Agenda — Hesperia City Council, May 17, 2022 (part 2 of 6)

FINDINGS OF FACT, HESPERIA COMMERCE CENTER II EIR, SCH NO. 2019110418 12122
6 March 2022
• Transportation
o Conflict with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3(b)
o Design hazards
• Queuing analysis
o Cumulative transportation impacts
Other impacts addressed under cumulatively considerable net increase of criteria pollutants (construction) are addressed in Section 2.3, Impacts Determined to Be Less Than Significant with Mitigation, and other impacts under expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations (local carbon monoxide concentrations, toxic air contaminant exposure, and valley fever ) and other emissions (such as those leading to odors) are addressed in Section 2.4, Impacts Determined to Be Less Than Significant. In addition, other impacts not addressed under increase in noise levels (short-term construction impacts and on-site operational noise) are addressed in Section

2.4. Other impacts not addressed under conflicts with design hazards (hazardous design features and incompatible uses) are addressed in Section 2.4.

2.2.1 Air Quality

2.2.1.1 Potentially Significant Impacts to Air Quality
Applicable Air Quality Plan
The Federal Particulate Matter Attainment Plan and Ozone Attainment Plan f or the Mojave Desert set forth a comprehensive set of programs that will lead the MDAB into compliance with federal and state air quality standards.

The control measures and related emission reduction estimates within the Federal Particulate Matter Attainm ent Plan and Ozone Attainment Plan are based upon emissions projections for a future development scenario derived from land use, population, and employment characteristics defined in consultation with local governments. A project is non -conforming with an air quality plan if it conflicts with or delays implementation of any applicable attainment or maintenance plan. A project is conforming if it complies with all applicable MDAQMD rules and regulations, complies with all proposed control measures that are not yet adopted from the applicable plan(s), and is consistent with the growth forecasts in the applicable plan(s) (or is directly included in the applicable plan). Zoning changes, specific plans, general plan amendments and similar land use plan changes wh ich do not increase dwelling unit density, do not increase vehicle trips, and do not increase vehicle miles traveled are also deemed to comply with the applicable air quality plan (MDAQMD 2016).

The Project would be required to comply with all applicable MDAQMD Rules and Regulations, including, but not limited to Rules 401 (Visibile Emissions), 402 (Nuisance), and 403 (Fugitive Dust). The Project site is located within the Main Street and Freeway Corridor Specific Plan and is designated for Commercial/Industrial Business Park (CIBP) uses. The CIBP designation is intended to provide for service commercial, light industrial, light manufacturing, and industrial support uses. The Project Applicant proposes land uses that are consistent with development anticipated under the site’s existing General Plan designation. The Project would therefore conform to local land use plans.

As discussed below, Project construction -source emissions would not exceed applicable MDAQMD regional thresholds after implementation of Mit igation Measure (MM) AQ -1. However, Project operational -source air pollutant emissions would result in exceedances of regional thresholds for emissions of VOC, NOx, and PM10, even after implementation of MM -AQ-4 through MM -AQ-6. As such, VOC, NO x, and PM 10 emissions are considered

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significant and unavoidable and the Project would have the potential to increase the frequency or severity of a violation in the federal or state ambient air quality for on-going Project operations.

Based on the preceding considerations, the Project would conform to local land use plans and would comply with all applicable all MDAQMD Rules and Regulations. However, Project operational -source emissions have the potential to increase the frequency or severity of a violation in the f ederal or state ambient air quality standards.

On this basis, the Project is considered to potentially conflict with the Federal Particulate Matter Attainment Plan and Ozone Attainment Plan for the MDAB. Therefore, impacts associated with the conflicting w ith the MDAQMD would be significant and unavoidable.

Cumulatively Considerable Net Increase of Criteria Pollutants Construction and operation of the Project would result in emissions of criteria air pollutants from mobile, area, and/or stationary sources, which may cause exceedances of federal and state ambient air quality standards or contribute to existing nonattainment of ambient air quality standards. The following discussion identifies potential short-term construction and long-term operational impacts that would result from implementation of the Project.

Air pollution is largely a cumulative impact. The nonattainment status of regional pollutants is a result of past and present development, and the MDAQMD develops and implements plans for future attainment of ambient air quality standards. Although the area of the MDAB where the Project is located is currently designated a nonattainment area for federal and state O 3 standards and federal and state PM 10 standards, the MDAB has experienced a substantial reduction in maximum 8-hour concentrations of O3 over the past 30 years, as well as reductions in PM10 over time, as described in the respective MDAQMD O3 and PM10 attainment plans. CEQA thresholds are established at levels that the air basin can accommodate without affecting the attainment date for the AAQS. Based on these considerations, project-level thresholds of significance for criteria pollutants are relevant in the determination of whether a project’s individual emissions would have a cumulatively significant impact on air quality.

Long-Term Operational Impacts
Operation of the Project would generate VOC, NOx, CO, SOx, PM10, and PM2.5 emissions from mobile sources, including passenger vehicle and truck trips; area sources, including the use of consumer products, architectural coatings for repainting, and landscape maintenance equipment; energy sources, including combustion of fuels used for space and water heating; and on-site equipment. CalEEMod utilizes summer and winter EMFAC2017 emission factors in order to derive vehicle emissions associated with on-road vehicle activities, which vary by season.

The Project would exceed the numerical thresholds of significance established by the MDAQMD for emissions of VOC, NOX, and PM10. This impact would be potentially significant without mitigation.

Mitigation measures are required to minimize operational-related air quality impacts (MM-AQ-4 through MM-AQ-6).

For VOC emissions, the majority are derived from consumer products, including cleaning supplies, aerosols, and other consumer products. As such, the Project Applicant cannot meaningfully control the use of consumer products by future buildi ng users via mitigation; nonetheless, MM -AQ-6, requiring a low -VOC/green cleaning product educational program, would be implemented in effort to reduce VOC emissions from consumer products.

Additionally, the majority of the Project’s NOX and PM10 emissions are derived from vehicle usage, which n either the Project Applicant nor the City can substantively or materially affect reductions in Project mobile source emissions beyond what is already required. Nonetheless, MM-AQ-4 and MM-AQ-5 would be implemented to reduce mobile-source emissions of VOC, NOX, and PM10. While MM-AQ-4 through MM-AQ-6 would reduce Project-generated operational criteria air pollutant emissions, the associated emission reductions cannot be accurately quantified at

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this time; therefore, em issions of VOC, NO X, and PM 10 would still exceed the MDAQMD thresholds with implementation of mitigation. Furthermore, no feasible mitigation measures or project design features beyond those already identified exist that would reduce these emissions to levels that are less than significant. Therefore, even with the incorporation of mitigation, long -term impacts associated with a cumulatively considerable net increase of criteria pollutants for which the Project region is non-attainment would be significant and unavoidable.

Health Effects of Criteria Air Pollutants
Construction of the Project would result in emissions that would not exceed the MDAQMD thresholds for criteria air pollutants, including VOC, after implementation of MM -AQ-1. Operation of the Project, however, would result in emissions that would exceed the MDAQMD thresholds for criteria air pollutants including VOC, NOx, and PM10, even after implementation of MM-AQ-4 through MM-AQ-6.

Under the heading Pollutants and Effects, health effects associated with O 3 include respiratory symptoms, worsening of lung disease leading to premature death, and damage to lung tissue (CARB 2019 a). VOCs and NO x are precursors to O3, for which the MDAB is designated as nonattainment with respect to the NAAQS and CAAQS.

The contribution of VOCs and NO x to regional ambient O3 concentrations is the result of complex photochemistry.

The increases in O3 concentrations in the MDAB due to O3 precursor emissions tend to be found downwind of the source location because of the time required for the photochemical reactions to occur. Further, the potential for exacerbating excessive O 3 concentrations would also depend on the time of year that the VOC emissions would occur, because exceedances of the O 3 NAAQS and CAAQ S tend to occur between April and October when solar radiation is highest. Due to the lack of quantitative methods to assess this complex photochemistry, the holistic effect of a single project’s emissions of O 3 precursors is speculative. That being said, because the Project would exceed the MDAQMD VOC and NO x thresholds during Project operations, the Project could contribute to health effects associated with O3.

Health effects associated with NOx and NO2 include lung irritation and enhanced allergic responses (CARB 2019b).

Although Project-related NOx emissions would exceed the MDAQMD construction mass daily thresholds, because the MDAB is a designated attainment area for NO 2 (and NO 2 is a constituent of NO x) and the existing NO 2 concentrations in the area are well below the NAAQS and CAAQS standards, 1 it is not anticipated that the Project would cause an exceedance of the NAAQS and CAAQS for NO2 or result in potential health effects associated with NO2 and NO x. Nonetheless, because the Project would excee d the MDAQMD NO x threshold during Project operations, the Project could contribute to health effects associated with NOx and NO2.

Health effects associated with CO include chest pain in patients with heart disease, headache, light -headedness, and reduced mental alertness (CARB 2019 c). CO tends to be a localized impact associated with congested intersections. The potential for CO hotspots is discussed under the subsequent impact criterion below and determined to be less than significant. Thus, the Project’s CO emissions would not contribute to significant health effects associated with CO.

Health effects associated with PM10 include premature death and hospitalization, primarily for worsening of respiratory disease (CARB 2017). Operation of the Project would exceed the MDAQMD threshold for PM10. As such, the Project would potentially contribute to exceedances of the NAAQS and CAAQS for particulate matter and obstruct the MDAB from

1 Ambient concentrations of NO2 at the Victorville monitoring station have not exceeded the NAAQS or CAAQS between 2016 and 2018.

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FINDINGS OF FACT, HESPERIA COMMERCE CENTER II EIR, SCH NO. 2019110418 12122
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coming into attainment for these pollutants. Because the Project has the potential to contribute substantial particulate matter during operation, the Project could result in associated health effects.

The California Supreme Court’s Sierra Club v. County of Fresno (2018) 6 Cal. 5th 502 decision (referred to herein as the Friant Ranch decision) (issued on December 24, 2018), addresses the need to correlate mass emission values for criteria air pollutants to specific health consequences, and contains the following direction from the California Supreme Court: “The Environmental Impact Report (EIR) must provide an adequate analysis to inform the public how its bare numbers translate to create potential adverse impacts or it must explain what the agency does know and why, given existing scientific constraints, it cannot translate potential health impacts further” (Italics original). Currently, MDAQMD, CARB, and EPA have not approved a quantitative method to reliably, meaningfully, and consistently translate the mass emissi on estimates for the criteria air pollutants resulting from the Project to specific health effects. In addition, there are numerous scientific and technological complexities associated with correlating criteria air pollutant emissions from an individual project to specific health effects or potential additional nonattainment days.

In connection with the judicial proceedings culminating in issuance of the Friant Ranch decision, the SCAQMD and the San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District (SJVAPCD) filed amicus briefs attesting to the extreme difficulty of correlating an individual project’s criteria air pollutant emissions to specific health impacts. Both the SJVAPCD and the SCAQMD have among the most sophisticated air quality modeling and health impact evaluation capabilities of the air districts in the state. The key, relevant points from the SCAQMD and SJVAPCD briefs is summarized herein.

In requiring a health impact type of analysis for criteria air pollutants, it is important to understand how O3 and PM is formed, dispersed and regulated. The formation of O3 and PM in the atmosphere, as secondary pollutants,2 involves complex chemical and physical interactions of multiple pollutants from natural and anthropogenic sources. The O3 reaction is self-perpetuating (or catalytic) in the presence of sunlight because NO 2 is photochemically reformed from nitric oxide (NO). In this way, O 3 is controlled by both NO x and VOC emissions (NRC 2005). The complexity of these interacting cycles of pollutants means that incremental decreases in one emission may not result in proportional decreases in O3 (NRC 2005). Although these reactions and interactions are well understood, variability in emission source operations and meteorology creates uncertainty in the modele d O 3 concentrations to which downwind populations may be exposed (NRC 2005). Once formed, O3 can be transported long distances by wind and due to atmospheric transport, contributions of precursors from the surrounding region can also be important (EPA 2008).

Because of the complexity of O3 formation, a specific tonnage amount of VOCs or NOX emitted in a particular area does not equate to a particular concentration of O 3 in that area (SJVAPCD 2015). PM can be divided into two categories: directly emitted PM and secondary PM. Secondary PM, like O3, is formed via complex chemical reactions in the atmosphere between precursor chemicals such as SOx and NOx (SJVAPCD 2015). Because of the complexity of secondary PM formation, including the potential to be transport ed long distances by wind, the tonnage of PM - forming precursor emissions in an area does not necessarily result in an equivalent concentration of secondary PM in that area (SJVAPCD 2015). This is especially true for individual projects, like the Project, where Project-generated criteria air pollutant emissions are not derived from a single "point source," but from construction equipment and mobile sources (passenger cars and trucks) driving to, from and around the Project site.

Another important technical nuance is that health effects from air pollutants are related to the concentration of the air pollutant that an individual is exposed to, not necessarily the individual mass quantity of emissions associated with an individual project. For example, health effects from O3 are correlated with increases in the ambient level of O3 in the air a person breathes (SCAQMD 2015). However, it takes a large amount of additional precursor emissions to cause a modeled increase in ambient O3 levels over an entire region (SCAQMD 2015). The lack of link between

2 Air pollutants formed through chemical reactions in the atmosphere are referred to as secondary pollutants.

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FINDINGS OF FACT, HESPERIA COMMERCE CENTER II EIR, SCH NO. 2019110418 12122
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the tonnage of precursor pollutants and the concentration of O 3 and PM2.5 formed is important because it is not necessarily the tonnage of precursor pollutants that causes human health effects; rather, it is the concentration of resulting O 3 that causes these effects (SJVAPCD 2015). Indeed, the ambient air quality standards, which are statutorily required to be set by EPA at levels that are requisite to protect the public health, are established as concentrations of O3 and PM2.5 and not as tonnages of their precursor pollutants (EPA 2018b). Because the ambient air quality standards are focused on achieving a particular concentration region -wide, the tools and plans for attaining the ambient air quality standards are regional in nature. For CEQA analyses, project-generated emissions are typically estimated in pounds per day or tons per year and compared to mass daily or annual emission thresholds. While CEQA thresholds are established at levels that the air basin can accommodate without affecting the attainment date for the AAQS, even if a project exceeds established CEQA significance thresholds, this does not mean that one can easily determine the concentration of O3 or PM that will be created at or near the project site on a particular day or month of the year, or what specific health impacts will occur (SJVAPCD 2015).

In regard to regional concentrations and air basin attainment, the SJVAPCD emphasized that attempting to identify a change in background pollutant concentrations that can be attributed to a single project, even one as large as the entire Friant Ranch Specific Plan, is a theoretical exercise. The SJVAPCD brief noted that it “would be extremely difficult to model the impact on NAAQS attainment that the emissions from the Friant Ranch project may have” (SJVAPCD 2015). The situation is further complicated by the fact that background concentrations of regional pollutants are not uniform either temporally or geographically throughout an air basin, but are constantly fluctuating based upon meteorology and other environmental factors. SJVAPCD noted that the currently available modeling tools are equipped to model the impact of all emission sources in the San Joaquin Valley Air Basin on attainment (SJVAPCD 2015). The SJVAPCD brief then indicated that, “Running the photochemical grid model used for predicting O3 attainment with the emissions solely from the Friant Ranch project (which equate to less than one-tenth of one percent of the total NOx and VOC in the Valley) is not likely to yield valid information given the relative scale involved” (SJVAPCD 2015).

SCAQMD and SJVAPCD have indicated that it is not feasible to quantify project -level health impacts based on existing modeling (SCAQMD 2015; SJVAPCD 2015). Even if a m etric could be calculated, it would not be reliable because the models are equipped to model the impact of all emission sources in an air basin on attainment and would likely not yield valid information or a measurable increase in O 3 concentrations sufficient to accurately quantify O3-related health impacts for an individual project.

Nonetheless, following the Supreme Court’s Friant Ranch decision, some EIRs where estimated criteria air pollutant emissions exceeded applicable air district thresholds have included a quantitative analysis of potential project-generated health effects using a combination of a regional photochemical grid model (PGM)3 and the EPA Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program (BenMAP or BenMAP–Community Edition [CE]).4 The publicly available health impact assessments (HIAs) typically present results in terms of an increase in health incidences and/or the increase in background health

3 The first step in the publicly available HIAs includes running a regional PGM, such as the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model or the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx) to estimate the increase in concentrations of O3 and PM2.5 as a result of project-generated emissions of criteria and precursor pollutants. Air districts use photochemical air quality models for regional air quality planning. These photochemical models are large -scale air quality models that simulate the changes of pollutant concentrations in the atmosph ere using a set of mathematical equations characterizing the chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere (EPA 2017).
4 After estimating the increase in concentrations of O3 and PM2.5, the second step in the five examples includes use of BenMAP or BenMAP-CE to estimate the resulting associated health effects. BenMAP estimates the number of health incidences resulting from changes in air pollution concentrations (EPA 2018a). The health impact function in BenMAP-CE incorporates four key sources of data: (i) modeled or monitored air quality changes, (ii) population, (iii) baseline incidence rates, and (iv) an effect estimate. A ll of the five example HIAs focused on O3 and PM2.5.

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incidence for various health outcomes resulting from the project’s estimated increase in concentrations of O3 and PM2.5.5 To date, the five publicly available HIAs reviewed have concluded that the evaluated project’s health effects associated with the estimated project-generated increase in concentrations of O3 and PM2.5 represent a small increase in incidences and a very small percentage of the number of background incidences, indicating that these health impacts are negligible and potentially within the models’ margin of error. It is also important to note that while the results of the five available HIAs conclude that the project emissions do not result in a substantial increase in health incidences, the estimated emissions and assumed toxicity is also conservatively inputted into the HIA and thus, overestimate health incidences, particularly for PM2.5.

As explained in the SJVAPCD brief and noted previously, running the PGM used for predicting O3 attainment with the emissions solely from an individual project like the Friant Ranch project or the Project is not likely to yield valid information given the relative scale involved. The five examples reviewed support the SJVAPCD’s brief contention that consistent, reliable, and meaningful results may not be provided by methods applied at this time. Accordingly, additional work in the industry and more importantly, air district participation, is needed to develop a more meaningful analysis to correlate project- level mass criteria air pollutant emissions and health effects for decision makers and the public. Furthermore, at the time of writing, no HIA has concluded that health effects estimated using the PGM and BenMAP approach are substantial provided that the estimated project-generated incidences represent a very small percentage of the number of background incidences, potentially within the models’ margin of error.

In summary, operation of the Project could result in exceedances of the MDAQMD significance thresholds for VOC, NOx, and PM10, and the Project would potentially result in health effects associated with those pollutants. Because construction of the Project would not exceed any MDAQMD thresholds (after mitigation), and operation of the Project would not exceed the MDAQMD thresholds for CO, SOx or PM2.5, and because the MDAQMD thresholds are based on levels that the MDAB can accommodate without affecting the attainment date for the AAQS and the AAQS are established to protect public health and welfare, the Project is not anticipated to result in health effects associated with CO, SOx or PM2.5.

Notably, there are numerous scientific and techn ological complexities associated with correlating criteria air pollutant emissions from an individual project to specific health effects or potential additional nonattainment days, and methods available to quantitatively evaluate health effects may not be appropriate to apply to emissions associated with the Project, which cannot be estimated with a high -level of accuracy. Notwithstanding, because operation of the Project could result in exceedances of MDAQMD significance thresholds for VOC, NO x, and PM10, even after implementation of MM -AQ-4 through MM-AQ-6, the potential health effects associated with criteria air pollutants are conservatively considered significant and unavoidable.

Expose Sensitive Receptors to Substantial Pollutant Concentrations Criteria Air Pollutant Emissions and Associated Pollutant Concentrations As discussed above, because operation of the Project could result in exceedances of the MDAQMD significance thresholds for VOC, NO x, and PM 10, the Project would potentially result in health effects associated with those pollutants. Because construction of the Project would not exceed any MDAQMD thresholds (after implementation of MM-AQ-4 through MM-AQ-6), and operation of the Project would not exceed the MDAQMD thresholds for CO, SOx

5 The following CEQA documents included a quantitative HIA to address Friant Ranch: (1) California State University Dominguez Hills 2018 Campus Master Plan EIR (CSUDH 2019), (2) March Joint Powers Association K4 Warehouse and Cactus Channel Improvements EIR (March JPA 2019), (3) Mineta San Jose Airport Amendment to the Airport Mas ter Plan EIR (City of San Jose 2019), (4) City of Inglewood Basketball and Entertainment Center Project EIR (City of Inglewood 2019), and (5) San Diego Stat e University Mission Valley Campus Master Plan EIR (SDSU 2019).

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or PM 2.5, and because the MDAQMD thresholds are based on levels that the MDAB can accommodate without affecting the attainment date for the AAQS and the AAQS are established to protect public health and welfare, the Project is not anticipated to result in health effects associated with CO, SOx or PM2.5.

Notably, there are numerous scientific and technological complexities associated with correlating criteria air pollutant emissions from an individual project to specific health effects or potential additional nonattainment days, and methods available to quantitatively evaluate health effects may not be appropriate to apply to emissions associated with the Project, which cannot be estimated with a high -level of accuracy. Notwithstanding, because operation of the Project could result in exceedances of MDAQMD significance thresholds for VOC, NO x, and PM10, even after implementation of MM -AQ-4 through MM-AQ-6, the potential health effects associated with criteria air pollutants are conservatively considered significant and unavoidable.

Cumulative Air Quality Impact
Air pollution is largely a cumulative impact. The nonattainment status of regional pollutants is a result of past and present development, and the MDAQMD develops and implements plans for future attainment of ambient air quality standards. Based on these considerations, project-level thresholds of significance for criteria pollutants are relevant in the determination of whether a project’s individual emissions would have a cumulatively significant impact on air quality. Individual projects that do not generate operational or construction emissions that exceed the MDAQMD’s recommended daily thresholds for project -specific impacts would also not cause a cumulatively considerable increase in emissions for those pollutants for which the MDAB is in nonattainment, and, therefore, would not be considered to have a significant, adverse air quality impact.

The area of the MDAB in which the Project is located is a nonattainment area for O 3 and PM10 under the NAAQS and/or CAAQS. The poor air quality in the MDAB is the result of cumulative emissions from motor vehicles, off-road equipment, commercial and industrial facilities, and other emission sources. Projects that emit these pollutants or their precursors (i .e., VOC and NO x for O 3) potentially contribute to poor air quality. Daily construction emissions associated with the Project would not exceed the MDAQMD significance thresholds after implementation of mitigation of MM-AQ-1. However, as presented in the pr eceding analysis, Project operational-source air pollutant emissions would result in exceedances of regional thresholds for emissions of VOC, NO X, and PM10. As previously stated, the majority of VOC emissions are derived from consumer products, the use of which the Project Applicant cannot meaningfully control for future building users via mitigation. On this basis, it is concluded that Project operational-source VOC emissions cannot be definitively reduced below applicable MDAQMD thresholds.

Additionally, it should be noted that the majority of the Project’s NOX and PM10 emissions are derived from vehicle usage. Although MM -AQ-4 through MM -AQ-6 would reduce operational emissions from on -road vehicles to the extent feasible, since neither the Project Applic ant nor the City of Hesperia have regulatory authority to control tailpipe emissions, no feasible MMs exist that would reduce these emissions to levels that are less-than-significant.

As such, Project operational-source VOC, NO X, and PM 10 emissions exceedances of applicable MDAQMD regional thresholds would be significant and unavoidable, and thus, cumulatively considerable.

2.2.1.2 Mitigation Measures
MM-AQ-1 The Project shall utilize “Super-Compliant” low VOC paints which have been reformulated to exceed the regulatory VOC limits put forth by MDAQMD’s Rule 1113. Super-Compliant low VOC paints shall be no more than 10 grams per liter (g/L) of VOC. Alternatively, the Project Applicant may utilize tilt- up concrete buildings that do not require the use of architectural coatings.

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MM-AQ-2 The Project shall implement the following measures in order to reduce construction air pollutant emissions to the extent feasible:
• Ensure the cleanest possible construction practices and equipment are used. This includes eliminating the idling of diesel-powered equipment and providing the necessary infrastructure (e.g., electrical hookups) to support zero and near-zero emission equipment and tools. • Implement, and plan accordingly for, the necessary infrastructure to support the zero and near- zero emission technology, vehicles, and equipment that will be operating onsite during construction. Necessary infrastructure may include the physical (e.g. needed footprint), energy, and fueling infrastructure for construction equipment, onsi te vehicles and equipment, and medium-heavy and heavy-heavy duty trucks.

MM-AQ-3 The Project shall include the following language within construction contracts in order to reduce construction air pollutant emissions to the extent feasible:
• All off-road diesel-powered equipment used during construction shall be equipped with Tier 4 or cleaner engines. If the operator lacks Tier 4 equipment, and it is not available for lease or short-term rental within 50 miles of the project site, Tier 3 or cleaner off -road construction equipment may be utilized subject to City approval.
• Heavy-duty trucks entering the construction site during grading and building construction phases should be model year 2014 or later. All heavy -duty trucks should also meet CARB’s lowest optional low oxides of nitrogen (NOx) standard starting in the year 2022.6 • All construction equipment and fleets shall be in compliance with all current air quality regulations.

MM-AQ-4 The Project shall implement the following measures in order to reduce operational air pollutant emissions to the extent feasible:
• Only haul trucks meeting model year 2010 engine emission standards shall be used for the on-road transport of materials to and from the Project site. • Legible, durable, weather-proof signs shall be placed at truck access gates, loading docks, and truck parking areas that identify applicable California Air Resources Board (CARB) anti -idling regulations. At a minimum, each sign shall include: 1) instructions for truck drivers to shut off engines when not in use; 2) instructions for drivers of diesel trucks to restrict idling to no more than 5 minutes once the vehicle is stopped, the transmission is set to "neutral" or "park," and the parking brake is engaged; and 3) telephone numbers of the building facilities manager and the CARB to report violations. Prior to the issuance of an occupancy permit, the City of Hesperia shall conduct a site inspection to ensure that the signs are in place. • Prior to tenant occupancy, the Project Applicant or success or in interest shall provide documentation to the City of Hesperia demonstrating that occupants/tenants of the Project site have been provided documentation on funding opportunities, such as the Carl Moyer Program, that provide incentives for using cleaner-than-required engines and equipment.

6 In 2013, CARB adopted optional lo w-NOx emission standards for on -road heavy -duty engines. CARB encourages engine manufacturers to introduce technologies to reduce NOx emissions below the current mandatory on-road heavy-duty diesel engine emission standards for model year 2010 and later. C ARB’s optional low -NOx emission standard is available at:
https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/optional-reduced-nox-standards.

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• Automobile electric vehicle (EV) charging stations with Level 2 or faster chargers shall be provided. The number of EV charging stations shall equal at least 25% employee parking spots. • In addition, the buildings shall include electrical infrastructure sufficiently sized to accommodate the potential installation of additional auto and truck EV charging stations in the future. • Conduit shall be installed to tractor trailer parking areas in logical locations determined by the Project Applicant during construction document plan check, for the purpose of accommodating the future installation of EV truck charging stations at such time this technology becomes commercially available.
• The Project shall include rooftop solar panels for each proposed warehouse to the extent feasible, with a capacity that matches the maximum allowed for distributed solar connections to the grid.

