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State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire 47
Warehouse Worker Resource Center . 2023b. “Warming Climate, Heat Wave Threaten Workers.” Press release, July 18.
https://warehouseworkers.org/warming-climate-heat-wave- threaten-workers/
Whitehead, Brian. 2023. “$12.4 Million Center Brings Trade Education to Pacific High in San Bernardino.” San Bernardino Sun, March 6. https://www.sbsun.com/2023/03/06/12-4-million-center-brings- technical-trades-to-pacific-high-in-san-bernardino/
Women in Trucking Association. 2023. Women in Trucking Index, 2023:
Executive Summary. https://www.womenintrucking.org/index Yee, Gregory. 2022. “Why Amazon Warehouse Workers Walked Off the Job in San Bernardino.” Los Angeles Times, August 15. https://www. latimes.com/california/story/2022-08-15/amazon-warehouse- workers-walkout-san-bernardino-air-hub
To view the report appendices, please see: https://ielcc.ucr .edu/research
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State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire48
AUTHORS & ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge everyone who gave time to be interviewed for this report. In addition, we thank the following individuals for their contributions and support:
Hillary Jenks, Inland Empir e Labor Institute
Sir Dupl echan, Plug In IE
Randy Kor gan, Shaun Martinez, and Mario Vasquez, Teamsters Local 1932 Andr ea Vidaurre and Ivette Torres, People’s Collective for Environmental Justice Y assi Kavezade, Sierra Club
The CREA TE-IE research team, 2022–23, UC Riverside
Dr . Nosakhere Thomas and Monét Warren, Inland Empire Black Worker Center Jo yce Guy, Tarecq Amer , Wonda Kidd, and Regina Amos, West Oakland Job Resource Center Shell y Hinkle, Northern California Teamsters Apprentice Training and Education Trust Fund This report was produced through a collaboration that involved the Center for Social Innovation at UCR, the Inland Empire Labor & Community Center , and Plug In IE, a project of the Inland Empire Labor Institute. The following authors contributed to this report: Tejpaul Singh Bainiwal, Michael Bates, Marissa Brookes, Sara Bruene, Eric Calderon, Natalie Carranza, Elvira De La Torre, Pedro Freire, Catherine Gudis, Jingyan Guo, Gregory B. Hutchins, KeAysia Jackson, Manisha Kapoor , Fatima Nelson, Zhuoyu Qiu, Ellen Reese, Gary Rettberg, Beth Tamayose, and Athena Tan.
We thank the workers who shared their personal stories with us for this report and Sonia Rana for additional research assistance. We additionally extend our gratitude to Zoe Caras, Jeddy Jacinto Molina, and Eren Whitfield for their support.
This report was funded by a California Workforce Development Board High Road Training Partnerships WIOA 3.0 grant, with additional support from the James Irvine Foundation, the UC Workers Rights Policy Collaborative, and a UCR OASIS internal award.
Cover photo courtesy of Freddy Calderon
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State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire2
12.A
APPENDICES
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A1:1State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
APPENDIX 1: SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES
TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING: A LARGE AND RAPIDLY GROWING INDUSTRY IN THE IE Table 1 shows the top 5 employing industries in the Inland Empire, which employ 57 percent of the total number of jobs (or employed workers) in the region for the most recent year provided by the Quarterly Workforce Indicators (QWI). In Table 1 “Other So Cal” includes the following six Southern California counties that surround the IE: Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, Santa Barbara, and Ventura.
According to Quarterly Workforce data for 2021 (3rd quarter)-2022 (2nd quarter) and using 2-digit industry codes, the Transportation and Warehousing industry is the second largest employing industry in the Inland Empire, providing 13 percent of all jobs. It provides the largest percentage of jobs (16.2%) by industry in San Bernardino County and the fourth highest percentage of jobs in Riverside County (9.7%).
