Glendale City Council
August 13, 2024

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of drought on each sensitive population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Unless there are major water shortages in the City which disrupt drinking water supplies or cooling water features at parks and other public locations, individuals with high outdoor exposure are most likely not at disproportionate risk to drought.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
During periods of prolonged drought, under-resourced individuals are more likely to experience the cost burden associated with increased water rates (Feinstein et al. 2017). These individuals may struggle to access clean and affordable drinking water which may cause financial strain (Gamble et al. 2016).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
Unless there are major water shortages in the City, individuals facing societal barriers are most likely not at disproportionate risk to drought.

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Unless there are major water shortages in the City, individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities are most likely not at disproportionate risk to drought.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to drought.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to drought impacts include:
▪ Increasing urban forest, tree canopy coverage, parks, and open space throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan and the Glendale Downtown Specific Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements, including in vulnerable areas not within 1/3 mile of recreational open space (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012) (Glendale Downtown Specific Plan 2019).
▪ Increasing biodiversity of plants and ecosystems are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012).
▪ Glendale Water & Power offers the Utility Users Tax exemption to low-income senior and differently abled customers. Glendale Water & Power also promotes the Low-Income Household
Water Assistance Program (LIWAP) which provides funds to assist low-income households with water and wastewater bills (GWP Financial Assistant Programs 2023).
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48 COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
As described in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, the following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to drought.
▪ Water conservation practices: Water conservation practices such as using drought-tolerant vegetation in gardens and open spaces, promoting water reuse for non-potable uses and
installing water efficient appliances are important practices for increasing resilience to drought are adopted policies and strategies. Policies and strategies in the Greener Glendale Plan seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012).
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Vulnerability Score – Drought
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Low Medium 2-Low Under-resourced Individuals Medium Medium 3-Medium
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Low Medium 2-Low 649 of 704
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50 Wildfire
Overview
Wildfires cause direct and indirect impacts to community members.

Wildfires that burn within City limits can pose a significant impact to the safety of community members and can burn homes. Indirectly, wildfires both within and outside of City limits can cause power disruption and lead to poor air quality. Focus Group participants identified concerns with wildfires leading to power disruption and affecting air quality through smoke.

Population groups that are located in the additional vulnerable focus areas are at-risk to wildfires, as shown in Figure 8. These include community members within ¼ mile buffer of schools (which is where children, a climate-vulnerable population group, spend much of their time), ¼ mile buffer of I-210 and SR 2, as well as portions of east Glendale.

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of wildfire on each vulnerable population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Some outdoor workers, including fire fighters, police officers and other emergency personnel, may be exposed to hazardous work conditions during wildfire events and may become injured from burns and wildfire smoke. Domestic workers that typically service areas under a wildfire evacuation order are impacted by loss of wages, especially where hazard pay is unavailable. In some cases, domestic workers were still required to report to work within emergency evacuation areas, exposing themselves to harm (Climate Resolve 2021). Individuals with high outdoor exposure may face disproportionate exposure to wildfire smoke which can exacerbate existing respiratory conditions, mental illness, and chronic health conditions. (CDPH 2017). Individuals with high outdoor exposure may be reliant on active and public transportation modes and have a more difficult time evacuating in a timely fashion.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may experience injuries or death from burns and are likely to experience financial burden associated with medical treatment and property loss or damage (CDPH 2017). These individuals may have their belongings and homes damaged by a wildfire. If this occurs, under-resourced individuals are less likely to be covered by insurance and more likely to suffer from the cost burden. Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing. They are more likely to have limited control over home hardening and
improvements that may protect against fire. Subsequently, they may experience economic and health impacts and a greater loss of belongings than affluent homeowners (Gamble et al. 2016).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
BIPOC, immigrants, and people who are undocumented are
generally more likely to live in housing with insufficient protection against wildfire. Individuals facing societal barriers may not have access to language appropriate advisory warnings or government guidance. Individuals in these groups may face systematic and/or cultural barriers to access resources to safely evacuate hazard areas and/or to treat injuries (Gamble et al. 2016) (Mendez et al. 2020).

The harm that many community members have experienced when engaging with government systems, including at evacuation centers, may make it harder for them to receive the support and services that they need.
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INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities may be more susceptible to injuries or death from burns (CDPH 2017). People who are differently abled, young children and their parents/caregivers, military veterans, pregnant people, and seniors may have difficulty evacuating from wildfires, increasing the risk of health impacts from wildfire burns (EPA 2022).

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to wildfire.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to wildfire impacts include:
▪ Ensuring adequate fire services, such as fire equipment, infrastructure, and response times throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety
Element 2003).
▪ Enforcing fuel management, weed abatement, fire-resistant landscaping, and structure hardening programs and efforts to minimize wildfire risk are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).
▪ Designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating Glendale Water & Power electric transmission and distribution system to minimize wildfire risk are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale Water & Power – Wildfire Mitigation Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhoodwide improvements (Glendale Water & Power–- Wildfire Mitigation Plan 2022).
▪ Coordinating with local and regional jurisdictions and agencies to update and implement disaster preparedness and recovery plans, maintain mutual aid agreements, and carry out
evacuation procedures are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan—Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). ▪ Inventorying backup-generators, medical equipment and supplies, temporary shelters, and other emergency response supplies and equipment are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
As described in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, the following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to wildfire in Glendale:
▪ Fire Safe Structures: Homes and facilities that are designed and constructed with fire resistant building materials will mitigate potential impacts from fire and smoke.
▪ Fire Resistant Landscaping: Planting fire resistant plants can mitigate the spread of fire in open spaces and surrounding structures. Employing vegetation management techniques (e.g., trimming, pruning, and cleanup) will reduce flammability. 651 of 704
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52 ▪ Roadway and Access: Roadway access and street signage ensures adequate ingress/egress for residents and emergency personnel.
▪ Fire Service Resources: Fire equipment, infrastructure, and response times are all critical.
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Figure 8 Glendale High Social Vulnerability Areas and Wildfire Hazard Severity Zones 653 of 704
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54 Vulnerability Score – Wildfire
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Medium Medium 3-Medium Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 4-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Medium Medium 3-Medium Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Medium 4-High 654 of 704
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Landslides
Overview
Population groups that are located in the additional vulnerable focus areas are at-risk to landslides, as shown in Figure 9. These include community members within ¼ mile buffer of schools, ¼ mile buffer of I-210, La Crescenta Avenue, and SR 2, as well as portions of east Glendale.

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of landslides on each sensitive population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Individuals with high outdoor exposure (outdoor workers, people experiencing houselessness, visitors, and people who use active transportation and public transit) may not receive timely emergency evacuation information or may have limited access to shelter and transportation to evacuate from hazardous areas (Gamble et. Al 2016). Some outdoor workers, including emergency personnel and construction workers, may be exposed to hazardous work
conditions during landslide events and may become injured from debris, rocks, or damaged infrastructure or facilities.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may experience injuries or death from landslides and are likely to experience financial burden associated with medical treatment (CDPH 2017). These individuals may have their belongings and homes damaged by a landslide. If this occurs, under-resourced individuals are less likely to be covered by insurance and more likely to suffer from the cost burden. Underresourced individuals are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing. They are more likely to have limited control over home hardening and improvements that may protect against landslides. Subsequently, they may experience economic and health impacts and a greater loss of belongings than homeowners (Gamble et al. 2016).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
BIPOC, immigrants, and people who are undocumented are
generally more likely to live in housing with insufficient protection against landslides. Individuals facing societal barriers may not have access to language appropriate advisory warnings or government guidance. Individuals in these groups may face systematic and/or cultural barriers to access resources to safely evacuate landslide hazard areas and/or to treat injuries (Gamble et al. 2016) (Mendez at al. 2020). The harm that many community members have experienced when engaging with systems, including at evacuation centers, may make it harder for them to receive the support and services that they need.

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities may be more susceptible to injuries or death from a landslide (CDPH 2017). People who are differently abled, young children and their parents/caregivers, pregnant people, and seniors may have difficulty evacuating from landslides, increasing the risk of health impacts and geographical isolation (EPA 2022).

