City of Glendale Electrification Study
Update
Leslie Eudy, Lead Managing Consultant and Steve Clermont, Senior Project Manager January 14, 2025
• Initial electrification
planning effort
• 2 scenarios: 100%
electrification by 2035
and 2040
• Conservative charging
infrastructure approach
(1:1 vehicle to charger)
Previous Study
(2021-2022)
• Update transition plan
• Consider new regulations
• Reassess EV market
• Optimize charging
infrastructure plan using
refined vehicle use
analysis
Transition Plan Update
(2024)
• Advanced Clean Fleets
(ACF) Regulation in effect
as of 2024 for medium
and heavy duty on-road
vehicles
• 50% ZEV purchase in
2024-2026
• 100% ZEV purchase
in 2027
• More ZEVs available in
more models and use
cases
Evolving Regulations and
EV Market
Background
2 ZEV Transition Methodology
3 Facilities Assessment Maintenance Assessment
Market
Analysis
Updated with higher detail on Glendale’s usage patterns, new EV capabilities, and more mature assumptions
Market Assessment Updates
• Light-Duty EVs have a wide variety of options except for compact or heavy pickups (sizes other than ½ ton)
• Medium- and Heavy-Duty EVs are now available but are expensive and have long lead times. HVIP available for offset costs but not guaranteed. Not all configurations are natively available but there are chassis options to upfit.
• Emergency EVs have limited availability but models of EV fire engines with backup ICE are entering the market.
• Pursuit EVs have limited availability without aftermarket upfit. • Non-Road and Construction EVs have more options in small or compact equipment but larger equipment is in development.
4 Vehicle Class # OEMs in 2022 # OEMs in 2024
Heavy Duty 3 14
Light Duty: Sedan/Wagon
SUV
Pickup
6 8
6 15
15 8
Medium Duty 9 16
Summary of OEMs producing on-road
EVs from previous study to present
Service Assessment Updates
CTE determined nominal and strenuous daily use
for each vehicle type in the City’s fleet
5 Fire Department Concerns
• Current ZE (with ICE backup engine)
offerings not designed for the longer
distances that GFD travels
• Charging needs limits deployment to
stations with charging infrastructure
• Concerns with power of auxiliary ICE
engine compared to current vehicles
Police Department Concerns
• Only pursuit rated EV SUV is Chevrolet
Blazer which is small for GPD
• Issues with upfitting EVs for pursuit such
as large interior screens that cannot be
disabled
• Limited performance, cost, and
maintenance data
Suitability Assessment Updates
• Updated criteria to delay
recommendation for
purchase until costs
stabilize, which delays
suitability for some
vehicles by 2-3 years
(Previous assessment
recommended purchase
at a suitability score of 4
or above)
• Pursuit and Emergency
purchases delayed until
2030 to ensure suitability
and give market time to
address concerns
6 Feasibility Assessment Updates
• Higher certainty on vehicle feasibility with
updated duty cycle information
• Assessed nominal vs. strenuous feasibility
• Not all vehicles projected to meet strenuous
requirement
• Operational modifications may be needed
for some vehicles for strenuous usage
• Midday charging
• Additional vehicles
• Monitoring state of charge and planned
usage
7 Fleet Assessment Updates
• Procurement schedule based
on Glendale’s natural
replacement cycle
• For each purchase, EV option
only used if both feasible and
suitable
• CTE made minor
modifications to delay
some purchases to
procure a feasible EV to
achieve near full
electrification
• Only remaining ICE vehicles in
2040 are 12 ladder trucks and
fire engines (98%
electrification)
8 ACF Purchase Requirement Compliance
• The current purchase schedule does not meet
ACF purchase requirements until 2030
without additional exemptions or purchase
delays due to the lack of ZE heavy pickups
until approximately 2028-2030
• ACF exempts vehicles without equivalent ZEV
options; however, CARB does not consider
heavy pickups (3/4-1.5 ton) exempt due to
availability of ½ ton pickups and van-style cab
and chassis EV options
9 Glendale’s Fleet by Regulatory Status
ACF Purchase Requirement
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
ZE Percent of Purchases of Non-
Exempt Vehicles 50% 50% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Gap to ACF Purchase Requirement Compliance
• Glendale may consider these options for
compliance in the short term:
1. Delay purchase of vehicles to
decrease the percentage of ICE
vehicles purchased each year.
