Agenda packet, first session — Glendale City Council, August 12, 2025 (part 1 of 4)

A G E N D A

GLENDALE CITY COUNCIL

COUNCIL CHAMBERS
613 E. Broadway, 2nd Floor
Glendale, CA 91206

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PUBLIC COMMENT GUIDELINES
The City Council welcomes public input at City Council meetings. Public input at Council meetings is regulated by the City Council’s Rules of Order, Procedure and Decorum for the Conduct of City Council Meetings as set forth in Resolution No. 25-76, which will be summarized below.

Written Comments and Documents
:

Public comments received in writing will NOT be read aloud at the meeting but will be part of the meeting record. Written public comments can be emailed to [email protected], and will be uploaded to the City website as an attachment to the agenda item. When submitting a public comment, please make sure to include the following
:

1. Name (optional); and

2. Agenda item to which you are submitting public comment

3. Submit no later than 12:00 p.m. on the day of the City Council meeting. Correspondence received after this time may not be distributed until the following business day.

All documents related to open session items on this agenda that are received less than 72 hours prior to this meeting, and are public records, will be available for review in the Office of the City Clerk, 613 E. Broadway, Room 110, Glendale, CA 91206.

Public Comments During Council Meeting
:

Public Comments during Community Event Announcements, First and Second Periods of Oral Communications and agenda items will be governed as provided in the descriptions for those items on the agenda below. Pursuant to State law, the City Council may not discuss or take action on any item not appearing on the meeting agenda, except that members of the City Council or staff may ask a question for clarification or briefly respond to statements made or questions posed by persons exercising public testimony rights (Government Code Section 54954.2). Staff may be asked to follow up on such items.

Submitting Speaker Cards or Calling In for Public Comment :

Speaker cards must be submitted and telephonic participants must call in and be in the call-in queue as follows:
•
Community Event Announcements or First or Second Period of Oral Communications: PRIOR TO the commencement of the specific comment period
•
Consent Calendar Items: BEFORE a motion is made on the consent calendar •
Other agenda items, including Action items: PRIOR to the completion of the verbal staff report (unless waived by the Mayor)
Any audio-visual files displayed by speakers must be emailed to the Clerk’s office by 12:00 pm on the day before a Council meeting.

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AUGUST 12, 2025

ROLL CALL

1. CLOSED SESSION
– 1:00 PM (T o Commence at 2:00 PM
)
a.

Conference with Legal Counsel – Anticipated Litigation. Initiation of litigation pursuant to paragraph (4) of subdivision (d) of Government Code Section 54956.9:

One Potential Case
b.

Public Employment – Attorneys
c.

Conference with Legal Counsel – Existing Litigation: Hulu, LLC et al. v. City of Glendale, L.A.S.C. Case No 25NNCP00413
d.

Conference with Legal Counsel – Anticipated Litigation. Significant exposure to litigation pursuant to subdivisions (d)(2) and (e)(3) of Government Code Section 54956.9: One Potential Case
e.

Conference with Legal Counsel – Existing Litigation: Central BWB LLC v. City of Glendale et al., L.A.S.C. Case No. 25STCP01018; Central BWB LLC v. City of Glendale et al., L.A.S.C. Case No. 25STCP01144
f.

Conference with Labor Negotiators. The City-designated negotiator attending the closed session is: Mayor Ara Najarian. The unrepresented employee positions are:

City Manager and City Attorney
g.

Conference with Legal Counsel – Existing Litigation: Claim of Ter-Mkrtchyan, Claim No. 25-0170
h.

Conference with Legal Counsel – Existing Litigation: Claim of American Family Insurance (Kaloghlian), No. 25-0521

Conference with Legal Counsel – Existing Litigation: Khachikyan v. City of Glendale, L.A.S.C. Case No 23GDCV00479

2. REGULAR BUSINESS AGENDA
– 6:00 PM
Roll Call
a.

Flag Salute: Council Member
b.

Invocation: will be delivered by Rabbi Rick Schechter , Spiritual Leader of Temple Sinai of Glendale
c.

Report of the City Clerk, re: Posting of Agenda. The Agenda for the August 12, 2025 Regular Meeting of the Glendale City Council was Posted on August 8, 2025
,
on the
Bulletin Board Outside City Hall.

3. PRESENTATIONS AND APPOINTMENTS
a.

Agenda Preview for the Meetings of Tuesday, August 19, 2025 b.

Legislative Update by U.S. Representative Laura Friedman

4. CONSENT ITEMS
(Including Minutes)
The following are routine and may be acted upon by one motion. Any Member of Council or the audience requesting separate consideration may do so by making such request before

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motion is proposed.
a.

City Clerk, re: Minutes of the City Council Meetings of June 24, 2025 b.

Community Services and Parks, re:

Approval to submit Youth Community Access
(YCA) Grant Program application to State of California Natural Resources Agency for the Students Training as Role Models (STAR) Youth Camping, Field Trips and other Nature and Cultural Activities Project

1. Resolution approving the submission of a Youth Community Access (YCA) Grant Program application to State of California Natural Resources Agency in the amount of $78,500 for the Students Training as Role Models (STAR) Youth Camping, Field Trips and other Nature and Cultural Activities project (STAR Nature & Culture Project); and authorizing the City Manager, or a designee, to conduct all negotiations, execute and submit all documents including, but not limited to applications, agreements, and payment requests, which may be necessary to complete the project c.

Community Services and Parks, re:

Approval to Submit Land and Water
Conservation Fund (LWCF) Grant Application for 1000 South Central Avenue Park Project

1. Resolution approving the submission of a grant application through California Department of Parks and Recreation for the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) in the amount of $6 million for the 1000 South Central Avenue Park Project (“Project”); and authorizing the City Manager, or a designee, to conduct all negotiations, sign and submit all documents, including, but not limited to applications, agreements, amendments, and payment requests, which may be necessary to complete of the Project

5. CITY COUNCIL/STAFF COMMENTS
(Including reports from conferences and regional
meetings)

6. COMMUNITY EVENT ANNOUNCEMENTS
(3-minutes per speaker)
Members of the public will be permitted to announce upcoming events taking place in the community.

7. FIRST PERIOD OF ORAL COMMUNICATIONS
(Maximum 3 minutes per speaker, 30-minute
aggregate speaking time limit)
Members of the public may address the Council on agenda items or non-agenda items within the City Council’s subject matter jurisdiction. If a speaker addresses the Council on an agenda item during the First Period of Oral Communications, they may not speak again when the agenda item is called. A speaker who addresses the Council on non-agenda items during the First Period of Oral Communications may not speak during the Second Period of Oral Communications.

8. ADOPTION OF ORDINANCES

9. ACTION ITEMS
a.

Management Services, re:

Adoption of the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan

1. Resolution adopting the Initial Study/Negative Declaration (IS-ND) for the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP)

2. Motion adopting the CAAP

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Public Works, re: Ordinance amending Glendale Municipal Code section 10.24.020 to lower the posted speed limits on 21 roadway segments

1. Ordinance amending Section 10.24.020 of the Glendale Municipal Code relating to prima facie speed limits on non-local city streets
c.

Management Services, re:

Residential Air Conditioner to Heat Pump Replacement
(AC2HP) Reach Code

1. Motion directing staff to prepare and return to introduce a reach code for existing single-family buildings that would require installation of a heat pump as the primary heating source, or other energy conservation improvements, in cases where an existing air conditioning system is altered or replaced, or where an air conditioning system is added
d.

City Attorney, re: Ordinance Amending Glendale Municipal Code provisions regarding meetings, powers and duties of the Commission on the Status of Women

1. Introduction of Ordinance Amending Sections 2.38.090 and 2.38.140 of the Glendale Municipal Code, 1995 – Relating to the Commission on the Status of Women

10. HEARINGS
a.

Community Development, re: Professional Services Agreement with Architectural Resources Group for preparation of a Historic District Survey for the proposed Verdugo Woodlands historic district

1. Motion authorizing the City Manager or his designee to execute a Professional Services Agreement with Architectural Resources Group for a historic district survey for the proposed Verdugo Woodlands historic district for a not-to-exceed contract amount of $91,760

2. Resolution of appropriation in the amount of $91,760 for the Verdugo Woodlands historic district survey

3. Motion requiring the applicants to circulate a petition within the proposed Verdugo Woodlands historic district obtaining the support of the owners of more than 25% of the properties in the proposed district

11. REPORTS - INFORMATION

12. WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS

13. DISCUSSION OF COUNCILMEMBER FUTURE AGENDA REQUESTS
a.

Request from Councilmember Gharpetian to discuss unfunded state mandates

14. SECOND PERIOD OF ORAL COMMUNICATIONS
Discussion is limited to items NOT a part of this agenda. Each speaker is allowed 5 minutes.

Council may question or respond to the speaker, but there will be no debate or decision. The City Manager may refer the matter to the appropriate department for investigation and report.

15. NEW BUSINESS

16. ADJOURNMENT

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M I N U T E S

GLENDALE CITY COUNCIL

COUNCIL CHAMBERS
613 E. Broadway, 2nd Floor Glendale, CA 91206
JUNE 24, 2025

ROLL CALL

1. CLOSED SESSION – Council recessed to Closed Session at 4:46 PM – All Present a. Conference with Legal Counsel – Existing Litigation: Topadzhikyan v.

City of Glendale, L.A.S.C. Case No. 22SSTCV36445
b. Conference with Legal Counsel – Existing Litigation: Janfaza v. City of Glendale,
U.S.D.C. Case No. 2:23-cv-01312-MRA (SKx)
c. Conference with Legal Counsel – Anticipated Litigation: Significant exposure to litigation pursuant to subdivisions (d)(2) and (e)(2) of Government Code Section 54956.9
d. Public Employee Appointment – Director of Finance
e. Public Employee Appointment – General Manager, Glendale Water & Power f. Public Employee Appointment – Fire Chief
g. Conference with Labor Negotiators. The City-designated negotiator attending the closed session is: Mayor Ara Najarian. The unrepresented employee position is: City Manager
Chief Assistant City Attorney, Gillian van Muyden, stated the Council will be reporting out on items 1d, 1e, and 1f.

2. REGULAR BUSINESS AGENDA – 6:14 PM
Roll Call – All Present
a. Flag Salute: Mayor Ara Najarian
b. Invocation: Chaplain Donte Carty, Glendale Police Department c. Report of the City Clerk, re: Posting of Agenda. The Agenda for the June 24, 2025 Regular Meeting of the Glendale City Council was Posted on June 20, 2025, on the Bulletin Board Outside City Hall.

3. PRESENTATIONS AND APPOINTMENTS
a. Agenda Preview for the Meetings of Tuesday, July 1, 2025 Assistant City Manager, John Takhtalian, announced next week Tuesday, July 1, 2025, the Council will only have one Regular City Council meeting at 6:00 PM. b. Professional Development Center Check Presentation to City of Glendale for Workforce Training Grant
Ani Keshishian, Executive Director of the Professional Development Center of Glendale Community College
Desirée Portillo Rabinov, Glendale Community College Board of Trustees Member
Dr. Sevan Benlian, Glendale Community College Board of Trustees Member
c. Proclamation Declaring June 12, 2025, National Control Room Workers’ Day Honoring Water and Power Employees
Edrin Mirzakhanian, Power System Operator I, Glendale Water and Power
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4. CONSENT ITEMS (Including Minutes)
The following are Routine and May be Acted Upon by One Motion. Any Member of Council or the Audience Requesting Separate Consideration May do so by Making Such Request Before Motion is Proposed.
a. City Clerk, re: Award of Contract for FY 2025-2026 Legal Advertising for the City of Glendale

1.Motion Awarding a Contract to HLR Media, LLC DBA Glendale Independent, sole responsible bidder, Specification No. 4018 Moved: Asatryan Seconded: Brotman
Vote as Follows:
b. Glendale Water and Power, re: Award of a Professional Services Agreement (PSA) to Harper & Associates Engineering, Inc. for Water Storage Facility Rehabilitation Projects
Staff Comments:

Roubik Golanian, City Manager
Public Comments:

Beth Brooks
Mike Mohill

1.Motion authorizing the City Manager, or his designee, to execute a three- year Professional Services Agreement (PSA) with Harper & Associates Engineering, Inc., to act on behalf of the City as Owner’s Engineers specializing in the design and oversight of City water storage facility rehabilitation projects for a total not-to-exceed amount of $450,000 Moved: Asatryan Seconded: Kassakhian
Vote as Follows:

Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
None
Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
None
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c. Public Works, re: Award Construction Contract for the Babe Herman Restroom Renovation Project

1.Motion authorizing the City Manager or his designee to execute a construction contract with Williamson Construction Co. Inc., for the Babe Herman Restroom Renovation Project, Specification No. 3978, in the amount of $275,000, plus a 10% contingency of $27,500, for a total amount not to exceed $302,500
Moved: Asatryan Seconded: Brotman
Vote as Follows:
d. Public Works, re: Amendments to Multiple PSAs for Additional Design, Engineering, and Construction Management Services for San Fernando Road Beautification Phase II Project, and On-Call Engineering Services for Public Works Project
Public Comments:

Beth Brooks
Mike Mohill

1.Motion authorizing the City Manager or a designee to execute a contract amendment to Contract No. 8001984 with Mark Thomas & Company, Inc., to increase the contract amount by $59,660 to perform additional landscaping and irrigation design for the San Fernando Road Beautification Phase II Project Moved: Asatryan Seconded: Kassakhian
Vote as Follows:

2.Motion authorizing the City Manager or a designee to execute contract amendments to the following PSAs to provide additional engineering services in support of various PWD projects:
a.Contract No. 8002222 with Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc., to increase the on-call traffic engineering services contract amount by an additional $200,000
b.Contract No. 8002237 with KOA Corporation, to increase the on- call traffic engineering services contract amount by an additional Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
None
Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
Gharpetian
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$200,000
c.Contract No. 8002258 with Twining, Inc., to increase the on-call geotechnical, soils engineering, and material testing services contract amount by an additional
$150,000
d.Contract No. 8002407 with Mark Thomas & Company, Inc., to increase the on-call construction management and inspection services contract amount by
$750,000
e.Contract No. 8002238 with NV5, Inc., to increase the on-call construction management and inspection services contract amount by $200,000
Moved: Asatryan Seconded: Brotman
Vote as Follows:

5. 6.

7. 8.

9. 3.Resolution [25-86] of appropriation to appropriate additional funds for the Metro’s NoHo to Pasadena Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Project Moved: Asatryan Seconded: Brotman
Vote as Follows:
e. Community Services and Parks, re: Verdugo Workforce Development Board’s Submission Request for Approval of Local Workforce Development Plan 2025-2028

1.Motion to approve the Verdugo Workforce Development Board’s Local Workforce Development Plan 2025-2028; approve submission of the Verdugo Workforce Development Board’s Local Workforce Development Plan 2025- 2028 to the California Workforce Development Board and the State of California Employment Development Department; and authorize the Mayor and City Manager or designee to execute all relevant documents with the State of California, and the United States Department of Labor for the plan’s approval, implementation, and use
Moved: Asatryan Seconded: Kassakhian
Vote as Follows:

Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
None
Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Najarian
Gharpetian
None
Kassakhian (recusal)
Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
None
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f. Community Services and Parks, re: Elderly Nutrition Program Subaward of Grant Funds from County of Los Angeles Aging and Disabilities Department for FY 2025- 2026 baseline funding and Modernizing Older Californians Act (MOCA) funding allocation of $490,900

1.Motion to accept $443,300 in Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP) baseline funding and $47,600 in MOCA funding from Los Angeles County Aging and Disabilities (AD) for FY 2025-2026; and authorize the City Manager or a designee to execute Subaward ENP252604 period July 2025 – June 2026 to accept and implement funding
Moved: Asatryan Seconded: Brotman
Vote as Follows:

5. CITY COUNCIL/STAFF COMMENTS
Councilmember Brotman asked for a New Business item to be placed on the July 1st agenda to consider whether the Council should take a position on Assembly Bill 306.

Councilmember Asatryan thanked community members who helped host ten students from Glendale’s sister city, Kapan, Armenia, during their first visit to the United States.

She expressed hopes for the continuation of this exchange and suggested the City pursue a formal student exchange program with Glendale Unified School District and its sister cities. She also recognized Homenetmen Glendale Ararat for a busy weekend of community activities—including hosting the U.S. Table Tennis Tournament and celebrating the 7th anniversary of their Hrashq Committee, which supports children with special needs. She stated that following these events, a basketball game was held.

Councilmember Asatryan requested that staff coordinate a meeting with the organizations who were recognized last year during the City’s proclamation for people with disabilities.

Councilmember Asatryan also thanked Tom Lorenz and City staff for compiling a multilingual immigration resource list now available at glendaleca.gov/immigrationresource. She gave special thanks to Supervisor Kathryn Barger, who helped ensure resources in Armenian, Korean, and Tagalog were included—languages not originally provided by the County.

Councilmember Kassakhian noted he was unable to attend the Homenetmen events but emphasized the value of the organization’s programs and encouraged the public to learn more about their offerings. He reminded residents that the Crescenta Valley Fireworks Show would take place on July 4. He also raised concerns about the growing presence of robot delivery carts, calling for enforceable regulations, and asked for updates on enforcement actions regarding food trucks parking inappropriately across the City.

Mayor Najarian shared that he had recently met with the programming engineer behind the robot delivery carts to express the Council’s concerns and had invited the company Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
None
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to present at a future Council meeting. He also voiced his desire for all decisions regarding artwork on utility boxes to come before the Council, citing the need for consistency with the RFP language that requires artwork to be non-offensive and non- controversial. Councilmember Brotman expressed his disagreement with this idea, stating he preferred to leave the authority with the Arts and Culture Commission.

City Manager Roubik Golanian reported that the City Attorney’s Office had completed its review of relevant codes and was finalizing a memo for Council on what enforcement actions are legally permissible regarding both the robot carts and the food truck issues.

6. COMMUNITY EVENT ANNOUNCEMENTS (3-Minutes; 5-Speaker Limit) Per Mayor Policy, This Item Also Permits Speakers Wishing to Speak Under General Oral Communications, Subject to the Three Minute Time Limit. Discussion is Limited to Matters Not on the Agenda.

Ara Zakarian
Tony Passarella
Malcolm Johnson
Mike Mohill
Jackie Gish: Glendale Environmental Coalition Clean Up Day on June 28, 2025 starting at 8:30 AM in the courtyard behind City Hall

7. ADOPTION OF ORDINANCES

8. ACTION ITEMS
a. Glendale Water and Power, re: Solar Energy Power Sales Agreement: 30-Year Power Sales Agreement (PSA) with Southern California Public Power Authority (SCPPA) for Purchase of 25 MW from Milford Solar II Project Staff Comments:

Roubik Golanian, City Manager
Scott Mellon, General Manager of Glendale Water and Power Presentation:

Ileana Cardenas, Power Planning Manager, Glendale Water and Power Public Comments:

Beth Brooks
Mike Borisov
Kate Unger

1.Resolution [25-87] authorizing a 30-year Power Sales Agreement (PSA) with Southern California Public Power Authority (SCPPA) for the purchase of 25 MW (or equivalently, an 8.3% entitlement share of the 300 MW contract capacity) of renewable solar energy and environmental attributes from the Milford Solar II Project, and finding that the project is exempt from the requirements of the California
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Moved: Asatryan Seconded: Brotman
Vote as Follows:
b. City Clerk, re: Consideration of Support of State Bills Recommended by the Commission on the Status of Women
Presentation:

Dr. Suzie Abajian, City Clerk
Public Comments:

Beth Brooks
Elise Kalfayan

1.Motion providing direction on bills as recommended by the Commission on the Status of Women
Moved: Kassakhian Seconded: Asatryan
Vote as Follows:
c. Finance, re: Adoption of the City’s FY 2025-26 Gann Appropriations Limit Staff Comments:

Roubik Golanian, City Manager
Presentation:

John Takhtalian, Assistant City Manager

1.Resolution [25-88] Adopting FY 2025-26 Gann Appropriations Limit Moved: Brotman Seconded: Gharpetian
Vote as Follows:

Councilmember Kassakhian stepped away at 7:48 PM and returned at 7:50 PM.

Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
None
Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
None
Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
None
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d. Finance, re: FY 2024-25 Glendale Water and Power Transfer Staff Comments:

Roubik Golanian, City Manager
Presentation:

John Takhtalian, Assistant City Manager
Public Comments:

Beth Brooks

1.Resolution [25-89] Reducing the Percentage of Operating Revenues to be Transferred from Glendale Water and Power (Electric) to the General Reserve Fund for Fiscal Year 2024-25
Moved: Brotman Seconded: Asatryan
Vote as Follows:

9. HEARINGS
a. Finance, re: FY 2025-26 Citywide Budget Hearing and Adoption Mayor Najarian opened the hearing at 7:55 PM and closed the hearing at 9:23 PM.

Staff Comments:

Roubik Golanian, City Manager
Manuel Cid, Glendale Police Chief
Presentation:

John Takhtalian, Assistant City Manager
Public Comments:

Ejmin Hakobian
Beth Brooks
Mike Mohill

1.Hold a Public Hearing on the FY 2025-26 Proposed Citywide Budget and Changes to the Citywide Fee Schedule

2.Resolution [25-90] Adopting the FY 2025-26 City of Glendale Budget

3.Resolution [25-91] Modifying Existing Fees for Parking Services Provided by the City and Adopting Changes to the Comprehensive Citywide Fee Schedule for FY 2025-26

4.Motion to Increase the Citywide Authorized Salaried Position Count Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
None
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5.Resolution [25-92] Providing for the Establishment of Classification Titles and Compensation for Employees of the City of Glendale Covered by the Glendale Management Association Memorandum of Understanding, including Employee Relations Exempt Classifications

6.Resolution [25-93] Providing for the Establishment of Classification Titles and Compensation for Employees of the City of Glendale Represented by the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local 18

7.Resolution [25-94] Providing for the Establishment of Classification Titles and Compensation for Employees of the City of Glendale Covered by the Glendale City Employees’ Association Memorandum of Understanding, including Confidential and Hourly Classifications

8.Resolution [25-95] Adopting the Glendale Water & Power Public Benefit Programs Plan and the Low Carbon Fuel Standard Programs Plan for Fiscal Years 2025-26 and 2026-27and Authorize Agreements to Implement Said Programs

9.Resolution [25-96] of Appropriation for FY 2024-25 to Transfer Funds from the Parking Fund to the General Fund and the Capital Improvement Fund due to the collapsing of the Parking Fund into the General Fund as of June 30,2025 Moved: Gharpetian Seconded: Brotman
Vote as Follows:

10. REPORTS - INFORMATION

11. WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS

12. DISCUSSION OF COUNCILMEMBER FUTURE AGENDA REQUESTS

13. ORAL COMMUNICATIONS
Discussion is Limited to Items NOT a Part of this Agenda. Each Speaker is Allowed 5 minutes. Council May Question or Respond to The Speaker But There Will be no Debate or Decision.The City Manager May Refer the Matter to the Appropriate Department for Investigation and Report.

Beth Brooks
Don Margolin
Cameron Nadles
Sarah
Crystal

14. NEW BUSINESS
Closed Session Items 1d, 1e, and 1f. City Manager, Roubik Golanian, recommended to Council the appointment of Shijie “Jack” Liang as the Director of Finance, Scott Mellon as the General Manager of Glendale Water and Power, and Jeff Brooks as the Fire Chief for Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
Asatryan
None
None
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the City of Glendale.

Councilmember Asatryan moves that pursuant to Article IV, Section 4 of the Glendale City Charter, the Council hereby approves the City Manager’s appointment of Shijie “Jack” Liang as the Director of Finance, effective July 7, 2025. Mr. Liang’s job duties shall be as defined in the job specification for Director of Finance, and shall include the duties of “Director of Administrative Services” as described in the City Charter, including Article XI thereof.

Moved: Asatryan Seconded: Kassakhian
Vote as Follows:

Councilmember Brotman moves that pursuant to Article IV, section 4, of the Glendale City Charter, the Council hereby approves the City Manager’s appointment of Scott Mellon as the General Manager of Glendale Water and Power.

Moved: Brotman Seconded: Kassakhian
Vote as Follows:

Councilmember Kassakhian moves that pursuant to Article IV, Section 4 of the Glendale City Charter, the Council hereby approves the City Manager’s appointment of Jeff Brooks as the Fire Chief for the City of Glendale. This Motion constitutes the written statement of “recognized attainment” required by Article XXIV, Section 5, Subsection 2 of the Charter.

Moved: Kassakhian Seconded: Brotman
Vote as Follows:

Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
None
Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
None
Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:

Asatryan, Brotman, Gharpetian, Kassakhian, Najarian
None
None
None
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15. ADJOURNMENT – 9:43 PM
Moved: Kassakhian Seconded: Asatryan
City Clerk of the City of Glendale
Mayor of the City of Glendale
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25-88487

CITY OF GLENDALE, CALIFORNIA

REPORT TO THE CITY COUNCIL

AGENDA ITEM
Report: Approval to submit Youth Community Access (YCA) Grant Program application to State of California Natural Resources Agency for the Students Training as Role Models (STAR) Youth Camping, Field Trips and other Nature and Cultural Activities Project.

COUNCIL ACTION
Item Type: Consent Item
Approved for August 12, 2025 calendar

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The STAR Program is a free, long-running after-school mentorship program serving at- risk youth ages 9-14, operated by Glendale’s Community Services & Parks Department in partnership with Glendale Police Department and Glendale Unified School District. It offers academic support, life skills training and community service opportunities.

The proposed STAR Nature & Culture Project aims to expand participants’ access to natural and cultural education through at least twelve outdoor field trips, including a weekend camping trip at a California State Park. Activities will include nature workshops at Deukmejian Wilderness Park, educational hikes, local trail cleanups and visits to Glendale’s historic landmarks.

The YCA grant will also fund enhanced staff training in areas such as Americans with Disabilities Act compliance, diversity, student support, emergency preparedness and wellness. It will also support a guest speaker series for the youth participants on topics such as mental and physical wellness, academic success and digital safety. 17 of 961

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RECOMMENDATION
That the City Council adopt a resolution authorizing staff to submit a YCA Grant Program application to State of California Natural Resources Agency in the amount of $78,500 for the STAR Nature & Culture Project and authorizing the City Manager, to conduct all negotiations, execute and submit all documents including, but not limited to, applications, agreements, amendments, and payment requests, which may be necessary to complete the project.

ANALYSIS
Following the passage of the Control, Regulate and Tax Adult Use of Marijuana Act (Proposition 64) on November 8, 2016, 60% of marijuana tax revenue is deposited into the Youth Education, Prevention, Early Intervention and Treatment Account (YEPEITA) to be used for competitive grants to support youth access to natural or cultural resources with a focus on low-income and disadvantaged communities. YEPEITA funds awarded to the California Natural Resources Agency support the Youth Community Access (YCA) Grant Program, which provides competitive grants to eligible projects that serve youth, directly support access to either natural or cultural resources, and meet the criteria for both low-income and disadvantaged communities. Approximately $18.5 million is available for Youth Community Access projects, with individual awards ranging from $25,000 to $500,000.

Staff is seeking City Council approval to submit a Youth Community Access (YCA) Grant Program application to the State of California Natural Resources Agency in the amount of $78,500 to enhance the STAR Program through the STAR Nature & Culture Project.

The STAR Program is a long-term, mentoring, after-school initiative aimed at helping elementary and middle school students, ages 9 to 14, achieve a positive future through academic success, life skills development, and community service. This free youth program – led by the Community Services & Parks (CSP) Department in partnership with the Glendale Police Department (GPD) and Glendale Unified School District (GUSD) – includes academic tutoring, life skills classes, educational enrichment activities, and service opportunities within the local Glendale community. Since 1995, STAR has successfully reached out to at-risk youth with weekly meetings, mentoring from GPD, and sessions covering topics such as character development by practicing the STAR values, health and well-being (including nutrition, fitness, and overall physical, mental and emotional wellness), and community service projects, culminating in a graduation ceremony.

To expand the STAR Program’s commitment to outdoor educational activities and increase participants’ access to natural and cultural resources, CSP – working in collaboration with GPD – proposed the creation of the STAR Nature & Culture Project through a grant application to the YCA Grant Program. The grant application seeks funding to support the STAR Nature & Culture Project conducting at least twelve educational field trips, including, but not limited to, a weekend camping trip at a California State Park.
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As part of the YCA grant proposal, STAR students would have the opportunity to attend nature education workshops held at Glendale’s historic Stone Barn Nature Center in Deukmejian Wilderness Park and other Glendale parks. Examples of workshops include campfire programs on hiking safety and wilderness survival; Friday Night Lecture Series covering topics such as “Wildlife Photography”; interpretive hikes discussing the relationship between California native plants and insects; and sessions exploring the role herps (lizards and such) play in our ecosystems. Other opportunities include hiking along local Glendale trails and open spaces while participating in community clean-up projects such as watering oak trees, assisting with trail repairs, and removing invasive plants.

The grant funding will also provide opportunities to visit various historic and cultural sites in Glendale, including Doctors House, Shoseian “Whispering Pine” Teahouse and Japanese Garden, Catalina Verdugo Adobe, and Casa Adobe de San Rafael, where students can learn about California’s origins and its development over time.

Grant funding will also allow for more enhanced staff trainings including ADA Compliance, Diversity and Sensitivity Training (Mind the Gap), and best practices for supporting students with diverse needs, safety and risk management, in-person harassment training, in-person mandated reporter training, nutrition training with a certified dietician, CPR/First Aid/AED training and certification, cultural competency, effects of vaping/drug use prevention, and emergency protocols.

Finally, YCA grant funding will support a guest speaker series that will enable staff to schedule paid presenters to discuss topics such as anti-bullying, nutrition, fitness, habits to develop success in school, mental health awareness, and social media safety.

The total requested amount for the STAR Nature & Culture Project for the 2025-2026 and 2026-2027 fiscal years is $78,500. These funds will support key project components including personnel and training (e.g., additional hourly staff support with benefits and key staff trainings), materials and supplies (e.g., program materials, workshop speaker fees, and camping supplies), transportation (e.g., bus rentals), and field trip expenses (e.g., entrance fees for students and lunches).

STAKEHOLDERS/OUTREACH
The STAR program serves youth from underserved communities of color, particularly those from Latinx, Asian-Pacific Islander, and immigrant families who speak English as a second language. CSP will continue collaborating with GUSD and GPD to identify youth who would most benefit from this program. Staff will also continue to work with the Glendale Association of Realtors and the Glendale Police Foundation, which provide extensive financial support of the program throughout the year. Furthermore, the program would have the resources to create additional opportunities for personal development, safe social interactions, and exposure to outdoor recreational and cultural activities. Its emphasis on positive engagement helps guide youth towards better paths, encouraging growth and resilience.
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FISCAL IMPACT
There is no fiscal impact at this time. Should the grant be awarded, staff will return to City Council to request appropriation of the grant funds.

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW (CEQA/NEPA)
The action being considered does not constitute a “project” within the meaning of CEQA pursuant to CEQA Guidelines section 15378(b)(4), as it constitutes the creation of government funding mechanisms or other government fiscal activities which do not involve any commitment to any specific project which may result in a potentially significant physical impact on the environment; thus, it is not subject to CEQA pursuant to CEQA Guidelines section 15060(c)(3).

CAMPAIGN DISCLOSURE
This item is exempt from campaign disclosure requirements.

ALTERNATIVES TO STAFF RECOMMENDATION

1. Do not approve submission of a YCA Grant Program application to State of California Natural Resources Agency for the STAR Nature and Culture Project, which would limit the program’s ability to expand and expose youth to a broader array of recreational and cultural activities.

2. The City Council may consider any other alternative not proposed by staff.

ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION
Submitted by:

Onnig Bulanikian, Director of Community Services & Parks Prepared by:

Julianna De La Cruz, Senior Administrative Analyst
Sevag Garabetian, Community Services Manager
John Maghaguian, Community Services Supervisor
Approved by:

Roubik R. Golanian, P.E., City Manager

EXHIBITS/ATTACHMENTS
None.
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RESOLUTION NO. ______________

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF GLENDALE,

CALIFORNIA, APPROVING THE APPLICATION FOR GRANT FUNDS FROM THE

YOUTH COMMUNITY ACCESS (YCA) GRANT PROGRAM FOR THE STUDENTS

TRAINING AS ROLE MODELS (STAR) YOUTH CAMPING, FIELD TRIPS AND

OTHER NATURE AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES PROJECT
WHEREAS, the Legislature and Governor of the State of California have provided funds for the program shown above; and
WHEREAS, the California Natural Resources Agency has been delegated the responsibility for the administration of this grant program, establishing necessary procedures; and
WHEREAS, said procedures established by the California Natural Resources Agency require a resolution certifying the approval of application(s) by the Applicant’s governing board before submission of said application(s) to the State; and WHEREAS, the Applicant, if selected, will enter into an agreement with the State of California to carry out the project.

NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF GLENDALE, CALIFORNIA:

1. The Council hereby:

A.Approves the filing of an application for the Youth Community Access (YCA) Grant Program; and
B.Certifies that Applicant understands the assurances and certification in the application package; and
C.Certifies that Applicant or title holder will have sufficient funds to operate and maintain the project consistent with the grant guideline requirements or will secure the resources to do so; and
D.Certifies that it will comply with the provisions of Section 1771.5 of the California Labor Code; and
E.If applicable, certifies that the project will comply with any laws and regulation including, but not limited to, the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), legal requirements for building codes, health and safety codes, and disabled access laws, and that prior to commencement of construction all applicable licenses and permits will have been obtained; and 21 of 961

2 F.Delegates the authority to the City Manager or designee to conduct all negotiations, execute and submit all documents, including, but not limited to applications, agreements, amendments, payment requests and so on, which may be necessary for the completion of the aforementioned project(s).

Adopted this ______ day of ______________________, 2025. _________________________
Mayor

ATTEST:

City Clerk

STATE OF CALIFORNIA )
) SS

COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES )
I, Suzie Abajian, Ph.D., City Clerk of the City of Glendale, certify that the foregoing Resolution was adopted by the Council of the City of Glendale, California, at a regular meeting held on the __________ day of ________________, 2025, and that same was adopted by the following vote:

Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:
_________________________
City Clerk
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25-88488

CITY OF GLENDALE, CALIFORNIA

REPORT TO THE CITY COUNCIL

AGENDA ITEM
Report: Approval to Submit Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) Grant Application for 1000 South Central Avenue Park Project

COUNCIL ACTION
Item Type: Consent Item
Approved for August 12, 2025 calendar

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) provides grant funding for the acquisition or development of land to create new public outdoor recreation. The LWCF currently has $35 million in available funds, with a maximum grant request of $6 million per local agency. Staff is requesting approval to submit a grant application for the 1000 South Central Avenue Park Project (“Project”) through for $6 million. The grant requires a minimum of 50% matching funds from the City.

On June 24, 2025, the City Council authorized the purchase of real property located at 1000 South Central Avenue (the “Property”) with a goal to increase park and recreational space in south Glendale. The 2.39-acre site includes a 33,818 sq. ft. one- story commercial building constructed in the early 1960s and is currently vacant.

Escrow closed on the acquisition July 25, 2025.

Based on recent park design and development project costs, and accounting for inflation and escalation, staff estimates total cost for the Project to be approximately $20 million. The LWCF grant would provide essential funding to support the park’s development as an inclusive, nature-driven public amenity. 23 of 961

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RECOMMENDATION
That the City Council adopt a resolution authorizing staff to submit a grant application through State Parks and Recreation for the LWCF in the amount of $6 million for the Project; and authorizing the City Manager to conduct all negotiations, sign and submit all documents, including, but not limited to, applications, agreements, amendments, and payment requests, which may be necessary for the completion of the Project.

ANALYSIS
The LWCF, administered through State Parks and Recreation, provides grant funding for the acquisition or development of land to create new public outdoor recreation opportunities, enhancing the health and wellness of Californians. The LWCF currently has $35 million in available funds, with a maximum grant request of $6 million per local agency.

Eligible LWCF Recreation Features include:
Athletic courts and fields
Community, demonstration, and botanic gardens
Dog parks and fixed features (e.g., obstacle courses)
Open space and natural areas
Outdoor performing arts and outdoor gyms
Picnic areas, playgrounds, walking trails
Skate parks, swimming features, jogging loops
Eligible Major Support Amenities include:
Restroom buildings
Parking lots
Lighting and landscaping
On June 24, 2025, the City Council authorized a purchase and sale agreement for purchase of the Property for $24,000,000, plus an additional $700,000, which includes estimated closing costs and broker fees.

The Property was formerly the location of JOANN Fabric and Crafts. The 2.39-acre site is developed with a one-story, 33,818 sq. ft. commercial building that was built in the early 1960s; the building is currently vacant. Escrow closed on the acquisition July 25, 2025.

Based on recent park design and development project costs and factoring for inflation and escalation, staff is estimating total Project cost at approximately $20 million, based on an outdoor park featuring passive and active recreation.

The LWCF Grant Award project selections will be announced in early 2026. Thereafter, Post-Selection Federal Requirements, including NEPA and Section 106 compliance, will take about one year to complete; then, a Notice to Proceed will be issued. If the Project is selected for funding through LWCF in early 2026, all eligible planning costs incurred 24 of 961

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pre-award (e.g., design and permits) will be eligible as matching funds and reimbursable.

Projects funded by the LWCF program only support outdoor recreation. Should the City wish to repurpose the existing commercial building for indoor recreational purposes, the building will need to be treated as a separate project.

Repurposing the existing commercial building for indoor recreational use presents retrofitting challenges due to its inadequate ceiling height and the costly structural upgrades needed. First, the height from the building’s floor to the bottom of its roof deck is 18 feet, four inches. An indoor gym with basketball courts requires a height clearance of at least 25 feet. Additionally, the building has a structural post every 40 feet, with glulam wood beams at a two-foot depth for the roof structure. If an open floor plan is desired, spanning even half the width of the building (approximately 80-90 feet), steel beams between three-to-five feet in depth would be required, further reducing the available height of the space. Retrofitting the building to meet these requirements would involve significant costs and uncertainties. A new, low-cost building alternative could ultimately be a more cost-effective solution.

Initial community outreach conducted on July 19, 2025, reveals that 8 out of 10 respondents prefer outdoor “Passive Recreation” (e.g., natural areas, shade, and trails) and “Active Recreation” (e.g., sports courts and fields) over “Facility Upcycling” (e.g., indoor gym and community center), with 48% expressing interest in more passive, natural areas and programming suitable for all ages. While this initial outreach does not reflect a representative sampling of City residents, it does provide an indication of the public’s preferences with respect to desirable amenities; and, overwhelmingly, respondents expressed a preference for active and passive outdoor amenities.

Considering the LWCF grant program’s focus on outdoor recreation, the challenges of retrofitting and upcycling the existing commercial building, and the community’s preference for outdoor, nature-based amenities and features (based on initial outreach), staff recommends that the application prioritize the following outdoor recreational amenities, both active and passive:
A large lawn or multi-purpose field
Natural landscaped areas
Shade trees
Picnic pavilions
Picnic tables and benches
Barbecue areas
Sports courts
Walking paths
Exercise equipment
A children’s playground
Shade structures
Restroom facilities and off-street parking spaces
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Staff is drafting an RFP for the design of the Project that will align with the scope outlined in the grant application, should it be granted. The Concept Design Phase is estimated to take nine-to-twelve months, during which time both the community and City Council will be engaged in discussing options for development of the park.

STAKEHOLDERS/OUTREACH
Staff conducted initial community engagement at Cruise Night on July 19, 2025, through a survey with 44 responses prioritizing future park use:
Passive Recreation (natural areas, shade, trails): 21 votes (48%) Active Recreation (sports courts, fields): 15 votes (34%) Facility Upcycling (indoor gym, community center): 8 votes (18%) Follow-up questions were:
#2 Why is this your top priority?
#3 What do you most want to see at this park?
#4 What is your zip code?
Respondents emphasized the need for green, passive space in south Glendale. Many communicated the desire for more serene, shaded, and scenic spaces, while also expressing interest in inclusive programming for both children’s and seniors’ physical and mental health. Many also supported a mix of active uses, and several highlighted the desire for water features (e.g., ponds, splash pads, or a pool). Few expressed interest in an indoor facility.

Overall, the community expressed excitement for this new park opportunity.

There will be more community outreach as part of the design process. This initial outreach consisted of only a brief survey to gauge community interest before the grant application was prepared.

FISCAL IMPACT
There is no fiscal impact at this time. Should the grant be awarded, staff will return to the City Council to request appropriation of the grant funds and matching funds. The grant requires a minimum of 50% matching funds from the City, which will not have an impact to the General Fund. Matching funds will be funded through the Measure A Fund, Parks Mitigation Fee Fund, and/or other grant opportunities.

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW (CEQA/NEPA)
Staff will determine level of CEQA review once plans are drafted for the development of the new park.

CAMPAIGN DISCLOSURE
This item is exempt from campaign disclosure requirements. 26 of 961

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ALTERNATIVES TO STAFF RECOMMENDATION

1. Do not approve filing a grant application to the LWCF in the amount of $6 million for the Project, which would limit staff’s capacity to advance park development on the Property, given current budget limitations.

2. The City Council may consider any other alternative not proposed by staff.

ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION
Submitted by:

Onnig Bulanikian, Director of Community Services & Parks Prepared by:

Tereza Aleksanian, Deputy Director of Community Services & Parks Cindy Camberos, Assistant Project Manager
Julianna De La Cruz, Senior Administrative Analyst
Joseph Gonzalez, Park Planner
Approved by:

Roubik R. Golanian, P.E., City Manager

EXHIBITS/ATTACHMENTS
None.
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RESOLUTION NO. ______________

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF GLENDALE,

CALIFORNIA, APPROVING THE APPLICATION FOR GRANT FUNDS FROM THE LAND AND WATER CONSERVATION FUND (LWCF) FOR THE 1000 SOUTH

CENTRAL AVENUE PARK PROJECT
WHEREAS, the Congress under Public Law 88-578 has authorized the establishment of a federal Land and Water Conservation Fund Grant-In-Aid program, providing matching funds to the State of California and its political subdivisions for acquiring lands and developing Facilities for public outdoor recreation purposes; and WHEREAS, the California Department of Parks and Recreation is responsible for administration of the program in the State, setting up necessary rules and procedures governing applications by local agencies under the program; and WHEREAS, the applicant certifies by resolution the approval of the application and the availability of eligible matching funds prior to submission of the application to the State.

NOW THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF GLENDALE, CALIFORNIA:

1. The Council hereby:

A. Approves the filing of an application for Land and Water Conservation Fund assistance for the proposed: 1000 South Central Avenue Park Project.

B. Certifies that the applicant has reviewed, understands, and agrees to the General Provisions contained in the contract shown in the Grant Administration Guide.

C. Agrees to abide by 54 U.S.C. §200305(f)(3) which requires, “No property acquired or developed with assistance under this section shall, without the approval of the Secretary, be converted to other than public outdoor recreation use. The Secretary shall approve a conversion only if the Secretary finds it to be in accordance with the then-existing comprehensive statewide outdoor recreation plan and only on such conditions as the Secretary considers necessary to ensure the substitution of other recreation properties of at least equal fair market value and of reasonably equivalent usefulness and location.”
D. Certifies that said agency has matching funds from eligible source(s) and can finance 100 percent of the project, which up to half may be reimbursed. 28 of 961

2 E. Agrees to comply with all applicable federal, state and local laws, ordinances, rules, regulations and guidelines.

F. Delegates the authority to the City Manager or designee to conduct all negotiations and execute and submit all documents, including, but not limited to, applications, contracts, amendments, payment requests, and compliance with all applicable current state and federal laws which may be necessary for the completion of the aforementioned project.

Adopted this ______ day of ______________________, 2025. _________________________
Mayor

ATTEST:

City Clerk

STATE OF CALIFORNIA )
) SS

Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:
_________________________
City Clerk
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25-88332 9a

CITY OF GLENDALE, CALIFORNIA

REPORT TO THE CITY COUNCIL

AGENDA ITEM
Report: Adoption of the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan.

1.Resolution adopting the Initial Study/Negative Declaration (IS-ND) for the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP).

2.Motion adopting the CAAP.

COUNCIL ACTION
Item Type: Action Item
Approved for August 12, 2025 calendar

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The City of Glendale’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) is a comprehensive roadmap to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and build resilience against climate change. Building on our history of environmental leadership, Glendale aims to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045 while enhancing public health, equity, and economic sustainability by adopting goals, strategies and policies that support achieving that result.

Key Goals:
Achieve net-zero emissions by 2045
Prepare for climate impacts like extreme heat and poor air quality Center equity in all actions, especially for vulnerable communities Create green jobs and promote local innovation
Strategic Approach:

The CAAP focuses on four key systems:
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1. Social Governance

2. Buildings Systems

3. Mobility and Land Use

4. Urban Ecosystems
Each includes targeted actions guided by six pillars: feasibility, education, equity, funding, partnerships, and structural change.

Implementation:

Actions will roll out in three phases from 2025 to 2033, supported by strong community engagement, partnerships, and diverse funding sources. Progress will be monitored through annual reports and a public dashboard, with full plan updates every five years.

Community and Climate Readiness:

With input from over 1,500 community members, the CAAP emphasizes resilience, particularly through improved infrastructure, emergency preparedness, and public transit, ensuring Glendale is ready for a changing climate. 31 of 961

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RECOMMENDATION
Adopt the resolution approving the Initial Study/Negative Declaration for the 2025 Climate Action Adaptation Plan (CAAP) and approve the motion adopting the CAAP.

ANALYSIS
Glendale’s infrastructure, economy, and public health systems face growing pressure from increasing heat, worsening air quality, and wildfire threats. These challenges demand practical, local action. In response, cities worldwide are implementing climate action plans to mitigate and adapt to these challenges.

In Glendale, we have already observed higher temperatures, increased severity of precipitation events, and more bad air quality days. These trends will continue and intensify, necessitating proactive measures to protect our community.

Glendale has a significant history of implementing environmental programs, a testament to our unwavering commitment to sustainability. Over many years, Glendale has pursued sustainability efforts to address current and future environmental challenges as part of the global sustainability initiative. Our City has demonstrated its commitment to promoting sustainable living through policies, programs, incentives, and outreach and education for residents. Glendale was among the first cities in Southern California to successfully implement the use of recycled water, a biogas landfill-to-gas energy system, curbside recycling, and plastic carryout bags ban, showcasing our long- standing commitment and dedication to environmental stewardship. Glendale's environmental achievements are not just the result of City initiatives but also the collective efforts of our community; each of these successes is a testament to the active participation and dedication of our residents, making us all proud of our shared achievements.

In 2012, Glendale adopted the Greener Glendale Plan (GGP) to expand and build on existing programs and align Glendale's efforts with international initiatives. The GGP systematically addressed the means to mitigate climate change based on the United Nations Urban Environmental Accords and greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets.

The Glendale City Council adopted the GGP for Municipal Operations, addressing internal government operations, and a separate GGP for Community Activities.

Since the GGP was adopted in 2012, the threat of climate change and the need to decarbonize has become more urgent. Additionally, science, technology, and consumer attitudes have changed dramatically over the last 15 years. This change necessitates the review of the successes of the GGP and development of a climate 32 of 961

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action and adaptation plan (CAAP) that reflects the current GHG emission profile, climate vulnerability impacts and equity considerations.

Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP)
The CAAP is a roadmap that envisions implementation that achieves an equitable and sustainable future while improving Glendale’s emergency preparedness, resource reliability, and infrastructure protection. This bold, innovative, and inclusive vision is crucial in enabling Glendale to achieve significant carbon emission reductions. The objective of the CAAP is not just to set desired GHG reduction goals for 2030 and a net zero emissions target by 2045 or sooner, but to provide a robust framework to track and monitor the progress of strategic measures. The CAAP focuses on equity to ensure we address climate issues for our community's most vulnerable.

The City’s consultant, Rincon Consultants, Inc. (Rincon), and staff developed key strategies for CAAP (Exhibit 1: CAAP). CAAP strategies were developed based on an existing conditions analyses, a vulnerability assessment (Exhibit 1: Appendix B), current trends and technologies in GHG emission reduction, and feedback received from City staff and the community. The CAAP strategies detail achievable and implementable emissions reduction measures and supporting actions that will help reduce emissions to meet the established target in line with the State of California's goals. Additionally, the CAAP strategies address climate vulnerabilities and include measures and supporting actions to increase resilience to climate impacts. The CAAP measures and supporting actions are organized into four systems: social governance systems, building systems, mobility and land use systems, and urban ecosystems, which, when collectively implemented, will help the City reach our climate goals.

The CAAP Objectives:

1.GHG Emissions Reduction: Establish targets and strategies to achieve carbon neutrality by 2045 or sooner, including transitioning to renewable energy, enhancing energy efficiency, and promoting sustainable transportation.

2.Build Resilience: Develop infrastructure and policies to adapt to climate impacts, such as improved heat management systems, green infrastructure, and resilient building codes.

3.Community Engagement and Education: Foster public awareness and participation in climate action through educational programs, stakeholder partnerships, and community-driven initiatives.

4.Economic Sustainability: Support green jobs and innovation, ensuring climate actions drive economic growth and job creation.

The strategies are organized in the following framework:
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Systems. A group of related elements that the City can directly influence. oMeasures. Long-range goals that the City has established to reduce emissions and/or improve resilience in line with the State emission reduction goals and local resilience goals.
Actions. Discrete steps the City will take to achieve the Measures.

Over time, the CAAP will be reviewed, and additional actions may be added to make greater progress on the established Measures.

Table 1: Measures and actions
Systems No. Measures No. Actions Exhibit 1 CAAP
location page no.

Social & Governance 5 30 63-70
Building 4 51 72-80
Mobility and Land
Use
6 71 83-96
Urban Eco-Systems 6 69 98-112
Totals 21 221
The selection of CAAP strategies was an iterative process between staff, interested parties, boards and commissions, and the community. In general, the measures were designed to encompass actions that align with Glendale's six Climate Policy Pillars that are essential to effective climate policy implementation. These Climate Policy Pillars include:
Feasibility. Actions that help the City understand the costs, benefits, obstacles, and opportunities associated with programs, policies, and ordinances to make decisions that best serve the community.
Education. Actions to increase community awareness of programs available to reduce individual contributions to GHG emissions increase resilience and establish or strengthen communication channels between the City and the communities it serves.
Equity. Actions that engage vulnerable populations in the decision-making process and establish policies and programs to provide vulnerable populations with the resources to benefit from each measure's objectives equitably. Funding. Actions that provide the financial backing (e.g., grant funding, rebates, financial incentives) and adequate City staffing to establish, implement, and maintain a program.
Partnerships. Actions that establish partnerships with external government entities, including Tribes and community-based organizations, to leverage their expertise, resources, and networks to implement programs and policies the City would not be able to achieve alone.
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Structural Change. Actions that change existing City programs, policies, and ordinances allow the City and community to reach the target established within a measure.

The measures and actions developed for Glendale prioritize activities that provide benefits for GHG emissions reductions and resilience through preparedness for climate change.

