CC_07302024_Exhibit_2_10a — Glendale City Council, July 30, 2024

Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report
prepared by
City of Glendale
Office of Sustainability
613 E. Broadway
Glendale, California 91206
Contact: David Jones, Sustainability Officer
prepared with the assistance of
Rincon Consultants, Inc.
180 N. Ashwood Avenue
Ventura, California 93003
October 2023

Introduction
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report i
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................4 2 Background ....................................................................................................................................5

2.1 Legislative Context .............................................................................................................5

2.2 Climate Science Context.....................................................................................................6 3 GHG Emissions Inventory - Community .........................................................................................8

3.1 Methodology......................................................................................................................8

3.2 2021 Community GHG Emissions Inventory.......................................................................9

3.2.1 Energy ................................................................................................................9

3.2.2 Transportation .................................................................................................15

3.2.3 Solid Waste ......................................................................................................20

3.2.4 Water ...............................................................................................................23

3.2.5 Wastewater......................................................................................................26 2021 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results....................................................................34 4 GHG Emissions Inventory - Municipal..........................................................................................38

4.1 Methodology....................................................................................................................38

4.2 2021 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory .......................................................................39

4.2.1 Buildings and Other Facilities...........................................................................39

4.2.2 Streetlights and Traffic Signals .........................................................................41

4.2.3 Water Delivery Facilities ..................................................................................41

4.2.4 Vehicle Fleet.....................................................................................................43

4.2.5 Transit Fleet .....................................................................................................43

4.2.6 Solid Waste Facilities........................................................................................44

4.2.7 Wastewater Facilities .......................................................................................45

4.2.8 Employee Commute.........................................................................................46

4.2.9 Business Travel.................................................................................................47 5 GHG Forecast ...............................................................................................................................48

5.1 Business-as-usual Forecast...............................................................................................48

5.2 Adjusted Forecast.............................................................................................................50

5.2.1 Legislative Reduction Programs .......................................................................50

5.2.2 Legislative GHG Emission Reduction Contribution...........................................54

5.2.3 Adjusted Forecast Results ................................................................................54 6 Provisional GHG Emissions Targets..............................................................................................56

6.1 1990 Level GHG Emissions Back-cast ...............................................................................56

6.2 GHG Emissions Reduction Target Setting.........................................................................57 Tables
Table 1 2021 Inventory GHGs and GWPs........................................................................................7 Table 2 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity Use ...........................10 Table 3 Community Residential and Nonresidential Electricity Activity Data Adjustment...........10 Table 4 Community Residential and Nonresidential Electricity GHG Emissions Calculations.......11 City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
ii
Table 5 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity T&D Loss...................11 Table 6 Community Electricity T&D Loss GHG Emissions Calculations .........................................12 Table 7 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Use ........................13 Table 8 Community Residential and Nonresidential Natural Gas GHG Emissions Calculations....14 Table 9 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Leaks .....................14 Table 10 Community Natural Gas Methane Leaks GHG Emissions Calculations ............................15 Table 11 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-road Transportation............16 Table 12 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-road Transportation............17 Table 13 Community On-road EV Activity Data Calculations..........................................................18 Table 14 Community On-road Transportation GHG Emissions Calculations ..................................18 Table 15 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Off-Road Equipment .................19 Table 16 Community Off-road Equipment Sector Attributions ......................................................19 Table 17 Community Off-road GHG Emissions Calculations ...........................................................20 Table 18 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste ...............................21 Table 19 Community Solid Waste Proportions and Emissions Factors...........................................22 Table 20 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste ...............................23 Table 21 Community Solid Waste Tonnage Allocation ...................................................................23 Table 22 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Water ........................................24 Table 23 Community Water Activity Data.......................................................................................25 Table 24 Community Water Energy Intensities Per Water District.................................................25 Table 25 Community Water Emissions Factors Per Water District.................................................26 Table 26 Community Water GHG Emissions and Inclusions ...........................................................26 Table 27 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.1.(alt) ............27 Table 28 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.2.(alt) ............28 Table 29 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.7....................29 Table 30 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.12 .................30 Table 31 Community Wastewater WW.12 Nitrogen Load Activity Data Calculations ....................31 Table 32 Community Wastewater WW.12 Percent Attribution Calculations .................................31 Table 33 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.15 .................32 Table 34 Community Wastewater GHG Emissions Calculations .....................................................32 Table 35 2021 Community GHG Emissions Inventory.....................................................................36 Table 36 Municipal Buildings and Facilities Sector Natural Gas GHG Emissions Calculations ........40 Table 37 Municipal Buildings and Facilities Sector Electricity GHG Emission Calculations.............41 Introduction
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report iii
Table 38 Municipal Streetlights and Traffic Signals Sector Electricity GHG Emission Calculations.41 Table 39 Municipal Water Consumption GHG Emissions Calculations...........................................42 Table 40 Municipal Vehicle Fleet Sector GHG Emission Calculations ............................................43 Table 41 Municipal Transit Fleet Sector GHG Emission Calculations..............................................44 Table 42 Municipal Solid Waste GHG Emission Calculations ..........................................................44 Table 43 Municipal Wastewater GHG Emissions ............................................................................46 Table 44 Municipal Employee Commute GHG Emissions ..............................................................47 Table 45 Municipal Business Travel GHG Emissions Calculations...................................................47 Table 46 GHG Emission Sources and Growth Factors for BAU Scenario Forecast ..........................49 Table 47 BAU Forecast Demographic and Projection Metrics by Forecast Year.............................50 Table 48 BAU Forecast Results Summary by Emission Sector (MT CO 2e).......................................50 Table 49 Glendale Forecasted RPS and Electricity Emission Factors ..............................................53 Table 50 Summary of Legislative GHG Emissions Reductions (MT CO 2e) .......................................54 Table 51 Adjusted Forecast Results (MT CO 2e)...............................................................................55 Table 52 990 Back-cast Calculations ...............................................................................................57 Table 53 GHG Emissions Reduction Targets and Gap Analysis .......................................................58 Figures
Figure 1 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector..............................................................34 Figure 2 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sub-Sector ......................................................35 City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
4 1 Introduction
This document presents the data, methods, and results for the 2021 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory and forecast for the City of Glendale (the City). Included is an analysis of findings and trends in the City’s GHG emissions developed to support the City’s GHG emissions reduction targets and ultimately the City’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP).

California (the State) has set statewide GHG emissions reduction goals to mitigate negative climate change impacts and transition the State to a low-carbon economy. In particular, the State has established goals to reduce statewide GHG emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2030, as established by Senate Bill (SB) 32 and achieve net zero GHG emissions as soon as possible, but no later than 2045, as established by Assembly Bill (AB) 1279.1 The California Air Resources Board (CARB) is the agency responsible for addressing these goals and developing strategies to achieve them. Many local jurisdictions are completing their own GHG inventories, forecasts, and CAPs to align with SB 32 and AB 1279.

Local governments play a fundamental role in reducing local GHG emissions and preparing for a more resilient future. Local government policies can influence high-emissions behavior and mitigate climate change effects.2 To this end, the City is developing a CAAP to align with SB 32 and AB 1279 goals, increase resilience and climate change preparedness, maintain healthy air and water resources, and improve community health and the local economy. The forthcoming CAAP update will include the 2021 GHG inventory for the community (2021 Community GHG Inventory) and the associated GHG emissions forecast, in addition to the municipal operations inventory (2021 Municipal GHG Inventory). Municipal GHG emissions are a subset of community GHG emissions and are therefore included in the community GHG inventory and associated forecast.

The 2021 Community GHG Inventory completed for the City includes GHG emissions from activities within the City’s jurisdictional boundaries during 2021. Based on the inventory, Rincon developed a back-cast of the City’s GHG emissions to 1990 as well as a forecast to 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045.

The forecast provides an up-to-date projection of how GHG emissions are expected to change for the City in the future based on changes in population and employment, as well as existing State and federal legislation aimed at reducing GHG emissions through 2045. This document also presents provisional GHG targets and a gap analysis, developed to help identify GHG emissions reduction activities that will be needed to achieve the provisional GHG emissions reduction targets. Like all GHG inventories, forecasts, and targets, the analysis in this document relies on the best available data and calculation methodologies currently available. 1 AB 1279 defines net zero GHG emissions as reducing GHG emissions at least 85% below 1990 levels. California also set a goal to reach 1990 levels by 2020, as established by AB 32, The 2020 goal set by AB 32 was achieved by the State in 2016. CARB. Frequently Asked Questions – California’s 2022 Climate Scoping Plan. Accessed November 14, 2022 at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2022- 06/2022_Scoping_Plan_FAQ_6.21.22.pdf
2 CARB. California’s 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan. Accessed November 14, 2022 at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf Background
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 5
2 Background

2.1 Legislative Context
The State has developed statewide legislative goals and programs to reduce GHG emissions. CARB has issued guidance concerning the establishment of GHG emissions reduction targets for local CAPs so local communities can contribute their fair share towards the States achievement of the GHG emissions reductions goals. In the first Climate Change Scoping Plan (hereafter referred to as the 2008 Scoping Plan), CARB encouraged local governments to adopt a reduction target for their own community emissions that parallels the State commitment to reduce GHG emissions.3 In 2017, CARB published the 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan (hereafter referred to as the 2017 Scoping Plan Update) outlining the strategies the State will employ to reach the additional State targets set by SB

32.4 On May 10th, 2022, the Draft 2022 California Climate Change Scoping Plan Update was published for public comment and includes recommendations for achieving the goal of carbon neutrality by 2045 codified by AB 1279.5 Legislative Targets
The State of California has adopted legislation and policies to address climate change, the most relevant of which are summarized below.
▪Executive Order S-3-05, signed in 2005, establishes statewide GHG emissions reduction goals to achieve long-term climate stabilization as follows: by 2020, reduce GHG emissions to 1990 levels and by 2050, reduce GHG emissions to 80% below 1990 levels. The 2050 goal was accelerated by the 2045 carbon neutral goal established by EO B-55-18 and AB 1279, as discussed below. ▪Assembly Bill 32, known as the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, requires California’s GHG emissions be reduced to 1990 levels by the year 2020 (approximately a 15 % reduction from 2005 to 2008 levels). The 2008 Scoping Plan identifies mandatory and voluntary measures to achieve the statewide 2020 GHG emissions limit.
▪Senate Bill 32, signed in 2016, establishes a statewide mid-term GHG emissions reduction goal of 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. CARB formally adopted the 2017 Scoping Plan Update in December 2017, laying the roadmap to achieve 2030 goals and giving guidance to achieve substantial progress toward the 2050 State goals. The Draft 2022 Scoping Plan Update provides further guidance for reaching the State’s SB 32 goal.
▪Executive Order B-55-18, signed in 2018, expanded upon EO S-3-05 by creating a statewide GHG emissions goal of carbon neutrality by 2045. EO S-55-18 identifies CARB as the lead agency to develop a framework for implementation and progress tracking toward this goal in the 2022 Climate Change Scoping Plan Update.
3 CARB. Climate Change Scoping Plan: A Framework for Change. Dec. 2008. Accessed November 14, 2022 at:
ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic//cc/scopingplan/document/adopted_scoping_plan.pdf 4 CARB. California’s 2017 Climate Change Scoping Plan. Accessed November 14, 2022 at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf 5 CARB. Draft 2022 Scoping Plan Update. Accessed November 14, 2022 at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/2022-draft-sp.pdf City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
6 ▪Assembly Bill 1279, known as the California Climate Crisis Act, signed by the governor in 2022, codifies the GHG emissions reduction goals of achieving carbon neutrality by 2045 and expands upon this goal to define carbon neutrality as reducing direct emissions 85% below 1990 levels and removing the remaining 15% of emissions via other technologies and practices, like carbon sequestration. The 2022 Scoping Plan Update (November 2022 provides the pathway for reaching the State’s AB 1279 goal.

2.2 Climate Science Context
Greenhouse Gases
GHGs are chemical compounds found in the earth’s atmosphere which affect climate conditions by trapping infrared radiation from sunlight which can serve to raise global temperatures. Emissions can occur from natural processes as well as human activities which release excess GHGs into the atmosphere. GHG emissions quantification frameworks have been developed over the years in an effort to standardize GHG accounting, particularly for those generated from human activities. The ICLEI International Council for Local Government Initiatives (ICLEI) protocols for community and municipal inventories (discussed further in Section 3 and Section 4, respectively) assess GHG emissions associated with the six internationally recognized GHGs, as outlined in Table 1. The 2021 inventories focus on the three GHGs most relevant to the City’s operations: carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen dioxide (N2O), methane (CH4 ). The other gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluorides) are emitted primarily in private sector manufacturing and electricity transmission and are therefore omitted from the inventory. This approach is consistent with typical community and municipal inventory approaches, as industrial emissions are typically outside of the City’s jurisdictional control. Table 1 also includes the global warming potentials (GWP) for each gas.

The 2021 inventories used 100-year global warming potentials (GWP) for each gas that are consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report,6 which were also used by the State in their latest GHG emissions inventory. The GWP refers to the ability of each gas to trap heat in the atmosphere. For example, one pound of methane gas has 28 times more heat capturing potential than one pound of carbon dioxide gas. GHG emissions are reported in metric tons of CO2 equivalent (MT CO2e).
6 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Accessed January 5, 2023 at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
Background
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 7
Table 1 2021 Inventory GHGs and GWPs
Greenhouse Gas Primary Source
100-year
GWP
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Combustion 1
Methane (CH4) Combustion, anaerobic decomposition of organic waste (e.g., in landfills, wastewater treatment plants)
28 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Leaking refrigerants and fire suppressants 265 Hydrofluorocarbons Leaking refrigerants and fire suppressants 4 - 12,400 Perfluorocarbons Aluminum production, semiconductor manufacturing, HVAC equipment manufacturing
6,630 -
11,100
Sulfur Hexafluoride
(SH6)
Transmission and distribution of power 23,500
Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/
City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
8 3 GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Conducting a GHG emissions inventory serves to provide a comprehensive understanding of a jurisdiction’s GHG emissions, and may be developed to serve the following purposes:
▪Establishes perspective of GHG emissions conditions in the applicable inventory year. ▪Provide an understanding of where the highest sources of GHG emissions in the jurisdiction originate and where the greatest opportunities for emissions reduction exist. ▪Create a GHG emissions baseline from which the jurisdiction can establish a forecast, reduction targets, and track progress over time.

GHG inventories are developed by identifying the sources and sinks (sectors) for GHGs within the geographic or system boundary of interest (e.g., the City of Glendale), establishing activity data for each sector, and applying an emissions factor to determine the carbon dioxide equivalence (CO2e).