The Project Applicant or successor in interest shall maintain, replace, and upgrade the solar panels per manufacturers recommendations through the life of the Project. Should the capacity for solar connections increase, additional solar panels shall be added to the Project.

MM-AQ-5 The Project shall include the following language within tenant lease agreements in order to reduce operational air pollutant emissions to the extent feasible:
• Require tenants to use the cleanest technologies available, and to provide the necessary infrastructure to support zero -emission vehicles, equipment, and appliances that would be operating on site. This requirement shall apply to equipment such as forklifts, handheld landscaping equipment, yard trucks, office appliances, etc. • Require future tenants to exclusively use zero-emission light and medium-duty delivery trucks and vans, when economically feasible.
• Tenants shall be in, and monitor compliance with, all current air quality regulations for on-road trucks including CARB’s Heavy -Duty (Tractor -Trailer) Greenhouse Gas Regulation 7, Periodic Smoke Inspection Program (PSIP)8, and the Statewide Truck and Bus Regulation9. • Cold storage operations shall be prohibited unless additional environmental review, including a Health Risk Assessment, is conducted and certified pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act.

MM-AQ-6 Low-VOC/Green Cleaning Product Educational Program. Prior to the occupancy of any on -site development, the Applicant or its designee shall provide evidence to the City of Hesperia that the Applicant/phase developer has developed a Green Cleaning Product and Paint education program to be made available at rental offices, leasing spaces, and/or on websites.

7 In December 2008, CARB adopted a regulation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by improving the fuel efficiency of heavy- duty tractors that pull 53-foot or longer box-type trailers. The regulation applies primarily to owners of 53-foot or longer box-type trailers, including both dry-van and refrigerated-van trailers, and owners of the heavy-duty tractors that pull them on California highways. CARB’s Heavy-Duty (Tractor-Trailer) Greenhouse Gas Regulation is available at: https://www.arb.ca.gov/ cc/hdghg/hdghg.htm.
8 The PSIP program requires that diesel and bus fleet owners conduct annual smoke opacity inspections of their vehicles and repair those with excessive smoke emissions to ensure compliance. CARB’s PSIP program is available at:
https://www.arb.ca.gov/enf/hdvip/hdvip.htm.
9 The regulation requires that newer heavier trucks and buses must meet particulate matter filter requirements beginning January 1, 2012. Lighter and older heavier trucks must be replaced starting January 1, 2015. By January 1, 2023, nearly all trucks and buses will need to have 2010 model year engines or equivalent. CARB’s Statewide Truck and Bus Regu lation is available at:
https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onrdiesel/onrdiesel.htm.

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2.2.1.3 Findings per CEQA Guidelines
The City finds that the above mitigation measures are feasible, are adopted, and will reduce the proposed project’s air quality impact. Construction emissions would be reduced to below the MDAQMD’s regional thresholds with implementation of MM-AQ-1. However, Project operational -source air pollut ant emissions would result in exceedances of regional thresholds for emissions of VOC, NO x, and PM10, even after implementation of MM -AQ-4 through MM-AQ-6. As such, VOC, NOx, and PM10 emissions are considered significant and unavoidable. In addition, the project would result in cumulatively considerable impacts related to the potential to conflict with the MDAQMD’s thresholds, result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of criteria pollutants ( VOC, NO x, and PM 10), and expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations (VOC, NOx, and PM10). Additionally, it should be noted that the majority of the Project’s NOX and PM10 emissions are derived from vehicle usage. Although MM-AQ- 4 through MM-AQ-6 would reduce operational emissions from on-road vehicles to the extent feasible, since neither the Project Applicant nor the City of Hesperia have regulatory authority to control tailpipe emissions, no feasible MMs exist that would reduce these emissions to levels that are less-than-significant. As such, Project operational- source VOC, NOX, and PM10 emissions exceedances of applicable MDAQMD regional thresholds would be significant and unavoidable, and thus, cumulatively considerable.

Pursuant to Section 21081(a)(3) of the Californ ia Public Resources Code, as described in the Statement of Overriding Considerations, the City has determined that specific economic, legal, social, technological, or other considerations make infeasible the alternatives identified in the EIR, and the iden tified air quality impacts are thereby acceptable because of specific overriding considerations (see Section 5).

2.2.1.4 Facts in Support of the Findings Related to Air Quality Based on the impact analysis, the proposed project would result in significant operational VOC, NO x, and PM 10 emission impacts. Implementation of MM-AQ-1 through MM-AQ-6 would reduce potential impacts from criteria air pollutants and project emissions. However, due to the size and type of the project, it is not feasible to implement mitigation measures to reduce the operational mobile source emissions. Various mitigation measures were considered, including land use strategies such as proximity to transi t station; however, these strategies and MM- AQ-4 through MM-AQ-6 cannot be quantified due to the uncertainty. Thus, the project’s impacts related to potential to conflict with or obstruct implementation of the MDAQMD’s regional thresholds and the project operational VOC, NOx, and PM10 emissions would remain significant. In addition, the project would result in cumulatively considerable impacts related to the potential to conflict with the MDAQMD regional thresholds , result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of criteria pollutants (VOC, NOx, and PM10), and expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations (VOC, NOx, and PM10).

2.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions

2.2.2.1 Potentially Significant Impacts to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Generation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
For construction phase Project emissions, GHGs are quantified and amortized over the life of the Project. MDAQMD follows the SCAQMD recommendation in calculating the total GHG emissions for construction activities by amortizing the emissions over the life of the Project by dividing it by a 30-year Project life then adding that number

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to the annual operational phase GHG emissions. As such, construction emissions were amortized over a 30 -year period and added to the annual operational phase GHG emissions.

Total estimated GHG emissions generated during construction of the Project is approximately 3,885 MT CO2e. Estimated Project-generated construction emissions amortized over 30 years would be approximately 130 MT CO2e per year.

Long-term operations of the Project would result in GHG emissions through mobile sources and on-site equipment, area sources (landscape maintenance equipment); energy use (natural gas and generation of electricity consumed by the Project); generation of electricity associated with wastewater treatment and with water supply, treatment, and distribution; and solid waste disposal. Annual GHG emissions from these sources were estimated using CalEEMod.

To effectively analyze operational GHG emissions as sociated with the Project, two scenarios were modeled. The first scenario represents Project emissions under a without regulatory measures and PDFs (shown as “unmitigated” emissions in CalEEMod), which estimates Project emissions absent federal, state, and local measures and without Project features intended to reduce GHG emissions upon Project buildout. The second scenario (shown as “mitigated” emissions in CalEEMod) represents Project emissions with implementation of applicable federal, state, and local GHG reduction measures and Project features. Without accounting for applicable regulatory requirements and PDFs, the Project would result in approximately 63,906 MT CO2e per year.

The Project would be required to comply with all mandates imposed by the State of California and the MDAQMD. Those measures that are applicable to the Project and that would assist in the reduction of GHG emissions are as follows:
• Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32).
• Regional GHG Emissions Reduction Targets/Sustainable Communities Strategies (SB 375). • Pavley Fuel Efficiency Standards (AB 1493). Establishes fuel efficiency ratings for new vehicles. • Title 24 California Code of Regulations (California Building Code). Establishes energy efficiency requirements for new construction.
• Title 20 California Code of Regulations (Appliance Energy Efficiency Standards). Establishes energy efficiency requirements for appliances.
• Title 17 California Code of Regulations (Low Carbon Fuel Standard). Requires carbon content of fuel sold in California to be 10% less by 2020.
• California Water Conservation in Landscaping Act of 2006 (AB 1881). Requires local agencies to adopt the Department of Water Resources updated Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance or equivalent by January 1, 2010 to ensure efficient landscapes in new development and reduced water waste in existing landscapes. • Statewide Retail Provider Emissions Performance Standards (SB 1368). Requires energy generators to achieve performance standards for GHG emissions.
• Renewable Portfolio Standards (SB 1078). Requires electric corporations to increase the amount of energy obtained from eligible renewable energy resources to 20 % by 2010 and 33% by 2020. • SB 32. Requires the state to reduce statewide GHG emissions to 40% below 1990 level s by 2030, a reduction target that was first introduced in Executive Order B-30-15.

In addition to the above regulatory measures, the Project would implement PDFs and attributes promoting energy efficiency and sustainability, which are found below in Section 2.2.2.2, Project Design Features.

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With applicable regulatory requirements and PDFs, the Project would result in approximately 55,599 MT CO2e per year, which would exceed the SCAQMD GHG threshold of 3,000 MT CO2e per year. Therefore, the Project would generate GHG emissions, either directly or indirectly, that may have a significant impact on the environment, and this would represent a cumulatively potentially significant impact. Mitigation measures would be required that would reduce Project-generated construction and operational GHG emissions. As presented in Section 2.2.1, Air Quality, implementation of mitigation measures MM -AQ-2 and MM -AQ-3 would also reduce construction -related GHG emissions and mitigation measures MM -AQ-4 and MM -AQ-5 would also re duce operation -related GHG emissions. In addition, mitigation measures MM -GHG-1, requiring water conservation measures. and MM -GHG-2, implementing solid waste reduction strategies, would be implemented to reduce GHG emissions generated during operation of the Project. However, the effectiveness of the required mitigation measures cannot be accurately quantified at this time. Therefore, Project -generated GHG emissions would still exceed the applied threshold of 3,000 MT CO2e per year and impact would be significant and unavoidable.

Cumulative GHG Impacts
GHG emissions impacts are inherently cumulative in nature. The Project would result in GHG emissions in exceedance of the SCAQMD significance threshold. The Project would result in potentially significant impacts with regard to GHG emissions Implementation of MM -AQ-2 through MM -AQ-5 and MM -GHG-1 and MM -GHG-2 would reduce the Project’s GHG impacts; however, impacts would remain significant and unavoidable.

2.2.2.2 Project Design Features
Energy-saving and sust ainable design features and operational programs would be incorporated into facilities developed pursuant to the currently Project. The Project also incorporates and expresses the following project design features (PDFs) and attributes promoting energy eff iciency and sustainability. Because these features/attributes are integral to the Project, and/or are regulatory requirements, they are not considered to be mitigation measures.
• The Project will design building shells and building components, such as windows; roof systems: electrical and lighting systems: and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning systems to meet 2019 Title 24 Standards which expects 30% less energy for non-residential buildings. • To reduce water demands and associated energy use, subseq uent development proposals within the Project site would be required to implement a Water Conservation Strategy and demonstrate a minimum 20% reduction in indoor and outdoor water usage when compared to baseline water demand (total expected water demand without implementation of the Water Conservation Strategy).10 • In order to reduce the amount of waste disposed at landfills, the Project would implement a 75% waste diversion.

2.2.2.3 Mitigation Measures
MM-GHG-1 Water Conservation. Prior to the issuance of building permits for the Project, the Project applicant shall provide building plans that include the following water conservation measures:
• Install low-water use appliances and fixtures

10 Reduction of 20% indoor and outdoor water usage is consistent with the current CALGreen Code performance standards for residential and non-residential land uses. Per CALGreen, the reduction shall be based on the maximum allowable water use per plumbing fixture and fittings as required by the California Building Standards Code.

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• Restrict the use of water for cleaning outd oor surfaces and prohibit systems that apply water to non-vegetated surfaces
• Implement water-sensitive urban design practices in new construction • Install rainwater collection systems where feasible.

MM-GHG-2 Solid Waste Reduction. Prior to the issuance of building permits for the Project, the Project applicant shall provide building plans that include the following solid waste reduction measures:
• Provide storage areas for recyclables and green waste in new construction, and food waste storage, if a pick-up service is available.
• Evaluate the potential for onsite composting.

2.2.2.4 Findings Per CEQA Guidelines
The City finds that the above mitigation measures are feasible, are adopted, and will reduce the proposed project’s greenhouse gas emissions impact. The Project would result in GHG emissions in exceedance of the SCAQMD significance threshold even with implementation of MM -AQ-2 through MM -AQ-5 and MM -GHG-1 and MM -GHG-2.

However, the effectiveness of the required mitigation measures cannot be accurately quantified at this time.

Therefore, these impacts must be considered significant and unavoidable even after implementation of all feasible mitigation measures. Pursuant to Section 21081(a)(3) of the California Public Resources Code, as described in the Statement of Overriding Considerations, the City has determined that specific economic, legal, social, technological, or other considerations make infeasible the alternatives identified in the EIR, and the identified greenhouse gas emission impacts are thereby acceptable because of specific overriding considerations (see Section 5).

2.2.2.5 Facts in Support of the Findings Related to Greenhouse Gas Emissions Based on the impact analysis, the proposed project would result in significant greenhouse gas emission impacts.

Implementation of MM-AQ-2 through MM-AQ-5 and MM-GHG-1 and MM-GHG-2 would reduce potential impacts from greenhouse gas emissions. However, the effectiveness of the required mitigation measures cannot be accurately quantified at this time, therefore, greenhouse gas emission project impacts would remain significant and unavoidable.

2.2.3 Noise

2.2.3.1 Potentially Significant Impacts to Noise
Increase in Ambient Noise Levels
Long-Term Operational Noise
Off-Site Operational Traffic Noise
The Project would generate traffic along roadways in the community surrounding the Project site. Many of the roadways evaluated in the Traffic Impact Analysis serve commercial and industrial areas, which are not considered noise-sensitive in relation to noise from roadway traffic. However, a total of 12 roadway segments evaluated in the TIA are aligned along existing noise -sensitive (i.e., residential) areas. Potential noise effects from vehicular traffic

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were assessed using the Federal Highway Administrati on’s Traffic Noise Model version 2.5 (FHWA 2004).

Information used in the model included the site geometry, existing, existing plus Project, future without Project, and future with Project traffic volumes (provided in the Transportation Impact Analysis) and posted traffic speeds. Noise levels were modeled at a uniform distance from the roadway center-line along roadway segments with residences exiting along the right-of-way.

The City does not have a specific criterion for evaluating the significance of Pro ject-related increases in off -site traffic noise levels at residences or noise -sensitive areas. For the purposes of this analysis, traffic noise level increases are considered significant if they exceed ambient traffic noise levels by one dB or more, or ca use noise levels to exceed the 65 dBA CNEL noise threshold. An increase or decrease in noise level of three dBA is the minimum before any noticeable change in community response would be expected (Caltrans 1998).

The maximum noise level increase would below one (1) dB, and therefore insignificant, at every studied road segment except Main Street. Along Main Street, the Project would result in a maximum increase of 2.3 dB and 2 dB at the Mesa Linda Street and Cataba Road segments, respectively. While overall exterior noise exposure would remain within the City’s maximum exterior limits, the increase in traffic noise would be noticeable to residents along these segments.

To reduce the potentially significant Project traffic noise level increases on the tw o study area roadway segments for Existing plus Project, Opening Year Cumulative and Horizon Year Project conditions, potential noise mitigation measures were considered in the Noise Impact Analysis. Potential mitigation measures discussed in the report included rubberized asphalt hot mix pavement and off-site noise barriers for the existing non-conforming residential use adjacent to impacted roadway segments. However, while rubberized asphalt would provide some noise reduction, this mitigation is only effective for tire-on-pavement noise at higher speeds and would not reduce truck- related off-site traffic noise levels associated with truck engine and exhaust stacks.

The Noise Impact Analysis found that for off-site noise barriers at receiving noise-sensitive land uses experiencing Project-related traffic noise level increases would need to be high enough and long enough to block the line-of-sight from the noise source (at 11.5 feet high per Caltrans) to the receiver (at 5 feet high per FHWA guidance) in order to provide a 5 dBA reduction per FHWA guidance. Exterior noise mitigation in the form of noise barriers is not anticipated to provide the FHWA attainable reduction of 5 dBA required to reduce the off -site traffic noise level increases and would also require potential openings for driveway access to individual residential lots fronting the road. As such, off-site noise barriers would not be feasible and would not lower the off-site traffic noise levels below a level of significance.

In addition, implementation of both rubberized asphalt hot mix pavement and off-site noise barriers would need to occur within the public right-of-way and private property, respectively. Thus, the ability for the Project applicant to incorporate these measures could not be guaranteed, as there is no assurances that the respective property owners (e.g., the City and private residential property owners) would allow for these improvements on their respective properties. As such, there are no assurances that these measures could be adequately implemented.

Based on the infeasibility of potential mitigation to adequately reduce off -site Project traffic noise levels to less - than-significant levels, off -site Project -related traffic noise level increases at adjacent land uses would remai n significant. Therefore, long-term operational impacts associated with Project-related traffic noise increases would be significant and unavoidable.

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Cumulative Noise Impacts
The cumulative context for traffic noise is the traffic volume increases on roadw ays within Hesperia as a result of buildout of the City’s 2010 General Plan and the anticipated increase in traffic volumes along these roadways. The Project traffic analysis considered the addition of traffic trips from cumulative projects as identified by the City.

Non-transportation noise sources (e.g., Project operation) and construction noise impacts are typically project - specific and highly localized (i.e., these do not generally affect the community noise level at distances beyond several hundred feet). Construction activities associated with proposed or future development within the area would contribute to cumulative noise levels, but in a geographically limited and temporary manner. As other development occurs in the area, noise from different types of uses (e.g., traffic, aircraft, and fixed noise sources) would continue to combine, albeit on a localized basis, to cause increases in overall background noise conditions within the area.

As a result, such sources do not significantly contribute to cu mulative noise impacts at distant locations and are not evaluated on a cumulative level.

The analysis of off -site Project-related traffic noise levels included an evaluation of traffic volumes and resulting roadway traffic noise levels from cumulative projects. The maximum noise level increase for the cumulative versus cumulative plus Project scenario would be less than 1 dB at every studied road segment except Main Street. Along Main Street, the Project would result in a maximum increase of 2.3 dB and 2 dB at the Mesa Linda Street and Cataba Road segments, respectively. While overall exterior noise exposure would remain within the City’s maximum exterior limits, the increase in traffic noise would be clearly noticeable to residents along these two segments.

To reduce the potentially significant Project traffic noise level increases on the two study area roadway segments for Existing plus Project, Opening Year Cumulative and Horizon Year Project conditions, potential noise mitigation measures were considered in the Noise Impact Analysis. Potential mitigation measures discussed in the report included rubberized asphalt hot mix pavement and off-site noise barriers for the existing non-conforming residential use adjacent to impacted roadway segments. However, as further discussed in the Noise Impact Analysis, while rubberized asphalt would provide some noise reduction, this mitigation is only effective for tire-on-pavement noise at higher speeds and would not reduce truck -related off-site traffic noise levels ass ociated with truck engine and exhaust stacks.

In addition, implementation of the both rubberized asphalt hot mix pavement and off-site noise barriers would need to occur within the public right-of-way and private property, respectively. Thus, the ability for the Project applicant to incorporate these measures could not be guaranteed, as there is no assurances that the respective property owners (e.g., the City and private residential pro perty owners) would allow for these improvements on their respective properties. As such, there are no assurances that these measures could be adequately implemented.

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significant. Therefore, long-term operational impacts associated with Project-related traffic noise increases would be significant and unavoidable, and the Project would have cumulatively considerable impact related to noise.

2.2.3.2 Findings Per CEQA Guidelines
The Project would result in less -than-significant on-site operational impacts; however, the Project wou ld result in potentially significant off-site operational traffic noise impacts along Main Street between U.S. Highway 395 and Cataba Road. Based on the infeasibility of potential mitigation to adequately reduce off -site Project traffic noise levels to less-than-significant levels, and because there are no assurances that noise-reducing measures could be adequately implemented, no reasonably feasible and implementable mitigation measures have been identified. As such, off -site operational traffic noise impa cts would remain significant and unavoidable. Pursuant to Section 21081(a)(3) of the California Public Resources Code, as described in the Statement of Overriding Considerations, the City has determined that specific economic, legal, social, technological, or other considerations make infeasible the alternatives identified in the EIR, and the identified noise impacts are thereby acceptable because of specific overriding considerations (see Section 5).

2.2.3.3 Facts in Support of the Findings Related to Noise Based on the impact analysis, the proposed project would result in significant off-site operational traffic noise impacts along Main Street between U.S. Highway 395 and Cataba Road. Based on the infeasibility of potential mitigation to adequately reduce off-site Project traffic noise levels to less-than-significant levels, and because there are no assurances that noise -reducing measures could be adequately implemented, no reasonably feasible and implementable mitigation measures have been identified. Thus, impacts related to the Project’s off-site operational traffic noise impacts would remain significant and unavoidable.

2.2.4 Transportation

2.2.4.1 Potentially Significant Impacts to Transportation Conflict with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3 (b)
CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3(b) focuses on newly adopted criteria (VMT) adopted pursuant to SB 743 for determining the significance of transportation impacts. Pursuant to SB 743, the focus of transportation analysis changes from vehicle delay to VMT. Th e related updates to the CEQA Guidelines required under SB 743 were approved on December 28, 2018. As stated in CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3(c), the provisions of Section 15064.3 shall apply statewide on July 1, 2020.

The City of Hesperia has yet to ad opt its own VMT analysis guidelines and thresholds. City staff have recommended the VMT threshold of better than existing regional VMT until the City of Hesperia adopts its own guidelines and thresholds.

For the purposes of this EIR, the recommended VMT an alysis methodology and thresholds identified within the OPR’s Technical Advisory and SBCTA February 2020 guidelines have been used.

The San Bernardino Transportation Analysis Model (SBTAM) is a useful tool to estimate VMT as it considers interaction betwe en different land uses based on socio -economic data such as population, households, and

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employment. The SBCTA Guidelines identifies SBTAM as the appropriate tool for conducting VMT analysis for land use projects in San Bernardino County.

Project VMT has be en calculated using the most current version of SBTAM. Adjustments in socioeconomic data (SED) (i.e., employment) have been made to a traffic analysis zone (TAZ) within the SBTAM model to reflect the Project’s proposed land uses (i.e., warehouse). As menti oned previously, the SBTAM model includes a truck component. Therefore, Project truck trips and truck related VMT are included in the Project’s per -employee VMT, and the Project’s VMT is a conservative estimate.

The employment estimates for the Project are consistent with the employment density factors identified in SCAG’s Employment Density Study (SCAG 2001).

Adjustments to employment factors for the Project TAZ were made to both the SBTAM base year model (2012) and the cumulative year model (2040). Proje ct VMT was then calculated for both the base year model (2012) and cumulative year model (2040) and linear interpolation was used to determine the Project’s baseline (2020) VMT.

The VMT is then normalized by dividing by the Project’s service population (SP ) (e.g., employees). The Project baseline (2020) VMT per SP is 39.25.

SBCTA provides VMT calculations for each of its member agencies and for the County of San Bernardino region.

Urban Crossroads has obtained this data from SBCTA which identifies that the existing San Bernardino County VMT per SP for is 32.66.

The comparison between Project-generated VMT per SP to the baseline (2016) regional (San Bernardino County) VMT per SP, which was derived from the SBTAM base year model by SBCTA and their consulta nt. As shown, the Project would exceed the current threshold of the baseline County of San Bernardino VMT per SP. The Project VMT impact is therefore significant and unavoidable.

Design Hazards
Queuing Analysis
A queuing analysis was performed for U.S. Highway 395 from Luna Road to Joshua Street to assess vehicle queues along the roadways. There are no intersection turning movements that currently experience periodic queuing issues during the peak hours based on the 95th percentile peak hour traffic flows.

A queuing analysis was performed for the off -ramps at the I -15 and Main Street interchange to assess vehicle queues for the off ramps that may potentially result in deficient peak hour operations at the ramp -to-arterial intersections and may potentially “ spill back” onto the I -15 mainline. There are no off -ramp movements that are currently experiencing queuing issues during the weekday AM or weekday PM peak 95th percentile traffic flows.

Existing plus Project
The following intersection is anticipated to experience periodic queuing issues during the peak hours based on the 95th percentile peak hour traffic flows with the addition of Project traffic under Existing plus Project traffic conditions:
• U.S. Highway 395/Phelan Road/Main Street (#12) Southbound Left – AM and PM peak hours

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There are no off -ramp movements that are anticipated to experience queuing issues during the weekday AM or weekday PM peak 95th percentile traffic flows.

Opening Day plus Project
The following intersection turning movements are anticipated to experience periodic queuing issues during the peak hours based on the 95th percentile peak hour traffic flows for Opening Year Cumulative (2021) Without Project traffic conditions:
• U.S. Highway 395/Phelan Road/Main Street (#12) Southbound Left – AM and PM peak hours • U.S. Highway 395/Three Flags Road (#14) Northbound Left – AM and PM peak hours The following additional intersection turning movement is anticipated to experience queuing issues during the peak hours based on the 95th percentile peak hour traffic flows with the addition of Project traffic for Opening Year Cumulative (2021) With Project traffic conditions:
• U.S. Highway 395 and Phelan Road/Main Street (#12) Northbound Left – AM and PM peak hours There are no off-ramp movements that are anticipated to experience queuing issues during the weekday AM or weekday PM peak 95th percentile traffic flows under Opening Year Cumulative (2021) With Project traffic conditions.

Horizon Year (2040) plus Project
The following intersection turning movements are anticipated to experience periodic queuing issues during the peak hours based on the 95th percentile peak hour traffic flows for Horizon Year (2040) Without Project traffic conditions:
• U.S. Highway 395/Bear Valley Road (#9) Northbound Left – AM and PM peak hours • U.S. Highway 395/Bear Valley Road (#9) Southbound Left – AM and PM peak hours • U.S. Highway 395/Phelan Road/Main Street (#12) Northbound Left – PM peak hour only • U.S. Highway 395/Phelan Road/Main Street (#12) Southbound Left – AM and PM peak hours • U.S. Highway 395/Poplar Street (#13) Southbound Left – AM and PM peak hours • U.S. Highway 395/Three Flags Road (#14) Northbound Left – AM and PM peak hours • U.S. Highway 395/Joshua Street (#15) Southbound Left – AM and PM peak hours There are no additional intersection turning movements that are anticipated to experience queuing issues during the peak hours based on the 95th percentile peak hour traffic flows for Horizon Year (2040) With Project traffic conditions, in addition to the movements identified under Horizon Year (2040) Without Project traffic conditions.

There are no off -ramp movements that are anticipated to experience queuing issues during the weekday AM or weekday PM peak 95th percentile traffic flows with the addition of Pr oject traffic under Horizon Year (2040) With Project traffic conditions.

Improvement measures required to mitigate Project’s impact would include fair-share contribution to Intersections #9, #12, #13, #14, and #15. Since the City does not have jurisdiction over some of these facilities, these improvements cannot be assumed to be in place prior to Project’s occupancy. Therefore, Project’s impact to increase in hazardous conditions (i.e. queuing) would be significant and unavoidable.

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Cumulative Transportation Impacts
A TIA was prepared to evaluate the Project’s effects on the LOS on transportation facilities in the Project area. The Project’s cumulative contribution to traffic-related impacts has been analyzed under Opening Year and Horizon Year analyses within the TIA and summarized under Threshold A. Some of the study area intersections would not comport with Policy CI -2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 under General Plan Goal: CI -2 Develop and implement a City -wide Congestion Management Plan of the City’s General Plan, as th ey would operate or are forecast to operate at unsatisfactory (LOS E or F) conditions during either the AM or PM peak hours. However, LOS has been addressed herein for informational purposed only and can no longer be used to determine significant transportation impacts under CEQA and SB 743.

