 7 255 51.59
6 5666 021 012 7 255 51.59
6 5666 021 013 7 255 51.59
6 5666 021 014 7 255 51.59
6 5666 021 015 7 255 51.59
6 5666 021 023 7 255 51.59
6 5666 021 024 7 255 51.59
6 5666 022 013 7 255 51.59
6 5666 022 031 7 255 51.59
6 5666 022 032 7 255 51.59
6 5666 022 033 7 255 51.59
6 5666 022 034 7 255 51.59
6 5666 023 005 7 255 51.59
6 5666 023 006 7 255 51.59
6 5666 023 007 7 255 51.59
6 5666 023 025 7 255 51.59

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230 of 487

CITY OF GLENDALE

WEED ABATEMENT CHARGES
JULY 22, 2024
6 5666 023 026 7 255 51.59
6 5666 023 028 7 255 51.59
6 5666 023 029 7 255 51.59
6 5666 023 030 7 255 51.59
6 5666 023 031 7 255 51.59
6 5666 027 019 7 255 51.59
6 5666 027 020 7 255 51.59
6 5672 008 001 7 255 51.59
6 5672 008 002 7 255 51.59
6 5672 009 001 7 255 51.59
6 5672 009 002 7 255 51.59
6 5672 009 003 7 255 51.59
6 5672 021 001 7 255 51.59
6 5672 022 024 7 255 51.59
6 5672 022 026 7 255 51.59
6 5672 022 027 7 255 51.59
6 5672 022 028 7 255 51.59
6 5672 022 029 7 255 51.59
6 5672 022 030 7 255 51.59
6 5672 022 039 7 255 51.59
6 5672 023 017 7 255 51.59
6 5672 023 018 7 255 51.59
6 5672 023 019 7 255 51.59
6 5672 023 020 7 255 51.59
6 5672 023 021 7 255 51.59
6 5672 023 022 7 255 51.59
6 5672 023 023 7 255 51.59
6 5672 025 003 7 255 51.59
6 5672 025 006 7 255 51.59
6 5672 025 007 7 255 51.59
6 5672 025 008 7 255 51.59
6 5672 025 009 7 255 3271.49
6 5672 025 010 7 255 51.59
6 5672 025 011 7 255 51.59
6 5672 025 012 7 255 51.59
6 5672 025 013 7 255 51.59
6 5672 025 041 7 255 51.59
6 5672 025 043 7 255 51.59
6 5672 026 001 7 255 51.59
6 5677 007 007 7 255 51.59
6 5677 007 008 7 255 51.59
6 5677 007 009 7 255 51.59
6 5677 007 010 7 255 51.59
6 5677 008 028 7 255 51.59

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231 of 487

CITY OF GLENDALE

WEED ABATEMENT CHARGES
JULY 22, 2024
6 5677 008 031 7 255 51.59
6 5677 018 001 7 255 51.59
6 5677 018 003 7 255 51.59
6 5677 018 005 7 255 51.59
6 5677 018 007 7 255 51.59
6 5677 018 008 7 255 51.59
6 5677 018 014 7 255 51.59
6 5677 019 006 7 255 865.97
6 5677 025 011 7 255 51.59
6 5677 025 017 7 255 51.59
6 5677 026 010 7 255 51.59
6 5677 026 011 7 255 51.59
6 5677 026 012 7 255 51.59
6 5677 026 013 7 255 51.59
6 5677 026 014 7 255 51.59
6 5677 026 015 7 255 51.59
6 5677 027 009 7 255 51.59
6 5678 005 011 7 255 51.59
6 5678 012 010 7 255 1463.57
6 5678 012 018 7 255 940.37
6 5678 012 022 7 255 51.59
6 5678 012 023 7 255 1221.65
6 5678 015 010 7 255 51.59
6 5678 016 025 7 255 51.59
6 5678 018 011 7 255 51.59
6 5678 018 012 7 255 51.59
6 5678 018 021 7 255 51.59
6 5678 018 022 7 255 51.59
6 5678 018 023 7 255 51.59
6 5678 018 024 7 255 51.59
6 5678 018 025 7 255 51.59
6 5679 011 022 7 255 51.59
6 5679 011 024 7 255 51.59
6 5679 012 016 7 255 51.59
6 5679 013 013 7 255 51.59
6 5679 014 010 7 255 51.59
6 5679 015 008 7 255 51.59
6 5679 015 010 7 255 51.59
6 5679 015 011 7 255 51.59
6 5679 015 012 7 255 51.59
6 5679 015 013 7 255 51.59
6 5679 015 014 7 255 51.59
6 5679 015 017 7 255 51.59
6 5679 015 018 7 255 51.59

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232 of 487

CITY OF GLENDALE

WEED ABATEMENT CHARGES
JULY 22, 2024
6 5679 016 001 7 255 51.59
6 5679 016 002 7 255 51.59
6 5679 016 003 7 255 51.59
6 5679 016 004 7 255 51.59
6 5679 016 005 7 255 51.59
6 5679 016 007 7 255 51.59
6 5679 016 008 7 255 51.59
6 5679 016 009 7 255 51.59
6 5679 016 015 7 255 51.59
6 5679 016 022 7 255 51.59
6 5679 016 023 7 255 51.59
6 5679 016 024 7 255 51.59
6 5679 017 006 7 255 51.59
6 5679 017 015 7 255 51.59
6 5683 032 006 7 255 51.59
6 5683 033 038 7 255 51.59
6 5867 005 018 7 255 51.59
0 0
40 56,576.77
548 28,271.32
588 84,848.09
TOTAL INSPECTION FEE ONLY PCLS =

TOTAL CHARGES

TOTAL CHARGESTOTAL PARCELS
TOTAL IMPROVED PARCELS =
TOTAL UNIMPROVED PARCELS =

Page 14 of 14 ends

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CITY OF GLENDALE, CALIFORNIA

REPORT TO THE CITY COUNCIL

AGENDA ITEM
Report: City of Glendale Draft Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Update

COUNCIL ACTION
Item Type: Report Only
Approved for July 30, 2024 calendar

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents the DRAFT Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) to the City Council. This plan is a comprehensive framework designed to address the challenges of climate change and prepare our City for its impacts. The CAAP aims to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, enhance community resilience, and ensure sustainable development.

The draft measures and actions are presented in exhibit 1, attached to this staff report. 234 of 487

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RECOMMENDATION
This is a report for information only.

ANALYSIS
Climate change is an urgent global issue with significant local impacts, including increased frequency of extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and shifting precipitation patterns. These changes threaten public health, infrastructure, regional ecosystems, and the economy. In response, cities worldwide are implementing climate action plans to mitigate and adapt to these challenges.

In Glendale, we have already observed higher temperatures, increased precipitation events, and bad air quality days. These trends will continue and intensify, necessitating proactive measures to protect our community.

The City of Glendale has a significant history of implementing environmental programs, a testament to our unwavering commitment to sustainability. Over many years, Glendale has pursued sustainability efforts to address current and future environmental challenges as part of the global sustainability initiative. Our City has demonstrated its commitment to promoting sustainable living through policies, programs, incentives, and outreach and education for residents. Glendale was among the first cities in Southern California to successfully implement the use of recycled water, a landfill-to-gas energy system, curbside recycling, and a plastic bag ban, showcasing our long-standing commitment and dedication to environmental stewardship. Glendale's environmental achievements are not just the result of city initiatives but also the collective efforts of our community; each of these successes is a testament to the active participation and dedication of our residents, making us all proud of our shared achievements.

The City of Glendale completed the Greener Glendale Plan in 2012 to expand and build on existing programs and align Glendale's efforts with international initiatives. The plan systematically addressed the means to mitigate climate change based on the United Nations Urban Environmental Accords greenhouse gas reduction targets and long-term sustainability within Glendale. The Glendale City Council adopted the Greener Glendale Plan (GGP) for Municipal Operations, addressing internal government operations, and the Greener Glendale Plan for Community Activities.

The City has continued to invest in sustainability programs. Since the GGP was adopted in 2012, the threat of climate change and the need to decarbonize has become more urgent. Additionally, science, technology, and consumer attitudes have changed dramatically over the last 15 years. This change necessitates the review of the successes of the GGP and the development of a new climate action and adaptation plan (CAAP) that reflects the current state of the City's sustainability programs and 235 of 487

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greenhouse gas emission profile, ensures alignment with climate goals of the United Nations and the State of California.

The City of Glendale is not just developing a new CAAP but a roadmap that envisions an equitable and sustainable future. This bold, innovative, and inclusive vision is crucial in enabling us to achieve significant carbon emission reductions. The objective of the CAAP is not just to set desired Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reduction goals for 2030 and a net zero emissions target by 2050 or sooner but to provide a robust framework to track and monitor the progress of strategic measures. The CAAP focuses on equity to ensure we are addressing climate issues for the most vulnerable in our community. The urgency and necessity of this plan cannot be overstated, and we need the support and involvement of our community to make it a success.

Rincon Consultants, Inc. (Rincon) has drafted key strategies to establish the basis for the City of Glendale’s DRAFT CAAP (exhibit 1) based on the existing conditions analyses, current trends, and technologies in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, feedback received from City staff, focus groups, the community, and the climate change vulnerability assessment (exhibit 3).

Community GHG Inventory
The 2021 Community GHG Inventory (exhibit 2) completed for the City includes GHG emissions from activities within the City’s jurisdictional boundaries during 2021. The inventory provides the City with current GHG emissions estimates that follow the Community Protocol and current best practices for GHG accounting. The results of the GHG inventory are summarized in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
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Figure 1 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector
Figure 2 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sub-Sector 237 of 487

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Based on the inventory, Rincon developed a back-cast of the City’s GHG emissions to 1990, as well as a business-as-usual and an adjusted forecast to 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045.

Table 1: Business as Usual Forecast Summary MTCO2e
Sector 2021 2030 2035 2040 2045
Energy 397,105 408,073 414,165 424,651 432,074
Transportation 572,532 593,032 604,348 621,510 633,037
Waste 75,067 76,934 77,972 79,797 81,166
Water 6,588 6,752 6,843 7,003 7,124
Wastewater 1,848 1,894 1,920 1,965 1,999
Total 1,053,141 1,086,686 1,105,248 1,134,926 1,155,400 The adjusted forecast provides an up-to-date projection of how GHG emissions are expected to change for the City in the future based on changes in population and employment, as well as existing State and federal legislation aimed at reducing GHG emissions through 2045.

Table 2: Adjusted Forecast Summary MTCO2e
This GHG inventory also presents provisional GHG targets and a gap analysis, developed to help identify GHG emissions reduction activities that will be needed to achieve the provisional GHG emissions reduction targets. Like all GHG inventories, forecasts, and targets, the analysis in this document relies on the best available data and calculation methodologies currently available.

Draft Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP)
Based on the existing condition’s analyses, the vulnerability assessment, staff and community feedback, and current trends and technologies in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions, Rincon has drafted a CAAP. The strategies included in this document detail achievable and implementable emissions reduction measures and supporting actions that will help the City reduce its emissions to meet the established Sector 2021 2030 2035 2040 2045
Energy 397,105 346,706 278,396 272,595 264,564
Transportation 572,532 503,346 476,012 467,944 465,659
Solid Waste 75,067 76,934 77,972 79,797 81,166
Water 6,588 4,037 1,023 523 0
Wastewater 1,848 1,894 1,920 1,965 1,999
Total 1,053,141 932,917 835,322 822,824 813,388
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target in line with the State of California's goals. Additionally, they address climate vulnerabilities in the City and include measures and supporting actions to increase the City's and communities' resilience to climate impacts. The measures and supporting actions are organized into four systems that, when collectively implemented, will help the City reach our climate goals. The DRAFT CAAP is organized around four key systems: social governance systems, building systems, mobility and land use systems, and urban ecosystems.

Objectives of the DRAFT CAAP are:

1.GHG Emissions Reduction: Establish targets and strategies to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 or sooner, including transitioning to renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting sustainable transportation.

2.Resilience Building: Develop infrastructure and policies to adapt to climate impacts, such as improved heat management systems, green infrastructure, and resilient building codes.

3.Community Engagement and Education: Foster public awareness and participation in climate action through educational programs, stakeholder partnerships, and community-driven initiatives.

4.Economic Sustainability: Support green jobs and innovation, ensuring that climate actions also drive economic growth and job creation.

The strategies are organized in the following framework:
•Systems. A group of related elements that can be directly influenced by the City of Glendale.
oMeasures. Long-range goals that the City has established to reduce emissions and/or improve resilience in line with the State emission reduction goals and local resilience goals.
▪Actions. Discrete steps the City will take to achieve the Measures.

Over time, the CAAP will be reviewed, and additional actions will need to be added to make greater progress on the established Measures.

Table 3: Measures and actions
Systems No. Measures No. Actions
Social & Governance 5 33
Building 4 53
Mobility and Land Use 6 75
Urban Eco-Systems 6 71
Totals 21 232
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The selection of strategies for the DRAFT CAAP has been an iterative process with City staff, interested parties, boards and commissions, and the community. In general, the measures were designed to encompass actions that align with Glendale's six Climate Policy Pillars that are essential to effective climate policy implementation:
•Feasibility. Actions that help the City understand the costs, benefits, obstacles, and opportunities associated with programs, policies, and ordinances to make decisions that best serve the community.
•Education. Actions to increase community awareness of programs available to reduce individual contributions to GHG emissions increase resilience and establish or strengthen communication channels between the City and the communities it serves.
•Equity. Actions that engage vulnerable populations in the decision-making process and establish policies and programs to provide vulnerable populations with the resources to benefit from each measure's objectives in an equitable manner.
•Funding. Actions that provide the financial backing (e.g., grant funding, rebates, financial incentives) and adequate City staffing to establish, implement, and maintain a program.
•Partnerships. Actions that establish partnerships with external government entities, including Tribes and community-based organizations, to leverage their expertise, resources, and networks to implement programs and policies the City would not be able to achieve alone.
•Structural Change. Actions that change existing City programs, policies, and ordinances allow the City and community to reach the target established within a measure.

The measures and actions developed for the City of Glendale prioritize those activities which provide both mitigation (GHG emissions reductions) and resilience (preparedness for climate change) benefits. Glendale, and much of California, is already seeing the impacts of climate change and each measure taken to address local emissions should also prepare Glendale for future challenges.

The DRAFT CAAP measures are shown in Table 4. The full list of measures and associated actions are provided in Exhibit 1. Table 4 shows a number of X% and Y% placeholders. Rincon is currently completing the analysis to obtain the necessary data for the placeholders.
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Table 4: DRAFT CAAP Measures
Measure ID Measure Text
Social and Governance System
SG-1 Provide evacuation and health alert messaging in English, Spanish, Armenian, and Korean, and in multiple forms (e.g., online, brochure, radio) to amplify the Glendale community’s awareness of extreme weather and events (including wildfires, landslides, extreme heat events, and poor air quality days).

SG-2 Establish three resilience centers by 2030 in high social sensitivity areas that provide refuge for vulnerable populations from poor air quality and extreme heat conditions that serve as year-round community resource centers.

SG-3 Change internal protocols and procedures to incorporate a climate and equity lens into all government operational decision-making to increase investments in CAAP implementation for vulnerable populations.

SG-4 Formalize City and community-based relationships to create meaningful and long-lasting relationships with non- profit organizations and increase engagement of vulnerable communities and Tribal governments in local government decision-making processes.

SG-5 Increase community capacity to better withstand climate shocks and stresses.

Building Systems
BLD-1 Increase carbon-free electricity procurement to provide 100% carbon-free electricity community-wide by 2035 and improve electrical system resiliency through additional distributed energy resources, transmission capacity, and demand response.

BLD-2 Require healthy, safe, decarbonized, and resilient new buildings by 2026.

BLD-3 Retrofit 25% of existing buildings by 2030 and 95% by 2045 to be zero-carbon and resilient to extreme heat and wildfires.

BLD-4 Decarbonize and make municipal buildings resilient by 2035.

Mobility and Land Use System
MLS-1 Reduce reliance on single-occupancy vehicles by promoting increased residential densities along transit and commercial corridors, increasing mix of land uses and expanding the range of attainable housing choices.

MLS-2 Increase active transportation mode share to 3% by 2030 and 10% by 2045 by increasing the safety and availability of the transportation system to support walking and biking for all members of the community.

MLS-3 Enhance the transit system to be more resilient, accessible, and convenient to increase mode share to 5% by 2030 and 10% by 2045.

MLS-4 Increase passenger and commercial zero-emission vehicle use and adoption to 25% by 2030 and 90% by 2045, respectively.

MLS-5 Electrify or otherwise decarbonize 30% of community-operated off-road equipment (e.g., lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and chainsaws) operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

MLS-6 Transition to 75% zero-emission municipal fleet by 2030 and 100% by 2040.

Urban Eco-System
UE-1 Increase organics diversion through SB-1383 to divert 75% of organic material by 2025.

UE-2 Increase tree canopy to 25% by 2030 and 30% by 2045 by focusing on communities most vulnerable to extreme heat.

UE-3 Reduce the potential for wildfire to spread in Glendale by actively managing 50-75 acres of land annually through prescribed burns, brush clearance, grazing, and building hardening.

UE-4 Increase access to affordable and fresh produce through partnerships and technical assistance.

UE-5 Reduce per capita water use X% by 2030 and Y% by 2045 by enhancing water conservation and water quality and increase the Glendale water system's resilience to climate extremes by upgrading water and stormwater facilities.

UE-6 Showcase municipal leadership through increased landfill diversion rates, climate-smart food and purchasing behavior, and enhanced water efficiencies.
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Implementation Strategy
The DRAFT CAAP will be implemented through a phased approach. The measures and actions have been developed to be implemented over time to reduce emissions and increase the City's resilience in a thoughtful, achievable, and stepwise process. As such, the actions are anticipated to be completed in phases, as outlined below.

1.Phase 1 2025-2027: Quick-win projects that provide immediate benefits, such as energy efficiency upgrades in municipal buildings and expansion of public transportation options.

2.Phase 2 2028-2030: More extensive projects requiring substantial planning and resources, such as large-scale renewable energy installations and retrofitting critical infrastructure.

3.Phase 3 2031-2033: Sustained efforts to achieve long-term goals, including comprehensive urban planning and ongoing adaptation measures.

A lead City department is assigned to each action to clearly denote which department is responsible for implementing the action. Finally, a consistency column is included in the tables to indicate the action's consistency, or alignment, with local/regional plans and programs as well as community feedback received during various engagement efforts throughout the CAAP's development.

Alignment with Federal, State, and local guidelines
The State has developed statewide legislative goals and programs to reduce GHG emissions. California Air Resource Board (CARB) has issued guidance concerning the establishment of GHG emissions reduction targets for local CAPs so local communities can contribute their fair share towards the State's achievement of the GHG emissions reduction goals. In the first Climate Change Scoping Plan (hereafter referred to as the 2008 Scoping Plan), CARB encouraged local governments to adopt a reduction target for their own community emissions that parallels the State's commitment to reduce GHG emissions. In 2017, CARB published the 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan (hereafter referred to as the 2017 Scoping Plan Update) outlining the strategies the State will employ to reach the additional State targets set by SB 32.

On May 10th, 2022, the Draft 2022 California Climate Change Scoping Plan Update was published for public comment and includes recommendations for achieving the goal of carbon neutrality by 2045 codified by AB 1279 Legislative Targets. 242 of 487

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The State of California has adopted legislation and policies to address climate change, the most relevant of which are summarized below.
•Executive Order S-3-05, signed in 2005, establishes statewide GHG emissions reduction goals to achieve long-term climate stabilization as follows: by 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels, and by 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 80% below 1990 levels. The 2050 goal was accelerated by the 2045 carbon- neutral goal established by EO B-55-18 and AB 1279, as discussed below. •Assembly Bill 32, known as the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, requires California's GHG emissions to be reduced to 1990 levels by the year 2020 (approximately a 15 % reduction from 2005 to 2008 levels). The 2008 Scoping Plan identifies mandatory and voluntary measures to achieve the statewide 2020 GHG emissions limit.
•Senate Bill 32, signed in 2016, establishes a statewide mid-term GHG emissions reduction goal of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. CARB formally adopted the 2017 Scoping Plan Update in December 2017, laying the roadmap to achieve 2030 goals and giving guidance to achieve substantial progress toward the 2050 State goals. The Draft 2022 Scoping Plan Update provides further guidance for reaching the State's SB 32 goal.
•Executive Order B-55-18, signed in 2018, expanded upon EO S-3-05 by creating a statewide GHG emissions goal of carbon neutrality by 2045. EO S-55- 18 identifies CARB as the lead agency in developing a framework for implementation and progress tracking toward this goal in the 2022 Climate Change Scoping Plan Update.
•Assembly Bill 1279, known as the California Climate Crisis Act, signed by the governor in 2022, codifies the GHG emissions reduction goals of achieving carbon neutrality by 2045 and expands upon this goal to define carbon neutrality as reducing direct emissions 85% below 1990 levels and removing the remaining 15% of emissions via other technologies and practices, like carbon sequestration. The 2022 Scoping Plan Update (November 2022 provides the pathway for reaching the State's AB 1279 goal.

Work to Complete: Finalize Measures and Actions
Rincon and staff will finalize the measures and actions that incorporate feedback received from the community and City staff. Once the DRAFT CAAP measures and actions have been finalized, Rincon and City staff will complete additional tasks as described below.

CAAP Funding
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Implementing the CAAP is a collaborative effort that will require significant investment.

However, the costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of proactive measures. Funding sources may include local government budgets, state and federal grants, and private- sector partnerships. In partnership with City staff and H.I.P Investor, Rincon will outline appropriate financing vehicles such as grants, energy savings contracts, fees, public- private partnerships, and more for the anticipated measures and actions. Rincon will identify the potential costs for each measure, and H.I.P. Investor will provide a matrix of the possible funding sources for the recommended measures.

CAAP Dash
Rincon will develop a dashboard, CAPDash, that allows the City to actively track progress toward CAAP goals. The tool updates a dashboard that can be used internally to display data and generate reports for staff and the public through a web-facing dashboard. It allows viewers to see real-time progress toward CAAP goals.

Qualified CAAP
Once the measures and actions have been finalized, Rincon and City Staff will begin the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) analysis of the DRAFT CAAP. CEQA is a set of statutes that require state and local agencies to evaluate the environmental impacts of their actions, including adopting climate action and adaptation plans. A qualified CEQA Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) is a comprehensive strategy developed by a local government or agency to address and mitigate the impacts of climate change, both in terms of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and adapting to climate change effects.
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Projects consistent with the adopted CAAP can benefit from streamlined CEQA review processes. This can expedite development approvals and reduce the need for project- specific GHG analysis. To this end, Rincon will be developing a project streamlining checklist that will allow development projects within the City to tier off the Final Environmental Impact Report prepared for the CAAP.

The CEQA analysis for the qualified CAAP involves several key steps:

1. Initial Study
An initial study is conducted to determine if the proposed climate action and adaptation plan may have a significant effect on the environment. This involves:
•Identifying potential environmental impacts.
•Determining the scope of the environmental analysis.

2. Environmental Impact Report EIR
Unless the data clearly reflect otherwise, the City intends on preparing an EIR, from which the environmental analysis for future projects may be tiered.

3. Scoping and Public Outreach
Scoping involves identifying the key environmental issues to be analyzed in the EIR.

Public outreach during this phase includes:
•Notifying the public and relevant agencies: Notices of Preparation (NOP) are sent out to inform stakeholders about the upcoming EIR. •Scoping meetings: These meetings gather input from the public and agencies on the scope and content of the EIR.

4. Draft EIR
The draft EIR is prepared, including:
•Impact analysis: Detailed examination of potential significant environmental impacts, such as greenhouse gas emissions, air quality, water resources, biological resources, and others.
•Mitigation measures: Strategies to reduce or eliminate significant impacts. •Alternatives analysis: Evaluation of alternative actions or strategies that could achieve the plan’s objectives with fewer environmental impacts. 245 of 487

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5. Public Review and Comment
The draft EIR is circulated for public review, typically for 45 days. During this period:
•Public notices: Inform the community about the availability of the draft EIR and how to provide comments.
•Public hearings: Provide a forum for verbal comments and questions from the public.
•Written comments: Collected from the public, agencies, and other stakeholders.

6. Final EIR
The final EIR is prepared, which includes:
•Responses to comments: Addressing the substantive comments received during the public review period.
•Revisions to the draft EIR: Making necessary changes based on the comments and performing additional analysis where warranted.

7. Certification and Adoption
The lead agency certifies the final EIR and adopts the climate action and adaptation plan, ensuring:
•Findings: Making findings that the CAAP either avoids or mitigates significant impacts where feasible.
•Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program (MMRP): Ensuring the implementation of mitigation measures.

8. Notice of Determination (NOD)
After the plan is approved, a Notice of Determination is filed, marking the conclusion of the CEQA process unless the approval is challenged prior to the termination of the statute of limitations. The Notice of Determination includes:
•A brief description of the project.
•The agency’s decision.
•Any significant impacts identified.
•Measures to mitigate or avoid those impacts.

Next Steps
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Rincon and City staff will work to finalize the draft measures and actions, complete the funding matrix, and CAAPDash. Once these items have been completed Rincon will draft the final CAAP. Staff and consultant will prepare a draft EIR to analyze the impacts of the final CAAP; the draft EIR will be circulated for public review and comment. Staff and consultant will prepare responses to any public comments received during the public review period, along with any additional study that may be warranted.

All of this information will be incorporated into the final EIR., The Final CAAP and final EIR will be presented to the Glendale City Council for the Council to consider certification of the final EIR (and mitigation, monitoring and reporting program), and adoption of the CAAP.

The CAAP represents a critical step forward for Glendale in addressing the climate crisis. If the City adopts the CAAP (anticipated for December 2024), the City will be making a commitment to protecting the environment, enhancing the community’s resilience, and fostering a sustainable and prosperous future.

STAKEHOLDERS/OUTREACH
The success of the CAAP implementation hinges on the community's active involvement and support for any climate action programming. To ensure the community's voice is heard, we conducted extensive stakeholder outreach during the development of the DRAFT CAAP.

An Outreach, Education, and Engagement Plan (OEE Plan) was developed that described the engagement strategies that the City and consultant team deployed to meaningfully and equitably engage the Glendale community in the planning process for the development of the City of Glendale's first CAAP. Strategies in this OEE Plan include—and elevate—voices traditionally under-represented in the local decision- making process, including linguistically isolated, digitally isolated, foreign-born, Black, Indigenous, people of color, low-income, people with disabilities, youth, and seniors.

Table 5: Engagement Strategies
Engagement Type Outreach Type Lead Equity Approach
Online Engagement
Methods: Project Website,
Branding, Logo, Social
Media
Website, Branding
Logo
Written/Designed
Materials, City
Social Media
Channels
Rincon Branding and logo reflecting
Glendale’s diverse community.

Google plugin to allow for
language auto-translation.

Survey to allow for consistent
feedback from the public.
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Online Engagement
Methods: ArcGIS Story
Map
Web-based spatial
tool
Rincon Incorporates community feedback
for highlighting of vision, issues,
priorities via the lens of culturally
appropriate outreach in Glendale
(for example, highlighting areas of
environmental justice concern
identified by the community).

Interdepartmental and
Agency Engagement: City
Staff Sustainability
Working Group
3 workshops, 10
department specific
calls (virtual)

PowerPoints and
notes from
meetings
Rincon, City
to schedule
and send
invites
Capturing feedback from internal
interested parties in plans,
prioritizing transparency of
feedback incorporation.

Community and CBO
Partners,
Interdepartmental and
Agency Engagement:

Focus Groups with Key
Interested Parties by Topic
Group:*

1: Adapting to a Changing
Climate
2: Transportation
3: Building Electrification
and Environmental Justice
4: Impacts on Glendale
Power Plant
4 focus groups Rincon, City
to identify
interested
parties
Incorporation of diverse voices
during City selection of key
interested parties, public facing
language, transparent feedback
incorporation and
documentation
Community and CBO
Partners, General Public:

Mini-Grants- Incorporating
Feedback from Hard-to-
Reach Communities
Financial assistance
($4,000) via Visa gift
card, summary of
use of fund
disbursement +
outcomes
Rincon, City Multilingual and targeted
outreach to publicize use of mini-
grants, transparency of outcome
of grants without additional
reporting burden placed on
community members.

General Public:

Community Workshops
2 workshops
(virtual)

PowerPoints, mural
boards, summaries
of meetings
Rincon Use of inclusive, public facing
language, transparent
incorporation of public feedback,
workshop timing to incorporate
best-time-of attendance for all
community members, significant
workshop lead time and outreach
via community-based
organizations to make sure
underrepresented communities
are aware of workshops.

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Community workshop feedback
will be distilled into 4-5 equity
guardrails to be included in the
Final CAAP.

General Public: Mobile
Workshop Series
Two in-person
popup events,
(materials): two
flyer designs, up to
three social media
blurbs, sign in
sheets, comment
cards, nametags,
activities for
Touchpoints
Here LA,
City of
Glendale
Translation of all materials into
Spanish and Armenian as needed
and directed by City, timing of
touchpoints to maximize
community engagement and
availability

HereLA staf provided language
translation during mobile
workshops
General
Public: Engagement
Toolkit
Two poster
designs
One informational
PowerPoint
template
Template for a sign-
up sheet and
comment cards
One postcard
design and flyer
design
Rincon Multi-lingual translations (English,
Spanish, Armenian); culturally
appropriate branding and writing
of materials
Boards and Commissions 4 Sustainability
Commission
Meetings
City of
Glendale
The outreach and engagement program took place over two phases. Phase one focused on defining equity guardrails and informing participants of the results of the GHG inventory and vulnerability assessment. The objective of phase one was to understand the community priorities and receive early input on how to shape the strategies of the CAAP.

Engagement approached included:

Phase 1

1.Community Meetings and Presentations:
oTotal Meetings: 14
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oTotal Attendees: 120

2. Community Events:

1. Total Meetings: 12

2. Total Attendees: 451

3.CAAP Comment Cards Received: 223

4.CAAP Voting Boards: 234

5.CAAP Information Booklets: 100 booklets distributed.

6. Internal Meeting Review: 20 staff members

7. Greener Glendale Comment Cards: 437

Total people engaged in phase 1 for CAAP Outreach: 591 individuals spoken to, 994 feedback points received.

Phase two focused providing the community information on the key draft CAAP actions, gather input on what barriers the community faces in implementing key draft CAAP actions and to share upcoming engagement and next steps. Phase two strategies emphasized meeting the community where they are rather than formal workshops to engage community leaders and groups through in-person and virtual meetings to provide an early look at the CAAP.

Key Metrics:

1.Focus Groups:

1. Total Meetings: 3

2. Total Attendees: 15

2.Community Meetings and Presentation:

1. Total Meetings: 16

2. Total Attendees: 145

3.Open Houses (Climate Cafes):

1. Total Open Houses: 2

2. Total Attendees: 120

4.Pop-Up Events:

1. Total Events: 17

2. Total Attendees: 917

5.Internal Departmental Review:

1. Total Meetings: 6

2. Total Attendees: 39

6.Sustainability Commission Meeting: 8 present, 2 callers on the line

7.Pop-up feedback: 524
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Total people engaged in phase 2 for CAAP Outreach: 1246 individuals spoken to, 534 feedback points received.

Total CAAP engagement: 1837 individuals spoken to, 1528 feedback points received.

FISCAL IMPACT
There is no fiscal impact associated with this report.

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW (CEQA/NEPA)
This item is not subject to CEQA as no action is being taken.

CAMPAIGN DISCLOSURE
This item is exempt from campaign disclosure requirements.

ALTERNATIVES TO STAFF RECOMMENDATION
None

ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION
Submitted by:

John Takhtalian, Assistant City Manager
Prepared by:

David Jones, Sustainability Officer
Approved by:

Roubik R. Golanian, P.E., City Manager

EXHIBITS/ATTACHMENTS

1. Draft Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Document

2. Emissions Inventory Report

3. Vulnerability Assessment
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Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Draft Measures and Actions 1 1 Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
Draft Measures and Actions
Rincon Consultants, Inc. (Rincon) has drafted key strategies to establish the basis for the City of Glendale’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) based on the existing conditions analyses, current trends and technologies in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, feedback received from City staff, focus groups, the Sustainability Commission, and the community, and the climate change vulnerability assessment. The strategies included in this internal document detail achievable and implementable emissions reduction measures and supporting actions that help the City reduce its emissions to meet the established target in line with the State of California’s goals. Additionally, they address climate vulnerabilities in the City, and include adaptation measures and supporting actions to increase the City and communities’ resilience to climate impacts. These GHG reduction and adaptation measures and supporting actions are organized into four systems that, when collectively implemented, will help put the City on a path towards reaching their climate goals. The strategies are organized in the following framework:
▪Systems. A group of related elements that can be directly influenced by the City of Glendale. Measures. Long-range goals that the City has established to reduce emissions and/or improve resilience in line with the State emission reduction goals and local resilience goals. −Actions. Discrete steps the City will take to achieve the measures. Over time, the CAAP will be reviewed, and additional actions will need to be added to make greater progress on the established measures.

The selection of strategies for the CAAP is intended to be an iterative process with City staff, interested parties, and the community. In general, the measures were designed to encompass actions that align with Glendale’s six Climate Policy Pillars that are essential to effective climate policy implementation:
▪Feasibility. Actions that help the City understand the costs, benefits, obstacles, and opportunities associated with programs, policies, and ordinances to make decisions that best serve the community.
▪Education. Actions to increase community awareness of programs available to reduce individual contributions to GHG emissions and increase resilience and to establish or strengthen communication channels between the City and the communities it serves. ▪Equity. Actions that engage vulnerable populations in the decision-making process and establish the policies and programs to provide vulnerable populations with the resources to benefit from each measure’s objectives in an equitable manner.
▪Funding. Actions that provide the financial backing (e.g., grant funding, rebates, financial incentives) and adequate City staffing to establish, implement, and maintain a program. ▪Partnerships. Actions that establish partnerships with external government entities, including Tribes, and community-based organizations to leverage their expertise, resources, and networks to implement programs and policies the City would not be able to achieve alone. ▪Structural Change. Actions that change existing City programs, policies, and ordinances to allow the City and community to reach the target established within a measure. 252 of 487

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2 The measures and actions developed for the City of Glendale prioritize those activities which provide both mitigation (GHG emissions reductions) and resilience (preparedness for climate change) benefits. Glendale, and much of California, is already seeing the impacts of climate change and each measure taken to address local emissions should also prepare Glendale for future challenges. Any action that provides a resilience benefit includes a separate icon depicting the climate hazard it helps address. Areas for increased focus on resilience include:
▪Wildfire
▪Poor Air Quality
▪Drought
▪Extreme Heat
▪Extreme Precipitation
The measures and actions have been developed to be implemented over time to reduce emissions and increase the City’s resilience in a thoughtful, achievable, and stepwise process. As such, the actions are anticipated to be completed in phases, as outlined below:
▪Phase 1– 2025 – 2027
▪Phase 2 – 2028 – 2030
▪Phase 3 – 2031 – 2033
A lead City department is assigned to each action to clearly denote which department is responsible for implementing the action. Identified City departments include:

Department Abbreviation
Community Development CD
Community Services and Parks CSP
Economic Development ED
Finance F
Fire Department FD
Glendale Library Arts & Culture GLAC
Glendale Police Department GPD
Glendale Water and Power GWP
Human Resources HR
Information Technology IT
Management Services MS
Office of Sustainability OS
Public Works PW
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Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Draft Measures and Actions 3 Community Development CD
Community Services and Parks CSP
Finally, a consistency column is included in the tables to indicate the action’s consistency, or alignment, with local/regional plans and programs as well as community feedback received during various engagement efforts throughout the CAAP’s development. 254 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
4 2 Systems, Measures, and Actions
Table 1 Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Systems and Measures Measure ID Measure Text
Social and Governance System
SG-1 Provide evacuation and health alert messaging in English, Spanish, Armenian, and Korean, and in multiple forms (e.g., online, brochure, radio) to amplify the Glendale community’s awareness of extreme weather and events (including wildfires, landslides, extreme heat events, and poor air quality days).

SG-4 Formalize City and community-based relationships to create meaningful and long-lasting relationships with non-profit organizations and increase engagement of vulnerable communities and Tribal governments in local government decision-making processes.

SG-5 Increase community capacity to better withstand climate shocks and stresses.

BLD-2 Require healthy, safe, decarbonized, and resilient new buildings by 2026.

BLD-3 Retrofit 25% of existing buildings by 2030 and 95% by 2045 to be zero-carbon and resilient to extreme heat and wildfires.

BLD-4 Decarbonize and make municipal buildings resilient by 2035.

MLS-3 Enhance the transit system to be more resilient, accessible, and convenient to increase mode share to 5% by 2030 and 10% by 2045.

MLS-4 Increase passenger and commercial zero-emission vehicle use and adoption to 25% by 2030 and 90% by 2045, respectively.

MLS-5 Electrify or otherwise decarbonize 30% of community-operated off-road equipment (e.g., lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and chainsaws) operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
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Systems, Measures, and Actions
5 Measure ID Measure Text
MLS-6 Transition to 75% zero-emission municipal fleet by 2030 and 100% by 2040.

Urban Eco-System
UE-1 Increase organics diversion through SB-1383 to divert 75% of organic material by 2025.

UE-2 Increase tree canopy to 25% by 2030 and 30% by 2045 by focusing on communities most vulnerable to extreme heat.

UE-3 Reduce the potential for wildfire to spread in Glendale by actively managing XX acres of land annually through prescribed burns, brush clearance, grazing, and building hardening.

UE-4 Increase access to affordable and fresh produce through partnerships and technical assistance.

UE-6 Showcase municipal leadership through increased landfill diversion rates, climate-smart food and purchasing behavior, and enhanced water efficiencies. 256 of 487

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Draft CAAP Actions
6 3 Social and Governance Systems

3.1 Measure SG-1
Provide evacuation and health alert messaging in English, Spanish, Armenian, and Korean, and in multiple forms (e.g., online, brochure, radio) to amplify the Glendale community’s awareness of extreme weather and events (including wildfires, landslides, extreme heat events, and poor air quality days).

Metrics
▪# of languages utilized for evacuation materials
▪# of non-English speakers signed up to Everbridge emergency notification system ▪# of people reached using non-digital methods
Table 2 Measure SG-1 Actions
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
SG-1.1 Partner with the County of Los Angeles Office of Emergency Management, local hospitals, non-profits, and/or Federally Qualified Health Centers, to establish coordinated notification and response services that seamlessly integrate with advanced communication technologies, providing timely dissemination of critical information through multiple channels, including mobile notifications, social media platforms, and community alert systems. Additionally, implement a robust feedback loop mechanism to gather real-time data from affected individuals, enabling continuous refinement of evacuation strategies and health alert messaging protocols for enhanced public safety and well- being.

Information
Technology,
Fire
Department
1 Partnerships,
Structural
Change
Wildfire,
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air
Quality,
Extreme
Precipitation
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback,
Sustainability
Commission
SG-1.2 Conduct emergency alert notifications in English, Spanish, Armenian, and Korean. Distribute information about Emergency Alert Program sign-up in English, Spanish, Armenian, and Korean in areas of highest risk, including areas of high social sensitivity. Remove procedural equity barriers from the sign-up program. Every five years, reassess which languages are spoken jointly by 5% or more of the Glendale community Information
Technology,
Fire
Department,
Community
Development,
1 Education,
Equity
Wildfire,
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air
Quality,
Extreme
Precipitation
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
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7 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
and expand emergency alert translations to additional languages, consistent with Assembly Bill 1638.

GPD
SG-1.3 Continue to inform residents about the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program and the Neighborhood Watch program by disseminating information in English, Spanish, Armenian, and Korean.

Fire
Department
1 Education All climate
hazards
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback,
National CERT
Program
SG-1.4 Create neighborhood or regionally specific evacuation procedures for vulnerable populations in partnership with community-based organizations and facilities based on needs identified through outreach with affected populations. Once established, conduct short and frequent (e.g., annually) culturally responsive neighborhood evacuation capacity assessments; engaging and empowering evacuation preparedness drills that invite first responders to meet the community in a positive environment with opportunities for youth to see fire engines and other vehicles up-close; community leader trainings; and improved access to evacuation financial resources to streamline evacuation processes in an emergency.

Fire
Department,
Public Works,
GPD
2 Structural
Change,
Education,
Equity,
Partnerships
Wildfire,
Extreme
Precipitation
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback,
Glendale Safety
Element Update
SG-1.5 Increase redundancy in emergency evacuation communication systems in the event of an electric outage through a variety of measures, including back-up power for telecommunication towers and other critical facilities, distributing information via radio channels, promoting ownership of hand cranked radios, and other means. Regularly test alert systems for potential evacuation scenarios.

Information
Technology,
Glendale Water
and Power,
Glendale Fire
Department,
CMO, and
Public Works
3 Structural
Change
Wildfire,
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air
Quality,
Extreme
Precipitation
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
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8 3.2 Measure SG-2
Establish three resilience centers by 2030 in high social sensitivity areas that provide refuge for vulnerable populations from poor air quality and extreme heat conditions that serve as year-round community resource centers.

Metrics
▪Establish three new resilience centers by 2030
Table 3 Measure SG-2 Actions
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard Consistency
SG-2.1 Complete an analysis of physical locations and assets within the City that have the potential to serve as resilience centers in coordination with community-based organizations that serve vulnerable population groups.

Identify opportunities to establish new resilience centers or expand the functionality of existing community centers in areas of high social sensitivity first. As part of the assessment, identify the City’s current capacity to provide temporary refuge for residents including facilities, infrastructure, services, and community programs during an extreme weather event. Equitably distribute the resilience centers geographically throughout the City to provide convenient access.

Public Works,
Fire
Department,
CSP
1 Feasibility,
Partnerships
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air
Quality
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
SG-2.2 Complete the audit of existing heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems at City owned buildings and establish an upgrade and maintenance cycle, including replacement of filters with at least a MERV 11 rating on a quarterly basis.

Public Works 1 Feasibility Extreme Heat,
Poor Air
Quality
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
SG-2.3 Identify and apply for funding opportunities that support development of a resilience center, and/or staff positions to maintain the center, such as the Office of Planning and Research Regional Resilience Grant Program.

Community
Services & Parks
1 Funding Extreme Heat,
Poor Air
Quality
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
SG-2.4 Partner with local public or private entities to establish resilience centers at privately-owned facilities in the City.

Community
Services &
Parks, (Public
Works, City
Facilities),
Office of
Sustainability
2 Partnerships Extreme Heat,
Poor Air
Quality
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
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Social and Governance Systems
9 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard Consistency
SG-2.5 Provide essential resources such as health programs, food, refrigeration, charging stations, basic medical supplies, multi-lingual support services, and economic development resources at all City-run resilience centers.

Audit and refresh supplies on a biannual basis, including information on any new or updated programs. Expand operating hours of resilience centers during poor air quality days and extreme heat days. Adequately equip the resilience centers to accommodate pets, considering their specific needs and well-being during emergency situations. Additionally, provide information on a centralized climate action and adaptation website how to prepare homes and businesses for extreme weather events, including resources on what to have at home in an emergency kit, with giveaways (e.g., first aid or emergency kits) provided as available.

Management
Services, Office
of
Sustainability,
Community
Services & Parks
2 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air
Quality
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
SG-2.6 Offer fun and engaging year-round community events with educational resources at resilience centers, providing the community with free access to clear multi-lingual information, resources, and support to effectively prepare for and recover from poor air quality days, extreme weather events and other disasters, while making the resilience centers recognized fixtures in the community.

Management
Services, Office
of
Sustainability,
Fire,
Community
Services &
Parks, Library
Arts and
Culture
Department
2 Education Extreme Heat,
Poor Air
Quality
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
Sustainability
Commission
SG-2.7 Require that the City’s resilience centers (which could either be owned and operated by the City or owned and operated by private or other public entities) have adequate backup power sources and battery storage to mitigate service disruptions and provide redundancy in the event of a power outage.

Community
Development,
Public Works
2 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
SG-2.8 Increase transportation access to resilience centers by adjusting the Glendale Beeline fare pricing and routes during extreme weather events and bad air quality days to better serve vulnerable population groups.

Public Works 2 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat,
Poor Air
Quality
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
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City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
10 3.3 Measure SG-3
Change internal protocols and procedures to incorporate a climate and equity lens into all government operational decision-making to increase investments in CAAP implementation for vulnerable populations.

Metrics
▪% of Glendale budget invested in CAAP implementation, annually ▪# of positions created
▪# of staff hired
▪% of Glendale budget targeting high social sensitivity census tracts, annually Table 4 Measure SG-3 Actions
Action
Lead
Department Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
SG-3.1 Develop a checklist with project design considerations for capital improvements projects to incorporate consideration of climate change impacts as part of the planning and design phase. Checklist will include consideration of future climate projections in project designs.

Public Works 1 Structural
Change
All climate
hazards
SG-3.2 Explore strategies to leverage Glendale’s financing processes and potential funding opportunities to implement CAAP actions. Develop:
▪Ways in which CAAP strategies might fit into existing financing programs/strategies.
▪Existing funding sources that could better tie to climate mitigation and adaptation to develop a list of possible external resources. ▪Develop a high-level means to start tracking availability and applicability of external resources and grants for specific projects and activities.
▪Start considering what local revenue streams (e.g., sewage, trash, and taxes) could be used as leverage to secure external funding or financing streams if they are connected to CAAP efforts.

Finance 1 Feasibility,
Funding
SG-3.3 Establish a Climate and Equity Core Team by 2025 that includes representatives across all City departments to coordinate the implementation and monitoring of this CAAP. The team will meet for quarterly peer-to-peer information sharing sessions to discuss challenges, brainstorm solutions, and track progress towards reaching Management
Services
1 Structural
Change
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11 Action
Lead
Department Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
the City’s key performance indicators. This team will serve as the key organizers for cross-departmental collaboration needed to implement climate goals, as well as community contacts and key researchers for emerging technologies and best practices in climate action. The Chief Climate and Equity Officer (or equivalent role) will support this team with implementation of the CAAP and monitoring progress.

SG-3.4 Develop a training program to increase awareness of all City staff about climate risks to the community and contributions to GHG, importance of the CAAP and how it relates to the City, and internal and external resources. Information could consist of a handout with tailored details about the relevance and process of incorporating climate change in the agency’s process, a formal and recurrent training, onboarding training for new hires, etc.

Management
Services
1 Education All climate
hazards
SG-3.5 Include a description of Glendale’s climate goals and values in job postings, improving talent acquisition and potentially boosting retention and worker morale.

Human
Resources
1 Structural
Change
SG-3.6 Create five new positions and hire staff to fill those roles at the City, including a Chief Climate and Equity Officer (or equivalent), to support the development and implementation and enforcement of new ordinances, policies, and plans included in the CAAP.

Management
Services
1 – 2 Structural
Change
City Staff,
Sustainability
Commission
SG-3.7 Create a City-wide Sustainability Award Program to recognize and celebrate individuals, businesses, and community-based organizations that demonstrate outstanding commitment and innovation in the sustainability and climate realm. The award program will be used to acknowledge exemplary efforts and serve as a platform to share successful sustainability initiatives, fostering collaboration and driving positive and equitable change throughout Glendale.