TABLE 1. PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN THE TOP 5 EMPLOYING INDUSTRIES IN THE IE (2021 Q3–2022 Q2) Jobs by Industry by Region
Industry Inland Empire Riverside San Bernardino Other SoCal California Total Employment 1,595,771 778,113 817,659 8,394,856 17,289,942 Health Care and Social Assistance 14.9 14.7 15.2 15.4 15.2 Transportation and Warehousing 13 9.7 16.2 3.6 4.6
Retail Trade 10.8 11 10.5 9.1 9.1
Accommodation and Food Services 9.9 11.5 8.3 9.1 8.8
Educational Services 8.4 9.1 7.7 8.2 8.2
Source: QWI (2-digit industry codes)
The actual extent of employment in transportation and warehousing occupations is even larger since many are employed as warehouse workers, truck drivers, and those who supervise and manage those occupations are employed in other industries, including Employment Services (which includes the Temporary Help industry), Retail Trade, and Wholesale Trade industries.
The Transportation and Warehousing industry is not only large, but has grown rapidly in the past five years (See Table 2). Overall employment in the Inland Empire has increased by 12.61 percent during the last five years, compared to 3.95 percent in California. Notably, the Transportation and Warehousing employment jumped from 11,2058 to 20,5863, marking an increase of 83.71 percent over the five-year period. As shown below, the percent increase in the Transportation and Warehousing industry was greater in San Bernardino (nearly 87 percent) than in Riverside (about 74 percent).
Other workers in the region besides those directly employed in this industry have been affected by the growth of this industry, including those building warehouses, repairing roads, providing supplies to warehouses and truckers, or selling food and refreshments to those employed in this industry.
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A1:2 State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
TABLE 2. TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OVER THE PAST 5 YEARS
Inland Empire Riverside San Bernardino
Employment
(2016 Q3-
2017 Q2)
Employment
(2021 Q3-
2022 Q2)
Percent
Change
Employment
(2016 Q3-
2017 Q2)
Employment
(2021 Q3-
2022 Q2)
Percent
Change
Employment
(2016 Q3-
2017 Q2)
Employment
(2021 Q3-
2022 Q2)
Percent
Change
Health Care and Social Assistance 204,298 236,099 15.57% 95,207 113,198 18.90% 109,091 122,902 12.66% Transportation and Warehousing 112,058 205,863 83.71% 41,771 74,518 78.40% 70,287 131,345 86.87% Retail Trade 170,858 170,541 -0.19% 84,662 85,077 0.49% 86,197 85,464 -0.85% Accommodation and Food Services 147,020 156,334 6.34% 83,493 88,943 6.53% 63,527 67,391 6.08% Educational Services 132,964 132,901 -0.05% 69,188 70,299 1.61% 63,776 62,602 -1.84% Source Note: QWI data from 2016 Q3–2017 Q2 until 2021 Q3–2022 Q2 (2-digit industry codes) TABLE 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF 6 SELECTED TDL OCCUPATIONS (4-DIGIT CODES) Occupation Code 160 9130 9620 9640 9005 9600
Occupation Name
Trans-
portation,
Storage,
and Dis-
tribution
managers
Driver/
Sales
Workers
and Truck
Drivers
Labor-
ers and
Freight,
Stock, and
Material
Movers,
Hand
Packers
and Pack-
agers,
Hand
Super-
visors of
Transpor-
tation and
Material
Moving
Workers
Industrial
Truck and
Tractor
Operators
Number employed 4688 78126 70394 31701 6807 22597
Average earnings 66424 45142 28887 24555 53830 32879
Percentage that work 35 hours per week or more 83 80 65 71 88 87 Percentage that work 50-52 weeks per year 81 75 60 57 87 76 Percentage with Medical insurance covered by
employer 71 54 51 42 76 56
Percentage that are women 22 8 28 58 29 11
Percentage that are Black or Latino 60 73 76 89 69 86
Percentage that are foreign born 26 38 27 42 21 33
Time spent traveling to work 34 37 29 27 34 29
Percentage with a BA degree or above 24 5 4 5 11 3
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A1:3State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
Occupation Code 160 9130 9620 9640 9005 9600
Occupation Name
Trans-
portation,
Storage,
and Dis-
tribution
managers
Driver/
Sales
Workers
and Truck
Drivers
Labor-
ers and
Freight,
Stock, and
Material
Movers,
Hand
Packers
and Pack-
agers,
Hand
Super-
visors of
Transpor-
tation and
Material
Moving
Workers
Industrial
Truck and
Tractor
Operators
Percentage with some college 28 22 23 17 29 16
Percentage with high school degree 44 54 57 54 54 61
Percentage with less than high school 4 19 16 24 5 20
Minimum age 21 16 16 16 19 18
Maximum age 81 94 85 87 77 88
Average age 42 43 34 35 40 38
Median age 40 45 31 33 37 36
Notes: data are sourced from the American Community Survey (ACS) provided by IPUMS (2021 5-year file) Earnings are Lower in the IE Compared to the State and Neighboring Southern California Counties Table 4 below shows the average monthly earnings in the Transportation and Warehousing industry and for all industries overall by region in the most recent year of data provided by QWI. Within this sector and all industries, average monthly earnings are lower in the Inland Empire than in other Southern California counties and California, although the difference is smaller within the Transportation and Warehousing industry which is relatively lower paying compared to all industries combined.