The CAAP is organized as follows:

1. City of Glendale Climate Action and Adaptation Plan

2. Appendix A: Community Engagement and Engagement Summary

3. Appendix B: Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment

4. Appendix C: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Analysis Report

5. Appendix D: Climate Change Legislation

6. Appendix E: Measure Substantial Evidence Report

7. Appendix F: Consumptive Based Emissions Inventory

8. Appendix G.1: Cost and Funding Analysis & Climate Finance Matrix

9. Appendix H: Implementation and Work Plan

10.Appendix I: Initial Study – Negative Declaration
Alignment with Federal, State, and Local Guidelines:

California has established a comprehensive framework of laws, executive orders, and plans to reduce GHG emissions and achieve carbon neutrality by 2045. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) provides guidance to local governments to align Climate Action Plans (CAPs) with State goals. Key California milestones and legislation include:
Executive Order S-3-05 (2005): Set goals to reduce GHGs to 1990 levels by 2020, and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050.
AB 32 (2006): Mandated a return to 1990 GHG levels by 2020. CARB’s 2008 Scoping Plan: Outlined strategies for meeting AB 32 targets. SB 32 (2016): Required a 40% reduction below 1990 levels by 2030. 2017 Scoping Plan Update: Provided a roadmap to achieve SB 32 targets. EO B-55-18 (2018): Set a new goal of statewide carbon neutrality by 2045. AB 1279 (2022): Codified the 2045 carbon neutrality target, defining it as an 85% reduction in direct emissions with the remaining 15% removed through carbon capture and sequestration.

Local governments have been encouraged to adopt reduction targets that mirror the State’s commitments to ensure coordinated action across all levels. The CAAP will 35 of 961

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enable the City to align with State actions to reduce GHG emissions and achieve carbon neutrality by 2045.

Resiliency and the CAAP
Resiliency plays a critical role in climate action and adaptation plans by ensuring that communities, ecosystems, and infrastructure can withstand, recover from, and adapt to the impacts of climate change. While climate action often focuses on reducing GHG emissions (mitigation), adaptation and especially resiliency are about preparing for and responding to the changes that are already occurring or are inevitable.

Resiliency factors into a climate action and adaptation plan in the following ways:

1. Risk Reduction: Resiliency helps identify vulnerabilities (e.g., to sea-level rise, extreme heat, wildfires), reduces long-term recovery costs, ensures continuity of services, and increases Glendale’s self-reliance in emergencies. Infrastructure Protection: Guides investments in durable, flexible infrastructure that can handle extreme weather events and shifting climate patterns.

2. Community Preparedness: Resilient communities are better equipped socially and economically to deal with disruptions from emergency response plans to support networks for vulnerable populations.

3. Ecosystem Stability: Resiliency includes conserving and restoring natural systems like wetlands, forests, and shorelines, which buffer climate impacts and enhance biodiversity.

4. Long-Term Sustainability: A resilient approach ensures that today’s solutions don’t create new problems tomorrow, promoting sustainability across economic, environmental, and social dimensions.

5. Equity Considerations: Resiliency planning addresses disproportionate impacts on marginalized groups and aims for inclusive solutions that leave no one behind.

Key resilience actions in the CAAP include measures such as:

1. Partnering with local agencies to provide evacuation and health alert messaging;

2. Establishing more resilience centers to provide refuge from poor air quality or extreme heat;

3. Creating meaningful engagement with non-profits, vulnerable communities, and tribal governments;

4. Increase community capacity to withstand climate stress;

5. Decarbonize the built environment; and

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Community GHG Inventory
The GHG Inventory Analysis Report (Exhibit 1: Appendix C) includes GHG emissions from activities within the City’s jurisdictional boundaries during 2021. The inventory provides current GHG emissions estimates that follow the Community Protocol and current best practices for GHG accounting. The results of the GHG inventory are summarized in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The Community Protocol recommends use of regional travel demand models to differentiate passenger, commercial, and bus vehicle miles travelled activity data. This assessment utilizes data provided by Replica.8 The Replica model uses big data sources such as GPS, cell phone, credit card transactions, real estate data, and ground truthing along with powerful machine learning techniques to generate a statewide land use and VMT model that is then scaled with census data and updated on a quarterly basis. The transportation data was not changed and is representative of the actual conditions in 2021. While transportation remains different than it did before COVID 19, 2021 was after the most impacted years (2019/2020) and was assumed to represent a “new normal” of less commuter VMT (due to work from home) but also much higher commercial VMT from deliveries. Future GHG inventories will continue to show the most recent conditions within the City. 2021 was used as it provided the most recent full set of data as the time of conducting the GHG inventory.

Figure 1 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector
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Figure 2 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sub-Sector 38 of 961

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Based on the inventory, Rincon developed a back-cast of the City’s GHG emissions to 1990, as well as a business-as-usual and an adjusted forecast to 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045.

Table 2: Business as Usual Forecast Summary MTCO2e
Sector 2021 2030 2035 2040 2045
Energy 397,105 408,073 414,165 424,651 432,074
Transportation 572,532 593,032 604,348 621,510 633,037
Waste 75,067 76,934 77,972 79,797 81,166
Water 6,588 6,752 6,843 7,003 7,124
Wastewater 1,848 1,894 1,920 1,965 1,999
Total 1,053,141 1,086,686 1,105,248 1,134,926 1,155,400 The adjusted forecast provides an up-to-date projection of how GHG emissions are expected to change for the City in the future based on changes in population and employment, as well as existing State and federal legislation aimed at reducing GHG emissions through 2045.

Table 3: Adjusted Forecast Summary MTCO2e
This GHG inventory also presents provisional GHG targets and a gap analysis, developed to help identify GHG emissions reduction activities needed to achieve the provisional GHG emissions reduction targets. Like all GHG inventories, forecasts, and targets, the analysis in this document relies on the best available data and calculation methodologies.

Table 4: Summary of emissions reductions in each system based on full implementation of the CAAP.

Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emission
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG Emission
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
Social and Governance Systems
Sector 2021 2030 2035 2040 2045
Energy 397,105 346,706 278,396 272,595 264,564
Transportation 572,532 503,346 476,012 467,944 465,659
Solid Waste 75,067 76,934 77,972 79,797 81,166
Water 6,588 4,037 1,023 523 0
Wastewater 1,848 1,894 1,920 1,965 1,999
Total 1,053,141 932,917 835,322 822,824 813,388
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Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emission
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG Emission
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
Measure SG-1 Provide evacuation and health alert messaging in English, Spanish, Armenian, and Korean, and in
multiple forms (e.g., online, brochure, radio) to
amplify the Glendale community’s awareness of
extreme weather and events (including wildfires,
landslides, extreme heat events, and poor air
quality days).

Supportive Supportive
Measure SG-2 Establish three resilience centers by 2030 in high social sensitivity areas that provide refuge for
vulnerable populations from poor air quality and
extreme heat conditions that serve as year-round
community resource centers.

Supportive Supportive
Measure SG-3 Change internal protocols and procedures to incorporate a climate and equity lens into all
government operational decision-making to
increase investments in CAAP implementation for
vulnerable populations.

Supportive Supportive
Measure SG-4 Formalize City and community-based relationships to create meaningful and long-lasting relationships
with non-profit organizations and increase
engagement of vulnerable communities and Tribal
governments in local government decision-making
processes.

Supportive Supportive
Measure SG-5 Increase community capacity to better withstand climate shocks and stresses.

Supportive Supportive
Building Systems
Measure BLD-1 Increase carbon-free electricity procurement to provide 100% carbon-free electricity community-
wide by 2035 and improve electrical system
resiliency through additional distributed energy
resources, transmission capacity, and demand
response.
37,227 0
Measure BLD-2 Require healthy, safe, decarbonized, and resilient new buildings by 2026.
2,175 16,031
Measure BLD-3 Retrofit 20% of existing buildings by 2030 and 95% by 2045 to be zero-carbon and resilient to extreme
heat and wildfires.
40,906 214,303
Measure BLD-4 Decarbonize and make municipal buildings resilient by 2035.

Supportive Supportive
System Total 80,308 230,334
Mobility and Land Use Systems
Measure MLS-1 Reduce reliance on single-occupancy vehicles by promoting increased residential densities along
Supportive Supportive
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Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emission
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG Emission
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
transit and commercial corridors, increasing
mix of land uses and expanding the range of
attainable housing choices.

Measure MLS-2 Increase active transportation mode share to 3% by 2030 and 10% by 2045 by increasing the safety
and availability of the transportation system to
support walking and biking for all members of the
community.
1,839 7,516
Measure MLS-3 Enhance the transit system to be more resilient, accessible, and convenient to increase mode share
to 5% by 2030 and 10% by 2045.
6,929 16,882
Measure MLS-4 Increase passenger and commercial zero-emission vehicle use and adoption to 25% by 2030 and 90%
by 2045, respectively.
60,885 290,572
Measure MLS-5 Electrify or otherwise decarbonize 30% of community-operated off-road equipment (e.g.,
lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and chainsaws)
operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
4,206 16,149
Measure MLS-6 Transition to 45% zero-emission municipal fleet by 2030 and 100% by 2040.

Supportive Supportive
System Total 73,859 331,119
Urban Eco-Systems
Measure UE-1 Increase organics diversion through SB-1383 to divert 75% of organic material by 2025.
59,899 63,190
Measure UE-2 Increase tree canopy to 25% by 2030 and 30% by 2045 by focusing on communities most vulnerable
to extreme heat.
149 1,635
Measure UE-3 Reduce the potential for wildfire to spread in Glendale by actively managing 50-75 acres of land
annually through prescribed burns, brush
clearance, grazing, and building hardening.

Supportive Supportive
Measure UE-4 Increase access to affordable and fresh produce through partnerships and technical assistance.

Supportive Supportive
Measure UE-5 Reduce per capita water use to 48 gallons per day by 2030 and 42 gallons per day by 2045 by
enhancing water conservation and water quality
and increase the Glendale water system's
resilience to climate extremes by upgrading water
and stormwater facilities.

Supportive Supportive
Measure UE-6 Showcase municipal leadership through increased landfill diversion rates, climate-smart food and
Supportive Supportive
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Measure ID Measure Text
2030 GHG Emission
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
2045 GHG Emission
Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
purchasing behavior, and enhanced water
efficiencies.

System Total 60,048 64,825
Total 214,216 626,277
Implementation Strategy
Exhibit 1: Appendices G & H: Cost and Funding Analysis and Implementation Work Plan, provide a framework of the timeframes, funding mechanisms, and lead departments' roles to implement the mitigation and adaptation strategies described in the CAAP. The City will establish an internal CAAP team to monitor implementation progress, establish community round table meetings to discuss implementation progress. The City and Rincon have established a website for the CAAP. This site hosts the final CAAP and technical documents such as the GHG inventories and other background documents used in the development of the CAAP. To show case progress on CAAP implementation a community facing dashboard will be developed.

The CAAP will be implemented through a phased approach. The measures and actions have been developed to be implemented over time to reduce emissions and increase the City's resilience in a thoughtful, achievable, and stepwise process. As such, the actions are anticipated to be completed in the following phases:

1.Phase 1 - 2025-2027: Near term projects that have the potential to provide immediate benefits, such as energy efficiency upgrades in municipal buildings and expansion of public transportation options.

2.Phase 2 - 2028-2030: More extensive projects requiring substantial planning and resources, such as large-scale renewable energy installations and retrofitting critical infrastructure.

3.Phase 3 - 2031-2033: Sustained efforts to achieve long-term goals, including comprehensive urban planning and ongoing adaptation measures.

Other implementation actions include:

Quarterly Activity: Meet with the Internal CAAP team to monitor implementation progress and address any obstacles.

Annual Activities:
a) Identify the implementation status of each CAAP measure and action. Evaluate their progress against the established timelines and update the online Sustainability Dashboard.
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b) Meet with community partners and internal stakeholders to prepare a report analyzing progress, which will be delivered to the City Council and relevant commissions.
c) Ensure that CAAP measures and actions are included in the annual budget process.

Every Three Years: Complete an updated GHG emissions inventory and assess the results against the City’s GHG emissions targets.

Every Five Years: Update the CAAP targets, measures, and actions.

The measures and actions in the CAAP are not exclusive and do not prevent the use of other GHG reduction strategies. Adjustments to the plan or its components may be necessary as circumstances change or new information, regulations, and technologies emerge. The monitoring activities and resulting reports will indicate whether the City is on track to meet its 2035 target or if additional measures and actions are needed.

Community Action
Community engagement is necessary to achieve meaningful emissions reductions and address climate change because real, lasting change happens from the ground up.

While policies and technologies are essential, individual and collective actions at the community level directly influence local emissions, build resilience, and shape societal norms.

Glendale completed a consumption-based emissions inventory (CBI) (Exhibit 1:

Appendix F). Community-wide GHG emissions inventories, such as those developed for the CAAP, generally focus on emissions released or produced from sources located within a community's geopolitical boundary for which the City has jurisdictional control.

CBIs, on the other hand, cover emissions associated with the lifecycle stages of a utility, good, or service regardless of whether emissions occur within a community's geopolitical boundary. CBIs acknowledge that jurisdictional boundaries do not restrict a community's GHG emissions contributions and provide individuals within the community a better understanding of the full impact of their consumptive behaviors. The results of the CBI will aid staff in developing education, outreach, and engagement programs for households. These programs will provide the community with examples of activities focused on shifting from carbon-intensive to less carbon-intensive activities.

CAAP Funding and Costs
The CAAP is an investment in the future, aimed at safeguarding the quality of life for current and future generations. The implementation of the CAAP will be a collaborative effort that will require strategic investment in infrastructure, technology systems, 43 of 961

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policies, and programs. Costs for implementing the CAAP will include capital investments, such as installing EV charging stations, HVAC upgrades, and transit improvements. Costs will also include staff time to develop policies and conduct outreach and educational campaigns.

Many CAAP strategies are designed to lower long-term operating costs for the City and residents by improving energy efficiency, reducing infrastructure damage, and decreasing emergency response burdens.

The implementation of the CAAP will involve upfront costs for the City and community, but the long-term financial, social, and environmental benefits significantly outweigh these expenses. The CAAP will streamline environmental review for new development, align the City with state climate goals, and enhance eligibility for major funding sources, such as California’s $10 billion climate bond. Proactive investments such as installing EV infrastructure during construction, electrifying buildings, and enhancing climate resilience through tree planting and microgrids are far more cost-effective now than retrofitting later. In addition to cost savings, the CAAP offers co-benefits such as improved public health and emissions reductions, reinforcing that the plan’s benefits far outweigh its implementation costs.

The Cost Range Analysis Exhibit 1: Appendix G. considers several types of cost when assessing each GHG reduction measure. First, internal and external costs are considered. Internal costs are those experienced by the City (i.e., City staff time and capital costs), while external costs are those felt by the community (i.e., residents and businesses). The cost tiers (No Cost/Cost Savings, Low Cost, Moderate Cost, High Cost) for each measure are assessed separately for both the City and the community Exhibit 1: Appendix G. Second, the analysis considers upfront and lifecycle costs.

Upfront costs include the costs associated with purchasing and installing an item, including any City staff time spent on related activities like procurement, planning, or ordinance development. Lifecycle costs refer to the ongoing expenses or cost savings generated from operating, maintaining, and disposing of an item. They can also include the time spent by City staff on enforcement, monitoring, and compliance over the item’s lifespan.

Based on the results of the cost range analysis, a Cost Summary table was developed to quickly identify the most cost-effective measures and actions within Phase 1 of the CAAP implementation. This table provides a quick reference to help guide implementation, but it also has several limitations that should be considered. Many of the resilience-focused measures have unknown lifecycle savings. This is due to the unknown risks associated with increased natural disasters, such as fires. Therefore, while these measures are likely all cost-effective, they are listed as unknown for this reason. Additionally, measures such as increasing transit can result in lifecycle savings 44 of 961

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over time and at buildout, where the increased costs are offset by lower vehicle ownership costs, improved air quality and health benefits, and reduced road maintenance costs. However, since there are no direct cost savings in the short term, these have been listed as “no” lifecycle savings.

Figure 3 Cost Summary
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The cost of implementing the CAAP projects and programs will vary. However, the adoption of the CAAP positions the City well to pursue a wide range of funding opportunities. Numerous state and, to a lesser extent, federal grant programs are available to support early implementation efforts. Additionally, some CAAP actions are continuations of existing City initiatives that already have dedicated funding. Funding opportunities may include state and federal grants and potentially private-sector partnerships, energy savings contracts, fees, and public-private partnerships to help fund anticipated measures and actions.

To guide this process, Rincon and H.I.P. Investor have developed a Climate Action Finance Map Exhibit 1, Appendix G, which outlines a range of financing and funding options to support the City’s highest-impact climate measures.

Importantly, there is no immediate fiscal impact associated with adopting the Resolution to approve the CAAP. Existing, budgeted staff positions are expected to take on additional responsibilities during implementation. As the City integrates CAAP goals into its broader financial policies and practices, future considerations may include funding the full lifecycle costs of each project, covering both capital expenditures and ongoing operations aligned with local priorities.

As cities nationwide ramp up the implementation of their climate plans, new financing models particularly those targeting decarbonized buildings and low-emission transportation will continue to evolve. The City will remain agile in identifying and leveraging these emerging opportunities to achieve its CAAP goals. City staff will actively pursue external funding sources, including government grants. Funding for future projects will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis and considered for the Council’s approval independently.

STAKEHOLDERS/OUTREACH
The success of the CAAP implementation hinges on the community’s active involvement and long-term support. To ensure the community’s voice was meaningfully reflected in the DRAFT CAAP, the City of Glendale conducted extensive and interactive stakeholder outreach throughout the plan’s development.

An Outreach, Education, and Engagement (OEE) Plan guided this process, outlining inclusive strategies designed to engage the Glendale community meaningfully and equitably. Outreach activities went beyond information-sharing by incorporating hands- on, participatory elements such as making vision boards and interactive activities that sparked conversations, built trust, and led to meaningful community feedback. The interactive games sparked conversations, built trust, and led to meaningful community feedback. The City made a concerted effort to hear from those most affected by 46 of 961

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environmental hazards, including seniors, foreign-born citizens, renters, frontline workers, and linguistically isolated communities.

Outreach activities included more than 75 events citywide ranging from 29 pop-up booths at community events and libraries to 44 in-person and virtual workshops held at neighborhood centers, high schools, and Glendale Community College. These efforts were supplemented by two public surveys, stakeholder focus groups, and educational presentations to local organizations, neighborhood associations, and youth groups. Mini- grants were awarded to community partners to lead culturally and locally tailored engagement efforts.

To promote accessibility, outreach materials and the CAAP website were available in English, Armenian, Spanish, and Korean. The City also engaged over 150 community- based organizations through direct outreach, mini grants, and leveraged social media, email campaigns, flyers, and in-person canvassing to increase awareness and participation.
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Additionally, City staff from every department were engaged throughout the process, participating in all-hands planning sessions and one-on-one coordination meetings. This internal collaboration ensured that feedback from the community could be integrated into realistic and actionable measures aligned with departmental operations.

The result is a plan grounded in community priorities, shaped by diverse perspectives, and supported by a foundation of trust, transparency, and collaboration. 48 of 961

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Outreach and engagement were completed in three phases: 1) data gathering and documenting existing conditions, which occurred from Spring 2023 Fall 2023; 2) strategy development, which occurred from Fall – Winter 2023 - 2024; 3) CAAP development and reading for adoption, which occurred through Winter 2024/early-Spring 2025. During Phase 1, an inventory (or audit) of the emissions was completed as well as an assessment of the key climate vulnerabilities that may impact the community (see Chapter 3 for more information about climate change vulnerabilities and Chapter 4 for more information on the emissions inventory). During Phase 1, the climate risks and vulnerabilities were “ground-truthed” through robust conversations with interested parties to help refine desktop research and weave in community characteristics and priorities.

Phase 2 of the community engagement included development and refinement of the strategies based on current best practices and the unique needs and opportunities in Glendale. The greatest amount of community outreach occurred during Phase 2, which allowed us to establish initiatives that align with the community’s needs and address hurdles. The final phase, Phase 3, of the project included a website update that invited community members to share feedback on the compiled plan, along with adoption hearing with City Council.

Three public comments were received on the Draft CAAP document. One comment focused on the volume of words and the need for summaries at the end of each chapter.

Each chapter of the CAAP begins with a summary so no further action was taken.

The other two comments focused on Appendix H: The Implementation and Work Plan.

The comment recommended that Appendix H should have goals. Updates to the Appendix H were made based on the comments received.

FISCAL IMPACT
There is no direct fiscal impact associated with the adoption of the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan. However, implementation of the plan will have a future fiscal impact, and the department will return to Council at the appropriate time to identify the funding sources to complete each project.

ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW (CEQA/NEPA)
The CAAP was evaluated in compliance with California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), the State CEQA Guidelines, and the environmental regulations of the City.

Pursuant to State California Environmental Quality Act Guidelines (Cal. Code Regs. tit. 14, §§ 15000 et seq.)(hereinafter the “CEQA Guidelines”), section 15183.5(a), lead agencies may analyze and mitigate the significant effects of GHG emissions at a programmatic level, such as in a general plan, a long range development plan, or a separate plan to reduce GHG emissions. This CAAP is a programmatic document that was analyzed in an Initial Study that supports a Negative Declaration determination for 49 of 961

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the CAAP. A Negative Declaration (ND) is prepared when a project is determined not to have a significant effect on the environment.

CEQA Guidelines section 15183.5(b)(1) states that a plan for the reduction of GHG should: a) Quantify GHG emissions, both existing and projected over a specified time period, resulting from activities within a specified area; b) Establish a level, based on substantial evidence, below which the contribution to GHG emissions from activities covered by the plan would not be cumulatively considerable; c) Identify and analyze the GHG emissions resulting from specific actions or categories of actions anticipated within the geographic area; d) Specify measures or a group of measures, including performance standards, that substantial evidence demonstrates, if implemented on a project-by-project basis, would collectively achieve the specified emissions reduction level; e) Establish a mechanism to monitor the plan’ s progress toward achieving the level and to require amendment if the plan is not achieving specified levels; f) Be adopted in a public process following environmental review. The CAAP was prepared in compliance with CEQA Guidelines section 15183.5.

It is important to note that the CAAP to reduce GHG emissions may be used in future project cumulative impact analyses (CEQA Guidelines, §15183.5(b)) so long as such projects implement CAAP policies and, where appropriate, incorporate the CAAP policies as feasible, enforceable mitigation measures. The CAAP proposed for adoption is a qualified GHG emissions reduction plan that is designed to implement policies that meet state GHG emission reduction targets consistent with the CEQA Guidelines section 15183.5 for year 2030, and is therefore aimed at reducing significant environmental impacts. In addition, the CAAP includes a Project Review Checklist that allows future projects to determine if they are consistent with the GHG reduction measures identified in the CAAP. Consistent projects can tier their environmental review from the existing programmatic environmental review contained in the Initial Study – Negative Declaration prepared for the CAAP.

The IS/ND was circulated for public comment from March 24, 2025 through May 19, 2025, a total of 56 days. No public comments on the IS/ND were received.

CAMPAIGN DISCLOSURE
This item is exempt from campaign disclosure requirements.

ALTERNATIVES TO STAFF RECOMMENDATION
The Council has the option to not approve the IS/ND and not approve the CAAP. Council also has the option to approve the IS/ND but not approve the CAAP.

ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION
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Submitted by:

John Takhtalian, Assistant City Manager
Prepared by:

David Jones, Sustainability Officer
Approved by:

Roubik R. Golanian, P.E., City Manager

EXHIBITS/ATTACHMENTS

1. City of Glendale Climate Action and Adaptation Plan:

Appendix A: Community Engagement and Engagement Summary Appendix B: Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
Appendix C: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Analysis Report
Appendix D: Climate Change Legislation
Appendix E: Measure Substantial Evidence Report
Appendix F: Consumptive Based Emissions Inventory
Appendix G.1: Cost and Funding Analysis & Climate Finance Matrix Appendix H: Implementation and Work Plan

2. Appendix I: Initial Study – Negative Declaration Signed 51 of 961

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A RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF GLENDALE,

CALIFORNIA, ADOPTING AN INITIAL STUDY/ NEGATIVE DECLARATION

PREPARED PURSUANT TO THE CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL

QUALITY ACT FOR THE CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN (CAAP) WHEREAS, the City of Glendale, as the lead agency, prepared an Initial Study of the proposed Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) (the “Project”), and the Director of Community Development approved preparation of an Initial Study/Negative Declaration (IS/ND) pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act; and WHEREAS, the IS/ND were made available from public comment from March 24, 2025 until May 19, 2025, for a total 56-day public review; the City received three (3) public comments on the Draft CAAP, but no comments were received on the IS/ND; and WHEREAS, the City Council exercising its independent judgment, has read, reviewed and analyzed the Initial Study and all reports and appendices in connection with the Negative Declaration for the CAAP Project, has considered public testimony and based thereon the City Council finds and determines that the IS/ND was prepared in compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act; and
WHEREAS, the Glendale Sustainability Office has been identified as the custodian of record for the IS/ND.

NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED BY THE COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF GLENDALE AS FOLLOWS:

SECTION 1. The recitals as set forth herein above are true and correct.

SECTION 2. On the basis of the whole of the record including the Initial Study, the Negative Declaration and testimony received during hearings on the Project, there is no substantial evidence that the Project will have a significant effect on the environment.

SECTION 3. The Negative Declaration prepared for the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan is hereby adopted and approved as being prepared in conformance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).

SECTION 4. The IS/ND was published and duly noticed as required by law.

Adopted this _______ day of __________________________, 2025. ____________________________
Mayor
ATTEST:
____________________________
City Clerk
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STATE OF CALIFORNIA )
) SS

COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES )
I, SUZIE ABAJIAN, PhD, City Clerk of the City of Glendale, certify that the foregoing Resolution was adopted by the City Council of the City of Glendale, California, at a special meeting held on the ___________ day of _________________, 2025, and that same was adopted by the following vote:

Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:
____________________________
City Clerk
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M O T I O N
Moved by Council Member _______________________, seconded by Council Member _______________________, that the City Council hereby approves the City’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) to:
Serve as the community’s framework for improving health and environment for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and increasing resilience in the face of climate change which will focus on pragmatic, measurable, and time-bound strategies, innovative solutions that are financially viable; and
Establish policies, measures and actions to reduce GHG emissions and enhance community resilience to climate change and guides sustainable development in response to climate change; and
Provide a framework pursuant to which future projects may utilize the CAAP to determine whether the project is consistent with CAAP goals and policies and thereafter adopt mitigation strategies identified in the CAAP to address any potential significant impacts and confirm compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act.

Vote as follows:

Ayes:

Noes:

Absent:

Abstain:
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City of Glendale
Month 2025
Climate Action &
Adaptation Plan
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Sustainability Commission
Cole Bazemore
Alex Bartrosouf
Haig Kartounian
Jeniffer Pinkerton
Rondi Werner
Staff
City Manager Office
Elizabeth Harris
Greg Kajszo
Nora Karakashian
City Attorney
Gillian Van Muyden
City Treasurer
Guia Murray
Community Development
Jordan Goose
Dennis Joe
Erik Krause
Ismael Carbajal Perez
Cassandra Pruett
Joseph Rodarte
Teresa Santilena
Ara Sargsyan
Celine Sarkisloo
Vilia Zemaitaitis
Fred Zohrehvand
Community Services and Parks
Joseph Gonzalez
Fire Department
Jeff Brooks
Glendale Water and Power
Ileana Cardenas
Scott Melon
Chisom Obegolu
Bryan Salazar
Ruzan Soloyan
Chie Valdez
Public Works
Martha D’Andrea
Shea Eccleston
Loren Klick
Etienne Ozorak
Kevin Todd
Interns & Fellows
Ben Marshall
Rincon Consultants
Camila Bobroff
Ryan Gardner
Hannah Mize
Reema Shakra
Community Members
We are also so grateful for those members
of the community who provided input, your
assistance has been invaluable.
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As the City of Glendale's sustainability officer, I am proud to introduce our commu - nity's new Climate Action and Adaptation Plan —a bold, forward-looking roadmap designed to safeguard our environment, protect public health, and build long-term resilience to climate change.

Cities worldwide are increasingly confronting the realities of a changing climate— rising temperatures, more frequent extreme weather events, and growing pressure on infrastructure and ecosystems. Glendale is no exception. From heatwaves and fire risk to air quality and energy and water challenges, the impacts are already being felt across our neighborhoods, affecting our most vulnerable residents first and hardest.

This plan represents our city's commitment to doing our part. It outlines clear strat - egies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, transition to clean energy, and enhance our capacity to adapt to the changes already underway. Equally vital, it centers equity and community engagement, ensuring no one is left behind as we transition to a safer, healthier, and more sustainable future.

Developed through robust collaboration with stakeholders, local organizations, and community members, this plan reflects both the urgency of the moment and the col - lective optimism that we can meet this challenge head-on together. It reflects our collective belief that we can meet today’s needs without compromising the well-being of generations to come.

Our climate action is not just about risk—it's about opportunity. It's about creating green jobs, improving public spaces, enhancing mobility, and making our city more livable for future generations. By acting now, we are investing in a resilient future for our children and all who call Glendale home.

Let this plan be both a promise and a catalyst—for action, innovation, and unity.

Sincerely,
David Jones
Sustainability Officer

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Rincon Consultants, Inc. (hereinafter referred to as "Rincon") prepares vulnerability assessments that evaluate climate change hazards, including wildfire, based on numerous sources, including third party consultants, State and Federal mapping resources, and various software modeling programs that are considered industry standard best practices. The vulnerability assessment prepared for this CAAP evaluated wildfire hazards based on CAL FIRE’s Fire Hazard Severity Zones.

Vulnerabilities were analyzed in collaboration with City of Glendale staff. Wildfire is unpredictable, and the specific conditions of wildfire could result in fire behavior that diverges from the assumptions used in this analysis. There is no guarantee that wildfire behavior and specific treatment to avoid such behavior will follow or prevent wildfire impacts. Rincon is not responsible for any damage to life or property that might occur based on the results of the vulnerability analyses herein, and any accom - panying recommendations
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction ......................................................... 6 Land Acknowledgement ............................................................... 6 Vision ............................................................................................... 7 Integrated Systems Approach .................................................. 10 Overview of Glendale ................................................................... 13 Climate Change Overview ......................................................... 16 California Regulatory Framework ............................................. 18

2. Community Engagement ................................. 20 Engagement Approach ....................................................... 20

3. Climate Change Vulnerability .......................... 31 Vulnerability and Adaptation .............................................. 31 Climate Hazards .................................................................. 33 Top Glendale Climate Change Vulnerabilities .............. 35

4. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis .............. 40
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory ............................. 40 Consumption Based Inventory .......................................... 49

5. Climate Action and Resilience Strategies ...... 53
Strategy Framework ........................................................... 54 Social and Governance System ...................................... 62 Building System .................................................................... 71 Mobility and Land Use System .......................................... 81 Urban Eco-System .............................................................. 97

6. Implementation and Monitoring ................... 113 Ongoing Community Education and Outreach ............ 114 CAAP Implementation Plan ............................................. 118

7. Household Climate Action Roadmap ........... 122
Y our Choices Make a Difference! .................................. 122 Appendix A: Engagement Summary
Appendix B: Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
Appendix C: Greenhouse Gas Inventory Analysis Report
Appendix D: Climate Change Legislation
Appendix E: Measure Substantial Evidence Report
Appendix F: Consumptive-Based Emissions Inventory
Appendix G: Glendale GHG Reduction Measures Cost Range Analysis Appendix H: Implementation Work Plan
Appendix I: CEQA IS/ND
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INTRODUCTION

LAND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to acknowledge that the City of Glendale is in Tovaangar (To-VAA-ngar), the home and traditional lands of the Gabrielino-Tongva People. We would like to pay our respects to the elders both past and present and the Gabrielino- Tongva communities who continue to be stewards of this land.

Glendale’s history did not start with colonialism. Indigenous communities have lived in this area and been stewards of this land for hundreds of years and numerous genera - tions. The Gabrielino-Tongva communities and culture continues to grow and flourish.

We encourage you to learn more about the Gabrielino-Tongva tribe and the many indigenous communities in California and beyond. To get you started, you can find a list of books and resources at eglendalelac.org/nativeamerican . 1 Introduction | Land Acknowledgement
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VISION
The City of Glendale's Climate Action and
Adaptation Plan (CAAP) is our community’s
framework for improving our health and
environment, limiting our global impact by
reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
and increasing our resilience in the face of
climate change. With a focus on pragmatic,
measurable, and time-bound strategies, this
CAAP provides innovative solutions that are
financially viable.

Key pillars of Glendale's aspirational
future include a commitment to reducing
GHG emissions through the promotion
of renewable energy sources, implemen -
tation of innovative green technologies,
and sustainable urban planning practices.

Simultaneously, we prioritize climate adap -
tation efforts by developing resilient infra -
structure, implementing effective resource
management strategies, and prioritizing
ecosystem conservation to bolster natural
resilience.

Moreover, our vision emphasizes social
equity, uplifting the needs of the most
vulnerable members of our community,
including vulnerable residents and BIPOC
(Black, Indigenous, and People of Color)-
owned businesses, recognizing the ineq -
uities in existing systems, and outlaying
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strategies to increase resilience and protect our most vulnerable com - munity members from the adverse impacts of climate change. We aim to enhance economic resilience by fortifying our City's ability to with - stand climate emergencies and supporting the growth of clean energy industries.

Central to our vision is the improvement of overall quality of life for all residents, fostering a collaborative civic identity that prioritizes sus - tainability, safety, security, and diversity. Community involvement is pivotal, and we strive to remove barriers to participation to allow all Glendale residents, businesses, and other interested parties to engage in climate planning processes, confirming decisions are inclusive and reflective of community needs and aspirations.

Furthermore, Glendale is committed to forging collaborative partner - ships with organizations and entities that share our commitment to science-guided decision-making, sustainability, resilience, and equity.

By working together, we can create a more sustainable, resilient, and equitable community that thrives in the face of climate change challenges.

The CAAP has been developed with extensive local analysis and com - munity feedback and will be implemented under the same framework.

During the CAAP development process, the project team prioritized lifting voices from neighborhoods with populations that are most vul - nerable to the effects of climate change impacts through engagement that invited the entire community to participate. CAAP engagement events were held in neighborhoods across Glendale to meet people where they are. The feedback from these events was paramount to the preparation of the CAAP, with the diverse voices of the community reflected throughout.

1. https://nextcity.org/urbanist-news/knowing-your-neighbors-could-save-you-from-the-next-climate-disaster Additionally, the strategies were reviewed and updated based on multiple conversations with City staff to confirm realistic implemen - tation and alignment with established priorities. Our goal is to create a holistic approach to meaningful change where we continue to work together and build meaningful relationships throughout the process.

Research shows that knowing our neighbors, and thereby knowing the needs of our community, results in some of the greatest collaboration 1 and meaningful policy development that reaches beyond a framework that sits on a shelf and is built into our everyday lives.

Outreach and engagement conducted
for this project are further summarized in
Chapter 2 and each strategy which was
influenced by community feedback can be
identified through this icon in Chapter 5.

We will continue to work together throughout the implementation of this CAAP, as the planning phase marks the launching point for our collective journey toward a more resilient and healthier community.

We look forward to ongoing progress and continued collaboration; ongoing engagement is detailed further in Chapter 6.

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Consistency with C EQA Guidelines
This CAAP is consistent with the criteria set forth in CEQA Guidelines Section 15183.5(b) as outlined below:
y Quantify GHG emissions, both existing and projected over a specified time period, resulting from activities within a defined geographic area (See Chapter 4).
y Establish a level, based on substantial evidence, below which the contribution to GHG emissions from activities covered by the plan would not be cumulatively considerable (See Chapter 4).
y Identify and analyze the GHG emissions resulting from spe - cific actions or categories of actions anticipated within the geographic area (See Chapter 4).
y Specify measures or a group of measures, including perfor - mance standards, that substantial evidence demonstrates, if implemented on a project-by-project basis, would collec - tively achieve the specified emissions level (See Chapter 5 and Appendix E).
y Establish a mechanism to monitor the plan’s progress
toward achieving the level and to require amendment if the plan is not achieving specified levels (See Chapter 6 and Appendix H).
y Be adopted in a public process following environmental review (See Appendix I).

This CAAP serves as a Qualified Climate Action Plan for which the City can streamline the environmental review process of GHG emissions generated from future projects. In turn, this can save time and money during the environmental review process while simultaneously spurring emissions reductions and promoting sustainable, economic growth and prosperity.

CLIMATE ACTION ADAPTATION

PLAN GOALS
Aligned with California's ambitious climate goals, the CAAP sets Glendale on a trajectory towards achieving the state's target of reducing GHG emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030, while also making strides towards carbon neutrality by 2045.

The CAAP satisfies the requirements of the California Environmental Quality Act Section 15183.5(b), supporting Glendale’s “fair share” towards reducing GHG emissions and is considered a qualified climate action plan. It is designed to help us achieve California’s goals out - lined in Senate Bill (SB) 32, which requires the state to reduce GHG emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels, as well as make substantial progress towards carbon neutrality by 2045 in support of Assembly Bill (AB) 1279.

By embracing this plan, Glendale aims to safeguard public health and the environment, nurture a green economy, and enhance the overall quality of life for its residents and visitors in the face of a changing climate. Through concerted efforts to reduce GHG emissions, adapt to extreme weather events, foster renewable energy deployment, pre - serve habitat and biodiversity, and provide equitable access to sus - tainability benefits, Glendale has positioned itself as a leading force in climate action, leveraging its robust economy, strong community, and innovative spirit to realize the goals outlined in the CAAP.

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INTEGRATED SYSTEMS APPROACH
Our innovative approach to climate action is based on the under - standing that a healthy, resilient, and safe community is built on the integration of multiple systems. Traditionally, climate action and adap - tation have been disaggregated and viewed as separate areas of focus, with climate action efforts aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adaptation focused on managing the impacts of climate change. This division has often led to siloed planning and missed opportunities for integrated strategies that could maximize resilience and effectiveness. This CAAP emphasizes the need to blend climate action and adaptation, recognizing that a comprehensive approach is essential to addressing both the root causes and effects of climate change, thereby creating co-benefits and more resilient systems.

The systems approach adopted for this CAAP is based on natural systems, where the outflows of one system serve as inputs to another, fostering interconnectedness and sustainability. This approach pro - motes a holistic view, recognizing that each action or change in one area can positively or negatively impact other parts of the community, encouraging solutions that benefit multiple systems simultaneously. As such, of the approaches identified by the plan provide both emissions reductions and increased resilience as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Intersection of Climate Action and Climate Adaptation Introduction | Integrated Systems Approach
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During the CAAP development process, the Building System, Mobility and Land Use System, Urban Ecosystem, and Social and Governance System were identified as the core components that make up the City, as shown in Figure 2.

The Building System focuses on decarbonizing and weatherizing our homes and businesses to make them more resilient to potential climate impacts such as extreme heat, wildfires, and poor air quality.

Additionally, the Building System outlines a framework to increase car - bon-free electricity procurement, which will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance energy resilience, reduce the risk of power outages due to extreme weather and wildfires, and support a transition to cleaner, more sustainable energy sources in alignment with the City’s targets and state’s goals.

The Urban Ecosystem establishes strategies that range from increasing organics diversion and tree canopy to reducing the potential for wildfire spread. The Urban Ecosystem also encompasses programs to increase access to fresh, affordable produce and reduce water use.

The Mobility and Land Use System aims to reduce the reliance on single-occupancy vehicles, increase active transportation, enhance the transit system, increase use of passenger and commercial electric vehicles, and decarbonize off-road equipment. The Mobility and Land Use System links our Building Systems with our Urban Ecosystems.

The collection of physical systems (Mobility and Land Use, Building, and Urban Ecosystems) are supported by the Social and Governance System which intends to provide clear, timely, multi-lingual evacuation and health messaging, establish community resilience centers, for - malize community-based relationships, and increase our capacity to better withstand climate shocks and stressors.

Together, the integrated systems-based approach breaks down the traditional barriers associated with climate action by taking a high - er-level view of the overall framework that makes our City operate.

The unique systems-based approach was further refined by Glendale's vision for the future as one of resilience, sustainability, and inclusivity, driven by a deep understanding of the real and pressing challenges posed by climate change. As climate impacts manifest locally and are projected to worsen without concerted global action, Glendale is committed to leading the charge towards significant GHG emissions reduction while preparing for these changes with climate adaptation measures. Our CAAP serves as a roadmap towards this vision, aiming to safeguard our environment, elevate residents' quality of life, and foster Figure 2 Systems Based Approach – A Resilient Glendale
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economic prosperity while reducing emissions
in line with California's ambitious goals.

The success of the CAAP relies on the col-
lective responsibility of broader entire com-
munity to act together toward shared goals.

By staying engaged, contributing ideas, and
supporting the implementation of key actions,
individuals and groups play a crucial role in
building a more resilient and sustainable future.

Through collaboration and commitment, we
can fortify the long-term success of the CAAP,
making positive changes that benefit both
the environment and the well-being of our
community.

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OVERVIEW OF GLENDALE
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14 Glendale is a dynamic city known for
its diverse population and vibrant
character.

Situated in Los Angeles County, Glendale is a dynamic city known for its diverse population and vibrant character. As the fourth-largest city by population in Los Angeles County,2 Glendale boasts a rich tapestry of communities and neighbor - hoods, each contributing to its unique identity.

Reflecting its diverse population, Glendale is home to a wide range of ethnicities that contribute to its vibrant cultural landscape. While approximately 69 percent of the population identifies as White,3 34 percent is of Armenian descent, presenting unique cultural and equity considerations.4 About 19 percent of the population identifies as Hispanic or Latino, over 13 percent as Asian, and nearly 2 percent as Black or African American.5 Additionally, over 50 percent of Glendale’s residents were born outside the United States—a figure notably higher than the national average of 14 percent—and 67 percent speak a language other than English at home.6 Glendale also has a substantial older population, with 18.4 percent of resi - dents aged 65 or older, exceeding the California average.7 A summary of our popu - lation demographics is shown in Figure 3.

2. Los Angeles Almanac. N.d. Most Populous Cities Los Angeles County. Available: https://www.laalmanac.com/popu- lation/po32.php. Accessed in October 2024.

3. U.S. Census. QuickFacts: Glendale city, California; United States.

4. ZIPatlas. N.d. Cities with the Highest Percentage of Armenian Population in California. Available: https://zipatlas.com/ us/ca/city-comparison/percentage-armenian-population.htm. Accessed in October 2024.

5. U.S. Census. QuickFacts: Glendale city, California; United States.

6. U.S. Census. QuickFacts: Glendale city, California; United States.

7. U.S. Census. QuickFacts: Glendale city, California; United States.

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Glendale benefits from reliable energy and water provision by Glendale Water & Power, and wastewater treatment facilities managed by Glendale Water & Power and the Los Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant. Waste management services, including landfill waste, recyclables, and organic waste collection, are efficiently handled by the City and franchised waste haulers. Mobility in and around the City is currently dominated by single occupancy vehicles.

However, we’re currently working on preparing a Bicycle Master Plan which outlines a robust bicycle network that connects the neighbor - hoods throughout the Glendale. Additionally, Glendale is served by its own bus system, Beeline, as well as the regional Metro transit services.

The City is generally built out, with multi-family and urbanized areas in the south and central portion of the City and hillsides to the north.

The systems-based approach that is discussed under the Integrated Systems Approach section, weaves social, economic, and environ - mental considerations throughout the framework to create resilient and adaptive strategies that address both immediate and long-term climate risks, providing sustainable and equitable outcomes for our community and the environment.
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/glendalecitycalifornia/INC110219 Figure 3 Population Demographics in Glendale
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https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide

CLIMATE CHANGE OVERVIEW
Since the middle of the 20th century, the mechanisms behind climate change have been thoroughly understood. The natural greenhouse effect, crucial for maintaining Earth's temperature, involves atmospheric gases trapping solar heat. However, since the industrial revolution, human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation have significantly increased greenhouse gas emissions. Specifically, carbon levels in the atmosphere have risen from 200-280 parts per million historically to over 400 parts per million in the last century, as shown in Figure 4, surpassing any levels seen in the past 800,000 years. This excess of greenhouse gases intensifies the trapping of solar heat, leading to rising global temperatures. It's widely acknowledged within the scientific community, with over 97 percent of climate scientists concurring, that human activities are primarily responsible for this warming trend.

Figure 4 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
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Climate change, driven predominantly by the increase in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane, poses a significant threat to both global and local environments, impacting public health, natural resources, infrastructure, emergency response, and other aspects of society at the local scale. One of the primary indicators of climate change is the increase in global temperatures. Since the turn of the last century, the Earth's average temperature has risen by approximately 2° Fahrenheit (F), with the rate of warming accelerating in recent decades. 8 In Glendale, temperature and precipitation are expected to change in the following ways:

8. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature Drought. The City is expected to experience
increases in the length of dry spells.

Increasing Temperatures. Average maximum tempera -
tures in Glendale are expected to increase between

4.2°F and 5.2°F by 2050 and between 5.4°F and

8.6°F by 2100.

Wildfire. The annual wildfire probability in Glendale
is anticipated to increase from 20 percent to 30
percent by 2100.

Increasing intensity of precipitation events and
longer dry periods.

Landslides. The risk of landslides is projected to
increase as precipitation variability increases and
wildfires increase in frequency, size, and severity.

Extreme Heat and Warm Nights. Glendale is
projected to experience an increase in the
annual number of extreme heat days in the
coming decades.

Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation.

Climate change will cause changes in precipitation
patterns, overwhelming Glendale’s stormwater infra -
structure, leading to localized flooding in highly paved areas throughout Glendale.

Poor Air Quality. Air quality within the Los Angeles
region is projected to worsen because of an
increase in regional wildfires and average maximum
temperature.

A detailed vulnerability analysis for the City of Glendale can be found in Chapter 3.

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CALIFORNIA REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
Faced with a changing climate, California has become a globally recognized leader on climate action, having established a variety of ambitious GHG- reduction targets and associated strategies. The primary legislation that has driven Statewide GHG-emissions reductions are AB 32, SB 32, AB 1279, SB 379, and AB 2684. These pieces of legislation are described below in more detail and more information is provided on additional relevant regula - tions in Appendix D.

AB 32 – G lobal Warming
Solutions Act (2006)
Assembly Bill (AB) 32 set a statewide goal for reducing GHG emis - sions to 1990 levels by 2020 and required the California Air Resources Board to prepare a Scoping Plan to outline the main strategies California would take to achieve this goal. The first Scoping Plan was adopted in 2008.

SB 32 (2016)
Senate Bill (SB) 32 set a new statewide goal for reducing GHG emis - sions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030, extending upon the 2020 goal already established by the Global Warming Solutions Act. In 2017, the California Air Resources Board adopted an update to the Scoping Plan which provided a framework for achieving the 2030 target.

AB 1279 – C alifornia Climate
Crisis Act (2022)
AB 1279 sets ambitious climate targets for the State, mandating that California achieve carbon neutrality by 2045 or sooner, with a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to at least 85 percent below 1990 levels by the same deadline. This legislation empowers the California Air Resources Board to develop and implement strategies to capture and remove carbon dioxide, supporting the State's goal to reach net-negative emissions post-2045.

SB 379 (2015) & A B 2684 (2024)
SB 379 and AB 2684 both require cities and counties to update their planning frameworks to address climate change-related hazards. SB 379 mandates that local governments integrate climate adaptation and resilience strategies into their general plans, assessing vulnerabilities to a range of climate impacts such as wildfires and flooding. AB 2684 builds on these requirements by specifically focusing on extreme heat, requiring local governments to update their safety elements to address heat-related risks. AB 2684 also mandates regular reviews to incorporate the latest data on extreme heat hazards, strengthening California's adaptation efforts in the face of rising temperatures.

See Figure 5 as well as Appendix D for more information on the most influential California legislation related to climate change.

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Figure 5 Regulatory Timeline
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Safe and Healthy Streets Plan
SB 2X 33% by 2020 RPS Increase
AB 32 Scoping Plan Update
AB 1826 Organic Waste Recycling
SB 350 Clean Energy and Pollution Reduction Act
EO B-30-15 40% below 1990 by 2030
SB 1383 Short-lived Climate Pollutants
SB 379 Climate Adaptation and Resilience
SB 32 Global Warming Solutions Act of 2016
2017 Scoping Plan Update
SB 100 Increase RPS
EO B-55-18 Carbon Neutrality by 2045
AB 2127 CEC EV Goals
SB N-79-20 Zero-emissions passenger vehicles
Advanced Clean Trucks Rule
Citywide Pedestrian Plan
AB 2684 Safety Element Update (Extreme Heat)
SB 1221 Empowering Neighborhood Scale Decarbonization
Updated Bicycle Transportation Plan
Glendale Water and Power’s Integrated Resource Plan
Wildfire Mitigation Plan (Update)
SB 1078 Renewable Portfolio Standards
AB 1493 (the Pavley Bill) Vehicular GHG Emissions
EO S-3-05 Targets for GHG Emission Reductions
SB 743 CEQA VMT Threshold
AB 32 Global Warming Solutions Act
SB 107 Renewable Energy Increase
EO S-1-07 Low Carbon Fuel Standard
SB 97 Climate Change in CEQA
SB 375 Sustainable Communities
EO S-14-08 Increase RPS
Downtown Mobility Study
CALGreen Green Building Code
SB X7-7 Water Conservation Act
Zero Waste Action Plan
AB 341 Mandatory Commercial Recycling
Greener Glendale Plan
Bicycle Transportation Plan
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
SB 379 Residential solar energy systems: permitting
SB 1063 appliance standards and cost-effective measures AB 1909 Vehicles: bicycle omnibus bill
AB 1857 Solid Waste Incineration
AB 1985 Organic waste procurement targets
AB 1279 California Climate Crisis Act
SB 1020 Clean Energy, Jobs, and Affordability Act
Advanced Clean Cars II
Gas-Powered Leaf Blower Ban
2022
2023
2024
State Initiatives Glendale Initiatives
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20 ENGAGEMENT APPROACH
The development of this CAAP was centered around outreach and engagement, with a goal of providing space for inclusive community dialogue which engaged all segments of the population. Community outreach materials were created in English, Spanish, and Armenian to provide easy access to residents and to foster diverse and meaningful participation, a variety of engagement methods were employed.

This included active, adaptively managed, online engagement, tabling at community events, hosting CAAP specific events (i.e. the climate cafes) and the distribution of mini-grants (i.e., funding for community-led, CAAP-focused, short-term projects) to community groups to extend engagement reach into historically underserved com - munities. Figure 6 provides a summary of the engagement completed as part of this CAAP. Figure 7 shows the locations of in-person community events that were held and the number of survey responses by zip code. Community events were designed to be inclusive, inviting all members of the community to actively participate in the process. Events were held throughout the City to provide local opportunities for par - ticipation. Although everyone was invited to the events, some were specifically aimed at engaging potentially vulnerability populations in our City. For example, a Climate Café was held at Sparr Heights to gather input from older adults, who frequently attend activities there. Similarly, events were hosted at schools throughout the City, inviting youth to participate in the planning process and have their voices heard in the long-term framework of the City.

COMMUNITY

ENGAGEMENT
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Figure 6 Engagement by the Numbers
75 Events /bullet.case 1,873 attendees
44 Community Meetings
385 attendees
29 Pop-up Events
1,368 attendees
758 pop-up feedback
40 word cloud responses
498 online survey responses
20+ Meetings /bullet.case 69+ Attendees
20+ City Staﬀ Meetings
4 Sustainability Commission Meetings
8 meetings
92 attendees
$4,250 Disbursed to Community Groups
$250 to the Girl Scouts
$1,000 to Adams Hill Neighborhood Association
$3,000 to Go Glendale
General Public Engagement
Meetings with Community based Organizations
Online Engagement
Interdepartmental and Agency Engagem
ent
2 Climate Cafes
120 attendees
660 Comment Cards Received
Mini-Grants
75 Events /bullet.case 1,873 attendees
44 Community Meetings
385 attendees
29 Pop-up Events
1,368 attendees
758 pop-up feedback
Zines, which are small hand made books or mini-
magazines, that the Girl Scout Troop prepared
and distributed to their friends, classmates, and
neighbors!
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Figure 7 Engagement by Location
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The first step in the engagement process was to have the community pick the CAAP project logo. Two online surveys were distributed to understand community concerns around climate change and a website was created to share information and provide regular project updates. The website also included a word cloud where the com - munity was invited to share their thoughts on what a sustainable and livable Glendale would look like; responses reflected what was heard throughout the process, with an emphasis on a healthy, green, and bikeable community that is built on mindful collaboration.