As discussed above, the Project would exceed the current threshold of the baseline County of San Bernardino VMT per SP, resulting in a Project -specific VMT impact that is therefore significant and unavoidable. OPR’s Tec hnical Advisory states the following, “a project that falls below an efficiency-based threshold that is aligned with long-term goals and relevant plans has no cumulative impact distinct from the project impact. Accordingly, a finding of a less- than-significant project impact would imply a less than significant cumulative impact and vice versa. Therefore, the Project’s finding related to cumulative VMT impacts is considered potentially significant. MM -TRA-1 would be implemented. However, the effectiveness of some of the TDM strategies that have potential to reduce the Project VMT are dependent on yet unknown Project building tenant(s); and as noted above, VMT reductions from TDM strategies cannot be guaranteed in most cases. Therefore, Project’s cumulative impact with respect to VMT would be significant and unavoidable.

In addition, the Project may increase a hazardous condition due to queuing impacts at the intersections #9, #12, #13, #14, and #15 under the Horizon Year (2040) plus Project analysis scenario. Since the City does not have jurisdiction over some of these facilities, these improvements cannot be assumed to be in place prior to Project’s occupancy. Therefore, Project’s impact to increase in hazardous conditions (i.e. queuing) would be significant and unavoidable, and thus, the Project could contribute to a cumulatively considerable impact associated with queuing and hazardous design features.

2.2.4.2 Mitigation Measures
MM-TRA-1 The Project applicant shall submit a Transportation Demand Management (TDM) plan prepared by a qualified transportation consultant acceptable to the City of Hesperia to reduce Project’s vehicle miles traveled. The TDM plan shall be approved by the City prior to the issuance of the first occupancy permit. The TDM plan shall apply to Project tenants through tenant leases. The TDM plan shall discourage single -occupancy vehicle trips and encourage alternative modes of transportation such as carpooling, taking transit, walking, and biking. Examples of trip reduction measures may include, but are not limited to:
• Transit passes
• Car-sharing programs
• Telecommuting and alternative work schedules
• Ride sharing programs

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2.2.4.3 Findings per CEQA Guidelines
The City finds that the above mitigation measure is feasible, is adopted, and will reduce some of the proposed project transportation impacts attributable to trips generated by the proposed project. The Project would exceed the current threshold of the baseline County of San Bernardino VMT per SP, resulting in a Project -specific VMT impact that is therefore significant and unavoidable. MM-TRA-1 would be implemented. However, the effectiveness of some of the TDM strategies that have potential to reduce the Project VMT are dependent on yet unknown Project building tenant(s).

In addition, the Project may increase a hazardous condition due to queuing impacts at various intersections that the City does not have jurisdiction over, therefore, these improvements cannot be assumed to be in place prior to Project’s occupancy. Therefore, the Project’s impact to increase in hazardous conditions (i.e. queuing) would be significant and unavoidable. Pursuant to Section 21081(a)(3) of the California Public Resources Code, as described in the Statement of Overriding Considerations, the City has determined that specific economic, legal, social, technological, or other considerations make infeasible the alternatives identified in the EIR, and the identified transportation impacts are thereby acceptable because of specific overriding considerations (see Section 5).

2.2.4.4 Facts in Support of the Findings Related to Transportation The Project would exceed the current threshold of the baseline County of San Bernardino VMT per SP, resulting in a Project -specific VMT impact that is therefore significant and unavoidable. MM -TRA-1 would be implemented.

However, the effectiveness of some of the TDM strategies that have potential to reduce the Project VMT are dependent on yet unknown Project building tenant(s).

Some intersection impacts remain significant and unavoidable because they are outside the City’ s control to implement mitigation. The Project may increase a hazardous condition due to queuing impacts at the intersections #9, #12, #13, #14, and #15 under the Horizon Year (2040) plus Project analysis scenario. Since the City does not have jurisdiction over some of these facilities, these improvements cannot be assumed to be in place prior to Project’s occupancy.

Mitigation measures are proposed to reduce potential transportation impacts, however, since implementation of the roadway improvements cannot be guaranteed by project opening or project build -out, mitigation and improvements are rendered infeasible. The significance determinations are based on a conservative worst -case scenario whereby it is assumed that mitigation for all significant impacts outside the control of the City are infeasible and therefore, the impacts are significant and unavoidable.

2.3 Impacts Determined to Be Less Than Significant
with Mitigation
This section identifies significant adverse impacts of the project that require f indings to be made under CEQA Section 21081(a) and CEQA Guidelines Section 15091(a)(1). Based on substantial evidence, the City finds that adoption of the mitigation measures set forth in this section will reduce the identified significant impacts to less than significant levels:
• Aesthetics
o Scenic vistas

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o Regulations governing scenic quality
o Cumulative aesthetics impacts
• Air Quality
o Cumulatively considerable net increase of criteria pollutants • Short-term construction impacts
• Biological Resources
o Candidate, sensitive, or special-status species
o Adverse impact on riparian habitat/sensitive natural communities o Adverse effect on wetlands
o Conflict with biological resources protection policies and ordinances o Cumulative biological impacts
• Cultural Resources
o Historic resources
o Archaeological resources
o Disturbance of human remains
o Cumulative cultural impacts
• Geology and Soils
o Unique paleontological resource or site or unique geologic feature • Hazards and Hazardous Materials
o Routine transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials o Release of hazardous materials and the potential for upset conditions o Cumulative hazards impacts
• Tribal Cultural Resources
o Register of Historical Resources
o California Public Resource Code, Section 5024.1
o Cumulative tribal cultural impacts
Other impacts addressed under cumulatively considerable net increase of criteria pollutants are addressed in Section 2.2, Impacts Determined to be Significant and Unavoidable. In addition, other impacts not addressed under special-status wildlife species are addressed in Section 2.4.4.

2.3.1 Aesthetics

2.3.1.1 Potentially Significant Impacts to Aesthetics
Scenic Vistas
The Project would involve the construction of three industrial/warehouse buildings, surface parking and loading areas. Buildings 1 and 3 would be in the northern portion of the Project site, and Building 2 would be in the southern portion of the Project site and would front Phelan Road.

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The Project site is located on relatively flat land within a wide, valley floor. The City of Hesperia General Plan identifies natural scenic open space as a valuable scenic resource that contributes to the visual landscape and states that these areas should be preserved. Open space areas within the City include the Mojave River to the east, the San Bernardino and San Gabriel Mountain ranges and the surrounding Victor Valley to the south, and the neighboring undeveloped hillsides and the natural desert environment. Additionally, several washes and natural water courses traverse the City, and are identified in the City’s General Plan as providing physical and visual relief from surrounding urban development (City of Hesperia 20 10a).The City protects wash areas through the Main Street and Freeway Corridor Specific Plan Wash Protection Overlay. The nearest protected wash area to the Project site is the Oro Grande Wash, which is located approximately 0.25 -mile to the east of the Pr oject site beyond U.S.

Highway 395.

Photographs of the Project site and surrounding area were taken from public vantage points to document the existing visual environment and to identify locations from which to assess the potential for Project impacts on scenic vistas. Key view locations were selected to depict existing views toward the Project site available from public vantage points, and KOPs 1 and 2 were selected to depict existing conditions and visual simulations of the Project.

Visual simulations pro vide 3 -dimensional photo -realistic before and after images of the Project. The key view locations and KOPs were selected based on the variety of viewer groups in the area and existing views to natural scenic resources. Motorists constitute the largest view er group in the Project area, and thus, views are depicted from public roadways. Other land uses in the Project area include rural residential uses and commercial/light industrial uses. These land uses are located in close proximity to the key view locatio ns and KOPs, and would be afforded similar views as presented in the photographs.

Existing views toward and across the immediate and broader Project area consist of natural scenic elements such as the flat valley floor, sloping natural terrain within nearby washes, including the Oro Grande Wash and the smaller wash/drainage area adjacent to the Project site, a variety of natural vegetation, including scattered Joshua trees and Juniper, and distant ridgelines of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains that form a backdrop.

Additionally, there are several man -made elements located throughout the Project area that intervene between viewers and natural scenic elements. These intervening elements include roadways, roadway signage, rural residential buildings, light industrial uses (e.g., truck yards, warehouses, and scrapyards), and transmission lines.

As discussed in further detail below, implementation of the Project would result in the development of three warehouse buildings within an area that contains limited levels of development. While development of these structures would result in some levels of blockage of views of natural scenic elements, these views would still largely be afforded to viewers as they move through the Project area. Moreover, the p resence of existing man -made elements (i.e., transmission lines, signage, and light-industrial uses) within the existing viewshed precludes views of the Project site from being particularly significant. In addition, implementation of MM -AES-1 would require that Project buildings are designed such that building colors mimic the colors and tones found in the natural desert landscape to soften the contrast with the surrounding desert terrain, to the extent feasible. These factors and significance determinations are discussed in further detail below in the context of specific key observation points, which are representative of other views in and around the Project site.

Visual Simulations
KOP 1
KOP 1 provides an existing conditions image and a visual simulation of the Project from Phelan Road/Main Street, located approximately 0.15-mile southwest of the Project site. A residential development is located immediately

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north of KOP 1, across Phelan Road atop elevated terrain on the western side of the wash/drainage a rea. Views afforded to eastbound motorists include natural scenic resources such as the gently to moderately sloping desert terrain covered with a variety of natural vegetation within a small wash/drainage area that flanks the western side of the Project s ite (within the Los Angeles Bureau of Power and Light Road corridor). A rise in the terrain encompassed by the eastern bank the wash/drainage area is visible and covered with grasses and scattered small to medium sized shrubs, and large Joshua and Juniper trees. The Project site portrays as a flat plateau elevated atop vegetation covered slopes. Multiple transmission lines are apparent in the immediate foreground and middle- ground and are located adjacent to the Project site’s western and southern boundarie s. Associated with these transmission lines are the tall lattice structures within the Los Angeles Bureau of Power and Light Road right-of-way and the smaller wooden t-pole structures along Phelan Road.

The Project would introduce wide, lower-profile warehouse buildings to the Project site. The approximately 48-foot-tall western and southern façades of Building 2 would be prominently visible from KOP 1. The southern façade of the building would be visible extending to the east, as the building fronts Phelan Road for approximately 3,000 feet. The building façades would include vertical and horizontal color variation that would break up the overall massing of the buildings and provide visual interest. While the warehouse buildings would be prominently visible and would alter the existing view, the Project would not substantially block or disrupt views of the natural features from KOP 1. The sloping terrain and existing desert vegetation within the wash/drainage area west of the Project site would remain intact.

Project buildings would not block views across the desert landscape from KOP 1, as under existing conditions, the elevated plateau impedes long distance views across the landscape from KOP 1. As motorists travel east on Phelan Road, the road slopes upward to meet the elevation of the Project site. Phelan Road is a major arterial, which is meant to accommodate large volumes of through-traffic traveling at higher speeds (City of Hesperia 2010a). Assuming drivers are traveling on Phelan Road at prevailing speeds (55 mph), Building 2 would front Phelan Road and screen immediate views across the landscape to the north for a brief period (approximately 38 seconds) and views would be quickly restored. Some Joshua trees that are visible from KOP 1 and additional trees within the Project site would be removed.

However, Joshua trees would be relocated according to the Joshua Tree Relocation Plan (see Section 2.3.2, Biological Resources). Thus, views from KOP 1 would not be substantially impacted such that views of scenic vistas or scenic resources would be substantially blocked or screened from view.

KOP 2
KOP 2 provides an existing conditions image and a visual simulation of the Project from the intersection of Bellflower Street and Yucca Terrace Drive, approximately 0.28-mile northwest of the Project site. KOP 2 is representative of views to toward the Project site from local roads within the rural residential and light industrial/commercial areas surrounding the Project site. Rural residential properties are located within close proximity of KOP 2. Scenic vistas and scenic resources visible from this location include the expansive desert terrain and natural vegetation (including Joshua trees) and the background ridgeline of the San Bernardino Mountains. Similar other views surrounding the Project site, existing transmission lines and tall lattice towers and t-poles are the primary built structures that intervene between viewers and scenic backdrops. While these features do not block views of the desert landscape or Sa n Bernardino Mountains, the disorganized repetition of the linear and angular features detract from the overall integrity of the viewshed. Additionally, several medium-duty and heavy-duty trucks are visible in the foreground and middle- ground, in an area immediately north of the Project site. These trucks are parked on one of many truck storage lots located throughout the Project area and throughout the U.S. Highway 395 corridor.

Upon Project implementation the Project would introduce warehouse buildings (o nly Buildings 1 and 2 would be visible from KOP 2) into the viewshed. The existing view of the foreground desert terrain and natural vegetation would remain intact, and Joshua trees removed from the Project site would be relocated according to the Joshua

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Tree Relocation Plan (see Section 2.3.2). Project buildings would display a low, flat profile that would mimic the flat desert terrain. As shown in the visual simulation, Project buildings would display a variety of tan and brown colors with vertical and horizontal elements, which would disrupt the monotony of the building facades. However, the bright/light tan of the western façade of the buildings would be prominently visible and would contrast with the natural desert terrain. MM-AES-1 would require that Project buildings are designed such that building colors mimic the colors and tones found in the natural desert landscape to soften the contrast with the desert terrain, to the extent feasible.

Further, the Project would include landscaping that would incorporate natural vegetation and that would complement the desert landscape. With implementation of MM-AES-1 and through site specific landscaping, the visible contrast with the surrounding environment would be softened. Additionally, introduction of Project buildings on the Project site would shorten the available views across the flat desert landscape, and when viewed directly across the Project site, would block a portion of San Bernardino Mountains from view. However, given the low profile and limited extent of Project buildings, these views would only be partially blocked from view and would be fully restored to viewers as they travel around the Project area. Moreover, these views of the desert landscape and San Bernardino Mountains are already interrupted by existing transmission facilities and trucking-related use which detract from the overall integrity of the viewshed. Thus, placement of Project structures within the viewshed of this KOP, which is representative of other views in and around the Project site, would not result in a significant impact to scenic vistas, as the Project buildings would only result in minor blockage of views of desert landscape and the San Bernardino Mountains; views would be restored upon moving around the Project site; and existing intervening features within and surrounding the Project site detract from existing views through and beyond the Project site. Therefore, with incorporation of MM-AES- 1, impacts associated with scenic vistas would be less than significant.

Regulations Governing Scenic Quality
California Public Resources Code Section 21071 defines an “urbanized area” as “an incorporated city that meets either of the following criteria: (1) Has a population of at least 100,000 persons, or (2) Has a population of less than 100,000 persons if the population of that city and not more than two contiguous incorporated cities combined equals at least 100,000 persons.” T he City’s population in 2019 was approximately 95,750 people (U.S. Census 2019). However, the City is border ed by the City of Victorville to the north, City of Apple Valley to the east, unincorporated San Bernardino County land to the south, and the unincorporated community of Oak Hills to the west. The combined population of the City of Hesperia and any one of these adjacent Cities is over 100,000 persons. Thus, the Project site is considered to be within an urbanized area and following analysis considers whether the Project would conflict with applicable zoning or other regulations governing scenic quality. Nonetheless, the Project’s compatibility with the existing visual character and quality of the surrounding area as viewed from public vantage points has also been considered and discussed throughout this analysis.

The Project would result in the construction of three industrial/warehouse buildings on relatively flat, vacant land.

The Project would result in an increase in the intensity of use on currently undeveloped site, as the Project would support a variety of activities associated with the three industri al/warehouse buildings, including the ingressing and egressing of passenger vehicles and trucks, the loading and unloading of trucks with designated truck courts/loading areas, and the internal and external movement of materials around the Project site via forklifts, pallet jacks, and similar equipment. In an attempt to ensure that current and future development within the City is designed and constructed to conform to existing the visual character and quality, the City of Hesperia Development Code (Title 16 of the City’s Municipal Code) includes design standards related to building size, height, floor area ratio, and setbacks, as well as landscaping, signage, and other visual considerations. These design standards help adjacent land uses to be visually consistent with one another and their surroundings, and reduces the potential for conflicting visual elements. More specific to the Project site, the Main Street and Freeway Corridor Specific Plan sets forth development standards for the CIBP Zone and industrial development. The design specifications for the

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Project would be reviewed by the City for compliance with all applicable provisions set forth by the City’s Development Code and the Specific Plan. As part of the City’s development review process, the Proj ect’s architectural plans would be reviewed by City staff and the Planning Commission to determine whether Project design conforms to the Development Code and Specific Plan, and promotes the visual character and quality of the surrounding area.

Due to the size and scale of industrial buildings, it is especially important to consider design to ensure compatibility with other parts of the community. Chapter 11 of the Specific Plan provides additional details regarding design standards and guidelines for indu strial development. In accordance with the Specific Plan design guidelines, all setback areas would be landscaped, and building orientation, siting and entrances would be designed to minimize conflicts with the surrounding visual environment. For instance, landscaping and vegetation would be used to provide visual screening, and building facades would feature a complementary neutral color palette and a variety of building materials.

With implementation of MM-AES-1, building colors shall be reviewed to incorporate the colors and tones that match or complement the natural desert environment such that color contrasts with the surrounding environment would be minimized. Buildings would include materials such as concrete, metal, aluminum entry framing, and glass, and building elevations would include vertical and horizontal elements that would break up the overall massing of the buildings and provide visual interest.

Project buildings and streetscape elements (e.g., lighting and paving materials) would be designe d to minimize conflicts between the Project and existing residential neighborhoods to the north, west, east and south by locating the most intensive components of the Project as far away from residences as possible. The existing natural and semi-natural land uses, such as Oro Grande Wash corridor and the adjacent wash/drainage area to the west of the Project site (within the Los Angeles Bureau of Power and Light Road transmission corridor), would serve as natural buffers between the Project site and surrounding residential areas.

The Project would be of similar bulk and scale as other industrial and commercial development located throughout the City and region, such as the existing manufacturing, distributing and commercial uses located approximately 1 mile east and south of the Project site, near I-15 and U.S. Highway 395. Further, the flat, low appearance of Project buildings would mimic the surrounding, relatively flat desert landscape.

The visual setting surrounding the Project site currently consists of primarily undeveloped desert landscape with scattered residential, commercial and light industrial uses, and panoramic views of the surrounding valley and mountains. The visual integrity of the site itself has been disrupted by the disturbed nature of the site, which is crossed by dirt trails and roads and scattered debris piles due to ongoing trespassing and illegal dumping on site, debris piles and exposed soils are visible near the road as well as scattered throughout the site). Overall, Project development would alter the existing rural character of the Project area. However, the proposed building elevations are consistent with the design standards and guidelines outlined in the Specific Plan.

The Main Street and Freeway Corridor Specific Plan encourag es architectural design to maximize views of the landscape and incorporate natural elements. Project landscaping would include a plant palette that complements and reflects the natural desert environment. Further, with incorporation of MM-AES-1, natural desert tones would be used in Project colors and materials to reduce contrast with the surrounding environment. The Project would eliminate the illegal uses currently occurring on site (trespassing and illegal dumping), and develop the vacant parcels with maintained development and landscaping. Therefore, compliance with the City’s Development Code and the Main Street Corridor Specific Plan design standards and guidelines, implementation of site specific landscaping, and with

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implementation of MM-AES-1, the Project would not conflict applicable zoning or other regulations governing scenic quality and impacts related to visual character and quality would be less than significant.

Cumulative Aesthetics Impacts
The Project is located within the Main Street and Freeway Corridor Specific Plan area, and thus, would be designed and constructed according to the design guidelines and standards outlined in the Specific Plan for the CIBP Zone and industrial development. These guidelines and standards aim to protect the Specific Plan area’s high desert setting and panoramic mountain views. All related projects located within the Specific Plan area would be subject to these design guidelines and standards, which include rec ommendations for the architectural character of new buildings to maximize views of the landscape while taking inspiration from surrounding natural elements.

The development and design standards provide the framework for the desired aesthetic and visual en vironment.

Other development projects in the area will incorporate development standards, design guidelines, and other strategies outlined in the Specific Plan. In addition, with implementation of MM -AES-1, the Project’s proposed building colors shall be reviewed to incorporate the colors and tones that match or complement the natural desert environment such that color contrasts with the surrounding cumulative environment would be minimized. Thus, cumulative impacts related to the visual quality and charact er of the Project area would not be cumulatively considerable, assuming that related Projects would implement the same mandatory design standards set forth in the Specific Plan to which the Project must adhere.

Related development in the Specific Plan area and surrounding areas would introduce new sources of light in a setting that includes large areas of undeveloped land. However, Project lighting would comply with existing requirements (i.e., lighting would be directed downward, shielded, and focused on the Project site) to ensure lighting has a minimal effect on the overall night sky and reduce the potential for glare. Other projects located throughout the Specific Plan area would similarly be required to comply with these regulations. Therefore, complian ce with these regulations would ensure that lighting and glare impacts would be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

2.3.1.2 Mitigation Measures
MM-AES-1: Project buildings and elements shall include colors and tones that mimic the natural desert environment. The Project applicant shall present to the City of Hesperia a materials board showing the proposed building color palette for review and approval prior to issuance of the first building permit. City staff shall review the color palette to ensure that the selected colors and tones largely conform to those colors and tones already found in the surrounding natural desert landscape. The color palette, along with the Project design as a whole, shall also be reviewed to assure conformance with the development standards of the Hesperia Municipal Code and the Main Street and Freeway Corridor Specific Plan in order to promote the visual character and quality of the surrounding area.

2.3.1.3 Findings Per CEQA Guidelines
Consistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15126.4(a)(1), feasible measures that can minimize significant adverse impacts were developed for the potentially significant impacts described in Section 2.3.1.1. This feasible measure, MM-AES-1, is described in Section 2.3.1.2.

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The City finds that this mitigation measure is feasible, is adopted, and will reduce the potential aesthetics impacts of the proposed project to less -than-significant levels. Accordingly, the City finds that, pursuant to CEQA Section 21081(a)(1) and CEQA Guideli nes Section 15091(a)(1), changes or alterations have been required in, or incorporated into, the proposed project that mitigate or avoid potentially significant aesthetics‐related impacts of the proposed project identified in the Final EIR.

2.3.1.4 Facts in Support of the Findings Related to Aesthetics The City finds that the mitigation measure is feasible, is adopted, and will reduce the proposed project’s aesthetics impact. Potential impacts to scenic vistas and cumulative aesthetics would be reduced to a less-than-significant level with implementation of MM-AES-1. Furthermore, the Project’s conflicts with regulations governing scenic quality would be reduced to less than significant with implementation of MM-AES-1.

2.3.2 Air Quality

2.3.2.1 Potentially Significant Impacts to Air Quality Resources Cumulatively Considerable Net Increase of Criteria Pollutants Short-Term Construction Impacts
Construction of the Project would result in the temporary addition of pollutants to the local airshed ca used by on- site sources (i.e., off -road construction equipment and soil disturbance) and off -site sources (i.e., on -road haul trucks, vendor trucks, and worker vehicle trips). Construction emissions can vary substantially from day to day, depending on the level of activity, the specific type of operation, and for dust, the prevailing weather conditions.

Therefore, such emission levels can only be approximately estimated with a corresponding uncertainty in precise ambient air quality impacts.

Criteria air po llutant emissions associated with temporary construction activity were quantified using CalEEMod.

CalEEMod calculates maximum daily emissions for summer and winter periods. Under the assumed scenarios, emissions resulting from the Project construction woul d exceed criteria pollutant thresholds established by the MDAQMD for VOC emissions. This impact would be potentially significant without mitigation.

MM-AQ-1 will be implemented to reduce the impacts, which requires that the Project shall utilize “Super-Compliant” low VOC paints which have been reformulated to exceed the regulatory VOC limits put forth by MDAQMD’s Rule 1113. Super-Compliant low VOC paints shall be no more than 10 grams per liter (g/L) of VOC. Alternatively, the Project Applicant may utilize tilt-up concrete buildings that do not require the use of architectural coatings. In addition, MM -AQ-2 and MM -AQ-3 would be implemented to further reduce Project -generated construction emissions, including VOC emissions, associated with equipment and vehicle exhaust. The effectiveness of MM-AQ-1 is quantified in the mitigated emissions estimate; however, the emission reductions associated with implementation of MM-AQ-2 cannot be accurately quantified at this time and the emission reductions associated with MM-AQ-3 are conservatively not assumed.

After implementation of MM-AQ-1, regional construction emissions would not exceed the applicable MDAQMD thresholds of significance for any criteria pollutant. Mitigation measures MM-AQ-2 and MM-AQ-3 would further reduce Project- generated construction emissions; however, the associated emission reductions are not estimated herein. Therefore,

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with the incorporation of mitigation, short-term impacts associated with a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the Project region is non-attainment would be less than significant.

2.3.2.2 Mitigation Measures
MM-AQ-1 through MM-AQ-3 can be found in Section 2.2.1.2, above.

2.3.2.3 Findings Per CEQA Guidelines
Consistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15126.4(a)(1), feasible measures that can minimize significant adverse impacts were developed for the potentially significant impacts described in Section 2.3.2.1. These feasible measures, MM-AQ-1 through MM-AQ-3, are listed in Section 2.2.1.2.

The City finds that these mitigation measures are feasible, are adopted, and will reduce the potential air quality impacts of the proposed project to less than significant levels. Accordingly, the City finds that, pursuant to CEQA Section 21081(a)(1) and CEQA Guidelines Section 15091(a)(1), changes or alterations have been required in or incorporated into the proposed project that will mitigate or avoid potentially significant impacts on air quality.

2.3.2.4 Findings Per CEQA Guidelines
Implementation of MM-AQ-1 through MM-AQ-3 would reduce potentially significant impacts related to air quality as described in Section 2.3.2.1 to a less than significant level. There would be no significant, unavoidable impacts related to air quality as described in Section 2.3.2.1 after implementation of these mitigation measures.

2.3.3 Biological Resources

2.3.3.1 Potentially Significant Impacts to Biological Resources Candidate, Sensitive, or Special-Status Species
The following section evaluates the Project’s effects on plant and wildlife species identified as candidate, sensitive, or special status species in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the CDFW or USFWS.

Special-Status Plant Species
Direct Impacts
Desert native plants protected under the City of Hesperia’s Municipal Code and California Desert Native Plants Act Plants are described below. No non-listed special-status plant species were observed within the Project site or Off- Site Utilities Alignments (the Off-Site Sewer Alignment and the Off-Site Water Alignment) and none are expected to occur. Western Joshua tree, a candidate for state listing under CESA, was observed and would be directly impacted by the Project. Based on the site plan, implementation of the Project would result in direct impacts to 1,367 western Joshua tree individuals. All ground -disturbing activities, even areas temporarily impacted, are considered permanent impacts to western Joshua trees.

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conservation mechanism approved by the City of Hesperia and CDFW. Additionally, as required by MM-BIO-2 and in accordance with Chapter 16.24 of the Hesperia Municipal Code, the preparation of a Joshua tree and desert native plants relocation plan is required to mitigate impacts to western Joshua trees as a result of the Project. As such, a Joshua Tree Preservation, Protection, and Relocation Plan, and California Desert Native Plant Relocation Plan was prepared to provide detailed specifications for the Project Applicant to meet the requirements of Chapter 16.24 of the Hesperia Municipal Code to protect, preserve, and mitigate impacts to Joshua trees.

Indirect Impacts
Construction-related indirect impacts may include inadvertent spillover impacts outside of the construction footprint, dust accumulation on individual western Joshua tre es, chemical spills, stormwater erosion and sedimentation, and increased wildfire risk.