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to landslides.
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56 CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to landslide impacts include:
▪ Mitigating landslide risks and potential damage to structure and infrastructure through requiring geotechnical investigations, regular inspections, and prohibiting reconstruction of structures in areas with failed slopes are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
The following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to landslides in Glendale:
▪ Stabilize slopes mechanically or with vegetation: Vegetation helps stabilize slopes and prevent erosion by strengthening roots in the soil.
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Figure 9 Glendale High Social Vulnerability and Landslide Susceptibility 657 of 704
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58 Vulnerability Score –Landslides
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Medium Medium 3-Medium Under-resourced Individuals Medium Medium 3-Medium
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High 658 of 704
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Stormwater Flooding and Extreme
Precipitation
Overview
When an influx of stormwater exceeds a drainage system’s capacity to infiltrate water into the soil or to carry it away, localized stormwater flooding can occur. Urban landscapes tend to be built with impermeable surfaces that do not allow much water to infiltrate the ground and this increases the amount of runoff that must be channeled in storm drainage systems and carried elsewhere. Most urban drainage infrastructure was not built to manage stormwater flows from the increased precipitation events that are occurring and will occur more frequently with climate change and can be costly to retrofit. As a result, the costs and impact of urban flooding are expected to increase as precipitation patterns become more extreme due to climate change (NASEM 2019).

Climate change may cause areas throughout Glendale to experience more frequent stormwater flooding. Stormwater systems may be overwhelmed more frequently as more extreme rain events occur, causing localized flooding which could impact properties and leave roads temporarily unusable. Areas with high amounts of
impermeable surfaces and those adjacent to drainage systems are prone to stormwater flooding during periods of heavy rainfall.

Flooding impacts directly create physical damage from inundation (Hall et. al 2018). Flooding can also lead to cascading risks due to loss of power, wastewater management issues, pollution carried by stormwater including hazardous materials, and overwhelm storm drainage infrastructure, exacerbating public health concerns.

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of stormwater flooding and extreme precipitation on each sensitive population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Individuals with high outdoor exposure (outdoor workers, people experiencing houselessness, visitors, and people who use active transportation and public transit) may not receive timely emergency evacuation information or may have limited access to shelter and transportation to evacuate from hazardous areas (Gamble et. Al 2016). Some outdoor workers, including emergency personnel and police offers, may be exposed to hazardous work conditions during flooding events and therefore are vulnerable to health impacts (CDPH 2020).

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may experience injuries or death from high velocity flooding and are less likely to receive medical treatment (CDPH 2017). Individuals in these groups may experience cost burdens if their belongings and homes are damaged from floodwater inundation. Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing. They are more likely to have limited control over home hardening and
improvements that may protect against flooding. Subsequently, they may experience economic and health impacts and a greater loss of belongings than homeowners (Gamble et al. 2016).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
BIPOC and people who are undocumented are more likely to live in low-lying area that are more susceptible to stormwater flooding.

They are also more likely to live in housing with insufficient 659 of 704
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60 protection against stormwater flooding. Individuals facing societal barriers may not have access to language appropriate advisory warnings or governmental guidance. Individuals in these groups may face systemic and/or cultural barriers (including racism and other forms of discrimination) when seeking access to resources needed to safely evacuate hazard areas and/or to treat injuries (Gamble et al. 2016) (Mendez et al. 2020).

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with underlying health conditions may be more at risk of injury/illness due to exposure to mold after flooding events. Molds grow in places with a lot of moisture, particularly areas where there has been flooding and inadequate home hardening to protect from water infiltration. After severe flooding events, damage from flooding may lead to mold infestations, as home interiors are exposed around pipes, windows, and roofs. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), exposure to damp and moldy
environments may cause health effects ranging from sneezing and mild allergic reactions to fungal infections for more susceptible populations, such as those with chronic respiratory disease. Studies also suggest that early mold exposure in children may lead to the development of asthma and further sensitivity to mold. Young children and their parents/caregivers, seniors, people who are differently abled, pregnant people, and individuals with chronic health conditions or illnesses may not be able to safely evacuate floodwater hazard areas. This could lead to further exposure to mold infestations and increase the likelihood of experiencing serious health-related events for these populations.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to stormwater flooding and extreme
precipitation.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to stormwater flooding and extreme precipitation impacts include:
▪ Mitigating flood impacts through discouraging development of critical facilities in flood hazard areas, requiring hydrological studies, and maintaining City-owned storm drain facilities are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety
Element 2003).

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
As described in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, the following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to stormwater flooding and extreme precipitation in Glendale:
▪ Green Infrastructure: Green infrastructure projects expand permeable areas and reduce flooding potential. According to the City of Glendale Nature Based Development, the City has conducted Indigenous Tree Protection programs and annual street tree planting programs for decades. In 2011, the City completed a re-forestation project within Scholl Canyon and has planted over 5,000 trees in 2020. Additionally, Glendale maintains over 5,000 acres of open space and 286 acres of developed park land, with 47 parks and recreation facilities (City of Glendale Nature Based Development).
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Vulnerability Score – Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Medium Medium 3-Medium Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 4-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Medium Medium 3-Medium Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High 661 of 704
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62 Poor Air Quality
Overview
Focus Group participants identified concerns with wildfires contributing to poor air quality through smoke.

LOCAL CONDITIONS IMPACTING AIR QUALITY
The City of Glendale is in the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB), which is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mountains to the north and east, and the San Diego County line to the south. The air quality in the SCAB is primarily influenced by a wide range of emissions sources – such as dense population centers, heavy vehicular traffic, industry, and weather (South Coast AQMD N.d.) The general region lies in the semi-permanent high-pressure zone of the eastern Pacific Ocean, resulting in light average wind speeds. The SCAB experiences a persistent temperature inversion (increasing temperature with increasing altitude) because of the Pacific high-pressure zone. This inversion limits the vertical dispersion of air contaminants, holding them relatively near the ground. The combination of stagnant wind conditions and low inversions produces the greatest pollutant concentrations in the SCAB. On days of no inversion or high wind speeds, ambient air pollutant concentrations are lowest. During periods of low inversions and low wind speeds, air pollutants generated in urbanized areas are transported predominantly onshore into Riverside and San Bernardino counties (CARB N.d.)

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
Air quality monitoring stations throughout the region monitor concentrations of air pollutants and determine whether ambient air quality meets the California and federal standards for various air pollutants. While air quality has improved in the SCAB over the past several decades, the region has exceeded the federal health 8-hour ozone standard 124 days in 2022, based on preliminary data.

Maximum levels are almost twice as high as the federal standard for clean air (South Coast AQMD N.d.)

POOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Poor air quality is associated with increased health impacts, most frequently from inhalation of pollutants. Examples of inhalable pollutants include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Of these pollutants, the most common is particulate matter, which refers to inhalable particles that are commonly made up of sulphate, nitrates, ammonia, and other harmful compounds. Higher temperatures are conducive to air pollution formation, and rising temperatures could therefore result in worsened air quality. Worsening air quality due to climate change can create respiratory issues for sensitive populations and impact indoor environments that do not have adequate air filtration systems. There are several types of sources that cause a decline in air quality:
▪ Dust. Increased temperature leads to dry, dusty conditions also associated with drought (Hall et al. 2018). Increases in dust conditions increases exposure to particulate matter, including PM10 (particulates less than 10 microns in diameter). PM10 can cause increased respiratory disease, lung damage, cancer, premature death, and reduced visibility. These adverse health effects have been reported primarily in infants and children, and seniors with preexisting heart or lung diseases (CARB 2022). ▪ Smog. Increases in ambient temperature can lead to higher rates of smog also referred to as ozone. Groups most sensitive to O3 include children, the elderly, people with respiratory disorders, and people who exercise strenuously outdoors 662 of 704
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(USEPA 2021a). Depending on the level of exposure, ozone can cause inflame and damage the airways; make the lungs more susceptible to infection; and aggravate lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Ground-level ozone increases with ambient temperatures and will be
experienced at higher rates due to climate change leading to raised cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality rates (CDPH 2014). Ground-level ozone has also been shown to have particularly disproportionate adverse impacts on
populations experiencing homelessness and lower median
income (PNAS 2021).
▪ Fewer Natural Filtrations. Precipitation variability and long periods of dry spells lead to less reliable air quality for the entire region. Moisture in the air can filter pollutants and provide for overall improved conditions. Urban vegetation can directly affect air quality. Trees remove gaseous air pollution. Large healthy trees remove more pollution than younger, smaller trees (USDA Forest Service, 2002). Rising temperatures could increase mortality for large healthy trees which would reduce the ability for urban vegetation to reduce air pollutants, therefore increasing pollutant exposure to sensitive
populations.
▪ Wildfire Smoke. Temperature, severe wildfire conditions, and the area burned by wildfires have all increased throughout the state and are expected to continue to increase. Higher
temperatures accompanied by an increase in the incidence and extent of large wildfires will lead to increased wildfire smoke and associated toxins and air pollution (Hall et al. 2018).