The CAAP was shared at informational tables set up at nearly 30 various local events, including multiple community Clothing Swaps, Repair Cafes (free community events where people can bring items to be repaired by volunteers and specialty repair people), the annual Eggstravaganza, Pacific Park Cesar Chavez Commemorative Event, the Small Business Summit, and multiple events at schools throughout the City. Open house events or Climate Cafes, which were fluid oppor - tunities to provide feedback on the CAAP, catch up with community members, attend a mending clinic, and share snacks with each other, were hosted twice during the CAAP development process. Over forty 23 Community Engagement | Engagement Approach
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community meetings were held throughout the City with hundreds of attendees in total. Additionally, a CAAP toolkit, or set of organized guidelines and best practices, templates, communication materials, interactive tools, and facilitation aids that were shared with communi - ty-based organizations interested in presenting the materials to their community.
28 percent of respondents to the first survey had not participated in the planning process before, with 62 percent being new to the process during the second survey
Regular project updates were shared via email, social media, and community newsletters, inviting the community to participate in the planning process. On Beeline buses throughout the community, you could spot QR codes which directed people to the project website.

Throughout the process, the CAAP aimed for strong community involvement, inviting as many voices as possible to help shape ideas for protecting the environment and increasing resilience to climate change. A community engagement timeline is provided in Figure 8 and a full summary of community engagement is provided in Appendix A.

Shaping Our City’s Future Together
One of the goals in the CAAP development process was to meet people where they are and invite community members who have historically been excluded from decision making to participate and have their voices heard. This reflects a com - mitment to inclusive and accessible community outreach and engagement, welcoming fresh perspectives and fostering community-driven development. Together, we’re shaping the Glendale of the future that represents and serves all voices.

Total survey respondents that had
never participated in a City-run
planning process before90%
Survey 1 - 28%
Survey 2 - 62%
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Figure 8 CAAP Community Outreach and Engagement
Logo
Development
Perkins Park
ConcertFocus Groups
City Staff
Working Group
Brand Park
Concert
Adams Hill
Art Festival
Website
Launch
Summer 2023 Fall/Winter 2023
Clothing Swap
Annual Fall
Festival
Montrose
Harvest Festival
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City Staff
Working Group
Focus
Group
Workshop with Local
Girl Scout Troop
Glendale
Galleria
Assembly Member
44th District Meeting
City Events Climate Cafe
Spring 2024
Environmental
Stewardship Award
Fall/Winter 2023
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Throughout the development of the CAAP, community members expressed a desire for increased financial incentives to make changes in their homes and businesses. Participants also identified a need for expansion of dedicated or protected bike lanes and more secure and safe bicycle parking. Others expressed concerns related to personal safety when using transit. Addressing these priorities and concerns was a top consideration during the strategy development process and solutions are identified throughout the implementation strategies in Chapter 5 as well as Appendix A. Overarching themes heard during the outreach and engagement are shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9 Community Feedback Received During CAAP Process Building
System
Support for:
/bullet.case Carbon free and resilient
energy
/bullet.case Electriﬁcation requirements
/bullet.case Building weatherization
Mobility and
Land Use System
Support for:
/bullet.case Walkable neighborhoods
/bullet.case Mixed land uses
/bullet.case Prioritization of walking,
biking, and transit
/bullet.case Reduced parking
/bullet.case EV use
Social
System
Support for:
/bullet.case Expanded resilience hubs
/bullet.case Neighborhood networks
/bullet.case Formalized community
relationships with the City
Eco-System
Support for:
/bullet.case Compost generation
and use
/bullet.case Reducing water use
/bullet.case Increased tree canopy
and green space
/bullet.case Food cooperatives
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Community Outreach and
Engagement Phasing
Outreach and engagement were completed in three phases: 1) data gathering and existing condition, which occurred from Spring 2023 – Fall 2023; 2) strategy development, which occurred from Fall – Winter 2023 - 2024; 3) CAAP development and adoption, which occurred through Winter 2024/early-Spring 2025. During Phase 1, an inventory (or audit) of the emissions was completed as well as an assessment of the key climate vulnerabilities that may impact the community (see Chapter 3 for more information about climate change vulnerabilities and Chapter 4 for more information on the emissions inventory). During Phase 1, the climate risks and vulnerabilities were ground-truthed through robust conversations with interested parties to help refine desktop research and weave in community character - istics and priorities. Phase 2 of the community engagement included development and refinement of the strategies based on current best practices and the unique needs and opportunities in Glendale. The greatest amount of community outreach occurred during Phase 2, which allowed us to establish initiatives that align with the commu - nity’s needs and address hurdles. The final phase, Phase 3, of the project included a website update that invited community members to share feedback on the compiled plan, along with adoption hearing with City Council.

City Staff and D ecision-M akers
In addition to the community engagement that took place throughout the CAAP development process, over 13 City departments were convened (i.e., City Attorney, Community Development, Community Services & Parks, Finance, Fire Department, Glendale Water and Power, Economic Department, Human Resources, Information 28 Community Engagement | Engagement Approach
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Technology, Library, Arts, & Culture, Management Services, Police, and Public Works) to refine the strategies in alignment with depart - mental priorities, establish the timeline and lead departments for implementation, and confirm that initiatives were realistic and imple - mentable in the long-term. Additionally, information was presented to decision-makers in the City, including various Commissions and the City Council throughout the process to answer questions, address concerns in real-time, and develop a realistic and feasible plan for the community.

How Community Feedback Was
Incorporated Into the C limate
Action Adaptation Plan
Community feedback influenced various aspects of CAAP devel - opment, as shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10 Community Feedback Influence
68%
Project branding and logo selected by community
29 Community Engagement | Engagement Approach
Desktop mapping of high social vulnerability
areas improved with input from community
organizations
Percentage of CAAP strategies adjusted based on
community input
The updated strategies are shown with a
“thumbs up” symbol in Chapter 5
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Thank You
The successful development of this CAAP was only possible through collective efforts of many individuals, community-based organizations, business owners, and other various interested parties throughout our community. We extend our heartfelt thanks to those who participated in events, provided valuable feedback, and shared their visions for a sustainable future. This plan was developed by you, and for you!
We also deeply appreciate the contributions of our dedicated focus group members, the Sustainability Commission, and the City Council, whose guidance and commitment to climate action, resilience, and equity have been integral to this process.

Special thanks go to our local utility providers, whose partnership and insights have been crucial in shaping effective strategies. We are also grateful to the City staff for their unwavering support, technical expertise, and dedication to helping shape this plan so that it reflects our shared goals.

Your voices matter and your input has been instrumental in crafting this CAAP to be inclusive, actionable, and impactful for our community today and into the future. We look forward to con - tinuing to work together to implement our vision and create a more equitable and resilient com - munity. Together, we are building this sustainable future for all – thank you! 30 84 of 961

CLIMATE CHANGE

VULNERABILITY

VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION
Implementing effective climate adaptation policies is essential in addressing our changing climate. To identify and implement strategies, we must first understand our risks and stressors. Therefore, we have analyzed our vulnerability to climate change and identified solutions to increase adaptative capacity and help overcome these challenges. This chapter summarizes the specific climate vulnerabilities, and the pro - grams developed to equip us to face a future with a changed climate are summarized in Chapter 4.

Climate change will damage infrastructure and disrupt natural ecosystems, leading to costly repairs and loss of biodiversity, while disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations who have fewer resources to adapt. These communities are more likely to experience health risks, economic strain, and displacement due to extreme weather events and changing environmental conditions. Over 90 percent of CAAP survey respondents indicated that they have observed changes in weather patterns, envi - ronment, or climate since living or working in Glendale. Climate change impacts will vary by location. In Glendale, climate change is expected to result in hotter days and nights, increase the risk of wildfire, increase chances of landslides, increase the intensity and frequency of storms leading to flooding, increase the duration of drought, and decrease air quality.

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A Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment was conducted to evaluate the potential impacts of climate change on critical facilities (such as government facilities, hospitals and medical centers, police and fire stations, schools, wastewater treatment facility and transpor - tation infrastructure) and community members. Identified vulnerabil - ities were determined based on the exposure of people and critical facilities to different climate impacts and the community’s adaptive capacity, or ability to cope with and adjust to the impacts of climate change. The gaps identified between projected climate change impacts and adaptive capacity are the community’s major vulnerabil - ities. This CAAP includes strategies to address major vulnerabilities by climate-proofing homes and critical facilities, improving evacuation and health alert messaging to the community, establishing resilience centers, increasing tree canopy, actively managing land to reduce the potential for wildfire, and more.

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CLIMATE HAZARDS

1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2023. Climate Change 2023 Synthesis Report. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_LongerReport.pdf. Accessed in November 2024.

As stated in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), human-caused climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes in every region across the world. 1 Glendale is not exempt from these impacts and is increasingly facing a variety of climate hazards due to the effects of climate change. These hazards pose significant risks to the health and well-being of its residents, as well as to the City's infrastructure and natural resources. The primary climate hazards identified in Glendale include:
y Extreme Heat: Glendale will face more extreme heat days and frequent heat waves, posing health risks to vulnerable populations like older adults and outdoor workers. The City’s energy and water systems may also be strained by increased demand for cooling and water.
y Warm Nights and Heat Health Events: Warm nights are becoming more common. This makes it harder for residents to cool down, leading to more heat-related illnesses and strains on the healthcare system. An increased need for cooling, even during nighttime hours, also puts significant strain on utility services, increasing the risk of power outages and infrastructure stress. Additionally, sustained energy usage can lead to higher residential costs, disproportion - ately impacting vulnerable populations and exacerbating economic inequalities.
y Drought: Glendale faces significant drought risks, impacting water availability and quality. Prolonged dry periods may stress the City’s water supply, affecting natural and recreational resources, increasing irrigation needs, and disrupting habitats.
y Wildfire: Higher temperatures, less precipitation, and prolonged droughts lead to more frequent and severe wildfires. Key infra - structure, like water pump stations, schools, and emergency ser - vices, are in high fire hazard zones, making them vulnerable to damage and disruptions.
y Landslides: Landslides are a concern in Glendale, particularly fol - lowing heavy rainfall or in areas affected by wildfires. Vegetation loss from fires can destabilize slopes, increasing landslide risks to buildings, infrastructure, and safety.
y Stormwater Flooding: More intense and frequent storms are expected, increasing the risk of stormwater flooding. This can over - whelm drainage systems, causing property damage, transportation disruptions, and health hazards from contaminated floodwaters. y Poor Air Quality: Air quality in Glendale is impacted by vehicle and industrial emissions, and wildfire smoke. Poor air quality can severely affect health, especially for those with already disproportionate exposure to local sources of pollution, leading to more hospital visits and long-term health issues.

These climate hazards highlight the need for robust adaptation and mitigation strategies to enhance Glendale's resilience to the impacts of climate change. See Figure 11 for a summary of climate impacts in Glendale.

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Figure 11 Glendale Climate Change Impacts
Climate Change Vulnerability | Climate Hazards
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TOP GLENDALE CLIMATE CHANGE

VULNERABILITIES
Social Vulnerabilities
Social vulnerability refers to how climate change impacts different groups. While everyone in Glendale will be affected by climate hazards, some people are more at risk due to occupation (i.e., outdoor workers), health conditions, and systemic inequities. These individuals will face greater impacts.

The south and southwest regions of Glendale have the highest concen - tration of vulnerable populations, see Figure 12. Other high-risk areas include locations near major roads and highways, schools, the Scholl Canyon Landfill, and the Grayson Power Plant. For more details on how these areas were identified, please refer to Appendix B.

Systemic Inequities
Our community is rich in diversity, encompassing
a wide range of races, ethnicities, genders, sexual
orientations, abilities, economic statuses, and
immigration statuses. However, many individuals
face systemic barriers that limit their access to
opportunities, resources, and fair treatment, resulting in significant inequities. These challenges contribute to disparities in education, economic stability, and health, making certain groups more vulnerable to climate
change. Those impacted are often exposed to higher
outdoor risks, lack essential resources, suffer from
chronic health conditions, live in high-risk areas, and have lower homeownership rates.

In Glendale, additional challenges include language
and income barriers. Immigrants and undocumented
individuals frequently encounter obstacles in
accessing medical services, quality housing, and basic
necessities.

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Figure 12 Social Vulnerabilities in Glendale
Climate Change Vulnerability | Top Glendale Climate Change Vulnerabilities 36 90 of 961

Figure 13 Demographics of At-Risk Populations in Glendale Physical Vulnerabilities
Physical vulnerability refers to how infrastructure, buildings, and natural and open spaces are susceptible to climate hazards and extreme weather events. Climate change can damage infrastructure and hab - itats, disrupt services, and limit evacuation and emergency response.

The following sections provide a summary of these physical vulnerabil - ities in Glendale.

Natural and Recreational Resources
Wildfires, extreme heat, and extended drought will impact natural and open spaces in Glendale, causing wildlife to lose access to food sources or temporary and permanent loss of habitat. Street trees throughout Glendale will be stressed from extreme temperatures and suffer from increased pest disease. Parks and open spaces will need more active maintenance and watering by the City to handle extreme temperatures and longer stretches of no rain. Enjoyment of the out - doors may erode with closures of parks or trails.

Buildings and Facilities
Buildings and facilities in Glendale are increasingly at risk to climate change, especially if they are not designed, operated, or maintained to withstand extreme weather. Key facilities at risk include City Hall, schools, police stations, libraries, fire stations, hospitals, recycling centers, the water treatment plant, the Grayson Power Plant, water pump stations, and the Scholl Canyon Landfill. Many of these buildings are located in areas prone to wildfires and landslides, posing a signif - icant risk of direct structural damage.

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Infrastructure and Critical Services
In Glendale, infrastructure and critical services are increasingly vulnerable to climate change. This includes water and wastewater systems, storm drainage, flood pro - tection, waste management, fire and emergency services, medical facilities, energy utilities, and transportation networks. Utility lines in wildfire-prone areas are at risk of damage, which can lead to oil and gas leaks, water loss, and power outages.

High winds can also down power lines, sparking wildfires. The rising frequency of wildfires adds pressure on fire and emergency services and complicates evacu - ation routes.

CASCADING IMPACTS
Cascading impacts occur when climate hazards not only directly affect infrastructure or essential services like power and water, but also spread to interconnected systems and the people who rely on them. These interconnected impacts can extend beyond a single system or neighborhood, affecting dependent subsystems and populations, as shown in Figure 14.
“Transit would need to come more frequently and
needs to stop more often for me to use it more.”
– Glendale Community Member
“I would love to [install green roofs] as well as
solar panels if I had my landlord’s support.”
– Glendale Community Member
“Safer bike conditions would make me bike more.”
– Glendale Community Member
“Would love to see more walking friendly zones
throughout the City.”
– Glendale Community Member
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Figure 14 Cascading Impacts in Glendale

1. Communication system
cascading impacts primarily
arise from communication
outages, which can lead to
complications in evacuations
and medical responses, isolate
communities, and heighten risks
for individuals who rely on
hazard information.

Hazard-prone areas in Glendale
are particularly vulnerable to
communication service
disruptions, intensifying
cascading impacts from the loss
of communication infrastructure.

3. The energy system in Glendale
faces cascading risks from wildﬁres,
intentional power shutoﬀs, and
extreme heat. Power disruptions have
wide-ranging impacts including loss of
electricity in homes, hindering the use
of air conditioning, heating appliances,
and medical devices. During poor air
quality days due to wildﬁres,
individuals with health issues may
suﬀer exacerbated conditions. Critical
services like traﬃc signals and cell
towers, as well as facilities without
backup power, could cease
functioning, posing risks such as
heat-related illnesses, food access
issues, evacuation diﬃculties, strained
emergency services, and heightened
exposure to climate hazards during
heatwaves and wildﬁres.

5. Cascading risks in the
transportation system
primarily involve community
mobility isolation, hindered
emergency response to
climate hazards, and limited
evacuation routes. These
impacts stem from various
factors such as physical
damage to local transportation
infrastructure due to
city-bound climate hazards,
external inﬂuences aﬀecting
regional transportation
networks, and power outages
leading to traﬃc signal
failures.

4. The natural gas system in
Glendale, operated by Southern
California Gas Company, faces
risks from wildﬁre-prone areas
where gas lines can be
damaged, leading to leaks and
potential ﬁre hazards.

Landslides following wildﬁres or
during heavy rains can also
damage gas lines. Historical
incidents, like the 2016 Aliso
Canyon gas leak, highlight the
potential for temporary closures
of gas facilities, exposing
vulnerabilities in the region's
ability to manage prolonged
disruptions to critical energy
infrastructure.

2. Water system cascading
impacts involve reduced
supply for community use,
potentially leading to higher
water rates. This can pose
public health concerns for
under-resourced individuals
unable to aﬀord increased
costs. Water shortages also
aﬀect power generation by
limiting water available for
generator cooling. Inadequate
water supply hampers wildﬁre
mitigation eﬀorts by reducing
ﬁre ﬂow needed to combat
and prevent ﬁres. Moreover,
insuﬃcient water impacts the
City's tree canopy, crucial for
mitigating urban heat island
eﬀects and managing
stormwater.
1 2 3
4 5
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GREENHOUSE

GAS EMISSIONS

ANALYSIS
4 GREENHOUSE GAS

EMISSIONS INVENTORY

1. EPA. Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator. Available at:
https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gas-equivalen-
cies-calculator. Accessed in October 2024.

A fundamental part of the climate action planning process is the development of a GHG emissions inventory for a specific point in time (i.e., a calendar year). A GHG emissions inventory quantifies emissions from various sectors or categories (e.g., energy, transportation, etc.), which can help guide the development of a CAAP by identifying the sources that generate the greatest amount of emissions. As part of the CAAP development process, the City of Glendale completed a 2021 GHG emis - sions inventory for the community (2021 Community GHG Inventory), in addition to a municipal operations inventory (2021 Municipal GHG Inventory) which focuses spe - cifically on municipal facilities and operations. The 2021 Community GHG Inventory completed for the City includes GHG emissions from activities within the City’s jurisdictional boundaries during 2021. It is important to note the Community GHG Inventory includes municipal GHG emissions as a subset within the inventory, while the Municipal GHG Inventory presents only the municipal GHG emissions. As such, the emissions between the two inventories are not additive.

To allow for comparison among GHG emissions sources, all emissions are converted to the equivalent of one metric ton of carbon dioxide, or MT CO 2e. One MT CO2e is the equivalent of using 113 gallons of gasoline or driving 2,568 miles in a standard com - bustion vehicle, as shown in 15. 1
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Figure 15 Carbon Dioxide Equivalents
Community Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Inventory
The City’s 2021 Community GHG Inventory was developed according to the International Council for Local Government Initiatives’ U.S.

Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Version 1.2. The Community Inventory was conducted in alignment with the most recent available data sources, emission factors, and Global Warming Potentials from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report. It covers the relevant emissions sources within the boundary of the City of Glendale. The inventory thereby reflects emissions over which the City has direct jurisdictional control. In 2021, the Glendale community emitted approx - imately 1,053,141 MT CO2e. The results of the GHG inventory are sum - marized in 17 and Table 1.
113 gallons of gasoline
One MT CO2e is equivalent to
or
2,568 miles of driving
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Figure 16 Community Inventory GHG Emissions by Sector Table 1 Community GHG Emissions by Sector and Subsector (2021) Sector and Subsector 2021 GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Percent of 2021
Emissions (%)
Energy 397,105 38%
Residential Electricity 94,400 9%
Nonresidential Electricity 58,600 6%
Residential Natural Gas 177,328 17%
Nonresidential Natural Gas 66,778 6%
Transportation 572,532 54%
On-road Passenger Vehicles 438,021 42%
On-road Commercial Vehicles 56,989 5%
On-road Buses 26,791 3%
Off-road Equipment 50,732 5%
Solid Waste 75,067 7%
Solid Waste 75,067 7%
Water 6,588 1%
Water 6,588 1%
Wastewater 1,848 <1%
Wastewater 1,848 <1%
Total Emissions 1,053,141 100%
The 2021 Community GHG inventory is organized by five primary sectors as shown in Figure 16 and Table 1. The transportation sector is the largest source of GHG emissions, generating approximately 572,532 MT CO2e, or 54 percent of the total 2021 community emis - sions. The transportation sector includes passenger and commercial vehicles, public transit, and offroad vehicles. The energy sector, including electricity and natural gas used within residential and non - residential buildings, was the second largest source of GHG emissions, generating approximately 397,105 MT CO2e, or 38 percent of the total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis | Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 42 96 of 961

2021 community GHG emissions. The solid waste sector, including the processing and decomposition of waste at landfills in various locations, resulted in 75,067 MT CO2e or seven percent of the City’s GHG emis - sions while the conveyance, delivery, and treatment of water (6,588 MT CO2e) and treatment of wastewater (1,848 MT CO 2e) resulted in the remaining GHG emissions. Other sectors (e.g., industrial emissions) were excluded from this inventory due to jurisdictional control, data availability, or state legislation related considerations. The included sectors align with U.S Community Protocol best practices.

Municipal Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Inventory
The City’s municipal GHG inventory (2021 Municipal Inventory) was completed using the Local Government Operations Protocol developed by Local Governments for Sustainability, California Air Resources Board, California Climate Action Registry, and The Climate Registry. The Local Government Operations Protocol methodology includes the calculation of GHG emissions which can be attributed directly to the City’s operations in the given inventory year. The municipal inventory allows the City to track its GHG emissions resulting from the municipally owned facilities, vehicles, and equipment over which it can exert control with GHG reduction policies and ultimately lead by example.

The results of GHG emission calculations are presented by emissions scope, relating to the degree of control the City has over emissions sources, and the specific sources that the emissions are associated with. Emissions sources are categorized as direct (i.e., Scope 1) or indirect (i.e., Scope 2 or Scope 3), in accordance with the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development’s Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard. 43 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis | Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 97 of 961

Figure 17 Municipal GHG Emissions by Subsector (2021) Table 2 Municipal GHG Emissions by Sector and Subsector (2021) Sector and Subsector 2021 GHG Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Percent of
2021 Emissions
(%)
Infrastructure Electricity 9,169 6%
Buildings & Facilities 6,985 5%
Streetlights & Traffic Signals 2,184 1%
Infrastructure Natural Gas 2,350 2%
Buildings & Facilities 2,350 2%
Transportation 9,248 6%
Vehicle Fleet 4,858 3%
Transit 1,755 1%
Employee Commute 2,635 2%
Solid Waste 129,590 84%
Solid Waste 129,590 84%
Wastewater 1,213 <1%
Wastewater 1,213 <1%
Water 2,809 2%
Local Well Extraction/
Conveyance 31 <1%
Water Pump Stations 2,520 2%
Imported 257 <1%
Total Emissions 154,379 100%
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The 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory is organized by six primary sectors as shown in Figure 17 and Table 2. It includes all emissions occurring within the City of Glendale’s direct jurisdictional authority (i.e., sources of emissions resulting from facilities that the City owns and/or operates).

The City of Glendale operates and maintains multiple buildings and facil- ities across the City such as Glendale Water and Power and the Scholl Canyon Landfill. The City also co-owns the Los Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant for wastewater management which is located outside of the City boundaries. Though the wastewater reclamation facility lies outside of Glendale, emissions associated with the Los Angeles- Glendale Water Reclamation Plant are included in the 2021 Municipal GHG Inventory as a direct Scope 1 source of emissions in accordance with the Local Government Operations Protocol as it is under the City’s jurisdictional authority.

The solid waste sector, including GHG emissions from landfill methane and municipal waste, was the largest source of GHG emissions, gen- erating approximately 129,590 MT CO2e, or 84 percent of total 2021 municipal GHG emissions.2 The transportation sector, including GHG emissions from the City’s vehicle fleet, transit fleet and employee commute, was the second largest source of emissions, generating approximately 9,248 MT CO2e, or six percent of total 2021 GHG emis- sions. The infrastructure electricity sector generated 9,169 MT CO2e representing six percent of total 2021 emissions while the remaining four percent of municipal GHG emissions were generated from infrastructure natural gas, wastewater generation and water use (6,372 MT CO2e) by the City’s operations. Other sectors were excluded from this inventory because they are not under the jurisdictional control of the City.

Appendix C provides further details on the Community GHG Inventory and Municipal GHG Inventory.

2. Scholl Canyon Landfill is owned and operated by the City and provides waste disposal services for the City of Glendale as well as other surrounding jurisdictions. Since the City owns and operates the landfill, it is responsible for the entirety of emissions generated from the facility – this includes emissions from Glendale and surrounding communities.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Forecast and Targets
While GHG inventories provide data on Glendale’s current emissions, GHG emission forecasts estimate the City’s projected GHG emissions into the future. Forecasts are developed from the 2021 GHG inventory and provide an estimate of how Glendale’s emissions might change over time based on the projected population and job growth over time.

Forecasts also account for state legislative actions that are anticipated to reduce Glendale’s GHG emissions. GHG emissions are forecasted through the years 2030, 2035, 2040, and 2045 according to two sce- narios: a business-as-usual scenario and an adjusted scenario.

Business-as-Usual Forecast
The business-as-usual scenario provides a forecast of how future GHG emissions would change as population, housing, and job growth occurs but without any behavior or legislation changes that would reduce emissions. The business-as-usual forecast is based on growth trends projected in the City’s population, housing, employment, and transportation activity over time, according to the Southern California Association of Government’s (SCAG) 2016-2040 RTP/SCS Final Growth Forecast by Jurisdiction model. Table 3 shows the demographic pro - jections used for the forecast. Most sectors were projected using demographic metrics. However, on-road transportation emissions were forecasted based on growth in households, employment, and popu - lation serviced, with emissions factors derived from EMFAC. Off-road transportation emissions relied on OFFROAD Model projections, with emissions factors assumed to remain stable across fuel types.

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Table 3 Business-as-Usual Forecast Demographic and Projection Metrics by Forecast Y ear Demographics/
Sector
Data Source 2030 2035 2040 2045
Population SCAG 2016-2040 RTP/SCS Final Growth Forecast 206,033 209,000 214,000 216,906 Employment SCAG 2016-2040 RTP/SCS Final Growth Forecast 77,733 79,000 81,100 82,307 Households SCAG 2016-2040 RTP/SCS Final Growth Forecast 122,733 124,200 127,000 129,946 Population Serviced 1 Calculated 328,767 333,200 341,000 346,853

1. Population Serviced is calculated as the combined total number of employees and residents in the City.

For additional information on the business-as-usual forecast as well as the demographic metric calculations, see Appendix C.

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As shown in Table 4, the City’s business-as-usual GHG emissions under current conditions are anticipated to rise to 1,086,686 MT CO 2e in 2030, 1,105,248 MT CO2e in 2035, 1,134,926 MT CO2e in 2040, and 1,155,400 MT CO2e in 2045.

Table 4 Forecasted Community GHG Emissions
Community GHG
Emissions (MT CO 2e) 2030 2035 2040 2045
Business-as-Usual 1,086,686 1,105,248 1,134,926 1,155,400 Reductions from
State Legislation 153,768 269,927 312,103 342,012
Adjusted Forecast 932,918 835,321 822,823 813,388
Adjusted Forecast
Several state regulations have been implemented to decrease future local GHG emissions. These regulations have been integrated into an adjusted forecast to reflect the anticipated GHG emission reductions attributable to State initiatives and investments. Key state legislation included in the adjusted forecast include:
y Renewable Portfolio Standard (Senate Bill 100 and Senate Bill 1020) which requires investor-owned utilities, publicly owned utilities, electric service providers, and community choice aggregators to increase procurement from eligible renewable energy resources to 50 percent of total procurement by 2026, 60 percent by 2030, 90 percent by 2035, 95 percent by 2040, and 100 percent by 2045.

The increase in renewable energy resources reduces the GHG- intensity of electricity.
y Building Energy Efficiency Standards (Title 24, Part 6 of the California Code of Regulations) which sets standards for energy-efficient technologies and methods in new buildings to reduce electricity and natural gas consumption in new buildings and increase the use of renewable electricity.
y Transportation legislation including the Advanced Clean Cars Program (introduced by the California Air Resources Board in 2012), Advanced Clean Truck regulation, and Innovative Clean Transit regulation which work together to increase the fuel efficiency of fossil-fuel powered on-road vehicles and increase the share of zero- emission vehicles on the road.

The resulting adjusted forecast provides the level of GHG emissions reductions the City will be responsible for after implementing these regulations and current local initiatives, excluding any further impact from additional local policies or actions. As shown in Table 4, the City’s adjusted emissions are projected to increase to 932,918 MT CO 2e in 2030, 835,321 MT CO2e in 2035, 822,823 MT CO2e in 2040, and 813,388 MT CO2e in 2045.

Glendale’s GHG Emissions Targets
GHG reduction targets are used in climate action planning to establish metrics that guide the community’s commitment to achieve GHG emissions reductions and help gauge progress reducing emissions over time. California has established statewide GHG reduction goals for 2030 and 2045, relative to a baseline emissions level. Senate Bill 32 establishes a goal to reduce statewide GHG by 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030. Assembly Bill 1249 establishes the state’s goal of achieving carbon neutrality by 2045.

The City’s GHG targets were developed relative to the 2021 Community GHG emissions by back-casting to 1990. This back-cast used the Statewide change in GHG emissions from 2021 to 1990 as Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis | Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 47 101 of 961

an indicator of change in Glendale during
that same period. 3 The estimated 1990 GHG
emissions were then reduced by 40 percent
to establish a 2030 target for the City and
reduced to zero to establish a 2045 target
for the City. The targets, established as
follows, remain consistent with the State’s
2030 and 2045 goals:
y Reduce GHG emissions to 809,740 MT
CO2e by 2030 (the SB 32 target year)
y Reduce GHG emissions to 0 MT CO 2e by
2045 (the AB 1249 target year)
As shown in Table 5 and Figure 18, there
remains a gap between Glendale’s adjusted
forecast and Glendale’s targets even after
accounting for reductions that will result
from state regulations. Strategies developed
from best practices of other similar and
neighboring jurisdictions will need to be
implemented to meet the City’s targets and
close the remaining emissions gap. These
strategies are presented in Chapter 5. See
Appendix C for more information on the
forecast and targets.

3. The City of Glendale’s 1990 GHG emissions were estimated to be 1,349,567 MT CO 2e based on a 22 percent increase in State GHG emissions seen between 2021 and 1990.

Table 5 GHG Emissions Reduction Targets and Gap Analysis Emissions Forecast or Pathway 2021 2030 2035 2040 2045
Mass Emissions Target Pathway Scenario [MT CO 2e]
Adjusted Forecast 1,053,141 932,917 835,322 822,824 813,387 SB 32 Target Pathway 1 1,053,141 809,740 539,827 269,913 0 Remaining Emissions Gap 0 123,177 295,495 552,910 813,387 Notes: MT CO 2e = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent Emissions have been rounded to the nearest whole number and therefore sums may not match.

1. The target pathway is calculated by reducing 1990 mass emissions by 40% in 2030 and to 0 in 2045. This provisional target pathway is consistent with both SB 32 and a trajectory set forth to achieve AB 1279.

2. The target pathway is calculated by reducing 1990 per capita emissions by 40% in 2030 and to 0 in 2045. This provisional target pathway is consistent with both SB 32 and a trajectory set forth to achieve AB 1279.

Figure 18 GHG Emissions Forecast and Provisional Target Pathways Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis | Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory 48 102 of 961

CONSUMPTION BASED INVENTORY

4. University of California, Berkley. 2023. CoolClimate Household Calculator. Available at: https://coolclimate.berkeley.edu/calculator As part of the development of Glendale’s CAAP, a consumption-based GHG inventory (2021 CBI) was constructed. A consumption-based inventory estimates the GHG emissions associated with the purchase and use of products and services, such as the fuels used in buildings or transportation, food production, household furniture, electronics, clothes, and more. It serves to connect the community’s consumption choices with the GHG emissions they cause and provides an under - standing of a community’s emissions contributions on a global scale.

Furthermore, reporting emissions on a consumption basis can help identify additional opportunities for achieving GHG emissions reduc - tions, particularly on an individual basis.

Methodology
The 2021 CBI for Glendale was developed in alignment with accounting protocols provided by the International Council for Local Government Initiatives (ICLEI). Though ICLEI protocols are primarily designed for local-scale accounting of GHG emissions that contribute to climate change, ICLEI also provides guidance on consumption-based GHG emissions accounting which expands beyond the scope of local emissions. Appendix I of the U.S. Community Protocol for Accounting and Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions Version 1.2 (Community Protocol), known as Consumption-Based Emissions Activities and Sources (Consumption Protocol), serves to guide the measurement and reporting of GHG emissions resulting from a community’s consumption habits in a standardized way.

The Consumption Protocol recommends using the CoolClimate 4 cal- culator created by University of California, Berkley for conducting a streamlined assessment of a community’s consumption GHG inventory.

The CoolClimate Calculator provides an estimate of household carbon footprints for nearly every populated zip code, city, county, and state within the United States (U.S.). According to the Consumption Protocol, household consumption emissions for the whole community can be estimated by simply multiplying the average household footprint against the number of households in the community. This approach was used in the following assessment to determine the average con - sumption GHG emissions per household for Glendale and estimate the 2021 CBI.

The CoolClimate calculator relies on available consumption data at the zip code level to estimate consumption trends using a linear mul - tivariate regression model. The calculator links user input regarding core consumption information to average econometric data and applies average emissions factors for each subsector to estimate GHG emissions. For example, the model requests information from users regarding their miles travelled per year per transportation mode, fuel type used, number of vehicles, and miles per gallon efficiency for trav - el-related data and links the information to econometric data and emis - sions factors to determine the lifecycle GHG emissions for the house - hold’s travel behavior. The model additionally links consumption trends to income and household size which may be used as core indicators and estimates of changes in consumption behaviors. More information on the methodology and specific inputs used in the calculation are included in Appendix F.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis | Consumption Based Inventory 49 103 of 961

Results
Community-wide GHG emissions inventories generally focus on emis - sions released or produced from sources located within a community’s geo-political boundary and for which the City has jurisdictional control.

Consumption-based inventories on the other hand cover emissions associated with the lifecycle stages (i.e., emissions generated during prior to and after the resource is used within the City limits, including production, transportation, use, and disposal) of a utility, good, or service regardless of whether emissions occur within a community’s geo-political boundary. Consumption-based inventories acknowledge that a community’s GHG emissions contributions are not restricted by jurisdictional boundaries and provide individuals within the com - munity a better understanding of the full impact of their consumptive behaviors.

Based on the CBI results, the average Glendale household emits

34.3 percent more emissions from consumption behaviors than the U.S. average household. This is primarily due to larger travel-based activity and increased goods and services consumption in Glendale.

See Figure 19 for a detailed breakdown with a comparison to the U.S. average household.
50 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis | Consumption Based Inventory 104 of 961

The CBI for Glendale resulted in a total of
3,962,809 tons of CO2e. As is expected,
Glendale’s 2021 CBI resulted in significantly
higher GHG emissions compared to the
communitywide GHG emissions inventory,
summarized in Figure 16 and Table 1 . The
results of the 2021 CBI per sector and sub -
sector is summarized in 20 and 21. For addi -
tional information on Glendale’s 2021 CBI,
see Appendix F.

By embracing the collective power of our
community and grounding our efforts in
a realistic understanding of our commu -
nity-based emissions, we can transform
everyday choices from a ripple into a
wave of sustainable actions, proving that
together, we have the strength to redefine
our future and drastically reduce emissions.

Specific steps and resources tailored for the
Glendale community to reduce your carbon
emissions and increase your resilience to
climate change can be found in Chapter 7.

Figure 19 Glendale vs. U.S. Average Household Emissions by Subsector Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis | Consumption Based Inventory 51 105 of 961

Figure 20 Glendale Citywide 2021 Consumption Inventory Summary Figure 21 Glendale 2021 Consumption Inventory by Sector and Subsector
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis | Consumption Based Inventory 52 106 of 961

CLIMATE ACTION

AND RESILIENCE

STRATEGIES
5 Creating a resilient and decarbonized community will require a revisioning of our City’s systems with a focus on how these systems serve our community. Preparing for a changing climate and future proofing these systems will require leadership from the Glendale City government and actions made across the community. By reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting sustainable practices, and building resilience to climate-related impacts, we can safeguard our quality of life today and for future generations. Each resident, business, and organization have a vital role to play in this shared effort to protect our environment, prioritize equity, and adapt Glendale to the evolving challenges of climate change. This chapter presents the strategies, including specific measures and actions, that will enable meaningful emissions reductions and increase resilience, helping Glendale meet its climate goals. The measures and actions included in this chapter focus predominately on how the City of Glendale will take action to promote change in each system. However, the community will play a key role in implementing these actions and a more specific guide for households and businesses in Glendale can be found in Chapter 7. Through these collaborative actions and ongoing commitment, we will establish a foundation for resilience, making Glendale a sustainable and thriving community for all.
53 Climate Action and Resilience Strategies
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Figure 22 Climate Strategy Structure

STRATEGY FRAMEWORK
The climate action and adaptation strategies included in this CAAP provide a comprehensive path for implementation. As detailed in Figure 22, measures and supporting actions are organized into four systems that, when collectively implemented, will help put the City on a path towards reaching their climate goals. The plan’s measures detail achievable and implementable GHG emissions reduction policies designed to achieve the City’s GHG emissions reduction targets for 2030 (40 percent below 1990 levels) and provide substantial progress towards meeting the longer-term target of carbon neutrality by 2045.

Additionally, they address climate vulnerabilities in the City and include adaptation-related measures and supporting actions to increase the City and communities’ resilience to climate impacts. Over time, the CAAP will be updated, and additional actions will need to be added to make greater progress on the established measures, as appropriate.

These regular updates will confirm that the plan remains effective in addressing new challenges, seizing opportunities for innovation, and meeting updated local, state, or federal climate goals. Additionally, periodic updates allow for the integration of lessons learned from past actions, enabling us to adapt and include more impactful and equitable strategies to make greater progress on the established measures.

Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Strategy Framework 54 54
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Strategy Framework 108 of 961

Benefi ts of the System:

Written description of
emissions reduction and
resilience beneﬁ ts related to
each measure.

System-wide Adaptation
Co-benefi ts: Adaptation
beneﬁ ts associated with
implementation of the
actions.

GHG Reductions:

The expected GHG
reductions from completing
this measure in 2030 and
2045.

Action ID: Identiﬁ er to track
progress associated with
each action.

Actions: Discrete steps the
City will take to achieve the
measures.

Phase: Anticipated
implementation timeframe
to achieve reduction goals.

Pillar: Reasonable, resilient, and equitable
climate action and adaptation planning is
built on key pillars that are essential for
eﬀ ective implementation.

Lead Department:

City Department leading
implementation of
speciﬁ c action.

Measure: Long-range goals
that the City has established
to reduce emissions and/or
improve resilience in line with
the State emission reduction
goals and local resilience
goals.

Climate Hazards: Speciﬁ c
climate hazards that
impact the City and which
actions will provide a
direct resilience beneﬁ t
to Glendale’s climate
vulnerabilities include.

Measure Layout
To develop the measures and actions
in the CAAP, the City balanced several
different criteria including climate policy
pillars, key climate hazards, community
feedback, and implementation phasing.

The following section defines each of the
measure and action considerations and their
respective icons that are used throughout
the Implementation Strategies chapter.

The measure and action layout is shown in
Figure 23.

Figure 23 Measure Layout Reference
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Climate Policy Pillars
Reasonable, resilient, and equitable climate action and adaptation planning is built on key pillars that are essential for effective implemen- tation. Glendale’s six Climate Policy Pillars are feasibility, education, equity, funding, partnerships, and structural change, detailed in Figure

24. During the climate measure development process, each initiative was viewed through the lens of these Climate Policy Pillars.

Figure 24 Glendale’s Climate Policy Pillars
Feasibility. Actions that help the City understand the costs, benefits, obstacles, and opportunities associated with pro - grams, policies, and ordinances to make decisions that best serve the community.

Education. Actions to increase community awareness of
programs available to reduce individual contributions to GHG emissions and increase resilience and to establish or strengthen communication channels between the City and
the communities it serves.

Equity. Actions that engage vulnerable populations in the decision-making process and establish the policies and pro - grams to provide vulnerable populations with the resources to benefit from each measure’s objectives in an equi -
table manner.

Funding. Actions that provide the financial backing (e.g., grant funding, rebates, financial incentives) and adequate City staffing to establish, implement, and maintain a program.

Partnerships. Actions that establish partnerships with external government entities, including Tribes, and community-based organizations to leverage their expertise, resources, and net - works to implement programs and policies the City would not be able to achieve alone.

Structural Change. Actions that change existing City pro - grams, policies, and ordinances to allow the City and com - munity to reach the target established within a measure.

Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Strategy Framework 56 110 of 961

Wildfire Poor Air Quality
Extreme Heat
Drought
Extreme Precipitation
Climate Hazards
Glendale, and much of California, is already seeing the impacts of climate change including prolonged droughts, more frequent and intense wildfires, extreme heat, and increased intensity of extreme precipitation. Each measure taken to address local emissions not only reduces our contribution to global emissions, but it will also prepare Glendale for future challenges. By proactively addressing emissions and preparing for future climate impacts, the City creates a safer, more sustainable, and adaptable future for all. Strategies included throughout the CAAP are designed to directly address these specific climate hazards, such as implementing heat-resilient infrastructure to combat extreme heat, enhancing water conservation efforts to mit - igate drought, and improving urban forest management and defensible spaces to reduce wildfire risks so the community is better equipped to face these challenges. Actions that provide a direct resilience benefit to Glendale’s climate vulnerabilities include a separate call out depicting the climate hazard it helps to address. Climate hazards most relevant to the City, which the resilience actions are focused on include:

Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Strategy Framework 57 Implementation Phases
The measures and actions have been developed to be implemented over time to reduce emissions and increase the City’s resilience in a thoughtful, achievable, and stepwise process. As such, the actions are anticipated to be completed in phases, as outlined below:
y Phase 1 – 2025 – 2027
y Phase 2 – 2028 – 2030
y Phase 3 – 2031 – 2033
This CAAP has been developed as an adaptively managed framework that employs a phased approach, creating a stepwise process for implementing actions while allowing for regular updates in future years to review progress, incorporate emerging technologies, and integrate more effective strategies as they become available. This flexibility allows the CAAP to remain dynamic and responsive to changing con- ditions, enabling the community to continuously refine its approach to achieving climate resilience and emissions reduction goals while lever- aging the best available science and innovations in the most fiscally responsible and thoughtful way.

Integration of Community Feedback
As discussed in Chapter 2, Community
Engagement, community feedback received
throughout the process was integrated into the final
CAAP to establish a realistic and implementable, yet
aspirational framework for our future. To capture the
hard work of the community, the updated strategies
are shown with a “thumbs up” symbol throughout
this Chapter 5.
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Lead City Departments
A lead City department is assigned to each action to clearly denote which department is responsible for implementing the action. Identified City depart - ments are shown in Table 6.

Table 6 City Departments and Abbreviations
Department Abbreviation
Community Development CD
Community Services and Parks CSP
Economic Development ED
Finance F
Fire Department FD
Glendale Library Arts & Culture GLAC
Glendale Police Department GPD
Glendale Water and Power GWP
Human Resources HR
Information Technology IT
Management Services Office of the City Manager MS OCM
Office of Sustainability OS
Public Works PW
The section below details the measures and actions developed under each system. Each measure includes its GHG emissions reduction potential. In total, the measures will reduce 214,216 MT CO 2e by 2030 and 626,277 MT CO2e by 2045, as shown in Table 7. For further detail on the substantial evidence and calculation methods of the GHG emissions reduction, refer to Appendix E.

While all measures benefit the community, they do not all result in equal GHG emissions reductions. Some measures are considered "supportive" and do not directly lower emissions on their own; however, by aiding the overall strategy, they may collectively enhance the total emissions reductions achieved.

Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Strategy Framework 58 58
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Table 7 Glendale CAAP GHG Emission Reduction Summary by Implementation Measure Measure ID Measure Text 2030 GHG Emission Reduction
Potential (MT CO 2e)
2045 GHG Emission Reduction
Potential (MT CO 2e)
Social and Governance Systems
Measure SG-1
Provide evacuation and health alert messaging in English, Spanish, Armenian, and Korean, and in multiple forms (e.g., online, brochure, radio) to amplify the Glendale community’s awareness of extreme weather and events (including wildfires, landslides, extreme heat events, and poor air quality days).

Supportive Supportive
Measure SG-2
Establish three resilience centers by 2030 in high social sensi - tivity areas that provide refuge for vulnerable populations from poor air quality and extreme heat conditions that serve as year- round community resource centers.

Supportive Supportive
Measure SG-3
Change internal protocols and procedures to incorporate a climate and equity lens into all government operational deci - sion-making to increase investments in CAAP implementation for vulnerable populations.

Supportive Supportive
Measure SG-4
Formalize City and community-based relationships to create meaningful and long-lasting relationships with non-profit orga - nizations and increase engagement of vulnerable communities and Tribal governments in local government decision-making processes.

Supportive Supportive
Measure SG-5 Increase community capacity to better withstand climate shocks and stresses. Supportive Supportive
Building Systems
Measure BLD-1
Increase carbon-free electricity procurement to provide 100% carbon-free electricity community-wide by 2035 and improve electrical system resiliency through additional distributed energy resources, transmission capacity, and demand response. 37,227 0
Measure BLD-2 Require healthy, safe, decarbonized, and resilient new buildings by 2026. 2,175 16,031
Measure BLD-3 Retrofit 20% of existing buildings by 2030 and 95% by 2045 to be zero-carbon and resilient to extreme heat and wildfires. 40,906 214,303 Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Strategy Framework 59 113 of 961

Measure ID Measure Text 2030 GHG Emission Reduction
Potential (MT CO 2e)
2045 GHG Emission Reduction
Potential (MT CO 2e)
Measure BLD-4 Decarbonize and make municipal buildings resilient by 2035. Supportive Supportive Mobility and Land Use Systems
Measure MLS-1
Reduce reliance on single-occupancy vehicles by promoting increased residential densities along transit and commercial corridors, increasing mix of land uses and expanding the range of attainable housing choices.

Supportive Supportive
Measure MLS-2
Increase active transportation mode share to 3% by 2030 and 10% by 2045 by increasing the safety and availability of the transportation system to support walking and biking for all members of the community.
1,839 7,516
Measure MLS-3
Enhance the transit system to be more resilient, accessible, and convenient to increase mode share to 5% by 2030 and 10% by 2045.
6,929 16,882
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Strategy Framework 60 114 of 961

Measure ID Measure Text 2030 GHG Emission Reduction
Potential (MT CO 2e)
2045 GHG Emission Reduction
Potential (MT CO 2e)
Measure MLS-4 Increase passenger and commercial zero-emission vehicle use and adoption to 25% by 2030 and 90% by 2045, respectively. 60,885 290,572 Measure MLS-5
Electrify or otherwise decarbonize 30% of community-op - erated off-road equipment (e.g., lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and chainsaws) operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.
4,206 16,149
Measure MLS-6 Transition to 45% zero-emission municipal fleet by 2030 and 100% by 2040. Supportive Supportive
Urban Eco-Systems
Measure UE-1 Increase organics diversion through SB-1383 to divert 75% of organic material by 2025. 59,899 63,190
Measure UE-2 Increase tree canopy to 25% by 2030 and 30% by 2045 by focusing on communities most vulnerable to extreme heat. 149 1,635 Measure UE-3
Reduce the potential for wildfire to spread in Glendale by actively managing 50-75 acres of land annually through pre - scribed burns, brush clearance, grazing, and building hardening.

Supportive Supportive
Measure UE-4 Increase access to affordable and fresh produce through part - nerships and technical assistance. Supportive Supportive Measure UE-5
Reduce per capita water use to 48 gallons per day by 2030 and 42 gallons per day by 2045 by enhancing water conservation and water quality and increase the Glendale water system's resilience to climate extremes by upgrading water and stormwater facilities.

Supportive Supportive
Measure UE-6
Showcase municipal leadership through increased landfill diversion rates, climate-smart food and purchasing behavior, and enhanced water efficiencies.

Supportive Supportive
Total Measure Reductions 214,216 626,277
Reductions Needed 123,177 813,387
Gap to Target -91,039 187,110
See Appendix E for more information on the quantification. 61 Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Strategy Framework 115 of 961

SOCIAL AND GOVERNANCE SYSTEM
GHG Emissions Benefits
The City of Glendale’s Social and Governance Systems focuses on developing the programs, partnerships, and communication pathways to implement the CAAP. This system addresses the social dimensions of making meaningful improvements within a complex community fabric by incorporat community engagement, public health, and equity in decision-making processes. These Social and Governance System measures and actions will make it easier to tailor programs and policies that help reduce GHG emissions while establishing the community feedback channels to make them successful over the long term.

Resilience Benefits
Measures within this system aim to enhance communication about extreme weather events, establish resilience centers in socially sen - sitive areas, incorporate a climate and equity lens into City operations, foster long-lasting partnerships with community organizations and Tribal governments, and strengthen community capacity to better withstand climate shocks and stresses. Incorporating a climate and equity lens into internal government protocols and procedures is vital for embedding climate considerations and social equity into all aspects of operational decision-making and ultimately implementation of this plan. This approach confirms that resources and investments are strategically directed toward implementing CAAP measures, with a focus on addressing the needs of vulnerable populations who are disproportionately affected by the impacts of climate change. Without these mechanisms in place, implementing climate adaptation and resil - ience programs could suffer from lack of viability and reach within the community.

Drivers of Change
The Social and Governance System is itself a change driver which sets up the framework by which the CAAP will be implemented. By institutionalizing these practices, we can advance equitable climate solutions that enhance resilience and promote long-term sustainability.

Additionally, this will include hiring new staff to support the implemen - tation of the CAAP. Through these efforts, the Social and Governance System seeks to safeguard Glendale from the greatest impacts of climate change and confirm that we are prepared to support our com - munity, especially those most at risk, in the face of climate-related challenges.

Social and Governance Systems Metrics
y GHG Reduction – Supportive
y Adaptation Focus Areas –
Wildfire Poor Air Quality
Extreme Heat
Drought
Extreme Precipitation
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Action Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
SG-1 Provide evacuation and health alert messaging in English, Spanish, Armenian, and Korean, and in multiple forms (e.g., online, brochure, radio) to amplify the Glendale community’s awareness of extreme weather and events (including wildfires, landslides, extreme heat events, and poor air quality days).

SG-1.1
Partner with the County of Los Angeles Office of Emergency Management, local hospitals, non-profits, and/or Federally Qualified Health Centers, to establish coordinated notification and response services that seamlessly integrate with advanced communication technologies, providing timely dissemination of critical information through multiple channels, including mobile notifications, social media platforms, and community alert systems. Additionally, implement a robust feedback loop mech - anism to gather real-time data from affected individuals, enabling continuous refinement of evacuation strategies and health alert messaging protocols for enhanced public safety and well-being.