Management
Services
2 Structural
Change
Sustainability
Commission
SG-3.8 Conduct a thorough review, involving climate data analysis, of health impacts to outdoor workers, and other experts in the field, and adjust policies to adapt City staff and contractor outdoor worker hours and conditions in response to changing climate, in compliance with Cal/OSHA standards and City programs, prioritizing worker safety and well-being.

Human
Resources
2 Feasibility Extreme Heat CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
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Draft CAAP Actions
12 3.4 Measure SG-4
Formalize City and community-based relationships to create meaningful and long-lasting relationships with non- profit organizations and increase engagement of vulnerable communities and Tribal governments in local government decision-making processes.

Metrics
▪% change in annual budget directed to community-based organizations for CAAP implementation ▪% of community-based organizations under contract or part of MOUs with City ▪# of partnership agreements with Tribal governments
Table 5 Measure SG-4 Actions
Action
Lead
Department Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Consistency
SG-4.1 Use existing network channels (working groups, coalitions, meetings, projects, etc.) to build an understanding of adaptation projects and potential collaborators in the Los Angeles region by:
▪Regularly engaging in the Los Angeles Regional Climate Collaborative (LARC).
▪Participating in partner agency’s requests to coordinate and collaborate on adaptation projects to demonstrate Glendale’s commitment.
▪Participating in regional projects as part of a technical advisory committee or on an ad hoc basis.

Use this engagement to learn about adaptation projects taking place in the Los Angeles region, and to foster strong relations with potential external agencies for future collaboration.

Management
Services
1 Feasibility,
Partnerships,
Education
SG-4.2 Develop a community-based organization (CBO) partnership program that includes criteria for partnership participation, funding for participant compensation, and a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to facilitate CBO partnerships in City-led engagement and implementation of CAAP actions.

Management
Services
1 Partnerships,
Funding
SG-4.3 Establish a formal consultation policy with local Tribes to increase Tribal involvement in the scoping, development, adoption, and implementation of sustainable projects beyond the requirements of Assembly Bill 52 and Management
Services,
Community
1 Partnerships,
Equity,
Structural
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Social and Governance Systems
13 Action
Lead
Department Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Consistency
Senate Bill 18. Development Change
SG-4.4 In alignment with the Innovation Ecosystem-related goals included in the Economic Development Strategic Plan, enhance equitable workforce development programs, such as the Verdugo Job Center, designed to connect Glendale residents, particularly those from marginalized communities, to support unmet demand in climate-related industries in partnership with Unted States Green Business Council USGBC and in alignment with GWP initiatives, such as building electrification.

Community
Development,
Community
Services & Parks
2 Structural
Change, Equity
Economic
Development
Strategic Plan
SG-4.5 Create an Entrepreneurship Incubator, Growth or Startup Accelerator program that elevates Glendale’s profile as a hub for innovation. The program would promote business opportunities for Glendale residents in partnership with qualified operators, the Verdugo Workforce Development Board, Glendale Community College, or similar partners, to help local startups and companies. The intended goals would be to provide invaluable resources, connections, and knowledge to aspiring entrepreneurs and support entrepreneurs’ ability to innovate and scale up by connecting them with local resources including funding groups and mentorship.

Economic
Development,
Community
Development,
Community
Services &
Parks,
Information
Technology,
Glendale Water
and Power
3 Structural
Change,
Partnerships
City Staff, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback
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City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
14 3.6 Measure SG-5
Increase community capacity to better withstand climate shocks and stresses.

Metrics
▪# of Cool Block Programs deployed in high social sensitivity census tracts ▪# of Block Captains trained
▪# of vulnerable populations engaged in CAAP implementation outreach events Table 6 Measure SG-5
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
SG-5.1 Establish equitable community engagement guidelines, or a set of principles and strategies, to increase participation of vulnerable populations in local decision-making processes related to CAAP implementation including the incorporation of participatory budgeting so community members have a direct say in how funds are allocated and spent. Key aspects of equitable community engagement guidelines could include transparency, inclusivity, and responsiveness, with an aim to build trust over time. Strategies should include locating engagement events in areas of high social sensitivity, timing events outside of work hours, providing child-friendly options at the events, and providing translation services in Spanish, Korean, and Armenian. Implement the community engagement guidelines across all City departments that directly interact with the community as part of CAAP implementation.

Community
Services & Parks,
Management
Services,
Community
Development
Department
1 Equity,
Structural
Change
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
Environmental
Justice Element
SG-5.2 Institute a Cool Block Program to encourage residents to get to know their neighbors and to organize neighborhood associations incorporating fun games and events to foster community engagement, through which communities in Glendale can collectively address issues such as safety and climate hazards, and methods to improve quality of life. Reach out to existing neighborhood associations to initiate the Cool Block Program to leverage their local networks and increase the reach of the program throughout the City.

Management
Services
1 Structural
Change
All climate
hazards
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
SG-5.3 Update existing City-run educational programs and campaigns to incorporate information regarding potential health and economic effects of climate change, particularly associated with worsening air quality and Management
Services,
Community
1 Education All climate
hazards
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
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Social and Governance Systems
15 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
extreme heat days, including available mental, physical, and financial health/support resources. Incorporate opportunities to collect input from the community on lived experiences as it relates to climate impacts.

Services & Parks ,
Library Arts and
Culture
Department
Sustainability
Commission
SG-5.4 Develop an equity investment program with local employers, businesses, philanthropic institutions, educational institutions, trade associations, businesses, and non-profit organizations to secure local match funding for economic development and climate partner readiness grants for vulnerable populations and investments in areas of high social sensitivity.

Community
Development,
Economic
Development
3 Funding,
Equity
All climate
hazards
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Draft CAAP Actions
16 4 Building Systems

4.0 Measure BLD-1
Increase carbon-free electricity procurement to provide 100% carbon-free electricity community-wide by 2035 and improve electrical system resiliency through additional distributed energy resources, transmission capacity, and demand response.

Performance Metrics
▪Average emission factor of less than 0.00009 MT CO 2e/kWh by 2030 ▪# of customer hours without power per year
Table 7 Measure BLD-1 Actions
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard Consistency
BLD-

1.1 Streamline permitting requirements for battery storage and solar to increase adoption rates.

Community
Development
1 Structural
Change
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
BLD-

1.2 Investigate the ability to pay customers for shifting load through demand response or installation of distributed energy resources such as solar and storage.

Glendale
Water and
Power
1 Feasibility Wildfire, Extreme
Heat
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
BLD-

1.3 Provide education and outreach, rate structures, or other incentives to facilitate the installation of an additional 34 MWh of solar electricity within Glendale by 2030.

Glendale
Water and
Power
1 - 3 Structural
Change
Wildfire, Extreme
Heat
Solar and
Energy
Storage Plan/
Clean Energy
Resolution,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
BLD-

1.4 Regularly update the Wildfire Mitigation Plan and establish a schedule for implementing the Preventative Strategies and Programs in the Wildfire Mitigation Plan. Issue an annual report that provides updates to the community regarding which strategies have been accomplished.

Glendale
Water and
Power, Fire
Department
1 Structural
Change
Wildfire Wildfire
Mitigation
Plan, CAAP
Focus Group
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Building Systems
17 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard Consistency
Implement 25% of the recommended strategies by 2030 and 50% by 2035.

Feedback
BLD-

1.5 Continue to develop power purchase agreements or other contracts for renewable energy including solar, wind, and geothermal located outside the City of Glendale.

Glendale
Water and
Power
1 – 3 Structural
Change
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
BLD-

1.6 Work with regional partners to increase the transmission capacity of Glendale, allowing for more external carbon free electricity to supplement local generation and storage.

Glendale
Water and
Power
1 - 3 Partnerships CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
BLD-

1.7 Install 75 MW of local battery storage to maximize renewable energy use and reduce reliance on transmission capacity.

Glendale
Water and
Power
2 Structural
Change
Wildfire, Extreme
Heat
City Council
Resolution
No. 22-29,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
BLD-

1.8 Offer rebates and educational materials to community members on the benefits of distributed energy resources for resilience. Upon completion of the Solar and Battery Storage Feasibility Study, provide education and/or incentives to residential customers and design guidelines for installing battery storage and solar to reduce the need for additional distribution resources and to create a more resilient local grid.

Glendale
Water and
Power
2 Structural
Change/
Funding
Wildfire, Extreme
Heat
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
BLD-

1.9 Evaluate the ability to rent, lease, or purchase and use mobile battery generators for emergencies as well as for events and activities that require a reliable power source outside. Mobile access in disasters can support community members, critical infrastructure, or emergency responders. Train staff on how to use mobile battery generators, including information on when and how they would be used in the City (e.g., deployed at facilities that may not have battery back-up onsite, or at a site in the community to charge medical devices, cell phones, radios, or other key devises during an outage).

Community
Services and
Parks, Public
Works, Fire
Department
2 Feasibility Wildfire, Extreme
Heat
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
BLD-

1.10 Identify City-owned locations that currently have diesel powered back- up generators and create a timebound plan to install supplemental solar powered back-up generators onsite to create a seamless transition when the diesel generators reach the end of their useful lives. Prioritize locations in high social sensitivity census tracts.

Public Works 2 Feasibility Wildfire, Extreme
Heat
BLD- Increase the clearance requirements for distribution lines in very high fire Glendale 2 Structural Wildfire Wildfire 268 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
18 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard Consistency

1.11 hazard severity zones so that is more stringent than current standards. Water and Power
Change Mitigation
Plan,
Sustainability
Commission
269 of 487

Building Systems
19 4.1 Measure BLD-2
Require healthy, safe, decarbonized, and resilient new buildings by 2026.

Metrics
▪95% of New Construction is Zero Carbon
▪95% of New Construction with Cool Roofs
▪100% of New Construction with Indoor Cooling
Table 8 Measure BLD-2 Actions
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
BLD-

2.1 Based on available legal pathways, implement a new building electrification ordinance which limits the installation of new natural gas infrastructure to improve health, safety, and reduce costs associated with new construction.

Community
Development
1 Structural Change
BLD-

2.2 Amend the building code to require CALGreen Tier 2 Voluntary Standards Section A5.106.11.2 for cool roofs and Section A5.106.7.2 for cool walls by 2026.

Community
Development
1 Structural Change Extreme Heat CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
CALGreen
BLD-

2.3 Amend the building code to require indoor cooling in new multi-family buildings by 2026. Monitor the California Department of Public Health guidance regarding indoor cooling which will inform the 2025 California building codes update cycle.

Community
Development
1 Structural Change Extreme Heat CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
BLD-

2.4 Amend the building code to require all newly installed HVAC units for new buildings to have two-way air conditioning capabilities to provide heating and cooling.

Community
Development
1 Structural Change Extreme Heat
and Poor Air
Quality
BLD-

2.5 Host regular workforce development programs for installers, local contractors, and building owners/operators to provide financial resources and technical requirements, including information on new electric appliances and approaches to electrification. Partner with community-based organizations to connect members of vulnerable communities to these training programs in a culturally appropriate and linguistically clear way.

Community
Development.

Community
Services and
Parks, Economic
Development
1 - 3 Education,
Funding, Equity,
Partnerships
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Draft CAAP Actions
20 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
BLD-

2.6 Establish minimum standards for the use of low carbon or carbon-neutral building materials.

Community
Development
2 Structural Change
BLD-

2.7 Work with local builders to pilot Sustainable Envelope and Orientation building design to enhance energy efficiency, occupant comfort, and overall sustainability by optimizing the building’s relationship with its environment and working towards zero net energy.

Community
Development,
Glendale Water
and Power, MS
2 Partnerships,
Feasibility
Extreme Heat
BLD-

2.8 Create a partnership with Glendale Community College and/or the Glendale Youth Alliance by leveraging the City's resources to refine the existing curriculum/programs to align with high market demand industries, while actively supporting initiatives such as internships, apprenticeships, labor unions, and mentorship programs with local businesses to guide students towards high-road career paths.

Community
Services and
Parks
2 Partnership Focus group
feedback
271 of 487

Building Systems
21 4.2 Measure BLD-3
Retrofit 25% of existing buildings by 2030 and 95% by 2045 to be zero-carbon and resilient to extreme heat and wildfires.

Metrics
▪25% reduction in residential and commercial natural gas use compared to adjusted forecast ▪# of buildings (residential and commercial) impacted by a natural disaster Table 9 Measure BLD-3 Actions
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Consistency
BLD-

3.1 By 2026, complete an existing building electrification study to identify costs and benefits associated with retrofitting residential and commercial building systems, including long-term costs of transitioning fuel use. Based on the findings of the report, identify, and adopt additional cost effective, equitable, and implementable building electrification requirements for existing buildings.

Community
Development
Management
Services
1 Feasibility CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
BLD-

3.2 Establish partnerships with neighboring jurisdictions and industry experts to compile an annually reviewed and updated list of qualified installers and clearly identify disadvantaged businesses, women-owned businesses, veteran- owned businesses, and other underrepresented groups knowledgeable in electrification that will be posted on the City’s centralized climate action and adaptation website and available at the permit counter. Regularly update the list of qualified installers.

Management
Services
Community
Development
1 Structural
Change,
Partnerships
Community
Feedback, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback,
Sustainability
Commission
BLD-

3.3 Adopt an ordinance requiring new roof replacements to utilize cool roof materials by 2026.

Community
Development
1 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
BLD-

3.4 Conduct a feasibility study to identify the potential to provide on-bill financing for residents to help finance building electrification.

Glendale Water
and Power
1 Feasibility
BLD-

3.5 Adopt an electrify-on-replacement ordinance for residential hot water heaters and HVAC systems by 2027.

Community
Development
1 Structural
Change
Poor Air
Quality
Best Practice
BLD-

3.6 Create and promote DIY energy efficiency toolkits. Seek funding to create a lending library of air purifiers and cooling devices. Deploy the program in partnership with local community organizations and trusted community leaders, targeting high social sensitivity census tracts.

Community
Development,
Glendale Library
Arts & Culture
1 Education,
Partnerships,
Equity
Extreme Heat CAAP Focus
Group Feedback,
Sustainability
Commission
272 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
22 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Consistency
BLD-

3.7 Provide resources to landlords and tenants to develop costs/benefit sharing strategies associated with energy efficiency and electrification projects including energy efficiency leases.

Community
Development
1 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat
and Poor Air
Quality
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
BLD-

3.8 Review and update permitting requirements to require same day single permit processing of heat pump hot water heaters and HVAC units.

Glendale Water
and Power,
Community
Development
1 Structural
Change
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
BLD-

3.9 Prioritize a comprehensive assessment process to identify opportunities for adaptive reuse of structures as part of the permit application process before considering demolition, aiming to reduce environmental impact and promote sustainable urban development.

Community
Development
2 Structural
Change
Community
Feedback
BLD-

3.10 Adopt a commercial building performance standard which requires buildings to report energy consumption by 2026, complete a building retro- commissioning by 2027, identify a GHG emissions reduction target, and reduce GHG emissions below the identified threshold by 2030. Work with regional partners to develop a consistent methodology and set of requirements for the building performance standard.

Management
Services
Community
Development
2 Structural
Change,
Partnership
Federal Building
Performance
Standard
BLD-

3.11 Amend the building code to require all newly installed HVAC units for existing buildings to have two-way air conditioning unit capabilities to provide heating and cooling by 2026.

Community
Development
2 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat
BLD-

3.12 Develop a service/infrastructure upgrade cost sharing program to mitigate the cost for individual building/homeowners to upgrade their service/panel for electrification purposes.

Glendale Water
and Power
2 Feasibility,
Funding
Extreme Heat
and Poor Air
Quality
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
BLD-

3.13 Create a water heater loan program so that residents who are replacing their natural gas-powered water heaters with electric-powered water heaters at the end of their useful lives can borrow or rent a working natural gas water heater from the City for a specified period of time (e.g., three weeks) to use during any electrical panel upgrade. Participation in this program could signify the initiation of the permit request process and serve as a mechanism to support thoughtful residential transition. Consider expanding the loan program to induction stoves as well.

Glendale Water
and Power,
Community
Development
2 Structural
Change
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
BLD-

3.14 Develop an electrification and weatherization concierge service which would guide building owners through the technical steps for electrifying and weatherizing buildings as well as connect them to incentives (e.g., rebates, subsidies, and tax credits) and other resources (e.g., multi-lingual education Glendale Water
and Power,
Community
Development
2 Funding,
Education
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback,
Community
Feedback
273 of 487

Building Systems
23 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Consistency
and technical expertise). Additionally, provide educational resources to residents and business owners on the benefits of electrification readiness including panel upgrades, wiring, and service lines to support building and vehicle electrification over time and avoid emergency repairs.

BLD-

3.15 Improve indoor air quality for homes by establishing an educational campaign with demonstration kitchens to showcase the benefits of switching from gas to induction stoves. Create a rebate program to incentivize adoption of electrical appliances for low-income households. Target outreach to landlords by providing technical resources.

Management
Services,
Glendale Water
& Power
2 Education,
Equity
Poor Air
Quality
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
BLD-

3.16 Complete the feasibility study to evaluate the relative cost and benefits of augmenting centralized power alongside distributed renewable resources through direct install solar and batteries for customers, targeting low-income households, affordable housing developments, and warehouses or large office buildings. The program will include benefit-sharing approaches which would allow Glendale Water and Power to tap into distributed battery storage to facilitate peak shaving during peak demands while providing lower energy costs and increased resilience to targeted customers.

Glendale Water
and Power,
Community
Development
2 Feasibility Extreme Heat CAAP Focus
Group Feedback,
Solar and Energy
Storage Plan/
Clean Energy
Resolution
BLD-

3.17 Streamline permitting requirements and provide cost-saving design standards for replacing single-pane historic, uniquely shaped (e.g., curved) windows with dual-pane windows.

Community
Development
2 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat
and Poor Air
Quality
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
BLD-

3.18 Establish a local weatherization assistance program that builds on the work being done by the California Department of Community Services and Development through a partnership with Southern California Edison by creating a local program that provides energy efficiency and weatherization support for all residents, with an emphasis on reducing energy usage and lowering utility bills and addressing health and safety issues in homes, businesses, and public facilities.

Glendale Water
and Power,
Community
Development
3 Structural
Change,
Partnerships
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
274 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
24 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Consistency
BLD-

3.19 Create an incentive program specifically for upgrades at multi-family homes, as well as low income and affordable housing units, to stack existing incentives from TECH Clean California1 and the Inflation Reduction Act funding mechanisms to connect residents to technical and financial support including direct install, incentives, and information on the benefits of electrification.

Deploy the program in partnership with local community organizations and trusted community leaders, targeting high social sensitivity census tracts. Aim to weatherize and decarbonize 100 units annually by 2031 to demonstrate the effectiveness and co-benefits associated with building electrification.

Glendale Water
and Power,
Community
Development
3 Equity,
Funding,
Structural
Change,
Partnerships
Extreme Heat
and Poor Air
quality
Community
Feedback, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback
BLD-

3.20 Work with home and business owners, including those in historic districts, to identify and promote zero-carbon and resilient homes as demonstration projects to showcase the benefits.

Community
Development
3 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat
and Poor Air
Quality
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
BLD-

3.21 Identify locations to feasibly install community-serving microgrids and prioritize areas with high social vulnerability such as areas in South Glendale and Pacific Community Center & Park.

Glendale Water
& Power
3 Equity Extreme Heat
and Wildfire
Microgrid
Incentive
Program
1 https://techcleanca.com/
275 of 487

Building Systems
25 4.3 Measure BLD-4
Decarbonize and make municipal buildings resilient by 2035.

Metrics
▪90% of municipal buildings electrified
▪75% of upgraded/retrofitted municipal buildings with cool roofs ▪100% of municipal buildings in the Fire Hazard Severity Zone retrofitted to meet current fire standards Table 10 Measure BLD-4
Action
Lead
Department Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Consistency
BLD-

4.1 Complete the current energy audit and subsequent retro-commissioning on all existing municipal buildings and facilities and inventory all fossil fuel-powered building equipment, identify zero carbon replacement technology, and develop a prioritized short- and long-term replacement schedule for equipment by 2025. As part of this analysis, identify opportunities to install solar PV on municipally owned land and buildings as well as funding sources.

Public Works 1 Feasibility
Study
Solar and
Energy
Storage Plan/
Clean Energy
Resolution
BLD-

4.2 Once the analysis is complete as part of Action BLD-4.1, maximize solar installations on municipally owned land and buildings based on the results of the analysis.

Public Works 1 Structural
Change
Solar and
Energy
Storage Plan/
Clean Energy
Resolution
BLD-

4.3 Continue to require the implementation of cool roofs in the construction of all new and upgraded City buildings (at the time of upgrade) to minimize absorption of solar energy and reduce building energy use.

Public Works 1 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
BLD-

4.4 Develop and adopt an electrification first policy for City-owned fossil fuel equipment (e.g., back-up generators and HVAC units) by 2025 that outlines a clear strategy for addressing cost impacts of future equipment purchases and supports a fiscally responsible equipment transition.

Public Works 1 Structural
Change
BLD-

4.5 Utilize demand management technology on all applicable systems to reduce demand.

Public Works,
Glendale Water
and Power
1 Structural
Change
276 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
26 Action
Lead
Department Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Consistency
BLD-

4.6 Implement a municipal standard for all non-essential electrical plug loads including computers, printers, and other equipment to be shut off during nights, weekends, and other City closures. Individual exceptions can be made, as appropriate.

Information
Technology
1 Structural
Change
BLD-

4.7 Conduct a building audit of all existing City buildings in moderate, high, and very high fire hazard severity zones and implement retrofits to comply with California Building Code, Chapter 7A and Chapter 49 by 2030.

Public Works 2 Feasibility
Study
Wildfire CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
BLD-

4.8 Calculate energy savings from energy efficiency and electrification upgrades and reinvest the savings back into a municipal cool roof program that funds future projects.

Finance, Public
Works
2 Funding Extreme Heat
BLD-

4.9 Require a deconstruction or salvage assessment for all projects involving demolition of existing structures on City-owned property that includes a detailed analysis of structural components, materials, and potential salvageable items.

Public Works 2 Feasibility
BLD-

4.10 Establish and incorporate a low embodied carbon criteria into government procurement policies for public infrastructure projects.

Public Works 3 Structural
Change
BLD-

4.11 Conduct a comprehensive feasibility study to assess the cost, feasibility, and other relevant factors, such as energy efficiency, environmental impact, and long-term maintenance requirements, associated with transitioning the Glendale Civic Center to an electric-powered heating and cooling loop system.

Public Works 3 Feasibility Extreme Heat
BLD-

4.12 Add energy storage such as battery back-up to all critical municipal buildings (e.g., fire stations, police stations, centralized storage locations of critical records) by 2035.

Public Works,
Glendale Water
and Power
3 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat
and Wildfire
277 of 487

Mobility and Land Use Systems
27 5 Mobility and Land Use Systems

5.0 Measure MLS-1
Reduce reliance on single-occupancy vehicles by promoting increased residential densities along transit and commercial corridors, increasing mix of land uses and expanding the range of attainable housing choices.

Metrics
▪# of affordable housing units constructed by 2035 near transit hubs ▪# of transit-oriented development constructed by 2035 near transit hubs ▪% mode share shift from single occupancy vehicle to alternative transportation modes in census tracts with major transit hubs by 2035 Table 11 Measure MLS-1
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
MLS-

1.1 As part of the outreach associated with planning initiatives, continue to engage with members of the community, landowners, local businesses, and community organizations to gather input and address concerns related to increased density and mixed-use development.

Community
Development
1 Education CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
SCAG Connect
SoCal
MLS-

1.2 Partner with Glendale Housing Authority, private developers, non-profit organizations, and community-based organizations to create a network of information sharing to leverage resources and expertise related to affordable housing development by a diverse group of experts. The goal is to foster a dynamic exchange of knowledge, facilitate joint initiatives, and collectively address the challenges associated with creating accessible and affordable housing options.

Community
Development
1 Partnerships,
Equity
Housing
Element
Update 2021 –
2029, SCAG
Connect SoCal
MLS-

1.3 As part of the Land Use Element update, conduct a comprehensive zoning review to identify underutilized areas around major corridors and nodes, strategically rezoning them to allow for increased residential density and/or mixed-use developments, while implementing inclusionary zoning policies to prioritize the creation of affordable housing units within these projects.

Community
Development
1 Feasibility Community
Feedback,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
278 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
28 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
MLS-

1.4 Reach beyond the goals of AB 1317, which requires unbundling of parking costs from rental rates in new residential properties with 16 or more units, by updating the municipal code to separate residential parking costs from monthly rent in areas well served by high-quality transit.

Community
Development
1 Structural
Change
AB 1317
MLS-

1.5 Identify appropriate locations to increase density near transit hubs by identifying suitable locations and implementing zoning changes to promote mixed-use development, thereby enhancing accessibility.

Community
Development
1 – 3 Feasibility
MLS-

1.6 Review and, if necessary, update the current residential zoning districts to remove barriers to help accelerate production of missing ‘middle- housing,’ including townhouses, cottage housing, duplexes, triplexes, and fourplexes. Additionally, create Objective Design Standards for these housing types to facilitate quality design and construction.

Community
Development
2 Structural
Change
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
SCAG Connect
SoCal
MLS-

1.7 Require awnings and/or canopies that can encroach into required property setbacks to create shade for pedestrians as part of objective design standards for mixed use zoning districts, as well as first and last mile development standards that allow for shading pedestrians in mixed- use zones.

Community
Development
2 Structural
Change
Extreme heat CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
MLS-

1.8 Study the possible elimination of parking minimums and inclusion of parking maximums in zoning districts that are well-served by transit, in line with AB 2097 requirements.

Community
Development
2 Structural
Change
AB 2097
MLS-

1.9 Install a dynamic smart parking program in Downtown Glendale. Earmark proceeds from the program that is in excess of structure parking maintenance costs to install walking and biking infrastructure in high social sensitivity census tracts
Public Works 2 Equity, Funding SCAG Connect
SoCal
MLS-

1.10 Build on the success of surrounding programs and partnerships in the region, including the Southeast Los Angeles Cultural Center Development Advisory Panel to convene a residential-focused community stability working group with representatives from diverse interested parties to develop a community stability toolkit to be used in areas that have displacement risk. Track and monitor effectiveness of such strategies Community
Development
2 Equity,
Partnerships
SCAG Connect
SoCal
MLS-

1.11 Implement a dynamic promotional strategy for Open Streets events (e.g., CicLAvia) including cutting-edge digital marketing tools and strategic community partnerships to maximize participation and foster a vibrant, inclusive urban experience with an emphasis on including the high social sensitivity census tracts
Management
Services,
Community
Services and
Parks
2 Partnership
279 of 487

Mobility and Land Use Systems
29 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
MLS-

1.12 Conduct a study to determine the feasibility of implementing a congestion pricing plan for a specific area of the City with periods of heavy traffic to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality, and enhance opportunities for multi-modal mobility, by analyzing key factors such as suitable locations, associated costs, optimal timing, potential impacts on traffic patterns, and overall effectiveness in addressing congestion Public Works 3 Feasibility City Staff,
SCAG Connect
SoCal ,
Sustainability
Commission
MLS-

1.13 In support of the Innovation Ecosystem-related goals included in the Economic Development Strategic Plan, provide opportunities for affordable commercial development and redevelopment that supports small and locally owned businesses (e.g. fostering a business mentorship program, providing educational resources to commercial business owners, and facilitating access for incentives, etc.).

Community
Development
3 Structural
Change
Community
Feedback,
Economic
Development
Strategic Plan
280 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
30 5.1 Measure MLS-2
Increase active transportation mode share to 3% by 2030 and 10% by 2045 by increasing the safety and availability of the transportation system to support walking and biking for all members of the community.

Metrics
▪% mode shift to bike/ped
Table 12 Measure MLS-2
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
MLS-

2.1 Update the Glendale Municipal Code to require the incorporation of standard charging outlets in bike parking zones and designated parking spaces, fostering the widespread adoption of electric bicycles.

Community
Development
1 Structural
Change
City Staff, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback
MLS-

2.2 Review and amend the existing Transportation Demand Management (TDM) ordinance and require specific employers to include money-based incentives for employees to bike, walk, carpool, or take public transit to work, as well as those who work remotely.

Community
Development
1 Structural
Change
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback, City
Staff, SCAG
Connect SoCal
MLS-

2.3 Continue to partner with the Glendale Police Department and the Glendale Unified School District to provide a bicycle safety course for both bicycle riders and vehicle drivers to provide education related to safe, active transportation. Utilize this opportunity to provide opportunities to community members to test drive electric bicycles (e- bikes) from various manufacturers and learn more about how e-bikes operate. Prioritize outreach in communities with high social sensitivity.

Police
Department,
Glendale Water
and Power
1 Partnerships,
Education
Bicycle
Transportation
Plan, Be Street
Smart Glendale,
Glendale Safe
and Healthy
Streets Plan,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
Glendale Water
and Power
Electric Vehicle
Navigator
Program
MLS-

2.4 Identify locations throughout the City to install additional bike repair stations, including near parks along bicycle routes, and consider Community
Development
1 Structural
Change
Bicycle
Transportation
281 of 487

Mobility and Land Use Systems
31 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
partnering with a local bike shop to provide quarterly bicycle repair support for residents traveling along a main bike path or at a designated, central location. Additionally, develop a Maintenance Plan that outlines ongoing routine inspections and repairs to confirm the continued functionality, as well as a map showing all the repair stations.

Public Works Plan, Glendale
Safe and
Healthy Streets
Plan, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback
MLS-

2.5 Partner with an entity such as L.A. Metro, Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition (LACBC), or Walk Bike Glendale to expand existing rebate programs to help families living on low- and fixed-incomes purchase alternative modes of transportation (e.g., bicycles, scooters, rollerblades, skates, skateboards) and appropriate safety gear
Public Works 1 Partnerships,
Funding, Equity
Bicycle
Transportation
Plan,
Community
Feedback, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback
MLS-

2.6 Continue to pursue funding from Caltrans’ Active Transportation Program or similar funding opportunities to implement improvements from the City’s long-range active transportation plans, including the Bicycle Transportation Plan, Circulation Element, Land Use Element Updates, and the Safe and Healthy Streets Plan.

Public Works 1 Funding Glendale Safe
and Healthy
Streets Plan,
Bicycle
Transportation
Plan
MLS-

2.7 Re-evaluate the City’s Safe Routes to School Program to collect current data on access and use; evaluate physical safety; conduct feedback collection sessions from students, guardians, and staff; and provide updated information on pedestrian and bicycle safety programs as well as health benefits. Upon completion, take the updated plan to City Council for adoption.

Community
Development
1 Feasibility Glendale
Citywide
Pedestrian Plan,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
MLS-

2.8 Continue partnering with L.A. Metro to complete the Doran Street Grade Separation Project, which will include installation of an overpass to connect West San Fernando Road with the Fairmont Avenue Bridge, thereby replacing the at-grade crossing to increase pedestrian, bicycle, and vehicle safety.

Public Works 1 Partnerships Metro – Better
Transit Project
MLS-

2.9 Build from the Wander the Wilderness Bus pilot program to formalize a transit to trails program drawing inspiration from successful models, incorporating community feedback, and establishing robust partnerships with public transit agencies, environmental organizations, and local communities to establish seamless and equitable access to natural spaces in the region. Deploy the program in high social sensitivity census Community
Services &
Parks, Public
Works
1 Partnerships,
Feasibility
282 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
32 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
tracts
MLS-

2.10 Complete and implement the Vision Zero Pedestrian Plan by 2030, which includes a holistic realignment of traffic safety priorities, protocol, and procedures aimed at eliminating fatal and serious collisions. Prioritize implementation in high social sensitivity census tracts.

Community
Development,
Public Works
1 – 3 Structural
Change
Glendale
Citywide
Pedestrian Plan,
Sustainability
Commission
MLS-

2.11 Leverage insights and best practices from successful initiatives in other jurisdictions (e.g., Los Angeles, Long Beach, and Metro), building on their experiences and lessons learned, to evaluate and if feasible design and implement a comprehensive Shared Bike program.

Public Works,
Community
Development
Community
Services &
Parks
1 – 3 Structural
Change
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
MLS-

2.12 Implement the Bicycle Transportation Plan by 2045. Prioritize implementation in high social sensitivity census tracts.

Public Works,
Community
Development
1 – 3 Structural
Change
Air Quality, Bicycle
Transportation
Plan
MLS-

2.13 Install XX public bike parking facilities that are safe, reliable, convenient, and accessible, enhancing the cycling infrastructure in the community with at least 75% of the new bike parking located in high social sensitivity census tracts. Promote the use of the bike parking facilities through awareness campaigns, multi-lingual convenient signage, and incentives to encourage sustainable transportation choices.

Public Works 1 – 3 Structural
Change
Bicycle
Transportation
Plan, Glendale
Safe and
Healthy Streets
Plan,
Community
Feedback, CAA
Focus Group
Feedback
MLS-

2.14 Increase the linear miles of roadside vegetation clearance by 15%, consistent with the annually updated City of Glendale Fire Department/Los Angeles County Unit Strategic Fire Plan, to reduce the risk of ignition along roadways
Fire
Department
2 Structural
Change
Wildfire City of Glendale
Fire
Department/Lo
s Angeles
County Unit
Strategic Fire
Plan, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback
MLS- Install thermometers and ground-based thermal sensing tools along City Manager’s 2 Funding, Extreme Heat North Brand 283 of 487

Mobility and Land Use Systems
33 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency

2.15 Brand near the cool pavement and tree planting pilot project at different heights ranging from the ground to the tops of the trees/surrounding buildings. Collect data regularly to analyze the benefits of the pilot program.

Office, Public
Works
Structural
Change
Boulevard
Complete
Streets
Demonstration
Project, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback, US
EPA Measuring
Heat Island
Impacts
Methodologies
MLS-

2.16 Review and update the Pavement Management Report to incorporate cool pavement technologies during City repaving projects.

Public Works 2 Structural
Change
MLS-

2.17 Create a Glendale Parklet and Community Greening program to identify and map opportunities to install parklets in the downtown and other commercial areas of the City. Engage with businesses to gain sponsorship for the parklets or greenspace. This will contribute to active transportation by converting curbside parking spaces into vibrant, pedestrian-friendly zones, providing additional room for walking, cycling, and other human-powered modes of travel. Additionally, work with private schools, utility right of ways, and Caltrans to identify and transition areas within their right of ways that could be transitioned into parklets and identify freeway airspace and vertical walls may also be used for planting or developed into mini gardens
Community
Development,
Public Works
2 Structural
Change
Community
Feedback, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback,
Sustainability
Commission
MLS-

2.18 Adopt the 2025 California Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen) voluntary reach code for both residential and non-residential projects that establishes specific pavement options to reduce the heat island effect of sidewalks, patios, driveways, and parking lots by 2026.

Community
Development
2 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat CalGreen,
Community
Feedback
MLS-

2.19 Elevate street crosswalk components with artistic elements to enhance visibility and eliminate the need for pedestrians to navigate changes in height while crossing. Prioritize implementation in high social sensitivity census tracts.

Public Works,
Glendale
Library Arts &
Culture
2 Structural
Change
ADA Standards
for Accessible
Designs,
Glendale Urban
Art Program,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
284 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
34 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
MLS-

2.20 Partner with the Glendale Unified School District and private schools in the City to develop a plan to reduce the heat islands in the City’s schools and adjacent areas, including along walking routes, by removing impervious surfaces, planting trees, and increasing shade structures.

Prioritize schools that serve high social sensitivity census tracts. Develop a tree maintenance and monitoring program that details the additional resources required to protect and maintain the trees once planted.

Public Works 2 Partnerships,
Feasibility
Extreme Heat Mobility
Element,
Glendale Safe
and Healthy
Streets Plan,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
MLS-

2.21 Complete the traffic calming strategies along San Fernando Road, including bicycle lanes to access major employment centers (e.g., distribution warehouses) by 2030.

Public Works 2 Structural
Change
Circulation
Element,
Glendale
Citywide
Pedestrian Plan,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
MLS-

2.22 Complete the Glendale-Los Angeles Garden River Bridge Project (Glendale Narrows Riverwalk, Phase III), which will include a river crossing on the LA River near the Glendale Narrows Riverwalk that has specially designed lights to mitigate light pollution, multi-lingual signs, a bike repair station, and information about the region, such as cultural history of the land and people; native plants and animals; and how to protect our ecosystems.

Public Works 3 Structural
Change,
Education
Glendale
Narrows
Riverwalk
Master Plan,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
Community
Feedback
MLS-

2.23 Implement transportation improvements identified in the Safety Element to improve emergency evacuation by 2035.

Public Works 3 Structural
Change
Wildfire Safety Element
Update, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback, SCAG
Connect SoCal
MLS-

2.24 Adjust asphalt binder grade based on future temperature projections using American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials guidelines and FHWA’s LTPPBind tool.

Public Works 3 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat American
Association of
State Highway
and
Transportation
Officials
guidelines
285 of 487

Mobility and Land Use Systems
35 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
MLS-

2.25 Implement fortified street crossings with heightened safety measures at high-traffic or traditionally dangerous intersections, incorporating advanced signaling systems, pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, and community-informed designs to enhance road safety.

Public Works 3 Structural
Change
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
286 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
36 5.2 Measure MLS-3
Enhance the transit system to be more resilient, accessible, and convenient to increase mode share to 5% by 2030 and 10% by 2045.

Metrics
▪% mode shift to transit
▪% of total transit stops in the City with shade features Table 13 Measure MLS-3 Actions
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
MLS-

3.1 Complete the current Bus Stop Improvement Program (BSIP) to survey all Beeline Metro, and Los Angeles Department of Transportation bus stops that Glendale is responsible and develop a “kit-of-parts” for each (approximately 467) bus stop which includes shelter and shade structures, and real-time bus information displays at key bus stops. As part of the analysis, identify the top priority locations for installation of shelters, shade structures, and bus stop amenities based on average use of the transit stop, location in high social sensitivity census tracts, and proximity to community parks.

Public Works 1 Feasibility,
Structural
Change
Extreme Heat Bus Stop
Improvement
Program – in
progress (as of
2/2024), SCAG
Connect SoCal,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
Sustainability
Commission
MLS-

3.2 As part of the ongoing Comprehensive Transit Operations Analysis, evaluate the existing Beeline route and coordinate with Metro, BurbankBus, La Canada Flintridge (LCF) Shuttle, Metrolink, and Amtrak, to increase convenient and safe access to the transit system. Work with L.A. Metro and Glendale Beeline to identify opportunities to increase transit options in Glendale and coordinate around issue areas. Prioritize implementation in high social sensitivity census tracts.

Public Works 1 Feasibility,
Partnership
SCAG Connect
SoCal, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback
MLS-

3.3 Partner with Metro to educate the community on available transit opportunities through informational workshops, highlighting the benefits and convenience of public transportation options, including the Guaranteed Ride Home program and Metro Micro.

Public Works 1 Structural
Change,
Partnerships
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
MLS- Continue to partner with Metro to provide qualifying low-income Public Works 1 Feasibility, Community 287 of 487

Mobility and Land Use Systems
37 3.4 residents of Los Angeles County with monthly free regional rides as part of the Low Income Fare is Easy program and identify opportunities to expand the partnership to include Metrolink, Amtrak, and potentially rideshare companies to create a centralized program that establishes a monthly ticket covering multiple transportation systems to incentivize travelers.

Funding,
Partnerships
Feedback, City
Staff, SCAG
Connect SoCal,
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
MLS-

3.5 As part of the Beeline Comprehensive Operations Analysis, continue to improve transit accessibility on the Beeline by actively engaging people with disabilities in the review and discussion of existing operations, and decision-making processes for future initiatives and upgrades.

Public Works 1 Equity SCAG Connect
SoCal, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback
MLS-

3.6 Utilize Transit and Intercity Rail Capital Program (TIRCP) grant and local transportation sales tax measure funds to install the prioritized shelter and shade structures, bus stop amenities as identified in MLS-3.1., contactless fare payment program, and climate mobility, technology upgrades (e.g., Wi-Fi on bus, real time information system, etc.).

Public Works 2 Funding Extreme Heat City Staff, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback
MLS-

3.7 Continue to partner with L.A. Metro and the Glendale Beeline to offer increased awareness of youth-targeted programs and continue to engage with Glendale Unified School District to offer membership in the GoPass program.

Public Works 2 Partnerships,
Funding, Equity
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback, SCAG
Connect SoCal
MLS-

3.8 Work with regional transit providers to implement a transit signal priority system that implements a smart and integrated street lighting system aimed at minimizing wait times at intersections by optimizing traffic flow and enhancing energy efficiency.

Public Works 2 Structural
Change
Community
Feedback, SCAG
Connect SoCal,
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
MLS-

3.9 Upon completion of the Comprehensive Transit Operations Analysis (Action MLS-3.2), develop a Beeline Service Plan that prioritizes high social sensitivity census tracts.

Public Works 3 Feasibility,
Equity
Comprehensive
Transit
Operations
Analysis, SCAG
Connect SoCal,
CAAP Focus
Group Feedback
MLS-

3.10 Continue to partner with Metro to complete the North Hollywood to Pasadena Transit Corridor project to connect the cities of Los Angeles (North Hollywood and Eagle Rock communities), Burbank, Glendale, and Pasadena via Bus Rapid Transit (BRT), improving access to jobs, education, and other important destinations.

Public Works 3 Partnership Metro Better
Transit Projects,
SCAG Connect
SoCal, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback
288 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
38 5.3 Measure MLS-4
Increase passenger and commercial zero-emission vehicle use and adoption to 25% by 2030 and 90% by 2045, respectively.

Metrics
▪25% of total passenger vehicles that are zero-emission in the City ▪25% of total commercial vehicles are zero-emission in the City ▪# publicly accessible electric vehicle chargers in Glendale Table 14 Measure MLS-4
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
MLS-

4.1 Continue to leverage feasibility study information to evaluate opportunities for installation of electric vehicle charging stations at City-owned facilities and in the public right of way. The feasibility study will assess electrical capacity, electrical demand, financial constraints, and parking utilization to provide a prioritized list of locations to install new publicly accessible electric vehicle charging stations. In the feasibility study, include evaluation of opportunities and prioritization of locations to increase the equitable distribution of publicly available electric vehicle chargers to residents of multi-family homes in high social sensitivity tracts and residents living on low- and moderate-incomes, as well as consideration for optimizing daytime charging.

Glendale Water
and Power
1 Feasibility,
Equity
Community
Feedback,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
MLS-

4.2 Continue to implement the Glendale Electric Vehicle Reach Code and review every code cycle (three years) to align with best practices and guidelines for electric vehicle charging.

Community
Development
1 Structural
Change
Air Quality
MLS-

4.3 Continue to conduct at least two annual zero-emission vehicle education events for residents. Prioritize events for residents living on low- and moderate- incomes as well as residents living in multi-family buildings that would engage the community to evaluate the barriers to zero-emission vehicle adoption, promote information on the costs and benefits of owning zero-emission vehicles, and detail the steps on how to receive incentives for zero-emission vehicles.

Glendale Water
and Power,
Library Arts and
Culture
Department
1 Education CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
Sustainability
Commission
MLS-

4.4 Engage large employers and owners of parking structures in Glendale and provide technical support, such as design assistance, technical workshops, GWP Community
Development
1 Partnerships Community
Feedback
289 of 487

Mobility and Land Use Systems
39 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
coordination, and permit streamlining to install public, shared, and private, DC fast charging infrastructure
MLS-

4.5 Create a summary of commercial vehicle fleets in Glendale and identify employers to work with to accelerate zero-emission vehicle adoption through targeted education. Encourage commercial vehicle fleet operators to accelerate electrification by providing them educational material on the benefits of zero- emission vehicles (e.g., fuel cost savings through networked charging, and current availability of zero emission vehicles ahead of State mandates), the City’s streamlined permitting process, and compiling and distributing information on potential funding opportunities.

Glendale Water
and Power
1 Feasibility,
Education
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
MLS-

4.6 Develop outreach and education materials and distribute them to local businesses, property owners, and developers on the financial (e.g., new funding streams), environmental, health, and safety benefits of zero-emission vehicles.

Provide information on available funding opportunities and the City’s streamlined permitting process. Deploy the program in partnership with local community organizations and trusted community leaders.

Glendale Water
and Power ,
Library Arts and
Culture
Department
1 Education Community
Feedback,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
Sustainability
Commission
MLS-

4.7 Based on the prioritized list of locations developed through action MLS-4.1, install at least 25 level II chargers per year, through public-private partnerships and on City-owned properties.

Glendale Water
and Power
1 – 3 Structural
Change,
Partnerships
Air Quality Community
Feedback,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
MLS-

4.8 Incentivize residential electric vehicle charger installations and panel upgrades.

Promote the incentives through multi-lingual outreach material on the City’s a centralized climate action and adaptation website and at community events.

Glendale Water
and Power
2 Funding CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
MLS-

4.9 Continue to work with the South Coast Air Quality Management District to identify and provide funding for electric vehicles and charging infrastructure for disadvantaged business owners.

Glendale Water
and Power
2 Partnerships
, Funding
Community
Feedback,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
MLS-

4.10 Identify and create an equitable plan for a zero-carbon district in a high social sensitivity census tract to focus resources, support, and partnerships with local businesses, and engagement to develop a carbon free zone where all buildings and mobility options are carbon free. Avoid inequitable outcomes by engaging directly with high social sensitivity census tract households and businesses.

Community
Development
3 Structural
Change,
Partnerships
Focus Group
Feedback
290 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
40 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
MLS-

4.11 Conduct a comprehensive assessment of primary last-mile delivery routes, vehicle fleet composition, and energy infrastructure, exploring potential partnerships with electric vehicle manufacturers, charging station providers, and alternative solutions such as e-cargo bikes, AI-driven delivery systems, or other innovative approaches, as well as evaluating financial incentives and regulatory frameworks to formulate a well-informed strategy for the successful electrification of last-mile delivery.

Public Works,
Glendale Water
& Power
3 Feasibility City Staff,
SCAG Connect
SoCal
291 of 487

Mobility and Land Use Systems
41 5.4 Measure MLS-5
Electrify or otherwise decarbonize 30% of community-operated off-road equipment (e.g., lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and chainsaws) operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

Metrics
▪30% reduction in off-road equipment fuel use
Table 15 Measure MLS-5
Actions
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Consistency
MLS-

5.1 Investigate off-road equipment fleets in the City to identify fleets with the highest decarbonization potential, fleets owned by small and minority businesses that will need targeted support and incentives to decarbonize or electrify, and fleets that do not currently have zero-emission alternatives. Utilize these findings to develop the phased off-road ordinances (Action MLS-5.2).

Sustainability 1 Feasibility, Equity Community
Feedback
MLS-

5.2 Continue to develop and adopt a phased series of ordinances that align with or exceed AB 1346 to ban local operation of specific types of gasoline and diesel-powered off-road equipment (e.g., lawn and garden, construction). Update the ordinances based on a regular review of relevant state regulations, regional rules, and available technology.