On the level of cities or counties, there are often many potential sectors contributing to the jurisdiction’s GHG emissions. However only a select few sectors are typically considered the major contributors to the jurisdiction’s GHG inventory are considered. The GHG emissions sectors used for the City’s GHG inventory are identified in Section 3.

3.1 Methodology
The City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory was developed in alignment with accounting protocols provided by the International Council for Local Government Initiatives (ICLEI). ICLEI protocols are designed for local-scale accounting of GHG emissions that contribute to climate change and provide authoritative guidance to account for GHG emissions accurately and consistently. The ICLEI U.S.

Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions Version 1.2 (Community Protocol) serves to guide the measurement and reporting of GHG emissions in a standardized way and is used by other jurisdictions to support their own inventory, forecast, and climate action planning efforts. The Community Protocol also includes steps to evaluate the relevance, completeness, consistency, transparency, and accuracy of data used in the GHG inventory.

Emissions Boundary
The City’s community inventory covers the relevant emissions sources within the boundary of the City of Glendale. The inventory thereby reflects emissions over which the City has direct control.

Scope
The Community Protocol recommends reporting GHG emissions from five basic reporting activities in a community inventory, which include:
▪Use of electricity by the community
▪Use of fuel in residential and commercial stationary combustion equipment ▪On-road passenger and freight motor vehicle travel
▪Use of energy in potable water and wastewater treatment and distribution ▪Generation of solid waste by the community
GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 9
The Community Protocol also provides recommendations for additional GHG emissions source reporting for activities that can be influenced by the accounting agency. Based on reporting practices in California, it is recommended that GHG emissions from off-road equipment fuel combustion and wastewater treatment processes are also included in community GHG emissions inventories. The full selection GHG emissions sources can be categorized more generally into the following five activity sectors:
▪Electricity
▪Natural Gas
▪Transportation
▪Water and Wastewater
▪Solid Waste
The City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory includes an assessment of the community-wide GHG emissions associated with these five sectors which serve as the basis for the GHG emissions forecast and target setting.

3.2 2021 Community GHG Emissions Inventory
Generally, GHG emissions were calculated by multiplying the activity data in each GHG emissions sector (e.g., transportation, energy, waste, water) by an associated emission factor. Activity data refer to the relevant measured or estimated energy usage or GHG-generating process data.

Emission factors are observation-based conversion factors used to equate activity data to generated GHG emissions. The 2021 Community GHG Inventory leverages the latest available models and best available data in accordance with the Community Protocol. The inventory serves to provide a comprehensive understanding of the community’s current GHG emissions. The following sections contain further information on the inventory approach, calculation methodologies, data used, and results.

3.2.1 Energy
Energy: Residential and Nonresidential Electricity
The community’s residential and nonresidential sectors source electricity from Glendale Water and Power (GWP) which is owned and operated by the City. GWP provided the activity data through electricity usage reports for the residential sector and nonresidential sector (including commercial, and industrial sectors). In general, industrial GHG emissions are assumed to be covered by the State Cap and Trade program. Therefore, industrial electricity reported by GWP was excluded from the 2021 Community GHG Inventory. GWP also provided information regarding total electricity generation, electricity purchases, and associated GHG emissions which were used to determine GWP’s emissions factor.

Emissions from residential and nonresidential electricity were calculated using Community Protocol Equation BE.2.1. The equation has been adjusted to remove electricity consumed by electric vehicles (EVs) by removing passenger car EV electricity use from residential electricity consumption and commercial and bus EV electricity consumption from nonresidential consumption. Electricity use from passenger, commercial, and bus EVs are added back into the inventory under the transportation sector to provide a more thorough differentiation between building and transportation sector emissions. More information regarding electric vehicle energy use can be City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
10 found in Section 3.2.2. Equation 3.1 and Table 2 provide the adjusted equation, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions associated with community electricity consumption.

EQUATION 3.1
BE.2.1 RESIDENTIAL/NONRESIDENTIAL ELECTRICITY SECTOR EMISSIONS 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦,𝑗=
𝑖
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗― 𝐸𝑉𝑖,𝑗 × 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 3.1
Table 2 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity Use Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
electricity consumption per
building type
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦,𝑗 See Table 4 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Electricity consumption per
building type per energy
provider
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗 See Table 3 kWh/year GWP 2021 Electricity Report1 Attributed electric vehicle
electricity consumption
𝐸𝑉𝑖,𝑗 See Table 3 kWh/year EMFAC20212
Electricity emission factor
based on energy provider
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 See Table 4 MT CO2e/kWh GWP 2021 Electricity Report Energy Providers 𝑖 GWP Categorical
Building type 𝑗 Residential
Nonresidential3
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; MWh = megawatt hour

1. Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023

2. California Air and Resources Board. 2023. Emission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6

3. Nonresidential includes kWh consumption from commercial sources and excludes energy consumption from industrial sources.

Table 3 below shows the original electricity activity data, allocated electric vehicle adjustment, and subsequent adjusted activity data used to determine GHG emissions for the community’s electricity consumption.

Table 3 Community Residential and Nonresidential Electricity Activity Data Adjustment Sector Provider
Original Activity Data
[kWh]
Attributed EV1
[kWh]
Adjusted Activity Data
[kWh]
Residential GWP 426,523,449 11,350,951 415,172,498
Nonresidential2 GWP 258,150,763 135,816 258,014,947
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; EV = electric vehicles

1. EV kWh usage from passenger vehicles are removed from residential electricity, while commercial and bus EV kWh usage is removed from nonresidential electricity. If multiple providers exist for a community, attributed EV allocates electric vehicle kWh consumption to each provider based on the proportion of electricity provided by each provider per building type.

2. Nonresidential includes kWh consumption from commercial sources and excludes energy consumption from industrial and sources.

GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 11
Resulting activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions per building type and provider is summarized in Table 4.

Table 4 Community Residential and Nonresidential Electricity GHG Emissions Calculations
Sector Provider
Adjusted Activity Data
[kWh]
Emission Factor
[MT CO2e/kWh]
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Residential GWP 415,172,498 0.000218 90,318
Nonresidential GWP 258,014,947 0.000218 56,129
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Energy: Electricity Transmission and Distribution Losses Electricity Transmission and Distribution (T&D) losses arise from electricity lost during delivery to the buildings and associated end-uses in the City. Electricity T&D losses occur in the electricity transmission and distribution system and are therefore upstream of the delivery endpoints located within the City’s jurisdictional boundaries. This means this electricity is lost before it is counted.

However, T&D losses are estimated and included in the 2021 Community GHG Inventory as they are associated with energy usage in the City and thereby directly impacted by the community’s electricity consumption. Additionally, emissions from T&D losses are recommended for inclusions in community GHG inventories by the Community Protocol. Equation 3.2 and Table 5 provide the calculation method, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions associated with community T&D losses from electricity consumption. As T&D losses associated with EV electricity use are considered negligible and therefore are included in the quantification of residential and nonresidential electricity T&D.

EQUATION 3.2
BE.4 ELECTRICITY T&D LOSS SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑇&𝐷,𝑗=
𝑖
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗× 𝐿𝑇&𝐷× 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 3.2
Table 5 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Electricity T&D Loss Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
transmission and distribution
losses per building type
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑇&𝐷,𝑖 See Table 6 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Electricity consumption per
energy provider and building
type
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑖,𝑗 See Table 6 MWh/year GWP 2021 Electricity Report1 Electricity emissions factor per
energy provider and building
type
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 See Table 6 MT CO2e/MWh GWP 2021 Electricity Report Electricity loss factor 𝐿𝑇&𝐷 4.40% Percent EPA eGRID2
Energy Providers 𝑖 GWP Categorical
Building type 𝑗 Residential Categorical
City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
12 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Nonresidential3
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; MWh = megawatt hour

1. Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023

2. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer

3. Nonresidential includes kWh consumption from commercial sources and excludes energy consumption from industrial sources.

The activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions associated with electricity T&D losses is summarized in Table 4 per building type and provider.

Table 6 Community Electricity T&D Loss GHG Emissions Calculations Sector Provider
Activity Data
[kWh]
T&D Losses
[kWh]1
Emission Factor
[MT CO2e/kWh]2
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Residential GWP 426,523,449 18,767,032 0.000218 4,083
Nonresidential GWP 258,150,763 11,358,634 0.000218 2,471 Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. T&D losses include the kWh consumption associated with EV charging.

Energy: Residential and Nonresidential Natural Gas
GHG emissions from natural gas result from the stationary combustion of natural gas in both the residential and nonresidential building sectors. Glendale’s natural gas is supplied by Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas) which provided activity data through natural gas usage reports.

GHG emission calculations are based on natural gas used in residential and nonresidential buildings (i.e., commercial and industrial). Like industrial electricity use, industrial use of natural gas is excluded from the GHG inventory as these emissions are regulated by the Cap-and-Trade program.

Emissions from residential and nonresidential natural gas use were calculated using Community Protocol Equation BE.1.1. Though the majority of GHG emissions result from the combustion of natural gas, not all the natural gas used is combusted. Natural gas that leaks from pipes and processing plants has a larger GHG impact compared to combusted natural gas due to the higher global warming potential of methane. Some natural gas also leaks from fittings and appliances within a building, after the natural gas meter which is used to quantify total gas usage. Therefore, Community Protocol has been adjusted to remove this small percentage of “behind the meter” natural gas from the combustion calculation, and instead count it as leakage. More information regarding emissions associated with natural gas leaks can be found under “Energy: Natural Gas Methane Leaks” subsection below. Equation 3.3 and Table 7 provide the adjusted equation, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions associated with community natural gas consumption in residential and nonresidential buildings.

GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 13
EQUATION 3.3
BE.1.1 RESIDENTIAL/NONRESIDENTIAL NATURAL GAS SECTOR EMISSIONS 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑁𝑎𝑡𝐺𝑎𝑠,𝑖= (𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖― [1 ― 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒])
× (𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝑂2× 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝑂2) + (𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝐻4× 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4) + (𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝑁2𝑂× 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂) × 10―1 × 10―3

3.3 Table 7 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Use Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
stationary combustion of
natural gas per building type
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑁𝑎𝑡𝐺𝑎𝑠,𝑖 See Table 8 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Natural gas consumed per
building type
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖 See Table 8 therms/year SoCalGas Natural Gas Report1 Percent natural gas lost during
consumer end-use
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒 0.50% Percent Environmental Defense Fund2
Carbon dioxide emission
factor for natural gas
combustion
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝑂2 53.06 kg CO2/mmBTU
natural gas
EPA Emission Factors Hub3
Methane emission factor for
natural gas combustion
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝐶𝐻4 .001 kg CH4/mmBTU
natural gas
EPA Emission Factors Hub
Nitrous oxide emission factor
for natural gas combustion
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺,𝑁2𝑂 .0001 kg
N2O/mmBTU
natural gas
EPA Emission Factors Hub
Global warming potential of
carbon dioxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝑂2 1 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report4
Global warming potential of
methane
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4 28 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Global warming potential of
nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂 265 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Conversion factor 10―1 0.1 mmBTU/therm
Conversion factor 10―3 .001 MT/kg
Building type (i.e. residential
or nonresidential)
𝑖 Residential
Nonresidential5
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; therms = thermal unit; mmBTU = metric million British thermal unit; kg = kilograms

1. Southern California Gas (SOCALGAS) Natural Gas Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on March 20, 2023

2. Environmental Defense Fund USER GUIDE FOR NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE MODELING TOOL. Available at:
https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/US-Natural-Gas-Leakage-Model-User-Guide.pdf

3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Emission Factors Hub. April 1, 2022. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub

4. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/

5. Nonresidential includes natural gas use from commercial sources and excludes energy consumption from industrial and sources.

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
14 The total natural gas consumption, combusted natural gas activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions associated with community natural gas use is summarized in Table 8 per building type and provider.

Table 8 Community Residential and Nonresidential Natural Gas GHG Emissions Calculations
Sector
Activity Data
[therms]
End-use Leakage
[therms]
Adjusted Activity
Data
[therms]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/therm]
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Residential 26,190,181 130,951 26,059,230 0.005311 138,412 Nonresidential 9,862,627 49,313 9,813,314 0.005311 52,123 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Energy: Natural Gas Methane Leaks
Natural gas methane leaks occur during delivery to the buildings and during associated end-uses in the community. Gas methane leaks from delivery occur in the pipeline distribution system and are therefore upstream of the delivery endpoints located in Glendale and not reflected in reported total natural gas usage. While natural gas pipeline distribution leakage is technically outside of the City’s jurisdictional boundaries, the leakage is still directly impacted by natural gas consumption in the community. As leakage is directly connected to the community’s natural gas consumption, it is best practice to include leakage as an emissions sector and is therefore included in the City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory. Methane leaks from end-use discussed previously occur at the point of use in the City and therefore occur within the City’s jurisdictional boundaries. Though a recommended source of emissions, the Community Protocol does not provide a specific calculation methodology for determining GHG emissions from natural gas leakage. Therefore, emissions from natural gas leaks were calculated using Equation 3.4 which estimates emissions in alignment with energy calculation principles set forth by the Community Protocol and the guidance provided under Community Protocol Section BE.5 Upstream Emissions from Energy Use. Table 9 shows the parameters and data sources associated with Equation 3.4 which were used to quantify GHG emissions from natural gas distribution and end-use leakage.

EQUATION 3.4

NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘,𝑖= 𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖× 𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘× (𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒+ 𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡) 3.4
Table 9 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Natural Gas Leaks Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
natural gas distribution
leakage per building type
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘,𝑖 See Table 10 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Natural gas consumed per
building type
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑁𝐺,𝑖 See Table 10 therms/year SoCalGas Natural Gas Report1 Emission factor for natural gas
leakage
𝐸𝐹𝑁𝐺 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑘 0.053067 MT
CO2e/therm
Calculated2
GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 15
Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Percent natural gas lost during
distribution
𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 2.3% Percent Alvarez, Ramón et al. (2018)3
Percent natural gas lost during
consumer end-use
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑒 0.5% Percent Environmental Defense Fund4
Building type (i.e. residential
or nonresidential)
𝑖 Residential
Nonresidential5
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; therms = thermal unit

1. Southern California Gas (SoCalGas) Natural Gas Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on March 20, 2023

2. Emission factor is calculated using the following equation:

2.85 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚 ∗ 95% 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 0.7 𝑘𝑔
𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 28 𝐶𝑂2𝑒
𝐶𝐻4
∗ 0.001 𝑀𝑇
𝑘𝑔

3. Alvarez, Ramón et al. (2018). Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science. 361. Accessed January 12, 2023 at: https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aar7204

4. Environmental Defense Fund USER GUIDE FOR NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE MODELING TOOL. Accessed January 12,2023 at:
https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/US-Natural-Gas-Leakage-Model-User-Guide.pdf

5. Nonresidential includes natural gas use from commercial sources and excludes energy consumption from industrial and sources.