Wildfire smoke is comprised of a mixture of gaseous pollutants, hazardous air pollutants, water vapor, and particle pollution (fine airborne particulate matter – PM2.5) with particle pollution being the main component and the principal threat to public health (USEPA 2021b). Smoke from wildfires is known to
contain a large abundance of PM2.5 and are estimated to contribute to approximately 18 percent of the total PM2.5 atmospheric emissions in the US (Liu 2016). On days where PM2.5 exceeds regulatory standards an average of 71.3 percent of the total PM2.5 emissions are attributable to wildfires (Liu 2016). Short-term exposures to PM2.5 (up to 24-hours duration) has been associated with premature mortality, increased hospital admissions for heart or lung causes, acute and chronic bronchitis, asthma attacks, emergency room visits, respiratory symptoms, and restricted activity days. These adverse health effects have been reported primarily in infants and children, and seniors with preexisting heart or lung diseases (CARB 2022).

COMPOUNDING RISKS: HEAT AND SMOG DURING A RECENT HEAT
WAVE
Central and Southern California experienced a heat wave in July 2023 that not only raised the risk of wildfires and heat-related illness, but also resulted in bad air quality. The South Coast AQMD issued an air quality alert for inland areas of the SCAB because of elevated levels of ozone caused by the high temperatures and weak winds that allowed the air to stagnate (LA Times, 2023). As discussed in the Social Vulnerability by Climate Hazard section, heat presents a major health risk to community members, especially to those with higher vulnerability to heat. Ozone levels increased alongside temperature throughout the day, peaking around noon and the early afternoon. Since higher temperatures increase ground level ozone, these health risks are compounded during extreme heat events, particularly when local conditions such as low wind speed, prevent the dispersion of pollution.
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64 Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of extreme heat on each sensitive population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Outdoor workers may become injured from smoke inhalation and poor air quality during heat waves. People experiencing houselessness are particularly at-risk when air quality is poor as they often suffer from respiratory conditions, mental illness, and chronic health conditions that may be exacerbated from poor air quality. People experiencing houselessness have limited access to shelter and often do not have access to transportation to evacuate from smoke engulfed areas (CDPH 2017). Visitors may not have access to emergency public health warnings related to poor air quality. Additionally, poor air quality from smoke or extreme heat may deter visitors, impacting Glendale’s economy (Gamble et. al 2016). People who use active transportation and public transit are vulnerable during times of poor air quality because of their higher outdoor exposure.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may experience injuries or death from respiratory issues caused by smoke or poor air quality during heat waves and are likely to experience financial burden associated with medical treatment (CDPH 2017). Renters have limited control over home hardening and improvements, such as filtration, that protect against poor air quality. Individuals living in mobile homes may also face disproportionate risk if their homes do not have adequate filtration.

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
Limited or non-English speakers may not be provided with smoke advisory warnings or governmental guidance in their language, potentially causing them to experience greater exposure to smoke.

Individuals in these groups may face systematic and/or cultural barriers to access resources to safely evacuate hazard areas (Gamble et al. 2016). Individuals in these groups may experience injuries or death from smoke inhalation (CDPH 2017). People who are undocumented may not have access to medical services to treat injuries (Mendez et al. 2020). The harm that many community members have experienced when engaging with government
systems, including at evacuation centers, may make it harder for them to receive the support and services that they need.

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities may be more susceptible to injuries or death from smoke inhalation (CDPH 2017). These populations are particularly at risk to respiratory health impacts associated with smoke inhalation of wildfire smoke pollutants and pollutant poor air quality during heat waves. Seniors and military veterans are vulnerable to health impacts from wildfire smoke and extreme heat pollutants because they are more likely to have underlying respiratory and/or cardiovascular conditions and illnesses. Young children may experience respiratory health impacts from wildfire smoke and extreme heat pollutants because their respiratory systems are not fully developed and are sensitive to stressors. Individuals with cardiovascular disease, individuals with high blood pressure, and individuals with stroke risk may experience severe cardiovascular health impacts if exposed to wildfire smoke and extreme heat pollutants. Individuals with diabetes face increased risk of all-cause 664 of 704
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respiratory and cardiovascular-related physician visits after wildfires and an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity (Ratter-Rieck et al. 2023). Individuals with asthma may experience severe respiratory health impacts such as difficulty breathing if exposed to wildfire smoke pollutants (EPA 2022). Residents in households using fuels for heating may face disproportionate health impacts from wildfire events and extreme heat as the resulting outdoor air pollutants may lead to compounding impacts from indoor air pollutants. People who are differently abled, young children and their
parents/caregivers, pregnant people, and seniors may have difficulty evacuating from wildfires, increasing the risk of health impacts from wildfire smoke inhalation (EPA 2022).

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to poor air quality.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
There are no existing policies or programs led by the City for addressing poor air quality.

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
The following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to poor air quality in Glendale:
▪ Tree canopy and large open spaces: Trees and large open spaces can reduce air pollution and provide numerous other benefits to residents, including providing shade, natural cooling, and mitigating the urban heat island effect.
▪ Indoor air filtration: Upgrading central air system filters and using high efficiency portable air cleaners can effectively improve air filtration in homes, protecting residents from the impacts of poor air quality.
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66 Vulnerability Score – Poor Air Quality
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Low 5-High 666 of 704
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4 Physical Vulnerability Assessment

4.1 What is Physical Vulnerability
Physical vulnerability is the susceptibility and limitations of physical infrastructure in the context of climate hazards and extreme events.

Climate change has the capacity to harm physical infrastructure and disrupt services or restrict accessibility. Given that robust infrastructure is a crucial element in enhancing Glendale’s resilience, this assessment examines the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to understand how climate change will impact them.

4.2 Physical Assets at Risk
Physical Assets Included in the Physical Vulnerability
Assessment
The physical assets included in this assessment include natural and recreational resources, building and facilities, and infrastructure and critical services in Glendale.

Natural and recreational resources
Natural and recreational resources within Glendale, as detailed in the General Plan Recreation Element and Open Space and
Conservation Plan, include parks, City bikeways, open spaces, waterways, critical habitats, and street trees. The City currently provides 284 acres of total parkland space across 31 parks.

Waterways in Glendale include the Los Angeles River and two of its tributaries, Verdugo Wash, and the Burbank Western Channel.

Glendale has more than 49,000 City trees. Of those City trees, 43,000 are public rights-of-way along City streets and the remaining 6,000 trees are located in City parks. These resources provide sources of community resilience to the city. These resources are spread throughout the City and face various levels of exposure to climate hazards.

Primary vulnerabilities for parks and natural resources are typically associated with extreme heat and drought related stressors, increasing wildfire frequency and severity, with impacts such as species mortality and loss of habitat.

Buildings and Facilities
Climate change is expected to amplify extreme weather and hazards in Glendale. A jurisdiction’s vulnerability increases when buildings and facilities are not designed, operated, and/or maintained to function effectively under extreme weather conditions. The following buildings and facilities in Glendale are particularly important to assess for climate change impacts because they play a critical role in providing services to the community: City Hall, schools, police stations, libraries, fire stations, hospitals, parks, recycling facilities, water treatment plant, the Grayson Power Plant, potable/recycled water pump stations, and Scholl Canyon Landfill /waste management facilities.