Sustainability,
Community
Development
(Code
Enforcement)
1 Structural
Change
Poor Air
Quality
Ordinance No.
6008 – Gas
Powered Leaf
Blower, AB
1346, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback
MLS-

5.3 Promote the multi-lingual Off-road Equipment Replacement Outreach Campaign that provides information to contractors, residents, and fleet operators in the City. Information should include equivalent alternatives to fossil-fuel powered off-road equipment, public health, safety benefits of alternative equipment technology, and funding opportunities available (i.e., Clean Off-Road Equipment Voucher Incentive Program [CORE]).

Information from the educational program should be summarized into an infographic format and posted at parks, City-owned and operated buildings, and shared in the City’s newsletter to highlight the emissions reductions and overall health benefits in a way that is easily understood.

Sustainability 1 Education, Equity CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
MLS-

5.4 Require zero emission off-road equipment as a mitigation measure for projects deemed to have an environmental impact for new construction Community
Development
1 Structural
Change
Poor Air
Quality
292 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
42 Actions
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard
Consistency
as part of the CEQA process.

MLS-

5.5 Create an enforcement and implementation program to track the community's transition to electric off-road equipment and use of biofuels.

Sustainability,
Community
Development
(Code
Enforcement)
2 Structural
Change
MLS-

5.6 Partner with surrounding jurisdictions and the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) to develop an expanded rebate and incentive program for upgrading off-road equipment and switching to electric or biofuels. Develop the program with a focus on procedural equity and prioritize funding distribution to vulnerable populations.

Sustainability,
Glendale
Water and
Power
2 Funding, Equity,
Partnerships
Air Quality CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
293 of 487

Mobility and Land Use Systems
43 5.5 Measure MLS-6
Transition to 75% zero-emission municipal fleet by 2030 and 100% by 2040.

Metrics
▪% of Municipal Fleet Vehicles that are zero-emission
▪% reduction in employee commute
Table 16 Measure MLS-6 Actions
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
MLS-

6.1 Review and update the Fleet Electrification Study every two years to consider changes in vehicle operations and requirements, changes in costs, as well as improvements in technology.

Public Works 1 Structural
Change
Fleet
Electrification
Study,
American
Green Zone
Alliance
Certified
Green Zones
Program
MLS-

6.2 Continue to highlight the City’s zero-emission vehicle fleet at community events such as Earth Day, Touch-A-Truck, and other events, to demonstrate how an electric vehicle fleet underscores Glendale's dedication to modernizing its infrastructure and aligning with evolving transportation trends and provide an opportunity to provide education about the benefits of electric vehicles, including lower air pollution, reduced noise levels, and the positive impact on public health.

Public Works 1 Education CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
MLS-

6.3 Develop an impact and risk assessment for power outages and use the information to develop risk mitigation strategies and a resilience plan that supports electric vehicle procurement.

Public Works 1 Feasibility Fleet
Electrification
Study
MLS-

6.4 Implement the Zero-Emission Transition Bus Rollout plan by 2035. Public Works 1 – 3 Structural Change
Air Quality City Staff
MLS-

6.4 Install battery backup combined with onsite solar and renewable diesel generator backups to provide resilience to the municipal fleet.

Public Works 2 Structural
Change
Air Quality,
Extreme Heat,
Wildfire
294 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
44 MLS-

6.5 Explore options for installing showers in existing City-owned facilities and bike lockers along City-owned streets, where appropriate, to encourage City employees to bike to work and demonstrate the City’s commitment to sustainability and community bicycle safety.

Public Works 2 Feasibility,
Structural
Change
Bicycle
Transportation
Plan,
Community
Feedback
MLS-

6.6 Secure funding from State programs (such as the California Air Resources Board's Clean Vehicle Rebate Project and the Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Program, Hybrid and Zero-Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project) and Federal sources to increase procurement of zero- emission cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles and installation of zero- emission vehicle charging/fueling infrastructure at municipal facilities.

Additionally, explore opportunities for Low Carbon Fuel Standard credit generation from use of low carbon fuels/electricity for fleet vehicles.

Public Works 2 Funding CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
MLS-

6.7 Meet or exceed the advanced clean fleets rules for medium and heavy- duty vehicles.

Public Works 3 Structural
Change
Air Quality
295 of 487

Urban Eco-Systems
45 6 Urban Eco-Systems

6.0 Measure-UE-1
Increase organics diversion through SB-1383 to divert 75% of organic material by 2025.

Metrics
▪% reduction in organic material sent to landfill compared to 2014 ▪Tons of organic material procured per year
▪% reduction of edible food waste
Table 17 Measure UE-1 Actions
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
UE-1.1 Continue to support Los Angeles County Solid Waste Information Management System (SWIMS) complete robust analysis on the three major waste streams (landfill, recycle, and organics) as part of the Glendale Recycling Center Master Plan and the County’s Organic Waste Recycling and Edible Food Recovery Capacity Planning initiative by 2025.

Public Works 1 Feasibility Recycling
Center
Master Plan,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-1.2 Engage in edible food recovery capacity planning by completing the following actions:
▪Estimate the amount of edible food that will be disposed of by organics generators in Glendale.
▪Work regionally to establish a full list of food recovery organizations that can receive edible food from Glendale businesses.
▪Optimize edible food collection and distribution logistics in the City by implementing a streamlined route planning system, coordinating with local businesses for organic waste contributions, and leveraging technology for real-time monitoring, thereby enhancing efficiency and sustainability in compost management.

Public Works 1 Feasibility SB 1383, Zero
Waste Action
Plan, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback,
Sustainability
Commission
296 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
46 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
▪Continue to work with food recovery entities, such as ReCreate, to identify the minimum capacity required to recover 20% of edible food that is estimated to be disposed.
▪Provide education regarding the good Samaritan law and infrastructure needed to store and manage food.

If existing and planned capacity is insufficient based on the above process, develop and submit an implementation schedule highlighting the planning effort to provide new or expanded capacity for increasing edible food donations and identify proposed new or expanded facilities to be used for additional capacity.

UE-1.3 In tandem with the Free Composting Bin and Organics Recycling Pail Pick Up programs, establish and maintain an ongoing education program informing the community about compostable materials, including regularly updated guidelines on composting, especially paper, distributed bi-annually and made available at the City permit counter, grocery stores, as well as at farmers' markets and other community events.

Public Works 1 Education Sustainability
Commission,
Zero Waste
Action Plan,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-1.4 Implement an equitable inspection and compliance program for the edible food recovery program and organics procurement program with equitable and clearly defined enforcement mechanisms and penalties, as required by Article 16 in SB 1383. Maintain records, including an initial compliance report, annual report, and implementation record as required by Articles 3, 14, and 16 of SB 1383 for (1) the organic waste collection program and (2) the edible food recovery program. Additionally, develop an organics procurement tracking program.

Public Works 1 Structural
Change, Equity
SB 1383, Zero
Waste Action
Plan
UE-1.5 Work with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health to develop and pass an ordinance, with equitable enforcement mechanisms and technical and financial assistance for low-income entities, which requires organics diversion from businesses, including front-of-house (FOH) organics collection at most food service businesses. As part of the ordinance development process, identify local companies that provide composting support services and develop preliminary requirements for contracting.

Public Works 3 Feasibility,
Equity
UE-1.6 Continue working with waste haulers who can franchise in Glendale to provide clear and consistent composting education material to private and public schools and other community organizations to promote compost quality and avoid cross contamination with plastics and other trash.

Public Works 1 Education CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
297 of 487

Urban Eco-Systems
47 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
Zero Waste
Action Plan
UE-1.7 Identify opportunities to meet the procurement targets of SB 1383 to procure 16,000 tons of organics per year and identify opportunities to apply compost on City parks to improve water-holding capacity and filtration.

Public Works,
Parks
1 Feasibility,
Structural
Change
Drought
UE-1.8 Work with regional partners in LA County to create a compost application trading program to support the application of compost and other organic matter in farms and parks in the County.

Public Works 1 Partnership
UE-1.9 Continue to work with ReCREATE or similar entity to develop and manage a comprehensive edible food recovery program based on food insecurity in Glendale that identifies and assists Tier 1 and Tier 2 generators with SB 1383 implementation; identifies food recovery services and organizations within the City; determines the capacity of food recovery services and organizations within the City; evaluates the need for development of food recovery kitchen sites or repackaging locations; and tracks the needs of Glendale’s food insecure population.

Public Works, 1 Partnerships,
Structural
Change
Glendale
Edible Food
Recovery
Program,
ReCreate
Contract
UE-

1.10 Continue to identify and support school organizations (e.g., leadership, sustainability, and environmental groups or clubs) start “Go Organics” programs to initiate, educate, and implement robust organics collection programs in collaboration with public schools, Glendale Community College campuses, and private schools.

Public Works 1 Partnerships,
Education
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-

1.11 Develop community compost giveaway sites (e.g., at parks or other City owned and operated locations) to provide a constant resource to the community and education about how to reduce pests and potential odor and other relevant concerns.

Public Works 1 Structural
Change
Zero Waste
Action Plan,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-

1.12 Develop a multi-family outreach program that engages with large and medium sized multi-family buildings to discuss opportunities and barriers to composting. Engagement should include outreach to property management and tenants. Based on feedback, identify recommendations for developing a multi-family composting program.

Public Works 1 Education Community
Feedback.

CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-

1.13 Increase the City of Glendale construction waste diversion requirement as part of the hauler c to 75% during the next contract negotiation.

Community
Development
1 Education
298 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
48 6.1 Measure UE-2
Increase tree canopy to 25% by 2030 and 30% by 2045 by focusing on communities most vulnerable to extreme heat.

Metrics
▪# of (annually and total) trees planted in high social sensitivity census tracts ▪% survival rate of trees planted
Table 18 Measure UE-2 Actions
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
UE-2.1 Complete analysis on success rates for trees planted over the past three years (planted 2020 – 2023), encompassing factors such as species selection, soil conditions, and maintenance practices, to determine the survival rate, thereby informing future tree planting initiatives and fostering sustainable urban forestry practices.

Public Works,
Community
Services and
Parks,
1 Feasibility Extreme Heat City Staff
UE-2.2 Continue to implement and regularly update the Open Space Management Plan sustainable management practices for land included in the San Gabriel and Verdugo Mountains, and the San Rafael Hills, incorporating the planting of trees with locally adapted genetics in historically forested areas, aiming to enhance ecosystem health, mitigate erosion, and preserve biodiversity. Add multi-lingual signs and/or information kiosks detailing the history of specific trees, where known, benefits of native trees, and information on how they are maintained.

Public Works,
Community
Services and
Parks, , Fire
1 Structural
Change
City Staff.

CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-2.3 Prioritize planting of 200 trees annually in high social sensitivity census tracts with the lowest tree equity score, along safe routes to school and near bus stops, as detailed in the City’s Community Forest Management Plan.

Public Works 1 Structural
Change, Equity
Extreme Heat CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
Draft
Community
Forest
Management
Plan
UE-2.4 Implement and regularly review and update the Community Forest Management Plan using the best available data (e.g., tree canopy Public Works 1 Feasibility,
Funding
Extreme Heat
299 of 487

Urban Eco-Systems
49 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
tracking tools) to support the decision-making process and include parks and City open space.

UE-2.5 Re-evaluate the “Designated Street Tree List” for canopy potential and future climate conditions. Prioritize implementation of the City’s existing Urban Forest Reforestation Program in areas of high social sensitivity census tracts.

Public Works 1 Feasibility,
Structural
Change
Extreme Heat,
Drought
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-2.6 Conduct site assessments of parks located in areas with the greatest concentration of vulnerable populations. Evaluate thermal comfort, availability of shade, building and pavement materials, amenities, and landscape features. Survey park visitors to obtain input on park design and thermal comfort. Establish a schedule of capital expenditures to increase tree canopy, install shade structures (including those that cover picnic areas, general seating, walkways, play structures, and dog parks), misting stations, spray parks, and other cooling features, and change materials (e.g., paving, building) to those with low solar gain to increase comfort, safety, and promote prolonged outdoor activities by providing protection from the sun, ultimately fostering a more enjoyable and inclusive recreational environment for the community members and their pets that utilize the site(s). Focus investments and upgrades in areas of high social sensitivity first.

Public Works,
Community
Services & Parks
1 Feasibility,
Equity
Extreme Heat Community
Feedback,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-2.7 Review, enhance, update, and regularly maintain the City’s existing “Public Tree” webpage with relevant information, such as best practices for watering and fertilizing trees, guidelines for pruning and maintenance, information on local tree species, and resources for reporting tree damage or disease. Additionally, provide information on the benefits of a healthy tree canopy, including improved air and water quality, reduced urban heat island effects, and increased property values.

Public Works 1 Education Extreme Heat CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-2.8 Continue to pursue and obtain grant funding for tree planting and urban forest management. Identify and apply for Federal and State grants annually to meet the tree planting goal identified in Action UE-2.3 (e.g., USDA, California ReLeaf, Affordable Housing and Sustainable Communities Program, Cal Fire’s Urban and Community Forestry Program, and the California Natural Resources Agency’s Urban Greening Program).

Public Works 1 Funding Extreme Heat CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-2.9 Partner with a non-profit entity to enhance and promote the existing Tree Power Program to generate more donations, optimize the Earth Community
Services &
1 Partnerships,
Education
Extreme Heat Tree Power
Program, CAAP
300 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
50 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
Day/Arbor Day program, and generate more community support for the urban forest.

Parks, Public
Works
Focus Group
Feedback
UE-

2.10 Contract with local nurseries to grow indigenous species of trees with local genetics to be used for City planting.

Public Works,
Community
Services & Parks
1 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat
UE-

2.11 Update the municipal code shade tree requirement for new developments; greening of parking lots; planting replacement trees that offer a large mature tree canopy with low water requirements; and increase permeable surfaces in new developments.

Community
Development,
Public Works
2 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat,
Drought
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-

2.12 Adopt an ordinance that establishes strict guidelines and limits on the allowable extent of impervious surfaces in City-owned and operated parkways. The ordinance should include provisions for permeable pavement options, green infrastructure, and stormwater management practices that promote sustainable urban design and preserve ecological health.

Public Works 2 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-

2.13 Create a communitywide ban on rock mulch, plastic/landscape fabric, and artificial turf under trees citywide that includes an educational component for residents and business owners on the impacts of these materials on tree health and the ultimate impact on increased heat and poor air quality. Additionally, include information on the benefits of mulching with natural materials, highlighting their ability to enrich soil fertility, reduce erosion, and provide a habitat for beneficial organisms.

Community
Development
2 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat
and Poor Air
Quality
City Staff,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-

2.14 Prepare an Urban Forestry Map to identify and map vacant planting areas beyond public lands and rights-of-way that can be converted into greenspace with tree canopy, including on private property in parking lots and front and side-yard setbacks, and on City-owned vacant lands.

Public Works 2 Feasibility Extreme Heat CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-

2.15 In areas with low canopy coverage and small parkways (10’ or under) in high social sensitivity areas, complete analysis on the potential to remove parking lanes or change traffic flow to one-way to create space for an active transportation lane with potential for largest shade trees in the highest foot traffic. Establish a prioritized list of locations that could feasibly be transitioned. Complete this action as part of the Glendale Parklet and Community Greening program identified in Action MLS-2.17.

CDD 2 Feasibility,
Structural
Change
Extreme Heat,
Drought
City Staff,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE- Partner with local landscape architects or urban design experts to create Public Works, 2 Structural Sustainability 301 of 487

Urban Eco-Systems
51 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency

2.16 a set of sample landscape designs options with native, drought-tolerant, and edible plants, providing detailed specifications on what to buy (e.g., a kit of tools) and offering guidance to community members in planning their outdoor spaces. Create demonstration gardens on City-owned sites, including planting events tailored especially to schools and student groups
CSP,
Community
Development
Change,
Partnerships
Commission,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-

2.17 Develop an ordinance requiring tree maintenance of protected trees on private lots be performed by an arborist to increase tree health and long- term wellness to increase the urban forest canopy.

Public Works 2 Structural
Change
Extreme Heat City Staff
UE-

2.18 Reduce competition from invasive grasses and restore existing non- natives to native landscape on City property.

Public Works,
Parks
2 Structural
Change
Wildfire City Staff
UE-

2.19 Establish a Tree Trust or Tree Endowment where the interest on the principal can be used for purchasing and planting trees in prioritized areas pursuant to the Urban Forest Inventory and Management Plan, paying for tree maintenance in high social sensitivity census tracts in the City, supporting tree management in City-owned parks, or supporting staff resources for the Urban Forest Management Program.

Public Works 3 Funding, Equity Extreme Heat
UE-

2.20 Partner with local conservation groups such as the Arroyos & Foothills Conservancy and Glendale Environmental Coalition to acquire key parcels for conservation and perform restoration projects on existing parcels in Glendale’s open spaces and along the Wildland-Urban Interface which are vulnerable to development for wildfire mitigation.

Public Works,
Parks
3 Structural
Change,
Partnerships
State's 30x30
goals, City
Staff
302 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
52 6.2 Measure UE- 3
Reduce the potential for wildfire to spread in Glendale by actively managing XX acres of land annually through prescribed burns, brush clearance, grazing, and building hardening.

Metrics
▪# of acres of brush clearance
▪# of acres of grazing land
▪# prescribed burn projects
▪# of participants in home hardening workshops
Table 19 Measure UE-3 Actions
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
UE-3.1 Conduct analysis to identify high risk and high fuel load areas within the Wildland Urban Interface by 20XX.

Fire Department 1 Feasibility Wildfire
UE-3.2 Apply innovative and thoughtful vegetation management such as grazing or vegetation thinning and composting to reduce fuel loads and fire intensity in Wildland Urban Interface areas. Establish an implementation schedule to actively manage XX acres annually. Using the Herbivory Intensity Class I or Class 2 categories, grazing would be predominantly achieved by either cattle and horses, or goats, respectively, to help reduce the fine fuels and, therefore, a potential fire’s rate of speed.

Monitor the native versus invasive species growth after each management technique is applied and adjust the process where appropriate to protect the native species, while also decreasing fire risk.

Fire Department 1 Structural Wildfire Vegetation
Management
and Brush
Abatement
Program, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback
UE-3.3 Seek funding to prepare a Community Wildfire Protection Plan consistent with the latest Healthy Forests Restoration Act standards.

Fire Department 1 Funding Landslide CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-3.4 In partnership with local Tribal groups, conduct a feasibility study to find the total acreage on lands suited for prescribed burning (i.e., based on fuel type, fuel density, proximity to sensitive resources and receptors, control points, and topography).

Fire Department 1 Feasibility,
Partnerships
Wildfire
UE-3.5 Identify and apply for grant opportunities to fund wildfire vegetation Fire Department 1 Funding Wildfire CAAP Focus 303 of 487

Urban Eco-Systems
53 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
management, including grants from CAL FIRE. Group
Feedback
UE-3.6 Continue to implement the Vegetation Management Program and conduct on-going workshops on defensible space, vegetation management, and home-hardening techniques based upon the most up to date Los Angeles County Fire Department and CAL FIRE management guidelines and policies for property owners in moderate, high, and very high fire hazard severity zones. Connect vulnerable populations (e.g., single heads of households, individuals on fixed income/low-income, older adults, individuals living with a disability) to funding resources.

Track the number of current participants and establish a goal to increase the number of individuals who participate in the home hardening workshops or programs. Monitor progress towards the goal and adapt the program as necessary to increase community involvement.

Fire
Department,
Public Works
1 Education Wildfire Community
Feedback,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-3.7 Increase Tribal coordination efforts to manage lands and increase resilience based on traditional practices and historic vegetation through co-management agreements and Tribal-led projects.

Public Works 1 Equity,
Partnerships
Wildfire CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-3.8 Maintain multiple contracts with private contracting shepherds to increase the acres of land by 10% that are grazed to reduce wildfire risk.

Fire Department 2 Structural
Change
Wildfire CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-3.9 Sponsor at least one Community Chipper Event annually by providing free mobile onsite chipping at designated locations to reduce private burden for fuels reduction and to generate woodchips from brush while maintaining LA County Defensible Space Standards Zone 0 (0-5 feet ember resistant zone from structure).

Public Works,
Fire
Department,
Information
Technology
2 Structural
Change
Wildfire CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-

3.10 Establish a post-wildfire or extreme rain event inspection and mitigation program to evaluate and reduce the risk of landslides for areas near critical buildings and infrastructure. The inspection program should include assessment of:
▪Previous vegetation cover class and percent cover
▪Post fire vegetation cover percent
▪Slope percent
▪Soil type and erosivity
▪Proximity of the facility to the high-use area
▪Weather forecast
Fire
Department,
Public Works
3 Structural
Change
Landslide Citywide
Emergency
Plan, CAAP
Focus Group
Feedback
304 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
54 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
▪Features between the facility and area of damage
UE-

3.11 Install landslide monitoring equipment in landslide susceptibility areas that are adjacent to critical assets to monitor and detect any changes in local hillside hydrologic conditions using surface or subsurface data. Data collected and used could include rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, soil-water content, soil suction, soil temperature, and groundwater pressure.

Public Works,
Information
Technology
3 Structural
Change
Landslide CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
305 of 487

Urban Eco-Systems
55 6.3 Measure UE-4
Increase access to affordable and fresh produce through partnerships and technical assistance.

Metrics
▪# of new community gardens in high social sensitivity census tracts Table 20 Measure UE-4 Actions
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard Consistency
UE-4.1 Continue partnering with the Glendale Unified School District to create school community garden programs to educate students about gardening, farming, healthy food, and providing a source of fresh fruits and vegetables. Utilize City recognition forums, such as the Sustainable Stewardship Award, to highlight schools or clubs that collect and manage organic materials, maintain a school garden, and provide education to students on the life cycle of organics.

Public Works,
Library Arts
and Culture
Department
1 Partnership,
Education
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
Sustainability
Commission
UE-4.2 Expand existing community garden programs by revitalizing and expanding gardening sites in areas of high social sensitivity or with high food insecurity rates. Conduct a feasibility study of vacant sites, evaluate zoning constraints, and identify partnerships and funding opportunities.

Additionally, invest in a local food recovery distribution system (e.g., a food truck or other method of transportation) to transfer fresh, healthy food to those in greatest need to increase access.

Community
Service &
Parks, Public
Works
2 Feasibility,
Structural
Change, Equity,
Partnerships
Community
Feedback,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-4.3 Partner with an entity such as LA Compost to create small community garden programs at existing community centers. Provide training on gardening, food harvest, and food preparation, as well as the health and climate benefits of reducing meat consumption.

Public Works,
Community
Service &
Parks, Library
Arts and
Culture
Department
2 Structural
Change,
Education,
Partnership
Community
Feedback,
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
Sustainability
Commission
UE-4.4 Partner with local chefs or other non-profits to provide vegetarian cooking classes (on electric cooktops) at community centers or test kitchens within Glendale. Identify opportunities to offer longer-term classes and provide a demonstration garden to educate the community as well.

Sustainability
Community
Service &
Parks, Library
Arts and
2 Partnerships,
Education
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
Sustainability
Commission
306 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
56 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard Consistency
Culture
Department
UE-4.5 Partner with local Tribes and/or Indigenous communities to create native gardens for community use and food to foster a collaborative and inclusive approach that respects and integrates traditional ecological knowledge, cultural practices, and community goals into the sustainable development of shared spaces.

Community
Service & Parks
2 Partnership CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-4.6 Establish a food business development center that provides start-up funds, such as low interest matching loans, and access to technical assistance tailored to starting entrepreneurs and cooperative food initiatives.

Economic
Development
3 Structural
Change
Community
Feedback
307 of 487

Urban Eco-Systems
57 6.4 Measure UE-5
Reduce per capita water use X% by 2030 and Y% by 2045 by enhancing water conservation and water quality and increase the Glendale water system's resilience to climate extremes by upgrading water and stormwater facilities.2
Metrics
▪% change in annual gallons of water consumed per capita Table 21 Measure UE-5 Actions
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
UE-5.1 Adopt an ordinance to ban the use of non-functional turf in new building design.

Community
Development
1 Structural
Change
AB 1572
UE-5.2 Upon the next update to the Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP)), review the historical record to identify the longest recorded drought and consider a similar drought length in the UWMP analysis.

Glendale Water
and Power
1 Feasibility Drought CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-5.3 As part of the COSA, conduct an energy/water nexus study to inform future water rate structure. Explore approaches to structure water rates more progressively. To avoid inequitable outcomes, engage directly with low-income households with high utility burdens during water rate structure changes.

Glendale Water
and Power
1 Feasibility,
Equity
Drought CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-5.4 Continue to coordinate with neighboring jurisdictions to provide adequate water availability and peak load water supply for fire suppression efforts in alignment with CAL FIRE recommendations.

Glendale Water
and Power
1 Partnership Wildfire
UE-5.5 Partner with Metropolitan Water District of Southern California to expand the rain barrel program by implementing community outreach campaigns. Collaborate with Metropolitan and/or other experts to provide educational workshops on rainwater harvesting and sustainable water management practices.

Glendale Water
and Power
1 Structural
Change,
Partnerships
Drought CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-5.6 Perform a study to understand the feasibility and potential potable water savings of adopting a Dual Plumbing Ordinance. The feasibility study will Community
Development,
2 Feasibility Drought Sustainability
Commission
2 The target usage beyond 2035 will depend on future updates to SB 606 and AB 1668. 308 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
58 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
help the City determine the size threshold for future development projects subject to the ordinance.

Glendale Water
and Power
UE-5.7 Evaluate the adequacy of the City’s stormwater infrastructure and promote best management practices (BMPs) based on future precipitation projections and confidence intervals using the Cal-Adapt tool and guidance from the Federal Highway Administration.

Public Works 2 Feasibility Extreme
Precipitation
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-5.8 Conduct an evaluation of impacts that future extreme precipitation events or extended drought conditions could have on the Glendale Water Treatment Plant by 2030 as part of the Recycled Water Master Plan.

Glendale Water
and Power
2 Feasibility Extreme
precipitation,
drought
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-5.9 Based on the results of the analysis included in the COSA, expand existing Glendale Water and Power programs to increase leakage detection systems and repairs; drought tolerant landscaping; low-flow fixtures, fittings, and appliances; greywater capture and reuse; leakage repairs; and/or financial and technical resources to subsidize costs to landlords and low-income households.

Glendale Water
and Power
2 Structural
Change
Drought CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-

5.10 As part of the Water Master Plan, conduct an assessment to identify opportunities to upgrade or add field instrumentation hardware including sensors, actuators, relays, control units, and samplers (e.g., for automatic leak detection) throughout the Glendale Water and Power water distribution system. Utilize artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to automate SCADA data collection and analysis to provide additional operational improvements and achieve energy efficiency.

Glendale Water
and Power
2 Feasibility Drought CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-

5.11 Based on the results of the Recycled Water Master Plan, expand recycled water lines throughout the City, with an emphasis on connecting to parks and open spaces.

Glendale Water
and Power
3 Structural
Change
Drought
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Urban Eco-Systems
59 6.5 Measure UE-6
Showcase municipal leadership through increased landfill diversion rates, climate-smart food and purchasing behavior, and enhanced water efficiencies.

Metrics
▪# of Sq. ft. of non-functional turf remaining on City maintained lands annually ▪# of new bioswales constructed
▪% total reduction in municipal water use
Table 22 Measure UE-6 Actions
Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
UE-6.1 Evaluate the existing custodial contracts at City-owned and operated buildings and facilities to update contract terms if necessary to include collection and disposal of organics, recyclables, and landfilled solid waste.

As part of the evaluation, complete an audit of the existing external waste collection bins at each location and if necessary, work with the waste hauler(s) to acquire supplemental bins and collection services for organics, recyclables, and landfilled solid waste at each City-owned and operated facility by 2026. Adopt the City's administrative policy requiring all City staff to follow the source-separation requirement.

Sustainability,
Finance
1 Structural
Change
CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
UE-6.2 Complete an annual audit on current bin location and signage for landfill, recycle, and compost waste in municipal buildings and on municipal- owned land to confirm that bins have clear signage and are collocated together for appropriate disposal. Where necessary, establish a plan to improve signage that clearly outlines what is accepted in each receptacle.

Public Works 1 Structural
Change
Community
Feedback
UE-6.3 Provide free or reduced cost recycling bins and continue to provide free or reduced cost composting and/or vermiculture bins to residents to encourage community-wide participation as well as workshops to inform the community on the benefits of composting.

Public Works 1 Structural
Change
Community
Feedback
UE-6.4 Create a Buy Nothing group for City staff to exchange items from their offices or homes.

Sustainability,
HR
1 Structural
Change
Buy Nothing
Project
UE-6.5 Establish a City policy to provide vegetarian and other climate smart food Sustainability, 1 Structural 310 of 487

City of Glendale
Draft CAAP Actions
60 Action
Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar
Climate
Hazard Consistency
options at all municipal events, along with information on health, environmental, and carbon benefits for City employees.

Change,
Education
UE-6.6 Complete a municipal water use analysis and implement recommendations resulting from the analysis to reduce total water use 25% by 2030.

Public Works 1 - 2 Feasibility Drought
UE-6.7 Identify and replace non-functional turf at City-owned and operated facilities and locations. Additionally, replace non-native vegetation with native and drought tolerant species throughout Glendale parks, medians, and other landscapes and create bioswales on City land and along roadway right-of-way to increase stormwater capture and groundwater recharge by 2027. Train City and contracted staff tasked to maintain landscaping on how to manage specific plants, including increased watering schedules for the first through third month after planting, with a decreased watering schedule following.

Public Works,
Community
Services &
Parks
2 Feasibility,
Structural
Change
Drought CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback,
Sustainability
Commission
UE-6.8 Implement the goals included in the Emergency Action Plan, including conducting hardening upgrades to water structures and facilities (i.e., reservoirs, pump structures, treatment facilities, and administrative offices) that are in or immediately adjacent to CAL FIRE High and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones by 2030. Install back-up power generators for all critical water facilities by 2027.

Glendale
Water and
Power
3 Structural
Change
Wildfire CAAP Focus
Group
Feedback
311 of 487

Urban Eco-Systems
61 312 of 487

Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report
prepared by
City of Glendale
Office of Sustainability
613 E. Broadway
Glendale, California 91206
Contact: David Jones, Sustainability Officer
prepared with the assistance of
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
180 N. Ashwood Avenue
Ventura, California 93003
October 2023
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314 of 487

Introduction
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report i
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................4 2 Background ....................................................................................................................................5

2.1 Legislative Context .............................................................................................................5

2.2 Climate Science Context.....................................................................................................6 3 GHG Emissions Inventory - Community .........................................................................................8

3.1 Methodology......................................................................................................................8

3.2 2021 Community GHG Emissions Inventory.......................................................................9

3.2.1 Energy ................................................................................................................9

3.2.2 Transportation .................................................................................................15

3.2.3 Solid Waste ......................................................................................................20

3.2.4 Water ...............................................................................................................23

3.2.5 Wastewater......................................................................................................26 2021 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results....................................................................34 4 GHG Emissions Inventory - Municipal..........................................................................................38

4.1 Methodology....................................................................................................................38

4.2 2021 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory .......................................................................39

4.2.1 Buildings and Other Facilities...........................................................................39

4.2.2 Streetlights and Traffic Signals .........................................................................41

4.2.3 Water Delivery Facilities ..................................................................................41

4.2.4 Vehicle Fleet.....................................................................................................43

4.2.5 Transit Fleet .....................................................................................................43

4.2.6 Solid Waste Facilities........................................................................................44

4.2.7 Wastewater Facilities .......................................................................................45

4.2.8 Employee Commute.........................................................................................46

4.2.9 Business Travel.................................................................................................47 5 GHG Forecast ...............................................................................................................................48

5.1 Business-as-usual Forecast...............................................................................................48

5.2 Adjusted Forecast.............................................................................................................50

5.2.1 Legislative Reduction Programs .......................................................................50

5.2.2 Legislative GHG Emission Reduction Contribution...........................................54

5.2.3 Adjusted Forecast Results ................................................................................54 6 Provisional GHG Emissions Targets..............................................................................................56

6.1 1990 Level GHG Emissions Back-cast ...............................................................................56

6.2 GHG Emissions Reduction Target Setting.........................................................................57 Tables
Table 1 2021 Inventory GHGs and GWPs........................................................................................7 Table 2 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity Use ...........................10 Table 3 Community Residential and Nonresidential Electricity Activity Data Adjustment...........10 Table 4 Community Residential and Nonresidential Electricity GHG Emissions Calculations.......11 315 of 487

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
ii
Table 5 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity T&D Loss...................11 Table 6 Community Electricity T&D Loss GHG Emissions Calculations .........................................12 Table 7 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Use ........................13 Table 8 Community Residential and Nonresidential Natural Gas GHG Emissions Calculations....14 Table 9 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Leaks .....................14 Table 10 Community Natural Gas Methane Leaks GHG Emissions Calculations ............................15 Table 11 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-road Transportation............16 Table 12 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-road Transportation............17 Table 13 Community On-road EV Activity Data Calculations..........................................................18 Table 14 Community On-road Transportation GHG Emissions Calculations ..................................18 Table 15 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Off-Road Equipment .................19 Table 16 Community Off-road Equipment Sector Attributions ......................................................19 Table 17 Community Off-road GHG Emissions Calculations ...........................................................20 Table 18 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste ...............................21 Table 19 Community Solid Waste Proportions and Emissions Factors...........................................22 Table 20 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste ...............................23 Table 21 Community Solid Waste Tonnage Allocation ...................................................................23 Table 22 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Water ........................................24 Table 23 Community Water Activity Data.......................................................................................25 Table 24 Community Water Energy Intensities Per Water District.................................................25 Table 25 Community Water Emissions Factors Per Water District.................................................26 Table 26 Community Water GHG Emissions and Inclusions ...........................................................26 Table 27 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.1.(alt) ............27 Table 28 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.2.(alt) ............28 Table 29 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.7....................29 Table 30 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.12 .................30 Table 31 Community Wastewater WW.12 Nitrogen Load Activity Data Calculations ....................31 Table 32 Community Wastewater WW.12 Percent Attribution Calculations .................................31 Table 33 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.15 .................32 Table 34 Community Wastewater GHG Emissions Calculations .....................................................32 Table 35 2021 Community GHG Emissions Inventory.....................................................................36 Table 36 Municipal Buildings and Facilities Sector Natural Gas GHG Emissions Calculations ........40 Table 37 Municipal Buildings and Facilities Sector Electricity GHG Emission Calculations.............41 316 of 487

Introduction
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report iii
Table 38 Municipal Streetlights and Traffic Signals Sector Electricity GHG Emission Calculations.41 Table 39 Municipal Water Consumption GHG Emissions Calculations...........................................42 Table 40 Municipal Vehicle Fleet Sector GHG Emission Calculations ............................................43 Table 41 Municipal Transit Fleet Sector GHG Emission Calculations..............................................44 Table 42 Municipal Solid Waste GHG Emission Calculations ..........................................................44 Table 43 Municipal Wastewater GHG Emissions ............................................................................46 Table 44 Municipal Employee Commute GHG Emissions ..............................................................47 Table 45 Municipal Business Travel GHG Emissions Calculations...................................................47 Table 46 GHG Emission Sources and Growth Factors for BAU Scenario Forecast ..........................49 Table 47 BAU Forecast Demographic and Projection Metrics by Forecast Year.............................50 Table 48 BAU Forecast Results Summary by Emission Sector (MT CO 2e).......................................50 Table 49 Glendale Forecasted RPS and Electricity Emission Factors ..............................................53 Table 50 Summary of Legislative GHG Emissions Reductions (MT CO 2e) .......................................54 Table 51 Adjusted Forecast Results (MT CO 2e)...............................................................................55 Table 52 990 Back-cast Calculations ...............................................................................................57 Table 53 GHG Emissions Reduction Targets and Gap Analysis .......................................................58 Figures
Figure 1 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector..............................................................34 Figure 2 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sub-Sector ......................................................35 317 of 487

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
4 1 Introduction
This document presents the data, methods, and results for the 2021 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory and forecast for the City of Glendale (the City). Included is an analysis of findings and trends in the City’s GHG emissions developed to support the City’s GHG emissions reduction targets and ultimately the City’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP).

California (the State) has set statewide GHG emissions reduction goals to mitigate negative climate change impacts and transition the State to a low-carbon economy. In particular, the State has established goals to reduce statewide GHG emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2030, as established by Senate Bill (SB) 32 and achieve net zero GHG emissions as soon as possible, but no later than 2045, as established by Assembly Bill (AB) 1279.1 The California Air Resources Board (CARB) is the agency responsible for addressing these goals and developing strategies to achieve them. Many local jurisdictions are completing their own GHG inventories, forecasts, and CAPs to align with SB 32 and AB 1279.

Local governments play a fundamental role in reducing local GHG emissions and preparing for a more resilient future. Local government policies can influence high-emissions behavior and mitigate climate change effects.2 To this end, the City is developing a CAAP to align with SB 32 and AB 1279 goals, increase resilience and climate change preparedness, maintain healthy air and water resources, and improve community health and the local economy. The forthcoming CAAP update will include the 2021 GHG inventory for the community (2021 Community GHG Inventory) and the associated GHG emissions forecast, in addition to the municipal operations inventory (2021 Municipal GHG Inventory). Municipal GHG emissions are a subset of community GHG emissions and are therefore included in the community GHG inventory and associated forecast.

The 2021 Community GHG Inventory completed for the City includes GHG emissions from activities within the City’s jurisdictional boundaries during 2021. Based on the inventory, Rincon developed a back-cast of the City’s GHG emissions to 1990 as well as a forecast to 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045.

The forecast provides an up-to-date projection of how GHG emissions are expected to change for the City in the future based on changes in population and employment, as well as existing State and federal legislation aimed at reducing GHG emissions through 2045. This document also presents provisional GHG targets and a gap analysis, developed to help identify GHG emissions reduction activities that will be needed to achieve the provisional GHG emissions reduction targets. Like all GHG inventories, forecasts, and targets, the analysis in this document relies on the best available data and calculation methodologies currently available. 1 AB 1279 defines net zero GHG emissions as reducing GHG emissions at least 85% below 1990 levels. California also set a goal to reach 1990 levels by 2020, as established by AB 32, The 2020 goal set by AB 32 was achieved by the State in 2016. CARB. Frequently Asked Questions – California’s 2022 Climate Scoping Plan. Accessed November 14, 2022 at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2022- 06/2022_Scoping_Plan_FAQ_6.21.22.pdf
2 CARB. California’s 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan. Accessed November 14, 2022 at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf 318 of 487

Background
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 5
2 Background

2.1 Legislative Context
The State has developed statewide legislative goals and programs to reduce GHG emissions. CARB has issued guidance concerning the establishment of GHG emissions reduction targets for local CAPs so local communities can contribute their fair share towards the States achievement of the GHG emissions reductions goals. In the first Climate Change Scoping Plan (hereafter referred to as the 2008 Scoping Plan), CARB encouraged local governments to adopt a reduction target for their own community emissions that parallels the State commitment to reduce GHG emissions.3 In 2017, CARB published the 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan (hereafter referred to as the 2017 Scoping Plan Update) outlining the strategies the State will employ to reach the additional State targets set by SB

32.4 On May 10th, 2022, the Draft 2022 California Climate Change Scoping Plan Update was published for public comment and includes recommendations for achieving the goal of carbon neutrality by 2045 codified by AB 1279.5 Legislative Targets
The State of California has adopted legislation and policies to address climate change, the most relevant of which are summarized below.
▪Executive Order S-3-05, signed in 2005, establishes statewide GHG emissions reduction goals to achieve long-term climate stabilization as follows: by 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels and by 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 80% below 1990 levels. The 2050 goal was accelerated by the 2045 carbon neutral goal established by EO B-55-18 and AB 1279, as discussed below. ▪Assembly Bill 32, known as the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, requires California’s GHG emissions be reduced to 1990 levels by the year 2020 (approximately a 15 % reduction from 2005 to 2008 levels). The 2008 Scoping Plan identifies mandatory and voluntary measures to achieve the statewide 2020 GHG emissions limit.
▪Senate Bill 32, signed in 2016, establishes a statewide mid-term GHG emissions reduction goal of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. CARB formally adopted the 2017 Scoping Plan Update in December 2017, laying the roadmap to achieve 2030 goals and giving guidance to achieve substantial progress toward the 2050 State goals. The Draft 2022 Scoping Plan Update provides further guidance for reaching the State’s SB 32 goal.
▪Executive Order B-55-18, signed in 2018, expanded upon EO S-3-05 by creating a statewide GHG emissions goal of carbon neutrality by 2045. EO S-55-18 identifies CARB as the lead agency to develop a framework for implementation and progress tracking toward this goal in the 2022 Climate Change Scoping Plan Update.
3 CARB. Climate Change Scoping Plan: A Framework for Change. Dec. 2008. Accessed November 14, 2022 at:
ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic//cc/scopingplan/document/adopted_scoping_plan.pdf 4 CARB. California’s 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan. Accessed November 14, 2022 at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf 5 CARB. Draft 2022 Scoping Plan Update. Accessed November 14, 2022 at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/2022-draft-sp.pdf 319 of 487

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
6 ▪Assembly Bill 1279, known as the California Climate Crisis Act, signed by the governor in 2022, codifies the GHG emissions reduction goals of achieving carbon neutrality by 2045 and expands upon this goal to define carbon neutrality as reducing direct emissions 85% below 1990 levels and removing the remaining 15% of emissions via other technologies and practices, like carbon sequestration. The 2022 Scoping Plan Update (November 2022 provides the pathway for reaching the State’s AB 1279 goal.

2.2 Climate Science Context
Greenhouse Gases
GHGs are chemical compounds found in the earth’s atmosphere which affect climate conditions by trapping infrared radiation from sunlight which can serve to raise global temperatures. Emissions can occur from natural processes as well as human activities which release excess GHGs into the atmosphere. GHG emissions quantification frameworks have been developed over the years in an effort to standardize GHG accounting, particularly for those generated from human activities. The ICLEI International Council for Local Government Initiatives (ICLEI) protocols for community and municipal inventories (discussed further in Section 3 and Section 4, respectively) assess GHG emissions associated with the six internationally recognized GHGs, as outlined in Table 1. The 2021 inventories focus on the three GHGs most relevant to the City’s operations: carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (N2O), methane (CH4 ). The other gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluorides) are emitted primarily in private sector manufacturing and electricity transmission and are therefore omitted from the inventory. This approach is consistent with typical community and municipal inventory approaches, as industrial emissions are typically outside of the City’s jurisdictional control. Table 1 also includes the global warming potentials (GWP) for each gas.

The 2021 inventories used 100-year global warming potentials (GWP) for each gas that are consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report,6 which were also used by the State in their latest GHG emissions inventory. The GWP refers to the ability of each gas to trap heat in the atmosphere. For example, one pound of methane gas has 28 times more heat capturing potential than one pound of carbon dioxide gas. GHG emissions are reported in metric tons of CO2 equivalent (MT CO2e).
6 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Accessed January 5, 2023 at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
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Background
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 7
Table 1 2021 Inventory GHGs and GWPs
Greenhouse Gas Primary Source
100-year
GWP
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Combustion 1
Methane (CH4) Combustion, anaerobic decomposition of organic waste (e.g., in landfills, wastewater treatment plants)
28 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Leaking refrigerants and fire suppressants 265 Hydrofluorocarbons Leaking refrigerants and fire suppressants 4 - 12,400 Perfluorocarbons Aluminum production, semiconductor manufacturing, HVAC equipment manufacturing
6,630 -
11,100
Sulfur Hexafluoride
(SH6)
Transmission and distribution of power 23,500
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
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City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
8 3 GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Conducting a GHG emissions inventory serves to provide a comprehensive understanding of a jurisdiction’s GHG emissions, and may be developed to serve the following purposes:
▪Establishes perspective of GHG emissions conditions in the applicable inventory year. ▪Provide an understanding of where the highest sources of GHG emissions in the jurisdiction originate and where the greatest opportunities for emissions reduction exist. ▪Create a GHG emissions baseline from which the jurisdiction can establish a forecast, reduction targets, and track progress over time.

GHG inventories are developed by identifying the sources and sinks (sectors) for GHGs within the geographic or system boundary of interest (e.g., the City of Glendale), establishing activity data for each sector, and applying an emissions factor to determine the carbon dioxide equivalence (CO2e).

On the level of cities or counties, there are often many potential sectors contributing to the jurisdiction’s GHG emissions. However only a select few sectors are typically considered the major contributors to the jurisdiction’s GHG inventory are considered. The GHG emissions sectors used for the City’s GHG inventory are identified in Section 3.

3.1 Methodology
The City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory was developed in alignment with accounting protocols provided by the International Council for Local Government Initiatives (ICLEI). ICLEI protocols are designed for local-scale accounting of GHG emissions that contribute to climate change and provide authoritative guidance to account for GHG emissions accurately and consistently. The ICLEI U.S.

Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions Version 1.2 (Community Protocol) serves to guide the measurement and reporting of GHG emissions in a standardized way and is used by other jurisdictions to support their own inventory, forecast, and climate action planning efforts. The Community Protocol also includes steps to evaluate the relevance, completeness, consistency, transparency, and accuracy of data used in the GHG inventory.

Emissions Boundary
The City’s community inventory covers the relevant emissions sources within the boundary of the City of Glendale. The inventory thereby reflects emissions over which the City has direct control.

Scope
The Community Protocol recommends reporting GHG emissions from five basic reporting activities in a community inventory, which include:
▪Use of electricity by the community
▪Use of fuel in residential and commercial stationary combustion equipment ▪On-road passenger and freight motor vehicle travel
▪Use of energy in potable water and wastewater treatment and distribution ▪Generation of solid waste by the community
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The Community Protocol also provides recommendations for additional GHG emissions source reporting for activities that can be influenced by the accounting agency. Based on reporting practices in California, it is recommended that GHG emissions from off-road equipment fuel combustion and wastewater treatment processes are also included in community GHG emissions inventories. The full selection GHG emissions sources can be categorized more generally into the following five activity sectors:
▪Electricity
▪Natural Gas
▪Transportation
▪Water and Wastewater
▪Solid Waste
The City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory includes an assessment of the community-wide GHG emissions associated with these five sectors which serve as the basis for the GHG emissions forecast and target setting.

3.2 2021 Community GHG Emissions Inventory
Generally, GHG emissions were calculated by multiplying the activity data in each GHG emissions sector (e.g., transportation, energy, waste, water) by an associated emission factor. Activity data refer to the relevant measured or estimated energy usage or GHG-generating process data.

Emission factors are observation-based conversion factors used to equate activity data to generated GHG emissions. The 2021 Community GHG Inventory leverages the latest available models and best available data in accordance with the Community Protocol. The inventory serves to provide a comprehensive understanding of the community’s current GHG emissions. The following sections contain further information on the inventory approach, calculation methodologies, data used, and results.

3.2.1 Energy
Energy: Residential and Nonresidential Electricity
The community’s residential and nonresidential sectors source electricity from Glendale Water and Power (GWP) which is owned and operated by the City. GWP provided the activity data through electricity usage reports for the residential sector and nonresidential sector (including commercial, and industrial sectors). In general, industrial GHG emissions are assumed to be covered by the State Cap and Trade program. Therefore, industrial electricity reported by GWP was excluded from the 2021 Community GHG Inventory. GWP also provided information regarding total electricity generation, electricity purchases, and associated GHG emissions which were used to determine GWP’s emissions factor.