The total natural gas use and resulting leakage activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions per building type is summarized in Table 10.

Table 10 Community Natural Gas Methane Leaks GHG Emissions Calculations Natural Gas Sector
Leakage
Source
Activity Data
[therms]
Methane
Leakage
[therms]
Emissions Factor
[MT
CO2e/therm]
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Distribution 26,190,181 602,374 0.053067
Residential
End-use 26,190,181 130,951 0.053067
38,915
Distribution 9,862,627 226,840 0.053067
Nonresidential
End-use 9,862,627 49,313 0.053067
14,655
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

3.2.2 Transportation
Transportation: On-road
On-road vehicles in the community produce GHG emissions from the mobile combustion of fossil fuels (i.e., internal combustion engines) and up-stream from the production of electricity (i.e., electric vehicles). GHG emissions from the on-road transportation sector were calculated in accordance with Community Protocol TR.1.A and TR.2.B. The methodology leverages on-road transportation data from CARB’s 2021 EMission FACtor (EMFAC2021) model.7 EMFAC2021 provides data on the county-wide data level and does not differentiate data according to cities.

The Community Protocol recommends use of regional travel demand models to differentiate passenger, commercial, and bus vehicle miles travelled activity data. This assessment utilizes data 7 California Air and Resources Board. 2023. Emission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
16 provided by Replica.8 The Replica model uses big data sources such as GPS, cell phone, credit card transactions, real estate data, and ground truthing along with powerful machine learning techniques to generate a statewide land use and VMT model that is then scaled with census data and updated on a quarterly basis. For this assessment, Replica provided origin-destination average daily weekday and weekend VMT for each quarter of the year for the City of Glendale. Quarterly daily VMT provided by Replica was averaged and scaled9 to determine 2021 VMT activity data for the City.

Equation 3.5 and Table 11 define the equations, parameters, and data sources used to convert resulting Replica VMT activity data to GHG emissions from on-road transportation fuel combustion.

EQUATION 3.5
TR.1.A & TR.2.B ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION COMBUSTION EMISSIONS 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑖= 𝑇𝑖 +
1 2𝑇𝑂,𝑖+
1 2𝑇𝐷,𝑖 × 𝐸𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜,𝑖

3.5 Table 11 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-road Transportation Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual community on-
road GHG emissions per
vehicle class
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑂𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑖 See Table 14 MT CO2e/year Calculated
VMT occurring within
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝑖 See Table 14 miles Replica Model1
VMT originating within and
terminating outside of
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝑂,𝑖 See Table 14 miles Replica Model
VMT originating outside of and
terminating within
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝐷,𝑖 See Table 14 miles Replica Model
Emissions factor for on-road
vehicles per vehicle class
𝐸𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜,𝑖 See Table 14 MT CO2e/mile EMFAC2021 v1.0.12
Vehicle class 𝑖 Passenger
Commercial
Bus
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; VMT = vehicle miles travelled

1. Replica VMT data for the City of Glendale provided via email on February 6, 2023.

2. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2023. EMission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 In addition to mobile combustion emissions accounted under Community Protocol Equations TR.1.A and TR.2.B, GHG emissions from electric vehicles were included in the City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory for more accurate accounting of on-road transportation trends. This was achieved through modifying Equation 3.5 to account for EV modeshare estimates based on total VMT. Note 8 https://www.replicahq.com/
9 Weekend daily VMT is scaled assuming 104 weekends in a year, while weekday daily VMT was scaled assuming 261 weekdays in a year.

GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 17
that EV activity data is not deducted from Equation 3.5 due to the use of EMFAC2021 emissions factors which account for EV activity but attribute GHG emissions to be zero, and therefore should not result in double counting. The adjusted equation, parameters, and data sources used to estimate GHG emissions attributable to on-road EV activity is provided in Equation 3.6 and Table 12 below.

EQUATION 3.6

ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIC VEHICLE EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝐸𝑉,𝑖= 𝑇𝑖 +
1 2𝑇𝑂,𝑖+
1 2𝑇𝐷,𝑖 × 𝐸𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒,𝑖× 𝐸𝑃𝑀𝑖 × 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑗

3.6 Table 12 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community On-road Transportation Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual community on-
road EV GHG emissions per
vehicle class
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑂𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝐸𝑉,𝑖See Table 14 MT CO2e/year Calculated
VMT occurring within
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝑖 See Table 13 miles Replica Model1
VMT originating within and
terminating outside of
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝑂,𝑖 See Table 13 miles Replica Model
Vehicle miles travelled
originating outside of and
terminating within
jurisdictional boundaries per
vehicle class
𝑇𝐷,𝑖 See Table 13 miles Replica Model
Percent share of VMT
attributable to EVs
𝐸𝑉𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒,𝑖 See Table 13 % EMFAC2021 v1.0.12
Average rate of electricity
consumption per EV-mile per
vehicle class
𝐸𝑃𝑀𝑖 See Table 13 kWh/mile EMFAC2021 v1.0.1
Weighted average electricity
emissions factor per building
type
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑗 See Table 13 MT CO2e/kWh GWP 2021 Electricity Report3 Vehicle class 𝑖 Passenger
Commercial
Bus
Categorical
Building type 𝑗 Residential
Nonresidential
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; EV = electric vehicles; VMT = vehicle miles travelled; kWh = kilowatt hour

1. Replica VMT data for the City of Glendale provided via email on February 6, 2023.

2. California Air Resources Board (CARB). 2023. EMission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6

3. Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023 City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
18 Table 13 shows the VMT activity data for community vehicles per vehicle class as well as the EV share of VMT and EVMT used to determine EV activity data expressed as electricity consumption.

Table 13 Community On-road EV Activity Data Calculations Vehicle Class
VMT Activity
Data [miles] EV Share [%] EVMT [miles] EPM [kWh/mile]
EV Activity Data
[kWh]
Passenger 1,230,370,632 2.54% 31,251,414 0.36 11,350,951 Commercial 47,569,751 0.00% 0 0.00 0
Bus 12,605,474 0.51% 64,288 2.11 135,816
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles travelled; EV = electric vehicle; EPM = electricity per mile; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour
The activity data, emissions factors, and resulting GHG emissions from on-road transportation quantified in accordance with Equation 3.5 and Equation 3.6 is summarized in Table 14 below.

Table 14 Community On-road Transportation GHG Emissions Calculations Sector Activity Data1 Emission Factor
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Passenger VMT 1,230,370,632 VMT 0.000354 MT CO2e/mile 435,551 Commercial VMT 47,569,751 VMT 0.001198 MT CO2e/mile 56,989 Bus VMT 12,605,474 VMT 0.002123 MT CO2e/mile 26,761
Passenger EVMT1 11,350,951 kWh 0.000218 MT CO2e/kWh 2,469 Commercial EVMT2 0 kWh 0.000218 MT CO2e/kWh 0
Bus EVMT2 135,816 kWh 0.000218 MT CO2e/kWh 30
Total 521,800
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. EV activity data does not include kWh associated with T&D losses as these emissions are considered negligible and are included under energy sector emissions.

2. Emissions factor for on-road passenger EV electricity use is weighted according to the portion of electricity supplied per provider in the residential electricity sector (see Table 4)

3. Emissions factor for on-road commercial and bus EV electricity use is weighted according to the portion of electricity supplied per provider in the residential electricity sector (see Table 4) Transportation: Off-road
Off-road equipment and vehicles in the community generate GHG emissions from the mobile combustion of fossil fuels. Off-road fuel usage results from equipment operation for sectors such as agricultural, construction, lawn and garden, or recreational equipment. Community Protocol Equation TR.8 was used to quantify GHG emissions from off-road equipment fuel consumption and is shown under Equation 3.7 below. Table 15 lists the parameters, values, and data sources used to quantify emissions in according with the Community Protocol.

GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 19
EQUATION 3.7
TR.8 OFF-ROAD EQUIPMENT SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑗= 𝐸𝐹𝑗 ×
𝑖
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑖,𝑗× 𝐴𝐹𝑖 3.7
Table 15 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Off-Road Equipment Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
offroad equipment
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑗 See Table 17 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Annual fuel consumption in
the County per sector per fuel
type
𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑓𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑,𝑖,𝑗 See Table 17 Gallons/year OFFROAD20211
Fuel attribution factor per
equipment type
𝐴𝐹𝑖 See Table 16 Percent SCAG Growth Forecast2
Emission factor per fuel type 𝐸𝐹𝑗 See Table 17 MT CO2e/gallon EPA Emission Factors Hub3 Equipment Type 𝑖 See Table 16 Categorical OFFROAD2021
Fuel type 𝑗 Gasoline
Diesel
Natural Gas
Categorical OFFROAD2021
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. California Air Resource Board (CARB). 2023. Mobile Source Emissions Inventory Off-road (OFFROAD2021 v1.0.3). Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6

2. Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG). 2023. 2016-2040 RTP/SCS Final Growth Forecast by Jurisdiction. Available at: https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/file-attachments/2016_2040rtpscs_finalgrowthforecastbyjurisdiction.pdf?1605576071

3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg-emission-factors-hub Locally applicable activity data in alignment with ICLEI protocol standards reports off-road equipment fuel consumption on a county-wide basis. Attribution factors per equipment type used to allocate City off-road fuel usage were determined based on demographic data and land use data relating to population size, number of jobs, and agricultural acreage where applicable. The demographic attribution metrics and percent attribution used for each off-road equipment type is shown in Table 16.

Table 16 Community Off-road Equipment Sector Attributions Equipment Type Attribution Metric Attribution Data Source Agricultural Excluded – Other1 0.00% Not Applicable
Airport Ground Support Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Cargo Handling Equipment Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Commercial Harbor Craft Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Construction and Mining Employment 2.56% SCAG Growth Forecast2 Industrial Employment 2.56% SCAG Growth Forecast
City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
20 Equipment Type Attribution Metric Attribution Data Source Lawn and Garden Population 1.93% SCAG Growth Forecast
Light Commercial Employment 2.56% SCAG Growth Forecast
Locomotive Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional
Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Ocean Going Vessel Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional
Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Oil Drilling Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional
Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Outboard Marine Tanks Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Pleasure Craft Population 1.93% SCAG Growth Forecast
Portable Equipment Employment 2.56% SCAG Growth Forecast Transport Refrigeration
Unit
Employment 2.56% SCAG Growth Forecast
Recreational Population 1.93% SCAG Growth Forecast
Military Tactical Support Excluded – Not Under Jurisdictional Control

0.00% Not Applicable
Forestry Excluded – Other3 0.00% Not Applicable
Notes:

1. Agricultural off-road equipment was excluded to remain consistent with the scope of the City’s 2021 Community Inventory which excludes agricultural electricity and natural gas sector GHG emissions due to aggregation rules.

3. Though forestry occurs withing the County of Los Angeles, there appears to be minimal opportunity for forestry within the City’s boundaries. Therefore, it is assumed that offroad fuel consumption for forestry activities is negligible and thereby excluded.

The allocated and aggregated activity data by fuel type, emission factors, and emissions results for the inventory’s off-road equipment sector are provided in Table 17.

Table 17 Community Off-road GHG Emissions Calculations
Fuel Type
Activity Data
(gallons)
Emission Factor
(MT CO2e/gallon)1
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Diesel 2,227,013 0.010470 23,317
Gasoline 2,109,767 0.009189 19,386
Natural Gas 1,369,734 0.005862 8,030
TOTAL 50,732
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Values may not add due to rounding

1. Emission factors per fuel type represent a weighted average based on the emissions factor and fuel consumption per offroad equipment type as determined according to EPA’s Emissions Factor Hub available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg- emission-factors-hub

3.2.3 Solid Waste
GHG emissions associated with the waste sector result from the decomposition of waste at a landfill as well as landfill operation processes. Scholl Canyon Landfill is the primary landfill utilized by the City of Glendale and is owned and operated by the City. GHG emissions from waste decomposition GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 21
were calculated using Community Protocol Method SW.4. Equation 3.8 and Table 18 provide the calculation method, associated parameters, and data sources used to quantify GHG emissions in accordance with Community Protocol SW.4.

EQUATION 3.8
SW.4.1 SOLID WASTE FUGITIVE EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒,𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4× (1 ― 𝐶𝐸) × (1 ― 𝑂𝑋) × 𝑀 ×
𝑖
𝑃𝑖 × 𝐸𝐹𝑖 3.8
Table 18 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual community
generated waste GHG
emissions
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒,𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 75,067 MT
CO2e/year
Calculated
Methane global warming
potential
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4 28 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report1
Default LFG collection
efficiency
𝐶𝐸 0.75 Fraction ICLEI Community Protocol
Oxidation rate 𝑂𝑋 0.10 Fraction ICLEI Community Protocol Total mass of waste entering
landfill
𝑀 244,904 Wet short
tons
City of Glendale2
Proportion of total waste
material per material type
𝑃𝑖 See Table 19 Fraction Go2Zero Strategies3
Emission factor per material
type4
𝐸𝐹𝑖 See Table 19 MT CH4/wet
short ton
ICLEI Community Protocol
Material type 𝑖 Multiple Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. AR5 Synthesis Report: Climate Change 2014. Available at:
https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/

2. Tons of waste activity data provided by the City of Glendale via SharePoint on March 9, 2023

3. Go2Zero Strategies. 2019. City of Glendale Waste Characterization Study. Provided by the City via SharePoint on March 9, 2023 While the Glendale Waste Characterization Study conducted by Go2Zero10 provides an extensive assessment of the community’s waste, the material types identified do not directly correlate with those identified in the Community Protocol. Default emissions factors provided in the Community Protocol per material type were thus determined by cross-referencing material types between the City’s waste characterization study and the Community Protocol. Where multiple material types were found to be applicable, an average emissions factor was calculated based on Community Protocol default values. Table 19 provides the proportion of solid waste per material type, identified material cross-references, and the resulting average methane emissions factors. 10 https://go2zero.net/
City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
22 Table 19 Community Solid Waste Proportions and Emissions Factors Glendale
Material Types Proportion Protocol Cross-Reference
Average Methane
Emissions Factor1
[MT CH4/ton]
Green Waste 13.00% Grass
Leaves
Branches
Lumber

0.0433
Compostable Paper 4.00% Newspaper 0.0429
Food 18.00% Food Waste 0.0776
Liquid 2.00% Food Waste 0.0776
Corrugated 3.00% Corrugated Cardboard 0.1200
Mixed Paper 9.00% Office Paper
Coated Paper

0.1257
Plastic Containers 2.00% N/A 0.0000
Durable Plastics 4.00% N/A 0.0000
Glass 3.00% N/A 0.0000
Metal 5.00% N/A 0.0000
Inorganics 4.00% Construction and Demolition 0.0121
Textiles 6.00% Textiles 0.0726
Other Plastics 7.00% N/A 0.0000
Mixed Residue 6.00% Coated Paper
Corrugated Cardboard
Diapers

0.0804
HHW & E-waste 10.00% N/A 0.0000
Bulky & Special Waste 3.00% Medical Waste
Sludge and Manure
Lumber

0.0403
Weighted Average2 0.0487
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. Average methane emissions are calculated by cross-refencing material types between Glendale’s Waste Characterization Study conducted by Go2Zero with those identified in the Community Protocol and averaging applicable default emissions factors per material type.