TABLE 4: AVERAGE MONTHLY EARNINGS BY INDUSTRY
Industry Inland Empire Riverside San Bernardino Other SoCal California Overall 4,872 4,789 4,950 6,268 7,141
Transportation and Warehousing 4,372 4,353 4,383 5,729 5,983 Source: QWI, 3rd Qtr , 2021-2nd Qtr , 2022 (2-digit industry codes)
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A1:4 State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
TABLE 5. TDL REPORT FOR 25 NAICS CODES (2022)
NAICS Code
Number
Employed
Percentage
Black or
Latino
Percentage
Women
Average
Monthly
Earnings
(Beginning
of Quarter)
4231 Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Parts and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers 8234 57 28 5681 4232 Furniture and Home Furnishing Merchant Wholesalers 3152 56 38 8304 4233 Lumber and Other Construction Materials Merchant Wholesalers 4254 63 24 6139 4234 Professional and Commercial Equipment and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers 5818 47 39 5563 4235 Metal and Mineral (except Petroleum) Merchant Wholesalers 1939 61 25 6831 4236 Household Appliances and Electrical and Electronic Goods Merchant Wholesalers 3615 42 35 5578 4237 Hardware, and Plumbing and Heating Equipment and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers 4972 60 26 6613 4238 Machinery, Equipment, and Supplies Merchant Wholesalers 6525 52 26 5555 4241 Paper and Paper Product Merchant Wholesalers 1639 50 34 6193 4242 Drugs and Druggists’ Sundries Merchant Wholesalers 2166 40 56 5528 4243 Apparel, Piece Goods, and Notions Merchant Wholesalers 1867 56 52 4790 4244 Grocery and Related Product Merchant Wholesalers 12021 68 30 5877 4245 Farm Product Raw Material Merchant Wholesalers 390 56 31 6249 4246 Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers 1211 52 34 6600 4247 Petroleum and Petroleum Products Merchant Wholesalers 612 55 24 5642 4248 Beer , Wine, and Distilled Alcoholic Beverage Merchant Wholesalers 757 64 16 4451 4249 Miscellaneous Nondurable Goods Merchant Wholesalers 3868 51 36 4425 4821 Rail Transportation . . . .
4841 General Freight Trucking 26162 71 19 6030
4842 Specialized Freight Trucking 8597 68 17 5223
4885 Freight Transportation Arrangement 4402 66 35 4587 4911 Postal Service 162 10 36 5883
4921 Couriers and Express Delivery Services 22278 70 26 6715 4931 Warehousing and Storage 135115 69 46 6206
8113 Commercial and Industrial Machinery and Equipment (except Automotive and Electronic) Repair and Maintenance 2517 45 16 5368
Notes: The data in Table 6 are from QWI. The values are the average over the four quarters in 2022 weighted by the number of employed.
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A1:5State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
TABLE 6: TOP 20 INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT IN RIVERSIDE COUNTY Rank NAICS Industry Employment Earnings
1 7225 Restaurants and Other Eating Places 70317 2212
2 4931 Warehousing and Storage 57291 3753
3 6111 Elementary and Secondary Schools 56198 5760
4 6241 Individual and Family Services 34117 1713
5 6221 General Medical and Surgical Hospitals 23350 7388 6 5613 Employment Services 20023 2813
7 2381 Foundation, Structure, and Building Exterior Contractors 19747 3632 8 7211 Traveler Accommodation 19461 4093
9 2382 Building Equipment Contractors 18914 5329
10 4451 Grocery and Convenience Retailers 16297 2978
11 5617 Services to Buildings and Dwellings 15066 3472
12 2383 Building Finishing Contractors 13505 3723
13 4552 Warehouse Clubs, Supercenters, and Other General Merchandise Retailers 12590 3210 14 6211 Offices of Physicians 11556 7044
15 7139 Other Amusement and Recreation Industries 10501 2659 16 9221 Justice, Public Order , and Safety Activities 9944 7947 17 5616 Investigation and Security Services 9085 3460
18 9211 Executive, Legislative, and Other General Government Support 8517 6896 19 9231 Administration of Human Resource Programs 8405 7149 20 6113 Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools 8176 5596 Notes: This table shows the top 20 industries by employment in Riverside County in 2022 using 4-digit industry codes.