Implementation of MM-BIO-3 gives the Project’s Designated Biologist the authority to stop work if construction is not compliant with this CEQA document. MM-BIO-4 requires that an experienced biologist oversee compliance with the protective measures, including limiting impacts to the Project impact footprint. MM-BIO-5 would provide construction personnel with training related to western Joshua trees that are present on and adjacent to the impact footprint. MM-BIO-6 provides for documentation that the education program was administered to applicable personnel. MM-BIO-7 requires that impacts occur within the fenced, staked, or flagged area that is clearly delineated within the Project impact footprint. The construction crew will be responsible for unauthorized impacts from construction activities to western Joshua trees that are outside the permitted Project footprint. Thus, implementation of MM-BIO-3 through MM-BIO-7 will enable the Project to avoid and minimize inadvertent spillover impacts outside of the approved impact footprint.

To reduce fugitive dust resulting from Project construction and to minimize adverse air quality impacts, the Project would employ dust mitigation measures in accordance with the Mojave Desert Air Quality Management District’s Rules 401 and 403.2, which limit the amount of fugitive dust generated during construction.

MM-BIO-8 would ensure that a prompt and effective response to any accidental chemical spills will be implemented and that repair and clean-up of any hazardous waste occurs. Thus, implementation of MM-BIO-8 would help to avoid and minimize impacts to western Joshua tree from any construction-related chemical spills.

A Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan would be prepared and implemented to prevent all construction pollutants from contacting stormwater during construction activities, with the intent of keeping sediment and any other pollutants from moving off site and into receiving waters. Best management practice categories employed on site would include erosion control, sediment control, and non -stormwater good housekeeping. Preparation and implementation of a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan would help to avoid and minimize the p otential effects of stormwater erosion during construction.

Construction of the Project would introduce potential ignition sources to the Project site, including the use of heavy machinery and the potential for sparks during welding activities or other ho t work. However, the Project would be required to comply with City of Hesperia and state requirements for fire safety practices to reduce the possibility of fires during construction activities. Further, vegetation would be removed from the site prior to t he start of construction. Adherence to City of Hesperia and state regulatory standards during Project construction would reduce the risk of wildfire ignition and spread during construction activities. Therefore, short -term construction impacts involving wildland fires would not be substantial.

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Potential long-term (post-construction) indirect impacts from operations and maintenance activities may include effects of herbicides, changes in water quality, increased wildfire risk, and accidental chemical spills.

MM-BIO-9 would limit herbicide use to instances where hand or mechanical efforts are infeasible and would only be applied when wind speeds are less than 7 miles per hour to prevent drift into off-site western Joshua trees.

Implementation of low-impact-development features and best management practices would, to the maximum extent practicable, reduce the discharge of pollutants into receiving waters, including inadvertent release of pollutants (e.g., hydraulic fluids and petroleum); the improper management of hazardous materials; trash and debris; and the improper management of portable restroom facilities (e.g., regular service) in accordance with all relevant local and state development standards. In addition, in accordance with CalGreen requirements (Cal ifornia Green Building Standards Code, CCR, Title 24, Part 11), Project source controls to improve water quality would be provided for outdoor material storage areas, outdoor trash storage/waste handling areas, and outdoor loading/unloading areas. Therefore, impacts to western Joshua trees due to changes in water quality would be avoided and minimized through implementation of low-impact-development features and best management practices.

Upon completion of Project construction, with adherence to the City of Hesperia’s Municipal Code and because of the low ignitability of the proposed structures and implementation of fire -resistant and irrigated landscaping, the Project would not facilitate wildfire spread or exacerbate wildfire risk. Further, given that surrounding off-site fuels consist of moderately spaced vegetation, wildfires in the immediate surrounding area are not common, and it is unlikely that the Project site would be exposed to the uncontrolled spread of a wildfire. It is not anticipated that the Project, due to slope, prevailing winds, and other factors, would exacerbate wildfire risks or the uncontrolled spread of a wildfire; thus, with adherence to the City of Hesperia’s Municipal Code, long -term indirect impacts to western Joshua tree associated with increased wildlife risk is not expected to occur.

Special-Status Wildlife
Burrowing Owl
Direct Impacts
Burrowing owl was not observed on the Project site or Off-Site Utilities Alignments; however, suitable habitat exists on site, and the species could eventually occupy the Project site or Off -Site Utilities Alignments prior to construction.

Pursuant to the California Fish and Game Code and the MBTA, a pre ‐construction survey in compliance with Staff Report on Burrowing Owl Mitigation, State of California Natural Resource Agency, Department of Fish and Game, May 7, 2012 (CDFW 2012) would be necessary to reevaluate the locations of potential burrowing owl burrows located within the Project limits so take of owls or active owl nests can be avo ided. Consistent with MM -BIO-3, a pre - construction survey for burrowing owl shall be conducted in areas supporting potentially suitable habitat and within 14 days prior to the start of construction activities. Additionally, a burrowing owl relocation plan has been prepared.

The Project would result in the loss of 192.5 acres of suitable habitat for burrowing owl. As required by MM-BIO-1, mitigation for direct impacts to western Joshua trees will be fulfilled through conservation of Western Joshua tree through purchase of credits at a CDFW-approved mitigation bank or other conservation mechanism approved by the City of Hesperia and CDFW. Conservation efforts for western Joshua tree associated with this mitigation will focus on the conservation of large, interconnected Joshua tree woodlands on lands where edge effects are limited, versus lands in urban settings that are subject to habitat fragmentation and edge effects, such as the Project site. Thus, mitigation for impacts to western Joshua tree will also mitigate for impacts to loss of suitable habitat for burrowing owl.

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Indirect Impacts
Construction activities have the potential to result in indirect impacts to burrowing owls and their habitat. Those impacts could include dust, noise and vibration, trash and debris, increased human presence, vehicle collisions, chemical spills, and night-time lighting. These potential short-term or temporary indirect impacts to burrowing owls are considered significant absent mitigation.

MM-BIO-10 would require burrowing owl surveys and result in establishment of construction buffers around any burrowing owl dens found, thus limiting effects from most short-term indirect impacts, including noise and vibration, increased human presence, night-time lighting, and vehicle collisions. MM-BIO-11 would require night-time lighting during construction within 50 feet of habitat for special-status species to be shielded downward. MM-BIO-3, MM-BIO- 4, and MM-BIO-6 would require that all workers complete a Worker Environmental Awareness Program (WEAP) training and would require ongoing biological monitoring and compliance with all biological resource mitigation requirements.

MM-BI0-12 would require trash and debris to be removed regularly and would require animal -resistant trash receptacles to avoid attracting urban-related, predator species. MM-BIO-8 would ensure that a prompt and effective response to any accidental chemical spills will be implemented and that repair and clean-up of any hazardous waste occurs. To reduce fugitive dust resulting from project construction and to minimize adverse air quality impacts, the Project would employ dust mitigation measures in accordance with the Mojave Desert Air Quality Management District’s Rules 401 and 403.2, which limit the amount of fugitive dust generated during construction.

Potential long-term indirect impacts that could result from development within or adjacent to burrowing owl habitat include nighttime lighting and increased invasive plant species that may degrade habitat. MM-BIO-11 would require night-time lighting during operations within 50 feet of habitat for special -status species to be shielded downward.

MM-BIO-4 would result in restoration of temporary impact areas that would limit the introduction of non -native species in burrowing owl habitat and avoid long-term habitat degradation.

With the incorporation of mitigation, direct and indirect impacts to burrowing owl would be less than significant.

Loggerhead Shrike
The loggerhead shrike is a CDFW species of special concern during its nesting period. It can be found in lowlands and foothills throughout California. It prefers open habitats with scattered shrubs, trees, posts, fences, utility lines, or other perches. Highest density occurs in open-canopied valley foothill hardwood, valley foothill hardwood-conifer, valley foothill riparian, pinyon-juniper, juniper, desert riparian, and Joshua tree habitats. Loggerhead shrike was not observed during the biological surveys, but has a moderate potential to occur on the Project site and within the Off- Site Utilities Alignments. Extensive suitable nesting habitat, particularly near Joshua trees, is present within the Project site and Off-Site Utilities Alignments.

Direct Impacts
To avoid potential impacts to nesting loggerhead shrike, it is recommended that the vegetation removal activities be conducted outside the general bird nesting season (February 1 through August 31). If vegetation cannot be removed outside the bird nesting season, a pre‐construction nesting bird survey by a qualified biologist is required prior to vegetation removal. This requirement is outlined in MM-BIO-15. Also, the Project would result in the loss of 192.5 acres of suitable habitat for loggerhead. As required by MM-BIO-1, mitigation for direct impacts to weste rn Joshua trees will be fulfilled through conservation of Western Joshua tree through purchase of credits at a CDFW - approved mitigation bank or other conservation mechanism approved by the City of Hesperia and CDFW.

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Conservation efforts for western Joshua tree associated with this mitigation will focus on the conservation of large, interconnected Joshua tree woodlands on lands where edge effects are limited, versus lands in urban settings that are subject to habitat fragmentation and edge effects, such as t he Project site. Thus, mitigation for impacts to western Joshua tree will also mitigate for impacts to loss of suitable habitat for loggerhead shrike.

Indirect Impacts
Construction activities have the potential to result in indirect impacts to loggerhead shrike and their habitat. Those impacts could include dust, noise and vibration, increased human presence, vehicle collisions, chemical spills, and night-time lighting. These potential short -term or temporary indirect impacts to loggerhead shrike are consid ered significant absent mitigation.

MM-BIO-15 would require nesting bird surveys and would result in establishment of construction buffers around nests, thus limiting effects from most short-term indirect impacts, including noise and vibration, increased human presence, night-time lighting, and vehicle collisions. MM-BIO-11 would require night-time lighting during construction within 50 feet of habitat for special-status species to be shielded downward. MM-BIO-3, MM-BIO-4, and MM-BIO-6 would require that all workers complete a WEAP training and would require ongoing biological monitoring and compliance with all biological resource mitigation requirements. MM-BIO-8 would ensure that a prompt and effective response to any accidental chemical spills will be implemented and that repair and clean-up of any hazardous waste occurs. To reduce fugitive dust resulting from project construction and to minimize adverse air quality impacts, the Project would employ dust mitigation measures in accordance with the Mojave Desert Air Quality Management District’s Rules 401 and 403.2, which limit the amount of fugitive dust generated during construction.

Potential long-term indirect impacts that could result from development within or adjacent to loggerhead shrike habitat include nighttime lighting and increased invasive plant species that may degrade habitat. MM-BIO-11 would require night-time lighting during operations within 50 feet of habitat for special -status species to be shielded downward. MM-BIO-4 would result in restoration of temporary impact areas that would limit the introduction of non- native species in burrowing owl habitat and avoid long-term habitat degradation.

With the incorporation of mitigation, direct and indirect impacts to loggerhead shrike would be less than significant.

Desert Kit Fox and American Badger
Neither the Biological Resources Letter Report nor any other subsequent fieldwork and reporting observed desert kit fox (Vulpes macrotis arsipus) or American badger (Taxidea taxus) on the Project site or identified suitable habitat for these species within the Project area. The desert kit fox lives in the open desert, on creosote bush flats, and amongst the sand dunes, while American badgers prefer open scrub or grassy areas (NPS 2015; USGS 2020). The Project site is predominated by Joshua tree woodland, and lacks creosote bush flats, sand dunes, or larger areas of open scrub or grassy areas. Thus, the Project site is not expected to support either desert kit fox or American badger.

Notwithstanding, in their scoping comment letter dated December 19, 2019, CDFW staff requested that development of a desert kit fox and American badger mitigation and monitoring plan be developed. As such, in an abundance of caution and to ensure that potential impacts to these species are less than significant, the Project Applicant shall prepare a mitigation and monitoring plan that addresses desert kit fox and American badger if either species is determined to occur on the Project site prior to the start of construction, pur suant to MM-BIO-14. With the incorporation of mitigation, impacts associated with desert kit fox and American badger would be less than significant.

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Nesting Migratory Birds and Raptors
Similar to most other sites containing trees, shrubs, and other vegetat ion, the Project site contains opportunities for birds of prey (raptors) and other avian species to nest on site. Native nesting bird species with potential to occur within the Project site are protected by California Fish and Game Code Sections 3503 and 3 503.5, and by the federal MBTA (16 USC 703 –711). In particular, Section 3503 provides that it is unlawful to take, possess, or needlessly destroy the active nests or eggs of any bird in California; Section 3503.5 protects all raptors and their eggs and active nests; and the MBTA prohibits the take (including killing, capturing, selling, trading, and transport) of native migratory bird species throughout the United States. Recently, the Department of Interior ruled that the MBTA should apply only to “… affirmative actions that have as their purpose the taking or killing of migratory birds, their nests, or their eggs” and will not be applied to incidental take of migratory birds pursuant to otherwise lawful activities However, that ruling is now under review a s a revision to the MBTA that would include prohibitions to incidental take has recently been proposed.

To ensure compliance with the California Fish and Game Code and MBTA and to avoid potential impacts to nesting birds, it is recommended that the vegetat ion removal activities be conducted outside the general bird nesting season (February 1 through August 31, depending on the species), and if vegetation cannot be removed outside the bird nesting season, a pre‐construction nesting bird survey by a qualified biologist is required prior to vegetation removal. This requirement is outlined in MM-BIO-15. With the incorporation of mitigation, impacts associated with nesting birds, including raptors, would be less than significant.

Adverse Impact on Riparian Habitat/Sensitive Natural Communities Joshua tree woodland is a sensitive CDFW natural community. As described above, western Joshua trees are also protected under CESA as a candidate species.

Direct Impacts
All ground-disturbing activities, even areas temporarily impacted, are considered permanent impacts to Joshua tree woodland. The Project will result in permanent impacts to 192.5 acres of Joshua tree woodland, which would be considered a significant impact under CEQA.

The Project would also result in permanent impacts to 12.4 acres and temporary impacts to 2.6 acres of disturbed habitat and urban/developed lands. These land cover types are not considered sensitive by CDFW and provide little biological value. Therefore, these direct impacts are considered less than significant under CEQA.

As required by MM-BIO-1, mitigation for direct impacts to 1,367 western Joshua trees will be fulfilled through conservation of Western Joshua tree through purchase of credits at a CDFW -approved mitigation bank or oth er conservation mechanism approved by the City of Hesperia and CDFW. Conservation efforts for western Joshua tree will focus on the conservation of large, interconnected Joshua tree woodlands on lands where edge effects are limited, versus lands in urban settings that are subject to habitat fragmentation and edge effects, such as the Project site. Thus, mitigation for impacts to western Joshua tree will also mitigate for impacts to Joshua tree woodland.

Additionally, as required by MM-BIO-2 and In accordance with Chapter 16.24 of the Hesperia Municipal Code, the preparation of a Joshua tree and desert native plants relocation plan is required to mitigate impacts to western Joshua trees as a result of the Project. As such, a Joshua Tree Preservation, Protect ion, and Relocation Plan was prepared for Project to provide detailed specifications for the Project Applicant to meet the requirements of Chapter

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16.24 of the Hesperia Municipal Code to protect, preserve, and mitigate impacts to Joshua trees. Thus, mitigation for impacts to western Joshua tree will also mitigate for impacts to Joshua tree woodland.

Indirect Impacts
Potential construction- and operation-related indirect impacts to Joshua tree woodland, would be the same as the indirect impacts to western Joshua tree, as described above.

With the incorporation of mitigation, and with adherence to both the CDNPA and the Hesperia Municipal Code, impacts associated with Joshua tree woodland would be less than significant.

Adverse Effect on Wetlands
No potential jurisdictional features subject to regulation by ACOE, CDFW, or RWQCB were found to be present within the limits of the Project site. The Off-Site Utilities Alignments would traverse and come in close proximity to waters of the state and waters potential ly subject to CDFW jurisdiction. As currently designed, the Off -Site Utilities Alignments traverse several upland ephemeral drainage features associated with Oro Grande Wash.

Based on current site plans, the proposed Off-Site Utilities Alignments would bore beneath the Oro Grande Wash at two different locations both east and south/southeast of the Project site, with the proposed sanitary sewer line and domestic water line will be placed outside of any potentially jurisdictional limits. By boring beneath the jurisdictional limits within this drainage, the Project will eliminate the potential impacts to regulated waters of the state, including RWQCB and CDFW.

However, if the final Project design results in the encroachment or placement of fill within the jur isdictional limits of Oro Grande Wash, adherence to the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Act and Section 1600, et seq., of the California Fish and Game Code will be required. A Waste Discharge Requirement from the RWQCB and a Streambed Alteration Agreement from CDFW would be required. These permits would need to be issued prior to the start of construction within Oro Grande Wash.

Direct Impacts
The Project could potentially result in significant direct impacts to areas under the jurisdiction of CDFW and RWQCB absent mitigation. As described, to the extent practicable, the Project shall be designed to avoid impacts to the jurisdictional waters of the state; if jurisdictional areas cannot be avoided, necessary resource agency permits shall be obtained, and compensatory mitigation would occur at a ratio not less than 1:1 for the impacts to jurisdictional waters in accordance with MM-BIO-16.

Indirect Impacts
Construction-related indirect impacts may include inadvertent spillover impacts outside of the construction footprint, chemical spills, and stormwater erosion and sedimentation.

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personnel. MM-BIO-7 requires that impacts occur within the fenced, staked, or flagged area that is clearly delineated within the Project impact footprint. The construction crew will be responsible for unauthorized impacts from construction activities to waters of the state that are outside the permitted project footprint. Thus, implementation of MM-BIO-3 through MM-BIO-7 will enable the Project to avoid and minimize inadvertent spillover impacts outside of the approved impact footprint.

MM-BIO-8 would ensure that a prompt and effective response to any accidental chemical spills will be implemented and that repair and clean-up of any hazardous waste occurs. Thus, implementation of MM-BIO-8 would help to avoid and minimize impacts to waters of the state from any construction-related chemical spills.

A Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan would be prepared and implemented to prevent all construction pollutants from contacting stormwater during construction activities, with the intent of keeping sediment and any other pollutants from moving off site and into receiving waters. Best management practice categories employed on site would include erosion contr ol, sediment control, and non -stormwater good housekeeping. Preparation and implementation of a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan would help to avoid and minimize the potential effects of stormwater erosion during construction.

Potential long-term (post-construction) indirect impacts from operations and maintenance activities may include changes in water quality and accidental chemical spills.

Implementation of low-impact-development features and best management practices would, to the maximum extent practicable, reduce the discharge of pollutants into receiving waters, including inadvertent release of pollutants (e.g., hydraulic fluids and petroleum); the improper management of hazardous materials; trash and debris; and the improper management of portable restroom facilities (e.g., regular service) in accordance with all relevant local and state development standards. In addition, in accordance with CalGreen requirements (California Green Building Standards Code, CCR, Title 24, Part 11), Project source controls to improve water quality would be provided for outdoor material storage areas, outdoor trash storage/waste handling areas, and outdoor loading/unloading areas. Therefore, impacts to western Joshua trees due to changes in water quality would be avoi ded and minimized through implementation of low-impact-development features and best management practices.

BIO-MM-8 would ensure that a prompt and effective response to any accidental chemical spills will be implemented, and repair and clean -up of any haz ardous waste occurs. Thus, implementation of BIO-MM-8 would help to avoid and minimize impacts to western Joshua tree from any operations-related chemical spills.

With the incorporation of mitigation, and with adherence to both the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Act and Section 1600, et seq., of the California Fish and Game Code, potential impacts to waters of the state would be less than significant.

Conflict with Biological Resources Protection Policies and Ordinances California Desert Native Plants
In addition to western Joshua tree, one desert native plant species, Wiggins’ cholla ( Cylindropuntia echinocarpa), was recorded on the Project site and within the Off-Site Utilities Alignments. A total of 66 living and 6 dead plants were documented on the Project site and within the Off-Site Utility Alignments. Because the focused desert native plant survey was positive for Wiggins’ cholla, and in accordance with the California Desert Native Plants Act and the Hesperia Municipal Code, Chapter 16.24, a native plant removal permit must be obtained from the City of Hesperia prior to the removal of Wiggins’ cholla. Additionally, Wiggins’ cholla is addressed in the Joshua Tree Preservation,

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Protection, and Relocation Plan, and Desert Native Plant Relocation Plan, pre pared to provide detailed specifications for the Project Applicant to meet the requirements of Chapter 16.24 of the Hesperia Municipal Code to protect, preserve, and mitigate impacts to desert native plants.

Pursuant to MM-BIO-2, the Project Applicant sha ll submit an application and applicable fee paid to the City of Hesperia for removal or relocation of protected native desert plants under Hesperia Municipal Code Chapter 16.24.

The application shall include certification from a qualified Joshua tree and native desert plant expert(s) to determine that proposed removal or relocation of protected native desert plants are appropriate, supportive of a healthy environment, and in compliance with the City of Hesperia Municipal Code. The application will include t he Joshua Tree Preservation, Protection, and Relocation Plan and Desert Native Plant Relocation Plan. The plan shall be prepared by a qualified Joshua tree and native desert plant expert(s). With the incorporation of mitigation, and with adherence to both the CDNPA and the Hesperia Municipal Code, impacts associated with desert native plants would be less than significant.

Joshua Trees
In accordance with Chapter 16.24 of the Hesperia Municipal Code, the preparation of a Joshua tree and desert native plants relocation plan is required to mitigate impacts to Joshua trees as a result of the Project. As such, a Joshua Tree Preservation, Protection, and Relocation Plan and Desert Native Plant Relocation Plan was prepared for the Project to provide detailed specifications for the Project Applicant to meet the requirements of Chapter 16.24 of the Hesperia Municipal Code to protect, preserve, and mitigate impacts to Joshua trees.

The Joshua Tree Preservation, Protection, and Relocation Plan addresses the requirements of the City’s Protected Plant Policy and provides details for the initial survey of the Project site’s Joshua trees, detailed speci fications for the protection of trees to be preserved on site, and relocation/salvage requirements for those trees requiring removal and relocation.

Pursuant to MM-BIO-2, the Project Applicant shall submit an application and applicable fee paid to the Cit y of Hesperia for removal or relocation of protected native desert plants under Hesperia Municipal Code Chapter 16.24.

The application shall include certification from a qualified Joshua tree and native desert plant expert(s) to determine that proposed rem oval or relocation of protected native desert plants are appropriate, supportive of a healthy environment, and in compliance with the City of Hesperia Municipal Code. The application shall include a detailed plan for removal of all protected plants on the Project site. The plan shall be prepared by a qualified Joshua tree and native desert plant expert(s). With the incorporation of mitigation, and with adherence to both the CDNPA and the Hesperia Municipal Code, impacts associated with Wiggins’ cholla and J oshua tree woodland would be less than significant.

Cumulative Biological Resources Impacts
The Project would result in potentially cumulatively considerable impacts to western Joshua trees and Joshua tree woodland vegetation on the Project site and Off-Site Utilities Alignments. Western Joshua trees are a state candidate species for listing under CESA and are locally protected by the City of Hesperia and by the California Desert Native Plant Act. Joshua tree woodlands are considered a sensitive natural community by CDFW. As required by MM-BIO-1, mitigation for direct impacts to 1,367 western Joshua trees will be fulfilled through conservation of Western Joshua tree through purchase of credits at a CDFW-approved mitigation bank or other conservation mechanism approved by the City of Hesperia and CDFW. Additionally, as required by MM-BIO-2 and in accordance with Chapter 16.24 of the Hesperia Municipal Code, the preparation of a Joshua tree and desert native plants relocation plan is required

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to mitigate impac ts to western Joshua trees as a result of the Project. As such, a Joshua Tree Preservation, Protection, and Relocation Plan, and Desert Native Plant Relocation Plan was prepared.

Conservation efforts for western Joshua tree (MM-BIO-1) would focus on the conservation of large, interconnected Joshua tree woodlands on lands where edge effects are limited, versus lands in urban settings that are subject to habitat fragmentation and edge effects, such as the Project site. Mitigation efforts would contribute to the conservation of large, interconnected Joshua tree woodlands. Larger preserves have a greater chance of preserving habitat diversity at all scales, support larger local populations, help maintain functioning metapopulations (partially isolated subpopula tions of the same species that support immigration and emigration and provide for recolonizations following local extirpations), support greater species genetic diversity, and are more likely to maintain intact watershed functions. Larger preserves also ha ve less habitat fragmentation and provide greater protection from edge effects due to a larger area -to-perimeter ratio compared to smaller preserves. Additionally, large preserves usually facilitate more cost -effective land management. Pursuant to MM-BIO-2, the Project Applicant shall submit an application and applicable fee paid to the City of Hesperia for removal or relocation of protected native desert plants, including western Joshua tree, under Hesperia Municipal Code Chapter 16.24. The application shall include certification from a qualified Joshua tree and native desert plant expert(s) to determine that proposed removal or relocation of protected native desert plants are appropriate, supportive of a healthy environment, and in compliance with the City of Hesperia Municipal Code. The application shall include a detailed plan for removal of all protected plants on the Project site. The plan shall be prepared by a qualified Joshua tree and native desert plant expert(s). Implementing these mitigation measure (MM-BIO-1 and MM-BIO-2) would reduce potential impacts to a less than significant level and would significantly reduce the potential for a cumulative considerable impact to Joshua tree.

Potential impacts to special-status wildlife species and nesting b irds would be reduced to a less than significant level through Project implementation of MM-BIO-3 through MM-BIO-15. Implementing these mitigation measures would reduce potential impacts to a less than significant level and would significantly reduce the potential for direct or indirect impacts to special-status species. Therefore, there would not be a cumulatively considerable impact on any special-status species.

Potential impacts to jurisdictional waters of the state, if necessary, would be reduced to a less than significant level through implementation of MM-BIO-3, MM -BIO-4, MM -BIO-5, MM -BIO-6, MM -BIO-7, MM -BIO-8, and MM-BIO-16.

Implementing these mitigation measures would reduce potential impacts to a less than significant level and would significantly reduce the potential for direct or indirect impacts to waters of the state. Therefore, there would not be a cumulatively considerable impact to waters of the state.

Additionally, the Project would not result in a significant impact to wildlife corridors and linkages, nor to local policies and regional conservation plans. The Project would therefore not contribute to a cumulative impact on these resources.

2.3.3.2 Mitigation Measures
MM-BIO-1 Conservation of Western Joshua Tree Lands. Mitigation for direct impacts to western Joshua trees will be fulfilled through conservation of western Joshua trees at a 1:1 habitat replacement of equal or better functions and values to those impacted by the project. Mitigation can be through purchases of credits at a California Department of Fish and Wildlife-approved mitigation bank for western Joshua tree or through conservation lands that meet the functions and values criteria. If mitigation is not purchased through a mitigation bank and lands are conserved separately, a cost estimate will be prepared to estimate the initial start -up costs, and ongoing annual costs, of

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management activities for the management of the conservation easement(s) area in perpetuity.

The funding source will be in the form of an endowment to help the qualified natural lands management entity that is ultimately selected to hold the conservation easement(s). The endowment amount will be established following the completion of a project -specific Property Analysis Record (PAR) to calculate the costs of in perpetuity land management. The PAR will take into account all of the management activities required in the Incidental Take Permit to fulfill the requirements of the conservation easement(s), which are currently in review and development.