Emissions from residential and nonresidential electricity were calculated using Community Protocol Equation BE.2.1. The equation has been adjusted to remove electricity consumed by electric vehicles (EVs) by removing passenger car EV electricity use from residential electricity consumption and commercial and bus EV electricity consumption from nonresidential consumption. Electricity use from passenger, commercial, and bus EVs are added back into the inventory under the transportation sector to provide a more thorough differentiation between building and transportation sector emissions. More information regarding electric vehicle energy use can be 323 of 487

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10 found in Section 3.2.2. Equation 3.1 and Table 2 provide the adjusted equation, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions associated with community electricity consumption.

EQUATION 3.1
BE.2.1 RESIDENTIAL/NONRESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY SECTOR EMISSIONS 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦,𝑗=
𝑖
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗― 𝐸𝑉𝑖,𝑗 × 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 3.1
Table 2 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity Use Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
electricity consumption per
building type
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦,𝑗 See Table 4 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Electricity consumption per
building type per energy
provider
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗 See Table 3 kWh/year GWP 2021 Electricity Report1 Attributed electric vehicle
electricity consumption
𝐸𝑉𝑖,𝑗 See Table 3 kWh/year EMFAC20212
Electricity emission factor
based on energy provider
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 See Table 4 MT CO2e/kWh GWP 2021 Electricity Report Energy Providers 𝑖 GWP Categorical
Building type 𝑗 Residential
Nonresidential3
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; MWh = megawatt hour

1. Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023

2. California Air and Resources Board. 2023. Emission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6

3. Nonresidential includes kWh consumption from commercial sources and excludes energy consumption from industrial sources.

Table 3 below shows the original electricity activity data, allocated electric vehicle adjustment, and subsequent adjusted activity data used to determine GHG emissions for the community’s electricity consumption.

Table 3 Community Residential and Nonresidential Electricity Activity Data Adjustment Sector Provider
Original Activity Data
[kWh]
Attributed EV1
[kWh]
Adjusted Activity Data
[kWh]
Residential GWP 426,523,449 11,350,951 415,172,498
Nonresidential2 GWP 258,150,763 135,816 258,014,947
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; EV = electric vehicles

1. EV kWh usage from passenger vehicles are removed from residential electricity, while commercial and bus EV kWh usage is removed from nonresidential electricity. If multiple providers exist for a community, attributed EV allocates electric vehicle kWh consumption to each provider based on the proportion of electricity provided by each provider per building type.

2. Nonresidential includes kWh consumption from commercial sources and excludes energy consumption from industrial and sources. 324 of 487

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Resulting activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions per building type and provider is summarized in Table 4.

Table 4 Community Residential and Nonresidential Electricity GHG Emissions Calculations
Sector Provider
Adjusted Activity Data
[kWh]
Emission Factor
[MT CO2e/kWh]
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Residential GWP 415,172,498 0.000218 90,318
Nonresidential GWP 258,014,947 0.000218 56,129
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Energy: Electricity Transmission and Distribution Losses Electricity Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses arise from electricity lost during delivery to the buildings and associated end-uses in the City. Electricity T&D losses occur in the electricity transmission and distribution system and are therefore upstream of the delivery endpoints located within the City’s jurisdictional boundaries. This means this electricity is lost before it is counted.

However, T&D losses are estimated and included in the 2021 Community GHG Inventory as they are associated with energy usage in the City and thereby directly impacted by the community’s electricity consumption. Additionally, emissions from T&D losses are recommended for inclusions in community GHG inventories by the Community Protocol. Equation 3.2 and Table 5 provide the calculation method, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions associated with community T&D losses from electricity consumption. As T&D losses associated with EV electricity use are considered negligible and therefore are included in the quantification of residential and nonresidential electricity T&D.

EQUATION 3.2
BE.4 ELECTRICITY T&D LOSS SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑇&𝐷,𝑗=
𝑖
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗× 𝐿𝑇&𝐷× 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 3.2
Table 5 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity T&D Loss Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
transmission and distribution
losses per building type
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑇&𝐷,𝑖 See Table 6 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Electricity consumption per
energy provider and building
type
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗 See Table 6 MWh/year GWP 2021 Electricity Report1 Electricity emissions factor per
energy provider and building
type
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 See Table 6 MT CO2e/MWh GWP 2021 Electricity Report Electricity loss factor 𝐿𝑇&𝐷 4.40% Percent EPA eGRID2
Energy Providers 𝑖 GWP Categorical
Building type 𝑗 Residential Categorical
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12 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Nonresidential3
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; MWh = megawatt hour

1. Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023

2. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer

3. Nonresidential includes kWh consumption from commercial sources and excludes energy consumption from industrial sources.

The activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions associated with electricity T&D losses is summarized in Table 4 per building type and provider.

Table 6 Community Electricity T&D Loss GHG Emissions Calculations Sector Provider
Activity Data
[kWh]
T&D Losses
[kWh]1
Emission Factor
[MT CO2e/kWh]2
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Residential GWP 426,523,449 18,767,032 0.000218 4,083
Nonresidential GWP 258,150,763 11,358,634 0.000218 2,471 Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. T&D losses include the kWh consumption associated with EV charging.

Energy: Residential and Nonresidential Natural Gas
GHG emissions from natural gas result from the stationary combustion of natural gas in both the residential and nonresidential building sectors. Glendale’s natural gas is supplied by Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas) which provided activity data through natural gas usage reports.

GHG emission calculations are based on natural gas used in residential and nonresidential buildings (i.e., commercial and industrial). Like industrial electricity use, industrial use of natural gas is excluded from the GHG inventory as these emissions are regulated by the Cap-and-Trade program.

Emissions from residential and nonresidential natural gas use were calculated using Community Protocol Equation BE.1.1. Though the majority of GHG emissions result from the combustion of natural gas, not all the natural gas used is combusted. Natural gas that leaks from pipes and processing plants has a larger GHG impact compared to combusted natural gas due to the higher global warming potential of methane. Some natural gas also leaks from fittings and appliances within a building, after the natural gas meter which is used to quantify total gas usage. Therefore, Community Protocol has been adjusted to remove this small percentage of “behind the meter” natural gas from the combustion calculation, and instead count it as leakage. More information regarding emissions associated with natural gas leaks can be found under “Energy: Natural Gas Methane Leaks” subsection below. Equation 3.3 and Table 7 provide the adjusted equation, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions associated with community natural gas consumption in residential and nonresidential buildings. 326 of 487

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EQUATION 3.3
BE.1.1 RESIDENTIAL/NONRESIDENTIAL NATURAL GAS SECTOR EMISSIONS 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑁𝑎𝑡𝐺𝑎𝑠,𝑖= (𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖― [1 ― 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒])
× (𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝑂2× 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝑂2) + (𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝐻4× 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4) + (𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝑁2𝑂× 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂) × 10―1 × 10―3

3.3 Table 7 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Use Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
stationary combustion of
natural gas per building type
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑁𝑎𝑡𝐺𝑎𝑠,𝑖 See Table 8 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Natural gas consumed per
building type
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖 See Table 8 therms/year SoCalGas Natural Gas Report1 Percent natural gas lost during
consumer end-use
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒 0.50% Percent Environmental Defense Fund2
Carbon dioxide emission
factor for natural gas
combustion
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝑂2 53.06 kg CO2/mmBTU
natural gas
EPA Emission Factors Hub3
Methane emission factor for
natural gas combustion
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝐻4 .001 kg CH4/mmBTU
natural gas
EPA Emission Factors Hub
Nitrous oxide emission factor
for natural gas combustion
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝑁2𝑂 .0001 kg
N2O/mmBTU
natural gas
EPA Emission Factors Hub
Global warming potential of
carbon dioxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝑂2 1 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report4
Global warming potential of
methane
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4 28 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Global warming potential of
nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂 265 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Conversion factor 10―1 0.1 mmBTU/therm
Conversion factor 10―3 .001 MT/kg
Building type (i.e. residential
or nonresidential)
𝑖 Residential
Nonresidential5
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; therms = thermal unit; mmBTU = metric million British thermal unit; kg = kilograms

1. Southern California Gas (SOCALGAS) Natural Gas Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on March 20, 2023

2. Environmental Defense Fund USER GUIDE FOR NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE MODELING TOOL. Available at:
https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/US-Natural-Gas-Leakage-Model-User-Guide.pdf

3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Emission Factors Hub. April 1, 2022. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub

4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/

5. Nonresidential includes natural gas use from commercial sources and excludes energy consumption from industrial and sources. 327 of 487

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14 The total natural gas consumption, combusted natural gas activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions associated with community natural gas use is summarized in Table 8 per building type and provider.

Table 8 Community Residential and Nonresidential Natural Gas GHG Emissions Calculations
Sector
Activity Data
[therms]
End-use Leakage
[therms]
Adjusted Activity
Data
[therms]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/therm]
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Residential 26,190,181 130,951 26,059,230 0.005311 138,412 Nonresidential 9,862,627 49,313 9,813,314 0.005311 52,123 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Energy: Natural Gas Methane Leaks
Natural gas methane leaks occur during delivery to the buildings and during associated end-uses in the community. Gas methane leaks from delivery occur in the pipeline distribution system and are therefore upstream of the delivery endpoints located in Glendale and not reflected in reported total natural gas usage. While natural gas pipeline distribution leakage is technically outside of the City’s jurisdictional boundaries, the leakage is still directly impacted by natural gas consumption in the community. As leakage is directly connected to the community’s natural gas consumption, it is best practice to include leakage as an emissions sector and is therefore included in the City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory. Methane leaks from end-use discussed previously occur at the point of use in the City and therefore occur within the City’s jurisdictional boundaries. Though a recommended source of emissions, the Community Protocol does not provide a specific calculation methodology for determining GHG emissions from natural gas leakage. Therefore, emissions from natural gas leaks were calculated using Equation 3.4 which estimates emissions in alignment with energy calculation principles set forth by the Community Protocol and the guidance provided under Community Protocol Section BE.5 Upstream Emissions from Energy Use. Table 9 shows the parameters and data sources associated with Equation 3.4 which were used to quantify GHG emissions from natural gas distribution and end-use leakage.

EQUATION 3.4

NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘,𝑖= 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖× 𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘× (𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒+ 𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡) 3.4
Table 9 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Leaks Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
natural gas distribution
leakage per building type
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘,𝑖 See Table 10 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Natural gas consumed per
building type
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖 See Table 10 therms/year SoCalGas Natural Gas Report1 Emission factor for natural gas
leakage
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘 0.053067 MT
CO2e/therm
Calculated2
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Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Percent natural gas lost during
distribution
𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 2.3% Percent Alvarez, Ramón et al. (2018)3
Percent natural gas lost during
consumer end-use
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒 0.5% Percent Environmental Defense Fund4
Building type (i.e. residential
or nonresidential)
𝑖 Residential
Nonresidential5
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; therms = thermal unit

1. Southern California Gas (SoCalGas) Natural Gas Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on March 20, 2023

2. Emission factor is calculated using the following equation:

2.85 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚 ∗ 95% 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 0.7 𝑘𝑔
𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 28 𝐶𝑂2𝑒
𝐶𝐻4
∗ 0.001 𝑀𝑇
𝑘𝑔

3. Alvarez, Ramón et al. (2018). Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science. 361. Accessed January 12, 2023 at: https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aar7204

4. Environmental Defense Fund USER GUIDE FOR NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE MODELING TOOL. Accessed January 12,2023 at:
https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/US-Natural-Gas-Leakage-Model-User-Guide.pdf

5. Nonresidential includes natural gas use from commercial sources and excludes energy consumption from industrial and sources.

The total natural gas use and resulting leakage activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions per building type is summarized in Table 10.

Table 10 Community Natural Gas Methane Leaks GHG Emissions Calculations Natural Gas Sector
Leakage
Source
Activity Data
[therms]
Methane
Leakage
[therms]
Emissions Factor
[MT
CO2e/therm]
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Distribution 26,190,181 602,374 0.053067
Residential
End-use 26,190,181 130,951 0.053067
38,915
Distribution 9,862,627 226,840 0.053067
Nonresidential
End-use 9,862,627 49,313 0.053067
14,655
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

3.2.2 Transportation
Transportation: On-road
On-road vehicles in the community produce GHG emissions from the mobile combustion of fossil fuels (i.e., internal combustion engines) and up-stream from the production of electricity (i.e., electric vehicles). GHG emissions from the on-road transportation sector were calculated in accordance with Community Protocol TR.1.A and TR.2.B. The methodology leverages on-road transportation data from CARB’s 2021 EMission FACtor (EMFAC2021) model.7 EMFAC2021 provides data on the county-wide data level and does not differentiate data according to cities.

The Community Protocol recommends use of regional travel demand models to differentiate passenger, commercial, and bus vehicle miles travelled activity data. This assessment utilizes data 7 California Air and Resources Board. 2023. Emission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 329 of 487

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16 provided by Replica.8 The Replica model uses big data sources such as GPS, cell phone, credit card transactions, real estate data, and ground truthing along with powerful machine learning techniques to generate a statewide land use and VMT model that is then scaled with census data and updated on a quarterly basis. For this assessment, Replica provided origin-destination average daily weekday and weekend VMT for each quarter of the year for the City of Glendale. Quarterly daily VMT provided by Replica was averaged and scaled9 to determine 2021 VMT activity data for the City.

Equation 3.5 and Table 11 define the equations, parameters, and data sources used to convert resulting Replica VMT activity data to GHG emissions from on-road transportation fuel combustion.

EQUATION 3.5
TR.1.A & TR.2.B ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION COMBUSTION EMISSIONS 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑖= 𝑇𝑖 +
1 2𝑇𝑂,𝑖+
1 2𝑇𝐷,𝑖 × 𝐸𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜,𝑖

3.5 Table 11 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-road Transportation Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual community on-
road GHG emissions per
vehicle class
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑂𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑖 See Table 14 MT CO2e/year Calculated
VMT occurring within
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝑖 See Table 14 miles Replica Model1
VMT originating within and
terminating outside of
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝑂,𝑖 See Table 14 miles Replica Model
VMT originating outside of and
terminating within
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝐷,𝑖 See Table 14 miles Replica Model
Emissions factor for on-road
vehicles per vehicle class
𝐸𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜,𝑖 See Table 14 MT CO2e/mile EMFAC2021 v1.0.12
Vehicle class 𝑖 Passenger
Commercial
Bus
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; VMT = vehicle miles travelled

1. Replica VMT data for the City of Glendale provided via email on February 6, 2023.

2. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2023. EMission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 In addition to mobile combustion emissions accounted under Community Protocol Equations TR.1.A and TR.2.B, GHG emissions from electric vehicles were included in the City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory for more accurate accounting of on-road transportation trends. This was achieved through modifying Equation 3.5 to account for EV modeshare estimates based on total VMT. Note 8 https://www.replicahq.com/
9 Weekend daily VMT is scaled assuming 104 weekends in a year, while weekday daily VMT was scaled assuming 261 weekdays in a year. 330 of 487

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that EV activity data is not deducted from Equation 3.5 due to the use of EMFAC2021 emissions factors which account for EV activity but attribute GHG emissions to be zero, and therefore should not result in double counting. The adjusted equation, parameters, and data sources used to estimate GHG emissions attributable to on-road EV activity is provided in Equation 3.6 and Table 12 below.

EQUATION 3.6

ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIC VEHICLE EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝐸𝑉,𝑖= 𝑇𝑖 +
1 2𝑇𝑂,𝑖+
1 2𝑇𝐷,𝑖 × 𝐸𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒,𝑖× 𝐸𝑃𝑀𝑖 × 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑗

3.6 Table 12 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-road Transportation Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual community on-
road EV GHG emissions per
vehicle class
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑂𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝐸𝑉,𝑖See Table 14 MT CO2e/year Calculated
VMT occurring within
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝑖 See Table 13 miles Replica Model1
VMT originating within and
terminating outside of
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝑂,𝑖 See Table 13 miles Replica Model
Vehicle miles travelled
originating outside of and
terminating within
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝐷,𝑖 See Table 13 miles Replica Model
Percent share of VMT
attributable to EVs
𝐸𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒,𝑖 See Table 13 % EMFAC2021 v1.0.12
Average rate of electricity
consumption per EV-mile per
vehicle class
𝐸𝑃𝑀𝑖 See Table 13 kWh/mile EMFAC2021 v1.0.1
Weighted average electricity
emissions factor per building
type
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑗 See Table 13 MT CO2e/kWh GWP 2021 Electricity Report3 Vehicle class 𝑖 Passenger
Commercial
Bus
Categorical
Building type 𝑗 Residential
Nonresidential
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; EV = electric vehicles; VMT = vehicle miles travelled; kWh = kilowatt hour

1. Replica VMT data for the City of Glendale provided via email on February 6, 2023.

2. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2023. EMission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6

3. Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023 331 of 487

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18 Table 13 shows the VMT activity data for community vehicles per vehicle class as well as the EV share of VMT and EVMT used to determine EV activity data expressed as electricity consumption.

Table 13 Community On-road EV Activity Data Calculations Vehicle Class
VMT Activity
Data [miles] EV Share [%] EVMT [miles] EPM [kWh/mile]
EV Activity Data
[kWh]
Passenger 1,230,370,632 2.54% 31,251,414 0.36 11,350,951 Commercial 47,569,751 0.00% 0 0.00 0
Bus 12,605,474 0.51% 64,288 2.11 135,816
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles travelled; EV = electric vehicle; EPM = electricity per mile; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour
The activity data, emissions factors, and resulting GHG emissions from on-road transportation quantified in accordance with Equation 3.5 and Equation 3.6 is summarized in Table 14 below.

Table 14 Community On-road Transportation GHG Emissions Calculations Sector Activity Data1 Emission Factor
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Passenger VMT 1,230,370,632 VMT 0.000354 MT CO2e/mile 435,551 Commercial VMT 47,569,751 VMT 0.001198 MT CO2e/mile 56,989 Bus VMT 12,605,474 VMT 0.002123 MT CO2e/mile 26,761
Passenger EVMT1 11,350,951 kWh 0.000218 MT CO2e/kWh 2,469 Commercial EVMT2 0 kWh 0.000218 MT CO2e/kWh 0
Bus EVMT2 135,816 kWh 0.000218 MT CO2e/kWh 30
Total 521,800
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. EV activity data does not include kWh associated with T&D losses as these emissions are considered negligible and are included under energy sector emissions.

2. Emissions factor for on-road passenger EV electricity use is weighted according to the portion of electricity supplied per provider in the residential electricity sector (see Table 4)

3. Emissions factor for on-road commercial and bus EV electricity use is weighted according to the portion of electricity supplied per provider in the residential electricity sector (see Table 4) Transportation: Off-road
Off-road equipment and vehicles in the community generate GHG emissions from the mobile combustion of fossil fuels. Off-road fuel usage results from equipment operation for sectors such as agricultural, construction, lawn and garden, or recreational equipment. Community Protocol Equation TR.8 was used to quantify GHG emissions from off-road equipment fuel consumption and is shown under Equation 3.7 below. Table 15 lists the parameters, values, and data sources used to quantify emissions in according with the Community Protocol. 332 of 487

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EQUATION 3.7
TR.8 OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑗= 𝐸𝐹𝑗 ×
𝑖
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑖,𝑗× 𝐴𝐹𝑖 3.7
Table 15 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Off-Road Equipment Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
offroad equipment
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑗 See Table 17 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Annual fuel consumption in
the County per sector per fuel
type
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑖,𝑗 See Table 17 Gallons/year OFFROAD20211
Fuel attribution factor per
equipment type
𝐴𝐹𝑖 See Table 16 Percent SCAG Growth Forecast2
Emission factor per fuel type 𝐸𝐹𝑗 See Table 17 MT CO2e/gallon EPA Emission Factors Hub3 Equipment Type 𝑖 See Table 16 Categorical OFFROAD2021
Fuel type 𝑗 Gasoline
Diesel
Natural Gas
Categorical OFFROAD2021
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. California Air Resource Board (CARB). 2023. Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Off-road (OFFROAD2021 v1.0.3). Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6

2. Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG). 2023. 2016-2040 RTP/SCS Final Growth Forecast by Jurisdiction. Available at: https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/file-attachments/2016_2040rtpscs_finalgrowthforecastbyjurisdiction.pdf?1605576071

3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub Locally applicable activity data in alignment with ICLEI protocol standards reports off-road equipment fuel consumption on a county-wide basis. Attribution factors per equipment type used to allocate City off-road fuel usage were determined based on demographic data and land use data relating to population size, number of jobs, and agricultural acreage where applicable. The demographic attribution metrics and percent attribution used for each off-road equipment type is shown in Table 16.

Table 16 Community Off-road Equipment Sector Attributions Equipment Type Attribution Metric Attribution Data Source Agricultural Excluded – Other1 0.00% Not Applicable
Airport Ground Support Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Cargo Handling Equipment Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Commercial Harbor Craft Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Construction and Mining Employment 2.56% SCAG Growth Forecast2 Industrial Employment 2.56% SCAG Growth Forecast
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20 Equipment Type Attribution Metric Attribution Data Source Lawn and Garden Population 1.93% SCAG Growth Forecast
Light Commercial Employment 2.56% SCAG Growth Forecast
Locomotive Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional
Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Ocean Going Vessel Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional
Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Oil Drilling Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional
Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Outboard Marine Tanks Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Pleasure Craft Population 1.93% SCAG Growth Forecast
Portable Equipment Employment 2.56% SCAG Growth Forecast Transport Refrigeration
Unit
Employment 2.56% SCAG Growth Forecast
Recreational Population 1.93% SCAG Growth Forecast
Military Tactical Support Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Forestry Excluded – Other3 0.00% Not Applicable
Notes:

1. Agricultural off-road equipment was excluded to remain consistent with the scope of the City’s 2021 Community Inventory which excludes agricultural electricity and natural gas sector GHG emissions due to aggregation rules.

3. Though forestry occurs withing the County of Los Angeles, there appears to be minimal opportunity for forestry within the City’s boundaries. Therefore, it is assumed that offroad fuel consumption for forestry activities is negligible and thereby excluded.

The allocated and aggregated activity data by fuel type, emission factors, and emissions results for the inventory’s off-road equipment sector are provided in Table 17.

Table 17 Community Off-road GHG Emissions Calculations
Fuel Type
Activity Data
(gallons)
Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/gallon)1
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Diesel 2,227,013 0.010470 23,317
Gasoline 2,109,767 0.009189 19,386
Natural Gas 1,369,734 0.005862 8,030
TOTAL 50,732
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Values may not add due to rounding

1. Emission factors per fuel type represent a weighted average based on the emissions factor and fuel consumption per offroad equipment type as determined according to EPA’s Emissions Factor Hub available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg- emission-factors-hub

3.2.3 Solid Waste
GHG emissions associated with the waste sector result from the decomposition of waste at a landfill as well as landfill operation processes. Scholl Canyon Landfill is the primary landfill utilized by the City of Glendale and is owned and operated by the City. GHG emissions from waste decomposition 334 of 487

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were calculated using Community Protocol Method SW.4. Equation 3.8 and Table 18 provide the calculation method, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions in accordance with Community Protocol SW.4.

EQUATION 3.8
SW.4.1 SOLID WASTE FUGITIVE EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒,𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4× (1 ― 𝐶𝐸) × (1 ― 𝑂𝑋) × 𝑀 ×
𝑖
𝑃𝑖 × 𝐸𝐹𝑖 3.8
Table 18 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual community
generated waste GHG
emissions
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒,𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 75,067 MT
CO2e/year
Calculated
Methane global warming
potential
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4 28 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report1
Default LFG collection
efficiency
𝐶𝐸 0.75 Fraction ICLEI Community Protocol
Oxidation rate 𝑂𝑋 0.10 Fraction ICLEI Community Protocol Total mass of waste entering
landfill
𝑀 244,904 Wet short
tons
City of Glendale2
Proportion of total waste
material per material type
𝑃𝑖 See Table 19 Fraction Go2Zero Strategies3
Emission factor per material
type4
𝐸𝐹𝑖 See Table 19 MT CH4/wet
short ton
ICLEI Community Protocol
Material type 𝑖 Multiple Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/

2. Tons of waste activity data provided by the City of Glendale via SharePoint on March 9, 2023

3. Go2Zero Strategies. 2019. City of Glendale Waste Characterization Study. Provided by the City via SharePoint on March 9, 2023 While the Glendale Waste Characterization Study conducted by Go2Zero10 provides an extensive assessment of the community’s waste, the material types identified do not directly correlate with those identified in the Community Protocol. Default emissions factors provided in the Community Protocol per material type were thus determined by cross-referencing material types between the City’s waste characterization study and the Community Protocol. Where multiple material types were found to be applicable, an average emissions factor was calculated based on Community Protocol default values. Table 19 provides the proportion of solid waste per material type, identified material cross-references, and the resulting average methane emissions factors. 10 https://go2zero.net/
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22 Table 19 Community Solid Waste Proportions and Emissions Factors Glendale
Material Types Proportion Protocol Cross-Reference
Average Methane
Emissions Factor1
[MT CH4/ton]
Green Waste 13.00% Grass
Leaves
Branches
Lumber

0.0433
Compostable Paper 4.00% Newspaper 0.0429
Food 18.00% Food Waste 0.0776
Liquid 2.00% Food Waste 0.0776
Corrugated 3.00% Corrugated Cardboard 0.1200
Mixed Paper 9.00% Office Paper
Coated Paper

0.1257
Plastic Containers 2.00% N/A 0.0000
Durable Plastics 4.00% N/A 0.0000
Glass 3.00% N/A 0.0000
Metal 5.00% N/A 0.0000
Inorganics 4.00% Construction and Demolition 0.0121
Textiles 6.00% Textiles 0.0726
Other Plastics 7.00% N/A 0.0000
Mixed Residue 6.00% Coated Paper
Corrugated Cardboard
Diapers

0.0804
HHW & E-waste 10.00% N/A 0.0000
Bulky & Special Waste 3.00% Medical Waste
Sludge and Manure
Lumber

0.0403
Weighted Average2 0.0487
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. Average methane emissions are calculated by cross-refencing material types between Glendale’s Waste Characterization Study conducted by Go2Zero with those identified in the Community Protocol and averaging applicable default emissions factors per material type.

2. The weighted average methane emissions factor is calculated based on the average emissions factor per material type and the proportion of material in the solid waste stream as identified in Glendale’s Waste Characterization Study conducted by Go2Zero.

Landfill process emissions result in GHG emissions due to the consumption of energy to power the equipment necessary to manage the landfill. However, as Scholl landfill is located within the City’s boundaries, energy consumption for landfill processes are anticipated to be included under the nonresidential energy sector of Glendale’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory. To avoid the risk of double counting, GHG emissions associated with energy use at Scholl landfill were not included in the City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory, but are quantified below for informational purposes.

Landfill process emissions were quantified according to Community Protocol SW.5 which is outlined in Equation 3.10 and Table 19 below.
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EQUATION 3.9
SW.5 SOLID WASTE PROCESS EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑀 × 𝐸𝐹𝑝 3.10
Table 20 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual landfill process GHG
emissions
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 2,694 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Total mass of solid waste that
enters the landfill in the
inventory year
𝑀 244,904 Wet short
tons/year
City of Glendale1
Emissions factor for landfill
process emissions
𝐸𝐹𝑝 0.011 MT CO2e/wet
short ton
ICLEI Community Protocol
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. Tons of waste activity data provided by the City of Glendale via Sharepoint on March 9, 2023 The total GHG emissions from solid waste emissions sources is summarized in Table 21.

Table 21 Community Solid Waste Tonnage Allocation
Emissions Source GHG Emissions [MT CO2e/year]
Landfill Fugitive Emissions 75,067
Landfill Process Emissions1 2,694
Total 75,067
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. As Scholl Canyon Landfill is within City boundaries and is owned and operated by the City, process related emissions are anticipated to be included under energy sector GHG emissions and thus are excluded from total GHG emissions attributable to the solid waste sector.

3.2.4 Water
Water consumption generates GHG emissions from the electricity used to deliver water to the community, as well as the energy used to treat and convey the water prior to delivery. GWP provides ground water to the City and is classified as locally sourced water in this assessment. The majority of water supplied to the City is imported from Municipal Water District of Southern California (MWD). Table 22 shows the parameters and data sources associated with Equation 3.11 which were used to quantify GHG emissions from local and imported water sources. 337 of 487

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24 EQUATION 3.11
WW.14 WATER SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑖= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑖 ×
𝑗
𝐸𝐼𝑖,𝑗× 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 3.11
Table 22 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Water Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
water consumption per water
district
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑖 See Table 26 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Volume of water supplied to
the community per water
district
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑖 See Table 23 AF GWP 2021 Water Production
Report1
Energy intensity of water
distribution per water district
𝐸𝐼𝑖,𝑗
See Table 24
kWh/AF

1. GWP 2021 Water Production
Report

2. ICLEI Community Protocol

3. GWP 2020 UWMP2

4. MWD 2020 UWMP3
Electricity emissions factor per
water process stage per source
type
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 See Table 25 MT CO2e/kWh 1. GWP 2021 Electricity Report4

2. EPA eGRID5
Water district 𝑖 See Table 23 Categorical
Water process stage 𝑗 Extraction
Conveyance
Treatment
Distribution
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; AF = acre-feet; kWh = kilowatt hour; UWMP = Urban Water Management Plan

1. Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Water Production Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on March 8, 2023

2. City of Glendale. 2021. Urban Water Management Plan, Appendices, Table O-1A. Available at:
https://www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/62414/637623899860970000

3. Municipal Water District of Southern California (MWD). 2021. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP)Table A.10-5 2018 Treated and Untreated Water Energy Intensity. Available at: https://www.mwdh2o.com/media/21641/2020-urban-water- management-plan-june-2021.pdf

4. Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023

5. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
Table 23 shows the total water supplied to the City by each water district or provider and classifies the activity data as local vs imported sources of water. 338 of 487

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Table 23 Community Water Activity Data
Water Districts Activity Data [AF]
Local Water Supply
Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 8,586.11
Imported Water Supply
Municipal Water District of Southern California
(MWD) 14,816.00
Notes: AF = acre-feet
The energy intensities and emissions factors per water district or provider are summarized in Table 24 and Table 25, respectively. As MWD’s operations occur outside of the City’s jurisdictional boundaries and is anticipated to be supplied by multiple electricity providers, the CAMX grid mix emissions factor provided by eGRID was used to estimate emissions. However, at the distribution to consumer stage of water management, imported water is managed within the City’s boundaries using Glendale’s water infrastructure and therefore GWP’s emissions factor is utilized.

Table 24 Community Water Energy Intensities Per Water District Energy Intensities [kWh/AF]
Water District Extraction Conveyance Treatment Distribution (Purveyor)
Distribution
(Consumer) All Stages
Local Water Supply
GWP1 309.70 — 120.00 — 384.70 814.40
Imported Water Supply
MWD2 — 1,919.90 69.70 -152.60 384.70 2,221.70
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; AF = acre-feet

1. Energy Intensity information for Glendale Water and Power (GWP) was acquired from the following sources:

1.a. Extraction: Calculated based on electricity consumption and AF produced from GWP wells as reported in the GWP 2021 Water Production Report.

1.b. Conveyance: Included under Extraction energy intensity

1.c. Treatment: Based on ICLEI Community Protocol default factor as provided under Appendix F Wastewater and Water Emissions Activities and Sources, Table WW.14.4: Energy Intensities for Water Treatment

1.d. Distribution: Based on the City's 2020 UWMP, Appendix E Table O-1A available at:
https://www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/62414/637623899860970000

2. Energy Intensity information for Municipal Water District (MWD) was sourced from the company’s 2020 Urban Water Management Plan available at: https://www.mwdh2o.com/media/21641/2020-urban-water-management-plan-june-2021.pdf

2.a. Distribution: Due to the high elevations from which MWD water is sourced, MWD’s distribution system to purveyors relies primarily on gravity with minimal electricity input. Additionally, MWD’s distribution system is lined with hydroelectric generation plants along the pipelines. Therefore, the energy intensity for MWD distribution to purveyors is negative as the energy input combined with electricity generation results in a net production, rather than consumption, of power. 339 of 487

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Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
26 Table 25 Community Water Emissions Factors Per Water District Emissions Factors [MT CO2e/kWh]
Water District Extraction Conveyance Treatment
Distribution
(Purveyor)
Distribution
(Consumer) All Stages
Local Water Supply
GWP1 0.000218 0.000218 0.000218 0.000218 0.000218 0.000218 Imported Water Supply
MWD2 0.000242 0.000242 0.000242 0.000242 0.000218 0.000238 Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; AF = acre-feet

1. Emissions factors are sourced from Glendale Water and Power’s (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report

2. As Municipal Water District (MWD) operation are outside of City boundaries, the CAMX grid mix emissions factor provided by eGRID was used to estimate emissions. Information on CAMX emissions factor for 2021 is available at: https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data- explorer
Table 26 shows the City’s water sector GHG emissions and total GHG emissions added to Glendale’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory. MWD imported water is distributed to City residents using water infrastructure, such as pumps, which are owned and operated by GWP. Therefore, the energy used to distribute imported water was accounted for in the energy section and and is thus excluded from total water sector emissions to avoid double counting.

Table 26 Community Water GHG Emissions and Inclusions
Emissions [MT CO2e/year]
Water District Extraction Conveyance Treatment
Distribution
(Purveyor)
Distribution
(Consumer)
All
Stages
Local Water Supply
Emissions 578 — 224 — 719 1,521
GWP
Inclusion No — No — No No
Imported Water Supply
Emissions 6,886 — 250 -547 1,240 7,828
MWD
Inclusion Yes Yes Yes Yes No1 —
Total Water Supply
Total 6,588
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; AF = acre-feet

1. As MWD is distributed to consumers within City boundaries using the City’s water infrastructure, distribution GHG emissions are anticipated to be accounted in energy sector emissions and are thereby excluded from total water sector GHG emissions.

3.2.5 Wastewater
Management of wastewater produces emissions through every stage of the process from collection to final use or discharge. Glendale’s wastewater is treated by the Los-Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (LAGWRP) which is equitably co-owned by the City of Glendale and the City of Los Angeles, though it lies outside of Glendale’s city boundaries. The wastewater reclamation plant (WRP) uses tertiary treatment nitrification/denitrification processes to produce recycled water for 340 of 487

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irrigation and industrial re-use.11 Glendale is entitled to 50% of recycled water produced by LAGWRP but currently only uses 25-33% of the City’s entitlement. Recycled water not utilized by the City is discharged into the Los Angeles River. 12
The LAGWRP is part of an integrated system of wastewater treatment plants (WRP) which include the Tillman WRP, Burbank WRP, and the Hyperion WRP. The four water treatment facilities are known as the North Outfall Sewer (NOS). Biosolids and excess flows from Tillman WRP, LAGWRP, and Burbank WRP are diverted to the Hyperion WRP for treatment and disposal.12 Hyperion WRP utilizes a primary and secondary treatment process using digester tanks to treat wastewater for reclamation purposes or discharge to the Santa Monica Bay.13 Currently, Hyperion WRP processes an average of 260 million gallons (MG) per day with approximately 220 MG being discharged into the sea.14
GHG emissions from LAGWRP operations are a result of process emissions from nitrification/denitrification (see Equation 3.14 and Table 29), excess recycled water discharge into the LA River (see Equation 3.15 and Table 30), and electricity use (see Equation 3.16 and Table 33).

As primarily only biosolids are sent from LAGWRP to Hyperion WRP for treatment, only stationary combustion emissions from combustion of digester gas was included with relation to Hyperion WRP operations in this assessment. The set of methods used to quantify stationary combustion emissions is outlined in Equation 3.12 and Table 27 as well as Equation 3.13 and Table 28 below.

EQUATION 3.12
WW.1.(ALT) WASTEWATER DIGESTER GAS STATIONARY COMBUSTION EMISSIONS (CH4) 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡,𝐶𝐻4,𝑖= 𝑃𝑖 × 𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 × 𝑓𝐶𝐻4× 𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐶𝐻4× 10―6 × 𝐸𝐹𝐶𝐻4× 365.25 × 10―3 × 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4

3.12 Table 27 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.1.(alt) Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted by
devices designed to combust
digester gas
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡,𝐶𝐻4See Table 34 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Population served1 𝑃𝑖 320,787 People 1. SCAG Growth Forecast2 Rate of digester gas volume
production
𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 1.00 std
ft3/person/day
ICLEI Community Protocol
Fraction of methane in
digester gas
𝑓𝐶𝐻4 0.65 Fraction ICLEI Community Protocol
Default higher heating value
of methane
𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐶𝐻4 1,028 BTU/ft3 ICLEI Community Protocol
11 City of Los Angeles Sanitation. 2023. Los Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant. Available at:
https://www.lacitysan.org/san/faces/home/portal/s-lsh-wwd/s-lsh-wwd-cw/s-lsh-wwd-cw-p/s-lsh-wwd-cw-p-lagwrp?_adf.ctrl- state=t7b1utnjj_5&_afrLoop=12857866421655975#!
12 City of Glendale. 2020. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP). Available at:
https://www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/62412/637623898692530000 13 City of Los Angeles Sanitation. 2023. Hyperion Reclamation Plant. Available at: https://www.lacitysan.org/san/faces/home/portal/s- lsh-wwd/s-lsh-wwd-cw/s-lsh-wwd-cw-p/s-lsh-wwd-cw-p-hwrp?_adf.ctrl-state=t7b1utnjj_752&_afrLoop=12859331002222320#! 14 341 of 487

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
28 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Conversion factor 10―6 0.000001 mmBTU/BTU
Methane emissions factor 𝐸𝐹𝐶𝐻4 0.0032 kg CH4/mmBTU ICLEI Community Protocol Conversion factor 365.25 365.25 Days/year ICLEI Community Protocol Conversion factor 10―3 0.001 MT/kg
Global warming potential of
methane
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4 25 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP)
𝑖 Hyperion
WRP
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; BTU = British thermal unit; mmBTU = one million British thermal units; kg = kilograms;

1. Population serviced (or service population) is the sum of population and employment

3.13 Table 28 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.2.(alt) Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted by
devices designed to combust
digester gas
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡,𝑁2𝑂See Table 34 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Population served1 𝑃𝑖 320,787 People 1. SCAG Growth Forecast2 Rate of digester gas volume
production
𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 1.00 std
ft3/person/day
ICLEI Community Protocol
Fraction of methane in
digester gas
𝑓𝐶𝐻4 0.65 Fraction ICLEI Community Protocol
Default higher heating value
of methane
𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐶𝐻4 1,028 BTU/ft3 ICLEI Community Protocol
Conversion factor 10―6 0.000001 mmBTU/BTU
Nitrous Oxide emissions factor 𝐸𝐹𝑁2𝑂 0.0006 kg
N2O/mmBTU
ICLEI Community Protocol
Conversion factor 365.25 365.25 Days/year ICLEI Community Protocol Conversion factor 10―3 0.001 MT/kg
Global warming potential of
nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂 265 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP)
𝑖 Hyperion
WRP
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; BTU = British thermal unit; mmBTU = one million British thermal units; kg = kilograms;

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Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 29
Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source

2. Southern California Association of Governments. 2023. 2016-2040 RTP/SCS Final Growth Forecast by Jurisdiction. Available at:
https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/file-attachments/2016_2040rtpscs_finalgrowthforecastbyjurisdiction.pdf?1605576071 EQUATION 3.14
WW.7 CENTRALIZED WWTP W/ NITRIFICATION/DENITRIFICATION
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡,𝑖= 𝑃𝑖 × 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑―𝑐𝑜𝑚× 𝐸𝐹𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡× 10―6 × 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂 3.14 Table 29 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.7 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted by
WWTP processes
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡,𝑖See Table 34 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Population served1 𝑃𝑖 320,787 People 1. SCAG Growth Forecast2 Factor for insignificant
industrial or commercial
discharge
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑―𝑐𝑜𝑚 1.25 ICLEI Community Protocol
Emissions factor for a WWTP
without nitrification or
denitrification
𝐸𝐹𝑤/𝑜 𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡 7.00 g
N2O/person/year
ICLEI Community Protocol
Conversion factor 10―6 0.000001 mmBTU/BTU
Global warming potential of
nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂 265 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP)
𝑖 LAGWRP Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; BTU = British thermal unit; mmBTU = one million British thermal units; kg = kilograms;

1. Population serviced (or service population) is the sum of population and employment

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
30 EQUATION 3.15
WW.12 NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM EFFLUENT DISCHARGE
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡,𝑖= 𝑁 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑙× 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡× 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡,𝑖× 44 28 × 365.25 × 10―3
× 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂

3.15 Table 30 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.12 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted
by WWTP processes
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑤/𝑜 𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡,𝑖See Table 34 MT CO2e/year Calculated Average total nitrogen per
day
𝑁 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 See Table 31 kg N/day LAGWRP Effluent Quality
Report1
Percentage of total
reclaimed water
attributable to the City
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑙 See Table 32 % City of Glendale 2020
UWMP2
Percentage of reclaimed
water discharged as
effluent into designated
water body
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡 See Table 32 % City of Glendale 2020
UWMP
Emissions factor of
discharge to water body
type (river)
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡,𝑖 0.005 kg N2O-N/kg
sewage-N
discharged
ICLEI Community Protocol
Molecular weight ratio of
N2O to N2
44 28

1.57 Fraction
Conversion factor 365.25 365.25 Days/year
Conversion factor 10―3 0.001 MT/kg
Global warming potential
of nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂 265 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report
Wastewater treatment
plant (WWTP)
𝑖 LAGWRP Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; kg = kilograms

1. Los-Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (LAGWRP) Summary of Overall Treatment Plant Effluent Quality Report provided by the City via email on March 15, 2023

2. City of Glendale. 2020. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP). Available at:
https://www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/62412/637623898692530000 The Effluent Quality Report provided by LAGWRP reports the minimum, maximum, and average volume of wastewater effluent processed per day as well as the concentration of NH3-N, NO2-N, and NO3-N in the effluent. Summarized data from this report used to determine the total nitrogen load is provided in Table 31.
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Table 31 Community Wastewater WW.12 Nitrogen Load Activity Data Calculations Month
Effluent Processed1
[gal/month]
Nitrogen Concentration2
[kg N/gal]
Nitrogen Load
[kg N/month]
January 498,864,100 0.00002217 11,062
February 438,241,900 0.00001943 8,514
March 503,650,000 0.00002197 11,064
April 515,708,500 0.00002043 10,534
May 527,492,500 0.00002414 12,736
June 501,357,000 0.00002313 11,596
July 500,676,800 0.00002309 11,561
August 492,802,000 0.00002214 10,912
September 472,441,800 0.00002316 10,942
October 485,735,000 0.00002144 10,412
November 468,319,000 0.00002290 10,726
December 483,537,100 0.00002263 10,942
Notes: kg = kilograms; gal = gallons

1. Effluent processed per month was determined by summing the reported daily average volume processed per month in LAGWRP’s Effluent Quality Report.

2. Nitrogen concentration was calculated by averaging LAGWRP’s reported daily average mg N/L to determine a monthly average, summing across NH3-N, NO2-N, and NO3-N chemical constituents, and converting to kg N/gal Table 32 shows the calculation method for the percent LAGWRP treated wastewater attributable to Glendale and the percent recycled water which is released as effluent rather than being recycled for reuse.

Table 32 Community Wastewater WW.12 Percent Attribution Calculations Attribution Metric Total [AF] Community Total [AF] Percent Attribution 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑙1 14,983 6,024 40.21%
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡2 8,000 2,000 75.00%
Notes: AF = acre-feet

1. Percent of wastewater attributable to the community is based on the total LAGWRP wastewater processed (14,983 AF) and wastewater produced by Glendale (6,024 AF) in 2020 as reported in the City of Glendale’s 2020 UWMP, available at:
https://www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/62412/637623898692530000

2. Percent of wastewater effluent is conservatively estimated based on Glendale’s current recycled water use (2,000 AF) and the maximum potential recycled water entitlement (8,000 AF) as reported in the City of Glendale’s 2020 UWMP, available at:
https://www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/62412/637623898692530000 Though the City of Glendale co-owns LAGWRP, the facility lies outside of the City’s boundaries which means that electricity used at the WRP is not captured under community nonresidential energy use. Community Protocol Equation WW.15 was used to determine LAGWRP electricity-based emissions and adjusted to allocate emissions attributable to the Glendale community. 345 of 487

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
32 EQUATION 3.16
WW.15 ENERGY-RELATED EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖= 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑊𝑊,𝑖× 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑙× 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖 3.16
Table 33 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.15 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted
by WWTP electricity use
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖 See Table 34 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Electricity use of WWTP 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑊𝑊,𝑖 10,018,136 kWh LAGWRP 2021 Electricity Report2
Percentage of total
reclaimed water
attributable to the City
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑙 See Table 32 % City of Glendale 2020
UWMP2
Electricity emission factor
per WWTP
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖 0.000242 MT CO2e/kWh EPA eGRID3
Wastewater treatment
plant or (WWTP)
𝑖 LAGWRP Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; MG = million gallons; AF = acre-feet; kWh = kilowatt hour

1. Los-Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (LAGWRP) Summary of Overall Treatment Plant Effluent Quality Report provided by the City via email on March 15, 2023

2. Los-Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (LAGWRP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via SharePoint on April 5, 2023

3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
Table 34 summarizes the City’s wastewater sector activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions per WWTP.

Table 34 Community Wastewater GHG Emissions Calculations Emissions Source
Protocol
Equation Activity Data Emissions Factor1
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e/year]
LAGWRP
Nit/Denit Process
N2O WW.7 320,787 persons 0.0023188 MT
CO2e/person 744
Effluent Discharge WW.12 52,669 kg N/year 0.0020803 MT CO2e/kg N 110 Stationary
Combustion — — — — — —
Electricity Use WW.15 4,027,848 kWh 0.0002421 MT CO2e/kWh 975 Hyperion WRP
Nit/Denit Process
N2O — — — — — —
Effluent Discharge — — — — — —
Stationary
Combustion
WW.1.(alt)
WW.2.(alt) 320,787 persons 0.0000626 MT
CO2e/person 20
Electricity Use — — — — — —
All WWTP
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Emissions Source
Protocol
Equation Activity Data Emissions Factor1
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e/year]
Nit/Denit Process
N2O WW.7 320,787 persons 0.002319 MT
CO2e/person 744
Effluent Discharge WW.12 52,669 kg N/year 0.002080 MT CO2e/kg N 110 Stationary
Combustion
WW.1.(alt)
WW.2.(alt) 320,787 persons 0.000063 MT
CO2e/person 20
Electricity Use WW.15 4,027,848 kWh 0.000242 MT CO2e/kWh 975 Total 1,848
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kg = kilograms; kWh = kilowatt hour 347 of 487

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
34 2021 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results
The inventory provides the City with current GHG emissions estimates that follow the Community Protocol and current best practices for GHG accounting. The results of the GHG inventory are summarized in Figure 1 and Figure 2 and shown in detail in Table 35.