The data are from QWI from the US Census Bureau. Among the 20 largest employing industries, warehousing and storage ranked first, while transportation industries are not among the top 20.
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A1:6 State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
TABLE 7: TOP 20 INDUSTRIES BY EMPLOYMENT IN SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY Rank NAICS Industry Employment Earnings
1 4931 Warehousing and Storage 78570 3613
2 7225 Restaurants and Other Eating Places 63623 2123
3 6111 Elementary and Secondary Schools 50011 5356
4 5613 Employment Services 41427 2600
5 6241 Individual and Family Services 31405 1854
6 6221 General Medical and Surgical Hospitals 29296 6498 7 4841 General Freight Trucking 19763 4914
8 4921 Couriers and Express Delivery Services 18128 3856 9 4451 Grocery and Convenience Retailers 14918 2979
10 9221 Justice, Public Order , and Safety Activities 14050 7984 11 6211 Offices of Physicians 13094 7720
12 2382 Building Equipment Contractors 12510 6325
13 4552 Warehouse Clubs, Supercenters, and Other General Merchandise Retailers 12011 3071 14 6214 Outpatient Care Centers 11244 7026
15 9211 Executive, Legislative, and Other General Government Support 10462 8559 16 2381 Foundation, Structure, and Building Exterior Contractors 9668 4401 17 5617 Services to Buildings and Dwellings 8067 3741
18 8111 Automotive Repair and Maintenance 7894 3904
19 4411 Automobile Dealers 7420 7915
20 4244 Grocery and Related Product Merchant Wholesalers 7196 5656 Notes: This table shows the top 20 industries by employment in San Bernardino County in 2022. The data are from QWI from the US Census Bureau. The top industries by employment in San Bernardino County are warehousing and storage, restaurants, elementary and secondary schools, employment services, and individual and family services.
Among those industries, warehousing & storage ranked 1st (and average monthly pay in this industry is lower com- pared to Riverside County). General freight trucking ranked 7th and courier and express delivery services ranked 8th.
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A1:7State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
JOB QUALITY IN WAREHOUSE OCCUPATIONS: INEQUALITIES ACROSS INDUSTRIES Workers employed in transportation and warehouse occupations confront unequal employment conditions across industries. For example, while warehouse workers are typically employed in the traditional ‘warehousing and storage’ industry, some are employed within other industries, such as Employment Services (which includes the temporary help industry) and the electronic shopping industry.
Table 8 below shows how various aspects of job quality among warehouse workers differ across these three industries in the most recent 5-year ACS data. In the Inland Empire, most employees of “freight, stock, and material handlers” work in “warehousing and storage” industry, followed by “electronic shopping” and “employment services.” “Warehousing and storage” have the largest share of workers employed full-time (35 hours or more per week) and full-year (50-52 weeks per year , and thus they have the highest median income. On the other hand, temporary agency workers in the “employment ser- vices” have the lowest median wages, partly related to the smaller share of workers that are full-time and full-year . Workers in “electronic shopping” are more likely to have health benefits (or employer-provided health insurance), while workers in the “employment service” are the least likely to have health benefits.