2. The weighted average methane emissions factor is calculated based on the average emissions factor per material type and the proportion of material in the solid waste stream as identified in Glendale’s Waste Characterization Study conducted by Go2Zero.

Landfill process emissions result in GHG emissions due to the consumption of energy to power the equipment necessary to manage the landfill. However, as Scholl landfill is located within the City’s boundaries, energy consumption for landfill processes are anticipated to be included under the nonresidential energy sector of Glendale’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory. To avoid the risk of double counting, GHG emissions associated with energy use at Scholl landfill were not included in the City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory, but are quantified below for informational purposes.

Landfill process emissions were quantified according to Community Protocol SW.5 which is outlined in Equation 3.10 and Table 19 below.

GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 23
EQUATION 3.9
SW.5 SOLID WASTE PROCESS EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑀 × 𝐸𝐹𝑝 3.10
Table 20 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Solid Waste Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual landfill process GHG
emissions
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 2,694 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Total mass of solid waste that
enters the landfill in the
inventory year
𝑀 244,904 Wet short
tons/year
City of Glendale1
Emissions factor for landfill
process emissions
𝐸𝐹𝑝 0.011 MT CO2e/wet
short ton
ICLEI Community Protocol
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. Tons of waste activity data provided by the City of Glendale via Sharepoint on March 9, 2023 The total GHG emissions from solid waste emissions sources is summarized in Table 21.

Table 21 Community Solid Waste Tonnage Allocation
Emissions Source GHG Emissions [MT CO2e/year]
Landfill Fugitive Emissions 75,067
Landfill Process Emissions1 2,694
Total 75,067
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. As Scholl Canyon Landfill is within City boundaries and is owned and operated by the City, process related emissions are anticipated to be included under energy sector GHG emissions and thus are excluded from total GHG emissions attributable to the solid waste sector.

3.2.4 Water
Water consumption generates GHG emissions from the electricity used to deliver water to the community, as well as the energy used to treat and convey the water prior to delivery. GWP provides ground water to the City and is classified as locally sourced water in this assessment. The majority of water supplied to the City is imported from Municipal Water District of Southern California (MWD). Table 22 shows the parameters and data sources associated with Equation 3.11 which were used to quantify GHG emissions from local and imported water sources.

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
24 EQUATION 3.11
WW.14 WATER SECTOR EMISSIONS
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑖= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑖 ×
𝑗
𝐸𝐼𝑖,𝑗× 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 3.11
Table 22 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Water Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Annual GHG emissions from
water consumption per water
district
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑖 See Table 26 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Volume of water supplied to
the community per water
district
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑖 See Table 23 AF GWP 2021 Water Production
Report1
Energy intensity of water
distribution per water district
𝐸𝐼𝑖,𝑗
See Table 24
kWh/AF

1. GWP 2021 Water Production
Report

2. ICLEI Community Protocol

3. GWP 2020 UWMP2

4. MWD 2020 UWMP3
Electricity emissions factor per
water process stage per source
type
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖,𝑗 See Table 25 MT CO2e/kWh 1. GWP 2021 Electricity Report4

2. EPA eGRID5
Water district 𝑖 See Table 23 Categorical
Water process stage 𝑗 Extraction
Conveyance
Treatment
Distribution
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; AF = acre-feet; kWh = kilowatt hour; UWMP = Urban Water Management Plan

1. Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Water Production Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on March 8, 2023

2. City of Glendale. 2021. Urban Water Management Plan, Appendices, Table O-1A. Available at:
https://www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/62414/637623899860970000

3. Municipal Water District of Southern California (MWD). 2021. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP)Table A.10-5 2018 Treated and Untreated Water Energy Intensity. Available at: https://www.mwdh2o.com/media/21641/2020-urban-water- management-plan-june-2021.pdf

4. Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023

5. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
Table 23 shows the total water supplied to the City by each water district or provider and classifies the activity data as local vs imported sources of water.

GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 25
Table 23 Community Water Activity Data
Water Districts Activity Data [AF]
Local Water Supply
Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 8,586.11
Imported Water Supply
Municipal Water District of Southern California
(MWD) 14,816.00
Notes: AF = acre-feet
The energy intensities and emissions factors per water district or provider are summarized in Table 24 and Table 25, respectively. As MWD’s operations occur outside of the City’s jurisdictional boundaries and is anticipated to be supplied by multiple electricity providers, the CAMX grid mix emissions factor provided by eGRID was used to estimate emissions. However, at the distribution to consumer stage of water management, imported water is managed within the City’s boundaries using Glendale’s water infrastructure and therefore GWP’s emissions factor is utilized.

Table 24 Community Water Energy Intensities Per Water District Energy Intensities [kWh/AF]
Water District Extraction Conveyance Treatment Distribution (Purveyor)
Distribution
(Consumer) All Stages
Local Water Supply
GWP1 309.70 — 120.00 — 384.70 814.40
Imported Water Supply
MWD2 — 1,919.90 69.70 -152.60 384.70 2,221.70
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; AF = acre-feet

1. Energy Intensity information for Glendale Water and Power (GWP) was acquired from the following sources:

1.a. Extraction: Calculated based on electricity consumption and AF produced from GWP wells as reported in the GWP 2021 Water Production Report.

1.b. Conveyance: Included under Extraction energy intensity

1.c. Treatment: Based on ICLEI Community Protocol default factor as provided under Appendix F Wastewater and Water Emissions Activities and Sources, Table WW.14.4: Energy Intensities for Water Treatment

1.d. Distribution: Based on the City's 2020 UWMP, Appendix E Table O-1A available at:
https://www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/62414/637623899860970000

2. Energy Intensity information for Municipal Water District (MWD) was sourced from the company’s 2020 Urban Water Management Plan available at: https://www.mwdh2o.com/media/21641/2020-urban-water-management-plan-june-2021.pdf

2.a. Distribution: Due to the high elevations from which MWD water is sourced, MWD’s distribution system to purveyors relies primarily on gravity with minimal electricity input. Additionally, MWD’s distribution system is lined with hydroelectric generation plants along the pipelines. Therefore, the energy intensity for MWD distribution to purveyors is negative as the energy input combined with electricity generation results in a net production, rather than consumption, of power.

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
26 Table 25 Community Water Emissions Factors Per Water District Emissions Factors [MT CO2e/kWh]
Water District Extraction Conveyance Treatment
Distribution
(Purveyor)
Distribution
(Consumer) All Stages
Local Water Supply
GWP1 0.000218 0.000218 0.000218 0.000218 0.000218 0.000218 Imported Water Supply
MWD2 0.000242 0.000242 0.000242 0.000242 0.000218 0.000238 Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; AF = acre-feet

1. Emissions factors are sourced from Glendale Water and Power’s (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report

2. As Municipal Water District (MWD) operation are outside of City boundaries, the CAMX grid mix emissions factor provided by eGRID was used to estimate emissions. Information on CAMX emissions factor for 2021 is available at: https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data- explorer
Table 26 shows the City’s water sector GHG emissions and total GHG emissions added to Glendale’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory. MWD imported water is distributed to City residents using water infrastructure, such as pumps, which are owned and operated by GWP. Therefore, the energy used to distribute imported water was accounted for in the energy section and and is thus excluded from total water sector emissions to avoid double counting.

Table 26 Community Water GHG Emissions and Inclusions
Emissions [MT CO2e/year]
Water District Extraction Conveyance Treatment
Distribution
(Purveyor)
Distribution
(Consumer)
All
Stages
Local Water Supply
Emissions 578 — 224 — 719 1,521
GWP
Inclusion No — No — No No
Imported Water Supply
Emissions 6,886 — 250 -547 1,240 7,828
MWD
Inclusion Yes Yes Yes Yes No1 —
Total Water Supply
Total 6,588
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; AF = acre-feet

1. As MWD is distributed to consumers within City boundaries using the City’s water infrastructure, distribution GHG emissions are anticipated to be accounted in energy sector emissions and are thereby excluded from total water sector GHG emissions.

3.2.5 Wastewater
Management of wastewater produces emissions through every stage of the process from collection to final use or discharge. Glendale’s wastewater is treated by the Los-Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (LAGWRP) which is equitably co-owned by the City of Glendale and the City of Los Angeles, though it lies outside of Glendale’s city boundaries. The wastewater reclamation plant (WRP) uses tertiary treatment nitrification/denitrification processes to produce recycled water for GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 27
irrigation and industrial re-use.11 Glendale is entitled to 50% of recycled water produced by LAGWRP but currently only uses 25-33% of the City’s entitlement. Recycled water not utilized by the City is discharged into the Los Angeles River. 12
The LAGWRP is part of an integrated system of wastewater treatment plants (WRP) which include the Tillman WRP, Burbank WRP, and the Hyperion WRP. The four water treatment facilities are known as the North Outfall Sewer (NOS). Biosolids and excess flows from Tillman WRP, LAGWRP, and Burbank WRP are diverted to the Hyperion WRP for treatment and disposal.12 Hyperion WRP utilizes a primary and secondary treatment process using digester tanks to treat wastewater for reclamation purposes or discharge to the Santa Monica Bay.13 Currently, Hyperion WRP processes an average of 260 million gallons (MG) per day with approximately 220 MG being discharged into the sea.14
GHG emissions from LAGWRP operations are a result of process emissions from nitrification/denitrification (see Equation 3.14 and Table 29), excess recycled water discharge into the LA River (see Equation 3.15 and Table 30), and electricity use (see Equation 3.16 and Table 33).

As primarily only biosolids are sent from LAGWRP to Hyperion WRP for treatment, only stationary combustion emissions from combustion of digester gas was included with relation to Hyperion WRP operations in this assessment. The set of methods used to quantify stationary combustion emissions is outlined in Equation 3.12 and Table 27 as well as Equation 3.13 and Table 28 below.

EQUATION 3.12
WW.1.(ALT) WASTEWATER DIGESTER GAS STATIONARY COMBUSTION EMISSIONS (CH4) 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡,𝐶𝐻4,𝑖= 𝑃𝑖 × 𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 × 𝑓𝐶𝐻4× 𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐶𝐻4× 10―6 × 𝐸𝐹𝐶𝐻4× 365.25 × 10―3 × 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4

3.12 Table 27 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.1.(alt) Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted by
devices designed to combust
digester gas
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡,𝐶𝐻4See Table 34 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Population served1 𝑃𝑖 320,787 People 1. SCAG Growth Forecast2 Rate of digester gas volume
production
𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 1.00 std
ft3/person/day
ICLEI Community Protocol
Fraction of methane in
digester gas
𝑓𝐶𝐻4 0.65 Fraction ICLEI Community Protocol
Default higher heating value
of methane
𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐶𝐻4 1,028 BTU/ft3 ICLEI Community Protocol
11 City of Los Angeles Sanitation. 2023. Los Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant. Available at:
https://www.lacitysan.org/san/faces/home/portal/s-lsh-wwd/s-lsh-wwd-cw/s-lsh-wwd-cw-p/s-lsh-wwd-cw-p-lagwrp?_adf.ctrl- state=t7b1utnjj_5&_afrLoop=12857866421655975#!
12 City of Glendale. 2020. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP). Available at:
https://www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/62412/637623898692530000 13 City of Los Angeles Sanitation. 2023. Hyperion Reclamation Plant. Available at: https://www.lacitysan.org/san/faces/home/portal/s- lsh-wwd/s-lsh-wwd-cw/s-lsh-wwd-cw-p/s-lsh-wwd-cw-p-hwrp?_adf.ctrl-state=t7b1utnjj_752&_afrLoop=12859331002222320#! 14 City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
28 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Conversion factor 10―6 0.000001 mmBTU/BTU
Methane emissions factor 𝐸𝐹𝐶𝐻4 0.0032 kg CH4/mmBTU ICLEI Community Protocol Conversion factor 365.25 365.25 Days/year ICLEI Community Protocol Conversion factor 10―3 0.001 MT/kg
Global warming potential of
methane
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝐶𝐻4 25 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP)
𝑖 Hyperion
WRP
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; BTU = British thermal unit; mmBTU = one million British thermal units; kg = kilograms;

1. Population serviced (or service population) is the sum of population and employment

3.13 Table 28 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.2.(alt) Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted by
devices designed to combust
digester gas
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡,𝑁2𝑂See Table 34 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Population served1 𝑃𝑖 320,787 People 1. SCAG Growth Forecast2 Rate of digester gas volume
production
𝐷𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐺𝑎𝑠 1.00 std
ft3/person/day
ICLEI Community Protocol
Fraction of methane in
digester gas
𝑓𝐶𝐻4 0.65 Fraction ICLEI Community Protocol
Default higher heating value
of methane
𝐵𝑇𝑈𝐶𝐻4 1,028 BTU/ft3 ICLEI Community Protocol
Conversion factor 10―6 0.000001 mmBTU/BTU
Nitrous Oxide emissions factor 𝐸𝐹𝑁2𝑂 0.0006 kg
N2O/mmBTU
ICLEI Community Protocol
Conversion factor 365.25 365.25 Days/year ICLEI Community Protocol Conversion factor 10―3 0.001 MT/kg
Global warming potential of
nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂 265 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP)
𝑖 Hyperion
WRP
Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; BTU = British thermal unit; mmBTU = one million British thermal units; kg = kilograms;

1. Population serviced (or service population) is the sum of population and employment GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 29
Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source

2. Southern California Association of Governments. 2023. 2016-2040 RTP/SCS Final Growth Forecast by Jurisdiction. Available at:
https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/file-attachments/2016_2040rtpscs_finalgrowthforecastbyjurisdiction.pdf?1605576071 EQUATION 3.14
WW.7 CENTRALIZED WWTP W/ NITRIFICATION/DENITRIFICATION
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡,𝑖= 𝑃𝑖 × 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑―𝑐𝑜𝑚× 𝐸𝐹𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡× 10―6 × 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂 3.14 Table 29 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.7 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted by
WWTP processes
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡,𝑖See Table 34 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Population served1 𝑃𝑖 320,787 People 1. SCAG Growth Forecast2 Factor for insignificant
industrial or commercial
discharge
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑―𝑐𝑜𝑚 1.25 ICLEI Community Protocol
Emissions factor for a WWTP
without nitrification or
denitrification
𝐸𝐹𝑤/𝑜 𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡 7.00 g
N2O/person/year
ICLEI Community Protocol
Conversion factor 10―6 0.000001 mmBTU/BTU
Global warming potential of
nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂 265 IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Wastewater treatment plant
(WWTP)
𝑖 LAGWRP Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; BTU = British thermal unit; mmBTU = one million British thermal units; kg = kilograms;