Figure 1 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector
348 of 487

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Figure 2 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sub-Sector 349 of 487

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
36 Table 35 2021 Community GHG Emissions Inventory
GHG
Emissions
Sector
GHG Emissions
Subsector Activity Data Emission Factor
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Residential
Electricity
415,172,498 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
90,318
Residential
Electricity T&D
18,767,032 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
4,083
Nonresidential
Electricity
258,014,947 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
56,129
Nonresidential
Electricity T&D
11,358,634 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
2,471
Residential Natural
Gas
26,059,230 therms 0.005311 MT
CO2e/therm
138,412
Residential Natural
Gas Leaks
733,325 therms 0.053067 MT
CO2e/therm
38,915
Nonresidential
Natural Gas
9,813,314 therms 0.005311 MT
CO2e/therm
52,123
Energy
Nonresidential
Natural Gas Leaks
276,154 therms 0.053067 MT
CO2e/therm
14,655
Passenger VMT 1,230,370,632 VMT 0.000354 MT CO2e/mile 435,551 Commercial VMT 47,569,751 VMT 0.001198 MT CO2e/mile 56,989 Bus VMT 12,605,474 VMT 0.002123 MT CO2e/mile 26,761
Passenger EVMT 11,350,951 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
2,469
Commercial EVMT 0 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
0 Bus EVMT 135,816 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
30 Off-road Diesel 2,227,013 Gallons 0.010470 MT
CO2e/Gallon
23,317
Off-road Gasoline 2,109,767 Gallons 0.009189 MT
CO2e/Gallon
19,386
Transportation
Off-road Natural
Gas
1,369,734 Gallons 0.005862 MT
CO2e/Gallon
8,030
Landfill Methane 244,904 tons 0.306515 MT CO2e/ton 75,067Solid Waste Process Emissions - tons - MT CO2e/ton -
Local - kWh - MT
CO2e/kWh
-Water
Imported 27,216,992 kWh 0.000242 MT
CO2e/kWh
6,588
Wastewater Nitrification/
Denitrification
Process N2O
320,787 persons 0.002319 MT
CO2e/person
744
Effluent Discharge
Fugitive N2O
52,669 kg N/year 0.002080 MT CO2e/kg
N
110
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GHG
Emissions
Sector
GHG Emissions
Subsector Activity Data Emission Factor
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Stationary
Combustion
320,787 persons 0.000063 MT
CO2e/person
20 Energy Use 4,027,848 kWh 0.000242 MT
CO2e/kWh
975
Total 1,053,141
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; gal = gallons
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City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
38 4 GHG Emissions Inventory - Municipal

4.1 Methodology
The City’s municipal GHG inventory (2021 Municipal Inventory) was competed using the Local Government Operations Protocol15 (LGOP) developed by Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI), California Air Resources Board (CARB), California Climate Action Registry, and The Climate Registry (TCR). The LGOP methodology includes the calculation of GHG emissions which can be attributed directly to the City’s operations in the given inventory year. The municipal inventory allows the City to track its GHG emissions resulting from the municipally owned facilities, vehicles, and equipment over which it can exert control with GHG reduction policies and ultimately lead by example.

The results of GHG emission calculations are presented by emissions scope, relating to the degree of control the City has over emissions sources, and the specific sources that the emissions are associated with. Emissions sources are categorized as direct (i.e., Scope 1) or indirect (i.e., Scope 2 or Scope 3), in accordance with the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development’s Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard, which are summarized below:
▪Scope 1: Direct GHG emissions from sources within a local government’s operations that it owns and/or controls. This includes stationary combustion to produce electricity, steam, heat, and power equipment; mobile combustion of fuels; process emissions from physical or chemical processing; fugitive emissions that result from production, processing, transmission, storage, and use of fuels; and other sources.
▪Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions associated with the consumption of electricity, steam, heating, or cooling that are purchased from a utility provider that also provides energy to other jurisdictions and/or is located outside City boundaries. ▪Scope 3: All other indirect GHG emissions not covered in Scope 2, such as emissions resulting from the extraction and production of purchased materials and fuels, transport-related activities in vehicles not owned or controlled by the City (e.g., employee commuting and business travel, outsourced activities, waste disposal, etc.).

Scope
Similar to the community inventory, the GHG emissions sources and sectors for the municipal operations inventory are categorized into various sectors and subsectors to match the GHG emissions reporting of the community GHG emissions inventory, with the granularity required by the LGO Protocol. The primary sectors of GHG emissions sources include:
▪Electricity
▪Natural Gas
▪Transportation
▪Water and Wastewater
15 ICLEI. May 2010. Local Government Operations Protocol for the quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions inventories. 352 of 487

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▪Solid Waste
Further granularity can be achieved by also reporting GHG emissions sources by the following subsectors when possible:
▪Buildings and other facilities
▪Streetlights and traffic signals
▪Water delivery facilities
▪Port Facilities
▪Airport Facilities
▪Vehicle fleet
▪Transit fleet
▪Power Generation Facilities
▪Solid Waste Facilities
▪Wastewater facilities
The following LGOP recommended sectors have also been included in the City’s 2021 Municipal Inventory:
▪Employee commute
▪Employee business travel
The City’s 2021 Municipal Inventory includes an assessment of the City’s operational GHG emissions according to the above subsectors and categorized to reflect the City’s municipal Scope 1-3 emissions.

Emissions Boundary
The 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory includes all emissions occurring within the City of Glendale’s direct jurisdictional authority (i.e., sources of emissions resulting from facilities that the City owns and/or operates). The City of Glendale operates and maintains multiple buildings and facilities across the City such as Glendale Water and Power and the Scholl Canyon Landfill. The City also co- owns the LAGWRP for wastewater management which is located outside of Glendale’s city boundaries. Though the wastewater reclamation facility lies outside of the Glendale, emissions associated with LAGWRP are included in the 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory as a direct Scope 1 source of emissions in accordance with LGOP as it is under the City’s jurisdictional authority.

4.2 2021 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory

4.2.1 Buildings and Other Facilities
Buildings and facilities generate Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions that relate to the stationary combustion of natural gas (i.e., Scope 1) and the use of electricity (i.e., Scope 2) in the City’s facilities.

Natural gas which is used for heating and cooling of buildings and facilities is provided to the City by SoCalGas. However, similar to the community natural gas used, not all the natural gas used is 353 of 487

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
40 combusted. It’s estimated that 2.3% of natural gas is leaked through the distribution pipelines,16 while about 0.5% of the natural gas delivered is leaked at end-uses and not combusted.17 The activity data provided by SoCalGas is adjusted to remove end-use leakage and an emission factor from the EPA Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories report is applied to calculate GHG emissions from natural gas combustion.18 Emissions from distribution and end-use methane leaks are calculated separately using the adjusted activity data and a calculated natural gas methane leak emission factor. The GHG emission calculation details associated with the buildings and other facilities sector’s natural gas usage and leakage are provided in Table 36.

Table 36 Municipal Buildings and Facilities Sector Natural Gas GHG Emissions Calculations
GHG Emissions Source
Activity Data
[therms]
Adjusted
Activity Data
[therms]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/therm]
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Natural Gas
Consumption 345,399 0.005311 1,835 Scope 1
Natural Gas Methane
Leaks1
347,135
9,720 0.053067 516 Scope 1
Total 2,350 Scope 1
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. Emission factor is calculated using the following equation:

2.85 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚 ∗ 95% 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 0.7 𝑘𝑔
𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 28 𝐶𝑂2𝑒
𝐶𝐻4
∗ 0.001 𝑀𝑇
𝑘𝑔
The City owns and operates Glendale Water and Power (GWP) which provides all of Glendale’s electricity utility services. As the City has direct control over GWP and is thereby responsible for all GHG emissions associated with its operations, GHG emissions associated with GWP supplied electricity is already accounted under the City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory. Therefore, the City’s 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory only considers the electricity consumed to operate the buildings and facilities that the City owns as a subset of the 2021 Community GHG Inventory and is thereby included as Scope 2 emissions. Additionally, though not recommended under the LGOP, T&D electricity losses are included in the City’s 2021 Municipal Inventory to align with sector inclusions of Glendale’s 2021 GHG Community Inventory.

GWP provided the electricity consumption activity data as well as annual electricity and GHG emissions information used to determine GWP’s emissions factor.19 Electricity T&D loss was 16 Alvarez, Ramón et al. (2018). Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science. 361. https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aar7204 17 Environmental Defense Fund USER GUIDE FOR NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE MODELING TOOL. Available at:
https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/US-Natural-Gas-Leakage-Model-User-Guide.pdf 18 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg- emission-factors-hub
19 Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023 354 of 487

GHG Emissions Inventory - Municipal
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 41
calculated based on a 4.40% loss rate as specified by eGRID.20 The GHG emission calculation details associated with buildings and other facilities sector’s electricity usage are provided in Table 37.

Table 37 Municipal Buildings and Facilities Sector Electricity GHG Emission Calculations GHG Emissions Source
Utility
Provider
Activity Data
[kWh]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/kWh]
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Electricity Consumption2 GWP 30,753,161 0.000218 6,690 Scope 2 Electricity Consumption
T&D2 GWP 1,357,214 0.000218 295 Scope 2
Total 6,985 Scope 2
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. Excludes electricity used by GWP for water distribution pumping stations.

2. Electricity consumption T&D includes the T&D associated with electric vehicle charging at City buildings and facilities.

4.2.2 Streetlights and Traffic Signals
The City’s buildings and facilities, streetlights and traffic signals generate Scope 2 emissions related to the use of electricity and resulting T&D losses. Activity data and emissions factors were reported in GWP’s 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City.21 Electricity T&D loss was calculated based on a 4.40% loss rate as specified by eGRID.22 The GHG emission calculation details associated with buildings and other facilities sector’s electricity usage are provided in Table 38.

Table 38 Municipal Streetlights and Traffic Signals Sector Electricity GHG Emission Calculations
GHG Emissions Source
Utility
Provider
Activity Data
[kWh]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/kWh]
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Streetlights & Traffic Signals GWP 9,616,044 0.000218 2,092 Scope 2 Streetlights & Traffic Signals
T&D GWP 423,106 0.000218 92 Scope 2
Total 2,184 Scope 2
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

4.2.3 Water Delivery Facilities
Water consumption typically generates Scope 3 GHG emissions from the electricity used to deliver water to the City facilities, as well as the energy used to treat and convey the water prior to delivery. A portion of The City’s water which is purchased from MWD by GWP is considered Scope 3 as GWP does not control the electricity used to extract, convey, treat, and transport MWD’s water prior to delivery into GWP’s local distribution system. However, GWP produced water distributed to the City is considered a Scope 2 emissions source as the facility and distribution infrastructure are owned and operated by the City. As the City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory water sector 20 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
21 Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023 22 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
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42 includes all GHG emissions associated with GWP water management, the 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory only includes the energy associated with the City’s distribution infrastructure and facility water consumption as a subset of the 2021 Community GHG Inventory. The inventory for wastewater delivery facilities also includes T&D losses associated with the City’s water pump distribution infrastructure to maintain consistency with the community inventory and the buildings and facilities emissions sectors. This will provide the City a better understanding of GHG emissions attributable to its facility and irrigation activities.

Activity data on the City’s water pump station electricity use was provided by the City and excludes the electricity associated with GWP well water extraction and treatment. Electricity T&D loss was calculated based on a 4.40% loss rate as specified by eGRID.23 The City also provided activity data regarding the total volume of water consumed by City facilities and used for irrigation which was apportioned between GWP and MWD supplied water based on the 2021 Water Production Report provided by GWP.24 As the electricity use of the City’s water pump distribution infrastructure is included in the 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory, only the energy intensities associated with the extraction, conveyance, and treatment of the City’s water was included to avoid double counting.

The energy intensity for water extraction was provided by GWP and the energy intensity for treatment was estimated based on Community Protocol default values.25 The emissions factor for GWP supplied water was determined based on annual electricity supply and GHG emissions as reported by GWP.26
The energy intensities of MWD’s water management was determined according to the 2020 UWMP27 and emissions factor was approximated according to the eGRID reported CAMX grid mix emissions factor.28 The GHG emission calculations details are provided in Table 39.

Table 39 Municipal Water Consumption GHG Emissions Calculations Water District
Activity
Data [AF]
Energy
Intensity
Factor
[kWh/AF]
Electricity
Usage
[kWh]
Emission
Factor [MT
CO2e/kWh]
GHG
Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Emission
Source
Scope
City Consumption
(GWD)1,2 335.28 429.70 144,070 0.000218 31 Scope 2
City Consumption
(MWD)3 578.56 1,837.00 1,062,807 0.000242 257 Scope 3
Water Pump Stations — — 11,095,371 0.000218 2,414 Scope 2 23 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
24 Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Water Production Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on March 8, 2023 25 ICLEI Community Protocol. Appendix F Wastewater and Water Emissions Activities and Sources, Table WW.14.4: Energy Intensities for Water Treatment.
26 Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023 27 Municipal Water District of Southern California (MWD). 2021. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP)Table A.10-5 2018 Treated and Untreated Water Energy Intensity. Available at: https://www.mwdh2o.com/media/21641/2020-urban-water-management- plan-june-2021.pdf
28 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
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Water Pump Stations
T&D — — 488,196 0.000218 106 Scope 2
Total 2,551 Scope 2
Total 257 Scope 3
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Values may not add due to rounding

1. Activity data for GWP supplied City water was calculated based on the total AF of water consumed by City facilities (914 AF) and the proportion of water produced in 2021 by GWP (8,586 AF, 36.69 %) versus the proportion of water purchased from MWD in 2021 (14,816 AF, 63.31%) as specified in GWP’s 2021 Water Production Report.

2. The energy intensity of GWP provided water is the sum of the energy intensity of GWP’s extraction and conveyance (309.70 kWh/AF) as estimated based on GWP’s 2021 Water Production Report and the energy intensity for treatment (120 kWh/AF) as provided in the Community Protocol.

3. Activity data for GWP supplied City water was calculated based on the total AF of water consumed by City facilities (914 AF) and the proportion of water produced in 2021 by GWP (8,586 AF, 36.69 %) versus the proportion of water purchased from MWD in 2021 (14,816 AF, 63.31%) as specified in GWP’s 2021 Water Production Report.

4.2.4 Vehicle Fleet
Vehicle fleet emissions include Scope 1 sources that relate to the mobile combustion of fossil fuels in the City’s fleet vehicles as well as Scope 2 emissions from the charging of EVs. Fleet vehicles include light and medium-duty vehicles and trucks as well as the use of personal vehicles for work.

The employee commute sector accounts for emissions generated by City employees’ trips to and from work and is treated as separate from the use of personal vehicles for work and is discussed in the section below. The City tracks data for the vehicle fleet including diesel, gasoline, natural gas use, and electricity consumption from vehicle charging which provided the activity data for this sector. Emission factors for diesel, gasoline, and natural gas were obtained from the EPA Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories report.29 The grid emissions factor for vehicle fleet EV charging was determined based on annual electricity supply and GHG emissions as reported by GWP.30 The GHG emission calculation details associated with vehicle fleet sector sources are provided in Table 40.
29 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg- emission-factors-hub
30 Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023 357 of 487

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44 Table 40 Municipal Vehicle Fleet Sector GHG Emission Calculations GHG Emission Source Activity Data Emissions Factor
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Diesel 74,050 Gallons 0.01024 MT CO2e/gal 758 Scope 1
Gasoline 294,610 Gallons 0.00881 MT CO2e/gal 2,596 Scope 1 Natural Gas 279,330 Therms 0.00531 MT CO2e/therm 1,484 Scope 1 Electric 92,614 kWh 0.000218 MT CO2e/kWh 20 Scope 2
Total 4,838 Scope 1
Total 20 Scope 2
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; gal = gallons; kWh = kilowatt hour; Values may not add due to rounding

4.2.5 Transit Fleet
Transit fleet emissions include Scope 1 sources that relate to the mobile combustion of fossil fuels in the City’s public transit fleet (e.g., buses and Dial-A-Ride). The City tracks gasoline and natural gas usage for the transit fleet, which provided the activity data for this sector. Emissions factors for gasoline and natural gas were obtained from the EPA Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories report.31 The GHG emission calculation details associated with transit fleet sector sources are provided in Table 41.

Table 41 Municipal Transit Fleet Sector GHG Emission Calculations GHG Emission Source Activity Data Emissions Factor
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Natural Gas 307,021 Therms 0.00531 MT CO2e/therm 1,631 Scope 1 Gasoline 14,065 Gallons 0.00881 MT CO2e/gal 124 Scope 1 Total 1,755 Scope 1
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; gal = gallons; Values may not add due to rounding

4.2.6 Solid Waste Facilities
Scholl Canyon Landfill is owned and operated by the City and provides waste disposal services for the City of Glendale as well as other surrounding jurisdictions. Ownership of the solid waste facility places the entirety of its process related energy consumption and fugitive emissions under the City’s control, making it a Scope 1 emissions source. However, as Scholl landfill is located within the City’s boundaries, energy consumption for landfill processes are anticipated to be included under the buildings and facilities energy sector of Glendale’s 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory. To avoid the risk of double counting, GHG emissions associated with Scholl landfill processes have been excluded from the City’s 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory, but are quantified below for informational purposes.

The GHG emissions associated with fugitive emissions from municipal generated waste was also quantified for informational purposes but excluded from the 2021 Municipal Inventory.

GHG emissions from waste decomposition were calculated using Community Protocol Method SW.4.1 based on the waste tonnage processed by the landfill and default factors for landfill gas 31 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg- emission-factors-hub
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collection efficiency (i.e., 0.75) and oxidation rate (i.e., 0.1). Similarly, process emissions were calculated using Community Protocol Method SW.5 based on the waste tonnage processed by the landfill and the default factor for compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel use. Total waste tonnage activity data for Scholl Canyon Landfill was sourced from CalRecycle tonnage reports for 2021,32 while municipal solid waste tonnage was provided by the City. A methane emissions factor was developed based on Glendale’s Go2Zero Waste Characterization Study33 and emissions factors per waste material type as provided by the Community Protocol (see Table 19). The GHG emissions calculations for Scholl Canyon process and fugitive emissions as well as municipal solid waste generation are shown in Table 42.

Table 42 Municipal Solid Waste GHG Emission Calculations Sector
Activity Data
[wet short ton]
Emission Factor
[MT CO2e/wet
short ton]
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Emission Source
Scope
Landfill Decomposition 422,785 0.3065 129,590 Scope 1
Landfill Process 422,785 0.0110 4,651 Scope 1
Municipal Decomposition 10,790 0.3065 3,307 Scope 1
Total 129,590 Scope 1

4.2.7 Wastewater Facilities
The LAGWRP produces emissions through every stage of the process and falls under Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions as it is co-owned and operated by the City. Scope 1 emissions result from LAGWRP’s nitrification/denitrification processes and fugitive emissions from discharging treated water into the Los Angeles River. Scope 2 emissions are produced from the wastewater facility’s electricity consumption which are not included under the City’s building and facilities energy use as LAGWRP is located outside of the City of Glendale. Though Scope 3 emissions would as a result of municipal wastewater downstream processing at the Hyperion WRP, these emissions are anticipated to be negligible and are therefore not included in the City’s 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory.

GHG emissions from wastewater treatment were calculated using Community Protocol Methods WW.7 for process emissions and WW.12 for fugitive emissions. Activity data was calculated based on total effluent and nitrogen concentration data provided by LAGWRP34 (see Table 31).

Additionally, activity data was adjusted to reflect the City’s 50% co-ownership of LAGWRP. Default emission factors were applied to the activity data based on guidance from the Community Protocol.35 GHG emissions from electricity use were calculated using activity data provided by 32 California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle). 2019. 2021 Landfill Summary Tonnage Report. Available at:
https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/LandfillTipFees/
33 Go2Zero Strategies. 2019. City of Glendale Waste Characterization Study. Provided by the City via SharePoint on March 9, 2023 34 Los-Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (LAGWRP) Summary of Overall Treatment Plant Effluent Quality Report provided by the City via email on March 15, 2023
35 See Community Protocol Methods WW.7 and WW.12 for all default inputs including emissions factors used to calculate wastewater emissions.
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46 LAGWRP and the eGRID reported CAMX grid mix emissions factor.36 The total process and fugitive wastewater emissions generated by the City can be found in Table 43.

Table 43 Municipal Wastewater GHG Emissions
GHG Emission Source
Adjusted Activity
Data1 Emissions Factor
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Nitrification/Denitrifica
tion Process N2O 9,036 AF 0.002319 MT
CO2e/person
21 Scope 1
Effluent Discharge
Fugitive N2O 49,125 kg N/year 0.002080 MT CO2e/kg N 102 Scope 1 Energy Use 5,009,068 kWh 0.000242 MT CO2e/kWh 1,213 Scope 2 Total 123 Scope 1
Total 1,213 Scope 2
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; AF = acre-feet; kg = kilogram; kWh = kilowatt hour; Values may not add due to rounding

1. Adjusted activity data reflects 50% of the total activity data to account for the City’s partial ownership of LAGWRP.

4.2.8 Employee Commute
Emissions from employee commute include Scope 3 GHG emissions sources from the mobile combustion of fossil fuels generated by the City of Glendale’s employee vehicles as employees commute to and from work. The City provided employee commute data in the form of number of employees, peak and off-peak average vehicle ridership (AVR) survey responses, and household zip code data. The zip codes of employees were used to determine an average one-way trip distance to work per work day which was then scaled by 260 days per year to reach an annual number of miles per vehicle. A weighted average AVR based survey responses was then applied to convert the activity data from miles per vehicle to annual miles per employee. This was then multiplied by the number of City employees to determine annual milage activity data. As the AVR factor accounts for and removes public transit, active transport, and zero emission vehicles to determine ridership, a mobile combustion emissions factor for passenger vehicles provided by EMFAC202137 was applied to the activity data to determine GHG emissions from employee commute. The GHG emissions associated with the employee commute sector are provided in Table 44. 36 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
37 California Air and Resources Board. 2023. Emission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 360 of 487

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Table 44 Municipal Employee Commute GHG Emissions
GHG
Emission
Source
City
Employees
Avg AVR
[ trips/vehicl
e]1
Avg One-
way
Distance
[mi/vehicle
/day]
Work Days
per Year
Emissions
Factor [MT
CO2e/mi]
Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Emission
Source
Scope
Employee
Commute 1,785.00 1.21 18.90 260.00 0.000363 2,634 Scope 3 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; mi = miles; Values may not add due to rounding

1. Average vehicle ridership (AVR) reflects the number of commuting employees divided by the number of vehicles commuting employees use to arrive at the work site and is averaged over the survey week. An AVR of 1 signifies commuting employees are driving individually to work, while an AVR greater than 1 signifies employees are engaging in some degree of commute rideshare and are not riding single-occupancy.

4.2.9 Business Travel
Business travel results in Scope 3 GHG emissions from the mobile combustion of fossil fuels by passenger cars, trains, and airplanes for City employee’s work-related travel. Activity data in the form of VMT by mode type was provided by the City and emissions factors were sourced from EMFAC202138 for passenger vehicles, the EPA Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories39 report for train, and the BlueSkyModel for airplane.40 The GHG emission calculation details associated with business travel sector sources are provided below in Table 45.

Table 45 Municipal Business Travel GHG Emissions Calculations GHG Emission Source
Activity Data
[miles]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/mile] Emissions [MT CO2e] Scope
Passenger Car 1,721 0.000354 1 Scope 3
Train 0.00 0.0001513 0 Scope 3
Airplane 0.00 0.0241767 0 Scope 3
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 38 California Air and Resources Board. 2023. Emission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 39 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg- emission-factors-hub
40 The BlueSkyModel was used to determine the emissions factor of airplane business travel. Available at: https://blueskymodel.org/air- mile#:~:text=On%20average%2C%20a%20plane%20produces,(CO2)%20per%20mile. 361 of 487

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48 5 GHG Forecast
The City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory establishes a baseline reference point; however, annual GHG emissions change over time. GHG emissions forecasts provide a way to estimate future emission levels based on population and job growth. Forecasts also account for State legislative actions that are anticipated to reduce GHG emissions. Calculating the difference between the forecasted GHG emissions and the reduction target determines the gap to be closed through local policies. This section includes an estimate of the future emissions for the City in the years 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045 in a business-as-usual scenario (BAU) forecast and an adjusted scenario (adjusted) forecast, which are defined as follows:
▪Business-as-usual scenario- Provides a forecast of how future GHG emissions would change as population, housing, and job growth occurs and if current activities continued as they did in 2019 absent of any policies or legislation that would reduce local emissions. The BAU forecast is based on growth trends projected in population, housing, employment, and transportation activity over time, consistent with regional projections. ▪Adjusted scenario- Provides a forecast of how currently adopted legislation would reduce GHG emissions from the business-as-usual scenario. The adjusted scenario represents the State’s contribution to reducing local GHG emissions to meet State goals without any additional contribution from local policies or actions.

5.1 Business-as-usual Forecast
Future GHG emissions for the BAU forecast were calculated using projected demographic data provided by Southern California Association of Government’s (SCAG) 2016-2040 RTP/SCS Final Growth Forecast by Jurisdiction model.41 The demographic metrics used to project activity data and associated growth factors for each forecasted GHG emission source are provided in Table 46 for each of the GHG emission sources in the 2021 Community GHG Inventory. 41 Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG). 2023. 2016-2040 RTP/SCS Final Growth Forecast by Jurisdiction. Available at:
https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/file-attachments/2016_2040rtpscs_finalgrowthforecastbyjurisdiction.pdf?1605576071 362 of 487

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Table 46 GHG Emission Sources and Growth Factors for BAU Scenario Forecast GHG Emissions Source
Demographic
Projection Metric Growth Factor Value
Energy
Residential Electricity Households Electricity Consumption (kWh) per Household
5,502
Non-residential Electricity Employment Electricity Consumption (kWh) per Job 2,148 Residential Natural Gas Households Natural Gas Consumption (therms) per Household
347
Non-residential Natural Gas Employment Natural Gas Consumption (therms) per Job
82 Electricity Transmission and
Distribution Losses (T&D
Losses)
N/A T&D Losses Factor (4.40%) applied to total
Electricity Consumption
N/A
Natural Gas Leakage N/A Leakage Factor (2.30% distribution, 0.50% end-use) applied to total Natural Gas
Consumption
N/A
Transportation
On-Road Passenger Households Vehicle miles travelled (miles) per household
16,306
On-Road Commercial Employment Vehicle miles travelled (miles) per job 396 On-Road Bus Population Serviced Vehicle miles travelled (miles) per population served
39 Off-Road Equipment1 N/A N/A N/A
Wastewater
Wastewater Process and
Fugitive Emissions
Population Serviced Wastewater Process and Fugitive
Emissions (MT CO2e) per population
served

0.0058
Water
Water Consumption Population Serviced Electricity Consumption (kWh) per population served
85 Solid Waste
Solid Waste Disposal Population Serviced Solid Waste Emissions (MT CO2e) per population served

0.2340
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kWh = kilowatt-hour; VMT = vehicle miles traveled; N/A = Not Applicable; Population Served = the combined total number of employees and residents in the City

1. Off-road GHG emissions forecasted based on forecasted fuel consumption reported under the CARB OFFROAD2021 Model, available at: https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 The BAU forecast was calculated using the growth factors in Table 46, the demographic and projection metrics in Table 47, and the 2021 Community GHG Inventory emission factors. In the BAU forecast, GHG emissions are expected to increase through 2045. 363 of 487

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50 Table 47 BAU Forecast Demographic and Projection Metrics by Forecast Year Demographics/
Sector
Data Source 2030 2035 2040 2045
Population SCAG 2016-2040 RTP/SCS
Final Growth Forecast
206,033 209,000 214,000 216,906
Employment SCAG 2016-2040 RTP/SCS
Final Growth Forecast
77,733 79,000 81,100 82,307
Households SCAG 2016-2040 RTP/SCS
Final Growth Forecast
122,733 124,200 127,000 129,946
Population Serviced1 Calculated 328,767 333,200 341,000 346,853

1. Population Serviced1 is calculated as the combined total number of employees and residents in the City.

A summary of the BAU forecast results by GHG emission sector is provided in Table 48.

Table 48 BAU Forecast Results Summary by Emission Sector (MT CO 2e) GHG Emissions Sector 2030 2035 2040 2045
Energy 408,073 414,165 424,651 432,074
Transportation 593,032 604,348 621,510 633,037
Waste 76,934 77,972 79,797 81,166
Water 6,752 6,843 7,003 7,124
Wastewater 1,894 1,920 1,965 1,999
Total 1,086,686 1,105,248 1,134,926 1,155,400
Change since 2021 3.19% 4.95% 7.77% 9.71%
Notes: all values are presented in MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

5.2 Adjusted Forecast

5.2.1 Legislative Reduction Programs
Additional legislative programs are expected to reduce GHG emissions in specific sectors throughout California, as identified in the 2017 Scoping Plan Update. Many of these programs were incorporated into the adjusted forecast analysis and are summarized in the subsections below.

Transportation Legislation
Advanced Clean Cars Programs
Prior to 2012, mobile emissions regulations were implemented on a case-by-case basis for GHG and criteria pollutant emissions separately. In January 2012, CARB approved a new emissions-control program (the Advanced Clean Cars program) combining the control of smog, soot causing pollutants, and GHG emissions into a single coordinated package of requirements for passenger cars and light trucks model years 2017 through 2025. The Advanced Clean Cars program coordinates the goals of the Low Emissions Vehicles, Zero Emissions Vehicles, and Clean Fuels Outlet programs, and is more stringent than the federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. The new 364 of 487

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standards will reduce California’s GHG emissions by 34% in 2025 which is modeled using the CARB EMission FACtor (EMFAC) Model and included in the GHG forecast.42 Advanced Clean Cars II was approved by CARB in August 2022 and expands the program’s roadmap so that by 2035 all new cars and passenger trucks will be zero-emission vehicles (ZEV). This regulation effectively binds the State to EO N-79-20. The executive order was passed by the governor in 2020 and requires all new cars and passenger trucks sold in California be ZEV by 2035.

While these legislations will lead to an expedited timeline for ZEV adoption in California, modeling data is not yet available in CARB’s EMFAC Model, and emissions reductions attributable to the Advanced Clean Cars II program were therefore, excluded from the GHG forecast.

Advanced Clean Trucks was approved by CARB in June 2020 sets a zero emission vehicle (ZEV) percent-of-sales requirement on medium- and heavy- duty vehicle manufacturers to promote increased truck ZEV sale from 2024 to 2035. The standard is intended to reduce NOx pollution and GHG emissions, which are disproportionately high in medium- and heavy-duty vehicle classes compared to passenger vehicles, as well as promote first-wave ZEV truck technology penetration in the market.43 EMFAC models the effect of the Advanced Clean Trucks regulation on ZEV truck penetration and associated GHG emissions and in included in the forecast.

Assembly Bill 1493
Signed into law in 2002, AB 1493 (Pavley Standards) required vehicle manufacturers to reduce GHG emissions from new passenger vehicles and light trucks from 2009 through 2016. Regulations were adopted by CARB in 2004 and took effect in 2009 when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) issued a waiver confirming California’s right to implement the bill. CARB anticipates that the Pavley I standard will reduce GHG emissions from new California passenger vehicles by about 30% in 2016, while simultaneously improving fuel efficiency and reducing motorists’ costs.44 The impacts of the Pavley Standards on zero emission vehicle market penetration was incorporated into the EMFAC model starting in 2014 and is included in the forecast assessment.

Innovative Clean Transit
Public transit GHG emissions will be reduced in the future through the Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) regulation, which was adopted in December 2018. It requires all public transit agencies to gradually transition to a 100-percent zero-emission bus fleet by 2040. Under ICT, large transit agencies are expected to adopt Zero-Emission Bus Rollout Plans to establish a roadmap towards zero emission public transit buses.45 The effects of the ICT regulation on GHG emissions are modeled in EMFAC2021 and is therefore included in the forecast.
42 California Air and Resource Board (CARB). 2019. Advanced Clean Cars Summary.. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/acc%20summary-final_ac.pdf 43 California Air and Resource Board (CARB). 2023. Advanced Clean Trucks. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our- work/programs/advanced-clean-trucks/about
44 CARB. Clean Car Standards – Pavley, Assembly Bill 1493. May 2013. Accessed November 14, 2022 at:
http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ccms/ccms.htm
45 Innovative Clean Transit. Approved August 13, 2019. Accessed November 14, 2022 at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-10/ictfro-Clean-Final_0.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery 365 of 487

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52 Energy Legislation
Title 24
Although it was not originally intended to reduce GHG emissions, California Code of Regulations Title 24, Part 6: California’s Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings, was adopted in 1978 in response to a legislative mandate to reduce California’s energy consumption, which in turn reduces fossil fuel consumption and associated GHG emissions. The standards are updated triennially to allow consideration and possible incorporation of new energy- efficient technologies and methods. Starting in 2020, new residential developments had to include on-site solar generation and near-zero net energy use. For projects implemented after January 1, 2020, the California Energy Commission (CEC) estimates that the 2019 standards will reduce electricity consumption by 53% for residential buildings and 30% for non-residential buildings, relative to the 2016 standards. The CEC further estimates residential natural gas efficiency increases of 7% for residential end uses.46 No efficiency increases were estimated for commercial natural gas end uses, based on lack of requirements in this sector in the 2019 standards. These percentage savings relate to heating, cooling, lighting, and water heating only and do not include other appliances, outdoor lighting not attached to buildings, plug loads, or other energy uses.

In December 2022 the CEC published the new Title 24 2022 Building Efficiency Standards.47 Due to the complexity of the new code there is currently no available model establishing projected efficiency increase as a result of the standard. Therefore, the updated 2022 code was not included to provide a conservative estimate of forecasted GHG emissions reductions resulting from efficiency increases. Furthermore, the new building electrification ordinance passed by the City of Glendale will be accounted for in the measures and actions in the City’s CAAP.

Renewables Portfolio Standard, Senate Bill 100, & Senate Bill 1020 Established in 2002 under SB 1078, enhanced in 2015 by SB 350, and accelerated for the first time in 2018 under SB 100, California’s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is one of the most ambitious renewable energy standards in the country. The RPS program requires investor-owned utilities, publicly owned utilities, electric service providers, and community choice aggregators to increase procurement from eligible renewable energy resources to 50% of total procurement by 2026 and 60% of total procurement by 2030. The RPS program further that by 2045 that 100% of total energy procured be a combination of eligible renewable energy resources and zero-carbon resources.

California’s RPS was further accelerated in 2022 by SB 1020 which established additional requirements that procurement from eligible renewable energy resources and zero-carbon resources increase to 90% of total procurement by 2035 and 95% of total procurement by 2040. The requirements of SB 1020 do not affect those previously set forth and are to be considered additional to the existing RPS requirements.

The RPS program and SB 1020 were incorporated into the GHG forecast by adjusting the electricity emissions factors for future years. GWP currently provides electricity in the City and is subject to RPS requirements. GWP’s emissions factor was projected through 2045 assuming compliance with 46 California Energy Commission. 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards Frequently Asked Questions. January 1, 2020. Accessed November 8, 2022 at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/Title_24_2019_Building_Standards_FAQ_ada.pdf 47 California Energy Commission (CEC). 2023. 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standards. Available at:
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the RPS requirements established by SB 100 and SB 1020.48 As GWP currently provides all of Glendale’s electricity at a single supply standard, current and forecasted emissions factors remain the same across residential and nonresidential sectors. As shown in Table 49, the RPS, SB 100, and SB 1020 requirements to reduce overall carbon intensity would reduce the community’s emissions compared to the BAU scenario.

Table 49 Glendale Forecasted RPS and Electricity Emission Factors Metric 2030 2035 2040 2045
GWP Renewables Mix 60% 90% 95% 100%
GWP Emission Factor (MT CO2e/kWh) 0.0001345 0.0000336 0.0000168 0.0000000 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kWh = kilowatt hours Waste Legislation
Assembly Bill 939 & Assembly Bill 341
In 2011, AB 341 set the target of 75% recycling, composting, or source reduction of solid waste by 2020 calling for the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (also known as CalRecycle) to take a statewide approach to decreasing California’s reliance on landfills. This target was an update to the former target of 50% waste diversion set by AB 939.

As actions under AB 341 are not assigned to specific local jurisdictions, potential future reductions from the bill were conservatively not included in the GHG forecast analysis.

Assembly Bill 1826
In 2014, AB 1826 set regulations in places requiring California businesses to recycle all of their organic waste starting in April 2016. The bill also required jurisdictions across the State to provide organic waste recycling programs to accommodate diverted waste from local businesses. As the City has already implemented an organics collection program, implementation of AB 1826 compliance is reflected in the City’s community inventory solid waste activity data and is thereby included in the BAU and adjusted forecast
Senate Bill 1383
SB 1383 established a methane emission reduction target for short-lived climate pollutants in various sectors of the economy, including waste. Specifically, SB 1383 establishes targets to achieve a 50% reduction in the level of the statewide disposal of organic waste from the 2014 level by 2020 and a 75% reduction by 2025.49 Additionally, SB 1383 requires a 20% reduction in “current”50 edible food disposal by 2025. Although SB 1383 has been signed into law, compliance with this Senate Bill 48 CPA provides three electricity services to the community: 100% Green Power, Clean Power, and Lean Power. Since an average emission factor for CPA was not available, emission factors for each service and the proportion of electricity provided through each service were used to calculate CPA-specific emission factors for the residential and nonresidential sectors. 49 CalRecycle. California’s Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Reduction Strategy. https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/ 50 SB 1383 does not specify a baseline year for the 20% food recovery target, however, CalRecycle’s 2018 statewide waste characterization studies will be used to help measure the baseline for the State to meet its SB 1383 goals. See CalRecycle FAQ accessed November 14, 2022 for more
information:https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/faq/foodrecovery/#:~:text=SB%201383%20requires%20the%20state,for%20individua l%20jurisdictions%20to%20achieve.
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54 must occur at the jurisdiction-level rather than the state-level. Due to current limitations in local jurisdiction’s ability to comply with organic waste targets set by SB 1383, anticipated emissions reductions attributable to the bill are conservatively excluded from the forecast. However, estimated impacts associated with SB 1383 As such, SB 1383 is not included as part of the GHG forecast analysis and will be included in the GHG reduction measures in the CAAP.

5.2.2 Legislative GHG Emission Reduction Contribution
Based on the above-described legislation and emission reduction potential for each, the City can expect significant help from these State regulations in meeting State GHG emission reduction goals.

These GHG emissions reductions are primarily expected in the energy sector and transportation sectors. In the energy sector, Title 24 reductions were accounted for first, followed by California RPS reductions associated with GWP developments towards renewable electricity. The legislative emissions reductions for Title 24 and California RPS are known to be additive and were calculated separately to avoid double counting. A summary of the reductions from the BAU forecast that can be expected under the adjusted forecast are provided in Table 50.

Table 50 Summary of Legislative GHG Emissions Reductions (MT CO 2e) Legislation 2030 2035 2040 2045
California RPS 65,330 148,667 167,261 185,024
Title 24 2,143 3,563 5,745 7,229
Transportation Legislation (Pavley, Innovative Clean Transit, etc.) 86,295 117,697 139,097 149,759 Total 153,768 269,927 312,103 342,012
Notes: all values are presented in MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

5.2.3 Adjusted Forecast Results
In the adjusted forecast, the electricity sector experiences a strong downward trend, approaching zero in 2045 due to stringent RPS requirements from SB 100 and SB 1020. Natural gas emissions are expected to continue on an upward trajectory until 2045 due to housing and employment growth projections. This trend is partially offset due to the increasingly stringent efficiency requirements for new residential construction from Title 24. On-road transportation emissions are expected to decrease through 2045 due to existing fuel efficiency requirements, fleet turnover rates, and increasing vehicle electrification driven by the electric vehicle market. As most current regulations expire in 2025 or 2030, emissions standards will experience diminishing returns while VMT continues to increase, leading to lower rates of emissions reduction in the on-road transportation sector. Wastewater and solid waste emissions are projected to increase through 2045 while water emissions experience a downward trend to zero due to the sector’s direct ties to emissions from electricity consumption. A detailed summary of the projected GHG emissions under the adjusted forecast by sector and year through 2045 can be found in Table 51. 368 of 487

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Table 51 Adjusted Forecast Results (MT CO 2e)
GHG Emissions Source 2021 2030 2035 2040 2045
Residential Electricity 94,400 59,320 14,955 7,576 0
Non-residential Electricity 58,600 36,830 9,300 4,731 0 Residential Natural Gas 177,328 182,311 185,079 189,669 192,307 Non-residential Natural Gas 66,778 68,246 69,061 70,618 72,256 Energy Sector Total 397,105 346,706 278,396 272,595 264,564 On-road Passenger Vehicles 438,021 378,405 360,764 359,133 359,691 On-road Commercial
Vehicles
56,989 47,255 41,066 37,340 36,082
On-road Buses 26,791 21,608 15,208 9,506 5,288
Off-road Equipment 50,732 56,077 58,974 61,964 64,598
Transportation Sector Total 572,532 503,346 476,012 467,944 465,659 Waste 75,067 76,934 77,972 79,797 81,166
Water 6,588 4,037 1,023 523 0
Wastewater 1,848 1,894 1,920 1,965 1,999
Total GHG Emissions 1,053,141 932,917 835,322 822,824 813,388 Notes: all values are presented in MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 369 of 487

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56 6 Provisional GHG Emissions Targets
GHG reduction targets are used in climate action planning to establish metrics that guide the community’s commitment to achieve GHG emissions reductions and help gauge progress reducing emissions over time. California has established statewide GHG reduction goals for 2030 and 2045, relative to a baseline emissions level. CARB’s 2022 Scoping Plan encourages local agencies to take ambitious, coordinated climate action that is consistent with and supportive of the state’s climate goals51. Thus, local agencies are recommended to establish equivalent reduction targets at the local level by establishing community wide GHG reduction goals for climate action that will help California achieve its 2030 and 2045 goals. CARB has issued several guidance documents concerning the establishment of GHG emission reduction targets for CAAPs to comply with legislated GHG emissions reductions targets and California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines § 15183.5(b). Even if a plan is not CEQA-qualified, CARB has long recommended that local targets be a part of the process of developing, monitoring, and updating a CAAP.

In the most recent 2022 Scoping Plan, typical target years listed include 2030 (for Senate Bill 32 consistency) and 2045 (for Assembly Bill 1279 consistency).52 Senate Bill (SB) 32 mandates a reduction of GHG emissions by 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 and Assembly Bill (AB) 1279 mandates a State goal of carbon neutrality by 2045 through a reduction of anthropogenic GHG emissions by 85% below 1990 levels. AB 1279 sets a 15% target for GHG emissions reductions to be achieved through carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) methods, though does not provide a clear pathway as to how CCS technology is to be implemented to achieve said reductions. Therefore, provisional targets established herein align with the carbon neutrality goal set by AB 1279 until a clear mechanism for CCS reductions is established by the State.

Pursuant to the Scoping Plan’s recommendations, the community GHG reduction targets will be developed based on local levels of GHG emissions that would be proportional to the statewide goals, relative to 1990 level emissions.

6.1 1990 Level GHG Emissions Back-cast
The City does not have a 1990 GHG emissions inventory from which to develop GHG reduction targets consistent with SB 32, however, 1990 GHG emissions can be estimated for the community relative to the City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory using a state-level emissions change metric.

The City’s 1990 GHG emissions have been calculated using the State’s 2020 GHG emissions inventory as compared to the State’s GHG emissions inventory in 1990 to calculate specific percent reduction in the City between 2021 and 1990. This approach assumes that the City’s community GHG emissions have generally tracked with the State’s GHG emissions. The calculation is developed using the published State-wide emissions results from CARB53, after removing emissions from 51 California Air Resources Board. 2022. California’s Climate Change Scoping Plan, p.268. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/2022-sp.pdf 52 California Air Resources Board. 2022. California’s Climate Change Scoping Plan, Appendix D – Local Actions, p. 14. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/2022-sp.pdf 53 California Air Resources Board. 2023. California GHG Emission Inventory Program. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023- 04/2022-sp.pdf
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sectors not included in the City’s inventory (e.g., agriculture, aviation, non-specified, industrial) and excluding GHGs other than CO2, CH4, and N2O consistent with the City’s 2021 inventory scope. The 1990 back-cast for the City is shown in Table 52.

Table 52 990 Back-cast Calculations
1990 Back-cast Calculations
2020 Statewide GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) 219,786,184
1990 Statewide GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) 281,648,899
2020 to 1990 Statewide GHG Emissions Change (%) 22%
2021 City GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) 1,053,141
1990 City GHG Emissions Back-cast (MT CO2e) 1,349,567
1990 City Population 180,038
1990 City Per Capita GHG Emissions Back-cast (MT CO2e/person) 7.50

6.2 GHG Emissions Reduction Target Setting
Target setting is an iterative process which must be informed by the reductions that can realistically be achieved through the development of feasible GHG reduction measures. As such, the targets identified herein should remain provisional until the quantification and analysis of potential GHG reduction measures has been completed. The purpose of target setting is to develop the trajectory toward achieving the State’s 2030 goal (SB 32) and prepare for the deep decarbonization needed by 2045 in a cost-effective manner by setting an incremental path toward achieving AB 1279 targets.

CARB guidance is for jurisdictions to first strive to exceed the SB 32 targets of reducing GHG emissions 40% below 1990 levels, while establishing a policy framework to achieve the long-term target of neutrality 1990 by 2045.

Achieving the established targets will require major shifts in how communities within California obtain and use energy, transport themselves and goods, and how the population lives and builds.

The CEQA Guidelines section 15183.5(b) requires qualified GHG reduction plans (which allow for CEQA streamlining) to “Establish a level, based on substantial evidence, below which the contribution to greenhouse gas emissions from activities covered by the plan would not be cumulatively considerable”.54 A defensible way (shown through litigation) to identify such levels is to demonstrate consistency with State targets. To maintain consistency with State targets, Glendale’s provisional GHG emissions reduction targets are:
•Reduce GHG emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 (SB 32 target year) •Make substantial progress towards carbon neutrality by 2045 (AB 1279 target year) With GHG emission reduction targets in place, the reduction gap that the City will be responsible for through local action can be calculated. The City’s GHG emissions reduction gap is based on the difference between the adjusted forecast, discussed previously, and the established GHG emission reduction targets. Table 53 provides a summary of the GHG emission reduction targets and gap in mass emissions. Although per capita, plan-level GHG emissions targets were recommended in the 54 https://casetext.com/regulation/california-code-of-regulations/title-14-natural-resources/division-6-resources-agency/chapter-3- guidelines-for-implementation-of-the-california-environmental-quality-act/article-12-special-situations/section-151835-tiering-and- streamlining-the-analysis-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions
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58 2017 Scoping Plan to incentivize growth in a coordinated manner and not penalize cities which are growing at significant rates55, CARB now recommends, in the 2022 Scoping Plan, that jurisdictions focus on developing locally appropriate, plan-level targets (community-wide mass emissions targets) that align with the trajectory to carbon neutrality instead of focusing on a per capita targets56.

Therefore, only mass emissions targets are considered in this analysis as a metric for the City to track progress toward target achievement.

Table 53 GHG Emissions Reduction Targets and Gap Analysis Emissions Forecast or Pathway 2021 2030 2035 2040 2045
Mass Emissions Target Pathway Scenario [MT CO2e]
Adjusted Forecast 1,053,141 932,917 835,322 822,824 813,387 SB 32 Mass Emissions Target Pathway1 1,053,141 809,740 539,827 269,913 0 Remaining Emissions Gap 0 123,177 295,495 552,910 813,387 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Emissions have been rounded to the nearest whole number and therefore sums may not match.