Infrastructure and Critical Services
Within Glendale, there is a variety of infrastructure and critical services that are vulnerable to climate change. Assets within this category include water and wastewater services, storm drainage and flood protection, solid and hazardous waste and recycling, fire 667 of 704
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68 services, emergency services, medical services, energy utilities and major utility corridors, water lines, transmission lines, public transportation, roadways, and active transportation routes. This asset group is sensitive to climate change as the impacts of hazards can affect the ability to provide services and resources; and the infrastructure in place may not be adequately prepared to sustain increasing and compounding hazards.
▪ Glendale Water & Power provides water and electrical services to City residents and businesses.
▪ Southern California Gas Company provides natural gas services to the City.
▪ The Glendale Public Works Maintenance Services maintains the City’s sewer system.
▪ The City’s wastewater is processed and reclaimed at the Los Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant
▪ Most stormwater drains in Glendale are owned and maintained by the City Public Work Department.
▪ The Glendale Police Department provides police services to the City.
▪ The Glendale Fire Department provides fire suppression services in the City.
▪ Waste and recycling services are provided through the Public Works – Integrated Waste Management Department.
▪ The Glendale Transportation Division operates the Beeline Bus, Dial-A-Ride and the Glendale Transportation Center.
▪ The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates buses throughout Glendale.
▪ Amtrak, Los Angeles Department of Transportation Metrolink, and Greyhound serve the Glendale Transportation Center
providing rail and bus services.

4.3 Physical Vulnerability by Climate
Hazard
Extreme Heat and Warm Nights
Overview
Extreme heat and warm nights impact natural resources, buildings, and infrastructure. As described in the Climate Hazards section, extreme heat events are expected to increase in both severity and frequency by mid-century.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Increased temperatures can cause vegetation stress in parks, landscaping, wildlife, and urban forests. Indirect impacts include reduced carbon storage and increased tree and vegetation mortality, as well as increased watering needs and related costs.

Wildlife under these conditions face impacts of heat stress and heat related illness as well as disrupted reproductive cycles, and compounding risks associated with early and extended seasonal temperature increases (Backlund 2008). Plants are more likely to experience heat stress and drying, and species’ habitat ranges may shift. Some pests can proliferate more easily with warmer temperatures (Hamerlynck 1995), and some plants and animals illsuited to the new warmer conditions may suffer increased mortality rates (Ackerly et al. 2018). Increased temperatures may also impact outdoor recreation opportunities and residents and visitors would not be as likely to enjoy the mental and physical health benefits associated with outdoor recreation.
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BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Extreme heat may impact occupants of buildings and facilities that are not adequately weatherized for increased temperatures, however, the buildings and facilities themselves are not at risk to extreme heat or warm nights.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
As temperatures increase, roadways, active transportation routes, and railroads are vulnerable to damages through sustained heat such as buckled railroad ties and cracked surfaces. Additional impacts from extreme heat are associated with increased emergency service calls which could strain medical services.

Electrical infrastructure could be overwhelmed by demand and result in blackouts and Glendale Water & Power could conduct power safety shutoffs to avoid impacts to electrical facilities. Power outages have significant impacts on communication networks, water conveyance, and vulnerable populations. See the Cascading Impacts Assessment for more information on the cascading impacts of power outages.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the city-led adaptive capacity to extreme heat and warm nights:
▪ Increasing urban forest, tree canopy coverage, parks, and open space throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan and the Glendale Downtown Specific Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements, including in vulnerable areas not within 1/3 mile of recreational open space (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012) (Glendale Downtown Specific Plan 2019).
▪ Increasing biodiversity of plants and ecosystems are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhoodwide improvements. (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012).
▪ Inventorying backup-generators, medical equipment and supplies, temporary shelters, and other emergency response supplies and equipment are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). 669 of 704
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70 Vulnerability Score – Extreme Heat and Warm Nights
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
Buildings and Facilities N/A N/A N/A
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High 670 of 704
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Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 71
Drought
Overview
Drought poses a risk to Glendale and the surrounding LA County.

The recent 2012– 2016 drought had major impacts on water resources throughout the state, such as permanently reduced groundwater storage capacity because of land sinking caused by excessive extraction of groundwater (Lund et al., 2018). In the future, drought severity, frequency, and length are expected to increase so much so that California may experience long-term droughts at least every decade (Bedsworth et al., 2018). Glendale Water & Power is responsible for maintaining an adequate and reliable water supply. The City purchases between 60 percent and 70 percent of its potable water from the Metropolitan Water district of Southern California. The remaining 30 percent of its water is from local groundwater wells.

Drought can have severe impacts on natural resources,
infrastructure, and critical services.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Drought would likely increase irrigation requirements for maintaining landscaping, park facilities, and street trees, while water use restrictions would potentially prevent asset managers from meeting this increased watering demand, resulting in waterstressed vegetation, increased vegetation mortality, and potentially reducing the quality of and benefits provided by recreational resources such as open spaces and parks and the urban forest (Lund et al., 2018; Okin et al., 2018). Drought will disrupt habitats and the ability for wildlife to survive from dehydration and unreliable food sources.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Drought can cause increased soil cracking and subsidence in areas with low groundwater tables and high plasticity soils (e.g., clayheavy soils), causing damage to building foundations and façades (LA County CVA 2021).

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
Drought can impact water reliability and water infrastructure.

Projected changes in snowpack, temperature, and precipitation rates from climate change across California will result in increased water scarcity through the end of the century (Ackerly et al. 2018).

The recent multi-year drought significantly strained the State’s water supply systems, which resulted in water storage levels sinking to historic lows. This led to mandatory water use restriction impacting day to day activities and local economies. Low water supply also led to significant capital investments by water agencies in an effort to increase reliability during extended drought periods, which may lead to future water rate adjustments. Drought can result in an increased dependency on groundwater and lower groundwater levels, causing increased contaminant concentrations in aquifers and permanently impaired aquifers (LA County CVA 2021). Although Glendale has a diverse portfolio of multiple different water sources and providers, the impacts of drought on the water system are regional in scope. Drought can also result in increased maintenance needs, causing cracked pavements
compounded with extreme heat (Samuel et al. 2019).
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72 Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the city-led adaptive capacity to drought:
▪ Implementing and enforcing water use restrictions for nonessential or wasteful activities by promoting conservation and administering penalties for overuse are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the City of Glendale Urban Water Management Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (City of Glendale Urban
Water Management Plan 2020).
▪ Utilizing a phased approach to water use restrictions to account for varying supply (i.e., mandatory water restrictions in times of emergency water shortage) are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the City of Glendale Urban Water Management Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhoodwide improvements (City of Glendale Urban Water Management Plan 2020).
▪ Maintaining a diversified water portfolio is critical for drought resilience. The City of Glendale purchases between 60 percent and 70 percent of its potable water from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California and between 30 percent and 40 percent of its water is from local groundwater wells. 672 of 704
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Vulnerability Score – Drought
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Buildings and Facilities Low Low 3-Medium
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High 673 of 704
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74 Wildfire
Overview
Climate change has been linked to increases in wildfire activity and longer wildfire seasons across California (Westerling et al., 2006).

Increasing temperatures, earlier snowmelt, megadroughts, and precipitation whiplash events are all contributing factors (Ullrich et al., 2018; Swain et al., 2018). However, wildfire activity and its associated impacts vary depending on factors such as land use, ecology, and topography. Wildfire events typically occur in more rural areas, along the wildland urban interface (WUI), and in wildfire hazard severity zones. Historically wildfires have affected Glendale mainly on a regional level with two wildfires in City limits as show in Figure 11, La Tuna and (2017) and the Mountain Fire (2002).

Potable/recycled water pump stations, parks, schools, landfill/waste management stations, police stations, and fire stations are located within the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone in northern Glendale, as shown in Figure 10.

Sustainability Working Group participants also identified wildfire impacts to community members due to road closures and smoke.

Impacts of wildfire smoke on air quality are described in the Poor Air Quality section below. Power disruption is discussed in the Cascading Impacts Assessment below.