IT, FD 1 Partnerships,
Structural Change
Wildfire, Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality, Extreme
Precipitation
SG-1.2
Conduct emergency alert notifications in English, Spanish, Armenian, and Korean. Distribute information about Emergency Alert Program sign-up in English, Spanish, Armenian, and Korean in areas of highest risk, including areas of high social sensitivity.

Remove procedural equity barriers from the sign-up program.

Every five years, reassess which languages are spoken jointly by 5% or more of the Glendale community and expand emer - gency alert translations to additional languages, consistent with Assembly Bill 1638.

IT, FD, CD, GPD 1 Education, Equity
Wildfire, Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality, Extreme
Precipitation
SG-1.3
Continue to inform residents about the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program and the Neighborhood Watch program by disseminating information in English, Spanish, Armenian, and Korean.

FD 1 Education All climate hazards
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Social and Governance System 63 117 of 961

Action Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
SG-1.4
Create neighborhood or regionally specific evacuation proce - dures for vulnerable populations in partnership with communi - ty-based organizations and facilities based on needs identified through outreach with affected populations. Once established, conduct short and frequent (e.g., annually) culturally responsive neighborhood evacuation capacity assessments; engaging
and empowering evacuation preparedness drills that invite first responders to meet the community in a positive environment with opportunities for youth to see fire engines and other vehicles up-close; community leader trainings; and improved access to evacuation financial resources to streamline evacuation pro - cesses in an emergency.

FD, PW, GPD 2
Structural Change,
Education, Equity,
Partnerships
Wildfire, Extreme Precipitation
SG-1.5
Increase redundancy in emergency evacuation communication systems in the event of an electric outage through a variety of measures, including back-up power for telecommunication towers and other critical facilities, distributing information via radio channels, promoting ownership of hand cranked radios, and other means. Regularly test alert systems for potential evacuation scenarios.

IT, GWP, GFD,
OCM, and PW 3 Structural Change
Wildfire, Extreme Heat,
Poor Air Quality, Extreme
Precipitation
SG-2 Establish three resilience centers by 2030 in high social sensitivity areas that provide refuge for vulnerable populations from poor air quality and extreme heat conditions that serve as year-round community resource centers.

SG-2.1
Complete an analysis of physical locations and assets within the City that have the potential to serve as resilience centers in coordination with community-based organizations that serve vulnerable population groups. Identify opportunities to establish new resilience centers or expand the functionality of existing community centers in areas of high social sensitivity first. As part of the assessment, identify the City’s current capacity to provide temporary refuge for residents including facilities, infrastructure, services, and community programs during an extreme weather event. Equitably distribute the resilience centers geographically throughout the City to provide convenient access.

PW, FD, CSP 1 Feasibility,
Partnerships Extreme Heat, Poor Air Quality
SG-2.2
Complete the audit of existing heating ventilation and air condi - tioning (HVAC) systems at City owned buildings and establish an upgrade and maintenance cycle, including replacement of filters with at least a MERV 11 rating on a quarterly basis.

PW 1 Feasibility Extreme Heat, Poor Air Quality
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Action Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
SG-2.3
Identify and apply for funding opportunities that support devel - opment of a resilience center, and/or staff positions to maintain the center, such as the Office of Planning and Research Regional Resilience Grant Program.

CSP 1 Funding Extreme Heat, Poor Air Quality
SG-2.4 Partner with local public or private entities to establish resilience centers at privately-owned facilities in the City.

CSP, (PW, City
Facilities), OS 2 Partnerships Extreme Heat, Poor Air Quality SG-2.5
Provide essential resources such as health programs, food, refrigeration, charging stations, basic medical supplies, multi- lingual support services, and economic development resources at all City-run resilience centers. Audit and refresh supplies on a biannual basis, including information on any new or updated pro - grams. Expand operating hours of resilience centers during poor air quality days and extreme heat days. Adequately equip the resilience centers to accommodate pets, considering their specific needs and well-being during emergency situations. Additionally, provide information on a centralized climate action and adap - tation website how to prepare homes and businesses for extreme weather events, including resources on what to have at home in an emergency kit, with giveaways (e.g., first aid or emergency kits) provided as available.

OCM, OS, CSP 2 Structural Change Extreme Heat, Poor Air Quality SG-2.6
Offer fun and engaging year-round community events with edu - cational resources at resilience centers, providing the community with free access to clear multi-lingual information, resources, and support to effectively prepare for and recover from poor air quality days, extreme weather events and other disasters, while making the resilience centers recognized fixtures in the community.

OCM, OS,
FD, CSP, GLAC 2 Education Extreme Heat, Poor Air Quality SG-2.7
Require that the City’s resilience centers (which could either be owned and operated by the City or owned and operated by private or other public entities) have adequate backup power sources and battery storage to mitigate service disruptions and provide redundancy in the event of a power outage.

CD, PW 2 Structural Change Extreme Heat
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Action Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
SG-2.8
Increase transportation access to resilience centers by adjusting the Glendale Beeline fare pricing and routes during extreme weather events and bad air quality days to better serve vulnerable population groups.

PW 2 Structural Change Extreme Heat, Poor Air Quality
SG-3 Change internal protocols and procedures to incorporate a climate and equity lens into all government operational decision-making to increase investments in CAAP implementation for vulnerable populations.

SG-3.1
Develop a checklist with project design considerations for capital improvements projects to incorporate consideration of climate change impacts as part of the planning and design phase.

Checklist will include consideration of future climate projections in project designs.

PW 1 Structural Change All climate hazards
SG-3.2
Explore strategies to leverage Glendale’s financing processes and potential funding opportunities to implement CAAP
actions. Develop:

Ways in which CAAP strategies might fit into existing financing programs/strategies.

Existing funding sources that could better tie to climate mitigation and adaptation to develop a list of possible external resources.

Develop a high-level means to start tracking availability and appli - cability of external resources and grants for specific projects and activities.

Start considering what local revenue streams (e.g., sewage, trash, and taxes) could be used as leverage to secure external funding or financing streams if they are connected to CAAP efforts.

F 1 Feasibility, Funding
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Action Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
SG-3.3
Establish a Climate and Equity Core Team within six months of the CAAP adoption that includes representatives across all City departments to coordinate the implementation and monitoring of this CAAP. The team will meet for quarterly peer-to-peer information sharing sessions to discuss challenges, brainstorm solutions, and track progress towards reaching the City’s key performance indicators. This team will serve as the key orga - nizers for cross-departmental collaboration needed to implement climate goals, as well as community contacts and key researchers for emerging technologies and best practices in climate action.

The Chief Climate and Equity Officer (or equivalent role) will support this team with implementation of the CAAP and moni - toring progress.

OS 1 Structural Change
SG-3.4
Develop a training program to increase awareness of all City staff about climate risks to the community and contributions to GHG, importance of the CAAP and how it relates to the City, and internal and external resources. Information could consist of a handout with tailored details about the relevance and process of incorporating climate change in the agency’s process, a formal and recurrent training, onboarding training for new hires, etc.

OCM 1 Education All climate hazards
SG-3.5
Include a description of Glendale’s climate goals and values in job postings, improving talent acquisition and potentially boosting retention and worker morale.

HR 1 Structural Change
SG-3.6
Create five new positions and hire staff to fill those roles at the City, including a Chief Climate and Equity Officer (or equivalent), to support the development and implementation and enforcement of new ordinances, policies, and plans included in the CAAP.

OCM 1 – 2 Structural Change
SG-3.7
Create a City-wide Sustainability Award Program to recognize and celebrate individuals, businesses, and community-based organi - zations that demonstrate outstanding commitment and innovation in the sustainability and climate realm. The award program will be used to acknowledge exemplary efforts and serve as a platform to share successful sustainability initiatives, fostering collaboration and driving positive and equitable change throughout Glendale.

OCM, OS 2 Structural Change
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Action Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
SG-3.8
Conduct a thorough review, involving climate data analysis, of health impacts to outdoor workers, and other experts in the field, and adjust policies to adapt City staff and contractor outdoor worker hours and conditions in response to changing climate, in compliance with Cal/OSHA standards and City programs, priori - tizing worker safety and well-being.

HR 2 Feasibility Extreme Heat
SG-4 Formalize City and community-based relationships to create meaningful and long-lasting relationships with non-profit organizations and increase engagement of vulnerable communities and Tribal governments in local government decision-making processes.

SG-4.1
Use existing network channels (working groups, coalitions, meetings, projects, etc.) to build an understanding of adaptation projects and potential collaborators in the Los Angeles region by:

Regularly engaging in the Los Angeles Regional Climate
Collaborative (LARC).

Participating in partner agency’s requests to coordinate and collaborate on adaptation projects to demonstrate Glendale’s commitment.

Participating in regional projects as part of a technical advisory committee or on an ad hoc basis.

Use this engagement to learn about adaptation projects taking place in the Los Angeles region, and to foster strong relations with potential external agencies for future collaboration.

MS, OS 1
Feasibility,
Partnerships,
Education
SG-4.2
Develop a community-based organization (CBO) partnership program that includes criteria for partnership participation, funding for participant compensation, and a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to facilitate CBO partnerships in City-led engagement and implementation of CAAP actions.

OCM, OS 1 Partnerships, Funding
SG-4.3
Establish a formal consultation policy with local Tribes to increase Tribal involvement in the scoping, development, adoption, and implementation of sustainable projects beyond the requirements of Assembly Bill 52 and Senate Bill 18.

MS, CD 1 Partnerships, Equity,
Structural Change
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Social and Governance System 68 122 of 961

Action Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
SG-4.4
In alignment with the Innovation Ecosystem-related goals included in the Economic Development Strategic Plan, enhance equitable workforce development programs, such as the Verdugo Job Center, designed to connect Glendale residents, particularly those from marginalized communities, to support unmet demand in climate-related industries in partnership with Unted States Green Business Council USGBC and in alignment with GWP initia - tives, such as building electrification.

CD, CSP 2 Structural
Change, Equity
SG-4.5
Continue to grow and expand the City’s Economic Development Entrepreneurship Incubator, Growth or Startup Accelerator program that elevates Glendale’s profile as a hub for innovation.

The program would promote business opportunities for Glendale residents in partnership with qualified operators, the Verdugo Workforce Development Board, Glendale Community College, or similar partners, to help local startups and companies. The intended goals would be to provide invaluable resources, connections, and knowledge to aspiring entrepreneurs and support entrepreneurs’ ability to innovate and scale up by con - necting them with local resources including funding groups and mentorship.

ED, CD, CSP,
IT, GWP 3 Structural Change,
Partnerships
SG-5 Increase community capacity to better withstand climate shocks and stresses.

SG-5.1
Establish equitable community engagement guidelines, or a set of principles and strategies, to increase participation of vul - nerable populations in local decision-making processes related to CAAP implementation including the incorporation of partic - ipatory budgeting so community members have a direct say in how funds are allocated and spent. Key aspects of equitable community engagement guidelines could include transparency, inclusivity, and responsiveness, with an aim to build trust over time. Strategies should include locating engagement events in areas of high social sensitivity, timing events outside of work hours, providing child-friendly options at the events, and pro - viding translation services in Spanish, Korean, and Armenian.

Implement the community engagement guidelines across all City departments that directly interact with the community as part of CAAP implementation.

CSP, OCM, CD 1 Equity,
Structural Change
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Social and Governance System 69 123 of 961

Action Lead
Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
SG-5.2
Institute a Cool Block Program to encourage residents to get to know their neighbors and to organize neighborhood associa - tions incorporating fun games and events to foster community engagement, through which communities in Glendale can col - lectively address issues such as safety and climate hazards, and methods to improve quality of life. Reach out to existing neighborhood associations to initiate the Cool Block Program to leverage their local networks and increase the reach of the program throughout the City.

OS 1 Structural Change All climate hazards
SG-5.3
Update existing City-run educational programs and campaigns to incorporate information regarding potential health and economic effects of climate change, particularly associated with worsening air quality and extreme heat days, including available mental, physical, and financial health/support resources. Incorporate opportunities to collect input from the community on lived experi - ences as it relates to climate impacts.

OCM, CSP , CSP 1 Education All climate hazards
SG-5.4
Develop an equity investment program with local employers, busi - nesses, philanthropic institutions, educational institutions, trade associations, businesses, and non-profit organizations to secure local match funding for economic development and climate partner readiness grants for vulnerable populations and invest - ments in areas of high social sensitivity.

ED 3 Funding, Equity All climate hazards
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Social and Governance System 70 124 of 961

BUILDING SYSTEM
1 https://gridworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/CA_Gas_System_in_Transition.pdf 2 https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/news/switching-gas-electric-stoves-cuts-indoor-air-pollution GHG Emissions Benefits
The City of Glendale’s Building System approach focuses on electri - fying residential and commercial buildings to leverage increasingly carbon-free and renewable electricity provided by GWP. Electrifying Glendale’s building stock consists of transitioning natural gas appli - ances—the equipment that traditionally heats our water, conditions the spaces we live and work in, cooks our food, and dries our clothes —to efficient electric alternatives. When combined with carbon-free elec - tricity, all-electric buildings eliminate GHG emissions from the building system, effectively decoupling development and our energy needs from GHG emissions. While biofuels like renewable natural gas could offset some of our emissions in the future for large natural gas users, it is less economical and less available than electrification. 1 Resilience Benefits
The transition to all-electric buildings won’t only reduce GHG emis - sions but also enhance our resilience to climate change and improve our health. Replacing natural gas in homes and businesses improves indoor air quality, reducing incidences of asthma and other respiratory issues.2 With higher rates of wildfire and related air quality impacts from smoke and extreme heat, having high quality indoor air is critical.

Heat pumps have incredible efficiency rates, meaning for every unit of energy used, they can produce more than one unit of heat, , they also offer both heating and cooling along with advanced air filtration. These characteristics help protect the community during these extreme weather events. Finally, all-electric buildings when paired with solar and battery storage operate by creating what is called a microgrid.

These energy systems can operate independently during emergencies as well as reduce energy costs over time.

Drivers of Change
Building electrification is being supported by both state and federal level initiatives, with rebates available from both state and federal sources. To learn more about these sources of funding, visit Chapter 7, which provides context on over $14,000 of electrification related funding offered for every household through state and federal pro - grams. Other programs like the South Coast Air Quality Management District’s zero NOx rules will begin to phase out natural gas appliances as soon as 2027 for new construction and 2029 for existing buildings, meaning that Glendale’s actions to prepare its residents will help save time and money in the future. The measures and actions listed below have been identified as being low upfront cost for the community while incentivizing and requiring low cost efforts that will save residents money over the long term by aligning with upcoming state and regional requirements.

System Metrics
GHG Reduction – 154,167 MT CO 2e
Adaptation Focus Areas –
Wildfire Poor Air Quality Extreme Heat
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Building System 71 125 of 961

Building System Measures and Actions
Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
BLD-1 Increase carbon-free electricity procurement to provide 100% carbon-free electricity community-wide by 2035 and improve electrical system resiliency through additional distributed energy resources, transmission capacity, and demand response.

BLD-1.1 Streamline permitting requirements for battery storage and solar to increase adoption rates. CD 1 Structural Change BLD-1.2
Investigate the ability to pay customers for shifting load through demand response or installation of distributed
energy resources such as solar and storage.

GWP 1 Feasibility Wildfire, Extreme Heat
BLD-1.3
Provide education and outreach, rate structures, or other incentives to facilitate the installation of an additional 34 MWh (including at least 10% on residential units) of solar electricity within Glendale by 2030.

GWP 1 - 3 Structural Change Wildfire, Extreme Heat
BLD-1.4
Regularly update the Wildfire Mitigation Plan and establish a schedule for implementing the Preventative Strategies and Programs in the Wildfire Mitigation Plan. Issue an annual report that provides updates to the community regarding which strategies have been accomplished.

GWP, FD 1 Structural Change Wildfire
BLD-1.5
Continue to develop power purchase agreements or other
contracts for renewable energy including solar, wind, and geothermal located outside the City of Glendale.

GWP 1 – 3 Structural Change
BLD-1.6
Work with regional partners to increase the transmission capacity of Glendale, allowing for more external carbon free electricity to supplement local generation and storage.

GWP 1 - 3 Partnerships
BLD-1.7
Install 75 MW of local battery storage to maximize
renewable energy use and reduce reliance on transmission capacity.

GWP 2 Structural Change Wildfire, Extreme Heat
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
BLD-1.8
Offer rebates and educational materials to community
members on the benefits of distributed energy resources for resilience. Upon completion of the Solar and Battery Storage Feasibility Study, provide education and/or incen - tives to residential customers and design guidelines for installing battery storage and solar to reduce tinshe need for additional distribution resources and to create a more resilient local grid.

GWP 2 Structural Change/
Funding Wildfire, Extreme Heat
BLD-1.9
Evaluate the ability to rent, lease, or purchase and use mobile battery generators for emergencies as well as for events and activities that require a reliable power source outside. Mobile access in disasters can support community members, critical infrastructure, or emergency responders.

Train staff on how to use mobile battery generators,
including information on when and how they would be
used in the City (e.g., deployed at facilities that may not have battery back-up onsite, or at a site in the community to charge medical devices, cell phones, radios, or other key devises during an outage).

CSP, PW, FD 2 Feasibility Wildfire, Extreme Heat
BLD-1.10
Identify City-owned locations that currently have diesel powered back-up generators and create a timebound plan
to install supplemental solar powered back-up generators onsite to create a seamless transition when the diesel gen - erators reach the end of their useful lives. Prioritize locations in high social sensitivity census tracts.

PW 2 Feasibility Wildfire, Extreme Heat
BLD-1.11
Increase the clearance requirements for distribution lines in very high fire hazard severity zones so they are more stringent than current standards.

GWP 2 Structural Change Wildfire
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
BLD-2 Require healthy, safe, decarbonized, and resilient new buildings by 2026.

BLD-2.1
Based on available legal pathways, implement a new
building electrification ordinance which limits the installation of new natural gas infrastructure to improve health, safety, and reduce costs associated with new construction.

CD 1 Structural Change
BLD-2.2
Amend the building code to require CALGreen Tier 2
Voluntary Standards Section A5.106.11.2 for cool roofs and Section A5.106.7.2 for cool walls by 2026.

CD 1 Structural Change Extreme Heat
BLD-2.3
Amend the building code to require indoor cooling in
new multi-family buildings by 2026. Monitor the California Department of Public Health guidance regarding indoor
cooling which will inform the 2025 California building codes update cycle.

CD 1 Structural Change Extreme Heat
BLD-2.4
Amend the building code to require all newly installed HVAC units for new buildings to have two-way air conditioning capabilities to provide heating and cooling.

CD 1 Structural Change Extreme Heat and Poor
Air Quality
BLD-2.5
Host regular workforce development programs for installers, local contractors, and building owners/operators to provide financial resources and technical requirements, including information on new electric appliances and approaches to electrification. Partner with community-based organizations to connect members of vulnerable communities to these
training programs in a culturally appropriate and linguisti - cally clear way.

CD.

CSP, ED
1 - 3 Education, Funding,
Equity, Partnerships
BLD-2.6 Establish minimum standards for the use of low carbon or carbon-neutral building materials. CD 2 Structural Change BLD-2.7
Work with local builders to pilot Sustainable Envelope and Orientation building design to enhance energy efficiency, occupant comfort, and overall sustainability by optimizing the building’s relationship with its environment and working towards zero net energy.

CD, GWP, OS 2 Partnerships,
Feasibility Extreme Heat
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Building System 74 128 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
BLD-2.8
Create a partnership with Glendale Community College
and/or the Glendale Youth Alliance by leveraging the City's resources to refine the existing curriculum/programs to align with high market demand industries, while actively sup - porting initiatives such as internships, apprenticeships, labor unions, and mentorship programs with local businesses to guide students towards high-road career paths.

CSP 2 Partnership
BLD-3 Retrofit 25% of existing buildings by 2030 and 95% by 2045 to be zero-carbon and resilient to extreme heat and wildfires.

BLD-3.1
By 2026, complete an existing building electrification study to identify costs and benefits associated with retrofitting residential and commercial building systems, including
long-term costs of transitioning fuel use. Based on the findings of the report, identify, and adopt additional cost effective, equitable, and implementable building electrifi - cation requirements for existing buildings.

CD
MS
1 Feasibility
BLD-3.2
Establish partnerships with neighboring jurisdictions and industry experts to compile an annually reviewed and
updated list of qualified installers and clearly identify dis - advantaged businesses, women-owned businesses, veter -
an-owned businesses, and other underrepresented groups
knowledgeable in electrification that will be posted on the City’s centralized climate action and adaptation website and available at the permit counter. Regularly update the list of qualified installers.

OCM,
CD
1 Structural Change,
Partnerships
BLD-3.3 Adopt an ordinance requiring new roof replacements to utilize cool roof materials by 2026. CD 1 Structural Change Extreme Heat BLD-3.4 Adopt an electrify-on-replacement ordinance for residential hot water heaters and HVAC systems by 2027. CD 1 Structural Change Poor Air Quality BLD-3.5
Provide resources to landlords and tenants to develop
costs/benefit sharing strategies associated with energy efficiency and electrification projects including energy effi - ciency leases.

CD 1 Structural Change Extreme Heat and Poor
Air Quality
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
BLD-3.6
Review and update permitting requirements to require same day single permit processing of heat pump hot water heaters and HVAC units.

GWP, CD 1 Structural Change
BLD-3.7
Create and promote DIY energy efficiency toolkits. Seek funding to create a lending library of air purifiers and cooling devices. Deploy the program in partnership with local
community organizations and trusted community leaders,
targeting high social sensitivity census tracts.

CD, GLAC 2 Education,
Partnerships, Equity Extreme Heat
BLD-3.8
Prioritize a comprehensive assessment process to identify opportunities for adaptive reuse of structures as part of the permit application process before considering demolition, aiming to reduce environmental impact and promote sus - tainable urban development.

CD 2 Structural Change
BLD-3.9
Adopt a commercial building performance standard which
requires buildings to report energy consumption by 2026, complete a building retro-commissioning by 2027, identify a GHG emissions reduction target, and reduce GHG emissions below the identified threshold by 2030. Work with regional partners to develop a consistent methodology and set of requirements for the building performance standard.

OCM,
CD
2 Structural Change,
Partnership
BLD-3.10
Amend the building code to require all newly installed HVAC units for existing buildings to have two-way air conditioning unit capabilities to provide heating and cooling by 2026.

CD 2 Structural Change Extreme Heat
BLD-3.11
Develop a service/infrastructure upgrade cost sharing
program to mitigate the cost for individual building/home - owners to upgrade their service/panel for electrification purposes.

GWP 2 Feasibility, Funding Extreme Heat and Poor
Air Quality
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
BLD-3.12
Explore the feasibility of creating a water heater loan program water heater loan program so that residents who are replacing their natural gas-powered water heaters
with electric-powered water heaters at the end of their useful lives can borrow or rent a working natural gas water heater from the City for a specified period of time (e.g., three weeks) to use during any electrical panel upgrade.

Participation in this program could signify the initiation of the permit request process and serve as a mechanism
to support thoughtful residential transition. Consider
expanding the loan program to induction stoves as well.

GWP, CD 2 Structural Change
BLD-3.13
Develop an electrification and weatherization concierge service which would guide building owners through the
technical steps for electrifying and weatherizing buildings as well as connect them to incentives (e.g., rebates, subsidies, and tax credits) and other resources (e.g., multi-lingual education and technical expertise). Additionally, provide educational resources to residents and business owners
on the benefits of electrification readiness including panel upgrades, wiring, and service lines to support building and vehicle electrification over time and avoid emer -
gency repairs.

GWP, CD 2 Funding, Education
BLD-3.14
Improve indoor air quality for homes by establishing an edu - cational campaign with demonstration kitchens to showcase the benefits of switching from gas to induction stoves.

Create a rebate program to incentivize adoption of electrical appliances for low-income households. Target outreach to landlords by providing technical resources.

OS, OCM, GWP 2 Education, Equity Poor Air Quality
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
BLD-3.15
Complete the feasibility study to evaluate the relative cost and benefits of augmenting centralized power alongside dis - tributed renewable resources through direct install solar and batteries for customers, targeting low-income households, affordable housing developments, and warehouses or large office buildings. The program will include benefit-sharing approaches which would allow GWP to tap into distributed battery storage to facilitate peak shaving during peak
demands while providing lower energy costs and increased resilience to targeted customers.

GWP, CD 2 Feasibility Extreme Heat
BLD-3.16 Streamline permitting requirements and design guidelines to support installation of dual-pane windows. CD 2 Structural Change Extreme Heat and Poor Air Quality
BLD-3.17
Establish a local weatherization assistance program that builds on the work being done by the California Department of Community Services and Development through a part -
nership with Southern California Edison by creating a local program that provides energy efficiency and weatherization support for all residents, with an emphasis on reducing energy usage and lowering utility bills and addressing
health and safety issues in homes, businesses, and public facilities.

GWP, CD 3 Structural Change,
Partnerships
BLD-3.18
Create an incentive program specifically for upgrades at multi-family homes, as well as low income and affordable housing units, to stack existing incentives from TECH Clean California3 and the Inflation Reduction Act funding mecha - nisms to connect residents to technical and financial support including direct install, incentives, and information on the benefits of electrification. Deploy the program in partnership with local community organizations and trusted community leaders, targeting high social sensitivity census tracts. Aim to weatherize and decarbonize 100 units annually by 2031 to demonstrate the effectiveness and co-benefits associated with building electrification.

GWP, CD 3
Equity, Funding,
Structural Change,
Partnerships
Extreme Heat and Poor
Air quality
3 https://techcleanca.com/
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
BLD-3.19
Work with home and business owners, including those in
historic districts, to identify and promote zero-carbon and resilient homes as demonstration projects to showcase
the benefits.

CD 3 Structural Change Extreme Heat and Poor
Air Quality
BLD-3.20
Identify locations to feasibly install community-serving microgrids and prioritize areas with high social vulnerability such as areas in South Glendale and Pacific Community
Center & Park.

GWP 3 Equity Extreme Heat
and Wildfire
BLD-4 Decarbonize and make municipal buildings resilient by 2035.

BLD-4.1
Complete the current energy audit and subsequent ret -
ro-commissioning on all existing municipal buildings and facilities and inventory all fossil fuel-powered building equipment, identify zero carbon replacement technology, and develop a prioritized short- and long-term replacement schedule for equipment within six months of adoption of the CAAP. As part of this analysis, identify opportunities to install solar PV on municipally owned land and buildings as well as funding sources.

PW 1 Feasibility Study
BLD-4.2
Once the analysis is complete as part of Action BLD-4.1, maximize solar installations on municipally owned land and buildings based on the results of the analysis.

PW 1 Structural Change
BLD-4.3
Continue to require the implementation of cool roofs in the construction of all new and upgraded City buildings (at the time of upgrade) to minimize absorption of solar energy and reduce building energy use.

PW 1 Structural Change Extreme Heat
BLD-4.4
Develop and adopt an electrification first policy for City- owned fossil fuel equipment (e.g., back-up generators
and HVAC units) by 2025 that outlines a clear strategy for addressing cost impacts of future equipment purchases and supports a fiscally responsible equipment transition.

PW 1 Structural Change
BLD-4.5 Utilize demand management technology on all applicable systems to reduce demand. PW, GWP 1 Structural Change
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
BLD-4.6
Implement a municipal standard for all non-essential elec - trical plug loads including computers, printers, and other equipment to be shut off during nights, weekends, and
other City closures. Individual exceptions can be made, as appropriate.

IT 1 Structural Change
BLD-4.7
Conduct a building audit of all existing City buildings in moderate, high, and very high fire hazard severity zones and implement retrofits to comply with California Building Code, Chapter 7A and Chapter 49 by 2030.

PW 2 Feasibility Study Wildfire
BLD-4.8
Calculate energy savings from energy efficiency and elec - trification upgrades and reinvest the savings back into a municipal cool roof program that funds future projects.

F, PW 2 Funding Extreme Heat
BLD-4.9
Require a deconstruction or salvage assessment for all
projects involving demolition of existing structures on City-owned property that includes a detailed analysis
of structural components, materials, and potential sal - vageable items.

PW 2 Feasibility
BLD-4.10
Establish and incorporate a low embodied carbon criteria into government procurement policies for public infra - structure projects.

PW 3 Structural Change
BLD-4.11
Conduct a comprehensive feasibility study to assess the cost, feasibility, and other relevant factors, such as energy efficiency, environmental impact, and long-term main -
tenance requirements, associated with transitioning the Glendale Civic Center to an electric-powered heating and cooling loop system.

PW 3 Feasibility Extreme Heat
BLD-4.12
Add energy storage such as battery back-up to all critical municipal buildings (e.g., fire stations, police stations, cen - tralized storage locations of critical records) by 2035.

PW, GWP 3 Structural Change Extreme Heat
and Wildfire
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Building System 80 134 of 961

MOBILITY AND LAND USE SYSTEM
4 https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/electric-vehicle-myths GHG Emissions Benefits
The single largest source of GHG emissions in the City of Glendale (and within all of California) is caused by vehicle use mostly associated with single occupancy passenger cars. By creating a system where the end goal of moving people around the City as easily and efficiently as possible is prioritized over single occupancy car use, Glendale can both reduce GHG emissions while improving quality of life.

Healthy, walkable cities are within reach for Glendale, where walkable neighborhoods with mixed uses are already proof of the popularity of a mixed-use neighborhood. Neighborhoods like Adams Square, downtown Glendale, Kenneth Village, and Montrose feature a mix of uses where residents can walk to a coffee shop or market, reducing vehicle miles traveled. For those trips which cannot be achieved by walking, biking, or transit, Glendale will continue to lead the way on transitioning to zero emission vehicles (ZEV) to leverage carbon free electricity. Based on analysis from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), electric vehicles are among the lowest cost vehicles to own over their lifetime, helping to reduce costs over time.4Additionally, data collected by the MIT Trancik Lab demonstrates that battery electric vehicles result in the lowest greenhouse gas emis - sions to cost ratio over the entire lifecycle (i.e., emissions from vehicle and battery production and manufacturing, transportation of products, usage and retail, and disposal of various vehicles by model) for recent years (2020 – 2023). The analysis compares the approximate overall cost to operate each vehicle per month in the United States versus the greenhouse gas emissions generated over the lifecycle of the vehicle.

The analysis shows that battery electric fuel vehicles have the lowest Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 81 135 of 961

cost to emissions ratio, followed by plug-in hybrids, hybrids, die - sel-powered, and gasoline-powered vehicles. 5 Glendale’s mobility and land use system aims to reduce emissions from transportation through a systems-based approach that increases diversity of land uses, offers safer and more convenient transit, and decarbonizes the remaining vehicles on the road.

Resilience Benefits
Active and shared transportation improves resilience by reducing traffic congestion, enhancing public health, lowering emissions, strengthening community connections, and providing economic benefits. Active transportation will help improve health, by getting Glendale’s community moving and taking advantage of better air quality derived from fewer fossil fuel combustion vehicles. Electrifying on-road and off-road equipment also enhances resilience by reducing dependence on volatile fossil fuel supplies, lowering emissions that exacerbate climate impacts, and enabling operation in emergencies when fuel distribution may be disrupted.

Drivers of Change
Several California initiatives are paving the way towards ZEV’s. The Advanced Clean Fleets rule requires all new fleet vehicles to be ZEV by 2027 and Executive Order N-79-20 requires all new passenger vehicles sold in California to be ZEV by 2035. Glendale is also taking major steps to develop the systems needed to support a high level of ZEVs through the adoption of electric vehicle charging station require - ments for new construction. There are also incentives available for both EV’s and charging stations available including a $7,500 EV tax rebate from the Federal Government.
5 https://www.carboncounter.com/#!/explore
System Metrics
GHG Reduction – 73,859 MT CO 2e
Adaptation Focus Areas
Wildfire Poor Air Quality Extreme Heat
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 82 136 of 961

Table 8 Mobility and Land Use Measures and Actions
Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-1 Reduce reliance on single-occupancy vehicles by promoting increased residential densities along transit and commercial corridors, increasing mix of land uses and expanding the range of attainable housing choices.

MLS-1.1
As part of the outreach associated with planning initiatives, continue to engage with members of the community, land - owners, local businesses, and community organizations
to gather input and address concerns related to increased density and mixed-use development.

CD 1 Education
MLS-1.2
Partner with Glendale Housing Authority, private devel - opers, non-profit organizations, and community-based
organizations to create a network of information sharing to leverage resources and expertise related to affordable housing development by a diverse group of experts. The
goal is to foster a dynamic exchange of knowledge, facil - itate joint initiatives, and collectively address the chal - lenges associated with creating accessible and affordable housing options.

CD 1 Partnerships, Equity
MLS-1.3
As part of the Land Use Element update, conduct a compre - hensive zoning review to identify underutilized areas around major corridors and nodes, strategically rezoning them to allow for increased residential density and/or mixed-use developments, while implementing inclusionary zoning
policies to prioritize the creation of affordable housing units within these projects.

CD 1 Feasibility
MLS-1.4
Reach beyond the goals of AB 1317, which requires unbun - dling of parking costs from rental rates in new residential properties with 16 or more units, by updating the municipal code to separate residential parking costs from monthly rent in areas well served by high-quality transit.

CD 1 Structural Change
MLS-1.5
As part of the City’s Land Use Element Amendment, identify appropriate locations to increase density near transit hubs by identifying suitable locations and implementing changes to promote mixed-use development, thereby enhancing
accessibility.

CD 1 – 3 Feasibility
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 83 137 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-1.6
Review and, if necessary, update the current residential zoning districts to remove barriers to help accelerate pro - duction of missing ‘middle-housing,’ including townhouses, cottage housing, duplexes, triplexes, and fourplexes.

Additionally, create Objective Design Standards for these housing types to facilitate quality design and construction.

CD 2 Structural Change
MLS-1.7
Require awnings and/or canopies that can encroach into
required property setbacks to create shade for pedestrians as part of objective design standards for mixed use zoning districts, as well as first and last mile development standards that allow for shading pedestrians in mixed-use zones.

CD 2 Structural Change Extreme heat
MLS-1.8
Study the possible elimination of parking minimums and
inclusion of parking maximums in zoning districts that are well-served by transit, in line with AB 2097 requirements.

CD 2 Structural Change
MLS-1.9
Install a dynamic smart parking program in Downtown
Glendale. Earmark proceeds from the program that is in
excess of structure parking maintenance costs to install walking and biking infrastructure in high social sensitivity census tracts.

PW 2 Equity, Funding
MLS-1.10
Build on the success of surrounding programs and partner - ships in the region, including the Southeast Los Angeles Cultural Center Development Advisory Panel to convene a residential-focused community stability working group with representatives from diverse interested parties to develop a community stability toolkit to be used in areas that have displacement risk. Track and monitor effectiveness of such strategies.

CD 2 Equity, Partnerships
MLS-1.11
Implement a dynamic promotional strategy for Open
Streets events (e.g., CicLAvia) including cutting-edge digital marketing tools and strategic community partnerships to maximize participation and foster a vibrant, inclusive urban experience with an emphasis on including the high social sensitivity census tracts.

OCM, CSP 2 Partnership
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-1.12
Conduct a study to determine the feasibility of implementing a congestion pricing plan for a specific area of the City with periods of heavy traffic to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality, and enhance opportunities for multi-modal
mobility, by analyzing key factors such as suitable locations, associated costs, optimal timing, potential impacts on traffic patterns, and overall effectiveness in addressing congestion.

PW 3 Feasibility
MLS-1.13
In support of the Innovation Ecosystem-related goals
included in the Economic Development Strategic Plan,
provide opportunities for affordable commercial devel - opment and redevelopment that supports small and locally owned businesses (e.g. fostering a business mentorship
program, providing educational resources to commercial
business owners, and facilitating access for incentives, etc.).

CD 3 Structural Change
MLS-2 Increase active transportation mode share to 3% by 2030 and 10% by 2045 by increasing the safety and availability of the transportation system to support walking and biking for all members of the community.

MLS-2.1
Update the Glendale Municipal Code to require the incor - poration of standard charging outlets in bike parking zones and designated parking spaces, fostering the widespread adoption of electric bicycles.

CD 1 Structural Change
MLS-2.2
Review and amend the existing Transportation Demand
Management (TDM) ordinance and require specific
employers to include money-based incentives for
employees to bike, walk, carpool, or take public transit to work, as well as those who work remotely.

CD 1 Structural Change
MLS-2.3
Continue to partner with the GPD and the Glendale Unified School District to provide a bicycle safety course for both bicycle riders and vehicle drivers to provide education related to safe, active transportation. Utilize this opportunity to provide opportunities to community members to test drive electric bicycles (e-bikes) from various manufacturers and learn more about how e-bikes operate. Prioritize outreach in communities with high social sensitivity.

GPD, GWP 1 Partnerships, Education
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-2.4
Identify locations throughout the City to install additional bike repair stations, including near parks along bicycle routes, and consider partnering with a local bike shop to provide quarterly bicycle repair support for residents trav - eling along a main bike path or at a designated, central location. Additionally, develop a Maintenance Plan that outlines ongoing routine inspections and repairs to confirm the continued functionality, as well as a map showing all the repair stations.

CD
PW
1 Structural Change
MLS-2.5
Partner with an entity such as L.A. Metro, Los Angeles
County Bicycle Coalition (LACBC), or Walk Bike Glendale to expand existing rebate programs to help families living on low- and fixed-incomes purchase alternative modes of transportation (e.g., bicycles, scooters, rollerblades, skates, skateboards) and appropriate safety gear.

PW 1 Partnerships,
Funding, Equity
MLS-2.6
Continue to pursue funding from Caltrans’ Active
Transportation Program or similar funding opportunities to implement improvements from the City’s long-range active transportation plans, including the Bicycle Transportation Plan, Circulation Element, Land Use Element Updates, and the Safe and Healthy Streets Plan.

PW 1 Funding
MLS-2.7
Re-evaluate the City’s Safe Routes to School Program to collect current data on access and use; evaluate physical safety; conduct feedback collection sessions from students, guardians, and staff; and provide updated information on pedestrian and bicycle safety programs as well as health benefits. Upon completion, take the updated plan to City Council for adoption.

CD 1 Feasibility
MLS-2.8
Continue partnering with L.A. Metro to complete the
Doran Street Grade Separation Project, which will include installation of an overpass to connect West San Fernando Road with the Fairmont Avenue Bridge, thereby replacing the at-grade crossing to increase pedestrian, bicycle, and vehicle safety.

PW 1 Partnerships
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 86 140 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-2.9
Build from the Wander the Wilderness Bus pilot program
to formalize a transit to trails program drawing inspiration from successful models, incorporating community feedback, and establishing robust partnerships with public transit agencies, environmental organizations, and local commu - nities to establish seamless and equitable access to natural spaces in the region. Deploy the program in high social sensitivity census tracts.

CSP, PW 1 Partnerships, Feasibility
MLS-2.10
Complete and implement the Vision Zero Action Plan by
2030, which includes a holistic realignment of traffic safety priorities, protocol, and procedures aimed at eliminating fatal and serious collisions. Prioritize implementation in high social sensitivity census tracts.

CD, PW 1 – 3 Structural Change
MLS-2.11
Leverage insights and best practices from successful initia - tives in other jurisdictions (e.g., Los Angeles, Long Beach, and Metro), building on their experiences and lessons learned, to evaluate and if feasible design and implement a compre - hensive Shared Bike program.

PW, CD CSP 1 – 3 Structural Change
MLS-2.12
Implement the Bicycle Transportation Plan by 2045.

Prioritize implementation in high social sensitivity
census tracts.

PW, CD 1 – 3 Structural Change Poor Air Quality
MLS-2.13
Install public bike parking facilities as identified by the Glendale Bike Transportation Plan that are safe, reliable, convenient, and accessible, enhancing the cycling infra - structure in the community with at least 75% of the new bike parking located in high social sensitivity census tracts.

Promote the use of the bike parking facilities through
awareness campaigns, multi-lingual convenient signage, and incentives to encourage sustainable transportation choices.

PW 1 – 3 Structural Change
MLS-2.14
Increase the linear miles of roadside vegetation clearance by 15%, consistent with the annually updated City of
Glendale FD/Los Angeles County Unit Strategic Fire Plan, to reduce the risk of ignition along roadways.

FD 2 Structural Change Wildfire
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 87 141 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-2.15
Install thermometers and ground-based thermal sensing
tools along Brand near the cool pavement and tree planting pilot project at different heights ranging from the ground to the tops of the trees/surrounding buildings. Collect data regularly to analyze the benefits of the pilot program.

OCM, PW 2 Funding,
Structural Change Extreme Heat
MLS-2.16
Review and update the Pavement Management Report
to incorporate cool pavement technologies during City
repaving projects.

PW 2 Structural Change
MLS-2.17
Expand the Glendale Parklet and Community Greening
program to identify and map opportunities to install parklets in the downtown and other commercial areas of the City.

Engage with businesses to gain sponsorship for the par - klets or greenspace. This will contribute to active transpor - tation by converting curbside parking spaces into vibrant, pedestrian-friendly zones, providing additional room for walking, cycling, and other human-powered modes of travel.

Additionally, work with private schools, utility right of ways, and Caltrans to identify and transition areas within their right of ways that could be transitioned into parklets and identify freeway airspace and vertical walls may also be used for planting or developed into mini gardens.

CD, PW 2 Structural Change
MLS-2.18
Adopt the 2025 California Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen) voluntary reach code for both residential and non-residential projects that establishes specific pavement options to reduce the heat island effect of sidewalks, patios, driveways, and parking lots by 2026.

CD 2 Structural Change Extreme Heat
MLS-2.19
Elevate street crosswalk components with artistic elements to enhance visibility and eliminate the need for pedestrians to navigate changes in height while crossing. Prioritize implementation in high social sensitivity census tracts.

PW, GLAC 2 Structural Change
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 88 142 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-2.20
Partner with the Glendale Unified School District and private schools in the City to develop a plan to reduce the heat islands in the City’s schools and adjacent areas, including along walking routes, by removing impervious surfaces,
planting trees, and increasing shade structures. Prioritize schools that serve high social sensitivity census tracts.

Develop a tree maintenance and monitoring program that
details the additional resources required to protect and maintain the trees once planted.

PW 2 Partnerships, Feasibility Extreme Heat
MLS-2.21
Complete the traffic calming strategies along San Fernando Road, including bicycle lanes to access major employment centers (e.g., distribution warehouses) by 2030.

PW 2 Structural Change
MLS-2.22
Complete the Glendale-Los Angeles Garden River Bridge
Project (Glendale Narrows Riverwalk, Phase III), which will include a river crossing on the LA River near the Glendale Narrows Riverwalk that has specially designed lights to mit - igate light pollution, multi-lingual signs, a bike repair station, and information about the region, such as cultural history of the land and people; native plants and animals; and how to protect our ecosystems.

PW 3 Structural Change,
Education
MLS-2.23 Implement transportation improvements identified in the Safety Element to improve emergency evacuation by 2035. PW 3 Structural Change Wildfire MLS-2.24
Adjust asphalt binder grade based on future temperature projections using American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials guidelines and FHWA’s
LTPPBind tool.

PW 3 Structural Change Extreme Heat
MLS-2.25
Implement fortified street crossings with heightened safety measures at high-traffic or traditionally dangerous intersec - tions, incorporating advanced signaling systems, pedestri - an-friendly infrastructure, and community-informed designs to enhance road safety.

PW 3 Structural Change
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 89 143 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-3 Enhance the transit system to be more resilient, accessible, and convenient to increase mode share to 5% by 2030 and 10% by 2045.

MLS-3.1
Complete the current Bus Stop Improvement Program (BSIP) to survey all Beeline Metro, and Los Angeles Department of Transportation bus stops that Glendale is responsible and develop a “kit-of-parts” for each (approximately 467) bus stop which includes shelter and shade structures, and real-time bus information displays at key bus stops. As part of the analysis, identify the top priority locations for installation of shelters, shade structures, and bus stop amenities based on average use of the transit stop, location in high social sen - sitivity census tracts, and proximity to community parks.

PW 1 Feasibility,
Structural Change Extreme Heat
MLS-3.2
As part of the ongoing Comprehensive Transit Operations Analysis, evaluate the existing Beeline route and coor - dinate with Metro, BurbankBus, La Canada Flintridge (LCF) Shuttle, Metrolink, and Amtrak, to increase convenient and safe access to the transit system. Work with L.A. Metro and Glendale Beeline to identify opportunities to increase transit options in Glendale and coordinate around issue areas. Prioritize implementation in high social sensitivity census tracts.

PW 1 Feasibility, Partnership
MLS-3.3
Partner with Metro to educate the community on available transit opportunities through informational workshops,
highlighting the benefits and convenience of public trans - portation options, including the Guaranteed Ride Home
program and Metro Micro.

PW 1 Structural Change,
Partnerships
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 90 144 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-3.4
Continue to partner with Metro to provide qualifying low- income residents of Los Angeles County with monthly
free regional rides as part of the Low-Income Fare is
Easy program and identify opportunities to expand the
partnership to include Metrolink, Amtrak, and potentially rideshare companies to create a centralized program that establishes a monthly ticket covering multiple transportation systems to incentivize travelers.

PW 1 Feasibility, Funding,
Partnerships
MLS-3.5
As part of the Beeline Comprehensive Operations Analysis, continue to improve transit accessibility on the Beeline by actively engaging people with disabilities in the review and discussion of existing operations, and decision-making pro - cesses for future initiatives and upgrades.

PW 1 Equity
MLS-3.6
Utilize Transit and Intercity Rail Capital Program (TIRCP) grant and local transportation sales tax measure funds to install the prioritized shelter and shade structures, bus stop amenities as identified in MLS-3.1., contactless fare payment program, and climate mobility, technology upgrades (e.g., Wi-Fi on bus, real time information system, etc.).

PW 2 Funding Extreme Heat
MLS-3.7
Continue to partner with L.A. Metro and the Glendale
Beeline to offer increased awareness of youth-targeted pro - grams and continue to engage with Glendale Unified School District to offer membership in the GoPass program.

PW 2 Partnerships,
Funding, Equity
MLS-3.8
Work with regional transit providers to implement a transit signal priority system that implements a smart and inte - grated street lighting system aimed at minimizing wait times at intersections by optimizing traffic flow and enhancing energy efficiency.

PW 2 Structural Change
MLS-3.9
Upon completion of the Comprehensive Transit Operations Analysis (Action MLS-3.2), develop a Beeline Service Plan that prioritizes high social sensitivity census tracts.

PW 3 Feasibility, Equity
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 91 145 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-3.10
Continue to partner with Metro to complete the North
Hollywood to Pasadena Transit Corridor project to connect the cities of Los Angeles (North Hollywood and Eagle Rock communities), Burbank, Glendale, and Pasadena via Bus
Rapid Transit (BRT), improving access to jobs, education, and other important destinations.

PW 3 Partnership
MLS-4 Increase passenger and commercial zero-emission vehicle use and adoption to 25% by 2030 and 90% by 2045, respectively.

MLS-4.1
Continue to leverage the Fleet Electrification Study to evaluate opportunities for installation of electric vehicle charging stations at City-owned facilities and in the public right of way. The feasibility study will assess electrical capacity, electrical demand, financial constraints, and parking utilization to provide a prioritized list of locations to install new publicly accessible electric vehicle charging sta - tions. In the feasibility study, include evaluation of opportu - nities and prioritization of locations to increase the equitable distribution of publicly available electric vehicle chargers to residents of multi-family homes in high social sensitivity tracts and residents living on low- and moderate-incomes, as well as consideration for optimizing daytime charging.

GWP 1 Feasibility, Equity
MLS-4.2
Continue to implement the Glendale Electric Vehicle Reach Code and review every code cycle (three years) to align with best practices and guidelines for electric vehicle charging.

CD 1 Structural Change Poor Air Quality
MLS-4.3
Continue to conduct at least two annual zero-emission
vehicle education events for residents. Prioritize events for residents living on low- and moderate- incomes as well as residents living in multi-family buildings that would engage the community to evaluate the barriers to zero-emission vehicle adoption, promote information on the costs and ben - efits of owning zero-emission vehicles, and detail the steps on how to receive incentives for zero-emission vehicles.

GWP, CSP 1 Education
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 92 146 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-4.4
Engage large employers and owners of parking structures in Glendale and provide technical support, such as design assistance, technical workshops, GWP coordination, and
permit streamlining to install public, shared, and private, DC fast charging infrastructure.

CD 1 Partnerships
MLS-4.5
Create a summary of commercial vehicle fleets in Glendale and identify employers to work with to accelerate zero- emission vehicle adoption through targeted education.

Encourage commercial vehicle fleet operators to accelerate electrification by providing them educational material on the benefits of zero-emission vehicles (e.g., fuel cost savings through networked charging, and current availability of zero emission vehicles ahead of State mandates), the City’s streamlined permitting process, and compiling and distrib - uting information on potential funding opportunities.

GWP 1 Feasibility, Education
MLS-4.6
Develop outreach and education materials and distribute them to local businesses, property owners, and developers on the financial (e.g., new funding streams), environmental, health, and safety benefits of zero-emission vehicles.

Provide information on available funding opportunities
and the City’s streamlined permitting process. Deploy the program in partnership with local community organizations and trusted community leaders.

GWP , CSP 1 Education
MLS-4.7
Based on the prioritized list of locations developed through action MLS-4.1, install at least 25 level II chargers per year, through public-private partnerships and on City-owned
properties.

GWP 1 – 3 Structural Change,
Partnerships Poor Air Quality
MLS-4.8
Incentivize residential electric vehicle charger installations and panel upgrades. Promote the incentives through multi- lingual outreach material on GWP's website and at com - munity events.

GWP 2 Funding
MLS-4.9
Continue to work with the South Coast Air Quality
Management District to identify and provide funding for electric vehicles and charging infrastructure for disadvan - taged business owners.

GWP 2 Partnerships, Funding
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 93 147 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-4.10
Identify and create an equitable plan for a zero-carbon district in a high social sensitivity census tract to focus resources, support, and partnerships with local businesses, and engagement to develop a carbon free zone where all
buildings and mobility options are carbon free. Avoid inequi - table outcomes by engaging directly with high social sensi - tivity census tract households and businesses.

CD 3 Structural Change,
Partnerships
MLS-4.11
Conduct a comprehensive assessment of primary last-mile delivery routes, vehicle fleet composition, and energy infra - structure, exploring potential partnerships with electric vehicle manufacturers, charging station providers, and
alternative solutions such as e-cargo bikes, AI-driven
delivery systems, or other innovative approaches, as well as evaluating financial incentives and regulatory frameworks to formulate a well-informed strategy for the successful electri - fication of last-mile delivery.

PW, GWP 3 Feasibility
MLS-5 Electrify or otherwise decarbonize 30% of community-operated off-road equipment (e.g., lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and chainsaws) operations by 2030 and 100% by 2045.

MLS-5.1
Investigate off-road equipment fleets in the City to identify fleets with the highest decarbonization potential, fleets owned by small and minority businesses that will need
targeted support and incentives to decarbonize or electrify, and fleets that do not currently have zero-emission alterna - tives. Utilize these findings to develop the phased off-road ordinances (Action MLS-5.2).

OS 1 Feasibility, Equity
MLS-5.2
Continue to develop and adopt a phased series of ordi - nances that align with or exceed AB 1346 to ban local
operation of specific types of gasoline and diesel-powered off-road equipment (e.g., lawn and garden, construction).

Update the ordinances based on a regular review of relevant state regulations, regional rules, and available technology.

OSy, CD (Code
Enforcement) 1 Structural Change Poor Air Quality
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 94 148 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-5.3
Promote the multi-lingual Off-road Equipment Replacement Outreach Campaign that provides information to con -
tractors, residents, and fleet operators in the City.