TABLE 8: JOB QUALITY IN THE OCCUPATIONS OF “FREIGHT, STOCK, AND MATERIAL HANDLERS” IN THE IE Industry Median Wage
% Employed
full-time
% Employed
full-year
% with Health
Benefits
Electronic shopping $21,579 75.96% 70.61% 72.86%
Employment services $15,700 70.65% 52.28% 34.63%
Warehousing and storage $24,074 89.38% 78.18% 51.45%
Source: ACS 2021 5-year file
For five common blue-collar and non-supervisory warehousing occupations, including “laborer and freight, stock, and material movers, hand,” “packers and packagers, hand,” most workers are employed in the traditional “warehousing and storage” industry, followed by the newer “electronic shopping” industry, with the least number employed in the “employment services” industry in the Inland Empire. On the other hand, while “warehousing and storage” have the largest percentage of full-time and full-year workers, the percentage of full-year workers is lower in “employment services” than in “electronic shopping,” and the percentage of full-time workers is higher in “Employment services” than in “Electronic shopping.” Across all industries, median wages are relatively low.
TABLE 9: JOB QUALITY IN FIVE COMMON BLUE-COLLAR AND NON-SUPERVISORY WAREHOUSING OCCUPATIONS IN THE IE Industry Median Wage
% Employed
full-time
% Employed
full-year
% with Health
Benefits
Electronic shopping 21579 71.99% 70.31% 70.24%
Employment services 19076 78.79% 58.53% 33.53%
Warehousing and storage 25434 91.15% 80.18% 53.66%
Source: ACS 2021 5-year file, Inland Empire
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A1:8 State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
SELF-EMPLOYMENT IN TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING
A large and increasing number of workers in the Transportation and Warehousing industry are self-employed workers, some of whom are misclassified employees. While there can be some benefits to self-employment, self-employed workers typically do not enjoy the same labor rights as other employed workers and many struggle to earn a good living after paying for their materials and supplies, including maintaining their own trucks and paying for gas.
Figure 1 below shows the rise in the absolute number of self-employed workers in the Transportation and Warehousing industry between 2005 and 2022.
Overall, the number of people engaging in self-employed activities in the transportation and warehousing sector was around 15,463 in the Inland Empire, 45,946 in Southern California, and 78,966 in California in 2005. During 2005-2022, people engaged in self-employment in transportation and warehousing have increased by 41.9 percent, 82.9 percent, and 82.6 percent in the Inland Empire, Southern California, and California respectively.
FIGURE 1. NUMBER OF SELF-EMPLOYED WORKERS IN TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING, 2005-2022 Figure 2 plots the number of self-employed workers in Transportation and Warehousing by incorporation status. There are two categories of workers – incorporated and not-incorporated. Incorporated self-employed are individuals that run their business or practice as a separate legal entity. Not-incorpo- rated self-employed are individuals that run their own business which does not have a legal entity of its own.
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A1:9State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
Non-incorporated self-employed individuals are higher than incorporated self-employed since 2005. In 2005 in California, out of the total self-employed, 79 percent were engaged in non-incorporated activities. A large increase is observed in the non-incorporated self-employed after 2014, which increased from 47,327 to 71,040 between 2014-2015 in California. Since then, this percentage has generally increased with minor dips in 2019. A similar increase is seen in the incorporated self-employed after 2018. The number of people conducting registered self-employment activities increased in California by 11,510 between 2018-2019. With the high increase of incorporated self-employed in 2018 the share of self-employed in non-incorporated activities is moving downwards and currently stands at 67 percent.
FIGURE 2. NUMBER OF SELF-EMPLOYED WORKERS IN TRANSPORTATION & WAREHOUSING BY INCORPORATION STATUS, 2005-2022
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A1:10 State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
FIGURE 3. SELF-EMPLOYED IN TRANSPORTATION & WAREHOUSING AS A PERCENTAGE OF ALL SELF-EMPLOYED WORKERS, 2005 Notes: (from left to right) Panel A shows Inland Empire, Panel B shows Southern California (4 metropolitan regions are included: El Centro; Los Ange- les-Long Beach-Anaheim; Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana; Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura; Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario), Panel C shows California.
Figur
e 3 plots the number of self-employed workers in transportation and warehousing as a percentage of all self-employed workers to give us a glimpse of the role that sector plays in the growth of self-employment. Among all self-employed workers in California, the percentage employed in the transpor- tation and warehousing sector has been on the rise since 2014. The same trends are seen for Southern California. Between 2006 and 2014, the share of self-employed in transportation and warehousing as a percentage of all self-employed workers remained below 5 percent in both California as a whole, and the Southern California region. Since 2014, this percentage has risen to around 8-9 percent. The trends for the Inland Empire are somewhat similar but the sample size is limited, reducing the certainty of these findings. However , the overall trend has been on the rise for the region as well.