2. Replace some Class 2b-3 pickups
with available EV models such as a
½ ton pickup, a van-type cab and
chassis, or a heavier Class 4 trucks.
3. Explore other avenues for ACF
exemptions.
1. Daily Usage exemption
2. Backup Vehicle exemption
3. Biomethane Waste Fleet
4. Others
10 ACF Purchases
(Non-Exempt Fleet)
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
ACF Purchase Requirement 50% 50% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Total ACF Non-Exempt Vehicles
Scheduled for Replacement 80 32 44 17 32 24
ACF Non-Exempt Vehicles Scheduled
for Replacement with EV 21 11 41 16 13 24
Projected Percent EV Purchase 26% 34% 93% 94% 41% 100%
Number of Non-Exempt Vehicles
Needed for Compliance 19 5 3 1 19 0
11 Fuel Costs
• More accurate fuel consumption estimates based on updated duty cycle analysis • Energy consumption decreased by 2/3 by 2040
• Fuel costs increased from previous assessment:
• Rate increases at GWP , especially on demand cost
• Lower costs of baseline fuels
12 2025 Baseline: $1.5M
2025 Transition: $1.8M
2040 Baseline: $2.3M
2040 Transition: $11.7M
Strategies to Reduce Utility Costs
1. Limit maximum demand because
demand charge at GWP based on highest
point of power usage in previous 12
months
1. Reduce number of chargers used at
once
2. Reduce charging speeds
3. Invest in a charge management
system (CMS)
2. Discuss charging rates with GWP such as
adding a time-of-use rate to demand
charges
3. Consider other infrastructure to reduce
peak demand on the grid (solar and/or
battery storage, microgrid, etc.)
13 Infrastructure Update
• GWP utility upgrade estimate
• Increased from $21.9M to $32.5M
due to inflation, supply issues,
design changes, and an added
transmission line
• Timeline spread over 6 years
• Optimized charging reduced number of
chargers from 868 to 351
• Total cost of infrastructure (without
GWP Upgrades) estimated at $25M,
49% savings over previous estimate of
$49M
• Total of all infrastructure and utility
upgrades estimated at $57.5M, 19%
savings over previous estimate of
$71M
14 Maintenance Assessment
• Estimated $30M savings 2025-2040 in ZEV maintenance, like previous assessment 15 Emissions Assessment Update
• Tailpipe and upstream
emissions reduced by
62% in 2040, avoiding
53 million pounds of
GHGs cumulatively
• Emissions reduced
less than previous
plan due to continued
diesel use in 2024
plan
16 Cumulative Total Cost of Ownership
• Cumulative transition cost:
$545M
• 10% lower than previous
assessment of $605M
• Cumulative baseline cost:
$391M
• 19% lower than previous
assessment of $485M
• Cumulative Transition cost
$154M more than baseline
costs
• 39% increase over baseline,
2025-2040
17 Incremental Cost to Transition
• Includes first-time EV purchases and infrastructure costs only • $67.6M incremental cost (previously estimated at $124M due to high infrastructure costs) 18 Recommendations
1. Address ACF compliance issues
• Delay purchase of vehicles
• Replace some Class 2b-3 pickups with available Class 2a or van-based chassis • Explore other avenues for ACF exemptions
2. Explore strategies to reduce utility costs such as charge management systems or a different rate structure
3. Remain proactive with grant funding to reduce the capital costs of vehicles early in the transition.
4. Continue to revisit the transition plan every 2-3 years as ZE technologies and regulations evolve and the City becomes more experienced with EVs.
5. Remain engaged with the Police and Fire Departments to pilot ZEVs and find models that meet their needs. Support of the vehicle operators in every department will be critical for successful deployment.