1. Population serviced (or service population) is the sum of population and employment

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
30 EQUATION 3.15
WW.12 NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM EFFLUENT DISCHARGE
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡,𝑖= 𝑁 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 × 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑙× 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡× 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡,𝑖× 44 28 × 365.25 × 10―3
× 𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂

3.15 Table 30 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.12 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted
by WWTP processes
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊,𝑤/𝑜 𝑛𝑖𝑡/𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑡,𝑖See Table 34 MT CO2e/year Calculated Average total nitrogen per
day
𝑁 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 See Table 31 kg N/day LAGWRP Effluent Quality
Report1
Percentage of total
reclaimed water
attributable to the City
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑙 See Table 32 % City of Glendale 2020
UWMP2
Percentage of reclaimed
water discharged as
effluent into designated
water body
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡 See Table 32 % City of Glendale 2020
UWMP
Emissions factor of
discharge to water body
type (river)
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡,𝑖 0.005 kg N2O-N/kg
sewage-N
discharged
ICLEI Community Protocol
Molecular weight ratio of
N2O to N2
44 28

1.57 Fraction
Conversion factor 365.25 365.25 Days/year
Conversion factor 10―3 0.001 MT/kg
Global warming potential
of nitrous oxide
𝐺𝑊𝑃𝑁2𝑂 265 IPCC Fifth Assessment
Report
Wastewater treatment
plant (WWTP)
𝑖 LAGWRP Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; std ft3 = standard cubic feet; kg = kilograms

1. Los-Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (LAGWRP) Summary of Overall Treatment Plant Effluent Quality Report provided by the City via email on March 15, 2023

2. City of Glendale. 2020. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP). Available at:
https://www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/62412/637623898692530000 The Effluent Quality Report provided by LAGWRP reports the minimum, maximum, and average volume of wastewater effluent processed per day as well as the concentration of NH3-N, NO2-N, and NO3-N in the effluent. Summarized data from this report used to determine the total nitrogen load is provided in Table 31.

GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 31
Table 31 Community Wastewater WW.12 Nitrogen Load Activity Data Calculations Month
Effluent Processed1
[gal/month]
Nitrogen Concentration2
[kg N/gal]
Nitrogen Load
[kg N/month]
January 498,864,100 0.00002217 11,062
February 438,241,900 0.00001943 8,514
March 503,650,000 0.00002197 11,064
April 515,708,500 0.00002043 10,534
May 527,492,500 0.00002414 12,736
June 501,357,000 0.00002313 11,596
July 500,676,800 0.00002309 11,561
August 492,802,000 0.00002214 10,912
September 472,441,800 0.00002316 10,942
October 485,735,000 0.00002144 10,412
November 468,319,000 0.00002290 10,726
December 483,537,100 0.00002263 10,942
Notes: kg = kilograms; gal = gallons

1. Effluent processed per month was determined by summing the reported daily average volume processed per month in LAGWRP’s Effluent Quality Report.

2. Nitrogen concentration was calculated by averaging LAGWRP’s reported daily average mg N/L to determine a monthly average, summing across NH3-N, NO2-N, and NO3-N chemical constituents, and converting to kg N/gal Table 32 shows the calculation method for the percent LAGWRP treated wastewater attributable to Glendale and the percent recycled water which is released as effluent rather than being recycled for reuse.

Table 32 Community Wastewater WW.12 Percent Attribution Calculations Attribution Metric Total [AF] Community Total [AF] Percent Attribution 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑙1 14,983 6,024 40.21%
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡2 8,000 2,000 75.00%
Notes: AF = acre-feet

1. Percent of wastewater attributable to the community is based on the total LAGWRP wastewater processed (14,983 AF) and wastewater produced by Glendale (6,024 AF) in 2020 as reported in the City of Glendale’s 2020 UWMP, available at:
https://www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/62412/637623898692530000

2. Percent of wastewater effluent is conservatively estimated based on Glendale’s current recycled water use (2,000 AF) and the maximum potential recycled water entitlement (8,000 AF) as reported in the City of Glendale’s 2020 UWMP, available at:
https://www.glendaleca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/62412/637623898692530000 Though the City of Glendale co-owns LAGWRP, the facility lies outside of the City’s boundaries which means that electricity used at the WRP is not captured under community nonresidential energy use. Community Protocol Equation WW.15 was used to determine LAGWRP electricity-based emissions and adjusted to allocate emissions attributable to the Glendale community.

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
32 EQUATION 3.16
WW.15 ENERGY-RELATED EMISSIONS ASSOCIATED WITH WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT 𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖= 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑊𝑊,𝑖× 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑙× 𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖 3.16
Table 33 Emissions Parameters and Data Sources – Community Wastewater WW.15 Definition Parameter Value Unit Data Source
Total annual GHG emitted
by WWTP electricity use
𝐶𝑂2𝑒𝑊𝑊𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖 See Table 34 MT CO2e/year Calculated
Electricity use of WWTP 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑊𝑊,𝑖 10,018,136 kWh LAGWRP 2021 Electricity Report2
Percentage of total
reclaimed water
attributable to the City
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑙 See Table 32 % City of Glendale 2020
UWMP2
Electricity emission factor
per WWTP
𝐸𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐,𝑖 0.000242 MT CO2e/kWh EPA eGRID3
Wastewater treatment
plant or (WWTP)
𝑖 LAGWRP Categorical
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; MG = million gallons; AF = acre-feet; kWh = kilowatt hour

1. Los-Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (LAGWRP) Summary of Overall Treatment Plant Effluent Quality Report provided by the City via email on March 15, 2023

2. Los-Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (LAGWRP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via SharePoint on April 5, 2023

3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
Table 34 summarizes the City’s wastewater sector activity data, emissions factors, and GHG emissions per WWTP.

Table 34 Community Wastewater GHG Emissions Calculations Emissions Source
Protocol
Equation Activity Data Emissions Factor1
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e/year]
LAGWRP
Nit/Denit Process
N2O WW.7 320,787 persons 0.0023188 MT
CO2e/person 744
Effluent Discharge WW.12 52,669 kg N/year 0.0020803 MT CO2e/kg N 110 Stationary
Combustion — — — — — —
Electricity Use WW.15 4,027,848 kWh 0.0002421 MT CO2e/kWh 975 Hyperion WRP
Nit/Denit Process
N2O — — — — — —
Effluent Discharge — — — — — —
Stationary
Combustion
WW.1.(alt)
WW.2.(alt) 320,787 persons 0.0000626 MT
CO2e/person 20
Electricity Use — — — — — —
All WWTP
GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 33
Emissions Source
Protocol
Equation Activity Data Emissions Factor1
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e/year]
Nit/Denit Process
N2O WW.7 320,787 persons 0.002319 MT
CO2e/person 744
Effluent Discharge WW.12 52,669 kg N/year 0.002080 MT CO2e/kg N 110 Stationary
Combustion
WW.1.(alt)
WW.2.(alt) 320,787 persons 0.000063 MT
CO2e/person 20
Electricity Use WW.15 4,027,848 kWh 0.000242 MT CO2e/kWh 975 Total 1,848
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kg = kilograms; kWh = kilowatt hour City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
34 2021 Community GHG Emissions Inventory Results
The inventory provides the City with current GHG emissions estimates that follow the Community Protocol and current best practices for GHG accounting. The results of the GHG inventory are summarized in Figure 1 and Figure 2 and shown in detail in Table 35.

Figure 1 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector

GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 35
Figure 2 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sub-Sector

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
36 Table 35 2021 Community GHG Emissions Inventory
GHG
Emissions
Sector
GHG Emissions
Subsector Activity Data Emission Factor
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Residential
Electricity
415,172,498 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
90,318
Residential
Electricity T&D
18,767,032 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
4,083
Nonresidential
Electricity
258,014,947 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
56,129
Nonresidential
Electricity T&D
11,358,634 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
2,471
Residential Natural
Gas
26,059,230 therms 0.005311 MT
CO2e/therm
138,412
Residential Natural
Gas Leaks
733,325 therms 0.053067 MT
CO2e/therm
38,915
Nonresidential
Natural Gas
9,813,314 therms 0.005311 MT
CO2e/therm
52,123
Energy
Nonresidential
Natural Gas Leaks
276,154 therms 0.053067 MT
CO2e/therm
14,655
Passenger VMT 1,230,370,632 VMT 0.000354 MT CO2e/mile 435,551 Commercial VMT 47,569,751 VMT 0.001198 MT CO2e/mile 56,989 Bus VMT 12,605,474 VMT 0.002123 MT CO2e/mile 26,761
Passenger EVMT 11,350,951 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
2,469
Commercial EVMT 0 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
0 Bus EVMT 135,816 kWh 0.000218 MT
CO2e/kWh
30 Off-road Diesel 2,227,013 Gallons 0.010470 MT
CO2e/Gallon
23,317
Off-road Gasoline 2,109,767 Gallons 0.009189 MT
CO2e/Gallon
19,386
Transportation
Off-road Natural
Gas
1,369,734 Gallons 0.005862 MT
CO2e/Gallon
8,030
Landfill Methane 244,904 tons 0.306515 MT CO2e/ton 75,067Solid Waste Process Emissions - tons - MT CO2e/ton -
Local - kWh - MT
CO2e/kWh
-Water
Imported 27,216,992 kWh 0.000242 MT
CO2e/kWh
6,588
Wastewater Nitrification/
Denitrification
Process N2O
320,787 persons 0.002319 MT
CO2e/person
744
Effluent Discharge
Fugitive N2O
52,669 kg N/year 0.002080 MT CO2e/kg
N
110
GHG Emissions Inventory - Community
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 37
GHG
Emissions
Sector
GHG Emissions
Subsector Activity Data Emission Factor
GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Stationary
Combustion
320,787 persons 0.000063 MT
CO2e/person
20 Energy Use 4,027,848 kWh 0.000242 MT
CO2e/kWh
975
Total 1,053,141
Notes: VMT = vehicle miles traveled; EVMT = electric vehicle miles traveled; kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; gal = gallons
City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
38 4 GHG Emissions Inventory - Municipal

4.1 Methodology
The City’s municipal GHG inventory (2021 Municipal Inventory) was competed using the Local Government Operations Protocol15 (LGOP) developed by Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI), California Air Resources Board (CARB), California Climate Action Registry, and The Climate Registry (TCR). The LGOP methodology includes the calculation of GHG emissions which can be attributed directly to the City’s operations in the given inventory year. The municipal inventory allows the City to track its GHG emissions resulting from the municipally owned facilities, vehicles, and equipment over which it can exert control with GHG reduction policies and ultimately lead by example.

The results of GHG emission calculations are presented by emissions scope, relating to the degree of control the City has over emissions sources, and the specific sources that the emissions are associated with. Emissions sources are categorized as direct (i.e., Scope 1) or indirect (i.e., Scope 2 or Scope 3), in accordance with the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development’s Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard, which are summarized below:
▪Scope 1: Direct GHG emissions from sources within a local government’s operations that it owns and/or controls. This includes stationary combustion to produce electricity, steam, heat, and power equipment; mobile combustion of fuels; process emissions from physical or chemical processing; fugitive emissions that result from production, processing, transmission, storage, and use of fuels; and other sources.
▪Scope 2: Indirect GHG emissions associated with the consumption of electricity, steam, heating, or cooling that are purchased from a utility provider that also provides energy to other jurisdictions and/or is located outside City boundaries. ▪Scope 3: All other indirect GHG emissions not covered in Scope 2, such as emissions resulting from the extraction and production of purchased materials and fuels, transport-related activities in vehicles not owned or controlled by the City (e.g., employee commuting and business travel, outsourced activities, waste disposal, etc.).

Scope
Similar to the community inventory, the GHG emissions sources and sectors for the municipal operations inventory are categorized into various sectors and subsectors to match the GHG emissions reporting of the community GHG emissions inventory, with the granularity required by the LGO Protocol. The primary sectors of GHG emissions sources include:
▪Electricity
▪Natural Gas
▪Transportation
▪Water and Wastewater
15 ICLEI. May 2010. Local Government Operations Protocol for the quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions inventories.

GHG Emissions Inventory - Municipal
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 39
▪Solid Waste
Further granularity can be achieved by also reporting GHG emissions sources by the following subsectors when possible:
▪Buildings and other facilities
▪Streetlights and traffic signals
▪Water delivery facilities
▪Port Facilities
▪Airport Facilities
▪Vehicle fleet
▪Transit fleet
▪Power Generation Facilities
▪Solid Waste Facilities
▪Wastewater facilities
The following LGOP recommended sectors have also been included in the City’s 2021 Municipal Inventory:
▪Employee commute
▪Employee business travel
The City’s 2021 Municipal Inventory includes an assessment of the City’s operational GHG emissions according to the above subsectors and categorized to reflect the City’s municipal Scope 1-3 emissions.

Emissions Boundary
The 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory includes all emissions occurring within the City of Glendale’s direct jurisdictional authority (i.e., sources of emissions resulting from facilities that the City owns and/or operates). The City of Glendale operates and maintains multiple buildings and facilities across the City such as Glendale Water and Power and the Scholl Canyon Landfill. The City also co- owns the LAGWRP for wastewater management which is located outside of Glendale’s city boundaries. Though the wastewater reclamation facility lies outside of the Glendale, emissions associated with LAGWRP are included in the 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory as a direct Scope 1 source of emissions in accordance with LGOP as it is under the City’s jurisdictional authority.

4.2 2021 Municipal GHG Emissions Inventory

4.2.1 Buildings and Other Facilities
Buildings and facilities generate Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions that relate to the stationary combustion of natural gas (i.e., Scope 1) and the use of electricity (i.e., Scope 2) in the City’s facilities.

Natural gas which is used for heating and cooling of buildings and facilities is provided to the City by SoCalGas. However, similar to the community natural gas used, not all the natural gas used is City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
40 combusted. It’s estimated that 2.3% of natural gas is leaked through the distribution pipelines,16 while about 0.5% of the natural gas delivered is leaked at end-uses and not combusted.17 The activity data provided by SoCalGas is adjusted to remove end-use leakage and an emission factor from the EPA Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories report is applied to calculate GHG emissions from natural gas combustion.18 Emissions from distribution and end-use methane leaks are calculated separately using the adjusted activity data and a calculated natural gas methane leak emission factor. The GHG emission calculation details associated with the buildings and other facilities sector’s natural gas usage and leakage are provided in Table 36.