Wildfire risks are likely to increase in the future. While many critical facilities are located in urbanized areas, where wildfire is less likely to occur, urban assets may be affected by disruptions in the delivery of services (such as electricity) provided by facilities located in the path of wildfire. See Cascading Impacts Assessment for more information on these impacts.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Wildfires can cause direct mortality and loss of resources and wildlife as well as indirect mortality due to loss of habitat area and available food sources and seed bank (Backlund 2008). The severity and frequency of wildfires can exacerbate these impacts further through habitat conversions resulting in vegetation communities that no longer support the species using that habitat (Coop et al. 2020). Wildfire impacts on parks can also cause prolonged closure of park facilities, limiting access to important recreational areas and facilities for the public.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Structures and buildings located within wildfire hazard zones are at risk of direct structural damage from wildfires. There are many critical facilities in Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones, including potable/recycled water pump stations, parks, schools, landfill/waste management stations, police stations, and fire stations as displayed in Figure 10. These critical facilities could be directly damaged by wildfires. Areas of high exposure include low density residential zoned areas in north Glendale below I-210 and above Markridge Road, between La Canada Boulevard and SR 2, as well as
neighborhoods throughout east Glendale as displayed in Figure 10.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
Wildfire hazard zones may expand by the end-of-century which could lead to more critical facilities at risk of structural damage.

Additionally, above ground or just below-grade utility lines have the potential to be damaged in wildfire hazard zones, resulting in oil and gas leaks, water loss, and power outages, which can cause fires.

Utility lines under certain high wind conditions can also trigger 674 of 704
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wildfires through downed power lines (Ackerly et al. 2018).

Additionally, public safety power shut offs in response to wildfire risk can affect power service reliability. Three above-ground major transmission lines that GWP maintains are located in Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones, as shown on Figure 10
Increased frequency of wildfires can place strain on fire and emergency services. Displaced residents can cause service strains and needs for additional community safety services. Increased frequency of wildfires can place strain on fire and emergency services. Evacuation routes could be disrupted during a wildfire event limiting emergency responders’ access and the ability for people to evacuate.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led adaptive capacity to wildfire:
▪ Ensuring adequate fire services, such as fire equipment, infrastructure, and response times throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek citywide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).
▪ Enforcing fuel management, weed abatement, fire-resistant landscaping, and structure hardening programs and efforts to minimize wildfire risk are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).
▪ Designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating Glendale Water & Power electric transmission and distribution system to minimize wildfire risk are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale Water & Power – Wildfire Mitigation Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhoodwide improvements (Glendale Water & Power–- Wildfire Mitigation Plan 2022).
▪ Coordinating with local and regional jurisdictions and agencies to update and implement disaster preparedness and recovery plans, maintain mutual aid agreements, and carry out
evacuation procedures are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). ▪ Inventorying backup-generators, medical equipment and supplies, temporary shelters, and other emergency response supplies and equipment are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). 675 of 704
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76 Figure 10 Wildfire Hazard Severity Zones in Glendale 676 of 704
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Figure 11 Historical Wildfire Events in Glendale
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78 Vulnerability Score – Wildfire
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High 678 of 704
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Landslides
Overview
Sustainability Working Group participants identified historical issues related to mud and debris flows following the Station Fire and impacts to development and anticipate these impacts to continue due to climate change.

Areas in the north bordering I-210 and La Crescenta Ave, and areas in central Glendale along SR 2 as well as those in east Glendale have high landslide risk, as shown on Figure 7. The San Gabriel Mountains, San Rafael Hills, and Verdugo Mountains are at the greatest risk in the area for having slope instabilities. Historically, landslide occurrences have affected the City of Glendale during extreme precipitation events preceded by intense wildfire.

Landslides can cause habitat loss, erosion, property damage, injury, and strained emergency services.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Landslide susceptibility directly overlaps with parks and natural resource areas throughout the City as shown in Figure 12. In the event of a landslide, there is potential for loss of lands, habitat, and disruption of waterbodies in areas of debris flow. There is risk around loss of topsoil and habitat conversions. Wildlife and plants face a compounding risk to landslide events because it creates both habitat displacement and increased mortality risk.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Buildings and facilities located in the landslide risk zone are susceptible to damage in the event of a landslide event. There are many critical facilities in landslide hazard zones, including potable/recycled water pump stations, parks, schools, landfill/waste management stations, police stations, and fire stations as displayed in Figure 12. Areas of high exposure include areas in the north Glendale bordering I-210, from Canada Boulevard and SR 2, as well as those in east and southeast Glendale as displayed on, Figure 12.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
There is high landslide susceptibility along roadways in the northern and east end of the County, shown in Figure 12, and in areas where there are several critical facilities including fire stations, schools, and water pumps, there is a risk of emergency service disruption and impacts to evacuation (CDOC 2021). Pipelines for water, electrical distribution lines, and roadways are vulnerable to landslide impacts which could occur in sloped areas that extend into wildfire zones.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led adaptive capacity to drought:
▪ Mitigating landslide risks and potential damage to structure and infrastructure through requiring geotechnical investigations, regular inspections, and prohibiting reconstruction of structures in areas with failed slopes are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003)
▪ Coordinating with local and regional jurisdictions and agencies to update and implement disaster preparedness and recovery plans, maintain mutual aid agreements, and carry out
evacuation procedures are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). 679 of 704
City of Glendale
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80 Figure 12 Landslide Susceptibility in Glendale
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Vulnerability Score – Landslides
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources Medium Medium 3-Medium Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High 681 of 704
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Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
82 Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation
Overview
Sustainability Working Group participants identified historical and current flood issues including downed trees, flooded roads and buildings, and downed trees and debris from storms hitting utility lines.

When an influx of stormwater exceeds a drainage system’s capacity to infiltrate water into the soil or to carry it away, localized stormwater flooding can occur. Urban landscapes tend to be built with impermeable surfaces that do not allow much water to infiltrate the ground and this increases the amount of runoff that must be channeled in storm drainage systems and carried elsewhere. Most urban drainage infrastructure was not built to manage stormwater flows from the increased precipitation events that are occurring and will occur more frequently with climate change and can be costly to retrofit. As a result, the costs and impact of urban flooding are expected to increase as precipitation patterns become more extreme due to climate change (NASEM 2019).

Climate change may cause areas throughout Glendale to experience more frequent stormwater flooding. Stormwater systems may be overwhelmed more frequently as more extreme rain events occur, causing localized flooding which could impact properties and leave roads temporarily unusable. Areas with high amounts of
impermeable surfaces and those adjacent to drainage systems are prone to stormwater flooding during periods of heavy rainfall.

Flooding impacts directly create physical damage from inundation (Hall et. al 2018). Flooding can also lead to cascading risks due to loss of power, wastewater management issues, pollution carried by stormwater including hazardous materials, and overwhelm storm drainage infrastructure, exacerbating public health concerns.

Cascading impacts are discussed in the Cascading Impacts Assessment section.

The Verdugo Wash is a 9.4-mile-long tributary of the Los Angeles River in Glendale. It flows southeast along the eastern edge of the Verdugo Mountains and is entirely encased in a concrete flood control channel. The City is working toward a re-envisioned Verdugo Wash that includes a linear park to increase public access and aesthetics in the area. The project will create a 9.4-mile-long linear park and nature trail for walking and cycling with access to business and entertainment venues increase connections between nature, people, places, and culture as it weaves several important City centers, services, and neighborhoods together that make up a large area of Glendale (City of Glendale N.d.b).

The Los Angeles River runs through the City of Glendale from north to south along the eastside of Griffith Park south to Elysian Park.

This narrow, seven-mile stretch of the Los Angeles River is known as the Glendale Narrows. It is currently one of the only stretches of the Los Angeles River that does not contain a concrete bottom, and as a result, provides crucial habitat for local vegetation and wildlife. The City is working towards finishing the Glendale Narrows Riverwalk, which will provide approximately one mile of trails for bicyclists and pedestrians. This project will include parks, rest areas, river overlooks, an equestrian facility, public art projects, interpretive signage, and the Garden River Bridge connecting to Griffith Park (City of Glendale Narrows Riverwalk).