The pandemic had no effect on the increase in self-employment in transportation and warehousing. This points towards the strong growth of the sector .
Both Figure 3 and Figure 4 show that the share of self-employed in transportation is on the rise recently among the total of self-employed workers and
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A1:11State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
total employed workers in transportation for California, the Southern California region, and the Inland Empire. In sum, the absolute rise in self-employ- ment in transportation has been faster not only compared to self-employment generally, but the sectoral growth in employment as well.
Figure 4 and Figure 5 below show the composition of the transportation and warehousing sector by class of workers. In California, the current ratio of self-employed workers to salaried workers in the sector is around 0.15. However , Figure 5 shows that self-employment in transportation and warehousing as a percentage of total employment in transportation and warehousing has been on the rise in California over the last decade. Southern California follows the same pattern as the state average.
FIGURE 4. RATIO OF SELF-EMPLOYED TO SALARIED IN TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING
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A1:12 State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
FIGURE 5. SELF-EMPLOYED IN TRANSPORTATION AND WAREHOUSING In both California and Southern California, the percentage of self-employed workers to total employed workers in transportation and warehousing bot- tomed out at around 7-8 percent in 2012 and then rose to close to 13 percent in 2022. The data for the Inland Empire is a bit noisier , potentially due to the small sample size, but the share of self-employed as a percentage of total employed workers in transportation and warehousing for the county has hovered around 10 percent over the last decade. In other words, for every 10 employed workers in this sector , there is another worker who is self-employed within it. These self-employed workers include truck drivers who are owner-operators as well as other types of self-employed workers, such as gig workers that are classified as independent contractors.
In times of recessions – in 2008 and 2020 – the plots for California and Southern California show an uptick in the percentage of all employed workers in the transportation and warehousing industry who are self-employed. In other words, the number of self-employed workers in this industry rose more quickly than other forms of employment in transportation and warehousing during those recession years. This could be due to employers relying more heavily on self-employed workers as a way to cut labor costs as well as workers entering self-employment in response to shrinking employment opportunities within this sector .
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A1:13State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
TABLE 10. U.S. UNION DENSITY AND COVERAGE RATES IN SELECTED TDL OCCUPATIONS, 2023 Occupation
% Union
Members
% Union
Covered
Drivers/sales Workers & Truck Drivers 9.6% 10.50%
Industrial Tractor Operators/Forklift Drivers 11.50% 12.60% Laborers, and Freight, Stock & Material Movers 12.20% 13.3% Packers and Packagers, Hand 5.90% 6.5%
Shipping, Receiving, & Inventory Clerks 7.40% 8.60%
Stockers and Order Fillers 5.90% 6.5%
Supervisors of Trans. & Material Moving Workers 10.10% 11.20% Transportation, Storage, & Distribution Managers 5.60% 6.70% Notes: Percentages shown are for the percent of employed workers in the U.S.
Source: Hirsch, MacPherson and Even (2023), available at https://unionstats.com
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A1:14 State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
FIGURE 6. FULL-TIME AND YEAR-ROUND WORK FOR SELECTED TDL OCCUPATIONS
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State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
A2:1
APPENDIX 2: OCCUPATIONS USED IN
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
The occupational codes used in this report vary by the
data set. We selected the most detailed occupational
codes for each occupation available from that source
that were available at the county level.
AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY (AVAILABLE
THROUGH IPUMS)
Using ACS data, we selected the eight occupational
categories, which were the most detailed occupational
categories available through IPUMS at the county level
for blue-collar warehouse workers, heavy-duty and light duty truck drivers, and their supervisors and managers.
Our descriptions below are from the U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics’ Division of Occupational Wage and
Employment Statistics (May 2022). For warehouse work-
ers, we selected five of the most common blue-collar
and non-supervisory warehouse occupations, following
De Lara (2013).
53-7062 Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material
Movers, Hand
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, workers
employed in this occupation “manually move freight,
stock, luggage, or other materials, or perform other
general labor . Includes all manual laborers not else-
where classified.” This occupational code excludes
“Construction Laborers” (47-2061) and “Helpers, Con-
struction Trades” (47-3011 through 47-3019). Excludes
“Material Moving Workers” (53-7011 through 53-7199)
who use power equipment.”