Table 36 Municipal Buildings and Facilities Sector Natural Gas GHG Emissions Calculations
GHG Emissions Source
Activity Data
[therms]
Adjusted
Activity Data
[therms]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/therm]
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Natural Gas
Consumption 345,399 0.005311 1,835 Scope 1
Natural Gas Methane
Leaks1
347,135
9,720 0.053067 516 Scope 1
Total 2,350 Scope 1
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. Emission factor is calculated using the following equation:

2.85 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚 ∗ 95% 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∗ 0.7 𝑘𝑔
𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 28 𝐶𝑂2𝑒
𝐶𝐻4
∗ 0.001 𝑀𝑇
𝑘𝑔
The City owns and operates Glendale Water and Power (GWP) which provides all of Glendale’s electricity utility services. As the City has direct control over GWP and is thereby responsible for all GHG emissions associated with its operations, GHG emissions associated with GWP supplied electricity is already accounted under the City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory. Therefore, the City’s 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory only considers the electricity consumed to operate the buildings and facilities that the City owns as a subset of the 2021 Community GHG Inventory and is thereby included as Scope 2 emissions. Additionally, though not recommended under the LGOP, T&D electricity losses are included in the City’s 2021 Municipal Inventory to align with sector inclusions of Glendale’s 2021 GHG Community Inventory.

GWP provided the electricity consumption activity data as well as annual electricity and GHG emissions information used to determine GWP’s emissions factor.19 Electricity T&D loss was 16 Alvarez, Ramón et al. (2018). Assessment of methane emissions from the U.S. oil and gas supply chain. Science. 361. https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.aar7204 17 Environmental Defense Fund USER GUIDE FOR NATURAL GAS LEAKAGE RATE MODELING TOOL. Available at:
https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/US-Natural-Gas-Leakage-Model-User-Guide.pdf 18 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg- emission-factors-hub
19 Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023 GHG Emissions Inventory - Municipal
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 41
calculated based on a 4.40% loss rate as specified by eGRID.20 The GHG emission calculation details associated with buildings and other facilities sector’s electricity usage are provided in Table 37.

Table 37 Municipal Buildings and Facilities Sector Electricity GHG Emission Calculations GHG Emissions Source
Utility
Provider
Activity Data
[kWh]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/kWh]
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Electricity Consumption2 GWP 30,753,161 0.000218 6,690 Scope 2 Electricity Consumption
T&D2 GWP 1,357,214 0.000218 295 Scope 2
Total 6,985 Scope 2
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

1. Excludes electricity used by GWP for water distribution pumping stations.

2. Electricity consumption T&D includes the T&D associated with electric vehicle charging at City buildings and facilities.

4.2.2 Streetlights and Traffic Signals
The City’s buildings and facilities, streetlights and traffic signals generate Scope 2 emissions related to the use of electricity and resulting T&D losses. Activity data and emissions factors were reported in GWP’s 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City.21 Electricity T&D loss was calculated based on a 4.40% loss rate as specified by eGRID.22 The GHG emission calculation details associated with buildings and other facilities sector’s electricity usage are provided in Table 38.

Table 38 Municipal Streetlights and Traffic Signals Sector Electricity GHG Emission Calculations
GHG Emissions Source
Utility
Provider
Activity Data
[kWh]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/kWh]
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Streetlights & Traffic Signals GWP 9,616,044 0.000218 2,092 Scope 2 Streetlights & Traffic Signals
T&D GWP 423,106 0.000218 92 Scope 2
Total 2,184 Scope 2
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

4.2.3 Water Delivery Facilities
Water consumption typically generates Scope 3 GHG emissions from the electricity used to deliver water to the City facilities, as well as the energy used to treat and convey the water prior to delivery. A portion of The City’s water which is purchased from MWD by GWP is considered Scope 3 as GWP does not control the electricity used to extract, convey, treat, and transport MWD’s water prior to delivery into GWP’s local distribution system. However, GWP produced water distributed to the City is considered a Scope 2 emissions source as the facility and distribution infrastructure are owned and operated by the City. As the City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory water sector 20 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
21 Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023 22 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
42 includes all GHG emissions associated with GWP water management, the 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory only includes the energy associated with the City’s distribution infrastructure and facility water consumption as a subset of the 2021 Community GHG Inventory. The inventory for wastewater delivery facilities also includes T&D losses associated with the City’s water pump distribution infrastructure to maintain consistency with the community inventory and the buildings and facilities emissions sectors. This will provide the City a better understanding of GHG emissions attributable to its facility and irrigation activities.

Activity data on the City’s water pump station electricity use was provided by the City and excludes the electricity associated with GWP well water extraction and treatment. Electricity T&D loss was calculated based on a 4.40% loss rate as specified by eGRID.23 The City also provided activity data regarding the total volume of water consumed by City facilities and used for irrigation which was apportioned between GWP and MWD supplied water based on the 2021 Water Production Report provided by GWP.24 As the electricity use of the City’s water pump distribution infrastructure is included in the 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory, only the energy intensities associated with the extraction, conveyance, and treatment of the City’s water was included to avoid double counting.

The energy intensity for water extraction was provided by GWP and the energy intensity for treatment was estimated based on Community Protocol default values.25 The emissions factor for GWP supplied water was determined based on annual electricity supply and GHG emissions as reported by GWP.26
The energy intensities of MWD’s water management was determined according to the 2020 UWMP27 and emissions factor was approximated according to the eGRID reported CAMX grid mix emissions factor.28 The GHG emission calculations details are provided in Table 39.

Table 39 Municipal Water Consumption GHG Emissions Calculations Water District
Activity
Data [AF]
Energy
Intensity
Factor
[kWh/AF]
Electricity
Usage
[kWh]
Emission
Factor [MT
CO2e/kWh]
GHG
Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Emission
Source
Scope
City Consumption
(GWD)1,2 335.28 429.70 144,070 0.000218 31 Scope 2
City Consumption
(MWD)3 578.56 1,837.00 1,062,807 0.000242 257 Scope 3
Water Pump Stations — — 11,095,371 0.000218 2,414 Scope 2 23 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
24 Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Water Production Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on March 8, 2023 25 ICLEI Community Protocol. Appendix F Wastewater and Water Emissions Activities and Sources, Table WW.14.4: Energy Intensities for Water Treatment.
26 Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023 27 Municipal Water District of Southern California (MWD). 2021. 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP)Table A.10-5 2018 Treated and Untreated Water Energy Intensity. Available at: https://www.mwdh2o.com/media/21641/2020-urban-water-management- plan-june-2021.pdf
28 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
GHG Emissions Inventory - Municipal
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 43
Water Pump Stations
T&D — — 488,196 0.000218 106 Scope 2
Total 2,551 Scope 2
Total 257 Scope 3
Notes: kWh = kilowatt hour; MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; Values may not add due to rounding

1. Activity data for GWP supplied City water was calculated based on the total AF of water consumed by City facilities (914 AF) and the proportion of water produced in 2021 by GWP (8,586 AF, 36.69 %) versus the proportion of water purchased from MWD in 2021 (14,816 AF, 63.31%) as specified in GWP’s 2021 Water Production Report.

2. The energy intensity of GWP provided water is the sum of the energy intensity of GWP’s extraction and conveyance (309.70 kWh/AF) as estimated based on GWP’s 2021 Water Production Report and the energy intensity for treatment (120 kWh/AF) as provided in the Community Protocol.

3. Activity data for GWP supplied City water was calculated based on the total AF of water consumed by City facilities (914 AF) and the proportion of water produced in 2021 by GWP (8,586 AF, 36.69 %) versus the proportion of water purchased from MWD in 2021 (14,816 AF, 63.31%) as specified in GWP’s 2021 Water Production Report.

4.2.4 Vehicle Fleet
Vehicle fleet emissions include Scope 1 sources that relate to the mobile combustion of fossil fuels in the City’s fleet vehicles as well as Scope 2 emissions from the charging of EVs. Fleet vehicles include light and medium-duty vehicles and trucks as well as the use of personal vehicles for work.

The employee commute sector accounts for emissions generated by City employees’ trips to and from work and is treated as separate from the use of personal vehicles for work and is discussed in the section below. The City tracks data for the vehicle fleet including diesel, gasoline, natural gas use, and electricity consumption from vehicle charging which provided the activity data for this sector. Emission factors for diesel, gasoline, and natural gas were obtained from the EPA Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories report.29 The grid emissions factor for vehicle fleet EV charging was determined based on annual electricity supply and GHG emissions as reported by GWP.30 The GHG emission calculation details associated with vehicle fleet sector sources are provided in Table 40.
29 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg- emission-factors-hub
30 Glendale Water and Power (GWP) 2021 Electricity Report provided by the City via Sharepoint on February 16, 2023 City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
44 Table 40 Municipal Vehicle Fleet Sector GHG Emission Calculations GHG Emission Source Activity Data Emissions Factor
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Diesel 74,050 Gallons 0.01024 MT CO2e/gal 758 Scope 1
Gasoline 294,610 Gallons 0.00881 MT CO2e/gal 2,596 Scope 1 Natural Gas 279,330 Therms 0.00531 MT CO2e/therm 1,484 Scope 1 Electric 92,614 kWh 0.000218 MT CO2e/kWh 20 Scope 2
Total 4,838 Scope 1
Total 20 Scope 2
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; gal = gallons; kWh = kilowatt hour; Values may not add due to rounding

4.2.5 Transit Fleet
Transit fleet emissions include Scope 1 sources that relate to the mobile combustion of fossil fuels in the City’s public transit fleet (e.g., buses and Dial-A-Ride). The City tracks gasoline and natural gas usage for the transit fleet, which provided the activity data for this sector. Emissions factors for gasoline and natural gas were obtained from the EPA Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories report.31 The GHG emission calculation details associated with transit fleet sector sources are provided in Table 41.

Table 41 Municipal Transit Fleet Sector GHG Emission Calculations GHG Emission Source Activity Data Emissions Factor
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Natural Gas 307,021 Therms 0.00531 MT CO2e/therm 1,631 Scope 1 Gasoline 14,065 Gallons 0.00881 MT CO2e/gal 124 Scope 1 Total 1,755 Scope 1
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; gal = gallons; Values may not add due to rounding

4.2.6 Solid Waste Facilities
Scholl Canyon Landfill is owned and operated by the City and provides waste disposal services for the City of Glendale as well as other surrounding jurisdictions. Ownership of the solid waste facility places the entirety of its process related energy consumption and fugitive emissions under the City’s control, making it a Scope 1 emissions source. However, as Scholl landfill is located within the City’s boundaries, energy consumption for landfill processes are anticipated to be included under the buildings and facilities energy sector of Glendale’s 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory. To avoid the risk of double counting, GHG emissions associated with Scholl landfill processes have been excluded from the City’s 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory, but are quantified below for informational purposes.

The GHG emissions associated with fugitive emissions from municipal generated waste was also quantified for informational purposes but excluded from the 2021 Municipal Inventory.

GHG emissions from waste decomposition were calculated using Community Protocol Method SW.4.1 based on the waste tonnage processed by the landfill and default factors for landfill gas 31 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg- emission-factors-hub
GHG Emissions Inventory - Municipal
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 45
collection efficiency (i.e., 0.75) and oxidation rate (i.e., 0.1). Similarly, process emissions were calculated using Community Protocol Method SW.5 based on the waste tonnage processed by the landfill and the default factor for compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel use. Total waste tonnage activity data for Scholl Canyon Landfill was sourced from CalRecycle tonnage reports for 2021,32 while municipal solid waste tonnage was provided by the City. A methane emissions factor was developed based on Glendale’s Go2Zero Waste Characterization Study33 and emissions factors per waste material type as provided by the Community Protocol (see Table 19). The GHG emissions calculations for Scholl Canyon process and fugitive emissions as well as municipal solid waste generation are shown in Table 42.

Table 42 Municipal Solid Waste GHG Emission Calculations Sector
Activity Data
[wet short ton]
Emission Factor
[MT CO2e/wet
short ton]
GHG Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Emission Source
Scope
Landfill Decomposition 422,785 0.3065 129,590 Scope 1
Landfill Process 422,785 0.0110 4,651 Scope 1
Municipal Decomposition 10,790 0.3065 3,307 Scope 1
Total 129,590 Scope 1

4.2.7 Wastewater Facilities
The LAGWRP produces emissions through every stage of the process and falls under Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions as it is co-owned and operated by the City. Scope 1 emissions result from LAGWRP’s nitrification/denitrification processes and fugitive emissions from discharging treated water into the Los Angeles River. Scope 2 emissions are produced from the wastewater facility’s electricity consumption which are not included under the City’s building and facilities energy use as LAGWRP is located outside of the City of Glendale. Though Scope 3 emissions would as a result of municipal wastewater downstream processing at the Hyperion WRP, these emissions are anticipated to be negligible and are therefore not included in the City’s 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory.

GHG emissions from wastewater treatment were calculated using Community Protocol Methods WW.7 for process emissions and WW.12 for fugitive emissions. Activity data was calculated based on total effluent and nitrogen concentration data provided by LAGWRP34 (see Table 31).

Additionally, activity data was adjusted to reflect the City’s 50% co-ownership of LAGWRP. Default emission factors were applied to the activity data based on guidance from the Community Protocol.35 GHG emissions from electricity use were calculated using activity data provided by 32 California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle). 2019. 2021 Landfill Summary Tonnage Report. Available at:
https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/LandfillTipFees/
33 Go2Zero Strategies. 2019. City of Glendale Waste Characterization Study. Provided by the City via SharePoint on March 9, 2023 34 Los-Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (LAGWRP) Summary of Overall Treatment Plant Effluent Quality Report provided by the City via email on March 15, 2023
35 See Community Protocol Methods WW.7 and WW.12 for all default inputs including emissions factors used to calculate wastewater emissions.

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
46 LAGWRP and the eGRID reported CAMX grid mix emissions factor.36 The total process and fugitive wastewater emissions generated by the City can be found in Table 43.