1. The target pathway is calculated by reducing 1990 mass emissions by 40% in 2030 and to 0 in 2045. This provisional target pathway is consistent with both SB 32 and a trajectory set forth to achieve AB 1279.

2. The target pathway is calculated by reducing 1990 per capita emissions by 40% in 2030 and to 0 in 2045. This provisional target pathway is consistent with both SB 32 and a trajectory set forth to achieve AB 1279.

Figure 3 provides a visual representation of future GHG emissions, with the impacts of State legislation and the remaining gap the City will be responsible for to meet the GHG emission reduction targets set by the State. The figure also includes a linear reduction pathway to neutrality as the City is anticipated to be able to achieve reductions on a mass emissions to meet SB 32 targets.
55 California Air Resources Board. 2017. California’s Climate Change Scoping Plan, p. 99-102. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf 56 California Air Resources Board. 2022. California’s Climate Change Scoping Plan, Appendix D – Local Actions, p.13. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/2022-sp.pdf 372 of 487

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Figure 3 GHG Emissions Forecast and Provisional Target Pathways (Mass Emissions) 373 of 487

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Climate Action & Adaptation Plan i
Table of Contents
Executive Summary............................................................................1 Report Organization...................................................................3 Social Vulnerability Assessment.................................................3 Physical Vulnerability Assessment .............................................4 Summary Findings for High and Very High Scores .....................2 Cascading Impacts Assessment..................................................2 Key Findings ...............................................................................3 1 Introduction ...............................................................................4

1.1 Purpose ..........................................................................4

1.2 Glendale Snapshot..........................................................4

1.3 Glossary ..........................................................................6

1.4 Community Engagement................................................7

1.5 Vulnerability Assessment Methodology.........................9 2 Climate Hazards .......................................................................16

2.1 Climate Indicators ........................................................17

2.2 Climate Hazards............................................................17 3 Social Vulnerability Assessment...............................................25

3.1 What is Social Vulnerability..........................................25

3.2 Social Vulnerability Index Score ...................................25

3.3 Social Vulnerability Overview.......................................31

3.4 Social Vulnerability by Climate Hazard.........................40 4 Physical Vulnerability Assessment ...........................................68

4.1 What is Physical Vulnerability ......................................68

4.2 Physical Assets at Risk ..................................................68

4.3 Physical Vulnerability by Climate Hazard .....................69 5 Cascading Impacts Assessment................................................88

5.1 What are Cascading Impacts ........................................88

5.2 System Interdependencies ...........................................88 6 Conclusion................................................................................92

6.1 Problem Statements.....................................................92

6.2 Vulnerability Analysis ...................................................92 7 References ...............................................................................94 Tables
Table 1 Social Vulnerability Scores (see Chapter 3
for detailed assessment)............................................................0 Table 2 Physical Vulnerability Scores (see Chapter 4
for detailed assessment)............................................................1 Table 3 Impact and Adaptive Capacity Scoring Rubric..............15 Table 4 Vulnerability Score Matrix............................................15 Table 5 Vulnerable Populations in Glendale .............................27 Table 6 High Vulnerability Scores..............................................93 Figures
Figure 1 Glendale Climate Change Impacts..................................2 Figure 2 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation ...................5 Figure 3 California Adaptation Planning Guide Phases ..............10 Figure 4 Vulnerability Assessment Flow Diagram, Phase 2 of the California Adaptation Planning Guide ...........................11 Figure 5 Social Vulnerability in Glendale....................................30 Figure 6 Glendale High Social Vulnerability Areas and Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) Neighborhood Redlining
Grade 37
Figure 7 Glendale High Social Vulnerability Areas and
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Figure 8 Glendale High Social Vulnerability Areas and Wildfire Hazard Severity Zones..............................................................53 Figure 9 Glendale High Social Vulnerability and Landslide Susceptibility ............................................................................57 Figure 10 Wildfire Hazard Severity Zones in Glendale .................77 Figure 11 Historical Wildfire Events in Glendale ..........................78 Figure 12 Landslide Susceptibility in Glendale .............................81 Appendices
Appendix A - Sustainability Working Group Meeting #1 Feedback Appendix B - Interested Parties Focus Group Meetings #1 and #2 Feedback
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Executive Summary
Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1
Executive Summary
The City of Glendale’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment evaluates how climate change may impact community members and physical assets including natural and recreational resources, buildings and facilities, and infrastructure and critical services in Glendale. This report will inform the development of resilience strategies, measures, and actions for the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP).

Climate change is a global phenomenon that can impact public health, natural resources, infrastructure, emergency response, and other aspects of society at the local scale as the averages and extremes of climate conditions change. In Glendale, temperature and precipitation are expected to change in the following ways:
▪Increasing temperatures. Average maximum temperatures in Glendale are expected to increase between 4.2° Fahrenheit (F) and 5.2°F by 2050 and between 5.4°F and 8.6°F by 2100.
▪Increasing intensity of precipitation events and longer dry periods. It is projected that more precipitation will occur during extreme storm events and dry periods will be longer and more frequent.

Changes in temperature and precipitation are expected to influence the frequency, duration, and magnitude of a variety of climate hazards. Climate change models indicate that Glendale is expected to experience the following by the end of the century:
▪Extreme Heat and Warm Nights. Glendale is projected to experience an increase in the annual number of extreme heat days in the coming decades. In Glendale, an extreme heat day occurs when the maximum temperature is above 97.6°F. The annual number of extreme heat days is projected to increase by as many as 32 days and the annual number of warm nights is projected to increase by as many as 69 nights by 2100.
▪Drought. The City is expected to experience increases in the length of dry spells.
▪Wildfire. The annual wildfire probability in Glendale is anticipated to increase from 20 percent to 30 percent by 2100. ▪Landslides. The risk of landslides is projected to increase as precipitation variability increases and wildfires increase in frequency, size, and severity.
▪Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation. Climate change will cause changes in precipitation patterns,
overwhelming Glendale’s stormwater infrastructure, leading to localized flooding in highly paved areas throughout Glendale. ▪Poor Air Quality. Air quality within the Los Angeles region is projected to worsen because of an increase in regional wildfires and average maximum temperature. Longer periods of drought will also contribute to worsening air quality.

See Figure 1 for a summary of climate impacts in Glendale. 378 of 487

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2 Figure 1 Glendale Climate Change Impacts
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Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3
Report Organization
The report is comprised of the following sections:

1. Chapter 1 Introduction provides the purpose of the report, a snapshot of the City of Glendale, and a glossary of key terms. It also describes the community input gathered, methodology, and key data sources used to prepare the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment.

2. Chapter 2 Exposure to Climate Hazards illustrates the City’s exposure to climate hazards.

3. Chapter 3 Social Vulnerability Assessment characterizes the vulnerability of populations in Glendale. Vulnerability is the degree to which a population may be affected by changing climate conditions. This section identifies the populations and locations that are highly vulnerable to climate change. This section also describes potential impacts of climate hazards on populations, policies, and programs that help communities cope with climate hazard events. Lastly, this section provides a vulnerability score that ranks the effect of climate change on population groups on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 reflecting the highest vulnerability.

4. Chapter 4 Physical Vulnerability Assessment describes the susceptibility and limitations of physical assets and
infrastructure to climate change. The physical assets included in this assessment include natural and recreational resources, building and facilities, and infrastructure and critical services.

Similar to Chapter 3, this chapter describes policies and programs that help to protect physical assets and infrastructure from the adverse effects of climate change. A vulnerability score is also provided for each asset group.

5. Chapter 5 Cascading Impacts analyzes the interconnections between Glendale’s critical systems including energy, water, transportation, and communication systems, and the
implications of system failures associated with climate change.

6. Chapter 6 Conclusion presents the key findings of this report.

Social Vulnerability Assessment
While all populations in Glendale will be affected by climate hazards, some individuals are more vulnerable due to physiological conditions and inequitable systems and structures and, therefore, will be disproportionally impacted. The social vulnerability assessment in Chapter 3 consists of an analysis of 27 population characteristics that correspond to the most climate-vulnerable community members. These 27 population characteristics were grouped into four categories as follows:

1. Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure

2. Under-resourced Individuals

3. Individuals Facing Societal Barriers

4. Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities
Grouping the populations into these four categories allows the City to understand the systems and structures that are in place that contribute to increased vulnerability to climate change hazards.

Each of these population groups were assessed by climate hazards to produce hazard-specific social vulnerability scores summarized in Table 1.

The geographic location and proportion of vulnerable populations in Glendale who may be more impacted by climate hazards was also evaluated and mapped. The areas of Glendale with the greatest 380 of 487

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4 concentration of vulnerable populations are in south and southwest of the City. Census tracts that are above the 60th percentile are considered to be a high social vulnerability area. Additional areas with high social vulnerability were also identified based on input from community-based organizations. These included areas near major roads and highways, schools, the Scholl Canyon Landfill, and the Grayson Power Plant.

Physical Vulnerability Assessment
The physical assets included in this assessment include natural and recreational resources, building and facilities, and infrastructure and critical services. The physical vulnerability assessment evaluates the direct impact that climate hazards could have on these assets.

Hazard-specific vulnerability scores for each asset can be found in Table 2.
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0 Table 1 Social Vulnerability Scores (see Chapter 3 for detailed assessment) Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Extreme Heat
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Low 5-High Drought
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Low Medium 2-Low Under-resourced Individuals Medium Medium 3-Medium
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Low Medium 2-Low Wildfire
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Medium 4-High Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 4-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Medium 4-High Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Medium 4-High Landslides
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Medium Medium 3-Medium Under-resourced Individuals Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Low Medium 2-Low Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 2-Low
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High Poor Air Quality
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
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Table 2 Physical Vulnerability Scores (see Chapter 4 for detailed assessment) Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Extreme Heat
Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
Buildings and Facilities N/A N/A N/A
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Drought
Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Buildings and Facilities Low Low 3-Medium
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Wildfire
Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Landslides
Natural and Recreational Resources Medium Medium 3-Medium Buildings and Facilities Medium Medium 3-Medium
Infrastructure and Critical Services Medium Medium 3-Medium Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation
Natural and Recreational Resources Medium Medium 3-Medium Buildings and Facilities Medium Medium 3-Medium
Infrastructure and Critical Services Medium Medium 3-Medium Poor Air Quality
Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
Buildings and Facilities Low Low 3-Medium
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2 Summary Findings for High and Very
High Scores
Based on the assessment, all four vulnerable population groups are expected to experience significant impacts from climate change.

Key climate change social vulnerabilities for identified vulnerable populations include extreme heat and poor air quality. Impacts will range from increased rates of heat illness, income and property loss, and exacerbated underlying health conditions resulting in higher rates of mortality. Although the City has some programs in place, including hosting four cooling centers and adopted policies to increase access to community parks in underserved areas, there are many more steps that will be necessary to address the underlying inequitable causes of social vulnerabilities. Additional contributing factors include the lack of tree canopy in areas of high social vulnerability, and historical discriminatory practices, such as redlining.

Physical vulnerabilities include the risk of wildfire and post-wildfire landslides on Infrastructure and Critical Facilities assets. Natural and Recreational Resources in Glendale are vulnerable to extreme heat, wildfire, drought, and poor air quality.

There are three Glendale Water & Power (GWP) overhead
transmission lines and multiple water pump stations, as well as schools, fire stations, and police stations that are located within Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones. Post-wildfire debris and associated landslides further enhance the vulnerability of these critical facilities. Glendale Water & Power has a Wildfire Mitigation Plan which outlines procedures for vegetation management, wildfire power safety shutoffs, and other activities to reduce infrastructure vulnerabilities. However, more could be done to increase the City’s energy resilience, and protect existing facilities like schools, fire and police stations, and water pump stations.

Natural and Recreational Resources are vulnerable to multiple climate hazards. Extreme heat, wildfire, drought, and poor air quality can cause increased rates of habitat and vegetation mortality, habitat migration, and reduced environmental co- benefits for the urban tree canopy and ecosystem stability.

Although the Greener Glendale Plan aims to increase the urban tree canopy, there are additional opportunities to increase the resilience of Glendale’s Natural and Recreational Resources.

Cascading Impacts Assessment
The cascading impacts analyzed in Glendale include energy, water, transportation, and communication systems.

Energy System cascading risks include power disruptions in Glendale caused by wildfires, deliberate power shutoffs for public safety, or extreme heat overloading the grid. Power disruption has extensive cascading impacts. Impacts include but are not limited to loss of power in homes, which prevent community members from running their air conditioning or gas or electric heaters, and gas and electric kitchen appliances. For those who rely on in-home medical devices, power disruption could directly impact health and safety. If the power outages occur during bad air quality days from regional wildfire smoke, people with underlying health conditions could experience worsening health conditions. Traffic signals, cell-towers without back-up power, and critical facilities that lack backup power would cease to function. Losing many of these energy dependent amenities during events like heatwaves and wildfires can create increased risks to public health, including heat related illness, food access constraints, evacuation challenges, overloaded emergency services, and increased climate hazard exposure.
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Executive Summary
Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3
Water System cascading impacts include reduced supply for community consumption potentially increasing water rates and associated public health concerns for under-resourced Individuals who may not have the ability to pay the increased rates. Water shortages can also impact power generation with availability of water for generator cooling. Inadequate water supply can impact wildfire mitigation without enough fire flow to fight active fires and/or prevent anticipated fires. Inadequate water can impact the City’s tree canopy which is critical for addressing the urban heat island effect and stormwater capture.

Transportation System cascading risks mainly concern mobility isolation of the community, ability for emergency services to respond to climate hazards, and constrained evacuation routes.

Transportation impacts can occur from a wide range of causes including direct physical damages on the transportation system associated with climate hazards within City limits or external impacts afflicting regional transportation networks and services, as well as power outages creating traffic signal failures.

Communication System cascading risks primarily result from downed communications creating evacuation and medical
complications, community isolation, and heightened risk for community members who are unable to receive hazard information.

Areas across Glendale in hazard zones are more prone to experiencing communication service disruptions and therefore, may experience increased cascading impacts from loss of communication infrastructure.

Key Findings
The Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment identifies key vulnerabilities associated with the following systems:
▪Social and Governance Systems
▪Urban Ecosystem
▪Mobility, Land Use, and Emergency Systems
▪Building Systems
Individuals with high outdoor exposure, under-resourced individuals, individuals facing societal barriers, individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities, natural and recreational resources, buildings and facilities, infrastructure and critical services are the most susceptible to climate change hazards in Glendale. Although the City has some policies and programs in place to prepare for climate related hazards, gaps remain as summarized in the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. This assessment will serve as the foundation for establishing adaptation policies and programs in the Glendale CAAP.
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4 1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose
This report evaluates how climate change may impact vulnerable community members; natural and recreational resources; buildings and facilities; and services; and infrastructure in Glendale. The guiding methodology used in this assessment is based on the California Adaptation Planning Guide, which is discussed in the Vulnerability Assessment Methodology section.

Understanding the City’s vulnerabilities to climate change provides a foundation for developing climate adaptation measures and actions for the City’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP).

The CAAP will also include measures and actions that will help to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The difference between climate mitigation and adaptation measures and actions are illustrated in Figure 2.

1.2 Glendale Snapshot
The City of Glendale was incorporated in 1906 and spans approximately 30.6 square miles with a current population of approximately 196,543 people (US Census 2020). Glendale is the fourth largest city in Los Angeles County and is located approximately 10 miles north of downtown Los Angeles. Glendale borders the City of Los Angeles to the north and south, unincorporated Los Angeles to the northeast, cities of La Cañada Flintridge and Pasadena to the east, and the City of Burbank to the west. California State Route 134 (SR 134) and Interstate 210 (I-210) are major freeways that run west to south through the City, and I-5 and SR 2 run north to south through the City. The City is also served by Amtrak and Metrolink which provide commuter rail services and are accessible at the Glendale Transportation Center which is located in south Glendale. The City of Glendale also offers transportation services to meet a variety of needs and
demographics, including the Beeline Bus and Dial-A-Ride. Bus service throughout Glendale is provided by Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and Greyhound.

The City is home to the Verdugo Mountains Open Space Preserve, which holds more than 2,300 mature coast live oaks, sycamores, big leaf maples, bay laurels, and other native trees. The area is designated by Los Angeles County as a Significant Ecological Area (MRCA 2023). The City contains 47 parks and facilities including two regional parks (more than 30 acres in size), two community parks, 17 neighborhood parks, 13 mini-parks, and 13 special use facilities with recreational resources that are designated for specific groups (City of Glendale N.d.a).

Existing critical facilities are necessary for a community’s response to and recovery from emergencies. Critical facilities must continue to operate during and following a disaster to reduce the severity of impacts on the community and accelerate recovery. Example critical facilities in Glendale include police and fire stations, power lines, and public libraries.
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Figure 2 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

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6 1.3 Glossary
Several words and phrases are used throughout this assessment to illustrate climate vulnerabilities within Glendale. ▪Adaptation. The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, either to minimize harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate (IPCC 2012). ▪Adaptive Capacity. The City of Glendale’s ability to cope with and adjust to the impacts of climate change (Cal OES 2020). ▪Asset. Refers to a resource, structure, facility, or service that is relied on by a community.
▪Cascading Impact. Climate hazard caused impacts that
compromise infrastructure or disrupt critical services (e.g., power supply or water conveyance) broadening the scope of impact past a singular subject to reliant subsystems and populations (Collins et al. 2019).
▪Climate Driver. An increase in the proportion of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the primary human-caused source of change to the earth’s climate (USGCRP 2017).
▪Climate Hazard. A dangerous or potentially dangerous condition created by the effects of the local climate (Cal OES 2020). Climate hazards of concern for Glendale are extreme heat and warm nights, drought, stormwater flooding, wildfire, landslides, and poor air quality.
▪Climate Indicator. A measure of a particular aspect of the Earth’s climate that can be tracked over time to show trends and changes. Climate indicators relevant to the City of Glendale and discussed in this report are temperature and precipitation. ▪Compounding Risk. When two or more extreme events or
average events occur simultaneously and increase the scope of impact or severity of the event; an additional risk brought about by increased frequency of events from climate change
(Seneviratne et al. 2012).
▪Impact. Effects on natural and human systems including effects on lives, livelihoods, health, ecosystems, economies, societies, cultures, services, and infrastructure due to the interaction of climate hazards and the vulnerabilities of the system or asset effected (IPCC 2012).
▪Mitigation. An act or sustained actions to reduce, eliminate, or avoid negative impacts or effects (Cal OES 2020).
▪Resilience. The capacity of an entity (an individual a community, an organization, or a natural system) to prepare for disruptions, to recover from shocks and stresses, and to adapt and grow from a disruptive experience (Cal OES 2020)
▪Sensitivities. The degree to which a species, natural system, community, asset, or other associated system would be affected by changing climate conditions (Cal OES 2020).
▪Vulnerable Populations. Certain populations experience increased exposure, risk, or vulnerability to climate change impacts and often have less capacity and fewer resources to cope with, adapt to, or recover from climate impacts (Cal OES 2020).

Assessing and mitigating impacts to these populations is prioritized given the increased risks and sensitivities. ▪Vulnerability. The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected (IPCC 2012).
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1.4 Community Engagement
Incorporating input from the community, experts in the field, and interested parties into the development of this Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment provides critical context for how recent climate-driven events in Glendale have impacted critical infrastructure, services, and community members. It also serves to identify existing government-run programs within the City and remaining gaps that can be filled through strategies included in the CAAP.

The Sustainability Working Group meeting with Glendale City staff elicited information on historical climate change impacts, existing and planned efforts to manage climate change impacts now and in the future, and gaps in City programs and services. The Sustainability Working Group identified projects, programs, and policies the City should put into place to increase community resilience.

In addition, the City held two focus group meetings. These meetings were attended by community-based organizations in Glendale and elicited information on vulnerable populations, climate change impacts, and existing community resources that protect the community from climate change hazards.

Information shared by interested parties will further inform climate adaptation policies and programs in the City’s CAAP and will continue to provide ongoing guidance on strategies that address key community needs.

Sustainability Working Group Meeting
The City of Glendale assembled a Working Group to help shape the Glendale CAAP. The Sustainability Working Group is made up of representative from the following City departments and divisions:
▪City of Glendale Water & Power Department
▪City of Glendale Public Works Department
▪City of Glendale Integrated Waste Management Division
▪City of Glendale Fire Department
▪City of Glendale Police Department
▪City of Glendale Community Development Department
▪Community Services and Parks Department
▪City of Glendale Sustainability Office
▪City of Glendale Library, Arts and Culture Department
▪City of Glendale Economic Development Division
The City hosted its first Sustainability Working Group meeting on May 17, 2023, to gather information on historical impacts and existing and planned programs in the City that increase community resilience. Attendees provided input on the types of impacts that facilities, operations, staff, and the community have experienced from past floods, extreme heat events, landslides, and wildfires. The Sustainability Working Group also provided feedback on primary barriers and constraints preventing adequate preparation or response to climate hazards, steps to overcome these barriers, and types of projects, programs, or plans that are needed to better adapt to climate change. This assessment includes key findings from the Sustainability Working Group meeting, which are included in the Social Vulnerability by Climate Hazard section. The Mural Board activity used to gather feedback at the Sustainability Working Group is included as Appendix A.
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8 Interested Parties Focus Group Meetings
To date, the City of Glendale has hosted four focus group meetings for the CAAP which occurred in June and July 2023 with the following community based:
▪Adams Hill Neighborhood Association
▪Arco
▪Armik Avedisian Real Estate Services
▪AT&T
▪BLK dream Camp Co
▪CDBG Commission
▪City of Glendale
▪Climate Reality Project – Los Angeles Chapter
▪Community Foundation of the Verdugos
▪Cuningham
▪Department of Justice
▪Dignity Health – Glendale Memorial Hospital
▪Gharibian Real Estate & Finance
▪Glendale Community College
▪Glendale Environnemental Coalition
▪Glendale Healthier Community Coalition
▪Glendale Kiwanis
▪Glendale Parks & Open Space Foundation
▪Glendale Students for Sustainability
▪Glendale Teachers Association
▪Glendale Unified School District
▪Glendale Water & Power
▪Jackson Vintage Properties
▪Keller Williams Commercial Glendale
▪Los Angeles Regional Collaborative for Climate Action and Sustainability
▪MedProse Consulting
▪Montrose Verdugo City Chamber of Commerce
▪NAMI Glendale
▪Sierra Club Verdugo Hills Group
▪Silversher Productions
▪Student from Crescenta Valley high School
▪Sunroom Desk
▪Sustainability Commission, City of Glendale
▪Surfrider Foundation South Bay Chapter
▪UCLA Students
▪USC Verdugo Hills Hospital
▪Whiting Woods Property Owners Inc.
▪WRP Group
▪YWCA Glendale and Pasadena
Each interested party brings unique expertise about Glendale and climate-related solutions to the project. Incorporating this knowledge is critical in understanding the scale of impacts, vulnerabilities, and existing adaptive capacity of the community in the City.

The City provided the focus groups attendees with an overview of potentially vulnerable groups in Glendale. Attendees provided input on additional potentially vulnerable groups in the City, their primary climate hazards of concern, experiences during recent climate hazard events in Glendale, barriers faced when preparing for and/or responding to climate hazards, and plans, programs, and resources 391 of 487

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that the community-based organizations currently provide that increase community adaptive capacity. The additional vulnerable groups identified through the focus group meetings are included in this assessment primarily in Social Vulnerability Assessment. The Mural Board activities used to gather feedback at the Focus Group meetings is included as Appendix B.

Community Workshop
The City hosted 4 virtual and 8 in-person community workshops in October and November 2023 to share results of this CCVA, present high-level strategies to increase community resilience to climate change, develop actions to achieve strategies with the community, and answer questions related to the CAAP.

Community Engagement as part of Climate Action
and Adaptation Plan
As part of the CAAP, the City has a robust community engagement plan. The City is hosting a project website, attending community events, sending out e-blasts, sending out surveys, hosting community workshops, and attending existing meetings held by business associations and community-based organizations to gather feedback on and help guide the direction of the CAAP.

1.5 Vulnerability Assessment
Methodology
California Adaptation Planning Guide Phases
The Glendale Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment follows the vulnerability assessment process recommended by the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES), as documented in the 2020 California Adaptation Planning Guide (Cal APG). The adaptation planning process outlined by the Cal APG consists of four phases, illustrated in Figure 3.

1. Phase 1 consists of scoping a project to define, explore, and initiate the planning process, which the City completed as part of the CAAP initiation.

2. Phase 2 consists of the vulnerability assessment process which encompasses this report and is outlined in more detail in Figure 4.

3. Phase 3 consists of developing adaptation strategies which will be completed as part of the CAAP in which the summarized vulnerabilities of the City are prepared as prioritized adaptation strategies.

4. Phase 4 consists of the implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and adjustment of the adaptation strategies.

This report is also consistent with Government Code § 65302, as amended by Senate Bill (SB) 379, which requires cities and counties across California to prepare a Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment to inform updates to the Safety Element of the General Plan.
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10 Figure 3 California Adaptation Planning Guide Phases 393 of 487

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Figure 4 Vulnerability Assessment Flow Diagram, Phase 2 of the California Adaptation Planning Guide 394 of 487

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12 Key Data Sources
The following data sources and tools, many of which are recommended within the Cal APG and Southern California
Adaptation Planning Guide (SoCal APG), were used in preparation of this report.
▪Cal-Adapt is an online tool that presents historic and modeled projections based on 10 different global climate models. The tool was developed and is maintained by the University of California, Berkeley with oversight from the California Energy Commission (CEC). This tool is used to present projection data related to minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation, extreme heat, warm nights, drought, and wildfire. This tool uses data from California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment and is expected to be updated soon with data from the Fifth Climate Assessment as it becomes available.
▪California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment was developed by the CEC and other State of California coordinating agencies to present up-to-date climate science, projections, and potential impacts associated with climate change. The CEC and coordinating agencies developed nine reports to provide regional-scale climate information to support local planning and action. The Los Angeles Region Summary Report (2018)
presents an overview of climate science, regional projections, specific strategies to adapt to climate impacts, and key research gaps needed to spur additional progress on safeguarding the Los Angeles Region from climate change. The Los Angeles Region Summary Report was used to understand regional
changes that may affect Glendale both directly and indirectly. ▪California Heat Assessment Tool (CHAT) is an online mapping tool funded by the California Natural Resources Agency as part of California’s Fourth State Climate Change Assessment to help state and local public health officials understand how heat vulnerability will change with increasing temperatures due to climate change. CHAT uses historical and projected daily maximum and minimum temperature, humidity, and
emergency room visit data along with population and
environmental characteristics to assign census tracts with heat vulnerability scores and to project the frequency and length of Heat Health Events over the course of the century for two climate scenarios (RCP 8.5 and RCP 4.5). A Heat Health Event (HHE) is any heat event that generates public health impacts, regardless of the absolute temperature.
▪Tree Equity Score is a mapping tool created by the non-profit organization, American Forests, using tree canopy data from Earth Define. Trees provide numerous environmental and
health benefits, including improved air quality, shade, and ambient cooling. Trees are often distributed unequally
throughout the neighborhoods in cities. Tree Equity Score is intended to help identify census tracts that could benefit from additional tree planting the most and to estimate the benefits of tree planting to make the case for allocating the resources needed to do so. Tree Equity Scores are based on how much tree canopy and surface temperature align with income,
employment, race, age, and health factors. Scores are meant to indicate whether there are enough trees in specific
neighborhoods or municipalities for everyone to experience the health, economic, and climate benefits that trees provide. ▪Los Angeles County Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment is a comprehensive assessment of the social and physical vulnerabilities facing Los Angeles County as a result of climate change. The assessment defines high climate vulnerability as a combination of increased exposure to climate hazards; high susceptibility to negative impacts of exposure; and low adaptive capacity, or ability to manage and recover from exposure. The 395 of 487

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assessment includes a Climate Hazard Assessment (CHA) which evaluates potential changes in the frequency and severity of specific climate hazards (extreme heat, wildfire, extreme precipitation and inland flooding, coastal flooding, and drought) resulting from climate change in the coming decades. It also includes a Social Vulnerability Assessment (SVA) which looks at the level of risk across communities and populations and identifies groups and places that are highly vulnerable to climate hazards. The third major section is the Physical Vulnerability Assessment (PVA) which examines how physical infrastructure and facilities across the County face risk of damage from climate hazards and outlines how damage to
highly vulnerable facilities could affect people and society.

Finally, the Cascading Impacts Assessment explains how
infrastructural systems rely on one another and how harm to one type of infrastructure can affect other facilities, related services, and the people who rely on those services.
▪City of Glendale Local Hazard Mitigation Plan contains a series of proposed action items that when implemented can help reduce the risk from hazards through education and outreach programs, the development of partnerships, and the
implementation of preventative activities (e.g., land use programs) that restrict and control development in areas subject to damage from natural hazards. The Plan includes wildfire, flood, and landslide mitigation action items. As of August 2023, the City is in the process of updating the 20XX Plan.
▪U.S. Census, 2021 American Community Survey (ACS) presents demographic data by census tract and was used in the social vulnerability analysis. U.S. Census data was used to identify the percentage of the Glendale population that corresponds to each vulnerable group.
▪The Center for Disease Control’s (CDC) PLACES Health Data (updated 2023) presents health demographic data by census tract. CDC PLACES Health Data was used to identify the Glendale population health statistics that correspond with the Social Vulnerability Index and vulnerable populations. This data is based on the 2010 census boundaries.
▪U.S. Department of Energy Low-Income Energy Affordability Data (LEAD) presents population data on low- and moderate- income households that carry a disproportionate energy
burden, as included in the Social Vulnerability Index.

Data Limitations
The limitations of this report and analysis stem from gaps in data availability and completeness of data methods. Census data can miss portions of the population (e.g., individuals experiencing homelessness, undocumented individuals) and general
demographic information may not fully identify the full extent of populations at increased risk from climate change impacts. For example, Middle Eastern and Armenian individuals who have traditionally been classified as “white” in census designations face systemic disadvantages from potentially missing funding and resource opportunities that other minority groups may receive (Census Bureau 2022; Warren 2022). Extrapolating air quality hazard exposure data in the context of climate change is difficult because it is at a regional scale and regional GHG impacts have not traditionally been measured or monitored in the same way that local air quality has been. Therefore, the estimates of exposure to these hazards are likely to be underestimated.

The data presented in Cal-Adapt tools are projections, or estimates, of future climate. The limitation in these projections is that the long- term behavior of the atmosphere is expressed in averages – for example, average annual temperature, average monthly rainfall, or 396 of 487

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14 average water equivalent of mountain snowpack at a given time of year. The averages discussed often downplay the extremes by which daily weather events occur and when presented as an average, only show moderate changes within the climate. What is often lost in averages is that the frequency of extremes, like atmospheric rivers, may increase while low-moderate intensity weather events decrease through the end of the century. In instances of modeled precipitation projections, it maintains an average similar to historic levels which does not account for anticipated fluctuations in extremes (CEC 2023).

Social Vulnerability Methodology
The presence and overall distribution of vulnerable populations in the City of Glendale were identified based on the U.S. Census and American Community Survey data, CDC’s PLACES Health data, and U.S. Department of Energy LEAD Tool. The data used for the social vulnerability analysis were supplemented using information received through the focus group meetings. See Interested Parties Focus Group Meetings section of this report for a summary of these meetings. This report follows the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) SoCal APG and Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment methodologies for identifying, grouping, and analyzing vulnerable populations.

The SoCal APG identifies the following populations as generally experiencing higher risk for climate impacts in a given community:
▪Low income
▪Experiencing
homelessness
▪Incarcerated
▪Single female heads of
households
▪Undocumented immigrants
▪Non-English speakers
▪Unemployed or
underemployed
▪Seniors and young
children
▪Military veterans
▪Non-white communities
▪Renters
▪Students
▪Visitors and seasonal
residents
▪Tribal and indigenous
communities
▪Individuals with impaired
health/disabilities
▪Isolated individuals (e.g., no
car or transit access)
▪Individuals with educational
attainment less than 4 years
of college
▪Outdoor workers
Vulnerable populations were identified in Glendale through several state recommended data sources. For groups analyzed using U.S.

Census data, the report identified populations in Glendale present at higher rates than the statewide average. Glendale’s vulnerable populations are described in the Social Vulnerability Assessment section later in this report.

Vulnerability Scoring Methodology
Vulnerability scoring is a valuable step in the climate vulnerability assessment process because it identifies which assets and populations face the greatest threat from climate hazards. This can aid in the prioritization of adaptation actions. The vulnerability score is a combination of the impact and adaptive capacity scores.

The impact and adaptive capacity scores are developed using a qualitative methodology outlined in the Cal APG, as seen in Table 3.

Impact and adaptive capacity scores are assigned for each climate hazard for all assets and vulnerable populations. The vulnerability score is prepared by combining the two scores as demonstrated in Table 4. The range of potential impacts spans 1 through 5 with 4-5 representing the highest levels of potential impact.
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Table 3 Impact and Adaptive Capacity Scoring Rubric
Score Impact Adaptive Capacity
Low Impact is unlikely based on projected exposure; would result in minor consequences to public health, safety, and/or other metrics of concern.

The population or asset lacks capacity to manage changes; major changes would be required.

Medium Impact is somewhat likely based on projected exposure; would result in some consequences to public health, safety, and/or other metrics of concern.

The population or asset has some capacity to manage climate impact; some changes would be required.

High Impact is highly likely based on projected exposure; consequences to public health, safety, and/or other metrics of concern.

The population or asset has high capacity to manage climate impact; minimal to no changes are required.

Source: Cal OES 2020
Table 4 Vulnerability Score Matrix
Adaptive Capacity
High Medium Low
High 3 4 5
Medium 2 3 4
Potential
Impacts
Low 1 2 3
Source: Cal OES 2020
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16 2 Climate Hazards
Climate change is a global phenomenon that can impact local health, natural resources, infrastructure, emergency response, and many other aspects of society. The primary driver of climate change is increased GHGs in the atmosphere due to human activity. Future projections of climate and climate hazards are dependent on both location and the trajectory of global GHG emissions over time. The Cal-Adapt tool provides climate data from global scale models that have been localized (downscaled) to 3.7 mile by 3.7-mile grids (CEC 2023). The data in Cal-Adapt is combined with information from the California Fourth Climate Change Assessment to model future changes in specific types of hazards within this assessment. Climate change projections use different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP), which describe potential trajectories of global GHG emissions (CEC 2023). Projections in this assessment are based on RCP 8.5, a high emissions scenario in which global GHG emissions continue to rise through the end of the 21st century. The selection of RCP 8.5 for assessing vulnerability is recommended by the Governor’s Office of Planning and Research in the Cal APG (Cal OES 2020).

Additionally, projections are forecasted to mid-century (2035-2064) and end-century (2070-2099) as 30-year averages to be compared to a modeled historical baseline (1961-1990) (CEC 2023).

This section presents information on temperature and precipitation, which are considered climate indicators. Following this section are a series of graphics that display information on projected changes to climate hazards due to changes in climate indicators. These hazards include extreme heat and warm nights, drought, wildfire, landslides, stormwater flooding and extreme precipitation, and poor air quality.

Causes of Climate Change
Climate change is caused by the release of GHGs into the atmosphere, which traps heat near the Earth’s surface
raising global average temperatures in what is referred to as the “greenhouse effect.” This increase in average
temperatures across the globe affects sea level rise,
precipitation patterns, the severity of wildfires, the
prevalence of extreme heat events, water supply, and ocean temperatures and chemistry (NASA 2022). According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), GHGs
are now higher than they have been in the past 400,000
years, raising carbon dioxide levels from 280 parts per million to 410 parts per million in the last 150 years (IPCC 2021). The dramatic increase in GHGs is attributed to human activities beginning with the industrial revolution in the 1800s, which represented a shift from an agrarian (e.g., cultivation of land) and handicraft-based economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing (NASA
2022).
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2.1 Climate Indicators
The climate indicators relevant to Glendale are temperature and precipitation. The following section summarizes projected changes to these climate indicators.

Temperature
Currently, Glendale has an average maximum temperature of 74.9°F and an average minimum temperature of 51.2°F. Average maximum temperatures are expected to increase in Glendale by
approximately 5.2°F (RCP 8.5) by the mid-century and 8.6°F (RCP

8.5) by end-century. Average minimum temperature is expected to increase in the City by approximately 4.8°F (RCP 8.5) by mid-century and 8.3°F (RCP 8.5) by end-century (CEC 2023). Temperature increases affect various climate related hazards including extreme heat and warm nights, drought, wildfire, and poor air quality, further described in the illustrative graphics below.

Precipitation
Climate projections show that there will be more frequent and longer dry periods punctuated by increased precipitation intensity of the largest storms or wet periods (Hall et al. 2018). Projections for Glendale predict that annual precipitation totals will remain relatively stable, decreasing slightly by approximately 0.3 inches by end-century (RCP 8.5). However, as already observed in recent years, precipitation changes are largely observed as more extreme variability with intense wet years followed by extreme drought (CEC 2023). Climate change is projected to increase the intensity of extreme precipitation events in the Los Angeles region (Hall et al. 2018). By the end of the century, some locations in the Los Angeles region are expected to experience up to 30 percent more precipitation on the wettest day of the year and the intensity and frequency of atmospheric reiver events are also projected to occur (RCP 8.5) (Hall et al. 2018). Although changes in average precipitation are small, both wet and dry periods are expected to be more extreme, which can increase the risk of related climate hazards such as stormwater flowing and landslides (Hall et al. 2018).

In Glendale, precipitation changes are expected to affect drought, stormwater flooding, wildfire, and air quality.

2.2 Climate Hazards
This section outlines projected changes for the following climate hazards:

Extreme Heat
Warm Nights and Heat Health Events
Drought
Wildfire
Landslides
Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation Events
Poor Air Quality
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18 Extreme Heat
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Warm Nights and Heat Health Events
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20 Drought
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Wildfire
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22 Landslides
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Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation Events
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24 Poor Air Quality
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3 Social Vulnerability Assessment

3.1 What is Social Vulnerability
While all populations in a community will be affected by climate hazards, some individuals are more vulnerable due to physiological conditions and inequitable systems and structures and therefore will be disproportionally impacted. For example, seniors (over 65 years old); young children (under 5 years old) and their parents and caregivers; and pregnant women are more at-risk than the general population to heat illness during an extreme heat event. Vulnerable populations experience heightened risk to climate change and have inequitable access to resources to adequately adapt and recover from the associated impacts. Glendale is home to several vulnerable populations (see Table 5 and Figure 5), some of whom have already been disproportionately harmed by climate change.

3.2 Social Vulnerability Index Score
A social vulnerability index was developed to identify the location and areas of highest concentrations of climate-vulnerable population groups in Glendale based on 31 population data indicators (see the highlighted rows in Table 5). Each indicator represents a characteristic that either increases a person’s physiological vulnerability to climate hazards or decreases the ability of an individual to prepare for, cope with or recover from climate hazards due to systemic inequities. Selected indicators are consistent with guidance in the Cal APG (Cal OES 2020) and SCAG APG (SCAG 2020). The indicators also reflect input from community- based organizations provided during the City-held Focus Group Meetings (see Interested Parties Focus Group Meetings section above). For more information on why these population
characteristics are considered vulnerable to climate change impacts, see the Social Vulnerability by Climate Hazard section. Data for these indicators was obtained from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey 2017-2021, CDC’s PLACES Health Data, U.S.

Department of Energy LEAD Tool, Esri’s Crime Index data, and California Immigrant Data Portal.

The 27 population data indicators are organized into four separate groups for the purposes of this assessment. Grouping populations allows the City to understand what systems and structures contribute to increased vulnerability to climate change hazards.

Through identification of factors that contribute to population vulnerability, adaptation solutions can be developed that specifically address those contributing factors. Population groupings are as follows:

1.Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure.

2.Under-resourced Individuals.

3.Individuals Facing Societal Barriers.

4.Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities
The indicators were used to assess the geographic location and proportion of vulnerable populations in Glendale who may be more impacted by climate hazards. Data for these indicators was obtained from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey 2017-2021, CDC’s PLACES Health Data, U.S. Department of Energy LEAD Tool, and Esri’s Crime Index data. The Social vulnerability analysis was 408 of 487

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26 conducted to identify the concentration of each population group in each census tract in Glendale. Figure 5 displays social vulnerability in Glendale by census tract. Census tracts with high proportions of vulnerable populations, relative to state statistics, have higher percentile rankings on the 0 percent to 100 percent scale. The higher the percentile, the higher the vulnerability to climate change.

The areas of Glendale with the greatest concentration of vulnerable populations are in south and southwest Glendale Census tracts that are above the 60th percentile are considered a high social vulnerability area. Notably, the Grayson Power Plant is located in a high social vulnerability area. Figure 5 also displays additional areaswith high social vulnerability, beyond what was idenfitied using existing data and state tools, that were identified by representatives from local community-based organizations as part of the City-held Focus Group Meetings (see dotted areas in Figure 5). The additional focus areas were determined using a 1/4-mile buffer around schools(which is where children, a climate-vulnerable population group, spend much of their time),, I-5, (SR 134), Brand Boulevard, the Scholl Canyon Landfill and the Grayson Power Plant.

In addition, the areas south of SR 134 and west of Brand Boulevard are included as additional vulnerable focus areas, as identified during the Focus Group meetings.

Systemic Inequities
Individuals facing societal barriers include marginalized individuals due to their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, disability, economic status, or immigration status, all of whom encounter systemic obstacles that can limit their access to opportunities, resources, and fair treatment, are directly impacted by systemic social and economic inequities.

These challenges create educational, resource, economic, and health disparities that leave communities extremely vulnerable to climate change impacts (Baird 2008). When looking at the intersectionality and compounding impact of these societal barriers, these communities are more likely to face high outdoor exposure, be systematically under-resourced, be subjected to toxic stress and/or have chronic health
conditions, live in high-hazard risk areas and substandard housing, and are less likely to be homeowners (APA 2012).

These systemic factors make them disproportionately
vulnerable to climate hazards. In the City, many of these individuals face compounding risks associated with linguistic and income barriers. Immigrants and people who are
undocumented are often deprived of access to medical
services, quality housing, and basic needs, as well as access to social and economic services (Gamble et al. 2016).

Additionally, historical mistreatment and underserving by government leads to distrust, which compounds the lack of access to resources even when they do available.
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Table 5 Vulnerable Populations in Glendale
Population Type Population Description Percentage of Total Population/Household Type Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure
Outdoor Workers Individuals who are employed, 16 and older, and work outdoors 8% People experiencing
houselessness1
Individuals who currently lack fixed, regular, and adequate housing 0.1% Visitors2 Individuals who are not residents and are visiting the study area for a limited time Not Available People who use active
transportation*
People who primarily get around by walking, biking, or other active mode of transportation
9%
People who use public transit* People who primarily get around by buses, trains, subways, and other forms of public transportation
3%
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers
Black, Indigenous, and People
of Color (BIPOC)
Individuals who do not identify as white 23%
Native Americans Individuals who identify as American Native and Alaskan Native 0.6% Limited or non-English
speakers
Households with individuals who are non or limited English-speaking 11% Immigrants3 Individuals residing in the United States with legal documentation 51% People who are
undocumented4
Individuals residing in the United States without legal documentation 6% Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Seniors Individuals 65 years or older 18%
Young children and their
parents/caregivers*
Individuals 5 years and younger 5%
People who are differently
abled
Individuals with access and functional needs (physical and mental) 26% Individuals with asthma* Individuals diagnosed with asthma 9% Individuals with cardiovascular
disease
Individuals diagnosed with coronary heart disease 6%
People with diabetes* Individuals diagnosed with diabetes 9% 410 of 487

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28 Population Type Population Description Percentage of Total Population/Household Type People with high blood
pressure*
Individuals diagnosed with high blood pressure 28%
People with stroke risks* People with disproportionately high risk for stroke 3% Miliary Veterans Individuals who have served but are not currently serving in the US Armed Forces 2% Pregnant people* Individual with a baby or babies developing inside the womb Not Available Under-Resourced Individuals
People experiencing poverty Household incomes less than 80 % the State median household income 14% Unemployed Percentage of population aged 18-64 who are unemployed 7% Individuals with no health
insurance
Individuals aged 18 to 64 years old currently uninsured 7% Households without a
computer
Households without access to a computer 6%
Households without
broadband internet
Households without access to broadband internet 26%
Renters Housing units that are renter occupied 64%
Individuals without vehicle
access
Individuals without access to a vehicle 17%
Single female heads of
household with kids
Households with kids supported by a single female 14%
Individuals with education
attainment less than 4 years of
high school
Percentage of people over age 18 without a high school education or higher 10% People in overcrowded
households
Household with more than one person per room 5%
Mobile home households Housing units that are mobile homes 0.1% Households experiencing
housing burden
Percentage of gross household income spent on housing costs 11% Students Individuals 3 years and older enrolled in school 23% People who live in areas of
high violent crime
Percentage of areas that have an above average risk of crime occurring relative to the US average.
63%
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Population Type Population Description Percentage of Total Population/Household Type Households using fuels for
heating*
Households using solid fuels, kerosene, and gas to heat home 78% Residents without air
conditioning7*
Households without air conditioning Not Available
Households experiencing
energy burden
Percentage of gross household income spent on energy costs 1% Highlighted rows indicate population indicators for which census level data for Glendale was available, and therefore were included in the social vulnerability index mapping. * Populations added based on Focus Group input.
1 People experiencing houselessness percentage is calculated using data for Glendale from the City’s 2023 Glendale Homeless County (195 sheltered and unsheltered) and the 2020 City of Glendale Population from the Census (196,543). Data for this group was not available at the Census tract level for Glendale and therefore was not included in the Social Vulnerability Index. 2 Data for visitors was not available at the Census tract or City level for Glendale and therefore was not included in the Social Vulnerability Index. 3 Immigrants with legal documentation percentage is calculated using data for Glendale and is sourced from the California Immigrant Data Portal (99,796 immigrants with legal documentation in Glendale in 2019, most recent year available) and the 2020 City of Glendale Population from the Census (196,543). Data for this group was not available at the Census tract level for Glendale and therefore was not included in the Social Vulnerability Index. 4 People who are undocumented is calculated using data for Glendale and is sourced from the California Immigrant Data Portal (11,130 undocumented immigrants in Glendale in 2019, most recent year available) and the 2020 City of Glendale Population from the Census (196,543). Data for this group was not available at the Census tract level for Glendale and therefore was not included in the Social Vulnerability Index.

Source: The percentages used in this table were acquired from the U.S. Census, 2021 American Community Survey (ACS), CDC’s PLACES Health Data, Esri’s Crime Index, and U.S. Department of Energy LEAD Tool.
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30 Figure 5 Social Vulnerability in Glendale
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3.3 Social Vulnerability Overview
Vulnerability is the propensity or predisposition of a certain asset or population group to be adversely affected by climate change impacts. The following subsection provides an overview of what makes the vulnerable population groups more susceptible to climate change impacts. The Social Vulnerability by Climate Hazard Section provides:
▪An overview of the impacts of climate hazards
▪Potential impacts of climate hazards to each of the four population groups
▪City-led and community adaptive capacity
▪Vulnerability score which is a combined score of the potential impact and adaptive capacity for each of the four population groups by climate hazard
Information for impacts on populations and adaptive capacity was pulled from government sources and peer reviewed articles and supplemented using information provided by City staff during the Sustainability Working Group meeting and community-based organizations during Focus Group meetings (for more information on these meetings, refer to the Sustainability Working Group Meeting and Interested Parties Focus Group Meetings section of the report). Adaptive capacity is the ability to adjust to the consequences of climate change. Types of adaptive capacity include adjustments in behavior, resources, and technologies. There are other forms of adaptive capacity that are led by institutions (e.g., schools, religious institutions), community-based organizations, non-profits, special districts, and other nongovernmental entities.