Additionally, no take of western Joshua tree will occur without authorization from CDFW in the form of an Incidental Take Permit pursuant to Fish and Game Code 2081. The Project Applicant will adhere to measures and conditions set forth within the Incidental Take Permit.

MM-BIO-2 Relocation of Desert Native Plants. Prior to the issuance of grading permits, the Project Applicant shall submit an application and applicable fee paid to the City of Hesperia for removal or relocation of protected native desert plants under Hesperia Municipal Code Chapter 16.24 as required and schedule a pre -construction site inspection with the Planning Division and the Building Division.

The application shall include a detailed plan for removal of all protected plants on the Project site.

The plan shall be prepared by a qualified Joshua tree and native desert plant expert(s). The plan shall include, but not be limited to, the following measures:
• Salvaged plants shall be transplanted expeditiously to either their final on -site location, or to an approved off -site area. If the plants cannot be expeditiously taken to their permanent relocation area at the time of excavation, they may be transplanted in a temporary area (stockpiled) prior to being moved to their permanent relocation site(s). • Western Joshua trees shall be marked on their north facing side prior to excavation.

Transplanted western Joshua trees shall be planted in the same orientation as they currently occur on the Project site, with the marking on the north side of the trees facing north at the relocation site(s).
• Transplanted plants shall be watered prior to and at the time of transplantation. The schedule of watering shall be determined by the qualified tree expert and desert native plant expert(s) to maintain plant health. Watering of the transplanted plants shall continue under the guidance of qualified tree expert and desert native plant expert(s) until it has been determined that the transplants have become established in the permanent relocation site(s) and no longer require supplemental watering.

MM-BIO-3 Designated Biologist Authority. The Designated Biologist shall have authority to immediately stop any activity that does not comply with the biological resources mitigation measures and/or to order any reasonable measure to avoid the unauthorized take of an individual western Joshua tree.

MM-BIO-4 Compliance Monitoring. The Designated Biologist shall be on site daily when impacts occur. The Designated Biologist shall conduct compliance inspections to minimize incidental take of western

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Joshua trees and impacts to other sensitive biological resources; prevent unlawful take of western Joshua trees; and ensure that signs, stakes, and fencing are intact, and that impacts are only occurring within the permitted impact footprint. Weekly written observation and inspection records that summarize oversight activities and compliance inspections and monitoring activities required by the Incidental Take Permit shall be prepared.

MM-BIO-5 Education Program. An education program (Worker Environmental Awareness Program [WEAP]) for all persons employed or otherwise working in the Project area shall be administered before performing impacts. The WEAP shall consist of a presentation from the Designated Biologist that includes a discussion of the biology and status of western Joshua tree, burrowing owl, and loggerhead shrike; and other biological resources mitigation measures described in the CEQA document .

Interpretation for non-English-speaking workers will be provided, and the same instruction shall be provided to any new workers before they are authorized to perform work in the Project area. Upon completion of the WEAP, employees shall sign a form stating they attended the program and understand all protection measures. This training shall be repeated at least once annually for long- term and/or permanent employees who will be conducting work in the Project area.

MM-BIO-6 Construction Monitoring Notebook . The Designated Biologist shall maintain a construction - monitoring notebook on site throughout the construction period, which shall include a copy of the biological resources mitigation measures with attachments and a list of signatures of all personnel who have successfully completed the education program. The permittee shall ensure that a copy of the construction monitoring notebook is available for review at the Project site upon request by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.

MM-BIO-7 Delineation of Property Boundaries . Before beginning activities that would cause impacts, the contractor shall, in consultation with the Designated Biologist, clearly delineate the boundaries, consistent with the grading plan, within which the impacts will take place with fencing, stakes, or flags. All impacts within the fenced, staked, or flagged areas shall be avoided and all fencing, stakes, and flags shall be maintained until the completion of impacts in that area.

MM-BIO-8 Hazardous Waste. The Applicant shall immediately stop work and, pursuant to pertinent state and federal statutes and regulations, arrange for repair and clean up by qualified individuals of any fuel or hazardous waste leaks or spills at the time of occurrence, or as soon as it is safe to do so.

MM-BIO-9 Herbicides. The Applicant shall limit herbicide use for invasive plant species and shall use herbicides only it has been determined that hand or mechanical efforts are infeasible. To prevent drift, the permittee shall apply herbicides only when wind speeds are less th an 7 miles per hour.

All herbicide application shall be performed by a licensed applicator and in accordance with all applicable federal, state, and local laws and regulations.

MM-BIO-10 Pre-Construction Surveys for Burrowing Owl and Avoidance. One pre‐construction burrowing owl clearance survey shall be completed no more than 14 days before initiation of site preparation or grading activities, and a second survey shall be completed within 24 hours of the start of site preparation or grading activities. If ground-disturbing activities are delayed or suspended for more than 30 days after the pre -construction surveys, the Project site shall be resurveyed. Surveys for burrowing owl shall be conducted in accordance with protocols established in the Staff Report on Burrowing Owl Mitigation (CDFW 2012) or current version.

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If burrowing owls are detected, disturbance to burrows shall be avoided during the nesting season (February 1 through August 31). Buffers will be established around occupied burrows in accordance with guidance provided in the Staff Report on Burrowing Owl Mitigation (CDFW 2012) or current version. No Project activities shall be allowed to encroach into established buffers without the consent of a monitoring biologist. The buffer shall remain in pl ace until it is determined that occupied burrows have been vacated or the nesting season has completed.

Outside of the nesting season, passive owl relocation techniques approved by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) shall be implemented. Owls shall be excluded from burrows in the immediate Project area and within a buffer zone by installing one -way doors in burrow entrances. These doors will be placed at least 48 hours prior to ground -disturbing activities.

Compensatory mitigation for permanent loss of owl habitat will be provided following the guidance in the Staff Report on Burrowing Owl Mitigation (CDFW 2012) or current version. The Project area shall be monitored daily for one week to confirm owl departure from burrows prior to any g round- disturbing activities.

Where possible, burrows will be excavated using hand tools and refilled to prevent reoccupation.

Sections of flexible plastic pipe shall be inserted into the tunnels during excavation to maintain an escape route for any wildlife inside the burrow.

See Burrowing Owl Relocation Plan for more details on avoidance buffers and relocation methods.

MM-BIO-11 Lighting . Lighting for construction activities and operations within 50 feet of the outside edge of the impact footprint containing habitat for special -status wildlife will be directed away from natural areas.

MM-BIO-12 Trash and Debris. The following avoidance and minimization measures shall be implemented during project construction.
(1) Fully covered trash receptacles that are animal-proof will be installed and used by the operator to contain all food, food scraps, food wrappers, beverage containers, and other miscellaneous trash. Trash contained within the receptacles will be removed at least once a week from the Project site.
(2) Construction work areas shall be kept clean of debris, such as cable, trash, and construction materials. All construction/contractor personnel shall collect all litter, vehicle fluids, and food waste from the Project site on a daily basis.

MM-BIO-13 Restoration of Temporary Impacts. Site construction areas subjected to temporary ground disturbance shall be recontoured to natural grade (if the grade was modified during the temporary disturbance activity), and revegetated with an application of a native seed mix, if necessary, prior to or during seasonal rains to promote passive restoration of the area to pre-project conditions. An area subjected to “temporary” disturbance means any area that is disturbed but will not be subjected to further disturbance as part of the Project. This measure does not apply to areas that are disturbed habitat and urban/developed lands. Prior to seeding temporary ground disturbance areas, the Designated Biologist will review the seeding palette to ensure that no seeding of invasive plant species, as identified in the most recent version of the California Invasive Plant Inventory for the region, will occur.

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MM-BIO-14 Pre-Construction Survey for American Badger and Desert Kit Fox and Avoidance. A pre-construction survey for American badger and desert kit fox shall be conducted in suitable habitat areas on the Project site and Off -Site Utilities Alignments within 10 days prior to the start of construction to determine the presence/absence of either species. If ei ther species is discovered during the survey, an American Badger/Desert Kit Fox Mitigation and Monitoring Plan shall be developed as recommended by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) in their Notice of Preparation comment letter dated December 19, 2019. The Mitigation and Monitoring Plan shall include avoidance and minimization measures to reduce potential impacts to either species, as well as compensatory mitigation to offset direct or indirect impacts. The plan will be developed in consultation with CDFW. At a minimum, the plan shall:
• Identify pre-construction survey methods for American badger and desert kit fox • Describe feasible pre-construction and construction-phase avoidance methods • Describe pre-construction and construction-phase relocation methods, including the possibility for passive relocation
• For burrows that will not be impacted by the Project, identify an appropriate construction exclusion zones for both active and natal burrows
• Coordinate survey findings prior to and dur ing construction to meet the information needs of wildlife health officials in monitoring the health of kit fox populations MM-BIO-15 Pre-Construction Nesting Bird Surveys and Avoidance. Construction activities shall avoid the migratory bird nesting season (typically February 1 through August 31), to reduce any potential significant impact to birds that may be nesting on the survey area. If construction activities must occur during the migratory bird nesting season, an avian nesting survey of the Project si te and within 500 feet of all impact areas must be conducted to determine the presence/absence of protected migratory birds and active nests. The avian nesting survey shall be performed by a qualified wildlife biologist within 72 hours prior to the start of construction in accordance with the MBTA (16 USC 703–712) and California Fish and Game Code Sections 3503, 3503.5, and 3513.

If an active bird nest is found, the nest shall be flagged and mapped on the construction plans along with an appropriate buffer established around the nest, which will be determined by the biologist based on the species’ sensitivity to disturbance (typically 300 feet for passerines and 500 feet for raptors and special-status species). The nest area shall be avoided until the nest is vacated and the juveniles have fledged. The nest area shall be demarcated in the field with flagging and stakes or construction fencing. On -site construction monitoring shall also be conducted when construction occurs in close proximately to an active nest buffer. No Project activities may encroach into established buffers without the consent of a monitoring biologist. The buffer shall remain in place until is determined the nestlings have fledged and the nest is no longer considered active.

MM-BIO-16 Jurisdictional Waters of the State Mitigation. To the extent practicable, the Project shall be designed to avoid impacts to the jurisdictional waters of the state within the Project site, and the following avoidance/minimization measures shall be implemented:

If jurisdictional waters cannot be avoided, minimization measures shall be applied and all necessary resource agency permits shall be obtained. This may include Waste Discharge Requirements from the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) and a Streambed Alteration Agreement from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW).

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All temporary impacts to state-jurisdictional waters will be restored on site. Restoration will include recontouring and erosion control with a native seed mix. Prior to seeding temporary ground disturbance areas, the Designated Biologist will review the seeding palette to ensure that no seeding of invasive plant species, as identified in the most recent version of the California Invasive Plant Inventory for the region, will occur.

Compensatory mitigation for permanent impacts shall occur either off site, at a mitigation bank, or with an in-lie fee program and would occur at a ratio not less than 1:1 for the impact to jurisdictional waters or at a ratio determined in the jurisdictional waters permits. If a mitigation bank or in -lieu fee program is not utilized and the Applicant proceeds with off-site mitigation, a waters mitigation and monitoring plan shall be prepared that outlines the compensatory mitigation in coordination with the RWQCB and CDFW. Mitigation lands shall be comprised of drainages simi lar to those impacted. Off‐site mitigation lands shall be preserved through a conservation easement and the waters mitigation and monitoring plan shall identify an approach for funding assurance for the long‐ term management of the conserved land. Suitable mitigation lands provided for species and vegetation communities may be used for jurisdictional waters of the state mitigation.

2.3.3.3 Findings Per CEQA Guidelines
Consistent with the CEQA Guidelines Section 15126.4(a)(1), feasible measures that can mini mize significant adverse impacts were developed for the potentially significant impacts described in Section 2.3.3.1. These feasible measures, MM-BIO-1 through MM-BIO-16, are listed in Section 2.3.3.2.

The City finds that these mitigation measures are feas ible, are adopted, and will reduce the potential biological resources impacts of the proposed project to less than significant levels. Accordingly, the City finds that, pursuant to CEQA Section 21081(a)(1) and CEQA Guidelines Section 15091(a)(1), changes or alterations have been required in, or incorporated into, the proposed project that mitigate or avoid potentially significant biological‐related impacts of the proposed project identified in the Final EIR.

2.3.3.4 Facts in Support of the Findings Related to Biological Resources Implementation of MM-BIO-1 through MM-BIO-16 would reduce potentially significant impacts related to biological resources to a less than significant level. There would be no significant, unavoidable impacts related to biological resources after implementation of these mitigation measures.

2.3.4 Cultural Resources

2.3.4.1 Potentially Significant Impacts to Cultural Resources Historical Resources
A cultural resources records search, a review of historic period aerial ph otographs and maps, and a field survey were conducted for the Project site. Previously-documented historic period cultural resources were identified within the Project site, along with a number of undocumented resources of the same era. The majority of pre viously documented resources are related to the transportation -related use of the greater Project area, as noted in a

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previously conducted cultural resources assessment for another project located in the broader Project area (Pollock and Becker 2006):

This portion of the Mojave Desert has been a transportation corridor for more than a hundred years.

During that time, numerous roads have been created, used, and abandoned. Some of these roads were important links between communities, such as the Old Spanish Trail, whereas others were shortcuts or other seldom -used routes. During the mid - to late-twentieth century and up to the current day, abandoned road sections were frequently used for illegal refuse dumping, and the sites found during our survey probably r esulted from such activities. The early - to mid-twentieth century also saw an increase in the popularity of the desert, as the number of amateur prospectors increased during the Depression and again after World War II. More recently, the desert has been an off-road vehicle use and target shooting area. Typically, these recreational activities occur on weekends, with the participants camping for one or two nights and discarding their camp debris at the campsite. Many of the recent refuse deposits reflect this kind of activity.” As the newly recorded resources are predominantly similar to those previously documented (historic period refuse), the above assessment applies to them as well. With the exception of a fragment of the Old Spanish Trail/Salt Lake- Santa Fe Trail, which was determined to lack integrity and is not a contributing element to the resource, none of the potential historic resources sites within the Project area is associated with any known historical events or important persons. They are typical examples of isolated historic -period refuse deposits with no specific associations and fail to meet the CEQA criteria of “historical resources” or “unique archaeological resources,” and their cultural resources value has been exhausted by previous and current documentation. Overall, the potential of the Project to affect previously recorded or currently undocumented historic resources of significance on the Project site is low.

In regard to the Off-Site Utilities Alignments, a cultural resources records search, a review of historic period aerial photographs and maps, and intensive field survey were conducted for the routes of the Off-Site Utilities Alignments.

No historic resources associated with these Off -Site Utilities Alignments were identified during these efforts; however, potential historical resources were observed that are in the vicinity of the proposed Off -Site Utilities Alignments. The conceptual plans for these off-site utilities has been reviewed and construction of these utilities is not proposed to intersect these potential historical resources and the Project would not impact these resources; as such, no formal recordation or evaluation of the potential historical resources was conducted.

These potential historic resources are similar to other the resources previously observed, recorded, and evaluated on and near the Project site (i.e., isolated historic -period and modern -era refuse deposits with no specific associations). Because the significance of these potential historic resources has ye t been determined, should construction of the Off -Site Utilities Alignments ultimately require equipment and activities to come into close proximity or traverse the locations of the potential historic resources, there would be a potential for construction activities to impact the potential historic resources. As a result, to ensure that impacts to potential historic resources remain less than significant, implementation of MM -CUL-1 and MM-CUL-2 shall be required. With incorporation of MM-CUL-1 and MM-CUL-2, impacts associated with potential historic resources within and adjacent to the Off -Site Utilities Alignments would be less than significant.

Archaeological Resources
A cultural resources record search, a review of historic period aerial photographs and maps, and a field survey were conducted for the Project site and Off-Site Utilities Alignments. The records search included a review of all recorded

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historic and prehistoric archaeological sites within one mile of the Project. Despite the presence of minor prehistoric resources within a mile of the Project site and Off-Site Utilities Alignments, the Project site has been surveyed twice over the course of approximately a decade with no trace of any prehistoric resources identified. In addition, a survey of the Off-Site Utilities Alignments did not reveal or indicate the presence of any archaeological resources. As a result of these findings, the potential of the Project to affect previously undocumented/unknown significant archaeological resources is low. How ever, it is impossible to completely rule out the presence of archaeological resources within the Project site. For this reason, the Project site should be treated as potentially sensitive for archaeological resources, and MM -CUL-1 through MM -CUL-3 is requ ired to reduce potential impacts to unanticipated archaeological resources. With incorporation of MM-CUL-1 through MM-CUL-3, impacts associated with archaeological resources would be less than significant.

Disturbance of Human Remains
A cultural resources records search, a review of historic period aerial photographs and maps, and a field survey were conducted for the Project site. These activities did not provide any indication that human remains could be located within the Project site. However, in the u nlikely event that human remains are encountered, California Health and Safety Code Section 7050.5 states that no further disturbance shall occur until the County Coroner has made a determination of origin and disposition pursuant to PRC Section 5097.98, p ursuant to MM -CUL-4. The County Coroner must be notified of the find immediately. If the remains are determined to be Native American, the County Coroner will notify the NAHC, which will determine and notify an MLD. With the permission of the landowner or his/her authorized representative, the MLD may inspect the site of the discovery. The MLD shall complete the inspection within 48 hours of notification by the NAHC. The MLD will have the opportunity to offer recommendations for the disposition of the remains. With incorporation of MM-CUL-4, impacts associated with human remains would be less than significant.

Cumulative Cultural Resources Impact
The geographic scope of the cumulative cultural resources analysis is the region surrounding the Project site.

Ongoing development and growth in the broader Project area may result in a cumulatively significant impact to cultural resources due to the conti nuing disturbance of undeveloped areas, which could potentially contain significant, buried archaeological resources. However, as discussed above, the individual, Project -level impacts associated with cultural resources were found to be less than significant with incorporation of mitigation measures (MM-CUL-1 through MM-CUL-4). The Project would be required by law to comply with all applicable federal, state, and local requirements related to historical and archaeological resources. Other related cumulative projects would similarly be required to comply with all such requirements and regulations, to be consistent with the provisions set forth by CEQA and the CEQA Guidelines, and to implement all feasible mitigation measures should a significant project-related and/or cumulative impact be identified. As such, cumulative impacts would be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

2.3.4.2 Mitigation Measures
MM-CUL-1 Prior to start of ground-disturbing activities, a qualified archaeologist meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualifications Standards for archaeology (or an archaeologist working under the direct supervision of the qualified archaeologist) shall be retained by the Project Applicant and shall conduct cultural resources sens itivity training for all construction personnel. Construction personnel shall be informed of the types of archaeological resources that may be encountered, the proper procedures to be enacted in the event of an inadvertent discovery of archaeological

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resources or human remains, and safety precautions to be taken when working with archaeological monitors. The construction contractor shall ensure that construction personnel are made available for and attend the training and retain documentation demonstrating attendance.

MM-CUL-2 If construction of the Off -Site Utilities Alignments requires deviation from the routes and disturbance footprints shown in the conceptual plans for these off-site utilities (domestic water and sanitary sewer), and thus, results in increased potential for construction equipment and activities to come into close proximity or to traverse the locations of the potential historic resources observed in the vicinity of the Off-Site Utilities Alignments, a historic resources survey shall be conducted by a qualified historic resources expert to determine the significance of these potential resources.

The survey shall entail the taking of detailed notes and photographs of potential resources, including documentation of character defining features, spatial relationships, and overall existing conditions of the resources. The potential historic resources shall be recorded on State of California Department of Parks and Recreation Series 523 Forms (DPR forms), and will be evaluated in consideration of National Register of Historic Places and California Register of Historic Resources designation criteria and integrity requirements. Archival research, as applicable, shall also be conducted to develop the appropriate historic context for the potential historic resources. The findings of this evaluation shall be included in a historic resources report. If the resources are found to be historically significant and/or eligible for listing pursuant to National Register of Historic Places and California Register of Historic Resources designation criteria, and if avoidance of these resources and redesign of the off-site utilities is deemed infeasible, the report shall include detailed procedures to the City and Project Applicant on how to minimize effects to these resources to acceptable levels of significance, and these recommendations must be implemented by the Project Applicant.

This requirement shall be noted on all grading plans, and the construction contractor shall be obligated to comply with the note.

MM-CUL-3 If archaeological resources (sites, features, or artifacts) or tribal cultural resources are exposed during construction activities, all construction work occurring within 100 feet of the find shall immediately stop until a qualified archaeologist, meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards, can evaluate the significance of the find and determine whether or not additional study is warranted. Additionally, the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians Cultural Resources Depar tment (SMBMI) shall be contacted regarding any pre -contact finds and be provided information after the archaeologist makes his/her initial assessment of the nature of the find, so as to provide Tribal input with regards to significance and treatment.

Construction activities may continue on other parts of the Project site while evaluation occurs. If the find is determined by the archaeologist to constitute a potentially significant archaeological resource, time allotment sufficient to allow for implementatio n of avoidance measures shall be made available. In accordance with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.5(f) and/or California Public Resources Code, Sections 21083.2(b), if the discovery proves significant under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), a treatment and monitoring plan shall be prepared by a qualified archaeologist for the resource(s), in coordination with SMBMI. The drafts of the treatment and monitoring plan shall be provided to SMBMI for review and comment. All subsequent finds shall be subject to the treatment and monitoring plan. The treatment and monitoring plan shall allow for a

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monitor to be present that represents SMBMI for the remainder of the Project, should SMBMI elect to place a monitor on site.

Treatment may include preservati on in place or implementation of archaeological data recovery excavations to remove the resource along with subsequent analysis. Any archaeological material that is not Native American in origin shall be curated at a public, non -profit institution with a research interest in the material. If the find is Native American in origin, the tribe(s) that consider the Project area to be within their ancestral land or traditional use area, including the SMBMI, shall be contacted by the City of Hesperia to coordinate treatment and curation.

Any and all archaeological/cultural documents created as a part of the Project (isolate records, site records, survey reports, testing reports, etc.) shall be supplied by the Project Applicant and City of Hesperia for dissemination to SMBMI. The City of Hesperia and/or Project Applicant shall, in good faith, consult with SMBMI throughout the life of the Project.

This requirement shall be noted on all grading plans, and the construction contractor shall be obligated to comply with the note.

MM-CUL-4 In accordance with Section 7050.5 of the California Health and Safety Code, if human remains are found, the county coroner shall be immediately notified of the discovery. No further excavation or disturbance of the site or any nearby area reasonably suspected to overlie adjacent remains shall occur until the county coroner has determined, within 2 working days o f notification of the discovery, the appropriate treatment and disposition of the human remains. If the county coroner determines that the remains are, or are believed to be, Native American, he or she shall notify the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) in Sacramento within 24 hours. In accordance with California Public Resources Code, Section 5097.98, the NAHC must immediately notify those persons it believes to be the most likely descendant of the deceased Native American. The most likely descendant shall complete her/his inspection within 48 hours of being granted access to the site. The designated Native American representative shall then determine, in consultation with the property owner, the proper disposition of the human remains.

This requirement shall be noted on all grading plans, and the construction contractor shall be obligated to comply with the note.

2.3.4.3 Findings per CEQA Guidelines
Consistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15126.4(a)(1), feasible measures that can minimize significant adverse impacts were developed for the potentially significant impacts described in Section 2 .3.4.1. These feasible measures, MM-CUL-1 through MM-CUL-4, are listed in Section 2.3.4.2.

The City finds that these mitigation measures are feasible, are adopted, and will reduce the potential cultural resources impacts of the proposed project to less than significant levels. Accordingly, the City finds that, pursuant to CEQA Section 21081(a)(1 ) and CEQA Guidelines Section 15091(a)(1), changes or alterations have

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been required in or incorporated into the proposed project that will mitigate or avoid potentially significant impacts on cultural resources.

2.3.4.4 Facts in Support of the Findings Related to Cultural Resources Implementation of MM -CUL-1 through MM -CUL-4 would reduce potentially significant impacts related to cultural resources to a less than significant level. There would be no significant, unavoidable impacts related to cultural resources after implementation of these mitigation measures.

2.3.5 Geology and Soils

2.3.5.1 Potentially Significant Impacts to Geology and Soils Unique Paleontological Resource or Site or Unique Geologic Feature The City encompasses a wide variety of geologi cal formations that differ in age and fossil -bearing sensitivity. The Project site, however, is overlain by Holocene age deposits. Late Quaternary (late Holocene, or “modern”) alluvium and alluvial fan deposits are generally considered to be too young geologically to contain significant nonrenewable paleontological resources (i.e., fossils) and are typically assigned a low paleontological sensitivity. Additionally, the Technical Background Report in Support of the Cultural Resource Element: City of Hesperia General Plan Update (City of Hesperia 2010b) determined that the Project site has a low paleontological sensitivity.

Despite the low potential for paleontological resources to occur on the Project site, it is always possible that intact fossil deposits are present at subsurface levels and could be uncovered during ground-disturbing activities. As such, MM-CUL-5 is required, which would ensure that if paleontological resources (sites, features, or fossils) are exposed during construction activities, all construction work occurring within the vicinity of the find would stop until a qualified paleontologist can evaluate the significance of the find and determine whether or not additional study is warranted.

With incorporation of MM-CUL-5, impacts associated with paleontological resources would be less than significant.

2.3.5.2 Mitigation Measures
MM-CUL-5 If paleontological resources (sites, features, or fossils) are exposed during Project construction activities, all construction work occurring within 100 feet of the find shall immediately stop until a qualified paleontologist can evaluate the significance of the find and determine whether or not additional study is warranted. If the discovery proves significant under the California Environmental Quality Act, discovered fossils or samples of such fossils shall be collected and identified by the qualified paleontologist. Significant specimens recovered shall be properly recorded, treated, and donated to the San Bernardino County Museum, Division of Geological Sciences, or other repository with permanent retrievable paleontological storage. A final report shall be prepared and submitted to the City of Hesperia that itemizes any fossils recovered, with maps to accurately record the original location of recovered fossils and evidence that the resources were curated by an established museum repository.

This requirement shall be noted on all grading plans, and the construction contractor shall be obligated to comply with the note.

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2.3.5.3 Findings per CEQA Guidelines
Consistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15126.4(a)(1), feasible measures that can minimize significant adverse impacts were developed for the potentially significant impacts described in Section 2.3.5.1. This feasible measure, MM-CUL-5, is listed in Section 2.3.5.2.

The City finds that th is mitigation measures is feasible, is adopted, and will reduce th e potential paleontological impacts of the proposed project to less than significant levels. Accordingly, the City finds that, pursuant to CEQA Section 21081(a)(1) and CEQA Guidelines Section 15091(a)(1), changes or alterations have been required in or incorporated into the proposed project that will mitigate or avoid potentially significant impacts on geology and soils.

2.3.5.4 Facts in Support of the Findings Related to Geology and Soils Implementation of MM-CUL-5 would reduce potentially significant impacts related to paleontological resources to a less than significant level. There would be no significant, unavoidable impacts related to geology and soils after implementation of these mitigation measures.