Information should include equivalent alternatives to fos - sil-fuel powered off-road equipment, public health, safety benefits of alternative equipment technology, and funding opportunities available (i.e., Clean Off-Road Equipment Voucher Incentive Program [CORE]). Information from
the educational program should be summarized into an
infographic format and posted at parks, City-owned and
operated buildings, and shared in the City’s newsletter to highlight the emissions reductions and overall health ben - efits in a way that is easily understood.

OS 1 Education, Equity
MLS-5.4
Require zero emission off-road equipment as a mitigation measure for projects deemed to have an environmental
impact for new construction as part of the CEQA process.

CD 1 Structural Change Poor Air Quality
MLS-5.5
Create an enforcement and implementation program to track the community's transition to electric off-road equipment and use of biofuels.

PS, CD (Code
Enforcement) 2 Structural Change
MLS-5.6
Partner to create a financially viable rebate program with surrounding jurisdictions and the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), as appropriate, for
upgrading off-road equipment and switching to electric or biofuels. Develop the program with a focus on procedural equity and prioritize funding distribution to vulnerable populations.

OS, GWP 2 Funding, Equity,
Partnerships Poor Air Quality
MLS-6.1 two years to consider changes in vehicle operations and requirements, changes in costs, as well as improvements in technology.

PW 1 Structural Change
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 95 MLS-6 Transition to 45% zero-emission municipal fleet by 2030 and 100% by 2040.

Review and update the Fleet Electrification Study every 149 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
MLS-6.2
Continue to highlight the City’s zero-emission vehicle fleet at community events such as Earth Day, Touch-A-Truck,
and other events, to demonstrate how an electric vehicle fleet underscores Glendale's dedication to modernizing
its infrastructure and aligning with evolving transportation trends and provide an opportunity to provide education
about the benefits of electric vehicles, including lower air pollution, reduced noise levels, and the positive impact on public health.

PW 1 Education
MLS-6.3
Develop an impact and risk assessment for power outages and use the information to develop risk mitigation strat - egies and a resilience plan that supports electric vehicle procurement.

PW 1 Feasibility
MLS-6.4 Implement the Zero-Emission Transition Bus Rollout plan by 2035. PW 1 – 3 Structural Change Poor Air Quality Install battery backup combined with onsite solar and
renewable diesel generator backups to provide resilience to the municipal fleet.

PW 2 Structural Change Poor Air Quality, Extreme
Heat, Wildfire
Secure funding from State programs (such as the California Air Resources Board's Clean Vehicle Rebate Project and
the Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Program, Hybrid and Zero-Emission Truck and Bus Voucher Incentive Project) and Federal sources to increase procurement of zero-emission cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles and installation of zero-emission vehicle charging/fueling infrastructure at municipal facilities. Additionally, explore opportunities for Low Carbon Fuel Standard credit generation from use of low carbon fuels/electricity for fleet vehicles.

PW 2 Funding
Meet or exceed the advanced clean fleets rules for medium and heavy-duty vehicles. PW 3 Structural Change Poor Air Quality Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Mobility and Land Use System 96 MLS-6.5
MLS-6.6
MLS-6.7
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URBAN ECO-SYSTEM
GHG Emissions Benefits
Glendale’s parks and green spaces are not just a source of enjoyment for the community, but also a powerful mechanism to capture carbon.

The trees, plants, and soils throughout Glendale have the ability to pull carbon dioxide out of the air and sequester it as they grow.

This sequestration counts as “negative” emissions for Glendale. By enhancing carbon sequestration by planting more trees, applying compost to soils, and managing open space to resist fires, Glendale can increase the level of sequestration to fight climate change.

Glendale will also create a circular economy around organics like yard waste and foodscraps by keeping them out of the landfill where they generate methane (a potent GHG) and instead generating compost which can be used to amend soil and increase carbon sequestration.

Resilience Benefits
Enhancing the urban eco-system also provides significant resilience benefits. The measures and actions within this system will expand the urban forest, conserve and reuse water, enhance natural eco - systems, and protect against wildfire in an increasingly hot and dry climate. Expanding Glendale’s tree canopy will provide shade, reduce the urban heat island effect (by lowering temperatures), and improve air quality to offset impacts from wildfire and extreme heat. Additionally, applying compost to soil will improve soil health and water retention, while maintaining open spaces will support biodiversity and provide recreational areas for the community. Compost improves soil health by enhancing soil structure, increasing nutrient availability, supporting microbial life, and improving water retention.

Drivers of Change
Urban ecosystems play a critical role in maintaining ecological balance.

Efforts are underway to enhance and restore biodiversity in Glendale, which includes planting native trees, creating pollinator-friendly hab - itats, and protecting natural spaces. California’s Senate Bill 1383 (SB 1383) plays a pivotal role in increased statewide composting efforts.

This legislation mandates that organic waste, including food scraps and yard trimmings, must be diverted from landfills by residential and commercial generators. By doing so, SB 1383 aims to reduce green- house gas emissions and promote the development of composting infrastructure. In addition to state regulations, research has shown that green space has significant positive impacts on mental and physical health and well-being, amplifying the importance of parks, community gardens, and recreational areas that are accessible to all.

System Metrics
GHG Reduction – 73,859 MT CO 2e
Adaptation Focus Areas
Wildfire Poor Air Quality
Extreme Heat
Drought
Extreme Precipitation
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Urban Eco-System 97 151 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-1 Increase organics diversion through SB-1383 to divert 75% of organic material by 2025.

UE-1.1
Support the implementation of data management systems
for managing refuse, recyclables, organics and edible food to maximize diversion of waste streams.

PW 1 Feasibility
UE-1.2
Engage in edible food recovery capacity planning by com - pleting the following actions:
y Estimate the amount of edible food that will be disposed of by organics generators in Glendale.
y Work regionally to establish a full list of food recovery organizations that can receive edible food from Glendale businesses.
y Optimize edible food collection and distribution logistics in the City by implementing a streamlined route planning system, coordinating with local businesses for organic
waste contributions, and leveraging technology for
real-time monitoring, thereby enhancing efficiency and
sustainability in compost management.
y Continue to work with food recovery entities to identify the minimum capacity required to recover 20% of edible food that is estimated to be disposed.
y Provide education regarding the good Samaritan law and infrastructure needed to store and manage food.

If existing and planned capacity is insufficient based on the above process, develop and submit an implementation schedule highlighting the planning effort to provide new or expanded capacity for increasing edible food donations and identify proposed new or expanded facilities to be used for additional capacity.

PW 1 Feasibility
UE-1.3
In tandem with the Free Composting Bin and Organics
Recycling Pail Pick Up programs, establish and maintain an ongoing education program informing the community about compostable materials, including regularly updated guide - lines on composting, especially paper, distributed bi-annually and made available at the City permit counter, grocery stores, as well as at farmers' markets and other community events.

PW 1 Education
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Urban Eco-System 98 152 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-1.4
Implement an equitable inspection and compliance program for the edible food recovery program and organics pro - curement program with equitable and clearly defined
enforcement mechanisms and penalties, as required by
Article 16 in SB 1383. Maintain records, including an initial compliance report, annual report, and implementation record as required by Articles 3, 14, and 16 of SB 1383 for (1) the organic waste collection program and (2) the edible food recovery program. Additionally, develop an organics pro - curement tracking program.

PW 1 Structural
Change, Equity
UE-1.5
Work with the Los Angeles County Department of Public
Health to develop and pass an ordinance, with equitable enforcement mechanisms and technical and financial assis - tance for low-income entities, which requires organics
diversion from businesses, including front-of-house (FOH) organics collection at most food service businesses. As part of the ordinance development process, identify local companies that provide composting support services and
develop preliminary requirements for contracting.

PW 1 Feasibility, Equity
UE-1.6
Continue working with waste haulers who can franchise in Glendale to provide clear and consistent composting edu - cation material to private and public schools and other com - munity organizations to promote compost quality and avoid cross contamination with plastics and other trash.

PW 1 Education
UE-1.7
Identify opportunities to meet the procurement targets of SB 1383 to procure 16,000 tons of organics per year and identify opportunities to apply compost on City parks to improve water-holding capacity and filtration.

PW, Parks 1 Feasibility,
Structural Change Drought
UE-1.8
Work with regional partners in LA County to create a
compost application trading program to support the appli - cation of compost and other organic matter in farms and parks in the County.

PW 1 Partnership
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Urban Eco-System 99 153 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-1.9
Continue to work with entities to develop and manage a
comprehensive edible food recovery program based on food insecurity in Glendale that identifies and assists Tier 1 and Tier 2 generators with SB 1383 implementation; identifies food recovery services and organizations within the City; determines the capacity of food recovery services and orga - nizations within the City; evaluates the need for development of food recovery kitchen sites or repackaging locations; and tracks the needs of Glendale’s food insecure population.

PW, 1 Partnerships,
Structural Change
UE-1.10
Continue to identify and support school organizations (e.g., leadership, sustainability, and environmental groups or clubs) start “Go Organics” programs to initiate, educate, and implement robust organics collection programs in collab - oration with public schools, Glendale Community College campuses, and private schools.

PW 1 Partnerships, Education
UE-1.11
Develop community compost giveaway sites (e.g., at parks or other City owned and operated locations) to provide a constant resource to the community and education about
how to reduce pests and potential odor and other relevant concerns.

PW 1 Structural Change
UE-1.12
Develop a multi-family outreach program that engages with large and medium sized multi-family buildings to discuss opportunities and barriers to composting. Engagement
should include outreach to property management and
tenants. Based on feedback, identify recommendations for developing a multi-family composting program.

PW 1 Education
UE-1.13 Increase the City of Glendale construction waste diversion requirement to 75% during the next contract negotiation. CD 1 Education Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Urban Eco-System 100
154 of 961

Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-2 Increase tree canopy to 25% by 2030 and 30% by 2045 by focusing on communities most vulnerable to extreme heat.

UE-2.1
Complete analysis on success rates for trees planted over the past three years (planted 2020 – 2023), encompassing factors such as species selection, soil conditions, and main - tenance practices, to determine the survival rate, thereby informing future tree planting initiatives and fostering sus - tainable urban forestry practices.

PW, CSP, 1 Feasibility Extreme Heat
UE-2.2
Continue to implement and regularly update the Open Space Management Plan sustainable management practices for
land included in the San Gabriel and Verdugo Mountains, and the San Rafael Hills, incorporating the planting of trees with locally adapted genetics in historically forested areas, aiming to enhance ecosystem health, mitigate erosion, and preserve biodiversity. Add multi-lingual signs and/or infor - mation kiosks detailing the history of specific trees, where known, benefits of native trees, and information on how they are maintained.

PW, CSP, FD 1 Structural Change
UE-2.3
Prioritize planting of 200 trees annually in high social sensi - tivity census tracts with the lowest tree equity score, along safe routes to school and near bus stops, as detailed in the City’s Community Forest Management Plan.

PW 1 Structural
Change, Equity Extreme Heat
UE-2.4
Implement and regularly review and update the Community Forest Management Plan using the best available data (e.g., tree canopy tracking tools) to support the decision-making process and include parks and City open space.

PW 1 Feasibility, Funding Extreme Heat
UE-2.5
Re-evaluate the “Designated Street Tree List” for canopy potential and future climate conditions. Prioritize imple - mentation of the City’s existing Urban Forest Reforestation Program in areas of high social sensitivity census tracts.

PW 1 Feasibility,
Structural Change Extreme Heat, Drought
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Urban Eco-System 101
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-2.6
Conduct site assessments of parks located in areas with the greatest concentration of vulnerable populations. Evaluate thermal comfort, availability of shade, building and pavement materials, amenities, and landscape features. Survey park visitors to obtain input on park design and thermal comfort.

Establish a schedule of capital expenditures to increase tree canopy, install shade structures (including those that cover picnic areas, general seating, walkways, play structures, and dog parks), misting stations, spray parks, and other cooling features, and change materials (e.g., paving, building) to those with low solar gain to increase comfort, safety, and promote prolonged outdoor activities by providing pro - tection from the sun, ultimately fostering a more enjoyable and inclusive recreational environment for the community members and their pets that utilize the site(s). Focus invest - ments and upgrades in areas of high social sensitivity first.

PW, CSP 1 Feasibility, Equity Extreme Heat
UE-2.7
Review, enhance, update, and regularly maintain the City’s existing “Public Tree” webpage with relevant information, such as best practices for watering and fertilizing trees, guidelines for pruning and maintenance, information on local tree species, and resources for reporting tree damage or disease. Additionally, provide information on the benefits of a healthy tree canopy, including improved air and water quality, reduced urban heat island effects, and increased property values.

PW 1 Education Extreme Heat
UE-2.8
Continue to pursue and obtain grant funding for tree planting and urban forest management. Identify and apply for Federal and State grants annually to meet the tree planting goal identified in Action UE-2.3 (e.g., USDA, California ReLeaf, Affordable Housing and Sustainable Communities Program, Cal Fire’s Urban and Community Forestry Program, and
the California Natural Resources Agency’s Urban Greening Program).

PW 1 Funding Extreme Heat
Climate Action and Resilience Strategies | Urban Eco-System 102
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-2.9
Partner with a non-profit entity to enhance and promote the existing Tree Power Program to generate more donations, optimize the Earth Day/Arbor Day program, and generate
more community support for the urban forest.

CSP, PW 1 Partnerships, Education Extreme Heat
UE-2.10 Contract with local nurseries to grow indigenous species of trees with local genetics to be used for City planting. PW, CSP 1 Structural Change Extreme Heat UE-2.11
Update the municipal code shade tree requirement for
new developments; greening of parking lots; planting
replacement trees that offer a large mature tree canopy with low water requirements; and increase permeable surfaces in new developments.

CD, PW 2 Structural Change Extreme Heat, Drought
UE-2.12
Adopt an ordinance that establishes strict guidelines and limits on the allowable extent of impervious surfaces in City-owned and operated parkways. The ordinance should
include provisions for permeable pavement options, green infrastructure, and stormwater management practices
that promote sustainable urban design and preserve eco - logical health.

PW 2 Structural Change Extreme Heat
UE-2.13
Create a communitywide ban on rock mulch, plastic/
landscape fabric, and artificial turf under trees citywide that includes an educational component for residents and business owners on the impacts of these materials on tree health and the ultimate impact on increased heat and poor air quality. Additionally, include information on the benefits of mulching with natural materials, highlighting their ability to enrich soil fertility, reduce erosion, and provide a habitat for beneficial organisms.

CD 2 Structural Change Extreme Heat and Poor
Air Quality
UE-2.14
Prepare an Urban Forestry Map to identify and map vacant planting areas beyond public lands and rights-of-way
that can be converted into greenspace with tree canopy, including on private property in parking lots and front and side-yard setbacks, and on City-owned vacant lands.

PW 2 Feasibility Extreme Heat
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-2.15
In areas with low canopy coverage and small parkways (10’ or under) in high social sensitivity areas, complete analysis on the potential to remove parking lanes or change traffic flow to one-way to create space for an active transportation lane with potential for largest shade trees in the highest foot traffic. Establish a prioritized list of locations that could feasibly be transitioned. Complete this action as part of the Glendale Parklet and Community Greening program iden -
tified in Action MLS-2.17.

CD 2 Feasibility,
Structural Change Extreme Heat, Drought
UE-2.16
Partner with local landscape architects or urban design experts to create a set of sample landscape designs options with native, drought-tolerant, and edible plants, providing detailed specifications on what to buy (e.g., a kit of tools) and offering guidance to community members in planning their outdoor spaces. Create demonstration gardens on City-
owned sites, including planting events tailored especially to schools and student groups.

PW, CSP, CD 2 Structural Change,
Partnerships
UE-2.17
Develop an ordinance requiring tree maintenance of pro - tected trees on private lots be performed by an arborist to increase tree health and long-term wellness to increase the urban forest canopy.

PW 2 Structural Change Extreme Heat
UE-2.18 Reduce competition from invasive grasses and restore existing non-natives to native landscape on City property. PW, CSP 2 Structural Change Wildfire UE-2.19
Establish a Tree Trust or Tree Endowment where the interest on the principal can be used for purchasing and planting trees in prioritized areas pursuant to the Urban Forest Inventory and Management Plan, paying for tree mainte - nance in high social sensitivity census tracts in the City, sup - porting tree management in City-owned parks, or supporting staff resources for the Urban Forest Management Program.

PW 3 Funding, Equity Extreme Heat
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-2.20
Partner with local conservation groups such as the Arroyos & Foothills Conservancy and Glendale Environmental Coalition to acquire key parcels for conservation and perform resto - ration projects on existing parcels in Glendale’s open spaces and along the Wildland-Urban Interface which are vulnerable to development for wildfire mitigation.

PW, CSP 3 Structural Change,
Partnerships
UE-3 Reduce the potential for wildfire to spread in Glendale by actively managing 50-75 acres of land annually through prescribed burns, brush clearance, grazing, and building hardening.

UE-3.1 Conduct analysis to identify high risk and high fuel load areas within the Wildland Urban Interface by 2026. FD 1 Feasibility Wildfire UE-3.2
Apply innovative and thoughtful vegetation management
such as grazing or vegetation thinning and composting
to reduce fuel loads and fire intensity in Wildland Urban Interface areas. Establish an implementation schedule to actively manage 50-75 acres annually. Using the Herbivory Intensity Class I or Class 2 categories, grazing would be pre - dominantly achieved by either cattle and horses, or goats, respectively, to help reduce the fine fuels and, therefore, a potential fire’s rate of speed. Monitor the native versus invasive species growth after each management technique is applied and adjust the process where appropriate to protect the native species, while also decreasing fire risk.

FD 1 Structural Wildfire
UE-3.3
Seek funding to prepare a Community Wildfire Protection Plan consistent with the latest Healthy Forests Restoration Act standards.

FD 1 Funding Wildfire
UE-3.4
In partnership with local Tribal groups, conduct a feasibility study to find the total acreage on lands suited for prescribed burning (i.e., based on fuel type, fuel density, proximity to sensitive resources and receptors, control points, and topography).

FD 1 Feasibility, Partnerships Wildfire
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-3.5 Identify and apply for grant opportunities to fund wildfire vegetation management, including grants from CAL FIRE. FD 1 Funding Wildfire UE-3.6
Continue to implement the Vegetation Management Program and conduct on-going workshops on defensible space,
vegetation management, and home-hardening techniques
based upon the most up to date Los Angeles County Fire
Department and CAL FIRE management guidelines and
policies for property owners in moderate, high, and very high fire hazard severity zones. Connect vulnerable popula - tions (e.g., single heads of households, individuals on fixed income/low-income, older adults, individuals living with a disability) to funding resources. Track the number of current participants and establish a goal to increase the number of individuals who participate in the home hardening work - shops or programs. Monitor progress towards the goal and adapt the program as necessary to increase community
involvement.

FD, PW 1 Education Wildfire
UE-3.7
Increase Tribal coordination efforts to manage lands and increase resilience based on traditional practices and his - toric vegetation through co-management agreements and
Tribal-led projects.

PW 1 Equity, Partnerships Wildfire
UE-3.8
Maintain multiple contracts with private contracting shep - herds to increase the acres of land by 10% that are grazed to reduce wildfire risk.

FD 2 Structural Change Wildfire
UE-3.9
Sponsor at least one Community Chipper Event annually
by providing free mobile onsite chipping at designated
locations to reduce private burden for fuels reduction and to generate woodchips from brush while maintaining LA
County Defensible Space Standards Zone 0 (0-5 feet ember resistant zone from structure).

PW, FD, IT 2 Structural Change Wildfire
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-3.10
Establish a post-wildfire or extreme rain event inspection and mitigation program to evaluate and reduce the risk of landslides for areas near critical buildings and infrastructure.

The inspection program should include assessment of:
y Previous vegetation cover class and percent cover
y Post fire vegetation cover percent
y Slope percent
y Soil type and erosivity
y Proximity of the facility to the high-use area
y Weather forecast
y Features between the facility and area of damage
FD, PW 3 Structural Change Extreme Precipitation
UE-3.11
Install landslide monitoring equipment in landslide suscepti - bility areas that are adjacent to critical assets to monitor and detect any changes in local hillside hydrologic conditions using surface or subsurface data. Data collected and used could include rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity, soil- water content, soil suction, soil temperature, and ground - water pressure.

PW, IT 3 Structural Change Extreme Precipitation
UE-4 Increase access to affordable and fresh produce through partnerships and technical assistance.

UE-4.1
Continue partnering with the Glendale Unified School
District to create school community garden programs to
educate students about gardening, farming, healthy food, and providing a source of fresh fruits and vegetables. Utilize City recognition forums, such as the Sustainable Stewardship Award, to highlight schools or clubs that collect and manage organic materials, maintain a school garden, and provide education to students on the life cycle of organics.

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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-4.2
Expand existing community garden programs by revital -
izing and expanding gardening sites in areas of high social sensitivity or with high food insecurity rates. Conduct a feasibility study of vacant sites, evaluate zoning constraints, and identify partnerships and funding opportunities.

Additionally, invest in a local food recovery distribution system (e.g., a food truck or other method of transportation) to transfer fresh, healthy food to those in greatest need to increase access.

CSP, PW 2
Feasibility, Structural
Change, Equity,
Partnerships
UE-4.3
Partner with an entity such as LA Compost to create small community garden programs at existing community centers.

Provide training on gardening, food harvest, and food prepa - ration, as well as the health and climate benefits of reducing meat consumption.

PW, CSP, GLACC 2 Structural Change,
Education, Partnership
UE-4.4
Partner with local chefs or other non-profits to provide veg - etarian cooking classes (on electric cooktops) at community centers or test kitchens within Glendale. Identify opportu - nities to offer longer-term classes and provide a demon - stration garden to educate the community as well.

OS, CSP, GLAC 2 Partnerships,
Education
UE-4.5
Partner with local Tribes and/or Indigenous communities to create native gardens for community use and food to foster a collaborative and inclusive approach that respects and integrates traditional ecological knowledge, cultural prac - tices, and community goals into the sustainable development of shared spaces.

CSP 2 Partnership
UE-4.6
Establish a food business development center that provides start-up funds, such as low interest matching loans, and access to technical assistance tailored to starting entrepre - neurs and cooperative food initiatives.

ED 3 Structural Change
UE-5 Reduce per capita water use to 48 gallons per day by 2030 and 42 gallons per day by 2045 by enhancing water conservation and water quality and increase the Glendale water system's resilience to climate extremes by upgrading water and stormwater facilities.

UE-5.1 Adopt an ordinance to ban the use of non-functional turf in new building design. CD 1 Structural Change
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-5.2
Upon the next update to the Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP)), review the historical record to identify the longest recorded drought and consider a similar drought length in the UWMP analysis.

GWP 1 Feasibility Drought
UE-5.3
As part of the COSA, conduct an energy/water nexus study to inform future water rate structure. Explore approaches to structure water rates more progressively. To avoid
inequitable outcomes, engage directly with low-income
households with high utility burdens during water rate
structure changes.

GWP 1 Feasibility, Equity Drought
UE-5.4
Continue to coordinate with neighboring jurisdictions to provide adequate water availability and peak load water supply for fire suppression efforts in alignment with CAL FIRE recommendations.

GWP 1 Partnership Wildfire
UE-5.5
Partner with Metropolitan Water District of Southern
California to expand the rain barrel program by imple - menting community outreach campaigns. Collaborate with
Metropolitan and/or other experts to provide educational workshops on rainwater harvesting and sustainable water management practices.

GWP 1 Structural Change,
Partnerships Drought
UE-5.6
Perform a study to understand the feasibility and potential potable water savings of adopting a Dual Plumbing
Ordinance. The feasibility study will help the City determine the size threshold for future development projects subject to the ordinance.

CD, GWP 2 Feasibility Drought
UE-5.7
Evaluate the adequacy of the City’s stormwater infrastructure and promote best management practices (BMPs) based on
future precipitation projections and confidence intervals using the Cal-Adapt tool and guidance from the Federal
Highway Administration.

PW 2 Feasibility Extreme Precipitation
UE-5.8
Conduct an evaluation of impacts that future extreme precip - itation events or extended drought conditions could have on the Glendale Water Treatment Plant by 2030 as part of the Recycled Water Master Plan.

GWP 2 Feasibility Extreme precipi -
tation, drought
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-5.9
Based on the results of the analysis included in the COSA, expand existing Glendale Water and Power programs to
increase leakage detection systems and repairs; drought tolerant landscaping; low-flow fixtures, fittings, and appli - ances; greywater capture and reuse; leakage repairs; and/or financial and technical resources to subsidize costs to land - lords and low-income households.

GWP 2 Structural Change Drought
UE-5.10
As part of the Water Master Plan, conduct an assessment to identify opportunities to upgrade or add field instrumen - tation hardware including sensors, actuators, relays, control units, and samplers (e.g., for automatic leak detection) throughout the Glendale Water and Power water distribution system. Utilize artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to automate SCADA data collection and analysis to
provide additional operational improvements and achieve energy efficiency.

GWP 2 Feasibility Drought
UE-5.11
Based on the results of the Recycled Water Master Plan, expand recycled water lines throughout the City, with an emphasis on connecting to parks and open spaces.

GWP 3 Structural Change Drought
UE-6 Showcase municipal leadership through increased landfill diversion rates, climate-smart food and purchasing behavior, and enhanced water efficiencies.

UE-6.1
Evaluate the existing custodial contracts at City-owned and operated buildings and facilities to update contract terms if necessary to include collection and disposal of organics, recyclables, and landfilled solid waste. As part of the evalu - ation, complete an audit of the existing external waste col - lection bins at each location and if necessary, work with the waste hauler(s) to acquire supplemental bins and collection services for organics, recyclables, and landfilled solid waste at each City-owned and operated facility by 2026. Adopt the City's administrative policy requiring all City staff to follow the source-separation requirement.

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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-6.2
Complete an annual audit on current bin location and signage for landfill, recycle, and compost waste in municipal buildings and on municipal-owned land to confirm that bins have clear signage and are collocated together for appropriate disposal.

Where necessary, establish a plan to improve signage that clearly outlines what is accepted in each receptacle.

PW 1 Structural Change
UE-6.3
Provide free or reduced cost recycling bins and continue to provide free or reduced cost composting and/or vermiculture bins to residents to encourage community-wide participation as well as workshops to inform the community on the ben - efits of composting.

PW 1 Structural Change
UE-6.4 Create a Buy Nothing group for City staff to exchange items from their offices or homes. OS, HR 1 Structural Change UE-6.5
Establish a City policy to provide vegetarian and other climate smart food options at all municipal events, along with information on health, environmental, and carbon benefits for City employees.

OS 1 Structural Change,
Education
UE-6.6
Complete a municipal water use analysis and implement
recommendations resulting from the analysis to reduce total water use 25% by 2030.

GWP 1 - 2 Feasibility Drought
UE-6.7
Identify and replace non-functional turf at City-owned and operated facilities and locations. Additionally, replace non- native vegetation with native and drought tolerant species throughout Glendale parks, medians, and other landscapes and create bioswales on City land and along roadway right- of-way to increase stormwater capture and groundwater
recharge by 2027. Train City and contracted staff tasked to maintain landscaping on how to manage specific plants, including increased watering schedules for the first through third month after planting, with a decreased watering
schedule following.

PW, CSP 2 Feasibility,
Structural Change Drought
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Action Lead Department(s) Phase Pillar Climate Hazard
UE-6.8
Implement the goals included in the Emergency Action Plan, including conducting hardening upgrades to water structures and facilities (i.e., reservoirs, pump structures, treatment facilities, and administrative offices) that are in or immedi - ately adjacent to CAL FIRE High and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones by 2030. Install back-up power generators for all critical water facilities by 2027.

GWP 3 Structural Change Wildfire
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IMPLEMENTATION

AND MONITORING
The Glendale CAAP serves as a strategic roadmap for achieving the City’s GHG emissions reduction targets while enhancing resilience to the impacts of climate change. The CAAP outlines implementable measures that align with state legis - lation and provide a foundation for future carbon neutrality by 2045. Although the plan is designed to meet near- and long-term goals, it acknowledges the uncer - tainties related to technological advancements, new state legislative mandates, and climate science. Regular monitoring and updates will confirm the City adapts to new developments, refining actions as needed. This chapter focuses on the actions identified for Phase 1 implementation, detailing the framework for immediate action, progress tracking, and future adjustments to keep Glendale on course towards its climate goals.

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ONGOING COMMUNITY

EDUCATION AND OUTREACH
Ongoing community outreach for the CAAP is crucial to successful implementation. The City will need to continue identifying and removing implementation hurdles and empowering residents, busi - nesses, and interested parties to take meaningful climate action. Active and continuous engagement with residents, businesses, and other interested parties will support widespread knowledge of the plan within the community as well as identify any issues or hurdles to imple - mentation. One of the most significant benefits of this outreach is the ability to identify potential hurdles early on—whether that be logistical, financial, or social—that could hinder the effective adoption of climate actions. By addressing these barriers head-on through targeted edu - cation, feedback loops, and collaboration, we can tailor solutions to meet the unique needs of various groups. In addition to identifying and overcoming obstacles, ongoing outreach empowers individuals and organizations to take meaningful climate action. Through work - shops, public forums, and partnerships, we foster a sense of collective responsibility and encourage active participation in the City's broader sustainability goals.

Effective community education fosters long-term behavior change by providing residents with accessible information and resources on energy efficiency, sustainable transportation, waste reduction, and water conservation. By maintaining regular communication, the City can continuously raise awareness, highlight progress, and adapt to emerging challenges or opportunities in climate action.

Meaningful progress is best achieved through collaborative partner - ships with local organizations, schools, businesses, and community leaders. The City's outreach efforts aim to strengthen these rela - tionships and build new ones, ensuring a wide-reaching and diverse 114
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engagement process. This collaboration will help shape policies, increase participation in CAAP-related initiatives, and drive measurable outcomes in emissions reductions and resilience-building projects.

The community engagement initiatives, as detailed in the CAAP’s implementation roadmap, provide a clear framework for outreach 1 Climate Integrity. Los Angeles County Climate Cost Study (2024). Available at: https://climateintegrity.org/uploads/media/LACounty-ClimateCosts-2024.pdf. Accessed in October 2024. activities, identifying lead City departments, timeline, and cost esti - mates. The ongoing dialogue with Glendale’s residents and key interested parties confirms that the CAAP remains a dynamic, living document—responsive to feedback and evolving community needs— thereby enhancing the overall effectiveness of the City’s climate action efforts.

CAAP COST CONSIDERATIONS
While some of the City’s priority projects are already budgeted for and in some cases already underway, other actions will need additional staff time, expert support, and/or funding or financing to be imple - mented. Action costs vary widely across the CAAP and while many actions are low or no cost, other infrastructure related projects like microgrids and bike lanes can require significant upfront funding. In addition, project costs can change over time based on advancements in technology or project specifics. For example, the cost of EVs may decrease over time and financing tools may allow for high upfront cost projects to be cost saving on a monthly basis. Many tools exist for cities to cover upfront costs including federal and state grants, low interest financing, bonds, and public/private partnerships.

Throughout the development of this CAAP, the costs of action to the City and the community at large were a primary variable used to identify the priority measures and actions. These costs (and in many cases long-term savings) were balanced with the cost of inaction on climate. At the center of this plan is the knowledge that the world is changing, and investment today will save both dollars and lives in the future. Below is a summary of the cost considerations that were made during the development of the CAAP. A detailed description of the costs and funding approaches the City can deploy as well as several case studies for funding and financing specific measures see Appendices H and G, respectively.

The Cost of I naction
The cost of not taking action to address the effects of climate change is high. In 2024, Los Angeles County conducted a climate cost study 1 that highlights the financial and social implications of climate change across the region, emphasizing the need for urgent action to build climate resilience. As climate-related disasters in Southern California become increasingly severe each year, it is crucial for communities to Implementation and Monitoring | Ongoing Community Education and Outreach 115
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invest in a diverse array of climate adaptation and resilience initiatives, further underscoring the importance of this CAAP. The analysis com - pleted by the County of Los Angeles also determined that municipal, county, state, and federal governments are projected to need at least $12.5 billion by 2040 for climate adaptation and resilience costs, with municipalities shouldering over $9 billion. This amounts to approx - imately $780 million annually to protect Los Angeles County com - munities from extreme heat, shifting rainfall patterns, wildfires, rising 2 https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2025-01-24/estimated-cost-of-fire-damage-balloons-to-more-than-250-billion 3 United States Department of Energy. Lighting Choices to Save Y ou Money (n.d.) Available at: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/lighting-choices-save-you-money . Accessed in December 2024. sea levels, and climate-related health risks. In contrast, the recent LA fires are projected to cost over $250 Billion. 2 By proactively pursuing diverse funding and financing strategies, Glendale can not only meet its climate resilience goals but also enhance the overall quality of life for its residents. This commitment to funding will provide a sustainable future for the community, fostering an equitable transition to a cli - mate-resilient economy that benefits all stakeholders.

Upfront Versus Lifecycle Costs
When discussing how much a strategy or action costs it is important to differentiate between the upfront costs. For example, replacing a traditional incandescent light bulb with a light emitting diode (LED) can reduce energy use by up to 90 percent, 3 helping to lower electricity bills and decrease greenhouse gas emissions. The cost of an LED light bulb, versus the lifecycle costs of purchasing, operating, maintaining, and ultimately disposing of that lightbulb is considerably less ($225 per household) is lower due to the LED’s longer lifespan, increased energy efficiency compared to incandescent or fluorescent bulbs (U.S. DOE).

While LED lightbulbs may be more expensive up front when compared to an incandescent bulb, the lifecycle costs of owning an LED lightbulb are significantly lower, providing a significant return on investment.

Whenever possible, the CAAP looks for opportunities for lifecycle savings which will save the community money over the long term.

Strategies like building electrification, EV’s, and wildfire prevention can all have long term cost savings.

Incremental Costs
When discussing costs, it is important to specify the difference between how much a strategy costs overall and what the incremental cost is. The incremental cost is the difference in cost between the new action and the old or standard action. For example, purchasing a new electric vehicle could cost $45,000 which should be considered a high cost. However, the incremental cost of purchasing an electric vehicle versus purchasing a new internal combustion vehicle may be only a few thousand dollars or even less after incentives. Add to that lifecycle savings because of reduced long-term operating and maintenance costs including no fluids to replace, fewer moving parts like transmis - sions, and less brake wear and EV’s can often times save money com - pared to traditional vehicles. Specifically, based on analysis provided Implementation and Monitoring | Ongoing Community Education and Outreach 116
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by the California Air Resources Board, has released analysis showing that drivers of fully electric vehicles are already saving money on the operation and maintenance of their vehicles, in comparison to tradi - tional gas- or diesel-powered vehicles. Charging at home, for example, costs about half as much as gasoline for the same number of miles driven. Likewise, drivers of battery-electric vehicles save approximately 40 percent over traditional vehicles on maintenance cost. Based on the most recent data in 2021 and 2022, the average California household spent about $3,200 a year on gasoline but some families — typically those with below-average incomes — spent about $6,150 a year. 4 4 Cal Matters. November 8, 2024. California enacts new climate rules which could boost gas prices. Available at: https://calmatters.org/environment/climate-change/2024/11/california-fuels-standard-gas-pric- es-climate-change/#:~:text=An%20analysis%20by%20California's%20nonpartisan,more%2C%20about%20%246%2C150%20a%20year. Accessed in December 2024 Reducing this by half would provide significant savings to families in Glendale. It is also important to consider what the incremental costs are for each strategy by keeping in mind what the alternative costs are. In many cases, the difference is negligible. The measures and actions in the CAAP focus on action at the time of replacement (like when a water heater or AC unit fails) and a new purchase is needed regardless. Making a switch to a climate-friendly product at this time minimizes the cost to the community and maximizes the value of incen - tives and rebates.

Who Pays the C osts of C limate Action?
The CAAP provides a wide range of measures and actions which will be completed and implemented both by the City itself (such as enacting a new policy or creating new partnerships) and by the com - munity (such as installing a heat pump water heater). A major focus of the CAAP from its start was equity, including actively identifying oppor - tunities to reduce the cost burden on the community and distribute costs in an equitable way. Appendix G provides a detailed look at the cost considerations associated with implementing the CAAP.

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CAAP IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
To maximize implementation of the CAAP after adoption, we have developed an implementation plan that outlines the steps, timelines, and resources required to achieve the goals and objectives of the CAAP. Implementation will be bolstered by updates to internal pro - cesses and procedures to incorporate a climate and equity lens into government operational decision-making processes. First, we will develop a checklist that includes design considerations for capital improvement to integrate future climate projections into project designs. Leading by example allows us to provide meaningful support for the community through an understanding of what hurdles may arise in the process and how to overcome them. Additionally, Action SG-3.2 focuses on exploring strategies to leverage our City’s financing pro - cesses and potential funding opportunities to implement the CAAP. In tandem with the Funding and Financing Matrix (Appendix G), we will be able to efficiently identify opportunities for implementation through not only existing funding pathways, but also new and emerging opportu - nities as well.

Implementation of the CAAP will be led by a Climate and Equity Core Team, which will include representatives from all City departments.

The Team will meet regularly to discuss progress towards CAAP imple - mentation, brainstorm solutions to potential hurdles as they arise, and track progress towards reaching our long-term goals. Serving as key organizers for cross-departmental collaboration, as well as community contacts, this team will be instrumental in the oversight of the CAAP implementation process and will continue to evolve as strategies are implemented. In addition to creating a Climate and Equity Core Team, the City will reallocate staff resources or create new positions as needed to help support implementation and any enforcement of new ordinances, policies, or plans. During the recruitment process for all positions, the City will integrate a description of our climate goals and values to improve talent acquisition.

As progress continues to move forward on implementation of the CAAP, the City will continue to recognize and celebrate individuals, businesses, and community-based organizations that demonstrate out - standing commitment and innovation in the sustainability and climate realm by expanding the existing Environmental Stewardship Award Program Additionally, to integrate the idea around the importance of integrating climate action and resilience into our everyday framework, City staff will participate in a training to increase awareness of all City staff about climate risks to the community and contributions to GHG, importance of the CAAP and how it relates to the City, and internal and external resources.

CAAP Implementation T imeline
To achieve the 2030 GHG emissions reduction target discussed in Chapter 5, Glendale will need to begin implementing the measures and actions in 2025. CAAP Updates will follow the phased implementation approach, beginning with Phase 1, which will occur in the short-term over the next two years (2025 – 2027). Phase 2 (2028-2030) would include implementation of the mid-term measures and, while Phase 3 (2031+) would include implementation of the longer-term measures that are anticipated to occur after feasibility studies are complete and initial measures are implemented. If the actions identified in the CAAP are not implemented or the GHG inventories don’t track progress towards Implementation and Monitoring | CAAP Implementation Plan 118
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the 2030 target, additional actions will need to
be developed and adopted in a CAAP update.

Implementation
Plan for P hase I
Phase 1 actions have been identified as pri -
ority initiatives to be completed over the first
two years after CAAP adoption (2025–2027).

Implementing the actions shown in Table 9
will go a long way towards reaching our 2030
target and increasing community resilience
and will set the tone for our future implemen -
tation plans. The complete implementation
plan for Phase 1 is provided in Appendix H,
with an example provided in Table 9. For
detailed information on the implementation
of each of the Phase 1 actions, including the
department responsible for implementing the
action, key metrics for tracking the progress
of the action, and estimated additional
staffing needs, see Appendix H. Future CAAP
Updates will focus on Phase 2 and Phase
3 actions.

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Table 9 Phase 1 Implementation and Monitoring Work Plan ID # Description Key Tracking
Mechanism
Lead City
Department Funding Opportunities
Measure SG-1 Provide evacuation and health alert messaging in English, Spanish, Armenian, and Korean, and in multiple forms (e.g., online, brochure, radio) to amplify the Glendale community’s awareness of extreme weather and events (including wildfires, landslides, extreme heat events, and poor air quality days).

SG-1.1
Partner with the County of Los
Angeles Office of Emergency
Management, local hospitals, non-
profits, and/or Federally Qualified
Health Centers, to establish coordi -
nated notification and response ser -
vices that seamlessly integrate with
advanced communication technol -
ogies, providing timely dissemination
of critical information through multiple
channels, including mobile notifica -
tions, social media platforms, and
community alert systems. Additionally,
implement a robust feedback loop
mechanism to gather real-time data
from affected individuals, enabling
continuous refinement of evacu -
ation strategies and health alert
messaging protocols for enhanced
public safety and well-being.
# of coordinated
notification and
response ser-
vices established
Information
Technology,
Fire
Department
Funding and financing opportunities are
anticipated to align with similar measures
and specific mechanisms will be iden -
tified during the CAAP implementation.

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To facilitate implementation and prioritize actions, the cost considerations for each of the Phase 1 measures and actions have also been estimated based on best available information. Funding and financing options have also been identified for a core set of measures to provide guidance to City staff as they work to identify the resources necessary to implement the CAAP (i.e., SG-2, BLD-1, BLD-3, BLD-4, MLS-2, MLS-3, MLS-4, MLS- UE-2, UE-3 UE-5, UE-6). The cost considerations and funding sources are provided in Appendix G. In general, the CAAP has focused on measures and actions that provide the greatest long-term benefits for the lowest upfront and ongoing costs. For example, building electrification has been identified as the most cost-effective strategy to decarbonize existing buildings, and electric vehicles provide lifecycle savings over their gas counterparts, even though upfront costs c
an be higher. Appendix G provides an in-depth look into the cost con- siderations associated with implementing climate action and identifies the variables which can influence the cost and savings associated with each action.

CAAP MONITORING AND UPDATES
The following section provides an outline for the CAAP monitoring and update process.

CAAP Monitoring
Monitoring and reporting processes are essential for ensuring account - ability in achieving the adopted targets. As part of the CAAP, the City will complete an annual progress report as well as a CAAP review and update every five years. The annual progress reports will assess imple - mentation progress against the established schedule and include an updated communitywide GHG emissions inventory. The City’s Climate and Equity Core Team will be responsible for working with various City departments to monitor and report on the implementation of the CAAP. This team will collaborate with stakeholders to gather data on the effectiveness of the strategies and report progress to the City Council and the public. The City Council will provide oversight and guidance to confirm successful implementation of the CAAP. The CAAP establishes metrics to monitor effectiveness of the measures and actions. For each action, a set of performance metrics has been established to monitor effectiveness of the measures and actions (See Appendix H for more information).

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HOUSEHOLD

CLIMATE ACTION

ROADMAP
YOUR CHOICES MAKE A DIFFERENCE!
1 https://www.rewiringamerica.org/research/whats-at-stake-fact-sheet Over 40 percent of emissions generated by the United States are the cause of a few “kitchen table” decisions that we as consumers make. The cars we drive and the appliances that heat our water, our homes, our food, and how we dry our clothes com - bined make up 42 percent of all emissions in the Country. 1 The good news is that this plan provides clear, cost-effective steps to bring these emissions to zero with today’s technology. This guide lays out these key steps and helps you make climate smart kitchen table decisions with your family which will improve your health, the health of your community, and maybe even save you money in the long-term.

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The Roadmap
When you own your home or building, you have the ability to make sweeping changes to how you use energy and impact the climate.

Switching to electric alternatives leverages renewable and carbon free electricity to reduce your emissions to zero. Follow the steps below to learn more about the technical support and thousands of dollars in rebates and tax credits available in Glendale. While renters have less direct control over their buildings than building owners, there are still lots of great ways renters can help meet Glendale’s climate goals, improve air quality in their homes, and even save money. Check out Rewiring America’s electrification for renter’s guide for a step-by-step guide designed just for renters.

For building owners, the best time to replace many of these appliances is when the existing one is at the end of its useful life. However, a lot of building electrification decisions can take a little time and planning so be sure to start making an electrification plan so that when your water heater inevitably fails at the worst possible moment, all the pre- wiring and other steps are already taken care of. In some cases (like Household Climate Action Roadmap | Y our Choices Make a Difference! 123
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water heaters) there are enough incentives to cover the full cost of replacement today, making switching early an attractive and finan - cially smart choice. To make an electrification plan visit Rewiring America today.

Step 1: Make your Next Car an Electric Vehicle
Transportation is the largest contributor to Glendale’s emissions and switching to an electric vehicle (or utilizing alternative modes of trans - portation) can significantly reduce these emissions. Electric vehicles are more cost effective than ever, and many vehicles have lower life - cycle costs than their gas counterparts. Check out this analysis from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for more information on the total cost of owning a vehicle here . Once fuel and maintenance is added into the cost, electric vehicles often come out on top. Plus, there are state incentives available that can help lower the cost of purchasing an electric vehicle, with additional benefits for income-qual - ified buyers. To learn more about available incentives, click here . With the City of Glendale focusing on deploying more EV chargers than ever, there has never been a better time to switch to an EV for your next vehicle purchase. Renters can sometimes have less access to at home charging, which is why the City of Glendale is focusing many of their CAAP actions on expanding multi-family charging while also providing access to DC fast charging around the City. DC fast charging allows EVs to charge much more quickly than standard chargers, often adding hundreds of miles of range in just 20–30 minutes. With many EV’s getting over 300 miles on a single charge, a single 30-minute charge can be enough to power many people’s daily driving needs for days at a time.

Step 2: Embrace Alternative Transportation
Owning a car isn’t the only way to get around Glendale, and choosing alternative transportation can significantly reduce emissions while saving you money. Walking, biking, public transit, and carpooling are all great ways to cut down on personal vehicle use. Glendale’s public transit system continues to expand, offering convenient and affordable options for daily commutes. The City is also investing in safer bike infra - structure and pedestrian-friendly streets to make active transportation more accessible. If you’re looking to reduce your reliance on a car, explore Glendale’s Beeline Bus , transit pass discounts , and carpool matching services . Even swapping a few car trips per week for public transit, biking, or walking can make a big difference in reducing emis - sions and improving local air quality.

Step 3: Switch your Air Conditioner and Gas Furnace to a Heat Pump
Making the switch to a heat pump HVAC unit can provide multiple ben - efits to your home. Not only are they incredibly efficient, but one heat pump unit provides both heating and cooling. That means if you need to replace both your furnace and your AC unit, picking a heat pump will save you money. In addition, if you are thinking of adding an AC unit, installing a heat pump will be a similar cost and will provide both heating and cooling options. With Glendale Water and Powers low-cost electricity, a heat pump is also likely to save you money on your bill.

Check out the Switch Is On for more information on the thousands of dollars in savings from Glendale Water and Power as well as the.

Renters can switch to an electric space heater or better yet, use this guide from Rewiring America to talk to your landlord about the ben - efits of electrification.

Step 4: Switch your Water Heater from Gas or Electric
Resistance to a Heat Pump
Switching your water heater from electric resistance or gas to a high efficiency heat pump water heater might be the easiest climate smart action a household can take. Heat pump water heaters are over 400 percent efficient, saving you money on your bills. There are thou - sands of dollars in rebates available to make the switch. Some house - holds can currently receive a new heat pump water heater at no cost Household Climate Action Roadmap | Y our Choices Make a Difference! 124
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after rebates. However, these rebates won’t last forever. Check out The Switch Is On for more information and make the change today! Renters can encourage their landlords to update their buildings using this useful guide from Rewiring America .

Step 5: For your next stove, go with induction
While gas stoves consume a smaller amount of natural gas compared to your furnace or water heater, gas stoves are responsible for a large share of air pollutants found in your home. Recent studies on natural gas and propane burning stoves have shown that these appliances increase exposure to nitrogen dioxide which can intensify asthma attacks and have been linked to decreased lung development in children and early deaths. 2 Switching to an induction stove eliminates nitrogen dioxide emissions while providing the same high degree of heat control that home chefs love about gas. Induction stoves work with any type of steel cookware and can heat water significantly faster and more efficiently than gas. Rebates for induction stoves are also available and can be found at The Switch is On . Renters can make the switch to induction as well! Many companies provide plug in mobile versions of their induction cooktops including these three recom - mended by Wirecutter .

Step 6: Switch your gas dryer to a combination heat
pump washer/dryer
The dryer is another commonly gas-powered appliance that can be electrified. Options for electrified dryers include electric resistance (fast, but high energy use), heat pump (a bit slower to dry but very effi - cient), and combined water/heat pump dyer units (again slow, but the unit will both wash and then dry without switching the clothes allowing it to run by itself over night or while you’re at work). Each of these units will help save that last bit of natural gas from your home. Other benefits 2 https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2024/05/people-with-gas-and-propane-stoves-breathe-more-unhealthy-nitrogen-dioxide include ventless operation, so no exhaust fumes enter your home.

Fewer incentives have been available for these units, but continue to check The Switch is On for up-to-date information.
y For an even more energy-efficient option, consider line drying your clothes whenever possible. Hanging clothes to dry indoors or outdoors not only eliminates energy use but also helps extend the life of your fabrics. Even if you don’t switch to an electric dryer, incorporating line drying into your routine can meaningfully reduce household energy consumption.

Step 7: Invest in Solar Power and Battery Backup
Solar power, especially when paired with a battery backup, can become the powerhouse of your home providing significant resilience benefits as well as lowering your monthly energy costs. An all-electric home powered by solar and battery (or even powered by your electric vehicle with a vehicle to home charger) can operate almost inde - pendently from the grid. Rewiring America has an incentive calculator to help you understand the incentives available to you.

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Appendix A
Community Outreach and Engagement Summary
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Glendale Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
Community Outreach Summary
Community engagement was a foundational component of the development of the City of Glendale’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP). Throughout the process, over 75 community events were held, reaching 1,800 community members. As shown in Figure 1 (which is also Figure 6 in the CAAP), community outreach occurred throughout the City to provide equitable opportunities for people to participate. Engagement for this plan was dynamic and evolved throughout the process to foster interest and feedback from the community. To meet people where they are, 29 pop-up events were attended, where a booth was hosted by the CAAP Team to provide information to the community in real time at events that they are already attending. In addition to pop-up events, the CAAP Project Team also hosted community meetings, focus group discussions, two online surveys, and provided mini-grants that funded groups to lead targeted community involvement in the CAAP. A detailed list of the outreach activities is included below, with photos included throughout showing specific events. • Community Meetings and Presentations:
• Glendale Chamber of Commerce: 17 attendees
• Assemblymember Laura Friedman District Staff: 4 attendees • Girl Scout Troop 71311: 18 attendees
• SoCal Gas: 1 attendee
• Clark Environmental Club: 11 attendees
• Glendale Building Electrification Working Group: 3 attendees • AFC Subgroup CAAP Meeting: 5 attendees
• Arroyos & Foothills Conservancy: 7 attendees
• Mom Walk Collective: 8 attendees
• Girl Scout Troop 7371: 13 attendees
• Teens Give Back Casa Verdugo: 2 attendees
• Verdugo Woodlands Neighborhood Association: 3 attendees • Teens Give Back Central Library: 12 attendees
• Teens Give Back Grandview Library: 5 attendees
• Joie de Vivre Spring Trunk Show: 18 attendees
• Hoover High School Climate Club: 18 attendees
• Glendale High School Presentation: 15 attendees
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• Open Houses (Climate Cafes):
• Sparr Heights Community Center (May 10, 2024): 50 attendees • Glendale Central Library (May 18, 2024): 70 attendees • Pop-Up Events:
• Grandview Library Clothing Swap (March 2, 2024): 78 attendees • Montrose Library Repair Cafe (March 9, 2024): 91 attendees • Verdugo Park Electric Landscaping Demo (March 16, 2024): 35 attendees • GCC Garfield Campus Norooz Celebration (March 20, 2024): 110 attendees • Pacific Park Spring Eggstravaganza (March 23, 2024): 20 attendees • Hoover High School Employment/Resource Fair (March 28, 2024): 60 attendees • Pacific Park Cesar Chavez Commemorative Event (March 30, 2024): 35 attendees • GCC Verdugo Campus Career Fair (April 4, 2024): 60 attendees • Isabel Parking Lot Electric Car Guest Drive (April 6, 2024): 35 attendees • Glendale Memorial Earth Day Fair (April 17, 2024): 42 attendees • Crescenta Valley High School Resource Fair (April 18, 2024): 37 attendees • Verdugo Park Earth Day Fair (April 20, 2024): 60 engaged • GCC Earth Day Fair (April 23, 2024): 28 attendees
• Clark Magnet High School Resource Fair (April 25, 2024): 66 attendees • Benjamin Franklin Earth Fest (April 27, 2024): 51 attendees • ED Small Business Summit (May 2, 2024): 34 attendees
• Montrose Harvest Market (May 19, 2024): 75 attendees
Figure 1 provides a visual summary of the information above. 183 of 961

Figure 1 Engagement by the Numbers

This outreach and engagement occurred throughout the City, as shown in Figure 2, to connect with all members of the community and meet people where they are. 184 of 961

Figure 2 Engagement by Location

Logo Development Voting
To initiate the process, the community participated in developing a logo for the CAAP. 185 of 961

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Multiple voting opportunities occurred, including virtually on social media. Ultimately, the community voted on the following logo, which is used throughout the CAAP document and was also used in outreach materials throughout the CAAP development process to create a consistent brand.