Table 43 Municipal Wastewater GHG Emissions
GHG Emission Source
Adjusted Activity
Data1 Emissions Factor
Emissions
[MT CO2e] Scope
Nitrification/Denitrifica
tion Process N2O 9,036 AF 0.002319 MT
CO2e/person
21 Scope 1
Effluent Discharge
Fugitive N2O 49,125 kg N/year 0.002080 MT CO2e/kg N 102 Scope 1 Energy Use 5,009,068 kWh 0.000242 MT CO2e/kWh 1,213 Scope 2 Total 123 Scope 1
Total 1,213 Scope 2
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; AF = acre-feet; kg = kilogram; kWh = kilowatt hour; Values may not add due to rounding

1. Adjusted activity data reflects 50% of the total activity data to account for the City’s partial ownership of LAGWRP.

4.2.8 Employee Commute
Emissions from employee commute include Scope 3 GHG emissions sources from the mobile combustion of fossil fuels generated by the City of Glendale’s employee vehicles as employees commute to and from work. The City provided employee commute data in the form of number of employees, peak and off-peak average vehicle ridership (AVR) survey responses, and household zip code data. The zip codes of employees were used to determine an average one-way trip distance to work per work day which was then scaled by 260 days per year to reach an annual number of miles per vehicle. A weighted average AVR based survey responses was then applied to convert the activity data from miles per vehicle to annual miles per employee. This was then multiplied by the number of City employees to determine annual milage activity data. As the AVR factor accounts for and removes public transit, active transport, and zero emission vehicles to determine ridership, a mobile combustion emissions factor for passenger vehicles provided by EMFAC202137 was applied to the activity data to determine GHG emissions from employee commute. The GHG emissions associated with the employee commute sector are provided in Table 44. 36 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2023. eGRID Data Explorer 2021 Western Energy Grid. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/egrid/data-explorer
37 California Air and Resources Board. 2023. Emission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 GHG Emissions Inventory - Municipal
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 47
Table 44 Municipal Employee Commute GHG Emissions
GHG
Emission
Source
City
Employees
Avg AVR
[ trips/vehicl
e]1
Avg One-
way
Distance
[mi/vehicle
/day]
Work Days
per Year
Emissions
Factor [MT
CO2e/mi]
Emissions
[MT CO2e]
Emission
Source
Scope
Employee
Commute 1,785.00 1.21 18.90 260.00 0.000363 2,634 Scope 3 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; mi = miles; Values may not add due to rounding

1. Average vehicle ridership (AVR) reflects the number of commuting employees divided by the number of vehicles commuting employees use to arrive at the work site and is averaged over the survey week. An AVR of 1 signifies commuting employees are driving individually to work, while an AVR greater than 1 signifies employees are engaging in some degree of commute rideshare and are not riding single-occupancy.

4.2.9 Business Travel
Business travel results in Scope 3 GHG emissions from the mobile combustion of fossil fuels by passenger cars, trains, and airplanes for City employee’s work-related travel. Activity data in the form of VMT by mode type was provided by the City and emissions factors were sourced from EMFAC202138 for passenger vehicles, the EPA Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories39 report for train, and the BlueSkyModel for airplane.40 The GHG emission calculation details associated with business travel sector sources are provided below in Table 45.

Table 45 Municipal Business Travel GHG Emissions Calculations GHG Emission Source
Activity Data
[miles]
Emissions Factor
[MT CO2e/mile] Emissions [MT CO2e] Scope
Passenger Car 1,721 0.000354 1 Scope 3
Train 0.00 0.0001513 0 Scope 3
Airplane 0.00 0.0241767 0 Scope 3
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent 38 California Air and Resources Board. 2023. Emission FACtor (EMFAC2021 v1.0.1) Model. Available at:
https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 39 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2022. GHG Emission Factors Hub. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/ghg- emission-factors-hub
40 The BlueSkyModel was used to determine the emissions factor of airplane business travel. Available at: https://blueskymodel.org/air- mile#:~:text=On%20average%2C%20a%20plane%20produces,(CO2)%20per%20mile.

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
48 5 GHG Forecast
The City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory establishes a baseline reference point; however, annual GHG emissions change over time. GHG emissions forecasts provide a way to estimate future emission levels based on population and job growth. Forecasts also account for State legislative actions that are anticipated to reduce GHG emissions. Calculating the difference between the forecasted GHG emissions and the reduction target determines the gap to be closed through local policies. This section includes an estimate of the future emissions for the City in the years 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045 in a business-as-usual scenario (BAU) forecast and an adjusted scenario (adjusted) forecast, which are defined as follows:
▪Business-as-usual scenario- Provides a forecast of how future GHG emissions would change as population, housing, and job growth occurs and if current activities continued as they did in 2019 absent of any policies or legislation that would reduce local emissions. The BAU forecast is based on growth trends projected in population, housing, employment, and transportation activity over time, consistent with regional projections. ▪Adjusted scenario- Provides a forecast of how currently adopted legislation would reduce GHG emissions from the business-as-usual scenario. The adjusted scenario represents the State’s contribution to reducing local GHG emissions to meet State goals without any additional contribution from local policies or actions.

5.1 Business-as-usual Forecast
Future GHG emissions for the BAU forecast were calculated using projected demographic data provided by Southern California Association of Government’s (SCAG) 2016-2040 RTP/SCS Final Growth Forecast by Jurisdiction model.41 The demographic metrics used to project activity data and associated growth factors for each forecasted GHG emission source are provided in Table 46 for each of the GHG emission sources in the 2021 Community GHG Inventory. 41 Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG). 2023. 2016-2040 RTP/SCS Final Growth Forecast by Jurisdiction. Available at:
https://scag.ca.gov/sites/main/files/file-attachments/2016_2040rtpscs_finalgrowthforecastbyjurisdiction.pdf?1605576071 GHG Forecast
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 49
Table 46 GHG Emission Sources and Growth Factors for BAU Scenario Forecast GHG Emissions Source
Demographic
Projection Metric Growth Factor Value
Energy
Residential Electricity Households Electricity Consumption (kWh) per Household
5,502
Non-residential Electricity Employment Electricity Consumption (kWh) per Job 2,148 Residential Natural Gas Households Natural Gas Consumption (therms) per Household
347
Non-residential Natural Gas Employment Natural Gas Consumption (therms) per Job
82 Electricity Transmission and
Distribution Losses (T&D
Losses)
N/A T&D Losses Factor (4.40%) applied to total
Electricity Consumption
N/A
Natural Gas Leakage N/A Leakage Factor (2.30% distribution, 0.50% end-use) applied to total Natural Gas
Consumption
N/A
Transportation
On-Road Passenger Households Vehicle miles travelled (miles) per household
16,306
On-Road Commercial Employment Vehicle miles travelled (miles) per job 396 On-Road Bus Population Serviced Vehicle miles travelled (miles) per population served
39 Off-Road Equipment1 N/A N/A N/A
Wastewater
Wastewater Process and
Fugitive Emissions
Population Serviced Wastewater Process and Fugitive
Emissions (MT CO2e) per population
served

0.0058
Water
Water Consumption Population Serviced Electricity Consumption (kWh) per population served
85 Solid Waste
Solid Waste Disposal Population Serviced Solid Waste Emissions (MT CO2e) per population served

0.2340
Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kWh = kilowatt-hour; VMT = vehicle miles traveled; N/A = Not Applicable; Population Served = the combined total number of employees and residents in the City

1. Off-road GHG emissions forecasted based on forecasted fuel consumption reported under the CARB OFFROAD2021 Model, available at: https://arb.ca.gov/emfac/emissions-inventory/5e0cb7d6006cc10661f4b3ffb9c120a486d46ea6 The BAU forecast was calculated using the growth factors in Table 46, the demographic and projection metrics in Table 47, and the 2021 Community GHG Inventory emission factors. In the BAU forecast, GHG emissions are expected to increase through 2045.

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
50 Table 47 BAU Forecast Demographic and Projection Metrics by Forecast Year Demographics/
Sector
Data Source 2030 2035 2040 2045
Population SCAG 2016-2040 RTP/SCS
Final Growth Forecast
206,033 209,000 214,000 216,906
Employment SCAG 2016-2040 RTP/SCS
Final Growth Forecast
77,733 79,000 81,100 82,307
Households SCAG 2016-2040 RTP/SCS
Final Growth Forecast
122,733 124,200 127,000 129,946
Population Serviced1 Calculated 328,767 333,200 341,000 346,853

1. Population Serviced1 is calculated as the combined total number of employees and residents in the City.

A summary of the BAU forecast results by GHG emission sector is provided in Table 48.

Table 48 BAU Forecast Results Summary by Emission Sector (MT CO 2e) GHG Emissions Sector 2030 2035 2040 2045
Energy 408,073 414,165 424,651 432,074
Transportation 593,032 604,348 621,510 633,037
Waste 76,934 77,972 79,797 81,166
Water 6,752 6,843 7,003 7,124
Wastewater 1,894 1,920 1,965 1,999
Total 1,086,686 1,105,248 1,134,926 1,155,400
Change since 2021 3.19% 4.95% 7.77% 9.71%
Notes: all values are presented in MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

5.2 Adjusted Forecast

5.2.1 Legislative Reduction Programs
Additional legislative programs are expected to reduce GHG emissions in specific sectors throughout California, as identified in the 2017 Scoping Plan Update. Many of these programs were incorporated into the adjusted forecast analysis and are summarized in the subsections below.

Transportation Legislation
Advanced Clean Cars Programs
Prior to 2012, mobile emissions regulations were implemented on a case-by-case basis for GHG and criteria pollutant emissions separately. In January 2012, CARB approved a new emissions-control program (the Advanced Clean Cars program) combining the control of smog, soot causing pollutants, and GHG emissions into a single coordinated package of requirements for passenger cars and light trucks model years 2017 through 2025. The Advanced Clean Cars program coordinates the goals of the Low Emissions Vehicles, Zero Emissions Vehicles, and Clean Fuels Outlet programs, and is more stringent than the federal Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. The new GHG Forecast
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 51
standards will reduce California’s GHG emissions by 34% in 2025 which is modeled using the CARB EMission FACtor (EMFAC) Model and included in the GHG forecast.42 Advanced Clean Cars II was approved by CARB in August 2022 and expands the program’s roadmap so that by 2035 all new cars and passenger trucks will be zero-emission vehicles (ZEV). This regulation effectively binds the State to EO N-79-20. The executive order was passed by the governor in 2020 and requires all new cars and passenger trucks sold in California be ZEV by 2035.

While these legislations will lead to an expedited timeline for ZEV adoption in California, modeling data is not yet available in CARB’s EMFAC Model, and emissions reductions attributable to the Advanced Clean Cars II program were therefore, excluded from the GHG forecast.

Advanced Clean Trucks was approved by CARB in June 2020 sets a zero emission vehicle (ZEV) percent-of-sales requirement on medium- and heavy- duty vehicle manufacturers to promote increased truck ZEV sale from 2024 to 2035. The standard is intended to reduce NOx pollution and GHG emissions, which are disproportionately high in medium- and heavy-duty vehicle classes compared to passenger vehicles, as well as promote first-wave ZEV truck technology penetration in the market.43 EMFAC models the effect of the Advanced Clean Trucks regulation on ZEV truck penetration and associated GHG emissions and in included in the forecast.

Assembly Bill 1493
Signed into law in 2002, AB 1493 (Pavley Standards) required vehicle manufacturers to reduce GHG emissions from new passenger vehicles and light trucks from 2009 through 2016. Regulations were adopted by CARB in 2004 and took effect in 2009 when the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) issued a waiver confirming California’s right to implement the bill. CARB anticipates that the Pavley I standard will reduce GHG emissions from new California passenger vehicles by about 30% in 2016, while simultaneously improving fuel efficiency and reducing motorists’ costs.44 The impacts of the Pavley Standards on zero emission vehicle market penetration was incorporated into the EMFAC model starting in 2014 and is included in the forecast assessment.

Innovative Clean Transit
Public transit GHG emissions will be reduced in the future through the Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) regulation, which was adopted in December 2018. It requires all public transit agencies to gradually transition to a 100-percent zero-emission bus fleet by 2040. Under ICT, large transit agencies are expected to adopt Zero-Emission Bus Rollout Plans to establish a roadmap towards zero emission public transit buses.45 The effects of the ICT regulation on GHG emissions are modeled in EMFAC2021 and is therefore included in the forecast.
42 California Air and Resource Board (CARB). 2019. Advanced Clean Cars Summary.. Available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-12/acc%20summary-final_ac.pdf 43 California Air and Resource Board (CARB). 2023. Advanced Clean Trucks. Available at: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our- work/programs/advanced-clean-trucks/about
44 CARB. Clean Car Standards – Pavley, Assembly Bill 1493. May 2013. Accessed November 14, 2022 at:
http://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ccms/ccms.htm
45 Innovative Clean Transit. Approved August 13, 2019. Accessed November 14, 2022 at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-10/ictfro-Clean-Final_0.pdf?utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
52 Energy Legislation
Title 24
Although it was not originally intended to reduce GHG emissions, California Code of Regulations Title 24, Part 6: California’s Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings, was adopted in 1978 in response to a legislative mandate to reduce California’s energy consumption, which in turn reduces fossil fuel consumption and associated GHG emissions. The standards are updated triennially to allow consideration and possible incorporation of new energy- efficient technologies and methods. Starting in 2020, new residential developments had to include on-site solar generation and near-zero net energy use. For projects implemented after January 1, 2020, the California Energy Commission (CEC) estimates that the 2019 standards will reduce electricity consumption by 53% for residential buildings and 30% for non-residential buildings, relative to the 2016 standards. The CEC further estimates residential natural gas efficiency increases of 7% for residential end uses.46 No efficiency increases were estimated for commercial natural gas end uses, based on lack of requirements in this sector in the 2019 standards. These percentage savings relate to heating, cooling, lighting, and water heating only and do not include other appliances, outdoor lighting not attached to buildings, plug loads, or other energy uses.

In December 2022 the CEC published the new Title 24 2022 Building Efficiency Standards.47 Due to the complexity of the new code there is currently no available model establishing projected efficiency increase as a result of the standard. Therefore, the updated 2022 code was not included to provide a conservative estimate of forecasted GHG emissions reductions resulting from efficiency increases. Furthermore, the new building electrification ordinance passed by the City of Glendale will be accounted for in the measures and actions in the City’s CAAP.

Renewables Portfolio Standard, Senate Bill 100, & Senate Bill 1020 Established in 2002 under SB 1078, enhanced in 2015 by SB 350, and accelerated for the first time in 2018 under SB 100, California’s Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is one of the most ambitious renewable energy standards in the country. The RPS program requires investor-owned utilities, publicly owned utilities, electric service providers, and community choice aggregators to increase procurement from eligible renewable energy resources to 50% of total procurement by 2026 and 60% of total procurement by 2030. The RPS program further that by 2045 that 100% of total energy procured be a combination of eligible renewable energy resources and zero-carbon resources.

California’s RPS was further accelerated in 2022 by SB 1020 which established additional requirements that procurement from eligible renewable energy resources and zero-carbon resources increase to 90% of total procurement by 2035 and 95% of total procurement by 2040. The requirements of SB 1020 do not affect those previously set forth and are to be considered additional to the existing RPS requirements.