See: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes537062.htm
53-7065 Stockers and Order Fillers
Workers employed in this occupation “receive, store,
and issue merchandise, materials, equipment, and
other items from stockroom, warehouse, or storage
yard to fill shelves, racks, tables, or customers’ orders.
May operate power equipment to fill orders. May mark
prices on merchandise and set up sales displays.” This
occupation excludes “Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks” (43-5071), “Laborers and Freight, Stock, and
Material Movers, Hand” (53-7062), and “Packers and
Packagers, Hand” (53-7064).
See: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes537065.htm
53-7051 Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators
Workers employed in this occupation “operate industrial trucks or tractors equipped to move materials around
a warehouse, storage yard, factory, construction site,
or similar location.” Excluded from this occupation are “Logging Equipment Operators” (45-4022).
See: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes537051.htm
53-7064 Packers and Packagers, Hand
Workers employed in this occupation, “Pack or package
by hand a wide variety of products and materials.”
See: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes537064.htm
43-5071 Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks
Workers in this occupation, “verify and maintain
records on incoming and outgoing shipments involv-
ing inventory. Duties include verifying and recording
incoming merchandise or material and arranging for
the transportation of products.” These workers, “may
prepare items for shipment.” The occupation excludes
“Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers,
Recordkeeping” (43-5111), “Mail Clerks and Mail
Machine Operators, except Postal Service” (43-9051),
and “Stockers and Order Fillers” (53-7065).
See: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/
oes435071.htm#ind
53-3030 Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers
According to the BLS, workers employed in this occupa-
tion include the following three types of workers:
• 53-3031 Driver/Sales Workers
• 53-3032 Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers
• 53-3033 Light Truck Drivers
53-3031 Driver/Sales Workers
Workers in this occupation, “drive truck or other vehi- cle over established routes or within an established
territory and sell or deliver goods, such as food prod- ucts, including restaurant take-out items, or pick up
or deliver items such as commercial laundry.” These
workers can also “take orders, collect payment, or stock merchandise at point of delivery.” This occupation does not include “Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine
Servicers and Repairers” (49-9091) and “Light Truck
Drivers” (53-3033).
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State of Work: TDL in the Inland Empire
A2:2
See: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-ma-
terial-moving/delivery-truck-drivers-and-driver-sales-
workers.htm
53-3032 Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers
Workers in this occupation “drive a tractor-trailer
combination or a truck with a capacity of at least 26,001 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW).” Some of these
workers are “required to unload truck[s].” Workers
in this job are required to have a commercial drivers’
license. This occupation “includes tow truck drivers,”
and “excludes “Refuse and Recyclable Material Collec-
tors” (53-7081).
See: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes533032.htm
53-3033 Light Truck Drivers
Workers in this occupation, “drive a light vehicle, such as a truck or van, with a capacity of less than 26,001
pounds Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW), primarily to pick
up merchandise or packages from a distribution center
and deliver .” This occupation “may load and unload
vehicle.” This occupation does not include “Couriers
and Messengers” (43-5021) and “Driver/Sales Workers”
(53-3031).
See: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes533033.htm
11-3071 Transportation, Storage, and Distribution
Managers
Workers in this occupation “plan, direct, or coordinate transportation, storage, or distribution activities in
accordance with organizational policies and applicable
government laws or regulations.” This occupation
“includes logistics managers.”
See: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes113071.htm
53-1047 First-Line Supervisors of Transportation
and Material Moving Workers, Except Aircraft Cargo
Handling Supervisors
This occupation includes the following 2018 SOC occu-
pations: “53-1042 First-Line Supervisors of Helpers,
Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand; 53-1043 First-
Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and
Vehicle Operators; 53-1044 First-Line Supervisors of
Passenger Attendants; and 53-1049 First-Line Supervi-
sors of Transportation Workers, All Other .”