Additionally, feedback was collected throughout the CAAP development process via a prompt was included on the City’s CAAP asking the community what a sustainable and livable Glendale looks like to them. Information collected throughout the process is summarized in the word cloud in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Word Cloud: In one word, what does a sustainable and livable Glendale look like?

The CAAP website also provides information about the project, why it is important to the City of Glendale, information on what climate change is, and a summary of the CAAP development process.

Additionally, a webpage is provided that outlines the project resources, including the emissions inventory and climate change vulnerability assessment. The City’s CAAP website project resource page also includes information on other initiatives in the City that are relevant to the CAAP, including detailed 187 of 961

information on existing plans, policies, and programs. On the main project landing page, readers can select if they would like to see the website shown in English, Spanish, Armenian, or Korean. A screenshot of the City’s CAAP landing page is included in Figure 4.

Figure 4 City of Glendale CAAP Website

Surveys
The CAAP specific surveys were conducted at two distinct times in the CAAP process and community members were invited to participate via social media campaigns, at pop-up events and workshops, via newsletters and community email communications, and through invitations posted throughout the City, including on City busses.
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Although the survey was available in English, Spanish, and Armenian, all responses to the CAAP specific surveys were provided in English. The survey results from each survey are summarized below:
• Survey #1 – CAAP Strategies (29 responses, all English) • 97% are concerned or very concerned about climate change • 22% identified needing financial incentives for building upgrades • 21% identified needing expansion of dedicated/protected bike lands and more secure bike parking options in public places to increase safety while biking • 4 respondents would like to see an increase in green spaces • 28% had not participated in a public planning process before • Survey #2 – CAAP Hurdles (13 responses, all English)
• 54% identified needing financial support and 23% identified needing landlord support to replace existing gas-powered appliances with electric
• 46% identified needing financial support and 31% identified not needing any additional support to install solar panels
• 3 respondents noted safety concerns either related to biking or taking public transit in the city
• 62% had not participated in a public planning process before 189 of 961

The feedback from these surveys was integrated into the measure and actions. Important to note is the expansion of new community members participating in the planning process – 28% during the first survey and 62% during the second survey.

Focus Group Meetings
Three focus group meetings were held during the CAAP Development process.

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Community Pop -up Events
Community pop-up events took place throughout the community at existing events and locations ranging from frequented grocery stores to neighborhood association events (e.g., Adams Hill Art Festival), community events (e.g., clothing swaps, farmers markets, and concerts in the park). 193 of 961

Montrose Harvest Festival
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Annual Fall Festival
The City hosts a Fall Festival annually that attracts hundreds of community members.

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Adams Hill Art Festival
The Adams Hill Neighborhood Association hosted an Art Walk in 2023 where a pop-up was hosted, and community input was solicited to help inform the measure and action development process.

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Concerts in the Park
The City hosts annual concerts in the park events, where pop-ups were hosted in August 2023.

Perkins Plaza Concert
On August 10, 2023, a pop-up event was held at Perkin’s Plaza to connect with concert goers who attended the concert in the park event.

A
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Perkins Plaza Concert
On August 18, 2023, a pop-up event was held at the Brand Park Concert in the park event. 200 of 961

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Glendale Galeria
A pop-up event was hosted at the Glendale Galleria.

Eggstravaganza
The annual Eggstravaganza was another great opportunity to host a pop-up. 202 of 961

Clothing Swap
The City of Glendale’s Sustainability Team hosted clothing swap events in 2023 where community members were invited to share resources and create a sense of community. Pop-ups were hosted at the clothing swap events as an opportunity to gather additional input and for the community members to engage in conversation.
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Girl Scout Troop – Pop-up Event
An additional event was held specifically with local Girl Scout Troop # 71311.

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Community Workshops
In total, 44 community workshops were hosted throughout the CAAP development process to gather community input on priorities and needs relating to resilience and opportunities to mitigate the greatest impacts of climate change. Workshops were held virtually and in-person at community spaces throughout the City, including at the Glendale Community College, Brand Park Studios, and multiple libraries and community centers (e.g., Pacific Park Community Center, Grandview Library, Sparr Heights Community Center, Maple Park Community Center, Chevy Chase Library, and the Library Connection at Adams Square). Invitations to community workshops were posted on social media, in newsletters, via the City’s existing listserv, on the City’s website, and in-person via flyers at City locations.

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City Staff Working Groups
City staff were involved in the development of the CAAP from the initiation. In January 2023, staff from various City Departments participated in an all-day in-person meeting where measures and actions were discussed by system. Staff were invited to participate in any/all meetings that were relevant to their work. It total, four all-inclusive meetings were hosted, and Staff from all City departments participated in the planning process. Additional one-on-one meetings were hosted throughout the measure and action refinement process with various departments to confirm that all feedback was heard and incorporated. These additional meetings provided an opportunity to create a feedback loop, where measures and actions were refined to really meet the goals of the City and address the concerns of the community and then demonstrate how this information was included.

The open dialogue provided an opportunity for City staff from all departments to discuss opportunities and share any concerns related to implementation, which allowed the team to work together to create meaningful, actionable solutions that address challenges, streamline processes, and provide successful outcomes.

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Mini-Grant Community Events
As part of the CAAP development process, the City provided mini-grants for three community groups to complete specific outreach activities that would be addressed towards their specific communities and/or constituencies. The mini-grants included distributing $250 to a Girl Scout Troop to prepare a “zine,” short for magazine on the CAAP and climate action planning; $1,000 to the Adams Hill Neighborhood Association; and $3,000 to GoGlendale to host a community educational walking tour.

Girl Scout Zines
A local girl scout troop made a zine and shared it with their classmates and neighbors, which resulted in them receiving an Environmental Stewardship Award from the City’s Sustainability Commission. 215 of 961

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Go Glendale Urban Art Walk Tour
Go Glendale, a membership-based nonprofit organization working with local employers and property managers to reduce traffic congestion, improve air quality, accessibility and mobility, hosted a community art walk to support awareness and participation in the development of the CAAP. The walk highlighted artistic characteristics throughout the community and integrated opportunities to discuss how walkable communities could promote sustainability and enhance the efficiency of the built environment. To promote the event, Go Glendale posted invitations and information on their social media pages and the community was invited to attend the event and provide written feedback as well.

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Additional Events and Outreach Mechanisms
The City hosted additional events and outreach mechanisms, including presenting materials at Sustainability Commission meetings, hosting a meeting with the 44th District’s Assembly Member team, and reaching out to approximately 150 organizations directly, as summarized below.

Sustainability Commission Meetings
The City’s CAAP Team prepared and hosted three presentations for the City’s Sustainability Commission throughout the CAAP development process. The first meeting was held to discuss the results of the greenhouse gas emissions inventory and climate change vulnerability assessment. During the second Sustainability Commission meeting, the CAAP Team provided information on the emissions forecast, targets, and high-level strategies and during the third meeting, draft CAP strategies, measures, and actions were presented and discussed. During the third meeting, preliminary measures and actions were presented for feedback.

Assembly Member 44th District Team Meeting
The CAAP Team met with the 44th District’s Assembly Member team to discuss opportunities for partnerships and implementation. Additionally, during this meeting the City CAAP team presented information on the CAAP and essentially hosted a mini-workshop with the Assembly Member’s team to provide another mechanism for feedback.

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Direct Email Correspondence
The City CAAP Team reached out directly to approximately 150 organizations to spread the word about the CAAP, specifically engage with community organizations and entities, and identify opportunities to invite broader audiences throughout the community to participate in the CAAP development process.

Table 1 Organizations Contacted Directly as Part of CAAP Engagement Process Entities Contacted
Armenian General Benevolent
Union - GenNext Mentorship
Program
Chess & Games Club
Gardening Club
Adams Hill Neighborhood
Association
Chevy Chase Estates Association Russian Club
Adopt-A-Family Club Children's Hospital LA Salvation Army Glendale Adventist Health Glendale Choir Club San Gabriel Valley Habitat for Humanity
Advocating Health Equity &
Inclusivity
Climate Club Save the Seas
All For Health, Health For All Climate Reality Project - Los Angeles Chapter Schools for Schools Club
American Cancer Society Coding Club Sierra Club Verdugo Hills Group American Legion - Post 127 College Hills Community
Association Silversher Productions
American Red Cross - Northern
Valley Headquarters
Committee for Armenian
Students in Public Schools
(CASPS)
Slime Club
Americana Community Foundation of the
Verdugos Sneaker Club
Animal Humane Society Cooking for A Cause SoCal 350 Climate Action Antaeus Theatre Counseling4kids Soroptimist of Glendale Arco County of Los Angeles
Department of Public Health Spanish Club
Ark Family Center Crafts for Charity Club STAR Club
Armenian American Chamber of
Commerce
Creative Writing Club Sunrise Movement LA
Armenian American Mental
Health Resources
Crescenta Highlands
Neighborhood Association Sunrise Rotary
Armenian Club Crescenta Valley Chamber of
Commerce Sunroom Desk
Armenian Council of America Crescenta Valley High School Surf Club Armenian Cultural Foundation Crochet Club Surfrider Foundation Armenian Engineers & Scientists
of America
Culinary Club Sustainability Commission
Armenian National Committee Cuningham The Campbell Center Armenian Politics Club CV Recycles the Glendale Community Armenian Relief Society -
Western Region
Davidian & Mariamian
Educational Foundation The Pear Tree Foundation
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Armenian Society of Los Angeles Days of the Verdugo Heritage Association Thrasher Club
Armenian Union Debate club Tongva Council
Armenian Youth Association of
California
Dept. of Justice Tornado young life
Armenian Youth Federation,
Western US
Didi Hirsch, Adult Services Trash for Cash
Arroyo Foothills Didi Hirsch, Armunity Program Tri-M Music Honor Society Art Club Dignity Health Glendale
Memorial Hospital
U.S. Green Building Council - Los
Angeles
Ascencia Door of Hope University of California, Los
Angeles
Assistance League of Glendale Downtown Glendale
Association UNICEF club
Associates of Brand Library &
Art Center
Drama Club United American Indian
Involvement
AT&T Dungeons and Dragons United Young Armenians
Best Buddies Club Environmental Club USC Verdugo Hills Hospital Black in Glendale Faith Club Verdugo Woodlands Dads Club BLK Dream Camp Co Family Promise of the Verdugos Verdugo Woodlands West Homeowners Association
Body Positivity Club Fashion Club Veterans Coalition of Glendale & the Verdugos
Book Club Future Business Leaders of
America Veterans Village of Glendale
Botany Club Fellowship of Christian Athletes Walk Bike Glendale Boy Scouts of America Feminist Society WE Club
Black Student Union Fern Lane HOA Weightlifting Club
Build a Backpack Club Filipino American Business
Association of Glendale Wellness Works
California Scholarship
Federation
Filipino Club Whiting Woods Property
Owners inc.

Car Club Film Festival Women's Civic League of
Glendale
Cards for Humanity Club Filmmaking Club WRP Group
Catholic Charities Friends of the Glendale Public
Library YMCA of the Foothills
Community Development Block
Grants Committee
Friends of the LA River You Belong
Center for Discovery GALAS LA YWCA Glendale and Pasadena Ceramics Club Glendale Athletes Motivate &
Educate
Chemistry Club Gaming & Development Club

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Appendix B
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
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Table of Contents

Climate Action & Adaptation Plan i
%
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Table of Contents

Climate Action & Adaptation Plan i
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................ 1 Report Organization ................................................................... 3 Social Vulnerability Assessment ................................................. 3 Physical Vulnerability Assessment ............................................. 4 Summary Findings for High and Very High Scores ..................... 2 Cascading Impacts Assessment .................................................. 2 Key Findings ............................................................................... 3 1 Introduction ............................................................................... 4

1.1 Purpose ........................................................................... 4

1.2 Glendale Snapshot.......................................................... 4

1.3 Glossary .......................................................................... 6

1.4 Community Engagement ................................................ 7

1.5 Vulnerability Assessment Methodology ........................ 9 2 Climate Hazards ....................................................................... 16

2.1 Climate Indicators......................................................... 17

2.2 Climate Hazards ............................................................ 17 3 Social Vulnerability Assessment ............................................... 25

3.1 What is Social Vulnerability .......................................... 25

3.2 Social Vulnerability Index Score ................................... 25

3.3 Social Vulnerability Overview ....................................... 31

3.4 Social Vulnerability by Climate Hazard ......................... 39 4 Physical Vulnerability Assessment ........................................... 67

4.1 What is Physical Vulnerability ...................................... 67

4.2 Physical Assets at Risk .................................................. 67

4.3 Physical Vulnerability by Climate Hazard ..................... 68 5 Cascading Impacts Assessment ................................................ 87

5.1 What are Cascading Impacts ........................................ 87

5.2 System Interdependencies ........................................... 87 6 Conclusion ................................................................................ 92

6.1 Problem Statements ..................................................... 92

6.2 Vulnerability Analysis ................................................... 95 7 References ................................................................................ 97 Tables
Table 1 Social Vulnerability Scores (see Chapter 3
for detailed assessment) ............................................................ 0 Table 2 Physical Vulnerability Scores (see Chapter 4
for detailed assessment) ............................................................ 1 Table 3 Impact and Adaptive Capacity Scoring Rubric .............. 15 Table 4 Vulnerability Score Matrix ............................................ 15 Table 5 Vulnerable Populations in Glendale ............................. 27 Table 6 High Vulnerability Scores .............................................. 96 Figures
Figure 1 Glendale Climate Change Impacts .................................. 2 Figure 2 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation ................... 5 Figure 3 California Adaptation Planning Guide Phases .............. 10 Figure 4 Vulnerability Assessment Flow Diagram, Phase 2 of the California Adaptation Planning Guide ........................... 11 Figure 5 Social Vulnerability in Glendale .................................... 30 Figure 6 Glendale High Social Vulnerability Areas and Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) Neighborhood Redlining
Grade 36
Figure 7 Glendale High Social Vulnerability Areas and
Municipality Tree Equity Score ................................................ 38 229 of 961

City of Glendale
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment

ii
Figure 8 Glendale High Social Vulnerability Areas and Wildfire Hazard Severity Zones .............................................................. 53 Figure 9 Glendale High Social Vulnerability and Landslide Susceptibility ............................................................................ 57 Figure 10 Wildfire Hazard Severity Zones in Glendale ................. 76 Figure 11 Historical Wildfire Events in Glendale .......................... 77 Figure 12 Landslide Susceptibility in Glendale ............................. 80 Appendices
Appendix A - Sustainability Working Group Meeting #1 Feedback Appendix B - Interested Parties Focus Group Meetings #1 and #2 Feedback

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Executive Summary

Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 1
Executive Summary
The City of Glendale’s Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment evaluates how climate change may impact community members and physical assets including natural and recreational resources, buildings and facilities, and infrastructure and critical services in Glendale. This report will inform the development of resilience strategies, measures, and actions for the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP).

Climate change is a global phenomenon that can impact public health, natural resources, infrastructure, emergency response, and other aspects of society at the local scale as the averages and extremes of climate conditions change. In Glendale, temperature and precipitation are expected to change in the following ways:
▪ Increasing temperatures. Average maximum temperatures in Glendale are expected to increase between 4.2° Fahrenheit (F) and 5.2°F by 2050 and between 5.4°F and 8.6°F by 2100.
▪ Increasing intensity of precipitation events and longer dry periods. It is projected that more precipitation will occur during extreme storm events and dry periods will be longer and more frequent.

Changes in temperature and precipitation are expected to influence the frequency, duration, and magnitude of a variety of climate hazards. Climate change models indicate that Glendale is expected to experience the following by the end of the century:
▪ Extreme Heat and Warm Nights. Glendale is projected to experience an increase in the annual number of extreme heat days in the coming decades. In Glendale, an extreme heat day occurs when the maximum temperature is above 97.6°F. The annual number of extreme heat days is projected to increase by as many as 32 days and the annual number of warm nights is projected to increase by as many as 69 nights by 2100.
▪ Drought. The City is expected to experience increases in the length of dry spells.
▪ Wildfire. The annual wildfire probability in Glendale is anticipated to increase from 20 percent to 30 percent by 2100. ▪ Landslides. The risk of landslides is projected to increase as precipitation variability increases and wildfires increase in frequency, size, and severity.
▪ Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation. Climate change will cause changes in precipitation patterns,
overwhelming Glendale’s stormwater infrastructure, leading to localized flooding in highly paved areas throughout Glendale. ▪ Poor Air Quality. Air quality within the Los Angeles region is projected to worsen because of an increase in regional wildfires and average maximum temperature. Longer periods of drought will also contribute to worsening air quality.

See Figure 1 for a summary of climate impacts in Glendale.

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City of Glendale
Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment

2 Figure 1 Glendale Climate Change Impacts

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Executive Summary

Climate Action & Adaptation Plan 3
Report Organization
The report is comprised of the following sections:

1. Chapter 1 Introduction provides the purpose of the report, a snapshot of the City of Glendale, and a glossary of key terms. It also describes the community input gathered, methodology, and key data sources used to prepare the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment.

2. Chapter 2 Exposure to Climate Hazards illustrates the City’s exposure to climate hazards.

3. Chapter 3 Social Vulnerability Assessment characterizes the vulnerability of populations in Glendale. Vulnerability is the degree to which a population may be affected by changing climate conditions. This section identifies the populations and locations that are highly vulnerable to climate change. This section also describes potential impacts of climate hazards on populations, policies, and programs that help communities cope with climate hazard events. Lastly, this section provides a vulnerability score that ranks the effect of climate change on population groups on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 reflecting the highest vulnerability.

4. Chapter 4 Physical Vulnerability Assessment describes the susceptibility and limitations of physical assets and
infrastructure to climate change. The physical assets included in this assessment include natural and recreational resources, building and facilities, and infrastructure and critical services.

Similar to Chapter 3, this chapter describes policies and programs that help to protect physical assets and infrastructure from the adverse effects of climate change. A vulnerability score is also provided for each asset group.

5. Chapter 5 Cascading Impacts analyzes the interconnections between Glendale’s critical systems including energy, water, transportation, and communication systems, and the
implications of system failures associated with climate change.

6. Chapter 6 Conclusion presents the key findings of this report.

Social Vulnerability Assessment
While all populations in Glendale will be affected by climate hazards, some individuals are more vulnerable due to physiological conditions and inequitable systems and structures and, therefore, will be disproportionally impacted. The social vulnerability assessment in Chapter 3 consists of an analysis of 27 population characteristics that correspond to the most climate-vulnerable community members. These 27 population characteristics were grouped into four categories as follows:

1. Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure

2. Under-resourced Individuals

3. Individuals Facing Societal Barriers

4. Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities
Grouping the populations into these four categories allows the City to understand the systems and structures that are in place that contribute to increased vulnerability to climate change hazards.

Each of these population groups were assessed by climate hazards to produce hazard-specific social vulnerability scores summarized in Table 1.

The geographic location and proportion of vulnerable populations in Glendale who may be more impacted by climate hazards was also evaluated and mapped. The areas of Glendale with the greatest 233 of 961

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4 concentration of vulnerable populations are in south and southwest of the City. Census tracts that are above the 60th percentile are considered to be a high social vulnerability area. Additional areas with high social vulnerability were also identified based on input from community-based organizations. These included areas near major roads and highways, schools, the Scholl Canyon Landfill, and the Grayson Power Plant.

Physical Vulnerability Assessment
The physical assets included in this assessment include natural and recreational resources, building and facilities, and infrastructure and critical services. The physical vulnerability assessment evaluates the direct impact that climate hazards could have on these assets.

Hazard-specific vulnerability scores for each asset can be found in Table 2.

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0 Table 1 Social Vulnerability Scores (see Chapter 3 for detailed assessment) Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Extreme Heat
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Low 5-High Drought
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Low Medium 2-Low Under-resourced Individuals Medium Medium 3-Medium
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Low Medium 2-Low Wildfire
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Medium 4-High Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 4-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Medium 4-High Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Medium 4-High Landslides
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Medium Medium 3-Medium Under-resourced Individuals Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Low Medium 2-Low Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 2-Low
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High Poor Air Quality
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
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Table 2 Physical Vulnerability Scores (see Chapter 4 for detailed assessment) Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Extreme Heat
Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
Buildings and Facilities N/A N/A N/A
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Drought
Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Buildings and Facilities Low Low 3-Medium
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Wildfire
Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Landslides
Natural and Recreational Resources Medium Medium 3-Medium Buildings and Facilities Medium Medium 3-Medium
Infrastructure and Critical Services Medium Medium 3-Medium Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation
Natural and Recreational Resources Medium Medium 3-Medium Buildings and Facilities Medium Medium 3-Medium
Infrastructure and Critical Services Medium Medium 3-Medium Poor Air Quality
Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
Buildings and Facilities Low Low 3-Medium
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2 Summary Findings for High and Very
High Scores
Based on the assessment, all four vulnerable population groups are expected to experience significant impacts from climate change.

Key climate change social vulnerabilities for identified vulnerable populations include extreme heat and poor air quality. Impacts will range from increased rates of heat illness, income and property loss, and exacerbated underlying health conditions resulting in higher rates of mortality. Although the City has some programs in place, including hosting four cooling centers and adopted policies to increase access to community parks in underserved areas, there are many more steps that will be necessary to address the underlying inequitable causes of social vulnerabilities. Additional contributing factors include the lack of tree canopy in areas of high social vulnerability, and historical discriminatory practices, such as redlining.

Physical vulnerabilities include the risk of wildfire and post-wildfire landslides on Infrastructure and Critical Facilities assets. Natural and Recreational Resources in Glendale are vulnerable to extreme heat, wildfire, drought, and poor air quality.

There are three Glendale Water & Power (GWP) overhead
transmission lines and multiple water pump stations, as well as schools, fire stations, and police stations that are located within Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones. Post-wildfire debris and associated landslides further enhance the vulnerability of these critical facilities. Glendale Water & Power has a Wildfire Mitigation Plan which outlines procedures for vegetation management, wildfire power safety shutoffs, and other activities to reduce infrastructure vulnerabilities. However, more could be done to increase the City’s energy resilience, and protect existing facilities like schools, fire and police stations, and water pump stations.

Natural and Recreational Resources are vulnerable to multiple climate hazards. Extreme heat, wildfire, drought, and poor air quality can cause increased rates of habitat and vegetation mortality, habitat migration, and reduced environmental co- benefits for the urban tree canopy and ecosystem stability.

Although the Greener Glendale Plan aims to increase the urban tree canopy, there are additional opportunities to increase the resilience of Glendale’s Natural and Recreational Resources.

Cascading Impacts Assessment
The cascading impacts analyzed in Glendale include energy, water, transportation, and communication systems.

Energy System cascading risks include power disruptions in Glendale caused by wildfires, deliberate power shutoffs for public safety, or extreme heat overloading the grid. Power disruption has extensive cascading impacts. Impacts include but are not limited to loss of power in homes, which prevent community members from running their air conditioning or gas or electric heaters, and gas and electric kitchen appliances. For those who rely on in-home medical devices, power disruption could directly impact health and safety. If the power outages occur during bad air quality days from regional wildfire smoke, people with underlying health conditions could experience worsening health conditions. Traffic signals, cell-towers without back-up power, and critical facilities that lack backup power would cease to function. Losing many of these energy dependent amenities during events like heatwaves and wildfires can create increased risks to public health, including heat related illness, food access constraints, evacuation challenges, overloaded emergency services, and increased climate hazard exposure.
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Water System cascading impacts include reduced supply for community consumption potentially increasing water rates and associated public health concerns for under-resourced Individuals who may not have the ability to pay the increased rates. Water shortages can also impact power generation with availability of water for generator cooling. Inadequate water supply can impact wildfire mitigation without enough fire flow to fight active fires and/or prevent anticipated fires. Inadequate water can impact the City’s tree canopy which is critical for addressing the urban heat island effect and stormwater capture.

Transportation System cascading risks mainly concern mobility isolation of the community, ability for emergency services to respond to climate hazards, and constrained evacuation routes.

Transportation impacts can occur from a wide range of causes including direct physical damages on the transportation system associated with climate hazards within City limits or external impacts afflicting regional transportation networks and services, as well as power outages creating traffic signal failures.

Communication System cascading risks primarily result from downed communications creating evacuation and medical
complications, community isolation, and heightened risk for community members who are unable to receive hazard information.

Areas across Glendale in hazard zones are more prone to experiencing communication service disruptions and therefore, may experience increased cascading impacts from loss of communication infrastructure.

Key Findings
The Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment identifies key vulnerabilities associated with the following systems:
▪ Social and Governance Systems
▪ Urban Ecosystem
▪ Mobility, Land Use, and Emergency Systems
▪ Building Systems
Individuals with high outdoor exposure, under-resourced individuals, individuals facing societal barriers, individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities, natural and recreational resources, buildings and facilities, infrastructure and critical services are the most susceptible to climate change hazards in Glendale. Although the City has some policies and programs in place to prepare for climate related hazards, gaps remain as summarized in the Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. This assessment will serve as the foundation for establishing adaptation policies and programs in the Glendale CAAP.
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4 1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose
This report evaluates how climate change may impact vulnerable community members; natural and recreational resources; buildings and facilities; and services; and infrastructure in Glendale. The guiding methodology used in this assessment is based on the California Adaptation Planning Guide, which is discussed in the Vulnerability Assessment Methodology section.

Understanding the City’s vulnerabilities to climate change provides a foundation for developing climate adaptation measures and actions for the City’s Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP).

The CAAP will also include measures and actions that will help to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The difference between climate mitigation and adaptation measures and actions are illustrated in Figure 2.

1.2 Glendale Snapshot
The City of Glendale was incorporated in 1906 and spans approximately 30.6 square miles with a current population of approximately 196,543 people (US Census 2020). Glendale is the fourth largest city in Los Angeles County and is located approximately 10 miles north of downtown Los Angeles. Glendale borders the City of Los Angeles to the north and south, unincorporated Los Angeles to the northeast, cities of La Cañada Flintridge and Pasadena to the east, and the City of Burbank to the west. California State Route 134 (SR 134) and Interstate 210 (I-210) are major freeways that run west to south through the City, and I-5 and SR 2 run north to south through the City. The City is also served by Amtrak and Metrolink which provide commuter rail services and are accessible at the Glendale Transportation Center which is located in south Glendale. The City of Glendale also offers transportation services to meet a variety of needs and
demographics, including the Beeline Bus and Dial-A-Ride. Bus service throughout Glendale is provided by Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and Greyhound.

The City is home to the Verdugo Mountains Open Space Preserve, which holds more than 2,300 mature coast live oaks, sycamores, big leaf maples, bay laurels, and other native trees. The area is designated by Los Angeles County as a Significant Ecological Area (MRCA 2023). The City contains 47 parks and facilities including two regional parks (more than 30 acres in size), two community parks, 17 neighborhood parks, 13 mini-parks, and 13 special use facilities with recreational resources that are designated for specific groups (City of Glendale N.d.a).

Existing critical facilities are necessary for a community’s response to and recovery from emergencies. Critical facilities must continue to operate during and following a disaster to reduce the severity of impacts on the community and accelerate recovery. Example critical facilities in Glendale include police and fire stations, power lines, and public libraries.
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Figure 2 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

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6 1.3 Glossary
Several words and phrases are used throughout this assessment to illustrate climate vulnerabilities within Glendale. ▪ Adaptation. The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects, either to minimize harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate (IPCC 2012). ▪ Adaptive Capacity. The City of Glendale’s ability to cope with and adjust to the impacts of climate change (Cal OES 2020). ▪ Asset. Refers to a resource, structure, facility, or service that is relied on by a community.
▪ Cascading Impact. Climate hazard caused impacts that
compromise infrastructure or disrupt critical services (e.g., power supply or water conveyance) broadening the scope of impact past a singular subject to reliant subsystems and populations (Collins et al. 2019).
▪ Climate Driver. An increase in the proportion of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the primary human-caused source of change to the earth’s climate (USGCRP 2017).
▪ Climate Hazard. A dangerous or potentially dangerous condition created by the effects of the local climate (Cal OES 2020). Climate hazards of concern for Glendale are extreme heat and warm nights, drought, stormwater flooding, wildfire, landslides, and poor air quality.
▪ Climate Indicator. A measure of a particular aspect of the Earth’s climate that can be tracked over time to show trends and changes. Climate indicators relevant to the City of Glendale and discussed in this report are temperature and precipitation. ▪ Compounding Risk. When two or more extreme events or
average events occur simultaneously and increase the scope of impact or severity of the event; an additional risk brought about by increased frequency of events from climate change
(Seneviratne et al. 2012).
▪ Impact. Effects on natural and human systems including effects on lives, livelihoods, health, ecosystems, economies, societies, cultures, services, and infrastructure due to the interaction of climate hazards and the vulnerabilities of the system or asset effected (IPCC 2012).
▪ Mitigation. An act or sustained actions to reduce, eliminate, or avoid negative impacts or effects (Cal OES 2020).
▪ Resilience. The capacity of an entity (an individual a community, an organization, or a natural system) to prepare for disruptions, to recover from shocks and stresses, and to adapt and grow from a disruptive experience (Cal OES 2020)
▪ Sensitivities. The degree to which a species, natural system, community, asset, or other associated system would be affected by changing climate conditions (Cal OES 2020).
▪ Vulnerable Populations. Certain populations experience increased exposure, risk, or vulnerability to climate change impacts and often have less capacity and fewer resources to cope with, adapt to, or recover from climate impacts (Cal OES 2020).

Assessing and mitigating impacts to these populations is prioritized given the increased risks and sensitivities. ▪ Vulnerability. The propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected (IPCC 2012).
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1.4 Community Engagement
Incorporating input from the community, experts in the field, and interested parties into the development of this Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment provides critical context for how recent climate-driven events in Glendale have impacted critical infrastructure, services, and community members. It also serves to identify existing government-run programs within the City and remaining gaps that can be filled through strategies included in the CAAP.

The Sustainability Working Group meeting with Glendale City staff elicited information on historical climate change impacts, existing and planned efforts to manage climate change impacts now and in the future, and gaps in City programs and services. The Sustainability Working Group identified projects, programs, and policies the City should put into place to increase community resilience.

In addition, the City held two focus group meetings. These meetings were attended by community-based organizations in Glendale and elicited information on vulnerable populations, climate change impacts, and existing community resources that protect the community from climate change hazards.

Information shared by interested parties will further inform climate adaptation policies and programs in the City’s CAAP and will continue to provide ongoing guidance on strategies that address key community needs.

Sustainability Working Group Meeting
The City of Glendale assembled a Working Group to help shape the Glendale CAAP. The Sustainability Working Group is made up of representative from the following City departments and divisions:
▪ City of Glendale Water & Power Department
▪ City of Glendale Public Works Department
▪ City of Glendale Integrated Waste Management Division ▪ City of Glendale Fire Department
▪ City of Glendale Police Department
▪ City of Glendale Community Development Department
▪ Community Services and Parks Department
▪ City of Glendale Sustainability Office
▪ City of Glendale Library, Arts and Culture Department ▪ City of Glendale Economic Development Division
The City hosted its first Sustainability Working Group meeting on May 17, 2023, to gather information on historical impacts and existing and planned programs in the City that increase community resilience. Attendees provided input on the types of impacts that facilities, operations, staff, and the community have experienced from past floods, extreme heat events, landslides, and wildfires. The Sustainability Working Group also provided feedback on primary barriers and constraints preventing adequate preparation or response to climate hazards, steps to overcome these barriers, and types of projects, programs, or plans that are needed to better adapt to climate change. This assessment includes key findings from the Sustainability Working Group meeting, which are included in the Social Vulnerability by Climate Hazard section. The Mural Board activity used to gather feedback at the Sustainability Working Group is included as Appendix A.
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8 Interested Parties Focus Group Meetings
To date, the City of Glendale has hosted four focus group meetings for the CAAP which occurred in June and July 2023 with the following community based:
▪ Adams Hill Neighborhood Association
▪ Arco
▪ Armik Avedisian Real Estate Services
▪ AT&T
▪ BLK dream Camp Co
▪ CDBG Commission
▪ City of Glendale
▪ Climate Reality Project – Los Angeles Chapter
▪ Community Foundation of the Verdugos
▪ Cuningham
▪ Department of Justice
▪ Dignity Health – Glendale Memorial Hospital
▪ Gharibian Real Estate & Finance
▪ Glendale Community College
▪ Glendale Environnemental Coalition
▪ Glendale Healthier Community Coalition
▪ Glendale Kiwanis
▪ Glendale Parks & Open Space Foundation
▪ Glendale Students for Sustainability
▪ Glendale Teachers Association
▪ Glendale Unified School District
▪ Glendale Water & Power
▪ Jackson Vintage Properties
▪ Keller Williams Commercial Glendale
▪ Los Angeles Regional Collaborative for Climate Action and Sustainability
▪ MedProse Consulting
▪ Montrose Verdugo City Chamber of Commerce
▪ NAMI Glendale
▪ Sierra Club Verdugo Hills Group
▪ Silversher Productions
▪ Student from Crescenta Valley high School
▪ Sunroom Desk
▪ Sustainability Commission, City of Glendale
▪ Surfrider Foundation South Bay Chapter
▪ UCLA Students
▪ USC Verdugo Hills Hospital
▪ Whiting Woods Property Owners Inc.
▪ WRP Group
▪ YWCA Glendale and Pasadena
Each interested party brings unique expertise about Glendale and climate-related solutions to the project. Incorporating this knowledge is critical in understanding the scale of impacts, vulnerabilities, and existing adaptive capacity of the community in the City.

The City provided the focus groups attendees with an overview of potentially vulnerable groups in Glendale. Attendees provided input on additional potentially vulnerable groups in the City, their primary climate hazards of concern, experiences during recent climate hazard events in Glendale, barriers faced when preparing for and/or responding to climate hazards, and plans, programs, and resources 243 of 961

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that the community-based organizations currently provide that increase community adaptive capacity. The additional vulnerable groups identified through the focus group meetings are included in this assessment primarily in Social Vulnerability Assessment. The Mural Board activities used to gather feedback at the Focus Group meetings is included as Appendix B.

Community Workshop
The City hosted 4 virtual and 8 in-person community workshops in October and November 2023 to share results of this CCVA, present high-level strategies to increase community resilience to climate change, develop actions to achieve strategies with the community, and answer questions related to the CAAP.

Community Engagement as part of Climate Action
and Adaptation Plan
As part of the CAAP, the City has a robust community engagement plan. The City is hosting a project website, attending community events, sending out e-blasts, sending out surveys, hosting community workshops, and attending existing meetings held by business associations and community-based organizations to gather feedback on and help guide the direction of the CAAP.

1.5 Vulnerability Assessment
Methodology
California Adaptation Planning Guide Phases
The Glendale Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment follows the vulnerability assessment process recommended by the California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES), as documented in the 2020 California Adaptation Planning Guide (Cal APG). The adaptation planning process outlined by the Cal APG consists of four phases, illustrated in Figure 3.

1. Phase 1 consists of scoping a project to define, explore, and initiate the planning process, which the City completed as part of the CAAP initiation.

2. Phase 2 consists of the vulnerability assessment process which encompasses this report and is outlined in more detail in Figure 4.

3. Phase 3 consists of developing adaptation strategies which will be completed as part of the CAAP in which the summarized vulnerabilities of the City are prepared as prioritized adaptation strategies.

4. Phase 4 consists of the implementation, monitoring, evaluation, and adjustment of the adaptation strategies.

This report is also consistent with Government Code § 65302, as amended by Senate Bill (SB) 379, which requires cities and counties across California to prepare a Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment to inform updates to the Safety Element of the General Plan.
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10 Figure 3 California Adaptation Planning Guide Phases

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Figure 4 Vulnerability Assessment Flow Diagram, Phase 2 of the California Adaptation Planning Guide

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12 Key Data Sources
The following data sources and tools, many of which are recommended within the Cal APG and Southern California
Adaptation Planning Guide (SoCal APG), were used in preparation of this report.
▪ Cal-Adapt is an online tool that presents historic and modeled projections based on 10 different global climate models. The tool was developed and is maintained by the University of California, Berkeley with oversight from the California Energy Commission (CEC). This tool is used to present projection data related to minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation, extreme heat, warm nights, drought, and wildfire. This tool uses data from California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment and is expected to be updated soon with data from the Fifth Climate Assessment as it becomes available.
▪ California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment was developed by the CEC and other State of California coordinating agencies to present up-to-date climate science, projections, and potential impacts associated with climate change. The CEC and coordinating agencies developed nine reports to provide regional-scale climate information to support local planning and action. The Los Angeles Region Summary Report (2018)
presents an overview of climate science, regional projections, specific strategies to adapt to climate impacts, and key research gaps needed to spur additional progress on safeguarding the Los Angeles Region from climate change. The Los Angeles Region Summary Report was used to understand regional
changes that may affect Glendale both directly and indirectly. ▪ California Heat Assessment Tool (CHAT) is an online mapping tool funded by the California Natural Resources Agency as part of California’s Fourth State Climate Change Assessment to help state and local public health officials understand how heat vulnerability will change with increasing temperatures due to climate change. CHAT uses historical and projected daily maximum and minimum temperature, humidity, and
emergency room visit data along with population and
environmental characteristics to assign census tracts with heat vulnerability scores and to project the frequency and length of Heat Health Events over the course of the century for two climate scenarios (RCP 8.5 and RCP 4.5). A Heat Health Event (HHE) is any heat event that generates public health impacts, regardless of the absolute temperature.
▪ Tree Equity Score is a mapping tool created by the non-profit organization, American Forests, using tree canopy data from Earth Define. Trees provide numerous environmental and
health benefits, including improved air quality, shade, and ambient cooling. Trees are often distributed unequally
throughout the neighborhoods in cities. Tree Equity Score is intended to help identify census tracts that could benefit from additional tree planting the most and to estimate the benefits of tree planting to make the case for allocating the resources needed to do so. Tree Equity Scores are based on how much tree canopy and surface temperature align with income,
employment, race, age, and health factors. Scores are meant to indicate whether there are enough trees in specific
neighborhoods or municipalities for everyone to experience the health, economic, and climate benefits that trees provide. ▪ Los Angeles County Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment is a comprehensive assessment of the social and physical vulnerabilities facing Los Angeles County as a result of climate change. The assessment defines high climate vulnerability as a combination of increased exposure to climate hazards; high susceptibility to negative impacts of exposure; and low adaptive capacity, or ability to manage and recover from exposure. The 247 of 961

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assessment includes a Climate Hazard Assessment (CHA) which evaluates potential changes in the frequency and severity of specific climate hazards (extreme heat, wildfire, extreme precipitation and inland flooding, coastal flooding, and drought) resulting from climate change in the coming decades. It also includes a Social Vulnerability Assessment (SVA) which looks at the level of risk across communities and populations and identifies groups and places that are highly vulnerable to climate hazards. The third major section is the Physical Vulnerability Assessment (PVA) which examines how physical infrastructure and facilities across the County face risk of damage from climate hazards and outlines how damage to
highly vulnerable facilities could affect people and society.

Finally, the Cascading Impacts Assessment explains how
infrastructural systems rely on one another and how harm to one type of infrastructure can affect other facilities, related services, and the people who rely on those services.
▪ City of Glendale Local Hazard Mitigation Plan contains a series of proposed action items that when implemented can help reduce the risk from hazards through education and outreach programs, the development of partnerships, and the
implementation of preventative activities (e.g., land use programs) that restrict and control development in areas subject to damage from natural hazards. The Plan includes wildfire, flood, and landslide mitigation action items. As of August 2023, the City is in the process of updating the 2019 Plan.
▪ U.S. Census, 2021 American Community Survey (ACS) presents demographic data by census tract and was used in the social vulnerability analysis. U.S. Census data was used to identify the percentage of the Glendale population that corresponds to each vulnerable group.
▪ The Center for Disease Control’s (CDC) PLACES Health Data (updated 2023) presents health demographic data by census tract. CDC PLACES Health Data was used to identify the Glendale population health statistics that correspond with the Social Vulnerability Index and vulnerable populations. This data is based on the 2010 census boundaries.
▪ U.S. Department of Energy Low-Income Energy Affordability Data (LEAD) presents population data on low- and moderate- income households that carry a disproportionate energy
burden, as included in the Social Vulnerability Index.

Data Limitations
The limitations of this report and analysis stem from gaps in data availability and completeness of data methods. Census data can miss portions of the population (e.g., individuals experiencing homelessness, undocumented individuals) and general
demographic information may not fully identify the full extent of populations at increased risk from climate change impacts. For example, Middle Eastern and Armenian individuals who have traditionally been classified as “white” in census designations face systemic disadvantages from potentially missing funding and resource opportunities that other minority groups may receive (Census Bureau 2022; Warren 2022). Extrapolating air quality hazard exposure data in the context of climate change is difficult because it is at a regional scale and regional GHG impacts have not traditionally been measured or monitored in the same way that local air quality has been. Therefore, the estimates of exposure to these hazards are likely to be underestimated.

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14 average water equivalent of mountain snowpack at a given time of year. The averages discussed often downplay the extremes by which daily weather events occur and when presented as an average, only show moderate changes within the climate. What is often lost in averages is that the frequency of extremes, like atmospheric rivers, may increase while low-moderate intensity weather events decrease through the end of the century. In instances of modeled precipitation projections, it maintains an average similar to historic levels which does not account for anticipated fluctuations in extremes (CEC 2023).

Social Vulnerability Methodology
The presence and overall distribution of vulnerable populations in the City of Glendale were identified based on the U.S. Census and American Community Survey data, CDC’s PLACES Health data, and U.S. Department of Energy LEAD Tool. The data used for the social vulnerability analysis were supplemented using information received through the focus group meetings. See Interested Parties Focus Group Meetings section of this report for a summary of these meetings. This report follows the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) SoCal APG and Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment methodologies for identifying, grouping, and analyzing vulnerable populations.

The SoCal APG identifies the following populations as generally experiencing higher risk for climate impacts in a given community:
▪ Low income
▪ Experiencing
homelessness
▪ Incarcerated
▪ Single female heads of
households
▪ Undocumented immigrants
▪ Non-English speakers
▪ Unemployed or
underemployed
▪ Seniors and young
children
▪ Military veterans
▪ Non-white communities
▪ Renters
▪ Students
▪ Visitors and seasonal
residents
▪ Tribal and indigenous
communities
▪ Individuals with impaired
health/disabilities
▪ Isolated individuals (e.g., no
car or transit access)
▪ Individuals with educational
attainment less than 4 years
of college
▪ Outdoor workers
Vulnerable populations were identified in Glendale through several state recommended data sources. For groups analyzed using U.S.

Census data, the report identified populations in Glendale present at higher rates than the statewide average. Glendale’s vulnerable populations are described in the Social Vulnerability Assessment section later in this report.

Vulnerability Scoring Methodology
Vulnerability scoring is a valuable step in the climate vulnerability assessment process because it identifies which assets and populations face the greatest threat from climate hazards. This can aid in the prioritization of adaptation actions. The vulnerability score is a combination of the impact and adaptive capacity scores.

The impact and adaptive capacity scores are developed using a qualitative methodology outlined in the Cal APG, as seen in Table 3.

Impact and adaptive capacity scores are assigned for each climate hazard for all assets and vulnerable populations. The vulnerability score is prepared by combining the two scores as demonstrated in Table 4. The range of potential impacts spans 1 through 5 with 4-5 representing the highest levels of potential impact.
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Table 3 Impact and Adaptive Capacity Scoring Rubric
Score Impact Adaptive Capacity
Low Impact is unlikely based on projected exposure; would result in minor consequences to public health, safety, and/or other metrics of concern.

The population or asset lacks capacity to manage changes; major changes would be required.

Medium Impact is somewhat likely based on projected exposure; would result in some consequences to public health, safety, and/or other metrics of concern.

The population or asset has some capacity to manage climate impact; some changes would be required.

High Impact is highly likely based on projected exposure; consequences to public health, safety, and/or other metrics of concern.

The population or asset has high capacity to manage climate impact; minimal to no changes are required.

Source: Cal OES 2020
Table 4 Vulnerability Score Matrix
Adaptive Capacity
Potential
Impacts
High Medium Low
High 3 4 5
Medium 2 3 4
Low 1 2 3
Source: Cal OES 2020

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16 2 Climate Hazards
Climate change is a global phenomenon that can impact local health, natural resources, infrastructure, emergency response, and many other aspects of society. The primary driver of climate change is increased GHGs in the atmosphere due to human activity. Future projections of climate and climate hazards are dependent on both location and the trajectory of global GHG emissions over time. The Cal-Adapt tool provides climate data from global scale models that have been localized (downscaled) to 3.7 mile by 3.7-mile grids (CEC 2023). The data in Cal-Adapt is combined with information from the California Fourth Climate Change Assessment to model future changes in specific types of hazards within this assessment. Climate change projections use different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP), which describe potential trajectories of global GHG emissions (CEC 2023). Projections in this assessment are based on RCP 8.5, a high emissions scenario in which global GHG emissions continue to rise through the end of the 21st century. The selection of RCP 8.5 for assessing vulnerability is recommended by the Governor’s Office of Planning and Research in the Cal APG (Cal OES 2020).

Additionally, projections are forecasted to mid-century (2035-2064) and end-century (2070-2099) as 30-year averages to be compared to a modeled historical baseline (1961-1990) (CEC 2023).

This section presents information on temperature and precipitation, which are considered climate indicators. Following this section are a series of graphics that display information on projected changes to climate hazards due to changes in climate indicators. These hazards include extreme heat and warm nights, drought, wildfire, landslides, stormwater flooding and extreme precipitation, and poor air quality.

Causes of Climate Change
Climate change is caused by the release of GHGs into the atmosphere, which traps heat near the Earth’s surface
raising global average temperatures in what is referred to as the “greenhouse effect.” This increase in average
temperatures across the globe affects sea level rise,
precipitation patterns, the severity of wildfires, the
prevalence of extreme heat events, water supply, and ocean temperatures and chemistry (NASA 2022). According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), GHGs
are now higher than they have been in the past 400,000
years, raising carbon dioxide levels from 280 parts per million to 410 parts per million in the last 150 years (IPCC 2021). The dramatic increase in GHGs is attributed to human activities beginning with the industrial revolution in the 1800s, which represented a shift from an agrarian (e.g., cultivation of land) and handicraft-based economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing (NASA
2022).
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2.1 Climate Indicators
The climate indicators relevant to Glendale are temperature and precipitation. The following section summarizes projected changes to these climate indicators.

Temperature
Currently, Glendale has an average maximum temperature of 74.9°F and an average minimum temperature of 51.2°F. Average maximum temperatures are expected to increase in Glendale by
approximately 5.2°F (RCP 8.5) by the mid-century and 8.6°F (RCP

8.5) by end-century. Average minimum temperature is expected to increase in the City by approximately 4.8°F (RCP 8.5) by mid-century and 8.3°F (RCP 8.5) by end-century (CEC 2023). Temperature increases affect various climate related hazards including extreme heat and warm nights, drought, wildfire, and poor air quality, further described in the illustrative graphics below.

Precipitation
Climate projections show that there will be more frequent and longer dry periods punctuated by increased precipitation intensity of the largest storms or wet periods (Hall et al. 2018). Projections for Glendale predict that annual precipitation totals will remain relatively stable, decreasing slightly by approximately 0.3 inches by end-century (RCP 8.5). However, as already observed in recent years, precipitation changes are largely observed as more extreme variability with intense wet years followed by extreme drought (CEC 2023). Climate change is projected to increase the intensity of extreme precipitation events in the Los Angeles region (Hall et al. 2018). By the end of the century, some locations in the Los Angeles region are expected to experience up to 30 percent more precipitation on the wettest day of the year and the intensity and frequency of atmospheric reiver events are also projected to occur (RCP 8.5) (Hall et al. 2018). Although changes in average precipitation are small, both wet and dry periods are expected to be more extreme, which can increase the risk of related climate hazards such as stormwater flowing and landslides (Hall et al. 2018).

In Glendale, precipitation changes are expected to affect drought, stormwater flooding, wildfire, and air quality.

2.2 Climate Hazards
This section outlines projected changes for the following climate hazards:

Extreme Heat

Warm Nights and Heat Health Events

Drought

Wildfire

Landslides

Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation Events

Poor Air Quality
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18 Extreme Heat
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Warm Nights and Heat Health Events
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20 Drought
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Wildfire
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22 Landslides
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Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation Events
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24 Poor Air Quality
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3 Social Vulnerability Assessment

3.1 What is Social Vulnerability
While all populations in a community will be affected by climate hazards, some individuals are more vulnerable due to physiological conditions and inequitable systems and structures and therefore will be disproportionally impacted. For example, seniors (over 65 years old); young children (under 5 years old) and their parents and caregivers; and pregnant women are more at-risk than the general population to heat illness during an extreme heat event. Vulnerable populations experience heightened risk to climate change and have inequitable access to resources to adequately adapt and recover from the associated impacts. Glendale is home to several vulnerable populations (see Table 5 and Figure 5), some of whom have already been disproportionately harmed by climate change.

3.2 Social Vulnerability Index Score
A social vulnerability index was developed to identify the location and areas of highest concentrations of climate-vulnerable population groups in Glendale based on 31 population data indicators (see the highlighted rows in Table 5). Each indicator represents a characteristic that either increases a person’s physiological vulnerability to climate hazards or decreases the ability of an individual to prepare for, cope with or recover from climate hazards due to systemic inequities. Selected indicators are consistent with guidance in the Cal APG (Cal OES 2020) and SCAG APG (SCAG 2020). The indicators also reflect input from community- based organizations provided during the City-held Focus Group Meetings (see Interested Parties Focus Group Meetings section above). For more information on why these population
characteristics are considered vulnerable to climate change impacts, see the Social Vulnerability by Climate Hazard section. Data for these indicators was obtained from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey 2017-2021, CDC’s PLACES Health Data, U.S.

Department of Energy LEAD Tool, Esri’s Crime Index data, and California Immigrant Data Portal.

The 27 population data indicators are organized into four separate groups for the purposes of this assessment. Grouping populations allows the City to understand what systems and structures contribute to increased vulnerability to climate change hazards.

Through identification of factors that contribute to population vulnerability, adaptation solutions can be developed that specifically address those contributing factors. Population groupings are as follows:

1. Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure.