The RPS program and SB 1020 were incorporated into the GHG forecast by adjusting the electricity emissions factors for future years. GWP currently provides electricity in the City and is subject to RPS requirements. GWP’s emissions factor was projected through 2045 assuming compliance with 46 California Energy Commission. 2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards Frequently Asked Questions. January 1, 2020. Accessed November 8, 2022 at: https://www.energy.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2020-03/Title_24_2019_Building_Standards_FAQ_ada.pdf 47 California Energy Commission (CEC). 2023. 2022 Building Energy Efficiency Standards. Available at:
https://www.energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/programs/building-energy-efficiency-standards/2022-building-energy-efficiency GHG Forecast
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 53
the RPS requirements established by SB 100 and SB 1020.48 As GWP currently provides all of Glendale’s electricity at a single supply standard, current and forecasted emissions factors remain the same across residential and nonresidential sectors. As shown in Table 49, the RPS, SB 100, and SB 1020 requirements to reduce overall carbon intensity would reduce the community’s emissions compared to the BAU scenario.

Table 49 Glendale Forecasted RPS and Electricity Emission Factors Metric 2030 2035 2040 2045
GWP Renewables Mix 60% 90% 95% 100%
GWP Emission Factor (MT CO2e/kWh) 0.0001345 0.0000336 0.0000168 0.0000000 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent; kWh = kilowatt hours Waste Legislation
Assembly Bill 939 & Assembly Bill 341
In 2011, AB 341 set the target of 75% recycling, composting, or source reduction of solid waste by 2020 calling for the California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (also known as CalRecycle) to take a statewide approach to decreasing California’s reliance on landfills. This target was an update to the former target of 50% waste diversion set by AB 939.

As actions under AB 341 are not assigned to specific local jurisdictions, potential future reductions from the bill were conservatively not included in the GHG forecast analysis.

Assembly Bill 1826
In 2014, AB 1826 set regulations in places requiring California businesses to recycle all of their organic waste starting in April 2016. The bill also required jurisdictions across the State to provide organic waste recycling programs to accommodate diverted waste from local businesses. As the City has already implemented an organics collection program, implementation of AB 1826 compliance is reflected in the City’s community inventory solid waste activity data and is thereby included in the BAU and adjusted forecast
Senate Bill 1383
SB 1383 established a methane emission reduction target for short-lived climate pollutants in various sectors of the economy, including waste. Specifically, SB 1383 establishes targets to achieve a 50% reduction in the level of the statewide disposal of organic waste from the 2014 level by 2020 and a 75% reduction by 2025.49 Additionally, SB 1383 requires a 20% reduction in “current”50 edible food disposal by 2025. Although SB 1383 has been signed into law, compliance with this Senate Bill 48 CPA provides three electricity services to the community: 100% Green Power, Clean Power, and Lean Power. Since an average emission factor for CPA was not available, emission factors for each service and the proportion of electricity provided through each service were used to calculate CPA-specific emission factors for the residential and nonresidential sectors. 49 CalRecycle. California’s Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Reduction Strategy. https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/ 50 SB 1383 does not specify a baseline year for the 20% food recovery target, however, CalRecycle’s 2018 statewide waste characterization studies will be used to help measure the baseline for the State to meet its SB 1383 goals. See CalRecycle FAQ accessed November 14, 2022 for more
information:https://calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/slcp/faq/foodrecovery/#:~:text=SB%201383%20requires%20the%20state,for%20individua l%20jurisdictions%20to%20achieve.

City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
54 must occur at the jurisdiction-level rather than the state-level. Due to current limitations in local jurisdiction’s ability to comply with organic waste targets set by SB 1383, anticipated emissions reductions attributable to the bill are conservatively excluded from the forecast. However, estimated impacts associated with SB 1383 As such, SB 1383 is not included as part of the GHG forecast analysis and will be included in the GHG reduction measures in the CAAP.

5.2.2 Legislative GHG Emission Reduction Contribution
Based on the above-described legislation and emission reduction potential for each, the City can expect significant help from these State regulations in meeting State GHG emission reduction goals.

These GHG emissions reductions are primarily expected in the energy sector and transportation sectors. In the energy sector, Title 24 reductions were accounted for first, followed by California RPS reductions associated with GWP developments towards renewable electricity. The legislative emissions reductions for Title 24 and California RPS are known to be additive and were calculated separately to avoid double counting. A summary of the reductions from the BAU forecast that can be expected under the adjusted forecast are provided in Table 50.

Table 50 Summary of Legislative GHG Emissions Reductions (MT CO 2e) Legislation 2030 2035 2040 2045
California RPS 65,330 148,667 167,261 185,024
Title 24 2,143 3,563 5,745 7,229
Transportation Legislation (Pavley, Innovative Clean Transit, etc.) 86,295 117,697 139,097 149,759 Total 153,768 269,927 312,103 342,012
Notes: all values are presented in MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent

5.2.3 Adjusted Forecast Results
In the adjusted forecast, the electricity sector experiences a strong downward trend, approaching zero in 2045 due to stringent RPS requirements from SB 100 and SB 1020. Natural gas emissions are expected to continue on an upward trajectory until 2045 due to housing and employment growth projections. This trend is partially offset due to the increasingly stringent efficiency requirements for new residential construction from Title 24. On-road transportation emissions are expected to decrease through 2045 due to existing fuel efficiency requirements, fleet turnover rates, and increasing vehicle electrification driven by the electric vehicle market. As most current regulations expire in 2025 or 2030, emissions standards will experience diminishing returns while VMT continues to increase, leading to lower rates of emissions reduction in the on-road transportation sector. Wastewater and solid waste emissions are projected to increase through 2045 while water emissions experience a downward trend to zero due to the sector’s direct ties to emissions from electricity consumption. A detailed summary of the projected GHG emissions under the adjusted forecast by sector and year through 2045 can be found in Table 51.

GHG Forecast
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 55
Table 51 Adjusted Forecast Results (MT CO 2e)
GHG Emissions Source 2021 2030 2035 2040 2045
Residential Electricity 94,400 59,320 14,955 7,576 0
Non-residential Electricity 58,600 36,830 9,300 4,731 0 Residential Natural Gas 177,328 182,311 185,079 189,669 192,307 Non-residential Natural Gas 66,778 68,246 69,061 70,618 72,256 Energy Sector Total 397,105 346,706 278,396 272,595 264,564 On-road Passenger Vehicles 438,021 378,405 360,764 359,133 359,691 On-road Commercial
Vehicles
56,989 47,255 41,066 37,340 36,082
On-road Buses 26,791 21,608 15,208 9,506 5,288
Off-road Equipment 50,732 56,077 58,974 61,964 64,598
Transportation Sector Total 572,532 503,346 476,012 467,944 465,659 Waste 75,067 76,934 77,972 79,797 81,166
Water 6,588 4,037 1,023 523 0
Wastewater 1,848 1,894 1,920 1,965 1,999
Total GHG Emissions 1,053,141 932,917 835,322 822,824 813,388 Notes: all values are presented in MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
56 6 Provisional GHG Emissions Targets
GHG reduction targets are used in climate action planning to establish metrics that guide the community’s commitment to achieve GHG emissions reductions and help gauge progress reducing emissions over time. California has established statewide GHG reduction goals for 2030 and 2045, relative to a baseline emissions level. CARB’s 2022 Scoping Plan encourages local agencies to take ambitious, coordinated climate action that is consistent with and supportive of the state’s climate goals51. Thus, local agencies are recommended to establish equivalent reduction targets at the local level by establishing community wide GHG reduction goals for climate action that will help California achieve its 2030 and 2045 goals. CARB has issued several guidance documents concerning the establishment of GHG emission reduction targets for CAAPs to comply with legislated GHG emissions reductions targets and California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines § 15183.5(b). Even if a plan is not CEQA-qualified, CARB has long recommended that local targets be a part of the process of developing, monitoring, and updating a CAAP.

In the most recent 2022 Scoping Plan, typical target years listed include 2030 (for Senate Bill 32 consistency) and 2045 (for Assembly Bill 1279 consistency).52 Senate Bill (SB) 32 mandates a reduction of GHG emissions by 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 and Assembly Bill (AB) 1279 mandates a State goal of carbon neutrality by 2045 through a reduction of anthropogenic GHG emissions by 85% below 1990 levels. AB 1279 sets a 15% target for GHG emissions reductions to be achieved through carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) methods, though does not provide a clear pathway as to how CCS technology is to be implemented to achieve said reductions. Therefore, provisional targets established herein align with the carbon neutrality goal set by AB 1279 until a clear mechanism for CCS reductions is established by the State.

Pursuant to the Scoping Plan’s recommendations, the community GHG reduction targets will be developed based on local levels of GHG emissions that would be proportional to the statewide goals, relative to 1990 level emissions.

6.1 1990 Level GHG Emissions Back-cast
The City does not have a 1990 GHG emissions inventory from which to develop GHG reduction targets consistent with SB 32, however, 1990 GHG emissions can be estimated for the community relative to the City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory using a state-level emissions change metric.

The City’s 1990 GHG emissions have been calculated using the State’s 2020 GHG emissions inventory as compared to the State’s GHG emissions inventory in 1990 to calculate specific percent reduction in the City between 2021 and 1990. This approach assumes that the City’s community GHG emissions have generally tracked with the State’s GHG emissions. The calculation is developed using the published State-wide emissions results from CARB53, after removing emissions from 51 California Air Resources Board. 2022. California’s Climate Change Scoping Plan, p.268. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/2022-sp.pdf 52 California Air Resources Board. 2022. California’s Climate Change Scoping Plan, Appendix D – Local Actions, p. 14. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/2022-sp.pdf 53 California Air Resources Board. 2023. California GHG Emission Inventory Program. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023- 04/2022-sp.pdf
Provisional GHG Emissions Targets
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 57
sectors not included in the City’s inventory (e.g., agriculture, aviation, non-specified, industrial) and excluding GHGs other than CO2, CH4, and N2O consistent with the City’s 2021 inventory scope. The 1990 back-cast for the City is shown in Table 52.

Table 52 990 Back-cast Calculations
1990 Back-cast Calculations
2020 Statewide GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) 219,786,184
1990 Statewide GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) 281,648,899
2020 to 1990 Statewide GHG Emissions Change (%) 22%
2021 City GHG Emissions (MT CO2e) 1,053,141
1990 City GHG Emissions Back-cast (MT CO2e) 1,349,567
1990 City Population 180,038
1990 City Per Capita GHG Emissions Back-cast (MT CO2e/person) 7.50

6.2 GHG Emissions Reduction Target Setting
Target setting is an iterative process which must be informed by the reductions that can realistically be achieved through the development of feasible GHG reduction measures. As such, the targets identified herein should remain provisional until the quantification and analysis of potential GHG reduction measures has been completed. The purpose of target setting is to develop the trajectory toward achieving the State’s 2030 goal (SB 32) and prepare for the deep decarbonization needed by 2045 in a cost-effective manner by setting an incremental path toward achieving AB 1279 targets.

CARB guidance is for jurisdictions to first strive to exceed the SB 32 targets of reducing GHG emissions 40% below 1990 levels, while establishing a policy framework to achieve the long-term target of neutrality 1990 by 2045.

Achieving the established targets will require major shifts in how communities within California obtain and use energy, transport themselves and goods, and how the population lives and builds.

The CEQA Guidelines section 15183.5(b) requires qualified GHG reduction plans (which allow for CEQA streamlining) to “Establish a level, based on substantial evidence, below which the contribution to greenhouse gas emissions from activities covered by the plan would not be cumulatively considerable”.54 A defensible way (shown through litigation) to identify such levels is to demonstrate consistency with State targets. To maintain consistency with State targets, Glendale’s provisional GHG emissions reduction targets are:
•Reduce GHG emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030 (SB 32 target year) •Make substantial progress towards carbon neutrality by 2045 (AB 1279 target year) With GHG emission reduction targets in place, the reduction gap that the City will be responsible for through local action can be calculated. The City’s GHG emissions reduction gap is based on the difference between the adjusted forecast, discussed previously, and the established GHG emission reduction targets. Table 53 provides a summary of the GHG emission reduction targets and gap in mass emissions. Although per capita, plan-level GHG emissions targets were recommended in the 54 https://casetext.com/regulation/california-code-of-regulations/title-14-natural-resources/division-6-resources-agency/chapter-3- guidelines-for-implementation-of-the-california-environmental-quality-act/article-12-special-situations/section-151835-tiering-and- streamlining-the-analysis-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions
City of Glendale
Glendale Climate Action / Adaptation Plan
58 2017 Scoping Plan to incentivize growth in a coordinated manner and not penalize cities which are growing at significant rates55, CARB now recommends, in the 2022 Scoping Plan, that jurisdictions focus on developing locally appropriate, plan-level targets (community-wide mass emissions targets) that align with the trajectory to carbon neutrality instead of focusing on a per capita targets56.

Therefore, only mass emissions targets are considered in this analysis as a metric for the City to track progress toward target achievement.

Table 53 GHG Emissions Reduction Targets and Gap Analysis Emissions Forecast or Pathway 2021 2030 2035 2040 2045
Mass Emissions Target Pathway Scenario [MT CO2e]
Adjusted Forecast 1,053,141 932,917 835,322 822,824 813,387 SB 32 Mass Emissions Target Pathway1 1,053,141 809,740 539,827 269,913 0 Remaining Emissions Gap 0 123,177 295,495 552,910 813,387 Notes: MT CO2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Emissions have been rounded to the nearest whole number and therefore sums may not match.

1. The target pathway is calculated by reducing 1990 mass emissions by 40% in 2030 and to 0 in 2045. This provisional target pathway is consistent with both SB 32 and a trajectory set forth to achieve AB 1279.

2. The target pathway is calculated by reducing 1990 per capita emissions by 40% in 2030 and to 0 in 2045. This provisional target pathway is consistent with both SB 32 and a trajectory set forth to achieve AB 1279.

Figure 3 provides a visual representation of future GHG emissions, with the impacts of State legislation and the remaining gap the City will be responsible for to meet the GHG emission reduction targets set by the State. The figure also includes a linear reduction pathway to neutrality as the City is anticipated to be able to achieve reductions on a mass emissions to meet SB 32 targets.
55 California Air Resources Board. 2017. California’s Climate Change Scoping Plan, p. 99-102. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/classic/cc/scopingplan/scoping_plan_2017.pdf 56 California Air Resources Board. 2022. California’s Climate Change Scoping Plan, Appendix D – Local Actions, p.13. https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2023-04/2022-sp.pdf Provisional GHG Emissions Targets
Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast, Targets Report 59
Figure 3 GHG Emissions Forecast and Provisional Target Pathways (Mass Emissions)

Glendale City CouncilJuly 30, 2024

Glendale City Council
July 30, 2024