See: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes531047.htm
BURNING GLASS DATA ANALYSIS (NOVEMBER
2020 THROUGH OCTOBER 2021).
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers
53-3032.00
According to O-Net Online, heavy and tractor-trailer
truck drivers, “Drive a tractor-trailer combination or a truck with a capacity of at least 26,001 pounds Gross
Vehicle Weight (GVW),” “may be required to unload
truck,” and “requires commercial drivers’ license.” This occupation includes tow truck drivers as well as work-
ers employed in job titles such as the following: “CDL
Driver (Commercial Driver’s License Driver), Driver ,
Line Haul Driver , Log Truck Driver , Over the Road Driver (OTR Driver), Production Truck Driver , Road Driver , Semi Truck Driver , Tractor Trailer Driver , Truck Driver .” See: https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/
53-3032.00
Light Truck Drivers
53-3033.00
According to O-Net Online, light truck drivers, “drive a light vehicle, such as a truck or van, with a capacity of less than 26,001 pounds Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW),
primarily to pick up merchandise or packages from a
distribution center and deliver .” They might be required to “load and unload vehicle[s].” This occupational code includes workers employed in job titles such as the
following: “Bulk Delivery Driver , Delivery Driver , Driver , Light Truck Driver , Package Car Driver , Package Deliv- ery Driver , Route Driver , Service Provider , Truck Driver , Warehouse Driver .”
See: https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/
53-3033.00#:~:text=Read%20maps%20and%20
follow%20written,statements%2C%20in%20
accordance%20with%20regulations.
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers,
Hand
53-7062.00
According to O’Net Online, laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand “manually move freight, stock,lug- gage, or other materials, or perform other general labor ,” and it “includes all manual laborers not elsewhere classi- fied.” This occupational code includes workers employed in job titles such as the following: Dock Worker , Laborer , Line Tender , Loader , Material Handler , Merchandise Pick Up Associate, Receiver , Receiving Associate, Shipping and Receiving Materials Handler , Warehouse Worker .”
See: https://www.onetonline.org/link/details/53-7062.00
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City of Hemet
Memorandum
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DEPT. 445 EAST FLORIDA AVENUE, HEMET, CALIFORNIA, 92543 (951) 765-2375 To: City Manager
F
rom: Monique Alaniz- Flejter, Community Development Director D
ate: November 12, 2024
S
ubject: Average Daily Trip Examples
1. Mobile-Home Park
Average Daily Trips (ADT): Approximately 4.99 trips per day per unit Per Acre Estimate: Assuming an average density of 8 units per acre, mobile-home parks generate roughly 39.92 trips per acre per day.
Characteristics: Low to moderate traffic impact, largely residential with fewer peak hour surges.
So
urce: Appendix F (Traffic Study) City of Heme t General P lan 2030 Environmental Impact Report (Buildout T rip Generation – Trip Rate) dated November 1, 2010: Appendix 2.3 page 168 of PDF
2. C
ommercial Shopping Center
Average Daily Trips (ADT): 37.01 trips per day per 1,000 square feet of floor area, depending on the size and type of the shopping center.
Per Acre Estimate: A shopping center typically has about 11,000 square feet of retail space per acre. This results in roughly 407 trips per acre per day. Characteristics: High traffic generation, with peak hours during weekends, evenings, and holidays. Traffic includes a mix of short trips, including high turnover for certain retail uses, like restaurants or grocery stores.
S
ource 1: General Plan 2030 Land Use Matrix (Development Capacity) (Page 2-25) Commercial/Office 13,665,000 square feet ÷ 1,211 acres = 11,284 sq. ft. per acre *11,000 square feet is approximate to keep numbers simplified So
urce2: ITE Trip Rates (11th Edition) City of Oregon Page 3 https://www.portland.gov/transportation/documents/appendix-development-review-land-use-categories- and-trip-rates-2/download
3. W
arehouse
Average Daily Trips (ADT): Approximately 1.71 trips per day per 1,000 square feet of warehouse space.
Per Acre Estimate: Based on the General Plan capacity, a typical warehouse might have around 13,000 square feet of floor space per acre, generating approximately 22.2 trips per acre per day.
Land Use Estimated Trips per Acre per Day
S
ource 1: General Plan 2030 Land Use Matrix (Development Capacity) (Page 2-25) Industrial 14,584,000 square feet ÷ 1,098 acres = 13,282 sq. ft per acre *13,000 square feet provided is approximate to keep numbers simplified So
urce 2: ITE Trip Rates (11th Edition) City of Oregon Page 4 (Copy Attached) https://www.portland.gov/transportation/documents/appendix-development-review-land-use-categories- and-trip-rates-2/download
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