The Burbank Western Channel is a 6.3-mile-long tributary of the Los Angeles River in the eastern San Fernando Valley that serves as a flood control channel. Intersecting the Los Angeles River at the start of the Glendale Narrows, the Burbank Western Channel allows for 682 of 704
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excess water in the river to flow north into this area and avoid flooding the surrounding north Glendale and south Burbank areas.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment projects more extreme precipitation events will occur throughout the Los Angeles region, which may lead to areas throughout Glendale to experience more frequent flooding. Heavy precipitation can lead to erosion which may impact vegetation and wildlife. Because there is a low risk of flooding in open spaces in Glendale, the impact on natural and recreational resources is deemed to be low.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Flooding may cause damage to buildings and facilities or render them temporarily unusable should flooding of buildings or facilities occur.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
Impervious surfaces can impede the absorption of water and augment stormwater flooding in areas of Glendale. There is risk of damage from increased extreme precipitation events including localized flooding, erosion, transport of debris, and sediment deposition. Storm drainage and flood protection services for the City may be impacted by these events, and flooded roadways may be temporarily impassable, disrupt or delay provision of emergency services, or increase risk to road users.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the city-led adaptive capacity to drought:
▪ Increasing urban forest, tree canopy coverage, parks, and open space throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan and the Glendale Downtown Specific Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements, including in vulnerable areas not within 1/3 mile of recreational open space (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012) (Glendale Downtown Specific Plan 2019).
▪ Mitigating flood impacts through discouraging development of critical facilities in flood hazard areas, requiring hydrological studies, and maintaining City-owned storm drain facilities are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek citywide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).
▪ Coordinating with local and regional jurisdictions and agencies to update and implement disaster preparedness and recovery plans, maintain mutual aid agreements, and carry out
evacuation procedures are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). 683 of 704
City of Glendale
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84 Vulnerability Score – Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources Medium Medium 3-Medium Buildings and Facilities Medium Medium 3-Medium
Infrastructure and Critical Services Medium Medium 3-Medium 684 of 704
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Poor Air Quality
Overview
Poor air quality events often coincide with regional wildfire events, periods of time without wind, extreme heat events, and extended droughts. As climate change is expected to result in an increased severity and frequency of those extreme events, it is likely that poor air quality will worsen in the future and under worse climate scenarios. Poor air quality can harm wildlife and vegetation as well as cause strained emergency services based on the negative health impacts associated with poor air quality.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
The direct effects of air quality declines on natural resources and parks relate to plant and wildlife health as increased levels of air pollutants cause stress and mortality. Impacts from poor air quality can further impact natural resources since air quality declines correspond with other hazards, such as extreme heat, compounding risks. The degradation of plant and wildlife health could impact the quality of recreational resources such as open spaces and parks.

Impacts from poor air quality can also make outdoor recreational resources dangerous or unhealthy for vulnerable groups identified in the Social Vulnerability Assessment section.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
The impact of reduced air quality will have a similar effect as extreme heat for buildings and facilities. The ability to filter air will greatly affect the populations reliant on buildings and facilities. The direct impact of poor air quality on buildings and facilities is low.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
Higher incidence of unsafe air quality generated by increased smog, dust and pollutants can create general strain on existing infrastructure and critical services through increased rates of hospitalization and emergency and medical services (CDPH 2020).

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the city-led adaptive capacity to drought:
▪ Inventorying backup-generators, medical equipment and supplies, temporary shelters, and other emergency response supplies and equipment are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). 685 of 704
City of Glendale
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
86 Vulnerability Score – Poor Air Quality
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
Buildings and Facilities Low Low 3-Medium
Infrastructure and Critical Services Medium Medium 3-Medium 686 of 704
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Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment 87
5 Cascading Impacts Assessment

5.1 What are Cascading Impacts?
Glendale community members rely on an interdependent network of critical facilities, services, and infrastructure that are vulnerable to climate change. Electrical infrastructure could be overwhelmed by peaks in demand and result in blackouts or public safety power shutoffs instituted by GWP to avoid impacts to electrical facilities.

Power outages have significant cascading impacts on
communication networks, water conveyance, transportation systems, emergency services, and vulnerable populations. Water systems can fail from lack of power or supply creating city-wide shortages and issues related to power generation cooling or wildfire mitigation. Transportation systems could fail from a variety of direct physical vulnerabilities through climate hazards as well as through power reliant infrastructure which could isolate community members to unsafe conditions. These interconnected, or cascading impacts, could broaden the scope of impact past a single system or neighborhood to reliant subsystems and populations.

The Los Angeles County Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment includes a detailed analysis of the interconnections between various systems to better understand the different paths a climate hazard impact may have (Los Angeles County 2021). A systems map was created that identifies critical nodes (e.g., aqueduct volume, imported water supply) and the potential pathways of cascading impacts from one node to another.

Based on the Los Angeles County Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment systems map, electricity was found to strongly influence every other infrastructure sector and was found to have the most connections. Highway system reliability and communications were nodes that had the second and third highest number of outgoing connections. Water was also found to be heavily relied upon by other infrastructure nodes. Community function, defined as human health, well-being, and livelihood in the Los Angeles County Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, was found to be an
interconnected node when considering indirect connections.

Maintaining community function is the actual purpose of energy, communications, and transportation services, but it is people who keep infrastructure running. Therefore, when climate hazards interfere with workforce availability, there are significant cascading impacts to reliant subsystems.

Unlike most other municipalities, Glendale has direct control over its own water and electricity, through GWP. These two
interconnected sectors and associated cascading impacts unique to Glendale are discussed in this chapter, followed by an assessment of cascading impacts associated with transportation and
communications.

5.2 System Interdependencies
The following section builds on Glendale’s physical and social vulnerabilities through an analysis of the interconnections between Glendale’s energy, water, transportation, and communication systems and highlights the more prominent cascading risks across Glendale’s systems.
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88 Electricity System
The electricity delivery system, often times referred to as the “grid”, is made up of three primary subsystems; electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. Each of these systems needs to be operational in order for community members to receive the electricity they rely on for lighting, internet, communication, heat, hot water, and more recently, mobility. Each of these systems can be impacted by a physical threat such as wildfire burning facilities or infrastructure, wind or vegetation damage, or extreme heat which can decrease the effectiveness of transmission and distribution lines. Increased heat can also increase electricity demand (for example when extreme heat triggers additional cooling demand) that exceeds the amount electricity is available (generation) or the capacity of the infrastructure to move that electricity (transmission and/or distribution).

Electricity Generation
Glendale Water & Power relies on both locally sourced and external sources of energy to meet its demand. Local sources of energy generation include the Grayson power plant, existing solar and planned battery storage. External sources of energy are obtained via the Pacific DC and Southwest AC interties, which are transmission line interconnection points with an energy grid that spans the Western United States. The Glendale Water & Power Integrated Resource Plan (2019) outlines the makeup of Glendale’s energy portfolio as well as an analysis of load and resource needs based on projected climate changes, state requirements of renewable resources, and changing needs of the community (City of Glendale Water & Power 2019).

GWP produces local sourced energy at the Grayson Power Plant, which is a collection of 9 gas burning engines, that produces 173 MW from units 1-8 and 48 MW from unit 9 during peak load. Units 1-8 were set to expire in 2022. According to the Integrated Resource Plan, alternatives to energy generation within Glendale are limited.

It is estimated that GWP would need 12.4 square miles of solar panels to adequately power Glendale, which is equivalent to about 40 percent of Glendale’s land area. Even with GWP investments in locally produced energy sources the City is constrained by land, resource, and infrastructure availability (Ascend 2021).

To address these energy generation constraints, GWP has proposed to replace Grayson Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8A, and 8BC at the Grayson Power Plant to install reciprocating internal combustion engines which generate electricity using a variety of fuels, but predominately natural gas in the short term. This system change is intended to address existing energy shortfalls within the antiquated system currently in place at the Grayson Power Plant. These engines are intended to operate as backup power generation during peak demand hours (Ascend 2021).

With anticipated upgrades to the Grayson Power Plant, and assuming a certain amount of EV charging1 and associated charging infrastructure, increased ambient temperatures, and projected energy demands, GWP anticipates meeting demand pending
approval of the Grayson Power Plant changes upon construction and implementation of the newer engines. Until changes occur, the energy supply of local sources and external sources will not meet forecasted or current peak demand (Ascend 2021).

The Grayson Power Plant in southeast Glendale is located in close proximity to a Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone, which is located just outside City limits (City of Glendale Water & Power 2019).