2.3.6 Hazards and Hazardous Materials

2.3.6.1 Potentially Significant Impacts to Hazards and Hazardous Materials Routine Transport, Use, or Disposal of Hazardous Materials During construction, a variety of hazardous substances and wastes would be stored, used, and generated on the Project site, including fuels for machinery and vehicles, new and used motor oils, cleaning solvents, paints, and storage containers. Accidental spills, leaks, fires, explosions, or pressure releases involving hazardous materials represent a potential threat to human health and the environment if not properly treated. Provisions to properly manage hazardous substances and wastes during construction are typically included in construction specifications and are under the responsibility of th e construction contractors. For example, construction contractors would be required to comply with Cal/OSHA regulations concerning the use of hazardous materials, including requirements for safety training, exposure warnings, availability of safety equipme nt, and preparation of emergency action/prevention plans. Adherence to the construction specifications and applicable regulations regarding hazardous materials and hazardous waste, including disposal, would ensure that construction of the Project would not create a significant hazard to the public or the environment during the construction phase of the Project.

Based on observed soil staining associated with on-site full and partially full motor oil canisters and used tire piles, shallow soil impacts may be encountered during Project construction. MM-HAZ-1 requires the removal and disposal of on-site tires and oil containers (e.g., retail motor oil containers and commercial oil drums) from the Project area in accordance with all applicable local, state, and federal guidelines. For excavation and grading activities that occur in areas with the potential for residual contamination, a qualified environmental professional shall screen soils in the identified area prior to excavation and grading based on the nature of the potential contamination. In the event that potential contamination is encountered, the contamination shall be evaluated by a qualified environmental professional using the appropriate collection and sampling techniques as determined by the enviro nmental professional based on the nature of the contamination. The nature and extent of contamination shall be determined and the appropriate handling, disposal, and/or treatment shall be implemented in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements.

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Furthermore, adherence to all emergency response plan requirements set forth by the San Bernardino County Fire Department would be required throughout the duration of Project construction. Therefore, based on compliance with existing regulations and with incorporation of MM-HAZ-1, short-term construction impacts associated with the routine transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials would be less than significant.

Upon completion of Project construction, the Project would involve the operation and ma intenance of the industrial/warehouse facilities. Operation of the Project would likely involve the use of industrial -grade chemicals used in the day-to-day operation of the facilities as well as commercially available cleaning products, landscaping chemicals and fertilizers, and various other commercially available products. While these materials could be stored on the Project site, storage would be required to comply with the guidelines established by the manufacturer’s recommendations. Consistent with federal, state, and local requirements, the transport, removal, and disposal of hazardous materials from the Project site would be conducted by a permitted and licensed service provider. Any handling, transport, use, or disposal must comply with all applicab le federal, state, and local agencies and regulations, including the USEPA, DTSC, CAL/OSHA, RCRA, and the San Bernardino County Fire Department.

Although the future tenants are not known yet, in the event that a future tenant’s operations require them to transport, use, or dispose of quantities of hazardous materials identified by the state, pursuant to the Health and Safety Code and in accordance with the San Bernardino County Fire Department’s CUPA requirements, the owner/operator must complete and submit a Hazardous Materials Business Plan to the California Environmental Reporting System. A Hazardous Materials Business Plan is a document containing detailed information on the inventory of hazardous materials at a facility; emergency response plans and procedures in the event of a reportable release or threatened release of a hazardous material; training for all new employees and annual training, including refresher courses, for all employees in safety procedures in the event of a release or threatened rel ease of a hazardous material; and a site map that contains north orientation, loading areas, internal roads, adjacent streets, storm and sewer drains, access and exit points, emergency shutoffs, evacuation staging areas, hazardous material handling and storage areas, and emergency response equipment. The Hazardous Materials Business Plan intends to provide basic information necessary for use by first responders to prevent or mitigate damage to the public health and safety and the environment from a release or threatened release of hazardous materials, as well as to satisfy federal and state Community Right -To-Know laws. Therefore, long -term operational impacts associated with the routine transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials would be less than significant.

In summary, the Project would result in potentially significant impacts with regard to the creation of a significant hazard to the public or the environment through the routine transport, use, or disposal of hazardous materials. MM- HAZ-1 would be implemented, and Project impacts would be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

Release of Hazardous Materials and the Potential for Upset Conditions During construction, hazardous materials such as fuels and lubricants would be transported to and used on site in construction vehicles and equipment. Construction waste is a potential pollutant source of concern for the Oro Grande Wash and Mojave River, which are located hydrologically down gradient of the Project site. Concrete, paint, and other materials that are also used on construction sites are major contributors to polluted habitats, in the event that such materials exit a construction site. However, the potential for the use of these materials to result in significant hazards to the public or the environment would be low for the reasons described below.

The Project contractor and construction crews would be required to comply with all applicable regulations governing the storage, handling, and disposal of hazardous materials and waste. As discussed in Section 4.8, Hydrology and Water Quality, prior to issuance of grading permits, the City of Hesperia requires the submittal, review, and approval

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of an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan. Implementation of an Erosion and Sediment Control Pl an would ensure that construction -related BMPs are enacted to prevent, to the maximum extent practicable, construction site pollutants from leaving the site during all phases of construction. The Project would also be required to comply with the NPDES MS4 Permit, including the regulation of surface water quality. Under the NPDES MS4 Permit, the development of 1.0 acre or more of land must file a notice of intent with the SWRCB to comply with the state NPDES General Construction Permit. Implementation of thi s Permit would require the development of a site -specific Stormwater Pollution Prevention Permit (SWPPP) for construction activities. The SWPPP is required to identify BMPs that protect stormwater runoff and ensure avoidance of substantial degradation of water quality. Typical BMPs that could be incorporated into the SWPPP to minimize the off-site runoff of pollutants would include the following:
• Diverting off-site runoff away from the construction site • Vegetating landscaped/vegetated swale areas as soon as feasible following grading activities • Using drop inlet protection (filters and sandbags or straw wattles), with sandbag check dams within paved areas • Implementing specifications for construction waste handling and disposal • Using contained equipment wash-out and vehicle maintenance areas • Training, including for subcontractors, on general site housekeeping Incorporation of required BMPs would help control the use of hazardous substances during construction and would minimize the potential for such substances to leave the site. As a result, there would be reduced potential for the public and environment to be exposed to hazardous chemicals and materials as a result of construction activities.

The implementation of applicable construction BMPs and adherence to applicable hazardous materials and waste regulations would minimize the risk and exposure of the release of hazardous materials to the public and environment to less than significant levels.

Based on the Phase I ESA Report, on -site RECs we re identified, consisting of motor oil containers and used automotive tires along the east and northwest portions of the Project site. Multiple (50+) 5 -gallon buckets and 5- quart jugs labeled as containing motor oil were observed in these areas. The contai ners were observed to be full, partially full, or empty and several areas of stained soil were observed stemming from these containers.

Project grading and excavation could encounter soils impacted by petroleum hydrocarbons, resulting in potentially significant health and safety impacts to construction personnel, as well as potential off-gassing of petroleum from impacted soil excavations and associated soil stockpiles. However, MM-HAZ-1 would require the removal and disposal of on-site tires and oil containers (e.g., retail motor oil containers and commercial oil drums) from the Project area in accordance with all applicable local, state, and federal guidelines. For excavation or grading activities that occur in areas with the potential for residual contamination, a qualified environmental professional shall screen soils in the identified area prior to excavation and grading activities based on the nature of the potential contamination. If potential contamination is encountered, the contamination shall be evaluated by a qualified environmental professional using the appropriate collection and sampling techniques as determined by the environmental professional based on the nature of the contamination. The nature and extent of contamination shall be determined and the appropriate handling, disposal, and/or treatment shall be implemented in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements.

Therefore, based on compliance with applicable regulations and with the incorporation of MM -HAZ-1, short-term construction impacts associated with creating a significant hazard to the public or the environment through reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions would be less than significant.

Upon completion of Project construction, routine operation of the Project would involve likely use industrial grade chemicals used in the operation of the facilities as well as commercially available cleaning products, landscaping

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chemicals and fertilizers, and various other commercially available products. These materials would be used for the day-to-day operation of the facilities and may involve the use of hazardous materials.

As previously discussed above, the future tenants are not known yet. In the event that a future tenant’s operations require them to transport, use, or dispose of quantities of hazardous materials identified by the state, pursuant to the Health and Safety Code and in accordance with the San Bernardino County Fire Department’s CUPA requirements, the owner/operator must complete and submit a Hazardous Mater ials Business Plan to California Environmental Reporting System. Completion of a Hazardous Materials Business Plan would ensure that an emergency spill response and containment plan is in place in the event of hazardous spills.

Furthermore, the use, stora ge, and transport of hazardous materials and wastes would be subject to applicable federal, state, and local health and safety regulations (e.g., RCRA and the Hazardous Waste Control Act “cradle to grave” requirements). All hazardous materials generated an d/or used on the Project site would be managed in accordance with all relevant federal, state, and local laws, including the California Hazardous Waste Control Law (California Health and Safety Code Division 20, Chapter 6.5) and the Hazardous Waste Control Regulations (22 CCR

4.5). Moreover, compliance with CAL/OSHA workplace and work practices requirements would avoid the exposure of persons and the environment to hazardous materials.

In addition to the regulations and practices described above, the following requirements would apply to storage and handling of hazardous wastes at the Project site: (1) hazardous materials are required to be stored in designated areas designed to prevent accidental release in accordance with state law, including the Californi a Hazardous Waste Control Act and the California Health and Safety Code; (2) CAL/OSHA requirements prescribe safe work environments for workers working with materials that present a moderate explosion hazard, high fire or physical hazard, or health hazard; (3) federal and state laws related to the storage of hazardous materials would be complied with to maximize containment and provide for prompt and effective clean-up in case of an accidental release; and (4) Hazardous Materials Inventory and Response Planning Reports would be filed with the City in accordance with Unified Program Permit requirements.

Compliance with applicable regulations involving hazardous materials during operation would ensure that such materials are transported, used, stored, and dis posed of in a manner that minimizes the potential for upset and accident conditions resulting in the release of hazardous materials into the environment. Due to the existing regulations that are required, it is not expected that the Project would create a significant hazard to the public or the environment through reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions. Therefore, based on compliance with applicable regulations, long-term operational impacts associated with creating a significant hazard to the public or the environment through reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions would be less than significant.

In summary, the Project would result in potentially significant impacts with regard to the creation of a significant hazard to the publ ic or the environment through reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions involving the release of hazardous materials into the environment. MM -HAZ-1 would be implemented, and Project impacts would be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

Cumulative Hazards and Hazardous Materials Impacts
The geographic scope of the cumulative hazards and hazardous materials analysis is the immediate Project area, including surrounding land uses and other nearby properties. Adverse effects of hazards and hazardous materials tend to be localized; therefore, impacts from nearby projects would be limited, if any, and the Project site would be primarily affected by Project activities.

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During construction, hazardous materials such as fuels and lubricants would be transported to and used on site in construction vehicles and equipment. In addition, Project excavations could encounter shallow soil contaminants as a result of on-site used motor oil containers and tires. These contaminants, if improperly handled, could expose the public environment to pollutants. However, water quality enhancement components of the Project, including the implementation of an Erosion and Sediment Control Plan, a SWPPP, stormwater BMPs, and MM-HAZ-1, would minimize the potential release of construction-related pollutants on and off site.

Post-development, routine operation of the Project would include the use of various hazardous materials, including chemical reagents, solvents, fuels, paints, and cleansers. These materials would be used for day-to-day operations as well as building and landscaping maintenance. However, compliance with applicable regulations involving hazardous materials during operation would ensure that such materials are transported, used, stored, and disposed of in a manner that minimizes the potential for upset and accident conditions resulting in the release of hazardous materials into the environment. In addition, the owner/operator must complete and submit a Hazardous Materials Business Plan to the California Environmental Reporting System. This would ensure that in the event that an emergency spill response and containment plan is in place in the event of hazardous spills. As such, it is not expected that the Project would create a significant hazard to the pu blic or the environment through routine operations or reasonably foreseeable upset and accident conditions or result in the release or exposure of hazardous materials into the environment. Therefore, cumulative hazards and hazardous materials impacts would be less than significant.

2.3.6.2 Mitigation Measures
MM-HAZ-1 Prior to the issuance of a grading permit, the Project Applicant shall retain a qualified environmental specialist that has documented experience in the identification, characterization, and removal of hazardous materials and includes a California licensed professional engineer, geologist, or hydrogeologist to remove and dispose of all refuse located on the Project site, including but not limited to, the illegally -dumped tires and oil containers currently found on site . The removal, transport, and disposal of refuse shall be done in accordance with all applicable local, state, and federal guidelines related to hazardous materials handling. Prior to the removal of refuse deposits from the site, the environmental specialist shall inspect each refuse pile for indications that the refuse may contain – or may have once contained – hazardous materials, including, but not limited to, motor oil, solvents, paints, and/or other petro leum products. In addition, the environmental specialist shall inspect the soils surrounding each refuse deposit for evidence of any contamination (staining) or volatilization of contaminants (odors).

If contamination indicators are identified, work shall stop in the immediate proximity of the potential contamination. The Project applicant and/or their construction contractor shall be responsible for engaging a qualified environmental specialist to design and perform an investigation to verify the presence and extent of contamination on the Project site. Subsurface investigation shall determine appropriate worker protection and hazardous material and disposal procedures appropriate for the Project site. Contaminated soil or groundwater determined to be hazardous shall be removed by personnel who have been trained through the Occupational Safety and Health Administration –recommended 40 -hour safety program with an approved plan for groundwater extractions, soil excavation, control of contaminant releases to the air, and off -site transport or on-site treatment.

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2.3.6.3 Findings per CEQA Guidelines
Consistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15126.4(a)(1), feasible measures that can minimize significant adverse impacts were developed for the potentially significant impacts described in Section 2.3.6.1. This feasible measure, MM-HAZ-1, is listed in Section 2.3.6.2.

The City finds that this mitigation measure is feasible, is adopted, and will reduce the potential hazardous impacts of the proposed project to less-than-significant levels. Accordingly, the City finds that, pursuant to CEQA Section 21081(a)(1) and CEQA Guidelines Section 15091(a)(1), changes or alterations have been required in or incorporated into the proposed project that will mitigate or avoi d potentially significant impacts on hazards and hazardous materials.

2.3.6.4 Facts in Support of the Findings Related to Hazards and Hazardous Materials
Implementation of MM -HAZ-1 would reduce potentially significant impacts related to hazards and hazardo us materials to a less than significant level. There would be no significant, unavoidable impacts related to hazardous and hazardous materials after implementation of this mitigation measure.

2.3.7 Tribal Cultural Resources

2.3.7.1 Potentially Significant Impacts to Tribal Cultural Resources Register of Historical Resources/Public Resource Code Section 5024.1 The Project is subject to compliance with AB 52 (PRC Section 21074), which requires consideration of impacts to “tribal cultural resources” as part of the CEQA process, and requires the City of Hesperia, as the CEQA lead agency, to notify any groups who have requested notification of proposed projects within the City and who are traditionally or culturally affiliated with the geographic area of the Project.

In May 2020, the City sent out AB 52 notification letters to three tribal representatives who had requested to be notified of proposed projects within the City. The City has received one response to the AB 52 notification letters from Jessica Mauck, Director of Cultural Resources Management of the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians (SMBMI), dated June 27, 2020. Ms. Mauck stated that the Project area exists within Serrano ancestral territory and, therefore, is of interest to the SMBMI. However, Ms. Mauck stated that due to the nature and location of the Project, and given the Cultural Resources Management Department’s present state of knowledge, the SMBMI does not have any concerns with implementation of the Project. Notwithstanding, because there is always the possibility of unexpected discovery of archaeological resources, Ms. Mauck requested that mitigation measures be implemented during Project construction to reduce potential impacts to tribal cultural resources to a less-than-significant level. The mitigation measures requested by the SMBMI have been incorporated into MM-CUL-3 and MM-CUL-4.

The Project site has been thoroughly researched, surveyed, and analyzed to identify the level of potential for archaeological and tribal cultural resources. No a rchaeological and tribal cultural resources were identified as a result of these efforts. Notwithstanding, MM-CUL-1 through MM-CUL-4 are required to help ensure the integrity of archaeological resources and human remains during ground -disturbing activities. With the incorporation of MM - CUL-1 through MM-CUL-4, impacts associated with tribal cultural resources would be less than significant.

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Cumulative Tribal Cultural Resources Impacts
The geographic scope of the cumulative tribal cultural resources analysis is the region surrounding the Project site.

Ongoing development and growth in the broader Project area may result in a cumulatively significant impact to cultural resources due to the continuing disturbance of undeveloped areas, which could potentially co ntain significant, buried tribal cultural resources. However, as discussed above, the individual, Project -level impacts associated with tribal cultural resources were found to be less than significant with incorporation of mitigation measures (MM -CUL-1 thr ough MM -CUL-4). The Project would be required by law to comply with all applicable federal, state, and local requirements related to tribal cultural resources. Other related cumulative projects would similarly be required to comply with all such requirements and regulations, to be consistent with the provisions set forth by CEQA and the CEQA Guidelines, and to implement all feasible mitigation measures should a significant project-related and/or cumulative impact be identified. As such, cumulative impacts would be less than significant with mitigation incorporated.

2.3.7.2 Mitigation Measures
MM-CUL-1 through MM-CUL-4 can be found in Section 2.3.3.2 of Cultural Resources, above.

2.3.7.3 Findings per CEQA Guidelines
Consistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15126.4(a)(1), feasible measures that can minimize significant adverse impacts were developed for the potentially significant impacts described in Section 2.3.7.1. These feasible measures, MM-CUL-1 through MM-CUL-4, are listed in Section 2.3.4.2.

The City finds that these mitigation measures are feasible, are adopted, and will reduce the potential tribal cultural resource impacts of the proposed project to less than significant levels. Accordingly, the City finds that, pursuant to CEQA Section 21081(a)(1) and CEQA Guidelines Section 15091(a)(1), changes or alterations have been required in or incorporated into the proposed project that will mitigate or avoid potentially significant impacts on tribal cultural resources.

2.3.7.4 Facts in Support of the Findings Related to Tribal Cultural Resources Through Assembly Bill 52 consultation with local tribes, additional mitigation measures addressing the potential to discover tribal cultural resources are also included to reduce potential impacts to archaeolo gical resources.

Implementation of MM-CUL-1 through MM-CUL-4 would reduce potentially significant impacts related to the register of historic resources and related to a resource determined to be significant pursuant to criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resources Code Section 5024.1 to a less than significant level. There would be no significant, unavoidable impacts related to tribal cultural resources after implementation of these mitigation measures.

2.4 Impacts Determined to Be Less Than Significant
Based on the analysis contained in the EIR, the following issue areas have been determined to fall within the “less than significant impact” category for all thresholds : agriculture and forestry resources, energy, hydrology and water quality, land use, mineral resources, population and housing, public services, recreation, utilities and service systems, and wildfire .

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Other impacts under aesthetics, air quality, biological resources, geology and soils, greenhouse gas emissions, hazards and hazardous materials, noise, and transportation not addressed below are addressed in Section 2.2 and Section 2.3.

2.4.1 Aesthetics
Scenic Resource Damage within a State Scenic Highway
There are no officially designated scenic roads or highways within City boundaries (City of Hesperia 2010 c). The nearest designated state scenic highway, Route 38, is located approximately 34 miles southeast of the Project site.

The nearest eligible scenic highway, Route 138, is located 7 miles to the south of the Project site (Caltrans 2019).

Due to distance and intervening terrain, vegetation and development, none of these officially designated or eligible scenic highways are visible from the Project site, nor is the Project site visible f rom the highways. Therefore, no impacts associated with scenic resources within in a state scenic highway would occur.

Sources of Light or Glare
The Project site is currently undeveloped and does not support any existing sources of light or glare, and development of the Project would introduce new sources of light and glare to the Project site. However, developed portions of the City contain numerous sources of light and glare typical of urban and semi -rural environments.

Existing sources of light or glare include streetlights, freestanding lights, building -mounted lights, illuminated signage, reflective building materials, and vehicular headlights. The undeveloped portions of the City, such as the Project site, contain few, if any, sources of light and glar e. New sources of nighttime lighting resulting from the implementation of the Project include parking lot and loading area lighting, as well as building mounted lights. The Project would include a variety of exterior building light fixtures and parking lot lighting fixtures, including LED Type 3, 4, and 5 building mounted and pole mounted light fixtures. Additionally, building materials would primarily include concrete, metal, aluminum, and glass windows. These features could result in light trespass, light pollution, and glare to the neighboring light sensitive land uses, which include rural residential areas located north, west, east and south of the Project site.

The majority of construction activities associated with the Project would occur during daytime hours consistent with standard industry practices. In the event that work is required outside the standard construction hours (to reduce traffic or other impacts), lighting would be focused directly on work activity areas and would be temporary. As such, nighttime construction lighting impacts would be less than significant.

Upon Project implementation, the Project could potentially result in significant adverse light and glare impacts on nighttime views due to the addition of building and parking lot l ighting. However, the Project would be required to minimize light and glare impacts to sensitive land uses through the incorporation of setbacks, site planning, and other design techniques (consistent with General Plan Policy LU -3.5). Section 16.20.135 of the City’s Municipal Code contains general performance standards related to light and glare such that any industrial activity shall not cause light trespass above 0.5 footcandles when measured in a residential district or lot (City of Hesperia 2020).

According to the photometric plan prepared for the Project, Project lighting would result in light trespass of less than

0.2 footcandles along the entire Project perimeter. Therefore, the Project would not result in light trespass above

0.5 footcandles within any nearby residential areas.

Further, all light fixtures would be required to be consistent with the California Green Building Standards Code for illumination. The California Green Building Standards Code sets forth minimum requirements based on Lighting Zones, as defined in Chapter 10 of the California Administrative Code. The requirements are designed to minimize light pollution in an effort to maintain darks skies and ensure new development reduces backlight, uplight, and

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glare (BUG) from exterior light sources (CALGreen 2019). The Project would be required to comply with the CALGreen BUG rating for Lighting Zone 3. Further, all lights would be shielded and directed downward, and the proposed lighting plan does not include blinking, flashing, or oscillating light sources.

The warehouse buildings would incorporate a variety of building materials. Building materials would primarily include concrete, metal, aluminum, and glass windows. Metal canopy overhangs for shading would be included above building entrances, and aluminum entrance fronts would include glass and metal attachments. Blue reflective glazing and high gloss paint is proposed for the entrance fronts and canopies. Glass windows would consist of tempered vision insulated glass with a solarban 60 rating, which has a low exterior reflectance percentage to maximize daylighting opportunities to interior building spaces. Although metallic materials and glass have been incorporated into Project design, Project setbacks and proposed landscaping would provide screening to screen such Project elements from view, and all paint finishes would be flat (with the exception of the high gloss proposed for entrance fronts and canopies). As such, building materials would not create a new source of substantial light or glare that would adversely affect day or nighttime views in the area. Therefore, based on compliance with the City’s Development Code and CALGreen lighting standards, impacts associated with light and glare would be less than significant.

Finding
The City finds that, based upon substantial evidence in the record, the proposed project would have a less than significant impact on aesthetics and visual resources as it relates to scenic resource damage within a state scenic highway and sources of light and glare; therefore, no mitigation is required.

2.4.2 Agriculture and Forestry Resources
Conversion of Agricultural Lands and Forestlands
According to the California Department of Conservation (CDOC) Important Farmland Finder (CDOC 2016a), the Project site is designated as “grazing land.” The Project site does not contain Prime Farmland, Unique Farmland, or Farmland of Statewide Importance ( collectively, “Important Farmland”). The Project would not occur within any farmland locations, and would not result in the conversion of this land to nonagricultural use. In addition, based on the CDOC’s 2015/2016 San Bernardino County Williamson Act map (CDOC 2016b), there are no Williamson Act contracts on site or within the Project area. Further, the Project site and surrounding area are not zoned for agricultural uses, but instead for commercial, industrial, business park, rural estate residential, and neighborhood commercial uses (City of Hesperia 2010a). As such, implementation of the Project would not conflict with existing zoning for agricultural use or land under a Williamson Act contract.

In regard to forestland or timberland, Project site is not located on or adjacent to forestland, timberland, or timberland zoned timberland production (City of Hesperia 2010a). Therefore, no impacts associated with Important Farmland, Williamson Act contracts/Farmland Security Zones, forestland, or timberland would occur.

Cumulative Agricultural and Forestry Resource Impacts
As analyzed above, the proposed project would experience no impacts related to all agricultural and forestry resource issue areas. Considering the proposed project would not be located on farmland or forestland, the proposed project would not combine with cumulative projects resulting in a significant impact to an agricultural or forestry resource.

Therefore, impacts to agricultural and forestry resources would not be cumulatively considerable.

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Finding
The Initial Study for the proposed project found no potential for significant impacts to agriculture and forestry resources; therefore, agriculture and forestry resources was not addressed in the Draft EIR. No mitigation would be required and no significant, unavoidable adverse impacts would occur.

2.4.3 Air Quality
Expose Sensitive Receptors to Substantial Pollutant Concentrations Local Carbon Monoxide Concentrations
Mobile source impacts occur on two scales of motion. Regionally, Project -related travel would add to regional trip generation and increase vehicle-miles traveled within the local airshed and the MDAB. Locally, Project -generated traffic would be added to th e roadway system near the Project site. If such traffic occurs during periods of poor atmospheric ventilation, is composed of a large number of vehicles “cold -started” and operating at pollution - inefficient speeds, and is operating on roadways already crow ded with non-Project traffic, there is a potential for the formation of microscale CO hotspots in the area immediately around points of congested traffic. However, because of continued improvement in vehicular emissions at a rate faster than the rate of ve hicle growth and/or congestion, the potential for CO hotspots in the MDAB is steadily decreasing.

The MDAQMD thresholds of significance for local CO emissions is the 1 -hour and 8-hour CAAQS of 20 ppm and 9 ppm, respectively. By definition, these represent levels that are protective of public health. As noted previously, the MDAB is currently designated attainment for both state and national CO ambient air quality standards, and the City typically experiences low background CO concentrations.

To verify that the Project would not cause or contribute to a violation of the CO standard, a screening evaluation was conducted comparing the highest hourly traffic volumes at any studied intersection in proximity to the Project site to the 100,000 vehicles per day criterion from the SCAQMD AQMP (SCAQMD 2003). The highest average daily trips on a segment of road would be 61,500 daily trips on Interstate 15 Northbound Ramps and Main Street, which would be substantially less than the 100,000 vehicles per day screening cri terion applied. Therefore, impacts associated with CO hotspots would be less than significant.

Toxic Air Contaminant Exposure
As the Project consists of 2,361,648 square -feet of High-Cube Fulfillment Center use and 1,383,781 square-feet of General Light I ndustrial use, the potential impact of Project -generated air pollutant emissions at sensitive receptors has been evaluated.

Receptors in the Project study area include existing residences to the north, south, east, and west of the Project site, with the n earest residence at 11345 Phelan Road, approximately 217 feet south of the Project site. The residential land use with the greatest potential exposure to Project DPM source emissions is at the existing West Main Villas apartments as 9800 Mesa Linda Street, approximately 2,165 feet southeast of the Project site, and immediately adjacent to the north of Main Street, which is the Project’s primary truck travel route. While all of the residences surrounding the Project site have been accounted for in this analy sis, this analysis focuses on the residential land use with the greatest potential exposure to Project DPM source emissions, as any residences located further away from the Project site or primary truck travel route than the residence with the greatest potential for exposure would experience a lesser impact because concentrations dissipate with distance. The maximum

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incremental cancer risk attributable to Project DPM source emissions at the MEIR is estimated at 7.37 in one million, which is less than the MD AQMD’s significance threshold of 10 in one million. At this same location, non - cancer risks were estimated to be 0.003, which would not exceed the applicable significance threshold of 1.0.