The two types of adaptive capacity that are discussed in this report:

1.City-led adaptive capacity indicates the ways in which the City currently manages the negative impacts of climate change through City and utility-led plans and programs.

2.Community-scale adaptive capacity The ability of a community to deal with climate-related challenges, like extreme weather, can be improved by features in both the man-made and natural surroundings, as explained in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment.

Both City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity are assessed for each population group by climate hazard.

An impact score and an adaptive capacity score are identified for each vulnerable population group by climate hazard, along with an overall vulnerability score consistent with the scoring methodology provided in the Vulnerability Scoring Methodology Section.

Vulnerability scoring helps the City understand which climate effects pose the greatest threats and should be prioritized in adaptation planning and policy.

The results of the analysis will inform the development and prioritization of adaptation policies and programs to increase community resilience as part of the City of Glendale CAAP and Safety Element Update.

Indicators that Drive Community Vulnerability
Below is an overview of the vulnerability indicators for each population group that drive community vulnerability to climate change. This assessment acknowledges how the intersectionality of systems compound individuals’ vulnerability across multiple factors at once; however, for the purpose of this assessment, analysis was conducted based on the vulnerability that increases an individual’s risk to the greatest degree.
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32 Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure
Outdoor workers, people experiencing houselessness, visitors, and people who use active transportation and public transit face high outdoor exposure, which increases vulnerability to potential climate hazards. Approximately 8 percent of the population in Glendale are outdoor workers and face high risk of climate hazards.

Glendale has an estimated 195 people experiencing houselessness in 2023 (City of Glendale 2023). There is a significant concentration of people experiencing houselessness that are unsheltered in the Downtown Area, particularly in Central Park (City of Glendale 2023).

Central Park offers access to vital resources for the unsheltered population, including the Central Library and the Adult Recreation Center (City of Glendale 2023). People experiencing houselessness often suffer from high rates of respiratory conditions, mental illness, and other chronic health conditions and therefore are more vulnerable to climate hazards (CDPH 2020).

Glendale offers hiking trails, a diversity of restaurants, and icon sites such as the Alex Theatre, to visitors. Visitors are at risk because they may not receive warning during emergency events and are more likely to be unsure of how or where to receive help, or how to evacuate. Visitor deterrence, which could occur during and following climate hazards, would have impacts on the local economy (Gamble et al. 2016).

In Glendale, 17 percent of households do not have access to a vehicle (U.S. Census ACS 2021). People without access to a vehicle use active transportation, such as walking and biking, and public transit to get around. People who rely on active transportation or public transit have higher outdoor exposure, such as extreme heat, air pollution, or heavy rainfall, than those who use personal vehicles and are therefore at greater risk to climate hazards. This high risk is compounded by the fact that communities of color are more likely to have limited or no access to a car, increasing their likelihood of being impacted during heat and other climate hazards (CDPH 2020).

People who rely on active transportation or public transit may experience barriers in accessing cooling centers, evacuating in a timely fashion, and have a greater likelihood of encountering interruption in transportation services which could lead to direct income losses from the inability to access their workplace during climate events.

Under-resourced Individuals
Under-resourced individuals have inequitable access to resources with which to prepare for, cope with, and recover from climate change impacts, due to economic disparities, social inequities, geographical location, lack of education, policy gaps, historical factors, and limited social networks, which further exasperates vulnerability to climate impacts. Individuals who are unemployed or people experiencing poverty often face financial barriers when preparing for and recovering from climate change hazards.

Individuals in these groups often live in homes that are less protected against climate hazards or are more likely to be renters so are unable to make needed home improvements. People
experiencing poverty may not be able to take time off work to address health concerns either caused by or exacerbated by climate hazards, such as heat-related illnesses, respiratory problems from air pollution, or injuries resulting from extreme weather events, leading to further challenges in managing their well-being and financial stability. People experiencing poverty in conjunction with food and housing insecurity are rendered systematically more vulnerable than the general population to many co-morbid health issues. Glendale’s current unemployment rate averaged over 5 years is 6.6 percent, higher than the county and state
unemployment rates (Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center 2022). The current poverty rate for Glendale is 13.9 percent 415 of 487

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with an estimated 27,065 citizens of 195,227 living in poverty (Welfare Info). Neighborhoods experiencing more than 25 percent poverty include densely populated communities adjacent to major roadways such as I-5 in the southern and central parts of the city (City of Glendale Income and Poverty). These neighborhoods largely consist of marginalized communities where population density is 5,000 to 30,000 people per square mile (City of Glendale Census 2010).

Single female heads of households, as defined by the U.S. Census as female householders with children under 18-years-old and no spouse/partner present, are often subjected to high levels of work- life conflict and financial hardship, which can make preparing for, coping with, and recovering from climate hazards difficult. They are also more likely to serve as the primary caretaker of children which can make evacuating during a hazard scenario difficult (Flanagan et al. 2011). Additionally, women’s wages, on average, are lower than their male counterparts. According to U.S. Census Bureau data, in 2020, women earned 84 percent of what men earned (Pew
Research Center 2021). This disparity is even more extreme for Black women who earned on average 64 percent of what white, non-Hispanic men earned in 2020 (Bleiweis et al. 2021). On average, Glendale single female heads of households experience poverty levels of nearly 22 percent across the city’s census blocks. In the most densely populated areas of the city, this rate reaches highs of

37.3 percent (Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center 2022).

As such, they will likely experience increased difficulties preparing for and recovering from climate hazards.

Individuals with educational attainment of less than 4 years of high school usually have lower earning potential and are twice as likely to be unemployed than those with a high school degree
(Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities N.d). Individuals with low educational attainment are more likely to work in outdoor and/or labor-intensive environments thus increasing the impact of climate events (CDPH 2017). In the Glendale area, 16.5 percent of adults, aged 25 and older, lack a high school diploma (Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center 2022). Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have access to transportation, healthcare, and other basic needs and often lack the financial resources to evacuate from a climate hazard or find a safe and affordable place in which to evacuate.

Households without a computer or broadband internet access may be less likely to receive emergency alerts or governmental guidance before, during, or after a climate hazard event, making them particularly vulnerable in evacuation scenarios. Individuals without health insurance are more likely to have undiagnosed pre-existing health conditions and inadequate access to preventative care and treatment, which may make them more vulnerable to health impacts from climate hazards (Gamble et al. 2016). According to the Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center Community Health Needs Assessment from 2022, Glendale overall has very high health insurance rates at 96.6 percent. However, minority ethnic groups tend to have lower health insurance rates. Glendale BIPOC communities on average have health insurance rates of 86 percent (Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center Report 2022).

Individuals who rent housing have limited ability to weatherize their homes for hazard events. Mobile home households also often do not have adequately weatherized homes. For example, renters may not have temperature control in their housing units and generally experience a higher water and energy utilities cost burden than homeowners (Cooley et al. 2012).

Households experiencing housing cost or energy cost burden are less likely to have financial resources to prepare for, respond to, or recover from impacts. Individuals living in overcrowded housing are more likely to face health and safety concerns and face financial 416 of 487

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34 barriers when preparing for and recovering from climate hazards (EPA 2022). In Glendale, 48.7 percent of owner and renter occupied households are cost-burdened, which is higher than both the county and state rates (Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center Report 2022). Over half of the Glendale ZIP codes serviced by the Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center have cost-burdened population rates of over 50 percent (Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center Report 2022). 2022).

Residents who lack air conditioning are at extreme risk of health impacts particularly associated with extreme heat. About 30 percent of households in California. Of those households without air conditioning, a majority are in low-income communities (Chen et al. 2020)
People who live in areas of high violent crime are more likely to live in areas with neighborhood instability and economic disadvantage.

Additionally, one study found that 20 percent of most
disadvantaged neighborhoods are predicted to absorb over 50 percent of climate change-related increases in violence. This highlights the critical link between environmental stressors, resource scarcity, and social vulnerability, as these areas often struggle with limited access to essential resources, economic opportunities, and social services. This lack of resources can intensify tensions and conflicts when compounded by the additional pressures brought on by climate change impacts, leading to heightened levels of violence in heat-stressed neighborhoods (Plante and Anderson 2017). In Glendale, from 2012 to 2017, there were 2,887 arrests, generating $1,196,547 in incarceration rates (MDH 2017). Most of the documented crime in Glendale occurs around densely populated, marginalized communities adjacent to I 5 and SR-134 (Neighborhood Scout 2023). Glendale experiences disproportionate rates of arrests by race and these rates are likely to continue to increase, exacerbated by heat inequity from climate change impacts.

Students may experience educational disruption and setbacks including reduced rate of graduate and college attendance as aa result of climate hazards that cause school closures, loss of personal property, and/or psychological distress, particularly students with additional characteristics that increase sensitivity to climate hazards. Additionally, students have limited ability to modify the physical conditions at school that affect climate hazard exposure and risk such as air filtration and air conditioning (GAO 2022).

Individuals Facing Societal Barriers
Glendale is located within the ancestral lands of the Tongva people.

Because many Native American people experience some degree of the implications of colonial violence, cultural erasure, and social marginalization, they are more likely to be under-resourced and experience poverty (Rogers 2012). Not all City residents who identify as Native American have ties to tribal communities, which affects the ways in which climate hazards impact individuals. In 2020, one in three Native Americans across the United States were living in poverty (Northwestern Institute for Policy Research 2020).

Native Americans often experience worse health outcomes and lower life expectancies compared to other populations due to a variety of systemic factors including toxic stress due to regularly experiencing racism and other systemic harms, disproportionate poverty, and discrimination in the delivery or accessibility of health services. Native Americans are also less likely to have health insurance, which may limit their ability to seek medical care for injuries or illnesses caused or exacerbated by climate change impacts (Rogers 2012). Native Americans are more likely to live in high-hazard risk areas and less likely to be homeowners, which 417 of 487

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leaves them vulnerable to climate impacts (Gamble et al. 2016).

Within the vulnerability analysis, potential impacts to Native American populations are discussed in the context of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC).

Recently, the City of Glendale recognized its past with racial injustices by unanimously passing a resolution apologizing for its history as a “sundown town” (Crouch 2020). A sundown town is the term for predominantly white towns and cities across the nation that attempted to keep their towns minority-free through violence, discriminatory legislation, and harassment. These places were areas in which City officials posted notices that minorities could work and travel in the town, but had to leave by sunset, or “sundown” (Christmas 2021). The history of violence and discriminatory laws against people of color and marginalized communities extends beyond the direct harassment and exclusion of these peoples in Glendale’s history through legislation such as the intentional neighborhood redlining, as described in Individuals Facing Societal Barriers. Now, as climate change impacts threaten all of Glendale’s citizens, these communities are feeling the generational effects of racial injustice, stemming from the City’s past as a “sundown town.” These communities predominantly reside in C-graded
neighborhoods, as depicted in Figure 6, and face climate vulnerabilities such as increased pavement, lack of trees for adequate cooling (Figure 7), and heat inequity. While Glendale addresses its history as a sundown town, the effects of its past on marginalized communities are being exacerbated by climate change and continue to shape their inequitable climate vulnerabilities. 418 of 487

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36 Figure 6 Glendale High Social Vulnerability Areas and Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) Neighborhood Redlining Grade
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Tree Equity Score
The number and distribution of trees in cities in the United States, often reflects differences in race and income across city landscapes.

While the amount of paved and impermeable surfaces and lack of water features and green spaces can increase the impact of temperature increases from climate change, adding more green spaces and especially trees, can have the opposite effect. Trees provide several critical services to cities and residents including shade, improved air quality, increased rain interception and reduced stormwater runoff, and in great enough numbers, trees can cool ambient temperatures and reduce the impact of climate change and extreme heat on public health.

Treeequityscore.org analyzes a range of neighborhood
characteristics including the existing tree canopy, population density, income, employment, surface temperature, racial demographics, age distributions, and health metrics to create a single tree equity score between 0 and 100. A score of 100 would indicate that a neighborhood has achieved tree equity.

Of the 137 census block groups included in the Tree Equity Score Municipality Report for Glendale, 11 have a tree equity score below

70. Comparing the HOLC map in Figure 6 and the Tree Equity Score map in Figure 7 can shed some light on the legacy of redlining and historic disinvestment on current levels of heat risk throughout the City. In line with the research referenced above, the southern and western portions of Glendale that had C (Definitely Declining) graded neighborhoods continue to have fewer trees, and lower tree equity scores relative to the rest of the City. Neighborhoods just north of West Kenneth Road and East Mountain Street and in east Glendale, north of SR 134 which received an A grade have some of the highest tree equity scores in the City.
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38 Figure 7 Glendale High Social Vulnerability Areas and Municipality Tree Equity Score 421 of 487

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Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health
Related Sensitivities
Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities are socially and physiologically vulnerable to climate change impacts and hazards. Seniors and people who are differently abled may have limited or reduced mobility, mental function, or communication abilities, making it difficult to evacuate during or prepare for a climate hazard event. They may also have medical needs for electricity which may be impacted during a public safety power shutoff or climate hazard event. Individuals in these groups are more likely to have pre-existing medical conditions or chronic illnesses that may exacerbate the risk of illnesses and medical problems from climate hazards. Individuals with asthma, individuals with cardiovascular disease, individuals with diabetes, individuals with high blood pressure, and individuals with stroke risk are more likely to experience health impacts from climate hazards because of pre-existing conditions or diseases. Seniors often face challenges regulating their temperature due to medications or underlying conditions related to age. Young children are socially and physiologically vulnerable to climate hazards. They often have limited understandings of climate hazards and insufficient resources to independently prepare for and safely respond during a climate hazard event. Young children are reliant on their caregivers to ensure their health, safety, and wellbeing. Young children have not fully physiologically developed and are therefore more vulnerable to health effects of climate change impacts. (Kenney et al. 2014).

The caregivers of young children are also at risk during some climate hazard events as they may face challenges navigating an evacuation process with young children. Military veterans may have been exposed to a variety of environmental, physical, and chemical stressors during military service which may have caused physiological or psychological health conditions, illnesses, or different abilities that make them particularly vulnerable to climate hazards (Olenick et al. 2015). Pregnant people and their fetuses are particularly vulnerable to climate hazards as they are susceptible to certain health conditions, including anemia, low birth weight, preterm birth, and miscarriage. Pregnant people are also at increased risk of experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder and depression after a climate hazard event (EPA 2022).

Residents in households using fuels for heating, as opposed to electricity, are more likely to be impacted by indoor combustion pollutants. Combustion pollutants are the gases and particles made by burning any fuel such as natural gas, diesel, and kerosene.

Exposure to combustion pollutants may lead to adverse health impacts that can make individuals more at risk of climate hazards.

For example, cooking emissions, especially from gas stoves, are associated with increased respiratory disease (CARB 2023).

3.4 Social Vulnerability by Climate
Hazard
This section assesses the potential impacts, adaptive capacity, and the resulting social vulnerability, of each population group by climate hazard.

Extreme Heat and Warm Nights
Overview
Extreme heat was a major issue identified during Focus Group Meetings 1 and 2. Specifically, the lack of air conditioning in housing units, limited protection for renters, and the urban heat island effect in areas with high proportions of vulnerable populations were identified as areas of concern. Below is an overview of the urban 422 of 487

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40 heat island effect, historical causes of inequitable heat exposure, tree equity score in Glendale, and compounding risks of housing and heat related illness.

Sustainability Working Group participants also identified extreme heat as a major concern. Participants noted having to close facilities due to broken Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) during extreme heat events, and warnings of rolling blackouts.

URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Urban Heat Island (UHI) refers to developed areas that are hotter than the surrounding landscape primarily due to the use of building materials and surfaces that absorb and re-radiate heat (like roofs and pavements), as well as a lack of vegetation, particularly trees.

The UHI effect causes people in cities to have higher heat exposure than residents in less densely developed areas. Within urban landscapes, neighborhoods with more impermeable and dark colored surfaces, and fewer trees, parks, and water features, have greater heat exposure and heat related risk than urban
communities with more green space and reflective surfaces. These differences in development patterns typically correspond with income and demographic disparities across the urban environment.

Low-income communities and many communities of color across Los Angeles County are the most impacted by the urban heat island effect (LA CDPH 2021). UHI will likely compound the impact and risk of extreme heat days and higher average temperatures resulting from climate change. In some locations, the effect could be twice as strong as the impact of global warming (Huang et al. 2019).

In Glendale, the UHI effect will most likely impact vulnerable communities in densely populated communities without access to green spaces, open areas, or reflective surfaces. According to the Urban Heat Island Interactive Map from the California
Environmental Protection Agency (CEPA UHI), the areas of Glendale which will experience the most intense UHI effect are the southwest neighborhoods along I-5 and the northeast neighborhoods along I- 210 (CEPA UHI). These areas have historically been socially vulnerable areas in C-graded neighborhoods (Figure 6) which have experienced racially motivated redlining and currently experience low tree equity scores (Figure 7). The UHI effect is calculated per urban census tract in degree-hours per day, in which the temperature differences every hour per day over 182 warm summer days are summed, then divided by the number of days in the study. In Glendale, the southern socially vulnerable communities have a degree-hour day rating of about 80.53, while the northern socially vulnerable communities have a rating of about 149.75 degree-hour days (CEPA UHI). In A-graded Glendale communities with higher tree equity scores, degree-hour days range from about 74.21 to 99.15 (CEPA UHI). As such, Glendale’s most populated urban areas will likely experience the highest UHI effects and heat inequity stemming from historical redlining and lack of access to green open spaces.

HISTORICAL CAUSES OF INEQUITABLE HEAT EXPOSURE
After the Great Depression the U.S. Government undertook numerous projects to stimulate the economy, expand housing stock, and evaluate the riskiness of home mortgages. The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation was established in 1933 with the passage of the Home Owners’ Loan Act, with the key task of refinancing mortgages and slowing down the rate of foreclosures (FHFA).

During the 1930’s the HOLC created detailed maps of urban areas across the United States. HOLC maps documented the perceived risk of lending and determined the lending practices of banks and other mortgage lenders administering the federal loans.

These maps graded neighborhoods on a scale from “A” through “D” and the grade correlated with color coding on the maps of green 423 of 487

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through red, hence the term “redlining”. A-rated neighborhoods, colored green on the maps, were classified as the most desirable, and least risky for lenders. D-rated neighborhoods, colored red on the maps, were classified as the highest risk neighborhoods, and families in these neighborhoods were typically denied mortgages and their mortgages were often not federally insured if they were granted one (Rothstein 2017). The HOLC neighborhood assessments explicitly used racial makeup of residents as a determinant of neighborhood quality and mortgage risk (Rothstein 2017).

Neighborhood descriptions included references to the racial make- up of a neighborhood, in particular the homogeneity, percentage of immigrants and whether they were considered “subversive”, and the number of black, Mexican, and residents of various non-white ethnic groups (Nelson et al., 2023; Rothstein 2017). In the HOLC assessments, racially integrated neighborhoods, and neighborhoods with higher numbers of immigrants and people of color were considered higher risk and perceived as destined to deteriorate in value (Nelson et al., 2023; Rothstein 2017). This led to disinvestment in low-rated areas of cities and a loss of wealth building for generations of American families who were unable to purchase homes (Rothstein 2017). This practice of racial exclusion from homeownership allowed white Americans to accumulate wealth through government backed homeownership while minority communities were excluded and marginalized (Rothstein 2017).

Historic disinvestment and constraints on loans to real estate developers tied to racial restrictions resulted in differences in the quality of housing, amount of housing, and the amount of green space and other amenities that were built in different
neighborhoods based on the income and racial demographics of potential residents (Nelson et al., 2023; Rothstein 2017).

Many of these development differences still largely persist to this day. Recent research has shown that neighborhoods that HOLC rated as a “D” level of risk are still predominantly low-to-moderate income and communities of color, while “A” neighborhoods are still predominantly white and above average income. Previously red- lined neighborhoods are also correlated with more impervious paved surfaces, fewer trees and green spaces, and higher average temperatures than the non-redlined, historically white
neighborhoods in the same city (Hoffman et al.). Another study assessing 175 of the largest urbanized areas in the United States found that the average person of color lives in a census tract with greater than 2 degrees Celsius higher urban heat island intensity compared to non-Hispanic whites (Hsu et al.). A few degrees of temperature difference, and especially warmer temperatures at night, can translate into an appreciably increased risk of heat stress.

This means that communities that faced historical housing discrimination often bear a greater health burden as excessive heat events become more frequent and severe due to climate change.

This disparate heat exposure risk is known as heat inequity.

Figure 6 shows the HOLC Neighborhood Redlining Grade for neighborhoods in Glendale. Green colored areas represent neighborhoods that were graded A (Best). Neighborhoods just north of West Kenneth Road and East Mountain Street and in east Glendale, north of SR 134 received an A grade. Several
neighborhoods bordering A grade neighborhoods were graded B (Still Desirable) due to deed restrictions that limited development to single family housing and prevented non-white families from purchasing homes. These areas were developed with federal financing and graded favorably on the mortgage risk map as a result of the good quality homes this financing afforded, and the racial segregation achieved through racially restrictive deeds.

Neighborhoods graded C (Definitely Declining), yellow areas on the map, are located in north Glendale along I-210, and in south and southwest Glendale. The reasoning provided for C grade
neighborhoods was the presence of lower-income and working- class. Residents, powerlines and industrial uses, and mixed quality 424 of 487

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42 of housing. No neighborhoods in Glendale were rated D (Hazardous).

Areas with high social sensitivity in Glendale today fall within neighborhoods rated C (Definitely Declining) by HOLC, as shown in Figure 6.

COMPOUNDING RISKS: HOUSING AND HEAT RELATED ILLNESS
Housing and socio-economic factors can intersect in ways that compound the risks of climate impacts such as extreme heat events.

When housing is in short supply and unaffordable this can lead to overcrowding, especially for lower-income communities. Aging, overcrowded, and poorly insulated housing can contribute to risk from heat related illness, which can in turn lead to hospital visits and even increased mortality. If the electricity grid is strained during a heat wave and there are power outages, this can further increase the risk of heat related illnesses if access to adaptations such as air conditioning, fans, and refrigeration are lost.

A study published In 2022 found that housing age, housing crowding ratio, and roof condition were found to be correlated with the risk of heat-related illness indexes and can predict the risk of heat- related emergency department visits and heat-related mortality on a state level. This analysis indicates that housing quality and affordability as characterized by age, crowding, and roof condition can impact heat related illness risk (Hu et al. 2022).

The California 2020 Census Hard-to-Count index rated census tracts in south and southwest Glendale as falling within the highest difficulty level for accurately estimating population numbers. The variables cited for contributing to difficulty in getting accurate counts were renter occupied units, crowded units (in south Glendale), immigrants and limited English-speaking population, multi-unit structures, and households without broadband subscriptions (CA Census 2020). The large numbers of immigrants, non-English speakers, and crowded housing conditions in south Glendale likely contributed to an undercount of the true population of Glendale.

Housing affordability issues also impact Glendale residents.

According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) and the California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD), housing is considered “affordable” if monthly housing costs are no more than 30 percent of a household’s gross income. In Glendale, 57.8 percent of renter households spend 30 percent or more of their income on housing cost, compared to 55.3 percent regionally. Additionally, 36.1 percent of renter households in Glendale spend 50 percent or more of their income on housing cost, compared to 28.9 percent regionally. These households are considered severely cost burdened (SCAG 2021).

The age of housing stock can indicate housing quality and the likely need for rehabilitation work that can impact public health, including remediation of lead-based paint and maintenance or replacement of major elements such as roofing. 77 percent of the housing stock in Glendale was built prior to 1980, and 20.2 percent of those homes, the largest proportion, were constructed prior to 1939 (SCAG 2021). Typically housing over 30 years of age is likely to need rehabilitation work to major elements of the structure. Given the age of the housing stock in the City, a large majority of Glendale’s housing stock is in substandard condition, with approximately 1,291 units lacking telephone service, 164 units lacking plumbing facilities, and 1,478 units lacking complete kitchen facilities (SCAG 2021). The age, availability, cost burden, and crowding conditions of Glendale housing may contribute to increased risk of heat-related illnesses, especially as climate change contributes to more frequent extreme heat events.
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A separate study analyzed exposure and vulnerability to heat by housing type and location using census tract level data combined with housing characteristics, climate projections, and an index of adaptive capacity and vulnerability to heat. The analysis revealed that subsidized housing in California simultaneously has the most sensitive populations and barriers to adaptation while being disproportionately located in the hottest census tracts (C. J. Gabbe et al. 2020). Specifically, while 8 percent of California’s total number of housing units are located in tracts with high heat exposure and high vulnerability populations (high-high tracts), these high-high tracts contain 16 percent of public housing units, 14 percent of Low- Income Housing Tax Credit units, and 10 percent of Section 8 Housing Choice Vouchers (C. J. Gabbe et al. 2020).

These studies show that housing policy should be considered an essential public health and safety mechanism for mitigating climate change-exacerbated health conditions in Glendale. Policies and programs should aim to address heat exposure and adaptation for subsidized housing, highly sensitive populations, and seek to increase housing availability and quality, especially in the hottest parts of the community, in order to help reduce health impacts from extreme heat.

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of extreme heat on each vulnerable population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Individuals with high outdoor exposure are at risk of health impacts from extreme heat. Outdoor workers are often subject to strenuous work conditions and are vulnerable during extreme heat events.

People experiencing houselessness and displaced individuals are exposed to the health-related impacts associated with extreme heat because they have limited access to shelter and air conditioning.

The primary health impacts to these populations are heat-related illnesses, such as heat stress, heat stroke, and dehydration, which can be life-threatening (CDPH 2020). Visitors are at risk during extreme heat events because they may not be keyed into local heat warning communications and are less likely to know where to seek refuge. People that rely on active transportation or public transit may experience health impacts from extreme heat due to biking and walking in high temperatures and high exposure while waiting for public transit.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may not be able to pay for adequate air conditioning or fans, increasing their exposure to extreme heat.

Individuals without vehicles may face challenges traveling to cooling centers or temporary shelters during extreme heat events (Cooley et al. 2012). Residents who lack air conditioning are at risk of health impacts from extreme heat at increased temperatures may make it harder to regulate their body temperatures. Households without a computer or broadband internet may not receive heat advisory warnings or governmental guidance, causing them to experience health impacts from extreme heat exposure (CDPH 2017). Under- resourced individuals are less likely to receive medical care for illnesses triggered or exacerbated by extreme heat, or if treatment is received, they are likely to face a significant medical cost burden and related financial stress. Extreme temperatures may contribute to a rise in high violence crime rates, which increases safety risks to people who live in areas of high violent crimes (Muggah 2021).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
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44 heat events and limited or no affordable air conditioning and are less likely to be able to make the home improvements necessary due to financial constraints or because they are renters. Limited or non-English speakers may not be provided heat advisory warnings or governmental guidance in their language, potentially causing them to experience greater exposure to extreme heat (Gamble et al. 2016). The primary health impacts to these populations are heat- related illnesses, such as heat stress, heat stroke, and dehydration, which can be life-threatening (CDPH 2020). Immigrants and people who are undocumented may not have access to medical services to treat heat-related illnesses.

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities are particularly at risk of heat related illnesses during extreme heat events. People who are differently abled, seniors, and children may have difficulty affording or accessing air conditioning or traveling to cooling centers during extreme heat events. Extreme heat events can also trigger power outages which are particularly dangerous for individuals who are electricity-dependent, either for their mobility, communication, or medical devices. Extreme heat conditions can exacerbate asthma, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, certain different abilities, and other respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, potentially causing heat- related illnesses such as heat stress, heat stroke and dehydration, which can be-life threatening (CDPH 2020). Residents in households using fuels for heating may face disproportionate health impacts from extreme heats events as high temperatures may lead to compounding impacts from indoor air pollutants. Young children are still physiologically developing which means that they are less able to regulate their bodies during extreme heat events (Kenney et al. 2014). Young children and seniors are especially at risk of dehydration as their bodies are not able to regulate as well (Kenney et al. 2014). When exposed to extreme heat, pregnant people and their fetuses are particularly susceptible to heat exhaustion, heat stroke, dehydration, low birth weight, preterm birth, and infant mortality (EPA 2022). Dehydration may exacerbate underlying health conditions and illnesses.

Warm nights affect the body’s ability to cool down and recover from heat stress during extreme heat periods exacerbating heat-related health problems including, heat exhaustion, dehydration, and cardiovascular stress, especially for individuals with chronic health conditions and health related sensitivities.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to extreme heat and warm nights.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to extreme heat include:
▪Increasing urban forest, tree canopy coverage, parks, and open space throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan and the Glendale Downtown Specific Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements, including in vulnerable areas not within 1/3 mile of recreational open space (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012) (Glendale Downtown Specific Plan 2019).
▪Inventorying backup-generators, medical equipment and
supplies, temporary shelters, and other emergency response supplies and equipment are adopted policies and strategies as 427 of 487

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envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element 2003. (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
As described in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, the following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to extreme heat and warm nights in Glendale:
▪Heat refuge: Cooling centers and other cool indoor public and private locations can provide critical refuge for people to escape extreme heat conditions. The City operates 4 cooling centers placed around the City, with only one of the four located close to areas of high social vulnerability (Glendale News Press 2023). ▪Park access: Parks and open spaces can provide shade, natural cooling, and mental health benefits to community members seeking refuge from the heat. In their Greener Glendale Plan— Community 2012, Glendale aims to increase parks specifically in areas not currently within 1/3 mile of recreational open space and develop strategies to provide parks or recreational open space in those areas (Greener Glendale Plan – Community Plan 2012). Currently, most Glendale parks and green spaces are not accessible by most vulnerable populations, but Glendale is working to develop strategies to address this imbalance. ▪Tree canopy: Trees can provide shade, natural cooling, and mitigate the urban heat island effect, providing numerous benefits to residents. According to Glendale’s tree equity report, 19 of 137 block groups have a tree equity score of less than 75. These 19 block groups are located in dense, vulnerable communities adjacent to major roadways like I-5. The lack of tree canopy in these areas will exacerbate the urban heat island effect and increase heat inequity.
▪Thermal building performance: Older buildings heat up faster during extreme heat events and are less effective at remaining cooler than outdoor temperatures. Improving building
insulation and using reflective building materials can increase thermal building performance, increasing community resilience.

Thermal building performance in Glendale is likely poor, given that 77 percent of the housing stock in Glendale was built prior to 1980, with 20 percent of those homes, the largest
proportion, constructed prior to 1939.
▪Permeable surfaces: Permeable spaces include green spaces and other cool, ground surfaces that help protect against localized heat gain and reduce the urban heat island effect.

Large areas of permeable surfaces are located in areas with the lowest social vulnerability scores, where access to open spaces and cooled surfaces prevent urban heat island effects. In Glendale, these areas have historically been less densely populated areas, typically away from major roadways and in areas with fewer vulnerable populations.
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46 Vulnerability Score – Extreme Heat and Warm Nights
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Low 5-High 429 of 487

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Drought
Overview
Prolonged drought conditions can cause long-term public health problems including shortages of drinking water and poor-quality drinking water, impacts on air quality, sanitation and hygiene, and food and nutrition, and more disease, such as West Nile Virus carried by mosquitoes breeding in stagnant water (CDC 2020).

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of drought on each sensitive population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Unless there are major water shortages in the City which disrupt drinking water supplies or cooling water features at parks and other public locations, individuals with high outdoor exposure are most likely not at disproportionate risk to drought.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
During periods of prolonged drought, under-resourced individuals are more likely to experience the cost burden associated with increased water rates (Feinstein et al. 2017). These individuals may struggle to access clean and affordable drinking water which may cause financial strain (Gamble et al. 2016).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
Unless there are major water shortages in the City, individuals facing societal barriers are most likely not at disproportionate risk to drought.

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Unless there are major water shortages in the City, individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities are most likely not at disproportionate risk to drought.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to drought.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to drought impacts include:
▪Increasing urban forest, tree canopy coverage, parks, and open space throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan and the Glendale Downtown Specific Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements, including in vulnerable areas not within 1/3 mile of recreational open space (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012) (Glendale Downtown Specific Plan 2019).
▪Increasing biodiversity of plants and ecosystems are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012).
▪Glendale Water & Power offers the Utility Users Tax exemption to low-income senior and differently abled customers. Glendale Water & Power also promotes the Low-Income Household
Water Assistance Program (LIWAP) which provides funds to assist low-income households with water and wastewater bills (GWP Financial Assistant Programs 2023).
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48 COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
As described in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, the following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to drought.
▪Water conservation practices: Water conservation practices such as using drought-tolerant vegetation in gardens and open spaces, promoting water reuse for non-potable uses and
installing water efficient appliances are important practices for increasing resilience to drought are adopted policies and strategies. Policies and strategies in the Greener Glendale Plan seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012).
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Vulnerability Score – Drought
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Low Medium 2-Low Under-resourced Individuals Medium Medium 3-Medium
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Low Medium 2-Low 432 of 487

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50 Wildfire
Overview
Wildfires cause direct and indirect impacts to community members.

Wildfires that burn within City limits can pose a significant impact to the safety of community members and can burn homes. Indirectly, wildfires both within and outside of City limits can cause power disruption and lead to poor air quality. Focus Group participants identified concerns with wildfires leading to power disruption and affecting air quality through smoke.

Population groups that are located in the additional vulnerable focus areas are at-risk to wildfires, as shown in Figure 8. These include community members within ¼ mile buffer of schools (which is where children, a climate-vulnerable population group, spend much of their time), ¼ mile buffer of I-210 and SR 2, as well as portions of east Glendale.

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of wildfire on each vulnerable population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Some outdoor workers, including fire fighters, police officers and other emergency personnel, may be exposed to hazardous work conditions during wildfire events and may become injured from burns and wildfire smoke. Domestic workers that typically service areas under a wildfire evacuation order are impacted by loss of wages, especially where hazard pay is unavailable. In some cases, domestic workers were still required to report to work within emergency evacuation areas, exposing themselves to harm (Climate Resolve 2021). Individuals with high outdoor exposure may face disproportionate exposure to wildfire smoke which can exacerbate existing respiratory conditions, mental illness, and chronic health conditions. (CDPH 2017). Individuals with high outdoor exposure may be reliant on active and public transportation modes and have a more difficult time evacuating in a timely fashion.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may experience injuries or death from burns and are likely to experience financial burden associated with medical treatment and property loss or damage (CDPH 2017). These individuals may have their belongings and homes damaged by a wildfire. If this occurs, under-resourced individuals are less likely to be covered by insurance and more likely to suffer from the cost burden. Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing. They are more likely to have limited control over home hardening and
improvements that may protect against fire. Subsequently, they may experience economic and health impacts and a greater loss of belongings than affluent homeowners (Gamble et al. 2016).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
BIPOC, immigrants, and people who are undocumented are
generally more likely to live in housing with insufficient protection against wildfire. Individuals facing societal barriers may not have access to language appropriate advisory warnings or government guidance. Individuals in these groups may face systematic and/or cultural barriers to access resources to safely evacuate hazard areas and/or to treat injuries (Gamble et al. 2016) (Mendez et al. 2020).

The harm that many community members have experienced when engaging with government systems, including at evacuation centers, may make it harder for them to receive the support and services that they need.
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INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities may be more susceptible to injuries or death from burns (CDPH 2017). People who are differently abled, young children and their parents/caregivers, military veterans, pregnant people, and seniors may have difficulty evacuating from wildfires, increasing the risk of health impacts from wildfire burns (EPA 2022).

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to wildfire.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to wildfire impacts include:
▪Ensuring adequate fire services, such as fire equipment, infrastructure, and response times throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety
Element 2003).
▪Enforcing fuel management, weed abatement, fire-resistant landscaping, and structure hardening programs and efforts to minimize wildfire risk are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).
▪Designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating Glendale Water & Power electric transmission and distribution system to minimize wildfire risk are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale Water & Power – Wildfire Mitigation Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood- wide improvements (Glendale Water & Power–- Wildfire
Mitigation Plan 2022).
▪Coordinating with local and regional jurisdictions and agencies to update and implement disaster preparedness and recovery plans, maintain mutual aid agreements, and carry out
evacuation procedures are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan—Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). ▪Inventorying backup-generators, medical equipment and
supplies, temporary shelters, and other emergency response supplies and equipment are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
As described in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, the following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to wildfire in Glendale:
▪Fire Safe Structures: Homes and facilities that are designed and constructed with fire resistant building materials will mitigate potential impacts from fire and smoke.
▪Fire Resistant Landscaping: Planting fire resistant plants can mitigate the spread of fire in open spaces and surrounding structures. Employing vegetation management techniques (e.g., trimming, pruning, and cleanup) will reduce flammability. 434 of 487

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52 ▪Roadway and Access: Roadway access and street signage ensures adequate ingress/egress for residents and emergency personnel.
▪Fire Service Resources: Fire equipment, infrastructure, and response times are all critical.
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Figure 8 Glendale High Social Vulnerability Areas and Wildfire Hazard Severity Zones 436 of 487

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54 Vulnerability Score – Wildfire
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Medium Medium 3-Medium Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 4-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Medium Medium 3-Medium Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Medium 4-High 437 of 487

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Landslides
Overview
Population groups that are located in the additional vulnerable focus areas are at-risk to landslides, as shown in Figure 9. These include community members within ¼ mile buffer of schools, ¼ mile buffer of I-210, La Crescenta Avenue, and SR 2, as well as portions of east Glendale.

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of landslides on each sensitive population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Individuals with high outdoor exposure (outdoor workers, people experiencing houselessness, visitors, and people who use active transportation and public transit) may not receive timely emergency evacuation information or may have limited access to shelter and transportation to evacuate from hazardous areas (Gamble et. Al 2016). Some outdoor workers, including emergency personnel and construction workers, may be exposed to hazardous work
conditions during landslide events and may become injured from debris, rocks, or damaged infrastructure or facilities.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may experience injuries or death from landslides and are likely to experience financial burden associated with medical treatment (CDPH 2017). These individuals may have their belongings and homes damaged by a landslide. If this occurs, under-resourced individuals are less likely to be covered by insurance and more likely to suffer from the cost burden. Under- resourced individuals are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing. They are more likely to have limited control over home hardening and improvements that may protect against landslides. Subsequently, they may experience economic and health impacts and a greater loss of belongings than homeowners (Gamble et al. 2016).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
BIPOC, immigrants, and people who are undocumented are
generally more likely to live in housing with insufficient protection against landslides. Individuals facing societal barriers may not have access to language appropriate advisory warnings or government guidance. Individuals in these groups may face systematic and/or cultural barriers to access resources to safely evacuate landslide hazard areas and/or to treat injuries (Gamble et al. 2016) (Mendez at al. 2020). The harm that many community members have experienced when engaging with systems, including at evacuation centers, may make it harder for them to receive the support and services that they need.

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities may be more susceptible to injuries or death from a landslide (CDPH 2017). People who are differently abled, young children and their parents/caregivers, pregnant people, and seniors may have difficulty evacuating from landslides, increasing the risk of health impacts and geographical isolation (EPA 2022).

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to landslides.
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56 CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to landslide impacts include:
▪Mitigating landslide risks and potential damage to structure and infrastructure through requiring geotechnical investigations, regular inspections, and prohibiting reconstruction of structures in areas with failed slopes are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
The following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to landslides in Glendale:
▪Stabilize slopes mechanically or with vegetation: Vegetation helps stabilize slopes and prevent erosion by strengthening roots in the soil.
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Figure 9 Glendale High Social Vulnerability and Landslide Susceptibility 440 of 487

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58 Vulnerability Score –Landslides
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Medium Medium 3-Medium Under-resourced Individuals Medium Medium 3-Medium
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High 441 of 487

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Stormwater Flooding and Extreme
Precipitation
Overview
When an influx of stormwater exceeds a drainage system’s capacity to infiltrate water into the soil or to carry it away, localized stormwater flooding can occur. Urban landscapes tend to be built with impermeable surfaces that do not allow much water to infiltrate the ground and this increases the amount of runoff that must be channeled in storm drainage systems and carried elsewhere. Most urban drainage infrastructure was not built to manage stormwater flows from the increased precipitation events that are occurring and will occur more frequently with climate change and can be costly to retrofit. As a result, the costs and impact of urban flooding are expected to increase as precipitation patterns become more extreme due to climate change (NASEM 2019).

Climate change may cause areas throughout Glendale to experience more frequent stormwater flooding. Stormwater systems may be overwhelmed more frequently as more extreme rain events occur, causing localized flooding which could impact properties and leave roads temporarily unusable. Areas with high amounts of
impermeable surfaces and those adjacent to drainage systems are prone to stormwater flooding during periods of heavy rainfall.

Flooding impacts directly create physical damage from inundation (Hall et. al 2018). Flooding can also lead to cascading risks due to loss of power, wastewater management issues, pollution carried by stormwater including hazardous materials, and overwhelm storm drainage infrastructure, exacerbating public health concerns.

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of stormwater flooding and extreme precipitation on each sensitive population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Individuals with high outdoor exposure (outdoor workers, people experiencing houselessness, visitors, and people who use active transportation and public transit) may not receive timely emergency evacuation information or may have limited access to shelter and transportation to evacuate from hazardous areas (Gamble et. Al 2016). Some outdoor workers, including emergency personnel and police offers, may be exposed to hazardous work conditions during flooding events and therefore are vulnerable to health impacts (CDPH 2020).

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may experience injuries or death from high velocity flooding and are less likely to receive medical treatment (CDPH 2017). Individuals in these groups may experience cost burdens if their belongings and homes are damaged from floodwater inundation. Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing. They are more likely to have limited control over home hardening and
improvements that may protect against flooding. Subsequently, they may experience economic and health impacts and a greater loss of belongings than homeowners (Gamble et al. 2016).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
BIPOC and people who are undocumented are more likely to live in low-lying area that are more susceptible to stormwater flooding.

They are also more likely to live in housing with insufficient 442 of 487

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60 protection against stormwater flooding. Individuals facing societal barriers may not have access to language appropriate advisory warnings or governmental guidance. Individuals in these groups may face systemic and/or cultural barriers (including racism and other forms of discrimination) when seeking access to resources needed to safely evacuate hazard areas and/or to treat injuries (Gamble et al. 2016) (Mendez et al. 2020).

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with underlying health conditions may be more at risk of injury/illness due to exposure to mold after flooding events. Molds grow in places with a lot of moisture, particularly areas where there has been flooding and inadequate home hardening to protect from water infiltration. After severe flooding events, damage from flooding may lead to mold infestations, as home interiors are exposed around pipes, windows, and roofs. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), exposure to damp and moldy
environments may cause health effects ranging from sneezing and mild allergic reactions to fungal infections for more susceptible populations, such as those with chronic respiratory disease. Studies also suggest that early mold exposure in children may lead to the development of asthma and further sensitivity to mold. Young children and their parents/caregivers, seniors, people who are differently abled, pregnant people, and individuals with chronic health conditions or illnesses may not be able to safely evacuate floodwater hazard areas. This could lead to further exposure to mold infestations and increase the likelihood of experiencing serious health-related events for these populations.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to stormwater flooding and extreme
precipitation.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to stormwater flooding and extreme precipitation impacts include:
▪Mitigating flood impacts through discouraging development of critical facilities in flood hazard areas, requiring hydrological studies, and maintaining City-owned storm drain facilities are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety
Element 2003).

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
As described in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, the following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to stormwater flooding and extreme precipitation in Glendale:
▪Green Infrastructure: Green infrastructure projects expand permeable areas and reduce flooding potential. According to the City of Glendale Nature Based Development, the City has conducted Indigenous Tree Protection programs and annual street tree planting programs for decades. In 2011, the City completed a re-forestation project within Scholl Canyon and has planted over 5,000 trees in 2020. Additionally, Glendale maintains over 5,000 acres of open space and 286 acres of developed park land, with 47 parks and recreation facilities (City of Glendale Nature Based Development).
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Vulnerability Score – Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Medium Medium 3-Medium Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 4-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Medium Medium 3-Medium Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High 444 of 487

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62 Poor Air Quality
Overview
Focus Group participants identified concerns with wildfires contributing to poor air quality through smoke.

LOCAL CONDITIONS IMPACTING AIR QUALITY
The City of Glendale is in the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB), which is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mountains to the north and east, and the San Diego County line to the south. The air quality in the SCAB is primarily influenced by a wide range of emissions sources – such as dense population centers, heavy vehicular traffic, industry, and weather (South Coast AQMD N.d.) The general region lies in the semi-permanent high-pressure zone of the eastern Pacific Ocean, resulting in light average wind speeds. The SCAB experiences a persistent temperature inversion (increasing temperature with increasing altitude) because of the Pacific high-pressure zone. This inversion limits the vertical dispersion of air contaminants, holding them relatively near the ground. The combination of stagnant wind conditions and low inversions produces the greatest pollutant concentrations in the SCAB. On days of no inversion or high wind speeds, ambient air pollutant concentrations are lowest. During periods of low inversions and low wind speeds, air pollutants generated in urbanized areas are transported predominantly onshore into Riverside and San Bernardino counties (CARB N.d.)

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
Air quality monitoring stations throughout the region monitor concentrations of air pollutants and determine whether ambient air quality meets the California and federal standards for various air pollutants. While air quality has improved in the SCAB over the past several decades, the region has exceeded the federal health 8-hour ozone standard 124 days in 2022, based on preliminary data.

Maximum levels are almost twice as high as the federal standard for clean air (South Coast AQMD N.d.)

POOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Poor air quality is associated with increased health impacts, most frequently from inhalation of pollutants. Examples of inhalable pollutants include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Of these pollutants, the most common is particulate matter, which refers to inhalable particles that are commonly made up of sulphate, nitrates, ammonia, and other harmful compounds. Higher temperatures are conducive to air pollution formation, and rising temperatures could therefore result in worsened air quality. Worsening air quality due to climate change can create respiratory issues for sensitive populations and impact indoor environments that do not have adequate air filtration systems. There are several types of sources that cause a decline in air quality:
▪Dust. Increased temperature leads to dry, dusty conditions also associated with drought (Hall et al. 2018). Increases in dust conditions increases exposure to particulate matter, including PM10 (particulates less than 10 microns in diameter). PM10 can cause increased respiratory disease, lung damage, cancer, premature death, and reduced visibility. These adverse health effects have been reported primarily in infants and children, and seniors with preexisting heart or lung diseases (CARB 2022). ▪Smog. Increases in ambient temperature can lead to higher rates of smog also referred to as ozone. Groups most sensitive to O3 include children, the elderly, people with respiratory disorders, and people who exercise strenuously outdoors 445 of 487

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(USEPA 2021a). Depending on the level of exposure, ozone can cause inflame and damage the airways; make the lungs more susceptible to infection; and aggravate lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Ground-level ozone increases with ambient temperatures and will be
experienced at higher rates due to climate change leading to raised cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality rates (CDPH 2014). Ground-level ozone has also been shown to have particularly disproportionate adverse impacts on
populations experiencing homelessness and lower median
income (PNAS 2021).
▪Fewer Natural Filtrations. Precipitation variability and long periods of dry spells lead to less reliable air quality for the entire region. Moisture in the air can filter pollutants and provide for overall improved conditions. Urban vegetation can directly affect air quality. Trees remove gaseous air pollution. Large healthy trees remove more pollution than younger, smaller trees (USDA Forest Service, 2002). Rising temperatures could increase mortality for large healthy trees which would reduce the ability for urban vegetation to reduce air pollutants, therefore increasing pollutant exposure to sensitive
populations.
▪Wildfire Smoke. Temperature, severe wildfire conditions, and the area burned by wildfires have all increased throughout the state and are expected to continue to increase. Higher
temperatures accompanied by an increase in the incidence and extent of large wildfires will lead to increased wildfire smoke and associated toxins and air pollution (Hall et al. 2018).