Electricity Transmission
1 Per the IRP GWP anticipates a load increase from 28 GWh in 2019 to 173 GWh in 2030, and 290 GWh in 2038 for Electric Vehicles using the states assumption of 5 million EV's by 2030. 688 of 704
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GWP has access to a limited amount of external transmission through the Pacific DC and Southwest AC interties. The interties provide approximately 212 Megawatts of peak load. Typically, Glendale needs 478 MW of peak load. During high heat days, the actual megawatts obtained through the interties is likely lower, as heat reduces load capacity on transmission lines. The limited access Glendale has to external sources of energy necessitates over half of the peak load energy generation to be produced within City limits (Ascend 2021).

Climate hazards could result in direct and indirect impacts on power delivery to Glendale community members. There are three overhead transmission lines owned and operated by GWP that pass through the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones in north Glendale.

GWP engages in several programs to reduce the impacts associated with potential power disruption due to wildfire events. According to the GWP Wildfire Prevention Mitigation Plan, GWP has a Public Safety Shutoff Events program that involves providing 24–48-hour advanced notice as well as more immediate shutoff notifications to limit risk of triggering a wildfire and to avoid damaging electrical infrastructure from peak demand periods. Since wildfires are most often triggered by vegetation coming into direct contact with electric utilities, GWP also maintains a Vegetation Management Plan to reduce risks (City of Glendale 2022). In addition, impacts anywhere along those transmission lines outside of Glendale could also cause issues within Glendale if enough capacity is not available locally to meet demand.

Electricity Distribution
The third part of the grid are the smaller distribution lines, transformers, and service lines running directly to each individual building. Distribution systems can be disrupted by similar impacts as transmission lines (wildfire, wind, vegetation, extreme heat), but at a local level. Small areas of wildfire, neighborhood trees, or demand outstripping capacity for a local transformer or distribution line.

Summary
Between higher rates of extreme heat days and increasing wildfire probability due to climate change, the possibility of power disruption is high (City of Glendale 2022).

Power disruptions in Glendale, whether caused by factors like wildfires, deliberate power shutoffs for public safety, or extreme heat, have extensive cascading impacts. Impacts include but are not limited to loss of power in homes, which prevent community members from running their air conditioning or gas or electric heaters, and gas and electric kitchen appliances. For those who rely on in-home medical devices, power disruption could directly impact health and safety. If the power outages occur during bad air quality days from regional wildfire smoke, people with underlying health conditions could experience worsening health conditions. Traffic signals, cell-towers without back-up power, and critical facilities that lack backup power would cease to function. Losing many of these energy dependent amenities during events like heatwaves and wildfires can create increased risks to public health, including heat related illness, food access constraints, evacuation challenges, overloaded emergency services, and increased climate hazard exposure.

Natural Gas System
Southern California Gas Company provides natural gas services to the City through transmission lines and high pressure distribution lines. Natural gas lines have the potential to be damaged in wildfire hazard zones, resulting in oil and gas leaks and power outages, which can cause fires or explosions. Significant landslides after wildfires or during an extreme rain event may also damage natural 689 of 704
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90 gas lines. In addition, natural gas leaks, such as the 2016 leak at the Aliso Canyon natural gas storage facility in Southern California, can lead to temporary closures of natural gas facilities. In the case of Aliso Canyon, the loss of the facility’s storage capacity was unable to be offset by short term increase in the volume of gas deliveries through the regional supply network. This event exposed the limitations of the region’s natural gas system to effectively respond to the prolonged disruption to a critical component of its energy storage infrastructure (Hall et al. 2018).

Water System
Per the City of Glendale’s Urban Water Management Plan (2020), Glendale is anticipated to experience water supply disruption for outdoor water use during drought conditions. GWP acquires water from a variety of sources including water purchased from the Southern California Metropolitan Water District, groundwater from the Verdugo and San Fernando Basins, and recycled water from the Los Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (City of Glendale Urban Water Management Plan 2020). These sources enter the City through 11 different conveyance points and are distributed through water distribution lines and pump stations across the entire City.

Water pump stations are located in landslide risk areas and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones (City of Glendale Urban Water Management Plan 2020).

Many relationships between higher water usage and lower water availability are observed. There are several demonstrated positive feedback loops wherein the City's water systems can be strained due to drought and extreme heat conditions, which in turn lead to diminished water availability, influenced by both consumer demand and climatological factors. Water usage for regional and city-specific wildfire mitigation aligns with heightened drought conditions and decreased water supplies. These interconnected impacts within the water sector compound, resulting in extreme strains on water supply and introducing additional challenges for Glendale.

During drought conditions, there is an increase in demand for water, however, that is when water supply is constrained. Increased demand for water during drought conditions include water needs for landscaping, and water-cooling features for community members. Drought conditions typically increase the risk of wildfire, further compounding the effects of drought on the community. The cascading impacts of an adversely impacted water system include reduced supply for community consumption potentially increasing water rates and associated public health concerns for underresourced Individuals who may not have the ability to pay for increased water rates. Water shortages can also impact power generation with availability of water for generator cooling.

Inadequate water supply can also impact wildfire mitigation without enough fire flow to fight active fires and/or prevent anticipated fires. Inadequate water can impact the City’s tree canopy which is critical for addressing the urban heat island effect and stormwater capture.

Transportation System
Several freeways and major arterial routes run directly through wildfire and landslide hazard zones in Glendale creating broad transportation system and infrastructure vulnerabilities. There are many resulting cascading impacts from transportation sector disruptions which could result in mobility isolation for the community, reduced ability for emergency services to respond, and constrained evacuation routes. Transportation impacts can occur from a wide range of causes including direct physical damage associated with climate hazards within City limits or external climate impacts afflicting regional transportation networks and services.

Power outages could cause traffic signal failures. Transit system 690 of 704
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failures could place the community in increased danger with inability to evacuate or seek medical attention.

I-210 and I-5 as well as SR 134 and 2 overlap multiple hazard zones and simultaneously serve as major evacuation routes. This type of infrastructure exposure can result in both city-wide and regional cascading impacts limiting evacuation and emergency service accessibility.

Communications System
Like other sectors, the initial vulnerability within Glendale’s communication systems and infrastructure relates to physical exposure to climate hazards. Communication networks consisting of utility, telephone, and broadband infrastructure can experience disruptions and service failures from exposure to extreme heat, wildfires, landslides, and flooding. The viability of a communication network is greatly improved with redundant communication networks, backup power, and alternative forms of communication (e.g., radio) to help minimize the extent of impact to community members. The cascading impacts resulting from downed
communications can vary from interrupted evacuation
communications to general isolation and heightened risk due to inability to receive hazard information. Areas across Glendale in hazard zones are more prone to experiencing communication service disruptions and, therefore, may experience increased cascading impacts from loss of communication infrastructure. .
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92 6 Conclusion
Climate change can have far-reaching consequences on the Glendale community. This report evaluates how climate change may impact community members and physical assets including natural and recreational resources, buildings and facilities, and infrastructure and critical services.

Consistent with Phase 3 of the Cal APG, major problem statements are provided to characterize the overall climate impacts Glendale may experience. These problem statements will be utilized to frame and generate climate adaptation strategies for the Glendale CAAP.

6.1 Problem Statements
The following problem statements are intended to guide the development of adaptation policies and programs for the City’s CAAP. Problem statements are organized based on four systems that have the greatest influence on climate resilience, as well as greenhouse gas emissions reduction.

Building Systems
Residential Buildings. Weatherized or fire-hardened residential buildings are critical to increasing community resilience to the effects of extreme heat, wildfires, landslides, stormwater flooding, and poor air quality. A large majority of Glendale’s housing stock was built over 50 years ago and needs rehabilitation to address climate stressors. Individuals facing societal barriers are generally more likely to live in housing with insufficient protection against climate hazards. Particularly in south Glendale, overcrowding, poor housing conditions, a large number of immigrants, and non-English speakers render the households disproportionately vulnerable to climate hazards. Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing. They are more likely to have limited control over home hardening, improvements, and air conditioning/filtration systems that protect against climate hazards. Residential buildings are located in Very High Hazard Severity Zones in northern and eastern Glendale. Residential buildings are also located in landslide susceptibility zones in areas north bordering I-210 and La Crescenta Ave, and areas in central Glendale along SR 2 as well as east Glendale.