Because all other modeled residential receptors are exposed to lesser concentrations and are located at a greater distance than the MEIR, and DPM generally dissipates with distance from the source, all other receptors in the vicinity of the Project site would be exposed to less emissions and therefore less risk than the M EIR identified herein. Therefore, impacts associated with toxic air contaminants and cancer and non-cancer health risk would be less than significant.

Valley Fever
Valley Fever is not highly endemic to San Bernardino County; within San Bernardino County the incident rate is 1.8 cases per 100,000 people (CDPH 2017). In contrast, in 2016 the statewide annual incident rate was 13.7 per 100,000 people. The California counties considered highly endemic for Valley Fever include Kern (251.7 per 100,000), Kings (157.3 per 100,000), San Luis Obispo (82.8 per 100,000), Fresno (60.8 per 100,000), Tulare (45.3 per 100,000), Madera (31.5 per 100,000), and San Joaquin (25.3 per 100,000) and accounted for 70% of the reported cases in 2016 (CDPH 2017).

Even if present at the site, construction activities may not result in increased incidence of Valley Fever. Propagation of Valley Fever is dependent on climatic conditions, with the potential for growth and surface exposure highest following early seasonal rains and long dry spells. Valley Fever spores can be released when filaments are disturbed by earth-moving activities, although receptors must be exposed to and inhale the spores to be at increased risk of developing Valley Fever. Moreover, exposure to Valley Fever does not guarantee that an individual will become ill— approximately 60% of people exposed to the fungal spores are asymptomatic and show no signs of an infection (USGS 2000).

In order to reduce fugitive dust from the Project and minimize adverse air quality impacts, the Project would employ dust mitigation measures in accordance with the MDAQMD Rules 401 and 403.2, which limit the amount of fugitive dust generated during construction. These requirements are consistent with CDPH recommendations for the implementation of dust control measures, including regular application of water during soil -disturbance activities, to reduce exposure to Valley Fever – the watering minimizes the potential that the fungal spores become airborne (CDPH 2013). Further, regulations designed to minimize exposure to Valley Fever hazards are included in Title 8 of the California Code of Regulations and would be complied with during the Project’s construction phase (California Department of Industrial Relations 2017).

In summary, the Project would not result in a significant impact attributable to Valley Fever exposure based on its geographic location and compliance with applicable regulatory standards and dust mitigation measures, which will serve to minimize the release of and exposure to f ungal spores. Therefore, impacts associated with Valley Fever exposure for sensitive receptors would be less than significant.

Other Emissions
Land uses generally associated with odor complaints generally include: agricultural uses (livestock and farming) , wastewater treatment plants, food-processing plants, chemical plants, composting operations, refineries, landfills, dairies, and fiberglass molding facilities. The Project does not propose uses that would be substantive sources of objectionable odors. Potential temporary and intermittent odors may result from construction equipment exhaust, the application of asphalt, and architectural coatings. Temporary and intermittent construction -source emissions

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are controlled through existing requirements and industry Best Management Practices (BMPs) addressing proper storage of and application construction materials.

Over the life of the Project, odors may result from storage of municipal solid waste pending its transport to area landfills. Project -generated refus e would be stored in covered containers and removed at regular intervals in compliance with the City of Hesperia’s solid waste regulations.

The Project would also be required to comply with MDAQMD Rule 402 (Nuisance). Rule 402 provides that “[a] person shall not discharge from any source whatsoever such quantities of air contaminants or other material which cause injury, detriment, nuisance or annoyance to any considerable number of persons or to the public, or which endanger the comfort, repose, health or safety of any such persons or the public, or which cause, or have a natural tendency to cause, injury or damage to business or property” (MDAQMD 1976). Based on the preceding, the potential for the Project to create objectionable odors affecting a substantial number of people would be less than significant.

Finding
The City finds that, based upon substantial evidence in the record, the proposed project would have a less than significant impact on air quality as it relates to health impacts of CO hotspots, toxic air contaminant exposure and valley fever, and other emissions; therefore, no mitigation is required.

2.4.4 Biological Resources
Candidate, Sensitive, or Special-Status Species
The following section evaluates the Project’s effects on plant and wildlife species identified as candidate, sensitive, or special status species in local or regional plans, policies, or regulations, or by the CDFW or USFWS.

Special-Status Wildlife Species
Desert Tortoise
The results of the survey determined that desert tortoise are currently considered absent from the Project site and Off-Site Utilities Alignments. The on-site vegetation has been determined to provide low‐quality habitat for the desert tortoise. While suitable (albeit low-quality) habitat for this species will be removed as a result of construction of the Project, this habitat is unoccupied, and the Project would not result in any direct or indirect impacts to desert tortoise. Therefore, impacts to desert tortoise associated with the Project and Off-Site Utilities Alignments would be less than significant.

Mohave Ground Squirrel
The Project site is located in an area that is cut off from known Mohave ground squirrel populations by Interstate 15 and U.S. Highway 395 to the east and by the California Aqueduct to the north. Disturbances from human presence and fragmentation from surrounding roadways, including off -highway vehicle use and illegal waste dumping within the Project site and Off -Site Utilities Al ignments has had a negative effect on habitat quality for Mohave ground squirrel. Records from the CNDDB reveal two occurrences of Mohave ground squirrel near the Project site and Off-Site Utility Alignment that were detected in 2005 and 2011. However, bot h these records are from sites located across the California Aqueduct, making dispersal to the Project site highly unlikely, because the aqueduct creates a considerable barrier to dispersal.

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The Project site and Off-Site Utilities Alignments provides have a low likelihood of Mohave ground squirrel to occur.

No Mohave ground squirrel were detected at the camera stations or captured during the trapping surveys.

Additionally, the high density of California juniper on site is indicative that the area is within the Mohave - transmontane transition zone, an area with low likelihood of use by Mohave ground squirrel. As such, the survey results indicate that Mohave ground squirrel do not inhabit the Project site or Off-Site Utility Alignment.

Therefore, the Project would not result in any direct or indirect impacts to Mohave ground squirrel. Therefore, impacts to Mohave ground squirrel associated with the Project and Off-Site Utilities Alignments would be less than significant.

Interference with Wildlife Movement/Use of Nursery Sites The Project site is located in an area of encroaching development and has been regionally isolated by U.S. Highway 395 to the east and by the California Aqueduct to the north. As a result, the Project site does not provide for regional wildlife movement or serve as a regional wildlife corridor. However, on a local level, wildlife may move across the site when migrating or foraging/hunting. Therefore, wildlife movement may be temporarily disrupted during the construction phase of the Project, although this effect would be both localized and short -term in nature. Nearby corridors that could support wildlife movement in the region, include the La Bureau of Power and Light Road immediately to the west and the Oro Wash further to the east, would n ot be impacted by the Project. Further, the Project site does not contain nursery sites, such as bat colony roosting sites or colonial bird nesting areas.

All off-site utilities would be located below grade, and thus, would not represent an impedance to wildlife movement.

Similar to the construction work being conducted on the Project site, the construction activities associated with the off-site utilities have the potential to temporarily disrupt wildlife movement in the immediate vicinity of construction; however, any impact would be both localized and short-term in nature. Therefore, impacts associated with wildlife movement, wildlife corridors, and wildlife nursery sites would be less than significant.

Habitat Conservation Plan, Natural Community Conservation Plan, or other Conservation Plan The Project site and the Off-Site Utilities Alignments are located within the California Desert Conservation Area Plan (BLM 1980). The Project site and the Off-Site Utilities Alignments are also located within the Draft West Mojave Plan (BLM 2005) and the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan (BLM 2016) areas. The West Mojave Plan and Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan are amendments to the California Desert Conservation Area Plan. The BLM issued a Record of Decision for the West Mojave Plan in 2006, although the West Mojave Plan has not been formally adopted. The Project will not conflict with the conservation criteria associated with the California Desert Conservation Area Plan or Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan. Therefore, impacts associated with an adopted habitat conservation plan would be less than significant.

Finding
The City finds t hat, based upon substantial evidence in the record, the proposed project would have a less than significant impact on biological resources as it relates to specific special-status wildlife species; the interference with the movement of any native resident or migratory fish or wildlife species; and as it relates to a habitat conservation plan, natural community conservation plan, or other conservation plan. Therefore, no mitigation is required.

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2.4.5 Energy
Wasteful, Inefficient, or Unnecessary Consumption of Energy Electricity
Construction Energy Usage
Temporary electric power for as -necessary lighting and elect ronic equipment (e.g., computers inside temporary construction trailers, HVAC) would be provided by SCE. The SCE’s general service rate schedule was used to determine the Project’s electrical usage. As of January 1, 2020, SCE’s general service rate is $0.0 8 per kWh of electricity for industrial services (SCE 2020). Though no physical structure is anticipated, electricity usage related to construction of the Project was based on the calculated construction power cost and the SCE cost per kWh. This approach was taken in order to conservatively identify electricity usage from construction activities.

Project construction related activities are estimated to be approximately 2,464,085 kWh. Project construction would represent a “single-event” electricity demand and would not require on-going or permanent commitment of electricity resources for this purpose. Therefore, impacts would be less than significant Operational Energy Usage
The Project is estimated to have a total electrical demand of 19,847,230 kilowatt-hours per year. The Project would be built in accordance with the current Title 24 standards at the time of construction and CALGreen standards.

The Project proposes conventional industrial uses reflecting contemporary energy efficient/energy conserving designs and operational programs. Uses proposed by the Project are not inherently energy intensive, and the Project energy demands in total would be comparable to other projects of similar scale and configuration. Additionally, the Project would be required to comply with the applicable Title 24 standards which would further ensure that the Project energy demands would not be inefficient, wasteful, or otherwise unnecessary and impacts would be less than significant.

Natural Gas
Construction Energy Usage
Natural gas is not anticipated to be required during construction of the Project. Fuels used for construction would primarily consist of diesel and gasoline, which are discussed under the subsection “Petroleum,” below. Any minor amounts of natural gas that may be consumed as a result of Project construction would be temporary and negligible, and would not have an adverse effect; therefore, impacts would be less than significant.

Operational Energy Usage
Natural gas consumption during operation would b e required for various purposes, including, but not limited to, building heating and cooling. SoCalGas confirmed availability of natural gas supply in the Project vicinity to serve the Project. Default natural gas generation rates in CalEEMod for the proposed land use and climate zone were used.

The Project is estimated to have a total electrical demand of 49,753,150 kBTU per year. The Project is subject to statewide mandatory energy requirements as outlined in Title 24, Part 6, of the California Code of Regulations. Prior

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to Project approval, the applicant would ensure that the Project would meet Title 24 requirements applicable at that time, as required by state regulations through their plan review process. Thus, the natural gas consumption of the Project would not be considered inefficient or wasteful, and impacts would be less than significant.

Petroleum
Construction Energy Usage
Petroleum would be consumed throughout construction of the Project. Fuel consumed by construction equipment would be th e primary energy resource expended over the course of construction, and VMT associated with the transportation of construction materials and construction worker commutes would also result in petroleum consumption. Heavy-duty construction equipment associated with construction activities and haul trucks involved in relocating dirt around the Project site are assumed to use diesel fuel. Construction workers would travel to and from the Project site throughout the duration of construction. It is assumed that construction workers would travel to and from the Project site in gasoline-powered vehicles.

Heavy-duty construction equipment of various types would be used during Project construction. CalEEMod was used to estimate construction equipment usage for the estimated diesel fuel usage from construction equipment, and vendor trucks, as well as estimated gasoline fuel usage from worker vehicles.

In summary, construction of the Project is conservatively anticipated to consume 206,565 gallons of gasoline and 197,741 gallons of diesel. Project construction would represent a “single-event” petroleum demand and would not require on-going or permanent commitment of petroleum resources for this purpose. Therefore, impacts would be less than significant
Operational Energy Usage
During operations, the majority of fuel consumption resulting from the Project would involve the use of motor vehicles traveling to and from the Project site, as well as fuels used for alternative modes of transportation that may be used by employees of the Project.

Petroleum fuel consumption associated with motor vehicles traveling to and from the Project site is a function of the VMT as a result of Project operation. The annual VMT attributable to the Project is expected to be 64,040,529 VMT.

The Project would result in 64,040,529 annual VMT and an estimated annual fuel demand of 5,072,463 gallons of fuel. Fuel would be provided by current and future commercial vendors. Trip generation and VMT generated by the Project are consistent with other industrial uses of similar scale and configuration, as reflected in the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) Trip Generation Manual (10th Ed., 2017) and CalEEMod. That is, the Project does not propose uses or operations that would inherently result in excessive and wasteful vehicle trips and VMT, nor associated excess and wasteful vehicle energy consumption.

Enhanced fuel economies realized pursuant to federal and state regulatory actions, and related transition of vehicles to alternative energy sources (e.g., electricity, natural gas, biofuels, hydrogen cells) would likely decrease future gasoline fuel demands per VMT. Location of the Project proximate to regional and local roadway systems tends to reduce VMT within the region, acting to reduce regional vehicle energy demands. The Project would implement sidewalks, facilitating and encouraging pedestrian access. In compliance with the California Green Building Standards Code, the Project would promote the use of bicycles as an alternative mean of transpo rtation by providing short -term and/or long -term bicycle parking accommodations. Facilitating pedestrian and bicycle access for employees would reduce VMT and associated energy consumption. As supported by the preceding

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discussions, Project transportation energy consumption would not be considered inefficient, wasteful, or otherwise unnecessary and impacts would be less than significant.

Conflict with Plan for Renewable Energy or Energy Efficiency The Project would be subject to and would comply with, at a minimum, the California Building Energy Efficiency Standards (24 CCR Part 6). Part 6 of Title 24 establishes energy efficiency standards for non -residential buildings constructed in California in order to reduce energy demand and consumption. As such, the Project would comply with the California code requirements for energy efficiency.

Part 11 of Title 24 sets forth voluntary and mandatory energy measures that are applicable to the Project under CALGreen. CALGreen institutes mandatory minimum environmental performance standards for all ground-up, new construction of commercial, low-rise residential, high-rise residential, state-owned buildings, schools, and hospitals, as well as certain residential and non -residential additions and alterations. Additionally, energy consumed by the Project’s operation is calculated to be comparable to energy consumed by other industrial uses of similar scale and intensity that are constructed and operating in California. On this basis, the Project would not conflict with or obstruct a state or local plan for renewable energy or energy efficiency. This impact would be less than significant.

Cumulative Energy Impacts
Cumulative projects that could exacerbate the Project’s impacts include any projects that could result in wasteful, inefficient, or unnecessary use of energy. However, the Project would not result in wasteful, inefficient, or unnecessary use of energy in part due to the short-term and temporary nature of the construction period. Similarly, operation of the Project would not result in a wasteful, inefficient or unnecessary use of energy or conflict with an applicable plan. Furthermore, the Project would include Project design features discussed in Section 2.2.2.2 which include reductions in energy demand. Therefore, the Project would have a less-than-significant impact with regards to cumulative energy impacts.

Finding
The City finds that, based upon substantial evidence in the record, the proposed project would have a less than significant impact on energy as it relates to inefficient or wasteful energy use, conflict with a state or local plan for renewable energy or energy efficiency, and cumulative energy impacts; therefore, no mitigation is required.

2.4.6 Geology and Soils
Expose People or Structures to Fault Rupture
According to the CDOC regulatory maps (CDOC 2019), the Project site is not located in a designated earthquake fault zone. The Alquist –Priolo Zones Special Studies Act defines active faults as those that have experienced surface displacement or movement during the last 11,000 years. According to the City’s General Plan, although several earthquake faults exist within and in proximity to the City, no faults exist beneath the Project site (City of Hesperia 2010 a). Although the Project site could potentially be subject to strong ground shaking during an earthquake, because of the absence of an underlying fault in the Project area, there is no potential for faulting on site. Therefore, no impacts associated with fault rupture would occur.

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Expose People or Structures to Strong Seismic Ground Shaking Similar to other areas located in seismically active Southern California, the City is susceptible to strong ground shaking during an earthquake. As previously addressed, the Project site is not located w ithin an active fault zone, and the site would not be affected by ground shaking more than any other area in this seismic region. In addition, the Project would be designed in accordance with all applicable provisions established in the current California Building Code, which sets forth specific engineering requirements to ensure structural integrity during a seismic event (CBC 2019). Compliance with these requirements would reduce the potential risk to people and structures with respect to strong seismic ground shaking. Therefore, impacts associated with strong seismic ground shaking would be less than significant.

Expose People or Structures to Liquefaction
Liquefaction occurs when partially saturated soil loses its effective stress and enters a liquid state, which can result in the soil’s inability to support structures above. Liquefaction can be induced by ground -shaking events and is dependent on soil saturation conditions Due to the existing geologically young, loose, unconsolidated sediments throughout the City, liquefaction has the potential to occur within the City. However, the Project would comply with the most recent version of the California Building Code (CBC), which contains universal standards related to the Project site’s specific soil characteristics. Additionally, a geotechnical/soils study has been prepared for the Project, which would provide engineering recommendations based on the particular geological characteristics of the Project site. These site-specific recommendations would include requirements regarding excavation, grading, and imported fill selection; foundation design parameters; and floor slab design and construction parameters. Some of these recommendations would reiterate requirements already set forth in the California Buildi ng Code, and other recommendations may exceed these requirements based on the specific geological characteristics of the Project site. Compliance with these requirements would reduce the potential risk to people and structures due to liquefaction. Therefore, impacts associated with liquefaction would be less than significant.

Expose People or Structures to Landslides
According to Exhibit SF-1 of the City’s General Plan Safety Element (City of Hesperia 2010a), the Project site is not located in an area identified as susceptible to slope instability. The Project site is relatively flat and is not located adjacent to any potentially unstable topographical feature such as a hillside or riverbank. Therefore, no impacts associated with landslides would occur.

Soil Erosion or Loss of Topsoil
Short-Term Construction Impacts
Because the Project would result in more than 1 acre or more of ground disturbance, the Project would be subject to the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System stormwater program, which includes obtaining coverage under the State Water Resources Control Board’s General Permit for Discharges of Storm Water Associated with Construction Activity (Construction General Permit. Construction activities subject to the Construction General Permit i nclude clearing, grading, and disturbances to the ground such as stockpiling or excavating. The Construction General Permit requires development and implementation of a stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP). Among the required items that must be included within a SWPPP are Project design features intended to protect against substantial soil erosion as a result of water and wind erosion; these design features are commonly known as best management

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practices (BMPs). Typical BMPs include maintaining or creating drainages to convey and direct surface runoff from bare areas and installing physical barriers such as berms, silt fencing, wattles, straw bales, and gabions.

Implementation of a Construction General Permit, including preparation of a SWPPP and implementation of BMPs, would reduce stormwater runoff and soil erosion impacts to acceptable levels. Therefore, short -term construction impacts associated with soil erosion would be less than significant.

Long-Term Operational Impacts
Once redeveloped, the P roject site would include three warehouse/distribution/logistics buildings, paved surfaces, and other improvements that would stabilize and retain on -site soils. The remaining portions of the Project site containing pervious surfaces would primarily consis t of landscape areas. These landscape areas would include a mix of trees, shrubs, plants, and groundcover that would help retain on -site soils while also preventing wind and stormwater erosion. Therefore, long -term operational impacts associated with soil erosion would be less than significant.

Unstable Geologic Unit or Soil
Project activities may occur in geologically unstable areas such as zones of potential liquefaction or collapsible soils. However, the Project would comply with the most recent version of the CBC, which contains universal standards related to the Project site’s specific soil characteristics. Compliance with the CBC would ensure the structural integrity in light of seismic-related issues experience at the Project site. Additionally, a geotechnical/soils study has been prepared for the Project, which would provide engineering recommendations based on the particular geological characteristics of the Project site. These site -specific recommendations would include requirements regarding engine ering, design, and construction (and possibly operation) of the Project. Some of these recommendations would reiterate requirements already set forth in the California Building Code, and other recommendations may exceed these requirements based on the spec ific geological characteristics of the Project site. Compliance with these requirements would reduce the potential risk to people and structures due to unstable and expansive soils. Therefore, impacts associated with unstable and expansive soils would be less than significant.

Soils Incapable of Supporting Septic Tanks
The Project would connect directly to the municipal sanitary sewer system and would not require septic tanks or any other alternative wastewater disposal system. Therefore, no impacts associated with the adequacy of soils and septic systems would occur.

Cumulative Geological Resource or Soil Impact
Potential cumulative impacts on geology and soils result from projects that combine to create geologic hazards, including unstable geologic conditions, or substantially contribute to erosion. Most geology and soil hazards associated with development would be site-specific and can be mitigated on a project-by-project basis. Such hazards include exposure of people or structures to rupture of an earthquake fault, liquefaction, landslides, unstable geologic units, and expansive soils. Individual project mitigation for these hazards would ensure that there are no residual cumulative impacts. Proper engineering design, use of standard construction practices, adherence to erosion control standards, implementation of BMPs required by the SWPPP, and implementation of the recommendations found in their respective geotechnical reports would ensure that the potential for cumulatively considerable geological impacts would be less than significant. Since geologic hazards are site-specific and not necessarily cumulative, the proposed project would not have a cumulatively considerable impact. Also, as noted above, in 2015, the California Supreme

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Court held that CEQA generally does not require a lead agency to consider the impacts of the existing environment on the future residents or users of the project unless such projects exacerbate existing conditions, further limiting the likelihood that environmental impacts on related projects would occur.

Excavation and ground -disturbing activities during construction of the proposed project and cumulative projects could potentially leave loose soil exposed to the erosive forces of rainfall and high winds, which would increase the potential for soil erosion and loss of topsoil. Earth-disturbing activities associated with construction on the project site and cumulative project sites would be temporary, and with compliance with the General Construction Permit and BMPs outlined in the SWPPP, cumulative impacts related to soil erosion and the loss of topsoil would be less than significant.

Finding
The City finds t hat, based upon substantial evidence in the record, the proposed project would have a less than significant impact on geological resources or soils; therefore, no mitigation is required.

2.4.7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Conflict with an Applicable Plan, Policy, or Regulation As previously stated, pursuant to 15604.4 of the CEQA Guidelines, a lead agen cy may rely on qualitative analysis or performance -based standards to determine the significance of impacts from GHG emissions. As such, the Project’s consistency with SB 32 (2017 Scoping Plan) and the City’s CAP, is discussed below. It should be noted that the Project’s consistency with the 2017 Scoping Plan also satisfies consistency with AB 32 since the 2017 Scoping Plan is based on the overall targets established by AB 32. Consistency with the 2008 Scoping Plan is not necessary, since the target year for the 2008 Scoping Plan was 2020, and the Project’s buildout year is 2021. As such, the 2008 Scoping Plan does not apply and consistency with the 2017 Scoping Plan is relevant. 2017 Scoping Plan Consistency
The 2017 Scoping Plan Update reflects the 2030 t arget of a 40% reduction below 1990 levels, set by Executive Order B-30-15 and codified by SB 32. The Project will not conflict with any of the provisions of the Scoping Plan and in fact supports seven of the action categories.

As shown above, the Project would not conflict with any of the 2017 Scoping Plan elements as any regulations adopted would apply directly or indirectly to the Project. Further, recent studies show that the state’s existing and proposed regulatory framework will allow the state to reduce its GHG emissions level to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030.

Consistency with the CAP
As previously stated, the CAP presents a number of strategies that will make it possible for the City to meet the recommended GHG emissions targets that are consistent with the reduction targets of the state.

The Project’s emissions without accounting for regulatory requires and PDFs would be 63,906 MT CO 2e per year.

After implementation, Project GHG emissions would be reduced to 55,599 MT CO2e per year. This yields a reduction of approximately 13%, which satisfies the City’s CAP target of a 12% reduction. As such, the Project is consistent with the City’s CAP.

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The Project demonstrates consistency with the General Plan, CAP goals, measures, and emission reduction targets, and would not conflict with any applicable plan, policy, or regulation of an agency adopted to reduce GHG emissions, including Title 24, AB 32, and SB 32. Therefore, impacts would be less than significant.

Finding
The City finds t hat, based upon substan tial evidence in the record, the proposed project would have a less than significant impact on GHG emissions as it relates to a conflict with an applicable plan, policy or regulation; therefore, no mitigation is required.

2.4.8 Hazards and Hazardous Materials
Hazardous Materials within One-Quarter mile of an Existing or Proposed School The nearest school to the Project site is San Joaquin Valley College (9331 Mariposa Road), which is located approximately 1.4 miles southeast of the site. As such, the closes t school is located well outside of a 0.25 -mile radius around the Project site. Therefore, no impacts associated with emitting or handling hazardous materials within 0.25 miles of a school would occur.

Cortese List
The Hazardous Waste and Substances Sites list (Cortese List) is a planning document providing information about the location of hazardous materials release sites. California Government Code Section 65962.5 requires the California Environmental Protection Agency to develop, at least annually, an updated Cortese List. The Department of Toxic Substances Control is responsible for a portion of the information contained in the Cortese List. Other state and local government agencies are required to provide additional hazardous materials release information for the Cortese List (CalEPA 2019). A review of Cortese List online data resources does not identify hazardous materials or waste sites on the Project site or immediately surrounding area (DTSC 2019; RWQCB 2019). Therefore, no impact would occur.

Near an Airport or within an Airport Land Use Plan
The nearest operational public-use airport to the Project site is the Hesperia Airport, which is located approximately

6.2 miles to the south. The airport is located on the Mesa, west of Antelope Valley wash a nd south of Ranchero Road. According to the Comprehensive Land Use Plan, the Project site is not located within a runway protection zone or safety zone area, which would have potential safety and noise impacts (San Bernardino County 1991).

Therefore, no impacts associated with airport hazards would occur.

Impair or Interfere with an Adopted Emergency Response Plan or Emergency Evacuation Plan According to the City’s Mitigation Plan, the Project would be required to comply with the City’s Emergency Operations Plan (City of Hesperia 2017). The City Emergency Operations Plan provides a framework for coordinated response and recovery activities during an emergency (City of Hesperia 2017). In addition, the City’s General Plan designates all freeways and arterial roads as emergency evacuation routes. Typically, roadway facilities designated by the City’s General Plan Safety Element as major, primary, or secondary highways, as well as other streets with regional access are assumed to serve as evacuation routes in the event of a regional emergency. As roadways capable of supporting high traffic volumes and providing regional access to other highways, freeways, and neighboring jurisdictions, both

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Main Street and U.S. Highway 395 are expected to serve as emergency evacu ation routes in the event of an emergency. The Project does not propose any changes to the geometry of these roadways to the extent that these roadways’ ability to serve as emergency evacuation routes would be compromised. As a result, the Project would not significantly affect emergency response or evacuation activities. Therefore, impacts associated with emergency response and evacuation routes would be less than significant.

Wildland Fires
Construction of the Project would introduce potential ignition sources to the Project site, including the use of heavy machinery and the potential for sparks during welding activities or other hot work. However, the Project would be required to comply with City and state requirements for fire safety practices, to reduce the possibility of fires during construction activities. Further, vegetation would be removed from site prior to the start of construction. Adherence to City and state regulatory standards d uring Project construction would reduce the risk of wildfire ignition and spread during construction activities. Therefore, short-term construction impacts associated with exposing people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving wildland fires would be less than significant.