Wildfire smoke is comprised of a mixture of gaseous pollutants, hazardous air pollutants, water vapor, and particle pollution (fine airborne particulate matter – PM2.5) with particle pollution being the main component and the principal threat to public health (USEPA 2021b). Smoke from wildfires is known to
contain a large abundance of PM2.5 and are estimated to contribute to approximately 18 percent of the total PM2.5 atmospheric emissions in the US (Liu 2016). On days where PM2.5 exceeds regulatory standards an average of 71.3 percent of the total PM2.5 emissions are attributable to wildfires (Liu 2016). Short-term exposures to PM2.5 (up to 24-hours duration) has been associated with premature mortality, increased hospital admissions for heart or lung causes, acute and chronic bronchitis, asthma attacks, emergency room visits, respiratory symptoms, and restricted activity days. These adverse health effects have been reported primarily in infants and children, and seniors with preexisting heart or lung diseases (CARB 2022).

COMPOUNDING RISKS: HEAT AND SMOG DURING A RECENT HEAT
WAVE
Central and Southern California experienced a heat wave in July 2023 that not only raised the risk of wildfires and heat-related illness, but also resulted in bad air quality. The South Coast AQMD issued an air quality alert for inland areas of the SCAB because of elevated levels of ozone caused by the high temperatures and weak winds that allowed the air to stagnate (LA Times, 2023). As discussed in the Social Vulnerability by Climate Hazard section, heat presents a major health risk to community members, especially to those with higher vulnerability to heat. Ozone levels increased alongside temperature throughout the day, peaking around noon and the early afternoon. Since higher temperatures increase ground level ozone, these health risks are compounded during extreme heat events, particularly when local conditions such as low wind speed, prevent the dispersion of pollution.
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64 Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of extreme heat on each sensitive population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Outdoor workers may become injured from smoke inhalation and poor air quality during heat waves. People experiencing houselessness are particularly at-risk when air quality is poor as they often suffer from respiratory conditions, mental illness, and chronic health conditions that may be exacerbated from poor air quality. People experiencing houselessness have limited access to shelter and often do not have access to transportation to evacuate from smoke engulfed areas (CDPH 2017). Visitors may not have access to emergency public health warnings related to poor air quality. Additionally, poor air quality from smoke or extreme heat may deter visitors, impacting Glendale’s economy (Gamble et. al 2016). People who use active transportation and public transit are vulnerable during times of poor air quality because of their higher outdoor exposure.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may experience injuries or death from respiratory issues caused by smoke or poor air quality during heat waves and are likely to experience financial burden associated with medical treatment (CDPH 2017). Renters have limited control over home hardening and improvements, such as filtration, that protect against poor air quality. Individuals living in mobile homes may also face disproportionate risk if their homes do not have adequate filtration.

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
Limited or non-English speakers may not be provided with smoke advisory warnings or governmental guidance in their language, potentially causing them to experience greater exposure to smoke.

Individuals in these groups may face systematic and/or cultural barriers to access resources to safely evacuate hazard areas (Gamble et al. 2016). Individuals in these groups may experience injuries or death from smoke inhalation (CDPH 2017). People who are undocumented may not have access to medical services to treat injuries (Mendez et al. 2020). The harm that many community members have experienced when engaging with government
systems, including at evacuation centers, may make it harder for them to receive the support and services that they need.

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities may be more susceptible to injuries or death from smoke inhalation (CDPH 2017). These populations are particularly at risk to respiratory health impacts associated with smoke inhalation of wildfire smoke pollutants and pollutant poor air quality during heat waves. Seniors and military veterans are vulnerable to health impacts from wildfire smoke and extreme heat pollutants because they are more likely to have underlying respiratory and/or cardiovascular conditions and illnesses. Young children may experience respiratory health impacts from wildfire smoke and extreme heat pollutants because their respiratory systems are not fully developed and are sensitive to stressors. Individuals with cardiovascular disease, individuals with high blood pressure, and individuals with stroke risk may experience severe cardiovascular health impacts if exposed to wildfire smoke and extreme heat pollutants. Individuals with diabetes face increased risk of all-cause 447 of 487

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respiratory and cardiovascular-related physician visits after wildfires and an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity (Ratter-Rieck et al. 2023). Individuals with asthma may experience severe respiratory health impacts such as difficulty breathing if exposed to wildfire smoke pollutants (EPA 2022). Residents in households using fuels for heating may face disproportionate health impacts from wildfire events and extreme heat as the resulting outdoor air pollutants may lead to compounding impacts from indoor air pollutants. People who are differently abled, young children and their
parents/caregivers, pregnant people, and seniors may have difficulty evacuating from wildfires, increasing the risk of health impacts from wildfire smoke inhalation (EPA 2022).

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to poor air quality.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
There are no existing policies or programs led by the City for addressing poor air quality.

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
The following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to poor air quality in Glendale:
▪Tree canopy and large open spaces: Trees and large open spaces can reduce air pollution and provide numerous other benefits to residents, including providing shade, natural cooling, and mitigating the urban heat island effect.
▪Indoor air filtration: Upgrading central air system filters and using high efficiency portable air cleaners can effectively improve air filtration in homes, protecting residents from the impacts of poor air quality.
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66 Vulnerability Score – Poor Air Quality
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Low 5-High 449 of 487

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4 Physical Vulnerability Assessment

4.1 What is Physical Vulnerability
Physical vulnerability is the susceptibility and limitations of physical infrastructure in the context of climate hazards and extreme events.

Climate change has the capacity to harm physical infrastructure and disrupt services or restrict accessibility. Given that robust infrastructure is a crucial element in enhancing Glendale’s resilience, this assessment examines the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to understand how climate change will impact them.

4.2 Physical Assets at Risk
Physical Assets Included in the Physical Vulnerability
Assessment
The physical assets included in this assessment include natural and recreational resources, building and facilities, and infrastructure and critical services in Glendale.

Natural and recreational resources
Natural and recreational resources within Glendale, as detailed in the General Plan Recreation Element and Open Space and
Conservation Plan, include parks, City bikeways, open spaces, waterways, critical habitats, and street trees. The City currently provides 284 acres of total parkland space across 31 parks.

Waterways in Glendale include the Los Angeles River and two of its tributaries, Verdugo Wash, and the Burbank Western Channel.

Glendale has more than 49,000 City trees. Of those City trees, 43,000 are public rights-of-way along City streets and the remaining 6,000 trees are located in City parks. These resources provide sources of community resilience to the city. These resources are spread throughout the City and face various levels of exposure to climate hazards.

Primary vulnerabilities for parks and natural resources are typically associated with extreme heat and drought related stressors, increasing wildfire frequency and severity, with impacts such as species mortality and loss of habitat.

Buildings and Facilities
Climate change is expected to amplify extreme weather and hazards in Glendale. A jurisdiction’s vulnerability increases when buildings and facilities are not designed, operated, and/or maintained to function effectively under extreme weather conditions. The following buildings and facilities in Glendale are particularly important to assess for climate change impacts because they play a critical role in providing services to the community: City Hall, schools, police stations, libraries, fire stations, hospitals, parks, recycling facilities, water treatment plant, the Grayson Power Plant, potable/recycled water pump stations, and Scholl Canyon Landfill /waste management facilities.

Infrastructure and Critical Services
Within Glendale, there is a variety of infrastructure and critical services that are vulnerable to climate change. Assets within this category include water and wastewater services, storm drainage and flood protection, solid and hazardous waste and recycling, fire 450 of 487

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68 services, emergency services, medical services, energy utilities and major utility corridors, water lines, transmission lines, public transportation, roadways, and active transportation routes. This asset group is sensitive to climate change as the impacts of hazards can affect the ability to provide services and resources; and the infrastructure in place may not be adequately prepared to sustain increasing and compounding hazards.
▪Glendale Water & Power provides water and electrical services to City residents and businesses.
▪Southern California Gas Company provides natural gas services to the City.
▪The Glendale Public Works Maintenance Services maintains the City’s sewer system.
▪The City’s wastewater is processed and reclaimed at the Los Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant
▪Most stormwater drains in Glendale are owned and maintained by the City Public Work Department.
▪The Glendale Police Department provides police services to the City.
▪The Glendale Fire Department provides fire suppression services in the City.
▪Waste and recycling services are provided through the Public Works – Integrated Waste Management Department.
▪The Glendale Transportation Division operates the Beeline Bus, Dial-A-Ride and the Glendale Transportation Center.
▪The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates buses throughout Glendale.
▪Amtrak, Los Angeles Department of Transportation Metrolink, and Greyhound serve the Glendale Transportation Center
providing rail and bus services.

4.3 Physical Vulnerability by Climate
Hazard
Extreme Heat and Warm Nights
Overview
Extreme heat and warm nights impact natural resources, buildings, and infrastructure. As described in the Climate Hazards section, extreme heat events are expected to increase in both severity and frequency by mid-century.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Increased temperatures can cause vegetation stress in parks, landscaping, wildlife, and urban forests. Indirect impacts include reduced carbon storage and increased tree and vegetation mortality, as well as increased watering needs and related costs.

Wildlife under these conditions face impacts of heat stress and heat related illness as well as disrupted reproductive cycles, and compounding risks associated with early and extended seasonal temperature increases (Backlund 2008). Plants are more likely to experience heat stress and drying, and species’ habitat ranges may shift. Some pests can proliferate more easily with warmer temperatures (Hamerlynck 1995), and some plants and animals ill- suited to the new warmer conditions may suffer increased mortality rates (Ackerly et al. 2018). Increased temperatures may also impact outdoor recreation opportunities and residents and visitors would not be as likely to enjoy the mental and physical health benefits associated with outdoor recreation.
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BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Extreme heat may impact occupants of buildings and facilities that are not adequately weatherized for increased temperatures, however, the buildings and facilities themselves are not at risk to extreme heat or warm nights.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
As temperatures increase, roadways, active transportation routes, and railroads are vulnerable to damages through sustained heat such as buckled railroad ties and cracked surfaces. Additional impacts from extreme heat are associated with increased emergency service calls which could strain medical services.

Electrical infrastructure could be overwhelmed by demand and result in blackouts and Glendale Water & Power could conduct power safety shutoffs to avoid impacts to electrical facilities. Power outages have significant impacts on communication networks, water conveyance, and vulnerable populations. See the Cascading Impacts Assessment for more information on the cascading impacts of power outages.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the city-led adaptive capacity to extreme heat and warm nights:
▪Increasing urban forest, tree canopy coverage, parks, and open space throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan and the Glendale Downtown Specific Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements, including in vulnerable areas not within 1/3 mile of recreational open space (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012) (Glendale Downtown Specific Plan 2019).
▪Increasing biodiversity of plants and ecosystems are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood- wide improvements. (Greener Glendale Plan – Community
2012).
▪Inventorying backup-generators, medical equipment and
supplies, temporary shelters, and other emergency response supplies and equipment are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). 452 of 487

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70 Vulnerability Score – Extreme Heat and Warm Nights
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
Buildings and Facilities N/A N/A N/A
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High 453 of 487

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Drought
Overview
Drought poses a risk to Glendale and the surrounding LA County.

The recent 2012– 2016 drought had major impacts on water resources throughout the state, such as permanently reduced groundwater storage capacity because of land sinking caused by excessive extraction of groundwater (Lund et al., 2018). In the future, drought severity, frequency, and length are expected to increase so much so that California may experience long-term droughts at least every decade (Bedsworth et al., 2018). Glendale Water & Power is responsible for maintaining an adequate and reliable water supply. The City purchases between 60 percent and 70 percent of its potable water from the Metropolitan Water district of Southern California. The remaining 30 percent of its water is from local groundwater wells.

Drought can have severe impacts on natural resources,
infrastructure, and critical services.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Drought would likely increase irrigation requirements for maintaining landscaping, park facilities, and street trees, while water use restrictions would potentially prevent asset managers from meeting this increased watering demand, resulting in water- stressed vegetation, increased vegetation mortality, and potentially reducing the quality of and benefits provided by recreational resources such as open spaces and parks and the urban forest (Lund et al., 2018; Okin et al., 2018). Drought will disrupt habitats and the ability for wildlife to survive from dehydration and unreliable food sources.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Drought can cause increased soil cracking and subsidence in areas with low groundwater tables and high plasticity soils (e.g., clay- heavy soils), causing damage to building foundations and façades (LA County CVA 2021).

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
Drought can impact water reliability and water infrastructure.

Projected changes in snowpack, temperature, and precipitation rates from climate change across California will result in increased water scarcity through the end of the century (Ackerly et al. 2018).

The recent multi-year drought significantly strained the State’s water supply systems, which resulted in water storage levels sinking to historic lows. This led to mandatory water use restriction impacting day to day activities and local economies. Low water supply also led to significant capital investments by water agencies in an effort to increase reliability during extended drought periods, which may lead to future water rate adjustments. Drought can result in an increased dependency on groundwater and lower groundwater levels, causing increased contaminant concentrations in aquifers and permanently impaired aquifers (LA County CVA 2021). Although Glendale has a diverse portfolio of multiple different water sources and providers, the impacts of drought on the water system are regional in scope. Drought can also result in increased maintenance needs, causing cracked pavements
compounded with extreme heat (Samuel et al. 2019).
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72 Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the city-led adaptive capacity to drought:
▪Implementing and enforcing water use restrictions for non- essential or wasteful activities by promoting conservation and administering penalties for overuse are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the City of Glendale Urban Water Management Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (City of Glendale Urban
Water Management Plan 2020).
▪Utilizing a phased approach to water use restrictions to account for varying supply (i.e., mandatory water restrictions in times of emergency water shortage) are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the City of Glendale Urban Water Management Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood- wide improvements (City of Glendale Urban Water
Management Plan 2020).
▪Maintaining a diversified water portfolio is critical for drought resilience. The City of Glendale purchases between 60 percent and 70 percent of its potable water from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California and between 30 percent and 40 percent of its water is from local groundwater wells. 455 of 487

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Vulnerability Score – Drought
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Buildings and Facilities Low Low 3-Medium
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High 456 of 487

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74 Wildfire
Overview
Climate change has been linked to increases in wildfire activity and longer wildfire seasons across California (Westerling et al., 2006).

Increasing temperatures, earlier snowmelt, megadroughts, and precipitation whiplash events are all contributing factors (Ullrich et al., 2018; Swain et al., 2018). However, wildfire activity and its associated impacts vary depending on factors such as land use, ecology, and topography. Wildfire events typically occur in more rural areas, along the wildland urban interface (WUI), and in wildfire hazard severity zones. Historically wildfires have affected Glendale mainly on a regional level with two wildfires in City limits as show in Figure 11, La Tuna and (2017) and the Mountain Fire (2002).

Potable/recycled water pump stations, parks, schools, landfill/waste management stations, police stations, and fire stations are located within the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone in northern Glendale, as shown in Figure 10.

Sustainability Working Group participants also identified wildfire impacts to community members due to road closures and smoke.

Impacts of wildfire smoke on air quality are described in the Poor Air Quality section below. Power disruption is discussed in the Cascading Impacts Assessment below.

Wildfire risks are likely to increase in the future. While many critical facilities are located in urbanized areas, where wildfire is less likely to occur, urban assets may be affected by disruptions in the delivery of services (such as electricity) provided by facilities located in the path of wildfire. See Cascading Impacts Assessment for more information on these impacts.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Wildfires can cause direct mortality and loss of resources and wildlife as well as indirect mortality due to loss of habitat area and available food sources and seed bank (Backlund 2008). The severity and frequency of wildfires can exacerbate these impacts further through habitat conversions resulting in vegetation communities that no longer support the species using that habitat (Coop et al. 2020). Wildfire impacts on parks can also cause prolonged closure of park facilities, limiting access to important recreational areas and facilities for the public.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Structures and buildings located within wildfire hazard zones are at risk of direct structural damage from wildfires. There are many critical facilities in Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones, including potable/recycled water pump stations, parks, schools, landfill/waste management stations, police stations, and fire stations as displayed in Figure 10. These critical facilities could be directly damaged by wildfires. Areas of high exposure include low density residential zoned areas in north Glendale below I-210 and above Markridge Road, between La Canada Boulevard and SR 2, as well as
neighborhoods throughout east Glendale as displayed in Figure 10.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
Wildfire hazard zones may expand by the end-of-century which could lead to more critical facilities at risk of structural damage.

Additionally, above ground or just below-grade utility lines have the potential to be damaged in wildfire hazard zones, resulting in oil and gas leaks, water loss, and power outages, which can cause fires.

Utility lines under certain high wind conditions can also trigger 457 of 487

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wildfires through downed power lines (Ackerly et al. 2018).

Additionally, public safety power shut offs in response to wildfire risk can affect power service reliability. Three above-ground major transmission lines that GWP maintains are located in Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones, as shown on Figure 10
Increased frequency of wildfires can place strain on fire and emergency services. Displaced residents can cause service strains and needs for additional community safety services. Increased frequency of wildfires can place strain on fire and emergency services. Evacuation routes could be disrupted during a wildfire event limiting emergency responders’ access and the ability for people to evacuate.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led adaptive capacity to wildfire:
▪Ensuring adequate fire services, such as fire equipment, infrastructure, and response times throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city- wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–-
Safety Element 2003).
▪Enforcing fuel management, weed abatement, fire-resistant landscaping, and structure hardening programs and efforts to minimize wildfire risk are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).
▪Designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating Glendale Water & Power electric transmission and distribution system to minimize wildfire risk are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale Water & Power – Wildfire Mitigation Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood- wide improvements (Glendale Water & Power–- Wildfire
Mitigation Plan 2022).
▪Coordinating with local and regional jurisdictions and agencies to update and implement disaster preparedness and recovery plans, maintain mutual aid agreements, and carry out
evacuation procedures are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). 458 of 487

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76 Figure 10 Wildfire Hazard Severity Zones in Glendale 459 of 487

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Figure 11 Historical Wildfire Events in Glendale
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78 Vulnerability Score – Wildfire
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High 461 of 487

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Landslides
Overview
Sustainability Working Group participants identified historical issues related to mud and debris flows following the Station Fire and impacts to development and anticipate these impacts to continue due to climate change.

Areas in the north bordering I-210 and La Crescenta Ave, and areas in central Glendale along SR 2 as well as those in east Glendale have high landslide risk, as shown on Figure 7. The San Gabriel Mountains, San Rafael Hills, and Verdugo Mountains are at the greatest risk in the area for having slope instabilities. Historically, landslide occurrences have affected the City of Glendale during extreme precipitation events preceded by intense wildfire.

Landslides can cause habitat loss, erosion, property damage, injury, and strained emergency services.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Landslide susceptibility directly overlaps with parks and natural resource areas throughout the City as shown in Figure 12. In the event of a landslide, there is potential for loss of lands, habitat, and disruption of waterbodies in areas of debris flow. There is risk around loss of topsoil and habitat conversions. Wildlife and plants face a compounding risk to landslide events because it creates both habitat displacement and increased mortality risk.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Buildings and facilities located in the landslide risk zone are susceptible to damage in the event of a landslide event. There are many critical facilities in landslide hazard zones, including potable/recycled water pump stations, parks, schools, landfill/waste management stations, police stations, and fire stations as displayed in Figure 12. Areas of high exposure include areas in the north Glendale bordering I-210, from Canada Boulevard and SR 2, as well as those in east and southeast Glendale as displayed on, Figure 12.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
There is high landslide susceptibility along roadways in the northern and east end of the County, shown in Figure 12, and in areas where there are several critical facilities including fire stations, schools, and water pumps, there is a risk of emergency service disruption and impacts to evacuation (CDOC 2021). Pipelines for water, electrical distribution lines, and roadways are vulnerable to landslide impacts which could occur in sloped areas that extend into wildfire zones.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led adaptive capacity to drought:
▪Mitigating landslide risks and potential damage to structure and infrastructure through requiring geotechnical investigations, regular inspections, and prohibiting reconstruction of structures in areas with failed slopes are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003)
▪Coordinating with local and regional jurisdictions and agencies to update and implement disaster preparedness and recovery plans, maintain mutual aid agreements, and carry out
evacuation procedures are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). 462 of 487

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80 Figure 12 Landslide Susceptibility in Glendale
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Vulnerability Score – Landslides
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources Medium Medium 3-Medium Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High 464 of 487

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82 Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation
Overview
Sustainability Working Group participants identified historical and current flood issues including downed trees, flooded roads and buildings, and downed trees and debris from storms hitting utility lines.

When an influx of stormwater exceeds a drainage system’s capacity to infiltrate water into the soil or to carry it away, localized stormwater flooding can occur. Urban landscapes tend to be built with impermeable surfaces that do not allow much water to infiltrate the ground and this increases the amount of runoff that must be channeled in storm drainage systems and carried elsewhere. Most urban drainage infrastructure was not built to manage stormwater flows from the increased precipitation events that are occurring and will occur more frequently with climate change and can be costly to retrofit. As a result, the costs and impact of urban flooding are expected to increase as precipitation patterns become more extreme due to climate change (NASEM 2019).

Cascading impacts are discussed in the Cascading Impacts Assessment section.

The Verdugo Wash is a 9.4-mile-long tributary of the Los Angeles River in Glendale. It flows southeast along the eastern edge of the Verdugo Mountains and is entirely encased in a concrete flood control channel. The City is working toward a re-envisioned Verdugo Wash that includes a linear park to increase public access and aesthetics in the area. The project will create a 9.4-mile-long linear park and nature trail for walking and cycling with access to business and entertainment venues increase connections between nature, people, places, and culture as it weaves several important City centers, services, and neighborhoods together that make up a large area of Glendale (City of Glendale N.d.b).

The Los Angeles River runs through the City of Glendale from north to south along the eastside of Griffith Park south to Elysian Park.

This narrow, seven-mile stretch of the Los Angeles River is known as the Glendale Narrows. It is currently one of the only stretches of the Los Angeles River that does not contain a concrete bottom, and as a result, provides crucial habitat for local vegetation and wildlife. The City is working towards finishing the Glendale Narrows Riverwalk, which will provide approximately one mile of trails for bicyclists and pedestrians. This project will include parks, rest areas, river overlooks, an equestrian facility, public art projects, interpretive signage, and the Garden River Bridge connecting to Griffith Park (City of Glendale Narrows Riverwalk).

The Burbank Western Channel is a 6.3-mile-long tributary of the Los Angeles River in the eastern San Fernando Valley that serves as a flood control channel. Intersecting the Los Angeles River at the start of the Glendale Narrows, the Burbank Western Channel allows for 465 of 487

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excess water in the river to flow north into this area and avoid flooding the surrounding north Glendale and south Burbank areas.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment projects more extreme precipitation events will occur throughout the Los Angeles region, which may lead to areas throughout Glendale to experience more frequent flooding. Heavy precipitation can lead to erosion which may impact vegetation and wildlife. Because there is a low risk of flooding in open spaces in Glendale, the impact on natural and recreational resources is deemed to be low.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Flooding may cause damage to buildings and facilities or render them temporarily unusable should flooding of buildings or facilities occur.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
Impervious surfaces can impede the absorption of water and augment stormwater flooding in areas of Glendale. There is risk of damage from increased extreme precipitation events including localized flooding, erosion, transport of debris, and sediment deposition. Storm drainage and flood protection services for the City may be impacted by these events, and flooded roadways may be temporarily impassable, disrupt or delay provision of emergency services, or increase risk to road users.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the city-led adaptive capacity to drought:
▪Increasing urban forest, tree canopy coverage, parks, and open space throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan and the Glendale Downtown Specific Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements, including in vulnerable areas not within 1/3 mile of recreational open space (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012) (Glendale Downtown Specific Plan 2019).
▪Mitigating flood impacts through discouraging development of critical facilities in flood hazard areas, requiring hydrological studies, and maintaining City-owned storm drain facilities are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city- wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–-
Safety Element 2003).
▪Coordinating with local and regional jurisdictions and agencies to update and implement disaster preparedness and recovery plans, maintain mutual aid agreements, and carry out
evacuation procedures are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). 466 of 487

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84 Vulnerability Score – Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources Medium Medium 3-Medium Buildings and Facilities Medium Medium 3-Medium
Infrastructure and Critical Services Medium Medium 3-Medium 467 of 487

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Poor Air Quality
Overview
Poor air quality events often coincide with regional wildfire events, periods of time without wind, extreme heat events, and extended droughts. As climate change is expected to result in an increased severity and frequency of those extreme events, it is likely that poor air quality will worsen in the future and under worse climate scenarios. Poor air quality can harm wildlife and vegetation as well as cause strained emergency services based on the negative health impacts associated with poor air quality.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
The direct effects of air quality declines on natural resources and parks relate to plant and wildlife health as increased levels of air pollutants cause stress and mortality. Impacts from poor air quality can further impact natural resources since air quality declines correspond with other hazards, such as extreme heat, compounding risks. The degradation of plant and wildlife health could impact the quality of recreational resources such as open spaces and parks.

Impacts from poor air quality can also make outdoor recreational resources dangerous or unhealthy for vulnerable groups identified in the Social Vulnerability Assessment section.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
The impact of reduced air quality will have a similar effect as extreme heat for buildings and facilities. The ability to filter air will greatly affect the populations reliant on buildings and facilities. The direct impact of poor air quality on buildings and facilities is low.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
Higher incidence of unsafe air quality generated by increased smog, dust and pollutants can create general strain on existing infrastructure and critical services through increased rates of hospitalization and emergency and medical services (CDPH 2020).

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the city-led adaptive capacity to drought:
▪Inventorying backup-generators, medical equipment and
supplies, temporary shelters, and other emergency response supplies and equipment are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). 468 of 487

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86 Vulnerability Score – Poor Air Quality
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
Buildings and Facilities Low Low 3-Medium
Infrastructure and Critical Services Medium Medium 3-Medium 469 of 487

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5 Cascading Impacts Assessment

5.1 What are Cascading Impacts?
Glendale community members rely on an interdependent network of critical facilities, services, and infrastructure that are vulnerable to climate change. Electrical infrastructure could be overwhelmed by peaks in demand and result in blackouts or public safety power shutoffs instituted by GWP to avoid impacts to electrical facilities.

Power outages have significant cascading impacts on
communication networks, water conveyance, transportation systems, emergency services, and vulnerable populations. Water systems can fail from lack of power or supply creating city-wide shortages and issues related to power generation cooling or wildfire mitigation. Transportation systems could fail from a variety of direct physical vulnerabilities through climate hazards as well as through power reliant infrastructure which could isolate community members to unsafe conditions. These interconnected, or cascading impacts, could broaden the scope of impact past a single system or neighborhood to reliant subsystems and populations.

The Los Angeles County Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment includes a detailed analysis of the interconnections between various systems to better understand the different paths a climate hazard impact may have (Los Angeles County 2021). A systems map was created that identifies critical nodes (e.g., aqueduct volume, imported water supply) and the potential pathways of cascading impacts from one node to another.

Based on the Los Angeles County Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment systems map, electricity was found to strongly influence every other infrastructure sector and was found to have the most connections. Highway system reliability and communications were nodes that had the second and third highest number of outgoing connections. Water was also found to be heavily relied upon by other infrastructure nodes. Community function, defined as human health, well-being, and livelihood in the Los Angeles County Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, was found to be an
interconnected node when considering indirect connections.

Maintaining community function is the actual purpose of energy, communications, and transportation services, but it is people who keep infrastructure running. Therefore, when climate hazards interfere with workforce availability, there are significant cascading impacts to reliant subsystems.

Unlike most other municipalities, Glendale has direct control over its own water and electricity, through GWP. These two
interconnected sectors and associated cascading impacts unique to Glendale are discussed in this chapter, followed by an assessment of cascading impacts associated with transportation and
communications.

5.2 System Interdependencies
The following section builds on Glendale’s physical and social vulnerabilities through an analysis of the interconnections between Glendale’s energy, water, transportation, and communication systems and highlights the more prominent cascading risks across Glendale’s systems.
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The electricity delivery system, often times referred to as the “grid”, is made up of three primary subsystems; electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. Each of these systems needs to be operational in order for community members to receive the electricity they rely on for lighting, internet, communication, heat, hot water, and more recently, mobility. Each of these systems can be impacted by a physical threat such as wildfire burning facilities or infrastructure, wind or vegetation damage, or extreme heat which can decrease the effectiveness of transmission and distribution lines. Increased heat can also increase electricity demand (for example when extreme heat triggers additional cooling demand) that exceeds the amount electricity is available (generation) or the capacity of the infrastructure to move that electricity (transmission and/or distribution).

Electricity Generation
Glendale Water & Power relies on both locally sourced and external sources of energy to meet its demand. Local sources of energy generation include the Grayson power plant, existing solar and planned battery storage. External sources of energy are obtained via the Pacific DC and Southwest AC interties, which are transmission line interconnection points with an energy grid that spans the Western United States. The Glendale Water & Power Integrated Resource Plan (2019) outlines the makeup of Glendale’s energy portfolio as well as an analysis of load and resource needs based on projected climate changes, state requirements of renewable resources, and changing needs of the community (City of Glendale Water & Power 2019).

GWP produces local sourced energy at the Grayson Power Plant, which is a collection of 9 gas burning engines, that produces 173 MW from units 1-8 and 48 MW from unit 9 during peak load. Units 1-8 were set to expire in 2022. According to the Integrated Resource Plan, alternatives to energy generation within Glendale are limited.

It is estimated that GWP would need 12.4 square miles of solar panels to adequately power Glendale, which is equivalent to about 40 percent of Glendale’s land area. Even with GWP investments in locally produced energy sources the City is constrained by land, resource, and infrastructure availability (Ascend 2021).

To address these energy generation constraints, GWP has proposed to replace Grayson Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8A, and 8BC at the Grayson Power Plant to install reciprocating internal combustion engines which generate electricity using a variety of fuels, but predominately natural gas in the short term. This system change is intended to address existing energy shortfalls within the antiquated system currently in place at the Grayson Power Plant. These engines are intended to operate as backup power generation during peak demand hours (Ascend 2021).

With anticipated upgrades to the Grayson Power Plant, and assuming a certain amount of EV charging1 and associated charging infrastructure, increased ambient temperatures, and projected energy demands, GWP anticipates meeting demand pending
approval of the Grayson Power Plant changes upon construction and implementation of the newer engines. Until changes occur, the energy supply of local sources and external sources will not meet forecasted or current peak demand (Ascend 2021).

The Grayson Power Plant in southeast Glendale is located in close proximity to a Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone, which is located just outside City limits (City of Glendale Water & Power 2019).

Electricity Transmission
1 Per the IRP GWP anticipates a load increase from 28 GWh in 2019 to 173 GWh in 2030, and 290 GWh in 2038 for Electric Vehicles using the states assumption of 5 million EV's by 2030. 471 of 487

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GWP has access to a limited amount of external transmission through the Pacific DC and Southwest AC interties. The interties provide approximately 212 Megawatts of peak load. Typically, Glendale needs 478 MW of peak load. During high heat days, the actual megawatts obtained through the interties is likely lower, as heat reduces load capacity on transmission lines. The limited access Glendale has to external sources of energy necessitates over half of the peak load energy generation to be produced within City limits (Ascend 2021).

Climate hazards could result in direct and indirect impacts on power delivery to Glendale community members. There are three overhead transmission lines owned and operated by GWP that pass through the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones in north Glendale.

GWP engages in several programs to reduce the impacts associated with potential power disruption due to wildfire events. According to the GWP Wildfire Prevention Mitigation Plan, GWP has a Public Safety Shutoff Events program that involves providing 24–48-hour advanced notice as well as more immediate shutoff notifications to limit risk of triggering a wildfire and to avoid damaging electrical infrastructure from peak demand periods. Since wildfires are most often triggered by vegetation coming into direct contact with electric utilities, GWP also maintains a Vegetation Management Plan to reduce risks (City of Glendale 2022). In addition, impacts anywhere along those transmission lines outside of Glendale could also cause issues within Glendale if enough capacity is not available locally to meet demand.

Electricity Distribution
The third part of the grid are the smaller distribution lines, transformers, and service lines running directly to each individual building. Distribution systems can be disrupted by similar impacts as transmission lines (wildfire, wind, vegetation, extreme heat), but at a local level. Small areas of wildfire, neighborhood trees, or demand outstripping capacity for a local transformer or distribution line.

Summary
Between higher rates of extreme heat days and increasing wildfire probability due to climate change, the possibility of power disruption is high (City of Glendale 2022).

Power disruptions in Glendale, whether caused by factors like wildfires, deliberate power shutoffs for public safety, or extreme heat, have extensive cascading impacts. Impacts include but are not limited to loss of power in homes, which prevent community members from running their air conditioning or gas or electric heaters, and gas and electric kitchen appliances. For those who rely on in-home medical devices, power disruption could directly impact health and safety. If the power outages occur during bad air quality days from regional wildfire smoke, people with underlying health conditions could experience worsening health conditions. Traffic signals, cell-towers without back-up power, and critical facilities that lack backup power would cease to function. Losing many of these energy dependent amenities during events like heatwaves and wildfires can create increased risks to public health, including heat related illness, food access constraints, evacuation challenges, overloaded emergency services, and increased climate hazard exposure.

Natural Gas System
Southern California Gas Company provides natural gas services to the City through transmission lines and high pressure distribution lines. Natural gas lines have the potential to be damaged in wildfire hazard zones, resulting in oil and gas leaks and power outages, which can cause fires or explosions. Significant landslides after wildfires or during an extreme rain event may also damage natural 472 of 487

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Water System
Per the City of Glendale’s Urban Water Management Plan (2020), Glendale is anticipated to experience water supply disruption for outdoor water use during drought conditions. GWP acquires water from a variety of sources including water purchased from the Southern California Metropolitan Water District, groundwater from the Verdugo and San Fernando Basins, and recycled water from the Los Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (City of Glendale Urban Water Management Plan 2020). These sources enter the City through 11 different conveyance points and are distributed through water distribution lines and pump stations across the entire City.

Water pump stations are located in landslide risk areas and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones (City of Glendale Urban Water Management Plan 2020).

Many relationships between higher water usage and lower water availability are observed. There are several demonstrated positive feedback loops wherein the City's water systems can be strained due to drought and extreme heat conditions, which in turn lead to diminished water availability, influenced by both consumer demand and climatological factors. Water usage for regional and city-specific wildfire mitigation aligns with heightened drought conditions and decreased water supplies. These interconnected impacts within the water sector compound, resulting in extreme strains on water supply and introducing additional challenges for Glendale.

During drought conditions, there is an increase in demand for water, however, that is when water supply is constrained. Increased demand for water during drought conditions include water needs for landscaping, and water-cooling features for community members. Drought conditions typically increase the risk of wildfire, further compounding the effects of drought on the community. The cascading impacts of an adversely impacted water system include reduced supply for community consumption potentially increasing water rates and associated public health concerns for under- resourced Individuals who may not have the ability to pay for increased water rates. Water shortages can also impact power generation with availability of water for generator cooling.

Inadequate water supply can also impact wildfire mitigation without enough fire flow to fight active fires and/or prevent anticipated fires. Inadequate water can impact the City’s tree canopy which is critical for addressing the urban heat island effect and stormwater capture.

Transportation System
Several freeways and major arterial routes run directly through wildfire and landslide hazard zones in Glendale creating broad transportation system and infrastructure vulnerabilities. There are many resulting cascading impacts from transportation sector disruptions which could result in mobility isolation for the community, reduced ability for emergency services to respond, and constrained evacuation routes. Transportation impacts can occur from a wide range of causes including direct physical damage associated with climate hazards within City limits or external climate impacts afflicting regional transportation networks and services.

Power outages could cause traffic signal failures. Transit system 473 of 487

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failures could place the community in increased danger with inability to evacuate or seek medical attention.

I-210 and I-5 as well as SR 134 and 2 overlap multiple hazard zones and simultaneously serve as major evacuation routes. This type of infrastructure exposure can result in both city-wide and regional cascading impacts limiting evacuation and emergency service accessibility.

Communications System
Like other sectors, the initial vulnerability within Glendale’s communication systems and infrastructure relates to physical exposure to climate hazards. Communication networks consisting of utility, telephone, and broadband infrastructure can experience disruptions and service failures from exposure to extreme heat, wildfires, landslides, and flooding. The viability of a communication network is greatly improved with redundant communication networks, backup power, and alternative forms of communication (e.g., radio) to help minimize the extent of impact to community members. The cascading impacts resulting from downed
communications can vary from interrupted evacuation
communications to general isolation and heightened risk due to inability to receive hazard information. Areas across Glendale in hazard zones are more prone to experiencing communication service disruptions and, therefore, may experience increased cascading impacts from loss of communication infrastructure. .
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92 6 Conclusion
Climate change can have far-reaching consequences on the Glendale community. This report evaluates how climate change may impact community members and physical assets including natural and recreational resources, buildings and facilities, and infrastructure and critical services.

Consistent with Phase 3 of the Cal APG, major problem statements are provided to characterize the overall climate impacts Glendale may experience. These problem statements will be utilized to frame and generate climate adaptation strategies for the Glendale CAAP.

6.1 Problem Statements
The following problem statements are intended to guide the development of adaptation policies and programs for the City’s CAAP. Problem statements are organized based on four systems that have the greatest influence on climate resilience, as well as greenhouse gas emissions reduction.

Building Systems
Residential Buildings. Weatherized or fire-hardened residential buildings are critical to increasing community resilience to the effects of extreme heat, wildfires, landslides, stormwater flooding, and poor air quality. A large majority of Glendale’s housing stock was built over 50 years ago and needs rehabilitation to address climate stressors. Individuals facing societal barriers are generally more likely to live in housing with insufficient protection against climate hazards. Particularly in south Glendale, overcrowding, poor housing conditions, a large number of immigrants, and non-English speakers render the households disproportionately vulnerable to climate hazards. Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing. They are more likely to have limited control over home hardening, improvements, and air conditioning/filtration systems that protect against climate hazards. Residential buildings are located in Very High Hazard Severity Zones in northern and eastern Glendale. Residential buildings are also located in landslide susceptibility zones in areas north bordering I-210 and La Crescenta Ave, and areas in central Glendale along SR 2 as well as east Glendale.

Critical Public Facilities. Critical public facilities are structures and institutions that provide Glendale with resources and services and are essential to the health and welfare of residents. Weatherized and energy resilient critical public facilities are important for a community to be able to better respond to and recover from a climate hazard event. These facilities must continue to operate during and following a climate hazard event to reduce the severity of impacts and accelerate recovery. Critical public facilities located in landslide susceptibility areas and Fire Hazard Severity Zones include schools, police stations, and fire stations.

Resilient Energy System. The reliability of Glendale’s energy system is critical to the resilience of the City’s services and community members. Glendale’s energy system and power infrastructure are highly vulnerable to extreme heat which causes increased energy demand due to cooling needs, wildfire, and landslides. Energy infrastructure and dependent populations experience cascading impacts around power outages from downed utility lines, power safety shutoffs, and grid overload. All forms of power outages can 475 of 487

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affect how critical services are able to perform their needed functions during a climate hazard. Three above-ground major transmission lines that Glendale Water & Power maintains are located in Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones. The Grayson Power Plant, which generates electricity using natural gas, exacerbates the poor air quality conditions in southeast Glendale. This area is designated as a high social vulnerability area in Glendale. Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitives are disproportionately susceptible to health impact associated with air pollutants. The Grayson Power Plant is located in close proximity to a Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone, which is located just outside City limits.

Mobility, Land Use, and Emergency Systems
Alerts and Evacuation. Emergency communications and timely evacuations are an essential part of emergency operation planning and community safety. Emergency communication and evacuation orders will be key to alert the Glendale community regarding various climate hazards, including wildfires and landslides, extreme heat events, and poor air quality days. Barriers to communication and evacuation can occur from deficiencies in the energy, transportation, and communication systems, as well as inequitable access and distribution of resources. Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities may have difficulty evacuating in a timely fashion during a hazardous event which can result in direct impacts to health and safety and exacerbate chronic health problems. Individuals facing societal barriers may not have access to language appropriate advisory warnings or government guidance and may face systematic and/or cultural barriers to access resources to safely evacuate hazard areas and/or to treat injuries.

Under-resourced individuals and individuals that rely on public transportation are less likely to have access to transportation for evacuation purposes and often lack the financial resources to evacuate from a climate hazard or find a safe and affordable place in which to evacuate.

Transportation and Communication Infrastructure for Emergency Evacuation. Major freeways and arterial routes in Glendale are located within landslide and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones, including the I-210, I-5, SR 134, SR 2, La Canada Boulevard, N Verdugo Road, and La Crescenta Ave. These routes serve as major evacuation routes, allowing community members to evacuate during emergency orders and allowing emergency personnel to enter emergency evacuation zones. Should these transportation networks be directly impacted by landslides or wildfires, or are impacted by regional threats outside City limits, emergency evacuation could be adversely impacted. Communication
infrastructure (such as cell towers) damaged by wildfires or landslides would hinder emergency communications and impact the health and safety of emergency personnel and community
members.

Equitable Access to Services. People who rely on active transportation or public transit may experience barriers in accessing cooling centers, parks, and other critical services, and have a greater likelihood of encountering interruption in transportation services which could lead to direct income losses from the inability to access their workplace during climate events. They also have higher outdoor exposure, such as extreme heat, air pollution, or heavy rainfall, than those who use personal vehicles and are therefore at greater risk to climate hazards. This high risk is compounded by the fact that communities of color are more likely to have limited or no access to a car, increasing their likelihood of being impacted during heat and other climate hazards. Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have access to transportation, healthcare, and other basic needs which increases their vulnerability to climate hazards. 476 of 487

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94 Building on systemic inequities, these disproportionate exposures can leave community members isolated and/or without the needed resources during a climate hazard event.

Urban Ecosystems
Water Reliability and Consumption: Water supply infrastructure, such as pipelines and pump stations, can be damaged by climate hazards, impacting water reliability throughout the City which has direct implications on wildfire mitigation, community members, and critical services. Several water pump stations are located in landslide susceptibility areas and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones in northern Glendale. Glendale’s water potable supplies, including those from the Southern California Metropolitan Water District and groundwater from the Verdugo and San Fernando Basins, have declined in recent years due to lower-than-average rainfall. Extended drought conditions that impact availability of water supply can increase the cost of water and affect water quality, resulting in disproportionate impacts to vulnerable populations.

Natural and Recreational Resources. Natural and recreational resources in Glendale, including parks, City bikeways, open spaces, waterways, critical habitats and street trees, face exposure to climate hazards. All of these resources provide community benefits either directly or indirectly and face heightened risks of drought, landslides, stormwater flooding, wildfires, extreme heat and poor air quality. Primary vulnerabilities for natural resources are associated with extreme heat and drought related stressors, increasing wildfire frequency and severity, with potential impacts including species mortality and loss of habitat. Climate hazard events may impact outdoor recreation opportunities and residents and visitors may not be as likely to enjoy the mental and physical health benefits associated with outdoor recreation. Parks in northern and eastern Glendale are located in landslide susceptibility areas and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones.

Resilient Landscapes. Significant areas of northern and eastern Glendale are located within Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones.

Glendale is expected to experience increased decadal wildfire probability throughout the entire City by the end of the century.

Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones encompass many natural and recreational resources, entire residential communities, and critical public facilities and utility infrastructure. Wildfires may exacerbate poor air quality and water quality declines, structural damages, service line disruptions and strain, human and wildlife mortality, and habitat loss. This broad level of exposure and projected impacts across all asset groups makes wildfire one of the greatest climate hazard risks for the City. Adapting existing and planned landscapes in residential areas, open spaces, and adjacent to critical public facilities and utility infrastructure is critical to reducing ignitability and wildfire risk. Removing or modifying live and dead vegetation in high-risk areas can reduce the potential spread of wildfire ignitions and increase community safety.

Social and Governance Systems
Equitable Community Safety As climate change impacts occur, virtually all populations in a community will be affected; however, some individuals will be disproportionally impacted by climate hazards due to inequitable systems and structures. The areas of the City with the greatest concentration of vulnerable populations are in south and southwest Glendale. Census tracts that are above the 60th percentile is considered a high social vulnerability area.

Additional areas with high social vulnerability include historically redlined areas as well as areas identified based on input from community-based organizations. These included areas near major roads and highways, schools, the Scholl Canyon Landfill and the 477 of 487

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Grayson Power Plant. Community members in these areas are also at-risk for disproportionate impacts from climate change.

Inequitable access to, and distribution of resources, critical services, and resilient infrastructure systems decreases the ability for sensitive populations to prepare for, cope and recover from climate impacts.

All Hazards Awareness and Capacity Building. The overall exposure of Glendale to climate change hazards creates vulnerabilities throughout the entire community. Virtually all vulnerable populations face barriers in accessing information and/or adaptive resources targeting climate hazard resilience. Glendale community members may possess informal networks creating resilience to climate change which the City can further augment through tools and resourcing of both individuals and community-based
organizations.

Recovery and Reconstruction. Adaptation to climate change involves both preparedness and recovery and reconstruction. The way in which a community is resourced after experiencing a climate hazard event can be a source of community resilience or of systemic inequities. Individuals across all vulnerable population groupings face larger barriers to recovering from hazards without adequate accessibility to resources for recovery and reconstruction.

Extreme Heat and Air Quality Protection. All vulnerable communities in Glendale are significantly exposed to poor air and extreme heat. Changes in annual average maximum temperature by the end of the century will increase across the entire region increasing incidences of extreme heat. Impacts from temperature increases and extreme heat events are expected to include heat- related illness, such as heat stress, heat stroke, and dehydration, which can be life threatening.

6.2 Vulnerability Analysis
In addition to problem statements, vulnerability scoring helps the City understand which climate change hazards pose the greatest threat to specific asset groups and would need to be prioritized in adaptation planning and policy development. Vulnerability scores were determined by combining the impact scores with adaptive capacity scores assigned within Chapters 3 and 4. A list of asset categories with high vulnerability scores is provided in Table 6. 478 of 487

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Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Extreme Heat
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Low 5-High Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Drought
Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Wildfire
Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 4-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Medium 4-High Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Landslides
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation
Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High Poor Air Quality
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Low 5-High Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
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References
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Glendale City CouncilJuly 30, 2024

Glendale City Council
July 30, 2024