2. Under-resourced Individuals.

3. Individuals Facing Societal Barriers.

4. Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities
The indicators were used to assess the geographic location and proportion of vulnerable populations in Glendale who may be more impacted by climate hazards. Data for these indicators was obtained from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey 2017-2021, CDC’s PLACES Health Data, U.S. Department of Energy LEAD Tool, and Esri’s Crime Index data. The Social vulnerability analysis was 260 of 961

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26 conducted to identify the concentration of each population group in each census tract in Glendale. Figure 5 displays social vulnerability in Glendale by census tract. Census tracts with high proportions of vulnerable populations, relative to state statistics, have higher percentile rankings on the 0 percent to 100 percent scale. The higher the percentile, the higher the vulnerability to climate change.

The areas of Glendale with the greatest concentration of vulnerable populations are in south and southwest Glendale Census tracts that are above the 60th percentile are considered a high social vulnerability area. Notably, the Grayson Power Plant is located in a high social vulnerability area. Figure 5 also displays additional areaswith high social vulnerability, beyond what was idenfitied using existing data and state tools, that were identified by representatives from local community-based organizations as part of the City-held Focus Group Meetings (see dotted areas in Figure 5). The additional focus areas were determined using a 1/4-mile buffer around schools(which is where children, a climate-vulnerable population group, spend much of their time),, I-5, (SR 134), Brand Boulevard, the Scholl Canyon Landfill and the Grayson Power Plant.

In addition, the areas south of SR 134 and west of Brand Boulevard are included as additional vulnerable focus areas, as identified during the Focus Group meetings.

Systemic Inequities
Individuals facing societal barriers include marginalized individuals due to their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, disability, economic status, or immigration status, all of whom encounter systemic obstacles that can limit their access to opportunities, resources, and fair treatment, are directly impacted by systemic social and economic inequities.

These challenges create educational, resource, economic, and health disparities that leave communities extremely vulnerable to climate change impacts (Baird 2008). When looking at the intersectionality and compounding impact of these societal barriers, these communities are more likely to face high outdoor exposure, be systematically under-resourced, be subjected to toxic stress and/or have chronic health
conditions, live in high-hazard risk areas and substandard housing, and are less likely to be homeowners (APA 2012).

These systemic factors make them disproportionately
vulnerable to climate hazards. In the City, many of these individuals face compounding risks associated with linguistic and income barriers. Immigrants and people who are
undocumented are often deprived of access to medical
services, quality housing, and basic needs, as well as access to social and economic services (Gamble et al. 2016).

Additionally, historical mistreatment and underserving by government leads to distrust, which compounds the lack of access to resources even when they do available.
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Table 5 Vulnerable Populations in Glendale
Population Type Population Description Percentage of Total Population/Household Type Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure
Outdoor Workers Individuals who are employed, 16 and older, and work outdoors 8% People experiencing
houselessness1
Individuals who currently lack fixed, regular, and adequate housing 0.1% Visitors2 Individuals who are not residents and are visiting the study area for a limited time Not Available People who use active
transportation*
People who primarily get around by walking, biking, or other active mode of transportation
9%
People who use public transit* People who primarily get around by buses, trains, subways, and other forms of public transportation
3%
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers
Black, Indigenous, and People
of Color (BIPOC)
Individuals who do not identify as white 23%
Native Americans Individuals who identify as American Native and Alaskan Native 0.6% Limited or non-English
speakers
Households with individuals who are non or limited English-speaking 11% Immigrants3 Individuals residing in the United States with legal documentation 51% People who are
undocumented4
Individuals residing in the United States without legal documentation 6% Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Seniors Individuals 65 years or older 18%
Young children and their
parents/caregivers*
Individuals 5 years and younger 5%
People who are differently
abled
Individuals with access and functional needs (physical and mental) 26% Individuals with asthma* Individuals diagnosed with asthma 9% Individuals with cardiovascular
disease
Individuals diagnosed with coronary heart disease 6%
People with diabetes* Individuals diagnosed with diabetes 9% 262 of 961

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28 Population Type Population Description Percentage of Total Population/Household Type People with high blood
pressure*
Individuals diagnosed with high blood pressure 28%
People with stroke risks* People with disproportionately high risk for stroke 3% Miliary Veterans Individuals who have served but are not currently serving in the US Armed Forces 2% Pregnant people* Individual with a baby or babies developing inside the womb Not Available Under-Resourced Individuals
People experiencing poverty Household incomes less than 80 % the State median household income 14% Unemployed Percentage of population aged 18-64 who are unemployed 7% Individuals with no health
insurance
Individuals aged 18 to 64 years old currently uninsured 7% Households without a
computer
Households without access to a computer 6%
Households without
broadband internet
Households without access to broadband internet 26%
Renters Housing units that are renter occupied 64%
Individuals without vehicle
access
Individuals without access to a vehicle 17%
Single female heads of
household with kids
Households with kids supported by a single female 14%
Individuals with education
attainment less than 4 years of
high school
Percentage of people over age 18 without a high school education or higher 10% People in overcrowded
households
Household with more than one person per room 5%
Mobile home households Housing units that are mobile homes 0.1% Households experiencing
housing burden
Percentage of gross household income spent on housing costs 11% Students Individuals 3 years and older enrolled in school 23% People who live in areas of
high violent crime
Percentage of areas that have an above average risk of crime occurring relative to the US average.
63%
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Population Type Population Description Percentage of Total Population/Household Type Households using fuels for
heating*
Households using solid fuels, kerosene, and gas to heat home 78% Residents without air
conditioning7*
Households without air conditioning Not Available
Households experiencing
energy burden
Percentage of gross household income spent on energy costs 1% Highlighted rows indicate population indicators for which census level data for Glendale was available, and therefore were included in the social vulnerability index mapping. * Populations added based on Focus Group input.
1 People experiencing houselessness percentage is calculated using data for Glendale from the City’s 2023 Glendale Homeless County (195 sheltered and unsheltered) and the 2020 City of Glendale Population from the Census (196,543). Data for this group was not available at the Census tract level for Glendale and therefore was not included in the Social Vulnerability Index. 2 Data for visitors was not available at the Census tract or City level for Glendale and therefore was not included in the Social Vulnerability Index. 3 Immigrants with legal documentation percentage is calculated using data for Glendale and is sourced from the California Immigrant Data Portal (99,796 immigrants with legal documentation in Glendale in 2019, most recent year available) and the 2020 City of Glendale Population from the Census (196,543). Data for this group was not available at the Census tract level for Glendale and therefore was not included in the Social Vulnerability Index. 4 People who are undocumented is calculated using data for Glendale and is sourced from the California Immigrant Data Portal (11,130 undocumented immigrants in Glendale in 2019, most recent year available) and the 2020 City of Glendale Population from the Census (196,543). Data for this group was not available at the Census tract level for Glendale and therefore was not included in the Social Vulnerability Index.

Source: The percentages used in this table were acquired from the U.S. Census, 2021 American Community Survey (ACS), CDC’s PLACES Health Data, Esri’s Crime Index, and U.S. Department of Energy LEAD Tool.
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30 Figure 5 Social Vulnerability in Glendale

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3.3 Social Vulnerability Overview
Vulnerability is the propensity or predisposition of a certain asset or population group to be adversely affected by climate change impacts. The following subsection provides an overview of what makes the vulnerable population groups more susceptible to climate change impacts. The Social Vulnerability by Climate Hazard Section provides:
▪ An overview of the impacts of climate hazards
▪ Potential impacts of climate hazards to each of the four population groups
▪ City-led and community adaptive capacity
▪ Vulnerability score which is a combined score of the potential impact and adaptive capacity for each of the four population groups by climate hazard
Information for impacts on populations and adaptive capacity was pulled from government sources and peer reviewed articles and supplemented using information provided by City staff during the Sustainability Working Group meeting and community-based organizations during Focus Group meetings (for more information on these meetings, refer to the Sustainability Working Group Meeting and Interested Parties Focus Group Meetings section of the report). Adaptive capacity is the ability to adjust to the consequences of climate change. Types of adaptive capacity include adjustments in behavior, resources, and technologies. There are other forms of adaptive capacity that are led by institutions (e.g., schools, religious institutions), community-based organizations, non-profits, special districts, and other nongovernmental entities.

The two types of adaptive capacity that are discussed in this report:

1. City-led adaptive capacity indicates the ways in which the City currently manages the negative impacts of climate change through City and utility-led plans and programs.

2. Community-scale adaptive capacity The ability of a community to deal with climate-related challenges, like extreme weather, can be improved by features in both the man-made and natural surroundings, as explained in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment.

Both City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity are assessed for each population group by climate hazard.

An impact score and an adaptive capacity score are identified for each vulnerable population group by climate hazard, along with an overall vulnerability score consistent with the scoring methodology provided in the Vulnerability Scoring Methodology Section.

Vulnerability scoring helps the City understand which climate effects pose the greatest threats and should be prioritized in adaptation planning and policy.

The results of the analysis will inform the development and prioritization of adaptation policies and programs to increase community resilience as part of the City of Glendale CAAP and Safety Element Update.

Indicators that Drive Community Vulnerability
Below is an overview of the vulnerability indicators for each population group that drive community vulnerability to climate change. This assessment acknowledges how the intersectionality of systems compound individuals’ vulnerability across multiple factors at once; however, for the purpose of this assessment, analysis was conducted based on the vulnerability that increases an individual’s risk to the greatest degree.
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32 Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure
Outdoor workers, people experiencing houselessness, visitors, and people who use active transportation and public transit face high outdoor exposure, which increases vulnerability to potential climate hazards. Approximately 8 percent of the population in Glendale are outdoor workers and face high risk of climate hazards.

Glendale has an estimated 195 people experiencing houselessness in 2023 (City of Glendale 2023). There is a significant concentration of people experiencing houselessness that are unsheltered in the Downtown Area, particularly in Central Park (City of Glendale 2023).

Central Park offers access to vital resources for the unsheltered population, including the Central Library and the Adult Recreation Center (City of Glendale 2023). People experiencing houselessness often suffer from high rates of respiratory conditions, mental illness, and other chronic health conditions and therefore are more vulnerable to climate hazards (CDPH 2020).

Glendale offers hiking trails, a diversity of restaurants, and icon sites such as the Alex Theatre, to visitors. Visitors are at risk because they may not receive warning during emergency events and are more likely to be unsure of how or where to receive help, or how to evacuate. Visitor deterrence, which could occur during and following climate hazards, would have impacts on the local economy (Gamble et al. 2016).

In Glendale, 17 percent of households do not have access to a vehicle (U.S. Census ACS 2021). People without access to a vehicle use active transportation, such as walking and biking, and public transit to get around. People who rely on active transportation or public transit have higher outdoor exposure, such as extreme heat, air pollution, or heavy rainfall, than those who use personal vehicles and are therefore at greater risk to climate hazards. This high risk is compounded by the fact that communities of color are more likely to have limited or no access to a car, increasing their likelihood of being impacted during heat and other climate hazards (CDPH 2020).

People who rely on active transportation or public transit may experience barriers in accessing cooling centers, evacuating in a timely fashion, and have a greater likelihood of encountering interruption in transportation services which could lead to direct income losses from the inability to access their workplace during climate events.

Under-resourced Individuals
Under-resourced individuals have inequitable access to resources with which to prepare for, cope with, and recover from climate change impacts, due to economic disparities, social inequities, geographical location, lack of education, policy gaps, historical factors, and limited social networks, which further exasperates vulnerability to climate impacts. Individuals who are unemployed or people experiencing poverty often face financial barriers when preparing for and recovering from climate change hazards.

Individuals in these groups often live in homes that are less protected against climate hazards or are more likely to be renters so are unable to make needed home improvements. People
experiencing poverty may not be able to take time off work to address health concerns either caused by or exacerbated by climate hazards, such as heat-related illnesses, respiratory problems from air pollution, or injuries resulting from extreme weather events, leading to further challenges in managing their well-being and financial stability. People experiencing poverty in conjunction with food and housing insecurity are rendered systematically more vulnerable than the general population to many co-morbid health issues. Glendale’s current unemployment rate averaged over 5 years is 6.6 percent, higher than the county and state
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with an estimated 27,065 citizens of 195,227 living in poverty (Welfare Info). Neighborhoods experiencing more than 25 percent poverty include densely populated communities adjacent to major roadways such as I-5 in the southern and central parts of the city (City of Glendale Income and Poverty). These neighborhoods largely consist of marginalized communities where population density is 5,000 to 30,000 people per square mile (City of Glendale Census 2010).

Single female heads of households, as defined by the U.S. Census as female householders with children under 18-years-old and no spouse/partner present, are often subjected to high levels of work- life conflict and financial hardship, which can make preparing for, coping with, and recovering from climate hazards difficult. They are also more likely to serve as the primary caretaker of children which can make evacuating during a hazard scenario difficult (Flanagan et al. 2011). Additionally, women’s wages, on average, are lower than their male counterparts. According to U.S. Census Bureau data, in 2020, women earned 84 percent of what men earned (Pew
Research Center 2021). This disparity is even more extreme for Black women who earned on average 64 percent of what white, non-Hispanic men earned in 2020 (Bleiweis et al. 2021). On average, Glendale single female heads of households experience poverty levels of nearly 22 percent across the city’s census blocks. In the most densely populated areas of the city, this rate reaches highs of

37.3 percent (Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center 2022).

As such, they will likely experience increased difficulties preparing for and recovering from climate hazards.

Individuals with educational attainment of less than 4 years of high school usually have lower earning potential and are twice as likely to be unemployed than those with a high school degree
(Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities N.d). Individuals with low educational attainment are more likely to work in outdoor and/or labor-intensive environments thus increasing the impact of climate events (CDPH 2017). In the Glendale area, 16.5 percent of adults, aged 25 and older, lack a high school diploma (Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center 2022). Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have access to transportation, healthcare, and other basic needs and often lack the financial resources to evacuate from a climate hazard or find a safe and affordable place in which to evacuate.

Households without a computer or broadband internet access may be less likely to receive emergency alerts or governmental guidance before, during, or after a climate hazard event, making them particularly vulnerable in evacuation scenarios. Individuals without health insurance are more likely to have undiagnosed pre-existing health conditions and inadequate access to preventative care and treatment, which may make them more vulnerable to health impacts from climate hazards (Gamble et al. 2016). According to the Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center Community Health Needs Assessment from 2022, Glendale overall has very high health insurance rates at 96.6 percent. However, minority ethnic groups tend to have lower health insurance rates. Glendale BIPOC communities on average have health insurance rates of 86 percent (Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center Report 2022).

Individuals who rent housing have limited ability to weatherize their homes for hazard events. Mobile home households also often do not have adequately weatherized homes. For example, renters may not have temperature control in their housing units and generally experience a higher water and energy utilities cost burden than homeowners (Cooley et al. 2012).

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34 barriers when preparing for and recovering from climate hazards (EPA 2022). In Glendale, 48.7 percent of owner and renter occupied households are cost-burdened, which is higher than both the county and state rates (Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center Report 2022). Over half of the Glendale ZIP codes serviced by the Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center have cost-burdened population rates of over 50 percent (Glendale Memorial Hospital and Health Center Report 2022). 2022).

Residents who lack air conditioning are at extreme risk of health impacts particularly associated with extreme heat. About 30 percent of households in California. Of those households without air conditioning, a majority are in low-income communities (Chen et al. 2020)
People who live in areas of high violent crime are more likely to live in areas with neighborhood instability and economic disadvantage.

Additionally, one study found that 20 percent of most
disadvantaged neighborhoods are predicted to absorb over 50 percent of climate change-related increases in violence. This highlights the critical link between environmental stressors, resource scarcity, and social vulnerability, as these areas often struggle with limited access to essential resources, economic opportunities, and social services. This lack of resources can intensify tensions and conflicts when compounded by the additional pressures brought on by climate change impacts, leading to heightened levels of violence in heat-stressed neighborhoods (Plante and Anderson 2017). In Glendale, from 2012 to 2017, there were 2,887 arrests, generating $1,196,547 in incarceration rates (MDH 2017). Most of the documented crime in Glendale occurs around densely populated, marginalized communities adjacent to I 5 and SR-134 (Neighborhood Scout 2023). Glendale experiences disproportionate rates of arrests by race and these rates are likely to continue to increase, exacerbated by heat inequity from climate change impacts.

Students may experience educational disruption and setbacks including reduced rate of graduate and college attendance as aa result of climate hazards that cause school closures, loss of personal property, and/or psychological distress, particularly students with additional characteristics that increase sensitivity to climate hazards. Additionally, students have limited ability to modify the physical conditions at school that affect climate hazard exposure and risk such as air filtration and air conditioning (GAO 2022).

Individuals Facing Societal Barriers
Glendale is located within the ancestral lands of the Tongva people.

Because many Native American people experience some degree of the implications of colonial violence, cultural erasure, and social marginalization, they are more likely to be under-resourced and experience poverty (Rogers 2012). Not all City residents who identify as Native American have ties to tribal communities, which affects the ways in which climate hazards impact individuals. In 2020, one in three Native Americans across the United States were living in poverty (Northwestern Institute for Policy Research 2020).

Native Americans often experience worse health outcomes and lower life expectancies compared to other populations due to a variety of systemic factors including toxic stress due to regularly experiencing racism and other systemic harms, disproportionate poverty, and discrimination in the delivery or accessibility of health services. Native Americans are also less likely to have health insurance, which may limit their ability to seek medical care for injuries or illnesses caused or exacerbated by climate change impacts (Rogers 2012). Native Americans are more likely to live in high-hazard risk areas and less likely to be homeowners, which 269 of 961

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leaves them vulnerable to climate impacts (Gamble et al. 2016).

Within the vulnerability analysis, potential impacts to Native American populations are discussed in the context of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC).

Recently, the City of Glendale recognized its past with racial injustices by unanimously passing a resolution apologizing for its history as a “sundown town” (Crouch 2020). A sundown town is the term for predominantly white towns and cities across the nation that attempted to keep their towns minority-free through violence, discriminatory legislation, and harassment. These places were areas in which City officials posted notices that minorities could work and travel in the town, but had to leave by sunset, or “sundown” (Christmas 2021). The history of violence and discriminatory laws against people of color and marginalized communities extends beyond the direct harassment and exclusion of these peoples in Glendale’s history through legislation such as the intentional neighborhood redlining, as described in Individuals Facing Societal Barriers. Now, as climate change impacts threaten all of Glendale’s citizens, these communities are feeling the generational effects of racial injustice, stemming from the City’s past as a “sundown town.” These communities predominantly reside in C-graded
neighborhoods, as depicted in Figure 6, and face climate vulnerabilities such as increased pavement, lack of trees for adequate cooling (Figure 7), and heat inequity. While Glendale addresses its history as a sundown town, the effects of its past on marginalized communities are being exacerbated by climate change and continue to shape their inequitable climate vulnerabilities. 270 of 961

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36 Figure 6 Glendale High Social Vulnerability Areas and Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) Neighborhood Redlining Grade
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Tree Equity Score
The number and distribution of trees in cities in the United States, often reflects differences in race and income across city landscapes.

While the amount of paved and impermeable surfaces and lack of water features and green spaces can increase the impact of temperature increases from climate change, adding more green spaces and especially trees, can have the opposite effect. Trees provide several critical services to cities and residents including shade, improved air quality, increased rain interception and reduced stormwater runoff, and in great enough numbers, trees can cool ambient temperatures and reduce the impact of climate change and extreme heat on public health.

Treeequityscore.org analyzes a range of neighborhood
characteristics including the existing tree canopy, population density, income, employment, surface temperature, racial demographics, age distributions, and health metrics to create a single tree equity score between 0 and 100. A score of 100 would indicate that a neighborhood has achieved tree equity.

Of the 137 census block groups included in the Tree Equity Score Municipality Report for Glendale, 11 have a tree equity score below

70. Comparing the HOLC map in Figure 6 and the Tree Equity Score map in Figure 7 can shed some light on the legacy of redlining and historic disinvestment on current levels of heat risk throughout the City. In line with the research referenced above, the southern and western portions of Glendale that had C (Definitely Declining) graded neighborhoods continue to have fewer trees, and lower tree equity scores relative to the rest of the City. Neighborhoods just north of West Kenneth Road and East Mountain Street and in east Glendale, north of SR 134 which received an A grade have some of the highest tree equity scores in the City.
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38 Figure 7 Glendale High Social Vulnerability Areas and Municipality Tree Equity Score

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Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health
Related Sensitivities
Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities are socially and physiologically vulnerable to climate change impacts and hazards. Seniors and people who are differently abled may have limited or reduced mobility, mental function, or communication abilities, making it difficult to evacuate during or prepare for a climate hazard event. They may also have medical needs for electricity which may be impacted during a public safety power shutoff or climate hazard event. Individuals in these groups are more likely to have pre-existing medical conditions or chronic illnesses that may exacerbate the risk of illnesses and medical problems from climate hazards. Individuals with asthma, individuals with cardiovascular disease, individuals with diabetes, individuals with high blood pressure, and individuals with stroke risk are more likely to experience health impacts from climate hazards because of pre-existing conditions or diseases. Seniors often face challenges regulating their temperature due to medications or underlying conditions related to age. Young children are socially and physiologically vulnerable to climate hazards. They often have limited understandings of climate hazards and insufficient resources to independently prepare for and safely respond during a climate hazard event. Young children are reliant on their caregivers to ensure their health, safety, and wellbeing. Young children have not fully physiologically developed and are therefore more vulnerable to health effects of climate change impacts. (Kenney et al. 2014).

The caregivers of young children are also at risk during some climate hazard events as they may face challenges navigating an evacuation process with young children. Military veterans may have been exposed to a variety of environmental, physical, and chemical stressors during military service which may have caused physiological or psychological health conditions, illnesses, or different abilities that make them particularly vulnerable to climate hazards (Olenick et al. 2015). Pregnant people and their fetuses are particularly vulnerable to climate hazards as they are susceptible to certain health conditions, including anemia, low birth weight, preterm birth, and miscarriage. Pregnant people are also at increased risk of experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder and depression after a climate hazard event (EPA 2022).

Residents in households using fuels for heating, as opposed to electricity, are more likely to be impacted by indoor combustion pollutants. Combustion pollutants are the gases and particles made by burning any fuel such as natural gas, diesel, and kerosene.

Exposure to combustion pollutants may lead to adverse health impacts that can make individuals more at risk of climate hazards.

For example, cooking emissions, especially from gas stoves, are associated with increased respiratory disease (CARB 2023).

3.4 Social Vulnerability by Climate
Hazard
This section assesses the potential impacts, adaptive capacity, and the resulting social vulnerability, of each population group by climate hazard.

Extreme Heat and Warm Nights
Overview
Extreme heat was a major issue identified during Focus Group Meetings 1 and 2. Specifically, the lack of air conditioning in housing units, limited protection for renters, and the urban heat island effect in areas with high proportions of vulnerable populations were identified as areas of concern. Below is an overview of the urban 274 of 961

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40 heat island effect, historical causes of inequitable heat exposure, tree equity score in Glendale, and compounding risks of housing and heat related illness.

Sustainability Working Group participants also identified extreme heat as a major concern. Participants noted having to close facilities due to broken Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) during extreme heat events, and warnings of rolling blackouts.

URBAN HEAT ISLAND
Urban Heat Island (UHI) refers to developed areas that are hotter than the surrounding landscape primarily due to the use of building materials and surfaces that absorb and re-radiate heat (like roofs and pavements), as well as a lack of vegetation, particularly trees.

The UHI effect causes people in cities to have higher heat exposure than residents in less densely developed areas. Within urban landscapes, neighborhoods with more impermeable and dark colored surfaces, and fewer trees, parks, and water features, have greater heat exposure and heat related risk than urban
communities with more green space and reflective surfaces. These differences in development patterns typically correspond with income and demographic disparities across the urban environment.

Low-income communities and many communities of color across Los Angeles County are the most impacted by the urban heat island effect (LA CDPH 2021). UHI will likely compound the impact and risk of extreme heat days and higher average temperatures resulting from climate change. In some locations, the effect could be twice as strong as the impact of global warming (Huang et al. 2019).

In Glendale, the UHI effect will most likely impact vulnerable communities in densely populated communities without access to green spaces, open areas, or reflective surfaces. According to the Urban Heat Island Interactive Map from the California
Environmental Protection Agency (CEPA UHI), the areas of Glendale which will experience the most intense UHI effect are the southwest neighborhoods along I-5 and the northeast neighborhoods along I- 210 (CEPA UHI). These areas have historically been socially vulnerable areas in C-graded neighborhoods (Figure 6) which have experienced racially motivated redlining and currently experience low tree equity scores (Figure 7). The UHI effect is calculated per urban census tract in degree-hours per day, in which the temperature differences every hour per day over 182 warm summer days are summed, then divided by the number of days in the study. In Glendale, the southern socially vulnerable communities have a degree-hour day rating of about 80.53, while the northern socially vulnerable communities have a rating of about 149.75 degree-hour days (CEPA UHI). In A-graded Glendale communities with higher tree equity scores, degree-hour days range from about 74.21 to 99.15 (CEPA UHI). As such, Glendale’s most populated urban areas will likely experience the highest UHI effects and heat inequity stemming from historical redlining and lack of access to green open spaces.

HISTORICAL CAUSES OF INEQUITABLE HEAT EXPOSURE
After the Great Depression the U.S. Government undertook numerous projects to stimulate the economy, expand housing stock, and evaluate the riskiness of home mortgages. The Home Owners’ Loan Corporation was established in 1933 with the passage of the Home Owners’ Loan Act, with the key task of refinancing mortgages and slowing down the rate of foreclosures (FHFA).

During the 1930’s the HOLC created detailed maps of urban areas across the United States. HOLC maps documented the perceived risk of lending and determined the lending practices of banks and other mortgage lenders administering the federal loans.

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through red, hence the term “redlining”. A-rated neighborhoods, colored green on the maps, were classified as the most desirable, and least risky for lenders. D-rated neighborhoods, colored red on the maps, were classified as the highest risk neighborhoods, and families in these neighborhoods were typically denied mortgages and their mortgages were often not federally insured if they were granted one (Rothstein 2017). The HOLC neighborhood assessments explicitly used racial makeup of residents as a determinant of neighborhood quality and mortgage risk (Rothstein 2017).

Neighborhood descriptions included references to the racial make- up of a neighborhood, in particular the homogeneity, percentage of immigrants and whether they were considered “subversive”, and the number of black, Mexican, and residents of various non-white ethnic groups (Nelson et al., 2023; Rothstein 2017). In the HOLC assessments, racially integrated neighborhoods, and neighborhoods with higher numbers of immigrants and people of color were considered higher risk and perceived as destined to deteriorate in value (Nelson et al., 2023; Rothstein 2017). This led to disinvestment in low-rated areas of cities and a loss of wealth building for generations of American families who were unable to purchase homes (Rothstein 2017). This practice of racial exclusion from homeownership allowed white Americans to accumulate wealth through government backed homeownership while minority communities were excluded and marginalized (Rothstein 2017).

Historic disinvestment and constraints on loans to real estate developers tied to racial restrictions resulted in differences in the quality of housing, amount of housing, and the amount of green space and other amenities that were built in different
neighborhoods based on the income and racial demographics of potential residents (Nelson et al., 2023; Rothstein 2017).

Many of these development differences still largely persist to this day. Recent research has shown that neighborhoods that HOLC rated as a “D” level of risk are still predominantly low-to-moderate income and communities of color, while “A” neighborhoods are still predominantly white and above average income. Previously red- lined neighborhoods are also correlated with more impervious paved surfaces, fewer trees and green spaces, and higher average temperatures than the non-redlined, historically white
neighborhoods in the same city (Hoffman et al.). Another study assessing 175 of the largest urbanized areas in the United States found that the average person of color lives in a census tract with greater than 2 degrees Celsius higher urban heat island intensity compared to non-Hispanic whites (Hsu et al.). A few degrees of temperature difference, and especially warmer temperatures at night, can translate into an appreciably increased risk of heat stress.

This means that communities that faced historical housing discrimination often bear a greater health burden as excessive heat events become more frequent and severe due to climate change.

This disparate heat exposure risk is known as heat inequity.

Figure 6 shows the HOLC Neighborhood Redlining Grade for neighborhoods in Glendale. Green colored areas represent neighborhoods that were graded A (Best). Neighborhoods just north of West Kenneth Road and East Mountain Street and in east Glendale, north of SR 134 received an A grade. Several
neighborhoods bordering A grade neighborhoods were graded B (Still Desirable) due to deed restrictions that limited development to single family housing and prevented non-white families from purchasing homes. These areas were developed with federal financing and graded favorably on the mortgage risk map as a result of the good quality homes this financing afforded, and the racial segregation achieved through racially restrictive deeds.

Neighborhoods graded C (Definitely Declining), yellow areas on the map, are located in north Glendale along I-210, and in south and southwest Glendale. The reasoning provided for C grade
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42 of housing. No neighborhoods in Glendale were rated D (Hazardous).

Areas with high social sensitivity in Glendale today fall within neighborhoods rated C (Definitely Declining) by HOLC, as shown in Figure 6.

COMPOUNDING RISKS: HOUSING AND HEAT RELATED ILLNESS
Housing and socio-economic factors can intersect in ways that compound the risks of climate impacts such as extreme heat events.

When housing is in short supply and unaffordable this can lead to overcrowding, especially for lower-income communities. Aging, overcrowded, and poorly insulated housing can contribute to risk from heat related illness, which can in turn lead to hospital visits and even increased mortality. If the electricity grid is strained during a heat wave and there are power outages, this can further increase the risk of heat related illnesses if access to adaptations such as air conditioning, fans, and refrigeration are lost.

A study published In 2022 found that housing age, housing crowding ratio, and roof condition were found to be correlated with the risk of heat-related illness indexes and can predict the risk of heat- related emergency department visits and heat-related mortality on a state level. This analysis indicates that housing quality and affordability as characterized by age, crowding, and roof condition can impact heat related illness risk (Hu et al. 2022).

The California 2020 Census Hard-to-Count index rated census tracts in south and southwest Glendale as falling within the highest difficulty level for accurately estimating population numbers. The variables cited for contributing to difficulty in getting accurate counts were renter occupied units, crowded units (in south Glendale), immigrants and limited English-speaking population, multi-unit structures, and households without broadband subscriptions (CA Census 2020). The large numbers of immigrants, non-English speakers, and crowded housing conditions in south Glendale likely contributed to an undercount of the true population of Glendale.

Housing affordability issues also impact Glendale residents.

According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD) and the California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD), housing is considered “affordable” if monthly housing costs are no more than 30 percent of a household’s gross income. In Glendale, 57.8 percent of renter households spend 30 percent or more of their income on housing cost, compared to 55.3 percent regionally. Additionally, 36.1 percent of renter households in Glendale spend 50 percent or more of their income on housing cost, compared to 28.9 percent regionally. These households are considered severely cost burdened (SCAG 2021).

The age of housing stock can indicate housing quality and the likely need for rehabilitation work that can impact public health, including remediation of lead-based paint and maintenance or replacement of major elements such as roofing. 77 percent of the housing stock in Glendale was built prior to 1980, and 20.2 percent of those homes, the largest proportion, were constructed prior to 1939 (SCAG 2021). Typically housing over 30 years of age is likely to need rehabilitation work to major elements of the structure. Given the age of the housing stock in the City, a large majority of Glendale’s housing stock is in substandard condition, with approximately 1,291 units lacking telephone service, 164 units lacking plumbing facilities, and 1,478 units lacking complete kitchen facilities (SCAG 2021). The age, availability, cost burden, and crowding conditions of Glendale housing may contribute to increased risk of heat-related illnesses, especially as climate change contributes to more frequent extreme heat events.
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A separate study analyzed exposure and vulnerability to heat by housing type and location using census tract level data combined with housing characteristics, climate projections, and an index of adaptive capacity and vulnerability to heat. The analysis revealed that subsidized housing in California simultaneously has the most sensitive populations and barriers to adaptation while being disproportionately located in the hottest census tracts (C. J. Gabbe et al. 2020). Specifically, while 8 percent of California’s total number of housing units are located in tracts with high heat exposure and high vulnerability populations (high-high tracts), these high-high tracts contain 16 percent of public housing units, 14 percent of Low- Income Housing Tax Credit units, and 10 percent of Section 8 Housing Choice Vouchers (C. J. Gabbe et al. 2020).

These studies show that housing policy should be considered an essential public health and safety mechanism for mitigating climate change-exacerbated health conditions in Glendale. Policies and programs should aim to address heat exposure and adaptation for subsidized housing, highly sensitive populations, and seek to increase housing availability and quality, especially in the hottest parts of the community, in order to help reduce health impacts from extreme heat.

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of extreme heat on each vulnerable population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Individuals with high outdoor exposure are at risk of health impacts from extreme heat. Outdoor workers are often subject to strenuous work conditions and are vulnerable during extreme heat events.

People experiencing houselessness and displaced individuals are exposed to the health-related impacts associated with extreme heat because they have limited access to shelter and air conditioning.

The primary health impacts to these populations are heat-related illnesses, such as heat stress, heat stroke, and dehydration, which can be life-threatening (CDPH 2020). Visitors are at risk during extreme heat events because they may not be keyed into local heat warning communications and are less likely to know where to seek refuge. People that rely on active transportation or public transit may experience health impacts from extreme heat due to biking and walking in high temperatures and high exposure while waiting for public transit.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may not be able to pay for adequate air conditioning or fans, increasing their exposure to extreme heat.

Individuals without vehicles may face challenges traveling to cooling centers or temporary shelters during extreme heat events (Cooley et al. 2012). Residents who lack air conditioning are at risk of health impacts from extreme heat at increased temperatures may make it harder to regulate their body temperatures. Households without a computer or broadband internet may not receive heat advisory warnings or governmental guidance, causing them to experience health impacts from extreme heat exposure (CDPH 2017). Under- resourced individuals are less likely to receive medical care for illnesses triggered or exacerbated by extreme heat, or if treatment is received, they are likely to face a significant medical cost burden and related financial stress. Extreme temperatures may contribute to a rise in high violence crime rates, which increases safety risks to people who live in areas of high violent crimes (Muggah 2021).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
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44 heat events and limited or no affordable air conditioning and are less likely to be able to make the home improvements necessary due to financial constraints or because they are renters. Limited or non-English speakers may not be provided heat advisory warnings or governmental guidance in their language, potentially causing them to experience greater exposure to extreme heat (Gamble et al. 2016). The primary health impacts to these populations are heat- related illnesses, such as heat stress, heat stroke, and dehydration, which can be life-threatening (CDPH 2020). Immigrants and people who are undocumented may not have access to medical services to treat heat-related illnesses.

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities are particularly at risk of heat related illnesses during extreme heat events. People who are differently abled, seniors, and children may have difficulty affording or accessing air conditioning or traveling to cooling centers during extreme heat events. Extreme heat events can also trigger power outages which are particularly dangerous for individuals who are electricity-dependent, either for their mobility, communication, or medical devices. Extreme heat conditions can exacerbate asthma, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, certain different abilities, and other respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, potentially causing heat- related illnesses such as heat stress, heat stroke and dehydration, which can be-life threatening (CDPH 2020). Residents in households using fuels for heating may face disproportionate health impacts from extreme heats events as high temperatures may lead to compounding impacts from indoor air pollutants. Young children are still physiologically developing which means that they are less able to regulate their bodies during extreme heat events (Kenney et al. 2014). Young children and seniors are especially at risk of dehydration as their bodies are not able to regulate as well (Kenney et al. 2014). When exposed to extreme heat, pregnant people and their fetuses are particularly susceptible to heat exhaustion, heat stroke, dehydration, low birth weight, preterm birth, and infant mortality (EPA 2022). Dehydration may exacerbate underlying health conditions and illnesses.

Warm nights affect the body’s ability to cool down and recover from heat stress during extreme heat periods exacerbating heat-related health problems including, heat exhaustion, dehydration, and cardiovascular stress, especially for individuals with chronic health conditions and health related sensitivities.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to extreme heat and warm nights.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to extreme heat include:
▪ Increasing urban forest, tree canopy coverage, parks, and open space throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan and the Glendale Downtown Specific Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements, including in vulnerable areas not within 1/3 mile of recreational open space (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012) (Glendale Downtown Specific Plan 2019).
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envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element 2003. (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
As described in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, the following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to extreme heat and warm nights in Glendale:
▪ Heat refuge: Cooling centers and other cool indoor public and private locations can provide critical refuge for people to escape extreme heat conditions. The City operates 4 cooling centers placed around the City, with only one of the four located close to areas of high social vulnerability (Glendale News Press 2023). ▪ Park access: Parks and open spaces can provide shade, natural cooling, and mental health benefits to community members seeking refuge from the heat. In their Greener Glendale Plan— Community 2012, Glendale aims to increase parks specifically in areas not currently within 1/3 mile of recreational open space and develop strategies to provide parks or recreational open space in those areas (Greener Glendale Plan – Community Plan 2012). Currently, most Glendale parks and green spaces are not accessible by most vulnerable populations, but Glendale is working to develop strategies to address this imbalance. ▪ Tree canopy: Trees can provide shade, natural cooling, and mitigate the urban heat island effect, providing numerous benefits to residents. According to Glendale’s tree equity report, 19 of 137 block groups have a tree equity score of less than 75. These 19 block groups are located in dense, vulnerable communities adjacent to major roadways like I-5. The lack of tree canopy in these areas will exacerbate the urban heat island effect and increase heat inequity.
▪ Thermal building performance: Older buildings heat up faster during extreme heat events and are less effective at remaining cooler than outdoor temperatures. Improving building
insulation and using reflective building materials can increase thermal building performance, increasing community resilience.

Thermal building performance in Glendale is likely poor, given that 77 percent of the housing stock in Glendale was built prior to 1980, with 20 percent of those homes, the largest
proportion, constructed prior to 1939.
▪ Permeable surfaces: Permeable spaces include green spaces and other cool, ground surfaces that help protect against localized heat gain and reduce the urban heat island effect.

Large areas of permeable surfaces are located in areas with the lowest social vulnerability scores, where access to open spaces and cooled surfaces prevent urban heat island effects. In Glendale, these areas have historically been less densely populated areas, typically away from major roadways and in areas with fewer vulnerable populations.

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46 Vulnerability Score – Extreme Heat and Warm Nights
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Low 5-High 281 of 961

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Drought
Overview
Prolonged drought conditions can cause long-term public health problems including shortages of drinking water and poor-quality drinking water, impacts on air quality, sanitation and hygiene, and food and nutrition, and more disease, such as West Nile Virus carried by mosquitoes breeding in stagnant water (CDC 2020).

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of drought on each sensitive population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Unless there are major water shortages in the City which disrupt drinking water supplies or cooling water features at parks and other public locations, individuals with high outdoor exposure are most likely not at disproportionate risk to drought.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
During periods of prolonged drought, under-resourced individuals are more likely to experience the cost burden associated with increased water rates (Feinstein et al. 2017). These individuals may struggle to access clean and affordable drinking water which may cause financial strain (Gamble et al. 2016).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
Unless there are major water shortages in the City, individuals facing societal barriers are most likely not at disproportionate risk to drought.

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Unless there are major water shortages in the City, individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities are most likely not at disproportionate risk to drought.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to drought.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to drought impacts include:
▪ Increasing urban forest, tree canopy coverage, parks, and open space throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan and the Glendale Downtown Specific Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements, including in vulnerable areas not within 1/3 mile of recreational open space (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012) (Glendale Downtown Specific Plan 2019).
▪ Increasing biodiversity of plants and ecosystems are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012).
▪ Glendale Water & Power offers the Utility Users Tax exemption to low-income senior and differently abled customers. Glendale Water & Power also promotes the Low-Income Household
Water Assistance Program (LIWAP) which provides funds to assist low-income households with water and wastewater bills (GWP Financial Assistant Programs 2023).
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48 COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
As described in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, the following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to drought.
▪ Water conservation practices: Water conservation practices such as using drought-tolerant vegetation in gardens and open spaces, promoting water reuse for non-potable uses and
installing water efficient appliances are important practices for increasing resilience to drought are adopted policies and strategies. Policies and strategies in the Greener Glendale Plan seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012).
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Vulnerability Score – Drought
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Low Medium 2-Low Under-resourced Individuals Medium Medium 3-Medium
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Low Medium 2-Low 284 of 961

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50 Wildfire
Overview
Wildfires cause direct and indirect impacts to community members.

Wildfires that burn within City limits can pose a significant impact to the safety of community members and can burn homes. Indirectly, wildfires both within and outside of City limits can cause power disruption and lead to poor air quality. Focus Group participants identified concerns with wildfires leading to power disruption and affecting air quality through smoke.

Population groups that are located in the additional vulnerable focus areas are at-risk to wildfires, as shown in Figure 8. These include community members within ¼ mile buffer of schools (which is where children, a climate-vulnerable population group, spend much of their time), ¼ mile buffer of I-210 and SR 2, as well as portions of east Glendale.

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of wildfire on each vulnerable population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Some outdoor workers, including fire fighters, police officers and other emergency personnel, may be exposed to hazardous work conditions during wildfire events and may become injured from burns and wildfire smoke. Domestic workers that typically service areas under a wildfire evacuation order are impacted by loss of wages, especially where hazard pay is unavailable. In some cases, domestic workers were still required to report to work within emergency evacuation areas, exposing themselves to harm (Climate Resolve 2021). Individuals with high outdoor exposure may face disproportionate exposure to wildfire smoke which can exacerbate existing respiratory conditions, mental illness, and chronic health conditions. (CDPH 2017). Individuals with high outdoor exposure may be reliant on active and public transportation modes and have a more difficult time evacuating in a timely fashion.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may experience injuries or death from burns and are likely to experience financial burden associated with medical treatment and property loss or damage (CDPH 2017). These individuals may have their belongings and homes damaged by a wildfire. If this occurs, under-resourced individuals are less likely to be covered by insurance and more likely to suffer from the cost burden. Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing. They are more likely to have limited control over home hardening and
improvements that may protect against fire. Subsequently, they may experience economic and health impacts and a greater loss of belongings than affluent homeowners (Gamble et al. 2016).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
BIPOC, immigrants, and people who are undocumented are
generally more likely to live in housing with insufficient protection against wildfire. Individuals facing societal barriers may not have access to language appropriate advisory warnings or government guidance. Individuals in these groups may face systematic and/or cultural barriers to access resources to safely evacuate hazard areas and/or to treat injuries (Gamble et al. 2016) (Mendez et al. 2020).

The harm that many community members have experienced when engaging with government systems, including at evacuation centers, may make it harder for them to receive the support and services that they need.
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INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities may be more susceptible to injuries or death from burns (CDPH 2017). People who are differently abled, young children and their parents/caregivers, military veterans, pregnant people, and seniors may have difficulty evacuating from wildfires, increasing the risk of health impacts from wildfire burns (EPA 2022).

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to wildfire.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to wildfire impacts include:
▪ Ensuring adequate fire services, such as fire equipment, infrastructure, and response times throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety
Element 2003).
▪ Enforcing fuel management, weed abatement, fire-resistant landscaping, and structure hardening programs and efforts to minimize wildfire risk are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).
▪ Designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating Glendale Water & Power electric transmission and distribution system to minimize wildfire risk are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale Water & Power – Wildfire Mitigation Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood- wide improvements (Glendale Water & Power–- Wildfire
Mitigation Plan 2022).
▪ Coordinating with local and regional jurisdictions and agencies to update and implement disaster preparedness and recovery plans, maintain mutual aid agreements, and carry out
evacuation procedures are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan—Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). ▪ Inventorying backup-generators, medical equipment and supplies, temporary shelters, and other emergency response supplies and equipment are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
As described in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, the following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to wildfire in Glendale:
▪ Fire Safe Structures: Homes and facilities that are designed and constructed with fire resistant building materials will mitigate potential impacts from fire and smoke.
▪ Fire Resistant Landscaping: Planting fire resistant plants can mitigate the spread of fire in open spaces and surrounding structures. Employing vegetation management techniques (e.g., trimming, pruning, and cleanup) will reduce flammability. 286 of 961

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52 ▪ Roadway and Access: Roadway access and street signage ensures adequate ingress/egress for residents and emergency personnel.
▪ Fire Service Resources: Fire equipment, infrastructure, and response times are all critical.

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Figure 8 Glendale High Social Vulnerability Areas and Wildfire Hazard Severity Zones

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54 Vulnerability Score – Wildfire
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Medium Medium 3-Medium Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 4-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Medium Medium 3-Medium Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Medium 4-High 289 of 961

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Landslides
Overview
Population groups that are located in the additional vulnerable focus areas are at-risk to landslides, as shown in Figure 9. These include community members within ¼ mile buffer of schools, ¼ mile buffer of I-210, La Crescenta Avenue, and SR 2, as well as portions of east Glendale.

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of landslides on each sensitive population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Individuals with high outdoor exposure (outdoor workers, people experiencing houselessness, visitors, and people who use active transportation and public transit) may not receive timely emergency evacuation information or may have limited access to shelter and transportation to evacuate from hazardous areas (Gamble et. Al 2016). Some outdoor workers, including emergency personnel and construction workers, may be exposed to hazardous work
conditions during landslide events and may become injured from debris, rocks, or damaged infrastructure or facilities.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may experience injuries or death from landslides and are likely to experience financial burden associated with medical treatment (CDPH 2017). These individuals may have their belongings and homes damaged by a landslide. If this occurs, under-resourced individuals are less likely to be covered by insurance and more likely to suffer from the cost burden. Under- resourced individuals are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing. They are more likely to have limited control over home hardening and improvements that may protect against landslides. Subsequently, they may experience economic and health impacts and a greater loss of belongings than homeowners (Gamble et al. 2016).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
BIPOC, immigrants, and people who are undocumented are
generally more likely to live in housing with insufficient protection against landslides. Individuals facing societal barriers may not have access to language appropriate advisory warnings or government guidance. Individuals in these groups may face systematic and/or cultural barriers to access resources to safely evacuate landslide hazard areas and/or to treat injuries (Gamble et al. 2016) (Mendez at al. 2020). The harm that many community members have experienced when engaging with systems, including at evacuation centers, may make it harder for them to receive the support and services that they need.

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities may be more susceptible to injuries or death from a landslide (CDPH 2017). People who are differently abled, young children and their parents/caregivers, pregnant people, and seniors may have difficulty evacuating from landslides, increasing the risk of health impacts and geographical isolation (EPA 2022).

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to landslides.
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56 CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to landslide impacts include:
▪ Mitigating landslide risks and potential damage to structure and infrastructure through requiring geotechnical investigations, regular inspections, and prohibiting reconstruction of structures in areas with failed slopes are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
The following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to landslides in Glendale:
▪ Stabilize slopes mechanically or with vegetation: Vegetation helps stabilize slopes and prevent erosion by strengthening roots in the soil.
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Figure 9 Glendale High Social Vulnerability and Landslide Susceptibility

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58 Vulnerability Score –Landslides
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Medium Medium 3-Medium Under-resourced Individuals Medium Medium 3-Medium
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Low Medium 2-Low
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High

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Stormwater Flooding and Extreme
Precipitation
Overview
When an influx of stormwater exceeds a drainage system’s capacity to infiltrate water into the soil or to carry it away, localized stormwater flooding can occur. Urban landscapes tend to be built with impermeable surfaces that do not allow much water to infiltrate the ground and this increases the amount of runoff that must be channeled in storm drainage systems and carried elsewhere. Most urban drainage infrastructure was not built to manage stormwater flows from the increased precipitation events that are occurring and will occur more frequently with climate change and can be costly to retrofit. As a result, the costs and impact of urban flooding are expected to increase as precipitation patterns become more extreme due to climate change (NASEM 2019).

Climate change may cause areas throughout Glendale to experience more frequent stormwater flooding. Stormwater systems may be overwhelmed more frequently as more extreme rain events occur, causing localized flooding which could impact properties and leave roads temporarily unusable. Areas with high amounts of
impermeable surfaces and those adjacent to drainage systems are prone to stormwater flooding during periods of heavy rainfall.

Flooding impacts directly create physical damage from inundation (Hall et. al 2018). Flooding can also lead to cascading risks due to loss of power, wastewater management issues, pollution carried by stormwater including hazardous materials, and overwhelm storm drainage infrastructure, exacerbating public health concerns.

Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of stormwater flooding and extreme precipitation on each sensitive population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Individuals with high outdoor exposure (outdoor workers, people experiencing houselessness, visitors, and people who use active transportation and public transit) may not receive timely emergency evacuation information or may have limited access to shelter and transportation to evacuate from hazardous areas (Gamble et. Al 2016). Some outdoor workers, including emergency personnel and police offers, may be exposed to hazardous work conditions during flooding events and therefore are vulnerable to health impacts (CDPH 2020).

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may experience injuries or death from high velocity flooding and are less likely to receive medical treatment (CDPH 2017). Individuals in these groups may experience cost burdens if their belongings and homes are damaged from floodwater inundation. Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing. They are more likely to have limited control over home hardening and
improvements that may protect against flooding. Subsequently, they may experience economic and health impacts and a greater loss of belongings than homeowners (Gamble et al. 2016).

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
BIPOC and people who are undocumented are more likely to live in low-lying area that are more susceptible to stormwater flooding.

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60 protection against stormwater flooding. Individuals facing societal barriers may not have access to language appropriate advisory warnings or governmental guidance. Individuals in these groups may face systemic and/or cultural barriers (including racism and other forms of discrimination) when seeking access to resources needed to safely evacuate hazard areas and/or to treat injuries (Gamble et al. 2016) (Mendez et al. 2020).

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with underlying health conditions may be more at risk of injury/illness due to exposure to mold after flooding events. Molds grow in places with a lot of moisture, particularly areas where there has been flooding and inadequate home hardening to protect from water infiltration. After severe flooding events, damage from flooding may lead to mold infestations, as home interiors are exposed around pipes, windows, and roofs. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), exposure to damp and moldy
environments may cause health effects ranging from sneezing and mild allergic reactions to fungal infections for more susceptible populations, such as those with chronic respiratory disease. Studies also suggest that early mold exposure in children may lead to the development of asthma and further sensitivity to mold. Young children and their parents/caregivers, seniors, people who are differently abled, pregnant people, and individuals with chronic health conditions or illnesses may not be able to safely evacuate floodwater hazard areas. This could lead to further exposure to mold infestations and increase the likelihood of experiencing serious health-related events for these populations.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to stormwater flooding and extreme
precipitation.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
Existing efforts that increase the City’s resilience to stormwater flooding and extreme precipitation impacts include:
▪ Mitigating flood impacts through discouraging development of critical facilities in flood hazard areas, requiring hydrological studies, and maintaining City-owned storm drain facilities are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety
Element 2003).

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
As described in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, the following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to stormwater flooding and extreme precipitation in Glendale:
▪ Green Infrastructure: Green infrastructure projects expand permeable areas and reduce flooding potential. According to the City of Glendale Nature Based Development, the City has conducted Indigenous Tree Protection programs and annual street tree planting programs for decades. In 2011, the City completed a re-forestation project within Scholl Canyon and has planted over 5,000 trees in 2020. Additionally, Glendale maintains over 5,000 acres of open space and 286 acres of developed park land, with 47 parks and recreation facilities (City of Glendale Nature Based Development).
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Vulnerability Score – Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure Medium Medium 3-Medium Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 4-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers Medium Medium 3-Medium Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High

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62 Poor Air Quality
Overview
Focus Group participants identified concerns with wildfires contributing to poor air quality through smoke.