Upon completion of Project construction, as discussed further below, with adherence to the City’s Municipal Code, the low ignitability of the proposed structures, implementation of fire -resistant, and irrigated landscaping, the Project would not facilitate wildfire spread or exacerbate wildfire risk or expose people or structures, indirectly or directly, to significant wildfire risk. Further, given that surrounding off-site fuels consist of moderately spaced vegetation, wildfires in the immediately surrounding area are not common, and it is unlikely that Project occupants would be exposed to the uncontrolled spread of a wildfire or prolonged pollutant concentrations in the event of a wildfire. It is not anticipated that the Project, due to slope, prevailing winds, and other factors, would exacerbate wildfire risks or expose Project occupants to pollutant concentrations from a wildfire, the uncontrolled spread of a wildfire, or significant risks associated with wildfires. Therefore, long-term operational impacts associated with exposing people or structures to a significant risk of loss, injury, or death involving wildland fires would be less than significant.

Finding
The City finds that, based upon substanti al evidence in the record, the proposed project would have a less than significant impact on hazards and hazardous materials as it relates to hazardous materials within one-quarter mile of an existing school or proposed school, the cortese list, the proximity of the project to an airport or an airport land use plan, the interference with an adopted emergency response plan or emergency evacuation plan, and wildland fires; therefore, no mitigation is required.

2.4.9 Hydrology and Water Quality
Violate Water Quality Standards or Waste Discharge Requirements Short-Term Construction Impacts
The Project is located in an undeveloped area of the City. As such, the implementation of the Project would represent a more intense use of the Project site as compared to ex isting conditions. In addition, as previously discussed in Section 2.4.8, water quality could be impacted by contaminated soils encountered during construction activities.

However, implementation of MM-HAZ-1 would require the proper removal and disposal of refuse and would address any potential impacts to soil, surface waters, and groundwater from contaminated soils on or near the Project site.

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Construction activities within the Project site could result in the incidental release of non -sediment-related pollutants including construction materials (e.g., paint, stucco), chemicals, liquid products, and petroleum products used in building construction or the maintenance of heavy equipment.

The City of Hesperia is a co-permittee under the San Bernardino County Municipal NPDES MS4 permit. The NPDES MS4 Permit requires the City to implement a Construction Site Stormwater Runoff Control Program in accordance with the regional SWMP for the Mojave River Watershed (County of San Bernardino 2003). The SWMP requires permittees to implement and enforce measures to reduce pollutants from construction activities that result in a land disturbance of greater than or equal to 1 acre (City of Hesperia 2010 c). To comply with the regulatory requirements of the SWMP, the City requi res the implementation of an ESCP for projects that include soil disturbance during construction within the City. Implementation of an ESCP would ensure that construction-related BMPs are enacted to prevent, to the maximum extent practicable, construction site pollutants from leaving the site during all phases of construction. In addition to an ESCP, implementation of a WQMP in accordance with the Mojave River Watershed Technical Guidance Document for Water Quality Management Plans (County of San Bernardino 2016), would ensure that stormwater treatment and conveyance would be sufficient prior to Project build -out.

Submittal, review, and approval of both the WQMP and ESCP by the City are necessary prior to the issuance of grading permits for Project development.

Under the NPDES MS4 Permit, the development of 1 acre or more of land must file a notice of intent with the SWRCB to comply with the State NPDES General Construction Permit. Implementation of this Permit would require the development of a site-specific SWPPP for construction activities. The SWPPP is required to identify BMPs that protect stormwater runoff and ensure avoidance of substantial degradation of water quality. Typical BMPs that could be incorporated into the SWPPP to protect water quality include the following:
• Diverting off-site runoff away from the construction site • Vegetating landscaped/vegetated swale areas as soon as feasible following grading activities • Placing perimeter straw wattles to prevent off-site transport of sediment • Using drop inlet protection (filters and sandbags or straw wattles), with sandbag check dams within paved areas • Regular watering of exposed soils to control dust during construction • Implementing specifications for construction waste handling and disposal • Using contained equipment wash-out and vehicle maintenance areas • Maintaining erosion and sedimentation control measures throughout the construction period • Stabilizing construction entrances to avoid trucks from imprinting soil and debris onto adjoining roadways • Training, including for subcontractors, on general site housekeeping Incorporation of required BMPs for materials and waste storage and handling, and equipment and vehicle maintenance and fueling would reduce the potential discharge of polluted runoff from construction sites, consistent with the State NPDES General Construction Permit, the Hesperia Municipal Code, and CALGreen requirements.

Compliance with existing regulations would prevent violation of water quality standards and minimize the potential for contributing sources of polluted runoff. Compliance with existing regulations would ensure that the Project would not violate any water quality standards or waste discharge requirements or otherwise substantially degrade surface quality from construction activit ies. Therefore, short -term construction impacts associated with water quality standards and waste discharge requirements would be less than significant.

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Long-Term Operational Impacts
As previously discussed, the Project site currently consists of undeveloped land that has been moderately disturbed in the past from illegal dumping, trespassing, and unpermitted off-road vehicle use. Implementation of the Project would result in the const ruction of three industrial/warehouse buildings and associated office spaces, surface parking, and loading areas. The northwesternmost building, Building 1, would be approximately 1,567,317 square feet, the southernmost building, Building 2, would be 2,065,987 square feet, and the northeasternmost building, Building 3, would be 112,125 square feet, for a total of 3,745,429 square feet. As a result, future uses on-site that could contribute pollutants to stormwater runoff in the long term include uncovered p arking areas (through small fuel and/or fluid leaks), uncovered refuse storage/management areas, landscape/open space areas (if pesticides/herbicides and fertilizers are improperly applied), and general litter/debris (e.g., generated during facility loading/unloading activities). During storm events, the first few hours of moderate to heavy rainfall could wash a majority of pollutants from the paved areas where, without proper stormwater controls and BMPs, those pollutants could enter the municipal storm dr ain system before eventually being discharged into the Oro Grande Wash and eventually the Mojave River. Between periods of rainfall, surface pollutants tend to accumulate, and runoff from the first significant storm of the year (“first flush”) would likely have the largest concentration of pollutants.

The NPDES MS4 Permit requires the City to implement a Post-Construction Storm Water Management Program in accordance with the regional SWMP. This Program sets limits of pollutants being discharged into waterw ays and requires all new development to incorporate structural and non-structural BMPs to improve water quality. To meet the requirements of the SWMP, the City requires the incorporation of LID features into new development and redevelopment projects as specified in the Mojave River Watershed Technical Guidance Document for Water Quality Management Plans. In accordance with the NPDES permit, the City is responsible for monitoring WQMPs, which address stormwater pollution from new private development. Site -specific WQMPs for individual projects must incorporate the SWRCB required minimum Runoff Capture BMPs. In addition, the WQMP specifies the minimum required LID features, as well as the BMPs that must be used for a designated project.

Project design, construction, and operation would be completed in accordance with the NPDES MS4 permit and the Mojave River Watershed Technical Guidance Document for Water Quality Management Plans, with the goal of reducing the number of pollutants in stormwater and urban runo ff. The Project-specific Mojave River Watershed Preliminary Water Quality Management Plan for Hesperia Commerce II Center determined that the infiltration/retention of stormwater would be sufficient to address on-site stormwater water quality-related issues.

Post-construction, the Project area would be divided into eleven Drainage Sub Areas. Each Sub Area would be designed to convey runoff via sheet flows away from buildings and where feasibly possible, through below-grade, landscaped areas prior to entering the nearest catch basin. The landscaped areas would act as the first filter for detaining suspended solids in stormwater flows. The runoff would then be routed to the nearest catch basin which is then conveyed to the underground infiltration basin. Additional flows are then directed to the above-ground, earthen basins, which would also be designed to infiltrate and retain all of the stormwater generated by the 2-year through 100-year, 24-hour storm event.

In accordance with the San Bernardino County Hydrology Manual, the infiltration/retention basin system would be designed to treat water quality for a 2-year, 24-hour storm event, and sized to accommodate the volumes and flow rates of a 100-year, 24-hour storm event. The underground infiltration/retention basin would be located between the two buildings and the two above ground basins at the northeastern end of the site. Stormwater within the infiltration basins would infiltrate through the bottom of the basin into the underlying soils over a 72-hour period. Flows exceeding the total capacity of the infiltration/retention basins (5,107,731 cubic feet), which is well above the calculated total volume of the 100-year 24-hour storm event (3,958,659 cubic feet), would occur as sheet flow across the site similar to existing conditions towards Yucca Terrace Drive during extreme conditions. Because any excess storm water flows beyond the

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total capacity of the proposed system that would be discharged into the street would only occur after the majority of pollutants have entered the system, which would be designed consistent with the Mojave River Watershed Preliminary Water Quality Management Plan for Hesperia Commerce II Center, and the excess stormwater flows would not substantially degrade downstream water quality or contribute substantial amounts of sediment downstream.

Non-structural BMPs would include the regular sweeping and cleaning of existing trash enclosures, docking areas, and paved areas throughout the Project site, the training of all maintenance c ontractors in stormwater BMP implementation, and the monthly inspection of all catch basins during the rainy season (October through May) as well as before and after each storm to ensure efficient operation. The on-site catch basin inspections would be done by a qualified landscape contractor, who would inspect and clean out any accumulation of trash, litter, and sediment from the basins as well as would check for evidence of illegal dumping of waste materials into on-site drains.

Implementation of these LID features and BMPs would, to the maximum extent practicable, reduce the discharge of pollutants into receiving waters, including inadvertent release of pollutants (e.g., hydraulic fluids and petroleum); improper management of hazardous materials; trash and debris; and improper management of portable restroom facilities (e.g., regular service), in accordance with all relevant local and state development standards. In accordance with CalGreen requirements, Project source controls to improve water quality wo uld be provided for outdoor material storage areas, outdoor trash storage/waste handling areas, and outdoor loading/unloading areas.

With respect to groundwater quality, stormwater to be collected and treated in filtration basins, which would allow for stormwater flows to infiltrate soils and recharge groundwater. The structural BMPs, which include layers of engineered soil media, would treat stormwater flows prior to infiltration, ensuring that flows infiltrating groundwater aquifers do not result in adverse effects to groundwater quality. Moreover, flows entering these structural BMPs, if implemented as infiltration locations, would be typical of runoff collected from a commercial development and would not contain substantial quantities of pollutants that could not be appropriately treated by the proposed BMPs.

Therefore, long -term operational impacts associated with water quality standards and waste discharge requirements would be less than significant.

Deplete Groundwater Supplies or Interfere with Groundwater Recharge Groundwater Recharge
The Project site is underlain by the Upper Mojave River Valley Groundwater Basin. Currently, the Project site is undeveloped and pervious to substantive groundwater recharge. The development of the Project site would result in a substantial increase in impermeable surfaces, which could impede groundwater recharge. However, the Project would incorporate LID features, including infiltration/retention systems designed to capture the entire on -site stormwater runoff during a 100-year, 24-hour storm event. Detained stormwater would infiltrate through the bottom of the infiltration basins and because of the design which includes one foot of designed freeboard in the above ground basins have a total provided volume that is well above the calculated 24-hour 100-year storm flow. Because the Project would meet and exceed infiltration requirements, stormwater would continue to be able to infiltrate soils and recharge the underlying Upper Mojave River Valley Groundwater Basin. Theref ore, impacts associated with groundwater recharge would be less than significant.

Groundwater Supply
Hesperia Water District estimates that it currently (i.e., in 2020) receives approximately 88.0% of its water from groundwater, 5.5% from purchased water, and 6.5% from recycled water (Hesperia Water District 2016). Regarding

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the portion of the District’s water supply that originates as groundwater, the District receives water from sixteen active wells within the City, the entirety of which is located with in Alto Subarea sub basin of the Mojave River Groundwater Basin. The Mojave River Ground Water Basin is adjudicated basin and thus has a managed groundwater extraction rate (Hesperia Water District 2016). The Mojave Water Agency serves as the entity responsible for managing the use, replenishment, and protection of the groundwater basin. The Mojave Water Agency and other retail water purveyors, including Hesperia Water District, to use imported State Water Project Water to replenish the Upper Mojave Water B asin as part of the Regional Recharge and Recovery Project (also referred to as the “R3” project). This practice further assists regional water providers in sustainable management of the Mojave Groundwater Basin.

The Hesperia Commerce Center II developmen t is estimated to result in an increase in potable water demand of 112,710 gallons per day (gpd), which is equivalent to approximately 126 acre -feet per year. A WSA was prepared for the Project and includes a comprehensive assessment of historical demands and a projection of future demands based on forecasted development of the remaining developable lands within the City’s water service area. The WSA concluded that, “the total projected water supplies available to Hesperia Water District during normal, sing le-dry, and multiple-dry water years over the next 20 years would be sufficient to meet the projected water demands for the proposed project.” For additional detail, refer to Section 2.4.17, Utilities and Service Systems.

In addition, as long-term water supply is a significant concern in California, Hesperia Water District has planned projects to meet future water demands for its service area. For example, to improve water efficiency and conserve vital potable water resources, such as groundwater, Hesperia Water District, in cooperation with Victor Valley Water Reclamation Agency plans to expand the local water recycling facility's treatment capacity as well as plans to build an additional water recycling facility. The City of Hesperia also plans to constru ct multiple recharge basins in cooperation with Mojave Water Agency to deliver and recharge State Water Project water into underlying groundwater basins within the Hesperia Water District’s service area (Hesperia Water District 2016). These activities would ensure that groundwater is sustainably replenished as to not result in the overdraft in any basin within Hesperia Water District’s service area. These projects, when coupled with regional groundwater management plans and the regulatory bindings of the groundwater basin, would ensure that the service area as a whole attains sustainable groundwater management. The Project would not substantially decrease groundwater supplies and would not impede sustainable groundwater management of the basin. Therefore, im pacts associated with groundwater supplies would be less than significant.

Alter Existing Drainage Pattern
Erosion
The Project would result in the development of the site with impervious surfaces, which would alter the existing drainage patterns of the P roject site. During construction, the project would implement BMPs, adhere to an ESCP/SWPPP, and comply with applicable regulations that minimize the potential for erosion to occur. Once the site is redeveloped, the Project site would include three warehouse/distribution/logistics buildings, paved surfaces, and other improvements that would stabilize and retain on -site soils. The remaining portions of the Project site containing pervious surfaces would primarily consist of landscape areas. These landscape a reas would include a mix of trees, shrubs, plants, and groundcover that would help retain on -site soils while also preventing wind and stormwater erosion.

Post-construction, runoff would flow via sheet flow away from buildings and where feasibly possible, through below- grade, landscaped areas prior to entering the nearest catch basin. The landscaped areas would act as the first filter

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for detaining suspended solids in stormwater flows. The runoff would then be routed to the nearest catch basin which is then conveyed to the underground infiltration basin. Additional flows are then directed the above-ground, earthen basins, which would be designed to infiltrate and retain stormwater generated by the 2-year through 100- year, 24 -hour storm event. In accordance with the San Bernardino County Hydrology Manual, the infiltration/retention basin system would be designed to treat water quality for a 2-year, 24-hour storm event, and sized to accommodate the volumes and flow rates of a 100 -year, 24 -hour storm event. The underground infiltration/retention basin would be located between the two buildings and the two above ground basins at the northeastern end of the site. Stormwater within the infiltration basin would infiltrate through the bottom of the basin into the underlying soils over a 72-hour period. Flows exceeding the total capacity of the infiltration/retention basins (5,107,731 cubic feet), which is well above the calculated total volume of the 100 -year 24 -hour storm event (3,958,659 cubic feet), would occur as sheet flow across the site towards the northeast and Yucca Terrace Drive similar to existing conditions where it eventually enters the existing culvert near the California Aqueduct. No flows would be directed to the Oro Grande Wash.

With the exception of extreme storm events, the Project would not result in the potential for erosion or sedimentation because all storm water would be retained onsite before infiltrating into onsite soils by way of the engineered stormwater system. Provisions within the Preliminary WQMP also require the Project applicant and any successor(s) in interest to inspect and maintain the stormwater system to ensure its proper function. Given that the Project would not convey flows off site up to the total capacity of the proposed system, the Project would not result in the potential for downstream off-site erosion and sedimentation during and beyond the 100-year storm event.

During extreme storm events during which the capacity of the Project's stormwater system is exceeded, excess storm water flows would occur as sheet flow onto Yucca Terrace Drive mimicking current conditions and flowing toward the existing culvert at the California Aqueduct. As noted above, the majority of the storm flows would have already been captured by the proposed infiltration/retention basins and therefore the excess flows would not result in substantial erosion or offsite transmission of sedimentation, therefore, impacts would be less than significant.

Siltation
Although internal drainage patterns would be somewhat altered as a result of Project development, the Project would maintain adequate stormwater conveyance as to not result in an increase of surface runoff in a manner that would result in flooding on - or off-site. As previously discussed, the Project site would be divided into four DMAs.

Each DMA would be designed to convey runoff as sheet flows away from buildings, and where feasibly possibl e, through below-grade, landscaped areas prior to entering the nearest catch basin. The landscaped areas would act as the first filter for any suspended solids that could potentially clog the storm drain system. The runoff would then be routed to two, above-ground, earthen, infiltration basins, which would serve as the final destination for all runoff produced on the Project site. The infiltration basins would be outfitted with a concrete forebay or riprap, which would slow runoff prior to entering the infi ltration/retention basins, allowing any remaining suspended solids to separate out and reducing the potential for sediment clogging and erosion to occur. Stormwater within the basins would infiltrate through the bottom of the basin and into the underlying soils over a period of 72 hours.

The Project-specific Preliminary Drainage Report includes an existing and proposed condition hydrologic analysis to determine whether the post -construction runoff would have any impact on receiving waterways (i.e., Oro Gra nde Wash, Mojave River). In accordance with the San Bernardino County Hydrology Manual, the rational method and unit hydrograph was used to calculate the 2 -year, 10-year, and 100-year, 24-hour storm peak discharges for the existing and Project conditions.

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The infiltration/retention system would be sized in accordance with the San Bernardino County Hydrology Manual, which requires the Project site to retain at least 90% of the difference of volume produced between Post-Developed and Pre -Developed Conditions for the 100 -year, 24 -hour storm event. The 100 -year storm would produce approximately 3,958,659 cubic feet of stormwater in post -development conditions, and the on -site infiltration/retention system would be sized to accommodate approximately 4,209,377 cu bic feet of stormwater (with a total volume capacity of 5,107,731 cubic feet) exceeding the minimum requirements. Any flows exceeding the design capacity of the underground infiltration basin would have an overflow pipe that directs flows to the above ground basin which will have an emergency spillway that discharges onto the street in extreme conditions.

Based on this analysis, the stormwater system would be designed to retain and infiltrate, at a minimum, the 100 - year, 24-hour storm event flows on-site, and in a manner that would not result in flooding on - or off-site. Because the Project’s drainage system would be designed to meet and exceed the stormwater requirements set forth in the San Bernardino County Hydrology Manual , the Project would not substantially increase the rate or amount of surface runoff in a manner which would result in flooding on or off site. Therefore, impacts associated with flooding on or off site would be less than significant.

Surface Runoff and Stormwater System Capacity
As discussed above, the proposed drainage system would be designed to convey runoff in compliance with the City of Hesperia and the County of San Bernardino WQMP and SWMP requirements. In addition, the Project would incorporate LID features, including down-graded vegetated landscapes, forebays designed to accumulate sediment and trash, and on-site infiltration/retention basins. Collectively, these LID features would lower the potential of the incidental releases of contaminants to the environment such as oil, grease, nutrients, heavy metals, and certain pesticides, including legacy pesticides. As a result, the Proj ect would not create or contribute runoff water that would exceed the capacity of existing or planned stormwater drainage systems or provide substantial additional sources of polluted runoff. Therefore, impacts associated with stormwater drainage systems capacity and polluted runoff sources would be less than significant.

Impede or Redirect Flood Flows
The Project site is located in Zone X, an area of minimal flood hazard per the FEMA FIRM panel 06071C6490H effective August 28, 2008. This area is higher in elevation than the 0.2% annual chance flood (i.e., 500-year flood).

In addition, as previously discussed, although internal drainage patterns would be somewhat altered as a result of Project development, the Project would maintain adequate stormwater conveyance as to not result in an increase of surface runoff that would result in flooding on - or off-site associated with the 100 -year, 24-hour storm event.

Therefore, impacts associated with impeding or redirecting flood flows would be less than significant.

Flood Hazard, Tsunami, or Seiche Zones
The Project would not be susceptible to flood hazards, tsunami, or seiche. Seiche is generally associated with oscillation of enclosed bodies of water (e.g., reservoirs, lakes) typically caused by ground shaking as sociated with a seismic event; however, the Project site is not located near an enclosed body of water. Flooding from tsunami conditions is not expected, since the Project site is located approximately 60 miles from the Pacific Ocean.

In addition, the Fed eral Emergency Management Agency Flood Map Service Center identifies the Project site as Zone X, which is classified as an area of minimal flood hazard, outside of the Special Flood Hazard Area and higher than the elevation of the 0.2% -annual-chance flood (FEMA 2020). As such, the Project would not risk release of pollutants due to inundation.

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Conflict with Water Quality Control Plan or Sustainable Groundwater Management Plan As previously discussed, the Project would comply with applicable water quality regulatory requirements, including implementation of a SWPPP, stormwater BMPs, and LID design, which would minimize potential off -site surface water quality impacts and contribute to a reduction in water quality impacts within the overall Mojave River Watershed. In addition, with compliance with these regulatory requirements, the Project would reduce potential water quality impairment of surface waters such that existing and potential beneficial uses of key surface water drainages throughout the jurisdiction of the Mojave River Basin Plan Amendment of the Lahontan Basin Plan would not be adversely impacted. As a result, the Project would not conflict with or obstruct the Lahontan Basin Plan.

With respect to groundwater management, SGMA empowers local agencie s to form GSAs to manage basins sustainably, and requires those GSAs to adopt GSPs for crucial groundwater basins in California. A GSA has not been established for the Upper Mojave River Valley Groundwater Basin, as it is not considered a medium or high priority basin. However, the basin is adjudicated, regulating the amount of groundwater extracted, reducing the potential for over-extraction. Further, the Project would not substantially deplete groundwater supplies or interfere substantially with groundwat er recharge and would not conflict with or obstruct a water quality control plan or sustainable groundwater management plan. Therefore, impacts associated with water quality control plans and sustainable groundwater management plans would be less than significant.

Cumulative Hydrology and Water Quality Impacts
Water Quality
The geographic context for the analysis of cumulative impacts associated with water quality is the encompassing Mojave River Watershed. Cumulative development in the watershed could add new sources of stormwater runoff.

Construction activities associated with the Project could temporarily increase the number of exposed surfaces that could contribute to sediments in stormwater runoff. Additionally, materials associated with construction activities could be deposited on surfaces and carried to receiving waters in stormwater runoff. However, all cumulative development in the watersheds would be subject to the existing regulatory requirements to protect water quality and minimize increases in stormwater runoff. For example, Part 1, Section I of the Municipal NPDES Permit requires the City of Hesperia to effectively prohibit non -stormwater discharges from within its boundaries, into that portion of the MS4 that it owns or operates. Part 2, Section 1.E of the Municipal NPDES Permit requires the City to control discharges to and from municipal sewer systems, so as to comply with the Municipal NPDES permit and to specifically prohibit certain discharges identified in the Municipal NPDES Permit.

Every two years, the Lahontan RWQCB must re-evaluate water quality within its geographic region and identify those water bodies not meeting water quality standards. For those impaired water bodies, a TMDL must be prepared and implemented to reduce pollutant loads to levels that would not contribute to a violation of water quality standards.

All developments within the Mojave River Watershed are subject to the water quality standards outlined in the Mojave River Basin Plan and must comply with any established TMDLs. The continuing review process would ensure that cumulative development within the watershed would not substantially degrade water quality.

The County and cities located within San Bernardino County are co -permittees under the San Bernardino County Municipal NPDES stormwater permit. The NPDES permit sets limits on pollutants being discharged into waterways and requires that the project designer and/or contractor of all new development projects that fall under specific project categories develop a WQMP that includes LID design requirements related to water quality. The LID features would address long-term effects on water quality within the San Bernardino County watersheds, and ensure that

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BMPs and LID designs minimize potential water quality concerns to the maximum extent practicable. Therefore, impacts associated with water quality standards and polluted runoff in the watersheds would be minimized, and the Project’s contribution to cumulative impacts would be less than significant.

Water Supply
The development of the Project would increase land-use intensities in the area, resulting in increased water usage.

The Project would be served by Hesperia Water District. As such, the development of the Project would increase the amount of water used in the Hesperia Water District’s service area. Hesperia Water District 2015 UWMP estimates the annual water demand for 2020 is projected to be 14,078 acre -feet. This equates to approximately 4.6 billion gallons a year of water or 12.6 mgd. Hesperia Water District UWMP states that Hesperia Water District and other water agencies in Southern California have planned provisions for regional water for the growing population, including drought scenarios for its service area. This plan includes a new water demand forecast prepared for the major categories of demand and uses regional population, demographic projections, the dry climate, historical water use to develop these forecasts. As such, the Project would not be expected to result in increased water usage causing the need for new entitlements, resources, and/or treatment facilities that are not already being planned to accommodate regional growth forecasts.

In addition, the Project -specific WSA concluded that water demand and supply for water demand and supply projections for Hesperia Water District, including the Project, demonstrate that projected supplies exceed demand through the year 2035. These projections consider land use, water development programs and projects, and water conservation. For example, Hesperia Wa ter District, in coordination with the VVWRA, plans on expanding the Hesperia Subregional Water Recycling Facility water treatment capacity from 1.0 mgd to 2.0 mgd by 2030 as well as build a second water recycling facility within the City that would be able to treat 2.6 mgd of wastewater by 2040.

The City additionally plans to construct multiple recharge basins in cooperation with Mojave Water Agency to deliver and recharge State Water Project water into underlying groundwater basins within the Hesperia Wat er District’s service area. Collectively, these additional programs would enable water supply to exceed water demand for Cal Water Dominguez District now and into the future.

Lastly, compliance with the CALGreen Building Code would be required for new development. In addition, CALGreen Building Code standards require a mandatory reduction in outdoor water use, in accordance with the CDWR Model Water Efficient Landscape Ordinance. This would ensure that the Project does not result in wasteful or inefficient use of limited water resources and may, in fact, result in an overall decrease in water use per person. Due to water planning efforts and water conservation standards, impacts would be less than significant, and the Project’s contribution to cumulative impacts would not be cumulatively considerable.

Stormwater Drainage
The geographic context for the analysis of cumulative impacts related to storm drainage is the Mojave River Watershed, which is moderately urbanized with impervious surfaces. Cumulative de velopment within the County could potentially increase the number of impervious surfaces that could cause or contribute to storm drain system capacity exceedance, alter the existing storm drain system, and/or require the construction of new or expanded facilities. New development within the watershed would be subject to the environmental review process that would analyze potential impacts associated with stormwater runoff to the storm drain system. New development would be subject to the completion of drainage analyses to ensure that excessive on- or off-site flooding and runoff would not occur.

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Hesperia City CouncilMay 17, 2022

Hesperia City Council
May 17, 2022