19 Appendix
Fleet Composition
21 Light Medium Heavy Emergency Pursuit Non-road
1 ton Pickup 57 Truck 16 Heavy Truck 10 Command
Vehicles 13 Motorcycle 27 Bunker Rake 6
1/2 ton Pickup 39 Dump Truck 12 Refuse Truck 38 Emergency Specialty 12 SUV 103 Mowers 10
3/4 ton Pickup 46 Flatbed Truck 11 Street Sweeper 6 Fire Engine 16 Forklifts 11 Compact Pickup 53 Manlift Truck 12 Crane Truck 7 Ladder Truck 4 Lifts 4 Minivan 41 Cargo Van 15 Dump Truck 11 Rescue 12 Construction Equipment 25
Motorcycle 2 Manlift Truck 6 Roller 2
Refuse Truck 6 Roll-off Truck 2 Misc
Equipment 7
Sedan 76 Utility
Sweeper 6
SUV 36 Utility Vehicle 33
Van, Cargo 24
Van, Passenger 3
383 66 80 57 130 104
Fuel Assessment Update – Charging Analysis
• All Sites
• Optimized charger
recommendations by vehicle type
and use to enable more charger
sharing between vehicles and
choosing slower chargers
• 65 Level 1 chargers (wall
plug)
• 351 Level 2 and Level 3
chargers for 2.11 vehicles
to each charger and 1.5
vehicle to each dispenser
• GPD
• Fast chargers can fully charge SUVs
in roughly 30 minutes
• Operational changes may be
needed
• Number and power of chargers informs
maximum demand which is largest part
of utility bill
22 Type Modeled Maximum Power Dispensers
Level 1 ~1 kW 1
Level 2 16.6 kW 1
Level 3 30 kW (2 dispensers)
60 kW (1 dispenser) 2
Level 3 Fast Charger 150 kW 1
23 Gap to ACF Purchase Requirement Compliance
• The current purchase schedule does not meet ACF purchase requirements until 2030 without additional exemptions or purchase delays due to the lack of ZE heavy pickups until approximately 2028-2030 • ACF exempts vehicles without equivalent ZEV options; however, CARB does not consider heavy pickups (3/4-1.5 ton) exempt due to availability of ½ ton pickups and van-style cab and chassis EV options • Glendale may consider these options for compliance in the short term:
1. Delay purchase of vehicles to decrease the percentage of ICE vehicles purchased each year.
2. Replace some Class 2b-3 pickups with available EV models such as a ½ ton pickup, a van-type cab and chassis, or a heavier Class 4 trucks.
3. Explore other avenues for ACF exemptions.
24 Purchases by ACF Status
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
Total Percent EV Purchase 17% 45% 59% 49% 39% 99% 100%
ACF, excluding exempt vehicles 26% 34% 93% 94% 41% 100% 100% ACF, including exempt vehicles 21% 31% 93% 97% 51% 100% 100%
Gap to ACF Purchase Requirement Compliance
25 Total ACF Purchases
(Including Short-Term Exemption)
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
ACF Purchase Requirement 50% 50% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Total ACF Vehicles Scheduled for
Replacement 98 36 44 31 39 28
Total ACF Vehicles Scheduled for
Replacement with EV 21 11 41 30 20 28
Total Projected Percent EV Purchase
21% 31% 93% 97% 51% 100%
Number of Vehicles Needed for
Compliance 28 7 3 1 19 0
• Glendale may consider these options for
compliance in the short term:
1. Delay purchase of vehicles to
decrease the percentage of ICE
vehicles purchased each year.
2. Replace some Class 2b-3 pickups
with available EV models such as a
½ ton pickup, a van-type cab and
chassis, or a heavier Class 4 trucks.
3. Explore other avenues for ACF
exemptions.
1. Daily Usage exemption
2. Backup Vehicle exemption
3. Biomethane Waste Fleet
4. Others
Potential for Hydrogen
• Many applications well suited for EVs which are readily available • Applications with longer range and short downtimes could be addressed with FCEVs:
• Trash trucks
• Medium-duty utility trucks
• Fire engine/ladder trucks
• Police pursuit vehicles
• FCEV market is still in the early stage with few models available for sale, although on-going research and demonstration could change that within the next 5 – 10 years. • Hydrogen infrastructure
• Light-duty hydrogen station ~$5.5M
• Heavy-duty hydrogen station ~$7M
• Local public stations average cost $34.55/kg (Oct 2024) 26 Funding Opportunities
HVIP
VW Environmental Mitigation Trust Funding
LCFS ZEV Infrastructure Crediting
Electric Vehicle (EV) Rebate Program:
National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Formula Program Discretionary Grant Program for Charging and Fueling Infrastructure ($2.5 billion):
The EPA’s DERA Program funds grants and rebates
Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP)
Southern California Incentive Project (SCIP)
CEC Clean Transportation Program: Government Fleet Electric Vehicle Charger Station Grants 27