LOCAL CONDITIONS IMPACTING AIR QUALITY
The City of Glendale is in the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB), which is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Mountains to the north and east, and the San Diego County line to the south. The air quality in the SCAB is primarily influenced by a wide range of emissions sources – such as dense population centers, heavy vehicular traffic, industry, and weather (South Coast AQMD N.d.) The general region lies in the semi-permanent high-pressure zone of the eastern Pacific Ocean, resulting in light average wind speeds. The SCAB experiences a persistent temperature inversion (increasing temperature with increasing altitude) because of the Pacific high-pressure zone. This inversion limits the vertical dispersion of air contaminants, holding them relatively near the ground. The combination of stagnant wind conditions and low inversions produces the greatest pollutant concentrations in the SCAB. On days of no inversion or high wind speeds, ambient air pollutant concentrations are lowest. During periods of low inversions and low wind speeds, air pollutants generated in urbanized areas are transported predominantly onshore into Riverside and San Bernardino counties (CARB N.d.)

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MEASUREMENTS
Air quality monitoring stations throughout the region monitor concentrations of air pollutants and determine whether ambient air quality meets the California and federal standards for various air pollutants. While air quality has improved in the SCAB over the past several decades, the region has exceeded the federal health 8-hour ozone standard 124 days in 2022, based on preliminary data.

Maximum levels are almost twice as high as the federal standard for clean air (South Coast AQMD N.d.)

POOR AIR QUALITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Poor air quality is associated with increased health impacts, most frequently from inhalation of pollutants. Examples of inhalable pollutants include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Of these pollutants, the most common is particulate matter, which refers to inhalable particles that are commonly made up of sulphate, nitrates, ammonia, and other harmful compounds. Higher temperatures are conducive to air pollution formation, and rising temperatures could therefore result in worsened air quality. Worsening air quality due to climate change can create respiratory issues for sensitive populations and impact indoor environments that do not have adequate air filtration systems. There are several types of sources that cause a decline in air quality:
▪ Dust. Increased temperature leads to dry, dusty conditions also associated with drought (Hall et al. 2018). Increases in dust conditions increases exposure to particulate matter, including PM10 (particulates less than 10 microns in diameter). PM10 can cause increased respiratory disease, lung damage, cancer, premature death, and reduced visibility. These adverse health effects have been reported primarily in infants and children, and seniors with preexisting heart or lung diseases (CARB 2022). ▪ Smog. Increases in ambient temperature can lead to higher rates of smog also referred to as ozone. Groups most sensitive to O3 include children, the elderly, people with respiratory disorders, and people who exercise strenuously outdoors 297 of 961

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(USEPA 2021a). Depending on the level of exposure, ozone can cause inflame and damage the airways; make the lungs more susceptible to infection; and aggravate lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. Ground-level ozone increases with ambient temperatures and will be
experienced at higher rates due to climate change leading to raised cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality rates (CDPH 2014). Ground-level ozone has also been shown to have particularly disproportionate adverse impacts on
populations experiencing homelessness and lower median
income (PNAS 2021).
▪ Fewer Natural Filtrations. Precipitation variability and long periods of dry spells lead to less reliable air quality for the entire region. Moisture in the air can filter pollutants and provide for overall improved conditions. Urban vegetation can directly affect air quality. Trees remove gaseous air pollution. Large healthy trees remove more pollution than younger, smaller trees (USDA Forest Service, 2002). Rising temperatures could increase mortality for large healthy trees which would reduce the ability for urban vegetation to reduce air pollutants, therefore increasing pollutant exposure to sensitive
populations.
▪ Wildfire Smoke. Temperature, severe wildfire conditions, and the area burned by wildfires have all increased throughout the state and are expected to continue to increase. Higher
temperatures accompanied by an increase in the incidence and extent of large wildfires will lead to increased wildfire smoke and associated toxins and air pollution (Hall et al. 2018).

Wildfire smoke is comprised of a mixture of gaseous pollutants, hazardous air pollutants, water vapor, and particle pollution (fine airborne particulate matter – PM2.5) with particle pollution being the main component and the principal threat to public health (USEPA 2021b). Smoke from wildfires is known to
contain a large abundance of PM2.5 and are estimated to contribute to approximately 18 percent of the total PM2.5 atmospheric emissions in the US (Liu 2016). On days where PM2.5 exceeds regulatory standards an average of 71.3 percent of the total PM2.5 emissions are attributable to wildfires (Liu 2016). Short-term exposures to PM2.5 (up to 24-hours duration) has been associated with premature mortality, increased hospital admissions for heart or lung causes, acute and chronic bronchitis, asthma attacks, emergency room visits, respiratory symptoms, and restricted activity days. These adverse health effects have been reported primarily in infants and children, and seniors with preexisting heart or lung diseases (CARB 2022).

COMPOUNDING RISKS: HEAT AND SMOG DURING A RECENT HEAT
WAVE
Central and Southern California experienced a heat wave in July 2023 that not only raised the risk of wildfires and heat-related illness, but also resulted in bad air quality. The South Coast AQMD issued an air quality alert for inland areas of the SCAB because of elevated levels of ozone caused by the high temperatures and weak winds that allowed the air to stagnate (LA Times, 2023). As discussed in the Social Vulnerability by Climate Hazard section, heat presents a major health risk to community members, especially to those with higher vulnerability to heat. Ozone levels increased alongside temperature throughout the day, peaking around noon and the early afternoon. Since higher temperatures increase ground level ozone, these health risks are compounded during extreme heat events, particularly when local conditions such as low wind speed, prevent the dispersion of pollution.
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64 Potential Impacts
This section describes the potential impacts of extreme heat on each sensitive population group.

INDIVIDUALS WITH HIGH OUTDOOR EXPOSURE
Outdoor workers may become injured from smoke inhalation and poor air quality during heat waves. People experiencing houselessness are particularly at-risk when air quality is poor as they often suffer from respiratory conditions, mental illness, and chronic health conditions that may be exacerbated from poor air quality. People experiencing houselessness have limited access to shelter and often do not have access to transportation to evacuate from smoke engulfed areas (CDPH 2017). Visitors may not have access to emergency public health warnings related to poor air quality. Additionally, poor air quality from smoke or extreme heat may deter visitors, impacting Glendale’s economy (Gamble et. al 2016). People who use active transportation and public transit are vulnerable during times of poor air quality because of their higher outdoor exposure.

UNDER-RESOURCED INDIVIDUALS
Under-resourced individuals may experience injuries or death from respiratory issues caused by smoke or poor air quality during heat waves and are likely to experience financial burden associated with medical treatment (CDPH 2017). Renters have limited control over home hardening and improvements, such as filtration, that protect against poor air quality. Individuals living in mobile homes may also face disproportionate risk if their homes do not have adequate filtration.

INDIVIDUALS FACING SOCIETAL BARRIERS
Limited or non-English speakers may not be provided with smoke advisory warnings or governmental guidance in their language, potentially causing them to experience greater exposure to smoke.

Individuals in these groups may face systematic and/or cultural barriers to access resources to safely evacuate hazard areas (Gamble et al. 2016). Individuals in these groups may experience injuries or death from smoke inhalation (CDPH 2017). People who are undocumented may not have access to medical services to treat injuries (Mendez et al. 2020). The harm that many community members have experienced when engaging with government
systems, including at evacuation centers, may make it harder for them to receive the support and services that they need.

INDIVIDUALS WITH CHRONIC HEALTH CONDITIONS OR HEALTH

RELATED SENSITIVITIES
Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities may be more susceptible to injuries or death from smoke inhalation (CDPH 2017). These populations are particularly at risk to respiratory health impacts associated with smoke inhalation of wildfire smoke pollutants and pollutant poor air quality during heat waves. Seniors and military veterans are vulnerable to health impacts from wildfire smoke and extreme heat pollutants because they are more likely to have underlying respiratory and/or cardiovascular conditions and illnesses. Young children may experience respiratory health impacts from wildfire smoke and extreme heat pollutants because their respiratory systems are not fully developed and are sensitive to stressors. Individuals with cardiovascular disease, individuals with high blood pressure, and individuals with stroke risk may experience severe cardiovascular health impacts if exposed to wildfire smoke and extreme heat pollutants. Individuals with diabetes face increased risk of all-cause 299 of 961

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respiratory and cardiovascular-related physician visits after wildfires and an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity (Ratter-Rieck et al. 2023). Individuals with asthma may experience severe respiratory health impacts such as difficulty breathing if exposed to wildfire smoke pollutants (EPA 2022). Residents in households using fuels for heating may face disproportionate health impacts from wildfire events and extreme heat as the resulting outdoor air pollutants may lead to compounding impacts from indoor air pollutants. People who are differently abled, young children and their
parents/caregivers, pregnant people, and seniors may have difficulty evacuating from wildfires, increasing the risk of health impacts from wildfire smoke inhalation (EPA 2022).

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led and community-scale adaptive capacity to poor air quality.

CITY-LED ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
There are no existing policies or programs led by the City for addressing poor air quality.

COMMUNITY-SCALE ADAPTIVE CAPACITY
The following resources increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to poor air quality in Glendale:
▪ Tree canopy and large open spaces: Trees and large open spaces can reduce air pollution and provide numerous other benefits to residents, including providing shade, natural cooling, and mitigating the urban heat island effect.
▪ Indoor air filtration: Upgrading central air system filters and using high efficiency portable air cleaners can effectively improve air filtration in homes, protecting residents from the impacts of poor air quality.

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66 Vulnerability Score – Poor Air Quality
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Low 5-High

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4 Physical Vulnerability Assessment

4.1 What is Physical Vulnerability
Physical vulnerability is the susceptibility and limitations of physical infrastructure in the context of climate hazards and extreme events.

Climate change has the capacity to harm physical infrastructure and disrupt services or restrict accessibility. Given that robust infrastructure is a crucial element in enhancing Glendale’s resilience, this assessment examines the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to understand how climate change will impact them.

4.2 Physical Assets at Risk
Physical Assets Included in the Physical Vulnerability
Assessment
The physical assets included in this assessment include natural and recreational resources, building and facilities, and infrastructure and critical services in Glendale.

Natural and recreational resources
Natural and recreational resources within Glendale, as detailed in the General Plan Recreation Element and Open Space and
Conservation Plan, include parks, City bikeways, open spaces, waterways, critical habitats, and street trees. The City currently provides 284 acres of total parkland space across 31 parks.

Waterways in Glendale include the Los Angeles River and two of its tributaries, Verdugo Wash, and the Burbank Western Channel.

Glendale has more than 49,000 City trees. Of those City trees, 43,000 are public rights-of-way along City streets and the remaining 6,000 trees are located in City parks. These resources provide sources of community resilience to the city. These resources are spread throughout the City and face various levels of exposure to climate hazards.

Primary vulnerabilities for parks and natural resources are typically associated with extreme heat and drought related stressors, increasing wildfire frequency and severity, with impacts such as species mortality and loss of habitat.

Buildings and Facilities
Climate change is expected to amplify extreme weather and hazards in Glendale. A jurisdiction’s vulnerability increases when buildings and facilities are not designed, operated, and/or maintained to function effectively under extreme weather conditions. The following buildings and facilities in Glendale are particularly important to assess for climate change impacts because they play a critical role in providing services to the community: City Hall, schools, police stations, libraries, fire stations, hospitals, parks, recycling facilities, water treatment plant, the Grayson Power Plant, potable/recycled water pump stations, and Scholl Canyon Landfill /waste management facilities.

Infrastructure and Critical Services
Within Glendale, there is a variety of infrastructure and critical services that are vulnerable to climate change. Assets within this category include water and wastewater services, storm drainage and flood protection, solid and hazardous waste and recycling, fire 302 of 961

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68 services, emergency services, medical services, energy utilities and major utility corridors, water lines, transmission lines, public transportation, roadways, and active transportation routes. This asset group is sensitive to climate change as the impacts of hazards can affect the ability to provide services and resources; and the infrastructure in place may not be adequately prepared to sustain increasing and compounding hazards.
▪ Glendale Water & Power provides water and electrical services to City residents and businesses.
▪ Southern California Gas Company provides natural gas services to the City.
▪ The Glendale Public Works Maintenance Services maintains the City’s sewer system.
▪ The City’s wastewater is processed and reclaimed at the Los Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant
▪ Most stormwater drains in Glendale are owned and maintained by the City Public Work Department.
▪ The Glendale Police Department provides police services to the City.
▪ The Glendale Fire Department provides fire suppression services in the City.
▪ Waste and recycling services are provided through the Public Works – Integrated Waste Management Department.
▪ The Glendale Transportation Division operates the Beeline Bus, Dial-A-Ride and the Glendale Transportation Center.
▪ The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority operates buses throughout Glendale.
▪ Amtrak, Los Angeles Department of Transportation Metrolink, and Greyhound serve the Glendale Transportation Center
providing rail and bus services.

4.3 Physical Vulnerability by Climate
Hazard
Extreme Heat and Warm Nights
Overview
Extreme heat and warm nights impact natural resources, buildings, and infrastructure. As described in the Climate Hazards section, extreme heat events are expected to increase in both severity and frequency by mid-century.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Increased temperatures can cause vegetation stress in parks, landscaping, wildlife, and urban forests. Indirect impacts include reduced carbon storage and increased tree and vegetation mortality, as well as increased watering needs and related costs.

Wildlife under these conditions face impacts of heat stress and heat related illness as well as disrupted reproductive cycles, and compounding risks associated with early and extended seasonal temperature increases (Backlund 2008). Plants are more likely to experience heat stress and drying, and species’ habitat ranges may shift. Some pests can proliferate more easily with warmer temperatures (Hamerlynck 1995), and some plants and animals ill- suited to the new warmer conditions may suffer increased mortality rates (Ackerly et al. 2018). Increased temperatures may also impact outdoor recreation opportunities and residents and visitors would not be as likely to enjoy the mental and physical health benefits associated with outdoor recreation.
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BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Extreme heat may impact occupants of buildings and facilities that are not adequately weatherized for increased temperatures, however, the buildings and facilities themselves are not at risk to extreme heat or warm nights.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
As temperatures increase, roadways, active transportation routes, and railroads are vulnerable to damages through sustained heat such as buckled railroad ties and cracked surfaces. Additional impacts from extreme heat are associated with increased emergency service calls which could strain medical services.

Electrical infrastructure could be overwhelmed by demand and result in blackouts and Glendale Water & Power could conduct power safety shutoffs to avoid impacts to electrical facilities. Power outages have significant impacts on communication networks, water conveyance, and vulnerable populations. See the Cascading Impacts Assessment for more information on the cascading impacts of power outages.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the city-led adaptive capacity to extreme heat and warm nights:
▪ Increasing urban forest, tree canopy coverage, parks, and open space throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan and the Glendale Downtown Specific Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements, including in vulnerable areas not within 1/3 mile of recreational open space (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012) (Glendale Downtown Specific Plan 2019).
▪ Increasing biodiversity of plants and ecosystems are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood- wide improvements. (Greener Glendale Plan – Community
2012).
▪ Inventorying backup-generators, medical equipment and supplies, temporary shelters, and other emergency response supplies and equipment are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). 304 of 961

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70 Vulnerability Score – Extreme Heat and Warm Nights
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
Buildings and Facilities N/A N/A N/A
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Drought
Overview
Drought poses a risk to Glendale and the surrounding LA County.

The recent 2012– 2016 drought had major impacts on water resources throughout the state, such as permanently reduced groundwater storage capacity because of land sinking caused by excessive extraction of groundwater (Lund et al., 2018). In the future, drought severity, frequency, and length are expected to increase so much so that California may experience long-term droughts at least every decade (Bedsworth et al., 2018). Glendale Water & Power is responsible for maintaining an adequate and reliable water supply. The City purchases between 60 percent and 70 percent of its potable water from the Metropolitan Water district of Southern California. The remaining 30 percent of its water is from local groundwater wells.

Drought can have severe impacts on natural resources,
infrastructure, and critical services.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Drought would likely increase irrigation requirements for maintaining landscaping, park facilities, and street trees, while water use restrictions would potentially prevent asset managers from meeting this increased watering demand, resulting in water- stressed vegetation, increased vegetation mortality, and potentially reducing the quality of and benefits provided by recreational resources such as open spaces and parks and the urban forest (Lund et al., 2018; Okin et al., 2018). Drought will disrupt habitats and the ability for wildlife to survive from dehydration and unreliable food sources.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Drought can cause increased soil cracking and subsidence in areas with low groundwater tables and high plasticity soils (e.g., clay- heavy soils), causing damage to building foundations and façades (LA County CVA 2021).

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
Drought can impact water reliability and water infrastructure.

Projected changes in snowpack, temperature, and precipitation rates from climate change across California will result in increased water scarcity through the end of the century (Ackerly et al. 2018).

The recent multi-year drought significantly strained the State’s water supply systems, which resulted in water storage levels sinking to historic lows. This led to mandatory water use restriction impacting day to day activities and local economies. Low water supply also led to significant capital investments by water agencies in an effort to increase reliability during extended drought periods, which may lead to future water rate adjustments. Drought can result in an increased dependency on groundwater and lower groundwater levels, causing increased contaminant concentrations in aquifers and permanently impaired aquifers (LA County CVA 2021). Although Glendale has a diverse portfolio of multiple different water sources and providers, the impacts of drought on the water system are regional in scope. Drought can also result in increased maintenance needs, causing cracked pavements
compounded with extreme heat (Samuel et al. 2019).
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72 Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the city-led adaptive capacity to drought:
▪ Implementing and enforcing water use restrictions for non- essential or wasteful activities by promoting conservation and administering penalties for overuse are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the City of Glendale Urban Water Management Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (City of Glendale Urban
Water Management Plan 2020).
▪ Utilizing a phased approach to water use restrictions to account for varying supply (i.e., mandatory water restrictions in times of emergency water shortage) are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the City of Glendale Urban Water Management Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood- wide improvements (City of Glendale Urban Water
Management Plan 2020).
▪ Maintaining a diversified water portfolio is critical for drought resilience. The City of Glendale purchases between 60 percent and 70 percent of its potable water from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California and between 30 percent and 40 percent of its water is from local groundwater wells.

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Vulnerability Score – Drought
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Buildings and Facilities Low Low 3-Medium
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74 Wildfire
Overview
Climate change has been linked to increases in wildfire activity and longer wildfire seasons across California (Westerling et al., 2006).

Increasing temperatures, earlier snowmelt, megadroughts, and precipitation whiplash events are all contributing factors (Ullrich et al., 2018; Swain et al., 2018). However, wildfire activity and its associated impacts vary depending on factors such as land use, ecology, and topography. Wildfire events typically occur in more rural areas, along the wildland urban interface (WUI), and in wildfire hazard severity zones. Historically wildfires have affected Glendale mainly on a regional level with two wildfires in City limits as show in Figure 11, La Tuna and (2017) and the Mountain Fire (2002).

Potable/recycled water pump stations, parks, schools, landfill/waste management stations, police stations, and fire stations are located within the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone in northern Glendale, as shown in Figure 10.

Sustainability Working Group participants also identified wildfire impacts to community members due to road closures and smoke.

Impacts of wildfire smoke on air quality are described in the Poor Air Quality section below. Power disruption is discussed in the Cascading Impacts Assessment below.

Wildfire risks are likely to increase in the future. While many critical facilities are located in urbanized areas, where wildfire is less likely to occur, urban assets may be affected by disruptions in the delivery of services (such as electricity) provided by facilities located in the path of wildfire. See Cascading Impacts Assessment for more information on these impacts.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Wildfires can cause direct mortality and loss of resources and wildlife as well as indirect mortality due to loss of habitat area and available food sources and seed bank (Backlund 2008). The severity and frequency of wildfires can exacerbate these impacts further through habitat conversions resulting in vegetation communities that no longer support the species using that habitat (Coop et al. 2020). Wildfire impacts on parks can also cause prolonged closure of park facilities, limiting access to important recreational areas and facilities for the public.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Structures and buildings located within wildfire hazard zones are at risk of direct structural damage from wildfires. There are many critical facilities in Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones, including potable/recycled water pump stations, parks, schools, landfill/waste management stations, police stations, and fire stations as displayed in Figure 10. These critical facilities could be directly damaged by wildfires. Areas of high exposure include low density residential zoned areas in north Glendale below I-210 and above Markridge Road, between La Canada Boulevard and SR 2, as well as
neighborhoods throughout east Glendale as displayed in Figure 10.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
Wildfire hazard zones may expand by the end-of-century which could lead to more critical facilities at risk of structural damage.

Additionally, above ground or just below-grade utility lines have the potential to be damaged in wildfire hazard zones, resulting in oil and gas leaks, water loss, and power outages, which can cause fires.

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wildfires through downed power lines (Ackerly et al. 2018).

Additionally, public safety power shut offs in response to wildfire risk can affect power service reliability. Three above-ground major transmission lines that GWP maintains are located in Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones, as shown on Figure 10
Increased frequency of wildfires can place strain on fire and emergency services. Displaced residents can cause service strains and needs for additional community safety services. Increased frequency of wildfires can place strain on fire and emergency services. Evacuation routes could be disrupted during a wildfire event limiting emergency responders’ access and the ability for people to evacuate.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led adaptive capacity to wildfire:
▪ Ensuring adequate fire services, such as fire equipment, infrastructure, and response times throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city- wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–-
Safety Element 2003).
▪ Enforcing fuel management, weed abatement, fire-resistant landscaping, and structure hardening programs and efforts to minimize wildfire risk are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).
▪ Designing, constructing, maintaining, and operating Glendale Water & Power electric transmission and distribution system to minimize wildfire risk are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale Water & Power – Wildfire Mitigation Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood- wide improvements (Glendale Water & Power–- Wildfire
Mitigation Plan 2022).
▪ Coordinating with local and regional jurisdictions and agencies to update and implement disaster preparedness and recovery plans, maintain mutual aid agreements, and carry out
evacuation procedures are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).

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76 Figure 10 Wildfire Hazard Severity Zones in Glendale

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Figure 11 Historical Wildfire Events in Glendale

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78 Vulnerability Score – Wildfire
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Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
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Landslides
Overview
Sustainability Working Group participants identified historical issues related to mud and debris flows following the Station Fire and impacts to development and anticipate these impacts to continue due to climate change.

Areas in the north bordering I-210 and La Crescenta Ave, and areas in central Glendale along SR 2 as well as those in east Glendale have high landslide risk, as shown on Figure 7. The San Gabriel Mountains, San Rafael Hills, and Verdugo Mountains are at the greatest risk in the area for having slope instabilities. Historically, landslide occurrences have affected the City of Glendale during extreme precipitation events preceded by intense wildfire.

Landslides can cause habitat loss, erosion, property damage, injury, and strained emergency services.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
Landslide susceptibility directly overlaps with parks and natural resource areas throughout the City as shown in Figure 12. In the event of a landslide, there is potential for loss of lands, habitat, and disruption of waterbodies in areas of debris flow. There is risk around loss of topsoil and habitat conversions. Wildlife and plants face a compounding risk to landslide events because it creates both habitat displacement and increased mortality risk.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Buildings and facilities located in the landslide risk zone are susceptible to damage in the event of a landslide event. There are many critical facilities in landslide hazard zones, including potable/recycled water pump stations, parks, schools, landfill/waste management stations, police stations, and fire stations as displayed in Figure 12. Areas of high exposure include areas in the north Glendale bordering I-210, from Canada Boulevard and SR 2, as well as those in east and southeast Glendale as displayed on, Figure 12.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
There is high landslide susceptibility along roadways in the northern and east end of the County, shown in Figure 12, and in areas where there are several critical facilities including fire stations, schools, and water pumps, there is a risk of emergency service disruption and impacts to evacuation (CDOC 2021). Pipelines for water, electrical distribution lines, and roadways are vulnerable to landslide impacts which could occur in sloped areas that extend into wildfire zones.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the City-led adaptive capacity to drought:
▪ Mitigating landslide risks and potential damage to structure and infrastructure through requiring geotechnical investigations, regular inspections, and prohibiting reconstruction of structures in areas with failed slopes are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–- Safety Element 2003)
▪ Coordinating with local and regional jurisdictions and agencies to update and implement disaster preparedness and recovery plans, maintain mutual aid agreements, and carry out
evacuation procedures are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). 314 of 961

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80 Figure 12 Landslide Susceptibility in Glendale
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Vulnerability Score – Landslides
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources Medium Medium 3-Medium Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High 316 of 961

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82 Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation
Overview
Sustainability Working Group participants identified historical and current flood issues including downed trees, flooded roads and buildings, and downed trees and debris from storms hitting utility lines.

When an influx of stormwater exceeds a drainage system’s capacity to infiltrate water into the soil or to carry it away, localized stormwater flooding can occur. Urban landscapes tend to be built with impermeable surfaces that do not allow much water to infiltrate the ground and this increases the amount of runoff that must be channeled in storm drainage systems and carried elsewhere. Most urban drainage infrastructure was not built to manage stormwater flows from the increased precipitation events that are occurring and will occur more frequently with climate change and can be costly to retrofit. As a result, the costs and impact of urban flooding are expected to increase as precipitation patterns become more extreme due to climate change (NASEM 2019).

Cascading impacts are discussed in the Cascading Impacts Assessment section.

The Verdugo Wash is a 9.4-mile-long tributary of the Los Angeles River in Glendale. It flows southeast along the eastern edge of the Verdugo Mountains and is entirely encased in a concrete flood control channel. The City is working toward a re-envisioned Verdugo Wash that includes a linear park to increase public access and aesthetics in the area. The project will create a 9.4-mile-long linear park and nature trail for walking and cycling with access to business and entertainment venues increase connections between nature, people, places, and culture as it weaves several important City centers, services, and neighborhoods together that make up a large area of Glendale (City of Glendale N.d.b).

The Los Angeles River runs through the City of Glendale from north to south along the eastside of Griffith Park south to Elysian Park.

This narrow, seven-mile stretch of the Los Angeles River is known as the Glendale Narrows. It is currently one of the only stretches of the Los Angeles River that does not contain a concrete bottom, and as a result, provides crucial habitat for local vegetation and wildlife. The City is working towards finishing the Glendale Narrows Riverwalk, which will provide approximately one mile of trails for bicyclists and pedestrians. This project will include parks, rest areas, river overlooks, an equestrian facility, public art projects, interpretive signage, and the Garden River Bridge connecting to Griffith Park (City of Glendale Narrows Riverwalk).

The Burbank Western Channel is a 6.3-mile-long tributary of the Los Angeles River in the eastern San Fernando Valley that serves as a flood control channel. Intersecting the Los Angeles River at the start of the Glendale Narrows, the Burbank Western Channel allows for 317 of 961

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excess water in the river to flow north into this area and avoid flooding the surrounding north Glendale and south Burbank areas.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment projects more extreme precipitation events will occur throughout the Los Angeles region, which may lead to areas throughout Glendale to experience more frequent flooding. Heavy precipitation can lead to erosion which may impact vegetation and wildlife. Because there is a low risk of flooding in open spaces in Glendale, the impact on natural and recreational resources is deemed to be low.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
Flooding may cause damage to buildings and facilities or render them temporarily unusable should flooding of buildings or facilities occur.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
Impervious surfaces can impede the absorption of water and augment stormwater flooding in areas of Glendale. There is risk of damage from increased extreme precipitation events including localized flooding, erosion, transport of debris, and sediment deposition. Storm drainage and flood protection services for the City may be impacted by these events, and flooded roadways may be temporarily impassable, disrupt or delay provision of emergency services, or increase risk to road users.

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the city-led adaptive capacity to drought:
▪ Increasing urban forest, tree canopy coverage, parks, and open space throughout the City are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Greener Glendale Plan and the Glendale Downtown Specific Plan. Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements, including in vulnerable areas not within 1/3 mile of recreational open space (Greener Glendale Plan – Community 2012) (Glendale Downtown Specific Plan 2019).
▪ Mitigating flood impacts through discouraging development of critical facilities in flood hazard areas, requiring hydrological studies, and maintaining City-owned storm drain facilities are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element. Policies and strategies seek city- wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (General Plan–-
Safety Element 2003).
▪ Coordinating with local and regional jurisdictions and agencies to update and implement disaster preparedness and recovery plans, maintain mutual aid agreements, and carry out
evacuation procedures are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003). 318 of 961

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84 Vulnerability Score – Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources Medium Medium 3-Medium Buildings and Facilities Medium Medium 3-Medium
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Poor Air Quality
Overview
Poor air quality events often coincide with regional wildfire events, periods of time without wind, extreme heat events, and extended droughts. As climate change is expected to result in an increased severity and frequency of those extreme events, it is likely that poor air quality will worsen in the future and under worse climate scenarios. Poor air quality can harm wildlife and vegetation as well as cause strained emergency services based on the negative health impacts associated with poor air quality.

Potential Impacts

NATURAL AND RECREATIONAL RESOURCES
The direct effects of air quality declines on natural resources and parks relate to plant and wildlife health as increased levels of air pollutants cause stress and mortality. Impacts from poor air quality can further impact natural resources since air quality declines correspond with other hazards, such as extreme heat, compounding risks. The degradation of plant and wildlife health could impact the quality of recreational resources such as open spaces and parks.

Impacts from poor air quality can also make outdoor recreational resources dangerous or unhealthy for vulnerable groups identified in the Social Vulnerability Assessment section.

BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES
The impact of reduced air quality will have a similar effect as extreme heat for buildings and facilities. The ability to filter air will greatly affect the populations reliant on buildings and facilities. The direct impact of poor air quality on buildings and facilities is low.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND CRITICAL SERVICES
Higher incidence of unsafe air quality generated by increased smog, dust and pollutants can create general strain on existing infrastructure and critical services through increased rates of hospitalization and emergency and medical services (CDPH 2020).

Adaptive Capacity
This section gives an overview of the city-led adaptive capacity to drought:
▪ Inventorying backup-generators, medical equipment and supplies, temporary shelters, and other emergency response supplies and equipment are adopted policies and strategies as envisioned in the Glendale General Plan – Safety Element.

Policies and strategies seek city-wide or neighborhood-wide improvements (Glendale General Plan–- Safety Element 2003).

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86 Vulnerability Score – Poor Air Quality
Physical Assets Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
Buildings and Facilities Low Low 3-Medium
Infrastructure and Critical Services Medium Medium 3-Medium

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5 Cascading Impacts Assessment

5.1 What are Cascading Impacts?
Glendale community members rely on an interdependent network of critical facilities, services, and infrastructure that are vulnerable to climate change. Electrical infrastructure could be overwhelmed by peaks in demand and result in blackouts or public safety power shutoffs instituted by GWP to avoid impacts to electrical facilities.

Power outages have significant cascading impacts on
communication networks, water conveyance, transportation systems, emergency services, and vulnerable populations. Water systems can fail from lack of power or supply creating city-wide shortages and issues related to power generation cooling or wildfire mitigation. Transportation systems could fail from a variety of direct physical vulnerabilities through climate hazards as well as through power reliant infrastructure which could isolate community members to unsafe conditions. These interconnected, or cascading impacts, could broaden the scope of impact past a single system or neighborhood to reliant subsystems and populations.

The Los Angeles County Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment includes a detailed analysis of the interconnections between various systems to better understand the different paths a climate hazard impact may have (Los Angeles County 2021). A systems map was created that identifies critical nodes (e.g., aqueduct volume, imported water supply) and the potential pathways of cascading impacts from one node to another.

Based on the Los Angeles County Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment systems map, electricity was found to strongly influence every other infrastructure sector and was found to have the most connections. Highway system reliability and communications were nodes that had the second and third highest number of outgoing connections. Water was also found to be heavily relied upon by other infrastructure nodes. Community function, defined as human health, well-being, and livelihood in the Los Angeles County Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment, was found to be an
interconnected node when considering indirect connections.

Maintaining community function is the actual purpose of energy, communications, and transportation services, but it is people who keep infrastructure running. Therefore, when climate hazards interfere with workforce availability, there are significant cascading impacts to reliant subsystems.

Unlike most other municipalities, Glendale has direct control over its own water and electricity, through GWP. These two
interconnected sectors and associated cascading impacts unique to Glendale are discussed in this chapter, followed by an assessment of cascading impacts associated with transportation and
communications.

5.2 System Interdependencies
The following section builds on Glendale’s physical and social vulnerabilities through an analysis of the interconnections between Glendale’s energy, water, transportation, and communication systems and highlights the more prominent cascading risks across Glendale’s systems.
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88 Electricity System
The electricity delivery system, often times referred to as the “grid”, is made up of three primary subsystems; electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. Each of these systems needs to be operational in order for community members to receive the electricity they rely on for lighting, internet, communication, heat, hot water, and more recently, mobility. Each of these systems can be impacted by a physical threat such as wildfire burning facilities or infrastructure, wind or vegetation damage, or extreme heat which can decrease the effectiveness of transmission and distribution lines. Increased heat can also increase electricity demand (for example when extreme heat triggers additional cooling demand) that exceeds the amount electricity is available (generation) or the capacity of the infrastructure to move that electricity (transmission and/or distribution).

Electricity Generation
Glendale Water & Power relies on both locally sourced and external sources of energy to meet its demand. Local sources of energy generation include the Grayson power plant, existing solar and planned battery storage. External sources of energy are obtained via the Pacific DC and Southwest AC interties, which are transmission line interconnection points with an energy grid that spans the Western United States. The Glendale Water & Power Integrated Resource Plan (2019) outlines the makeup of Glendale’s energy portfolio as well as an analysis of load and resource needs based on projected climate changes, state requirements of renewable resources, and changing needs of the community (City of Glendale Water & Power 2019).

1 Per the IRP GWP anticipates a load increase from 28 GWh in 2019 to 173 GWh in 2030, and 290 GWh in 2038 for Electric Vehicles using the states assumption of 5 million EV's by 2030.

GWP produces local sourced energy at the Grayson Power Plant, which is a collection of 9 gas burning engines, that produces 173 MW from units 1-8 and 48 MW from unit 9 during peak load. Units 1-8 were set to expire in 2022. According to the Integrated Resource Plan, alternatives to energy generation within Glendale are limited.

It is estimated that GWP would need 12.4 square miles of solar panels to adequately power Glendale, which is equivalent to about 40 percent of Glendale’s land area. Even with GWP investments in locally produced energy sources the City is constrained by land, resource, and infrastructure availability (Ascend 2021).

To address these energy generation constraints, GWP has proposed to replace Grayson Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8A, and 8BC at the Grayson Power Plant to install reciprocating internal combustion engines which generate electricity using a variety of fuels, but predominately natural gas in the short term. This system change is intended to address existing energy shortfalls within the antiquated system currently in place at the Grayson Power Plant. These engines are intended to operate as backup power generation during peak demand hours (Ascend 2021).

With anticipated upgrades to the Grayson Power Plant, and assuming a certain amount of EV charging1 and associated charging infrastructure, increased ambient temperatures, and projected energy demands, GWP anticipates meeting demand pending
approval of the Grayson Power Plant changes upon construction and implementation of the newer engines. Until changes occur, the energy supply of local sources and external sources will not meet forecasted or current peak demand (Ascend 2021).
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The Grayson Power Plant in southeast Glendale is located in close proximity to a Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone, which is located just outside City limits (City of Glendale Water & Power 2019).

Electricity Transmission
GWP has access to a limited amount of external transmission through the Pacific DC and Southwest AC interties. The interties provide approximately 212 Megawatts of peak load. Typically, Glendale needs 478 MW of peak load. During high heat days, the actual megawatts obtained through the interties is likely lower, as heat reduces load capacity on transmission lines. The limited access Glendale has to external sources of energy necessitates over half of the peak load energy generation to be produced within City limits (Ascend 2021).

Climate hazards could result in direct and indirect impacts on power delivery to Glendale community members. There are three overhead transmission lines owned and operated by GWP that pass through the Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones in north Glendale.

GWP engages in several programs to reduce the impacts associated with potential power disruption due to wildfire events. According to the GWP Wildfire Prevention Mitigation Plan, GWP has a Public Safety Shutoff Events program that involves providing 24–48-hour advanced notice as well as more immediate shutoff notifications to limit risk of triggering a wildfire and to avoid damaging electrical infrastructure from peak demand periods. Since wildfires are most often triggered by vegetation coming into direct contact with electric utilities, GWP also maintains a Vegetation Management Plan to reduce risks (City of Glendale 2022). In addition, impacts anywhere along those transmission lines outside of Glendale could also cause issues within Glendale if enough capacity is not available locally to meet demand.

Electricity Distribution
The third part of the grid are the smaller distribution lines, transformers, and service lines running directly to each individual building. Distribution systems can be disrupted by similar impacts as transmission lines (wildfire, wind, vegetation, extreme heat), but at a local level. Small areas of wildfire, neighborhood trees, or demand outstripping capacity for a local transformer or distribution line.

Summary
Between higher rates of extreme heat days and increasing wildfire probability due to climate change, the possibility of power disruption is high (City of Glendale 2022).

Power disruptions in Glendale, whether caused by factors like wildfires, deliberate power shutoffs for public safety, or extreme heat, have extensive cascading impacts. Impacts include but are not limited to loss of power in homes, which prevent community members from running their air conditioning or gas or electric heaters, and gas and electric kitchen appliances. For those who rely on in-home medical devices, power disruption could directly impact health and safety. If the power outages occur during bad air quality days from regional wildfire smoke, people with underlying health conditions could experience worsening health conditions. Traffic signals, cell-towers without back-up power, and critical facilities that lack backup power would cease to function. Losing many of these energy dependent amenities during events like heatwaves and wildfires can create increased risks to public health, including heat related illness, food access constraints, evacuation challenges, overloaded emergency services, and increased climate hazard exposure.

Natural Gas System
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90 lines. Natural gas lines have the potential to be damaged in wildfire hazard zones, resulting in oil and gas leaks and power outages, which can cause fires or explosions. Significant landslides after wildfires or during an extreme rain event may also damage natural gas lines. In addition, natural gas leaks, such as the 2016 leak at the Aliso Canyon natural gas storage facility in Southern California, can lead to temporary closures of natural gas facilities. In the case of Aliso Canyon, the loss of the facility’s storage capacity was unable to be offset by short term increase in the volume of gas deliveries through the regional supply network. This event exposed the limitations of the region’s natural gas system to effectively respond to the prolonged disruption to a critical component of its energy storage infrastructure (Hall et al. 2018).

Water System
Per the City of Glendale’s Urban Water Management Plan (2020), Glendale is anticipated to experience water supply disruption for outdoor water use during drought conditions. GWP acquires water from a variety of sources including water purchased from the Southern California Metropolitan Water District, groundwater from the Verdugo and San Fernando Basins, and recycled water from the Los Angeles-Glendale Water Reclamation Plant (City of Glendale Urban Water Management Plan 2020). These sources enter the City through 11 different conveyance points and are distributed through water distribution lines and pump stations across the entire City.

Water pump stations are located in landslide risk areas and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones (City of Glendale Urban Water Management Plan 2020).

Many relationships between higher water usage and lower water availability are observed. There are several demonstrated positive feedback loops wherein the City's water systems can be strained due to drought and extreme heat conditions, which in turn lead to diminished water availability, influenced by both consumer demand and climatological factors. Water usage for regional and city-specific wildfire mitigation aligns with heightened drought conditions and decreased water supplies. These interconnected impacts within the water sector compound, resulting in extreme strains on water supply and introducing additional challenges for Glendale.

During drought conditions, there is an increase in demand for water, however, that is when water supply is constrained. Increased demand for water during drought conditions include water needs for landscaping, and water-cooling features for community members. Drought conditions typically increase the risk of wildfire, further compounding the effects of drought on the community. The cascading impacts of an adversely impacted water system include reduced supply for community consumption potentially increasing water rates and associated public health concerns for under- resourced Individuals who may not have the ability to pay for increased water rates. Water shortages can also impact power generation with availability of water for generator cooling.

Inadequate water supply can also impact wildfire mitigation without enough fire flow to fight active fires and/or prevent anticipated fires. Inadequate water can impact the City’s tree canopy which is critical for addressing the urban heat island effect and stormwater capture.

Transportation System
Several freeways and major arterial routes run directly through wildfire and landslide hazard zones in Glendale creating broad transportation system and infrastructure vulnerabilities. There are many resulting cascading impacts from transportation sector disruptions which could result in mobility isolation for the community, reduced ability for emergency services to respond, and constrained evacuation routes. Transportation impacts can occur 325 of 961

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from a wide range of causes including direct physical damage associated with climate hazards within City limits or external climate impacts afflicting regional transportation networks and services.

Power outages could cause traffic signal failures. Transit system failures could place the community in increased danger with inability to evacuate or seek medical attention.

I-210 and I-5 as well as SR 134 and 2 overlap multiple hazard zones and simultaneously serve as major evacuation routes. This type of infrastructure exposure can result in both city-wide and regional cascading impacts limiting evacuation and emergency service accessibility.

Communications System
Like other sectors, the initial vulnerability within Glendale’s communication systems and infrastructure relates to physical exposure to climate hazards. Communication networks consisting of utility, telephone, and broadband infrastructure can experience disruptions and service failures from exposure to extreme heat, wildfires, landslides, and flooding. The viability of a communication network is greatly improved with redundant communication networks, backup power, and alternative forms of communication (e.g., radio) to help minimize the extent of impact to community members. The cascading impacts resulting from downed
communications can vary from interrupted evacuation
communications to general isolation and heightened risk due to inability to receive hazard information. Areas across Glendale in hazard zones are more prone to experiencing communication service disruptions and, therefore, may experience increased cascading impacts from loss of communication infrastructure. .

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92 6 Conclusion
Climate change can have far-reaching consequences on the Glendale community. This report evaluates how climate change may impact community members and physical assets including natural and recreational resources, buildings and facilities, and infrastructure and critical services.

Consistent with Phase 3 of the Cal APG, major problem statements are provided to characterize the overall climate impacts Glendale may experience. These problem statements will be utilized to frame and generate climate adaptation strategies for the Glendale CAAP.

6.1 Problem Statements
The following problem statements are intended to guide the development of adaptation policies and programs for the City’s CAAP. Problem statements are organized based on four systems that have the greatest influence on climate resilience, as well as greenhouse gas emissions reduction.

Building Systems
Residential Buildings. Weatherized or fire-hardened residential buildings are critical to increasing community resilience to the effects of extreme heat, wildfires, landslides, stormwater flooding, and poor air quality. A large majority of Glendale’s housing stock was built over 50 years ago and needs rehabilitation to address climate stressors. Individuals facing societal barriers are generally more likely to live in housing with insufficient protection against climate hazards. Particularly in south Glendale, overcrowding, poor housing conditions, a large number of immigrants, and non-English speakers render the households disproportionately vulnerable to climate hazards. Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have adequately hardened and weatherized housing. They are more likely to have limited control over home hardening, improvements, and air conditioning/filtration systems that protect against climate hazards. Residential buildings are located in Very High Hazard Severity Zones in northern and eastern Glendale. Residential buildings are also located in landslide susceptibility zones in areas north bordering I-210 and La Crescenta Ave, and areas in central Glendale along SR 2 as well as east Glendale.

Critical Public Facilities. Critical public facilities are structures and institutions that provide Glendale with resources and services and are essential to the health and welfare of residents. Weatherized and energy resilient critical public facilities are important for a community to be able to better respond to and recover from a climate hazard event. These facilities must continue to operate during and following a climate hazard event to reduce the severity of impacts and accelerate recovery. Critical public facilities located in landslide susceptibility areas and Fire Hazard Severity Zones include schools, police stations, and fire stations.

Resilient Energy System. The reliability of Glendale’s energy system is critical to the resilience of the City’s services and community members. Glendale’s energy system and power infrastructure are highly vulnerable to extreme heat which causes increased energy demand due to cooling needs, wildfire, and landslides. Energy infrastructure and dependent populations experience cascading impacts around power outages from downed utility lines, power safety shutoffs, and grid overload. All forms of power outages can 327 of 961

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affect how critical services are able to perform their needed functions during a climate hazard. Three above-ground major transmission lines that Glendale Water & Power maintains are located in Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones. The Grayson Power Plant, which generates electricity using natural gas, exacerbates the poor air quality conditions in southeast Glendale. This area is designated as a high social vulnerability area in Glendale. Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitives are disproportionately susceptible to health impact associated with air pollutants. The Grayson Power Plant is located in close proximity to a Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zone, which is located just outside City limits.

Mobility, Land Use, and Emergency Systems
Alerts and Evacuation. Emergency communications and timely evacuations are an essential part of emergency operation planning and community safety. Emergency communication and evacuation orders will be key to alert the Glendale community regarding various climate hazards, including wildfires and landslides, extreme heat events, and poor air quality days. Barriers to communication and evacuation can occur from deficiencies in the energy, transportation, and communication systems, as well as inequitable access and distribution of resources. Individuals with chronic health conditions or health related sensitivities may have difficulty evacuating in a timely fashion during a hazardous event which can result in direct impacts to health and safety and exacerbate chronic health problems. Individuals facing societal barriers may not have access to language appropriate advisory warnings or government guidance and may face systematic and/or cultural barriers to access resources to safely evacuate hazard areas and/or to treat injuries.

Under-resourced individuals and individuals that rely on public transportation are less likely to have access to transportation for evacuation purposes and often lack the financial resources to evacuate from a climate hazard or find a safe and affordable place in which to evacuate.

Transportation and Communication Infrastructure for Emergency Evacuation. Major freeways and arterial routes in Glendale are located within landslide and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones, including the I-210, I-5, SR 134, SR 2, La Canada Boulevard, N Verdugo Road, and La Crescenta Ave. These routes serve as major evacuation routes, allowing community members to evacuate during emergency orders and allowing emergency personnel to enter emergency evacuation zones. Should these transportation networks be directly impacted by landslides or wildfires, or are impacted by regional threats outside City limits, emergency evacuation could be adversely impacted. Communication
infrastructure (such as cell towers) damaged by wildfires or landslides would hinder emergency communications and impact the health and safety of emergency personnel and community
members.

Equitable Access to Services. People who rely on active transportation or public transit may experience barriers in accessing cooling centers, parks, and other critical services, and have a greater likelihood of encountering interruption in transportation services which could lead to direct income losses from the inability to access their workplace during climate events. They also have higher outdoor exposure, such as extreme heat, air pollution, or heavy rainfall, than those who use personal vehicles and are therefore at greater risk to climate hazards. This high risk is compounded by the fact that communities of color are more likely to have limited or no access to a car, increasing their likelihood of being impacted during heat and other climate hazards. Under-resourced individuals are less likely to have access to transportation, healthcare, and other basic needs which increases their vulnerability to climate hazards. 328 of 961

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94 Building on systemic inequities, these disproportionate exposures can leave community members isolated and/or without the needed resources during a climate hazard event.

Urban Ecosystems
Water Reliability and Consumption: Water supply infrastructure, such as pipelines and pump stations, can be damaged by climate hazards, impacting water reliability throughout the City which has direct implications on wildfire mitigation, community members, and critical services. Several water pump stations are located in landslide susceptibility areas and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones in northern Glendale. Glendale’s water potable supplies, including those from the Southern California Metropolitan Water District and groundwater from the Verdugo and San Fernando Basins, have declined in recent years due to lower-than-average rainfall. Extended drought conditions that impact availability of water supply can increase the cost of water and affect water quality, resulting in disproportionate impacts to vulnerable populations.

Natural and Recreational Resources. Natural and recreational resources in Glendale, including parks, City bikeways, open spaces, waterways, critical habitats and street trees, face exposure to climate hazards. All of these resources provide community benefits either directly or indirectly and face heightened risks of drought, landslides, stormwater flooding, wildfires, extreme heat and poor air quality. Primary vulnerabilities for natural resources are associated with extreme heat and drought related stressors, increasing wildfire frequency and severity, with potential impacts including species mortality and loss of habitat. Climate hazard events may impact outdoor recreation opportunities and residents and visitors may not be as likely to enjoy the mental and physical health benefits associated with outdoor recreation. Parks in northern and eastern Glendale are located in landslide susceptibility areas and Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones.

Resilient Landscapes. Significant areas of northern and eastern Glendale are located within Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones.

Glendale is expected to experience increased decadal wildfire probability throughout the entire City by the end of the century.

Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones encompass many natural and recreational resources, entire residential communities, and critical public facilities and utility infrastructure. Wildfires may exacerbate poor air quality and water quality declines, structural damages, service line disruptions and strain, human and wildlife mortality, and habitat loss. This broad level of exposure and projected impacts across all asset groups makes wildfire one of the greatest climate hazard risks for the City. Adapting existing and planned landscapes in residential areas, open spaces, and adjacent to critical public facilities and utility infrastructure is critical to reducing ignitability and wildfire risk. Removing or modifying live and dead vegetation in high-risk areas can reduce the potential spread of wildfire ignitions and increase community safety.

Social and Governance Systems
Equitable Community Safety As climate change impacts occur, virtually all populations in a community will be affected; however, some individuals will be disproportionally impacted by climate hazards due to inequitable systems and structures. The areas of the City with the greatest concentration of vulnerable populations are in south and southwest Glendale. Census tracts that are above the 60th percentile is considered a high social vulnerability area.

Additional areas with high social vulnerability include historically redlined areas as well as areas identified based on input from community-based organizations. These included areas near major roads and highways, schools, the Scholl Canyon Landfill and the 329 of 961

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Grayson Power Plant. Community members in these areas are also at-risk for disproportionate impacts from climate change.

Inequitable access to, and distribution of resources, critical services, and resilient infrastructure systems decreases the ability for sensitive populations to prepare for, cope and recover from climate impacts.

All Hazards Awareness and Capacity Building. The overall exposure of Glendale to climate change hazards creates vulnerabilities throughout the entire community. Virtually all vulnerable populations face barriers in accessing information and/or adaptive resources targeting climate hazard resilience. Glendale community members may possess informal networks creating resilience to climate change which the City can further augment through tools and resourcing of both individuals and community-based
organizations.

Recovery and Reconstruction. Adaptation to climate change involves both preparedness and recovery and reconstruction. The way in which a community is resourced after experiencing a climate hazard event can be a source of community resilience or of systemic inequities. Individuals across all vulnerable population groupings face larger barriers to recovering from hazards without adequate accessibility to resources for recovery and reconstruction.

Extreme Heat and Air Quality Protection. All vulnerable communities in Glendale are significantly exposed to poor air and extreme heat. Changes in annual average maximum temperature by the end of the century will increase across the entire region increasing incidences of extreme heat. Impacts from temperature increases and extreme heat events are expected to include heat- related illness, such as heat stress, heat stroke, and dehydration, which can be life threatening.

6.2 Vulnerability Analysis
In addition to problem statements, vulnerability scoring helps the City understand which climate change hazards pose the greatest threat to specific asset groups and would need to be prioritized in adaptation planning and policy development. Vulnerability scores were determined by combining the impact scores with adaptive capacity scores assigned within Chapters 3 and 4. A list of asset categories with high vulnerability scores is provided in Table 6.

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96 Table 6 High Vulnerability Scores
Population Group Impact Score Adaptive Capacity Score Vulnerability Score Extreme Heat
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Low 5-High Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Drought
Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Wildfire
Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 4-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Medium 4-High Natural and Recreational Resources High Low 5-High
Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Landslides
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High Buildings and Facilities High Medium 4-High
Infrastructure and Critical Services High Medium 4-High Stormwater Flooding and Extreme Precipitation
Under-resourced Individuals High Medium 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities Medium Low 4-High Poor Air Quality
Individuals with High Outdoor Exposure High Low 5-High
Under-resourced Individuals High Low 5-High
Individuals Facing Societal Barriers High Low 5-High
Individuals with Chronic Health Conditions or Health Related Sensitivities High Low 5-High Natural and Recreational Resources High Medium 4-High
331 of 961

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Glendale City CouncilAugust 12, 2025

Glendale City Council
August 12, 2025