Critical Public Facilities. Critical public facilities are structures and institutions that provide Glendale with resources and services and are essential to the health and welfare of residents. Weatherized and energy resilient critical public facilities are important for a community to be able to better respond to and recover from a climate hazard event. These facilities must continue to operate during and following a climate hazard event to reduce the severity of impacts and accelerate recovery. Critical public facilities located in landslide susceptibility areas and Fire Hazard Severity Zones include schools, police stations, and fire stations.

Resilient Energy System. The reliability of Glendale’s energy system is critical to the resilience of the City’s services and community members. Glendale’s energy system and power infrastructure are highly vulnerable to extreme heat which causes increased energy demand due to cooling needs, wildfire, and landslides. Energy infrastructure and dependent populations experience cascading impacts around power outages from downed utility lines, power safety shutoffs, and grid overload. All forms of power outages can 692 of 704
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affect how critical services are able to perform their needed functions during a climate hazard. Three above-ground major transmission lines that Glendale Water & Power maintains are located in Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones. The Grayson Power Plant, which generates electricity using natural gas, exacerbates the poor air quality conditions in southeast Glendale. This area is designated as a high social vulnerability area in Glendale. Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitives are disproportionately susceptible to health impact associated with air pollutants. The Grayson Power Plant is located in close proximity to a Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone, which is located just outside City limits.

Mobility, Land Use, and Emergency Systems
Alerts and Evacuation. Emergency communications and timely evacuations are an essential part of emergency operation planning and community safety. Emergency communication and evacuation orders will be key to alert the Glendale community regarding various climate hazards, including wildfires and landslides, extreme heat events, and poor air quality days. Barriers to communication and evacuation can occur from deficiencies in the energy, transportation, and communication systems, as well as inequitable access and distribution of resources. Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities may have difficulty evacuating in a timely fashion during a hazardous event which can result in direct impacts to health and safety and exacerbate chronic health problems. Individuals facing societal barriers may not have access to language appropriate advisory warnings or government guidance and may face systematic and/or cultural barriers to access resources to safely evacuate hazard areas and/or to treat injuries.

Under-resourced individuals and individuals that rely on public transportation are less likely to have access to transportation for evacuation purposes and often lack the financial resources to evacuate from a climate hazard or find a safe and affordable place in which to evacuate.

Transportation and Communication Infrastructure for Emergency Evacuation. Major freeways and arterial routes in Glendale are located within landslide and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones, including the I-210, I-5, SR 134, SR 2, La Canada Boulevard, N Verdugo Road, and La Crescenta Ave. These routes serve as major evacuation routes, allowing community members to evacuate during emergency orders and allowing emergency personnel to enter emergency evacuation zones. Should these transportation networks be directly impacted by landslides or wildfires, or are impacted by regional threats outside City limits, emergency evacuation could be adversely impacted. Communication
infrastructure (such as cell towers) damaged by wildfires or landslides would hinder emergency communications and impact the health and safety of emergency personnel and community
members.

Equitable Access to Services. People who rely on active transportation or public transit may experience barriers in accessing cooling centers, parks, and other critical services, and have a greater likelihood of encountering interruption in transportation services which could lead to direct income losses from the inability to access their workplace during climate events. They also have higher outdoor exposure, such as extreme heat, air pollution, or heavy rainfall, than those who use personal vehicles and are therefore at greater risk to climate hazards. This high risk is compounded by the fact that communities of color are more likely to have limited or no access to a car, increasing their likelihood of being impacted during heat and other climate hazards. Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have access to transportation, healthcare, and other basic needs which increases their vulnerability to climate hazards. 693 of 704
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94 Building on systemic inequities, these disproportionate exposures can leave community members isolated and/or without the needed resources during a climate hazard event.

Urban Ecosystems
Water Reliability and Consumption: Water supply infrastructure, such as pipelines and pump stations, can be damaged by climate hazards, impacting water reliability throughout the City which has direct implications on wildfire mitigation, community members, and critical services. Several water pump stations are located in landslide susceptibility areas and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones in northern Glendale. Glendale’s water potable supplies, including those from the Southern California Metropolitan Water District and groundwater from the Verdugo and San Fernando Basins, have declined in recent years due to lower-than-average rainfall. Extended drought conditions that impact availability of water supply can increase the cost of water and affect water quality, resulting in disproportionate impacts to vulnerable populations.

Natural and Recreational Resources. Natural and recreational resources in Glendale, including parks, City bikeways, open spaces, waterways, critical habitats and street trees, face exposure to climate hazards. All of these resources provide community benefits either directly or indirectly and face heightened risks of drought, landslides, stormwater flooding, wildfires, extreme heat and poor air quality. Primary vulnerabilities for natural resources are associated with extreme heat and drought related stressors, increasing wildfire frequency and severity, with potential impacts including species mortality and loss of habitat. Climate hazard events may impact outdoor recreation opportunities and residents and visitors may not be as likely to enjoy the mental and physical health benefits associated with outdoor recreation. Parks in northern and eastern Glendale are located in landslide susceptibility areas and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones.

Resilient Landscapes. Significant areas of northern and eastern Glendale are located within Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones.

Glendale is expected to experience increased decadal wildfire probability throughout the entire City by the end of the century.

Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones encompass many natural and recreational resources, entire residential communities, and critical public facilities and utility infrastructure. Wildfires may exacerbate poor air quality and water quality declines, structural damages, service line disruptions and strain, human and wildlife mortality, and habitat loss. This broad level of exposure and projected impacts across all asset groups makes wildfire one of the greatest climate hazard risks for the City. Adapting existing and planned landscapes in residential areas, open spaces, and adjacent to critical public facilities and utility infrastructure is critical to reducing ignitability and wildfire risk. Removing or modifying live and dead vegetation in high-risk areas can reduce the potential spread of wildfire ignitions and increase community safety.

Social and Governance Systems
Equitable Community Safety As climate change impacts occur, virtually all populations in a community will be affected; however, some individuals will be disproportionally impacted by climate hazards due to inequitable systems and structures. The areas of the City with the greatest concentration of vulnerable populations are in south and southwest Glendale. Census tracts that are above the 60th percentile is considered a high social vulnerability area.

Additional areas with high social vulnerability include historically redlined areas as well as areas identified based on input from community-based organizations. These included areas near major roads and highways, schools, the Scholl Canyon Landfill and the 694 of 704
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Grayson Power Plant. Community members in these areas are also at-risk for disproportionate impacts from climate change.

Inequitable access to, and distribution of resources, critical services, and resilient infrastructure systems decreases the ability for sensitive populations to prepare for, cope and recover from climate impacts.

All Hazards Awareness and Capacity Building. The overall exposure of Glendale to climate change hazards creates vulnerabilities throughout the entire community. Virtually all vulnerable populations face barriers in accessing information and/or adaptive resources targeting climate hazard resilience. Glendale community members may possess informal networks creating resilience to climate change which the City can further augment through tools and resourcing of both individuals and community-based
organizations.

Recovery and Reconstruction. Adaptation to climate change involves both preparedness and recovery and reconstruction. The way in which a community is resourced after experiencing a climate hazard event can be a source of community resilience or of systemic inequities. Individuals across all vulnerable population groupings face larger barriers to recovering from hazards without adequate accessibility to resources for recovery and reconstruction.

Extreme Heat and Air Quality Protection. All vulnerable communities in Glendale are significantly exposed to poor air and extreme heat. Changes in annual average maximum temperature by the end of the century will increase across the entire region increasing incidences of extreme heat. Impacts from temperature increases and extreme heat events are expected to include heatrelated illness, such as heat stress, heat stroke, and dehydration, which can be life threatening.

6.2 Vulnerability Analysis
In addition to problem statements, vulnerability scoring helps the City understand which climate change hazards pose the greatest threat to specific asset groups and would need to be prioritized in adaptation planning and policy development. Vulnerability scores were determined by combining the impact scores with adaptive capacity scores assigned within Chapters 3 and 4. A list of asset categories with high vulnerability scores is provided in Table 6. 695 of 704
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96 Table 6 High Vulnerability Scores
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Extreme Heat
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Low 5-High Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Drought
Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Wildfire
Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 4-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Medium 4-High Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Landslides
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation
Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High Poor Air Quality
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Low 5-High Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
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