Agenda packet, closed session, first session — Inglewood City Council, April 18, 2023 (part 1 of 2)

CLOSED SESSION – 1:00 P.M.

PUBLIC COMMENTS REGARDING CLOSED SESSION ITEMS
Persons wishing to address the Inglewood City Council on the Closed Session items may do so at this time.

OPENING CEREMONIES – 2:00 P.M.

PUBLIC COMMENTS REGARDING AGENDA ITEMS
Persons wishing to address the Inglewood City Council/Successor Agency/Housing Authority on any item on the agenda may do so at this time.

WARRANTS AND BILLS (City Council/Successor Agency/Housing Authority) 1, CSA-1 & H-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

CONSENT CALENDAR
These items will be acted upon as a whole unless called upon by a Council Member.

2. CITY ATTORNEY’S OFFICE
Letters from the City Attorney’s Office recommending the following:

A. Reject Claims pursuant to Government Code, Section 913:

1. David Bullock for alleged property damage (tire); pothole on January 17, 2023.

2. Katrina George for alleged property damage; fallen tree on January 1, 2023.

3. Jerry Hawkins for alleged property damage; water pipe on January 16, 2023.

4. Nicole Richard for alleged property damage (tire and wheel); pothole on December 24, 2022.

5. Rosalyn Rogers for alleged property damage; (tire) pothole on January 10, 2023.

6. Richard Urrea for alleged tire damage; pothole on January 5, 2023

3. CITY MANAGER’S OFFICE
Staff report recommending that the Mayor and Council Members authorize the immediate payment of the February 2023 invoice submitted by the County of Los Angeles Department of Animal Care & Control (DACC) for housing and general animal care and control services provided to the City of Inglewood. (General Fund)

3.PDF

4. CITY MANAGER’S OFFICE
Staff report recommending that the Mayor and Council Members adopt a resolution adopting the 2023 Updated Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP).

4.PDF

5. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
Staff report recommending that the Mayor and Council Members approve a Second Amendment to Agreement No. 21-147 with The Arroyo Group, extending the term to December 31, 2024.

5.PDF
REPORTS – CITY ATTORNEY
REPORTS – CITY MANAGER
REPORTS – CITY CLERK

INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY
Call to Order
Roll Call
CSA-1, 1 & H-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

ADJOURNMENT INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY

INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY
Call to Order
Roll Call
H-1, 1 & CSA-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

ADJOURNMENT INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY

APPOINTMENTS TO BOARDS, COMMISSIONS, AND COMMITTEES

PUBLIC COMMENTS REGARDING OTHER MATTERS
Persons wishing to address the City Council on any matter connected with City business not elsewhere considered on the agenda may do so at this time. Persons with complaints regarding City management or departmental operations are requested to submit those complaints first to the City Manager for resolution.

MAYOR AND COUNCIL REMARKS
The members of the City Council will provide oral reports, including reports on City related travels where lodging expenses are incurred, and/or address any matters they deem of general interest to the public.

ADJOURNMENT CITY COUNCIL
In the event that today’s meeting of the City Council is not held, or is concluded prior to a public hearing or other agenda item being considered, the public hearing or non-public hearing agenda item will automatically be continued to the next regularly scheduled City Council meeting.If you will require special accommodations, due to a disability, please contact the Office of the City Clerk at (310) 412-5280 or FAX (310) 412-5533, One Manchester Boulevard, First Floor, Inglewood City Hall, Inglewood, CA 90301. All requests for special accommodations must be received 72 hours prior to the day of the Council Meetings. * No Accompanying Staff Report at the Time of Printing
** Serves in that Capacity for Successor Agency, Housing Authority, Finance Authority, Parking Authority, and Joint Powers Authority

INGLEWOOD,

CALIFORNIA
Tuesday, April 18, 2023
Closed Session – 1:00 p.m.

Open Session – 2:00 p.m.

Web Sites:
www.cityofinglewood.org
www.cityofinglewood.org/253/Successor -Agency
www.cityofinglewood.org/688/Housing -Authority
www.cityofinglewood.org/654/Finance -Authority
www.cityofinglewood.org/839/Parking -Authority
*****NOTE FROM THE CITY*****
Doors to the City Council Chamber will open at 12:40 p.m. for Closed Session and 1:30 p.m. for Open Session. Please be mindful, however, that there is limited seating in the City Council Chambers; therefore, the Gladys Waddingham Lecture Hall (located adjacent to the Main Library) will be opened as an overflow room and will be available for the public to watch the meeting and to speak.

ALTERNATIVE METHODS
The City provides the following two alternative methods of viewing and listening to the City Council Meeting as a convenience:
¡ On Spectrum Cable Channel 35 with audio and limited video. Please check with your cable provider for details.
¡ Live online through Facebook Live, with audio and limited video, at https://www.facebook.com/cityofinglewood/
The disruption in service of any alternative method does not preclude the City Council or other legislative body from taking further action on an agenda item.

Submitting Comments Prior to Public Meeting: Members of the public may choose to submit comments electronically for consideration by the City Council or other City Legislative Body by sending them to the City Clerk/Secretary at [email protected], and Deputy City Clerk at [email protected]. To ensure distribution to the members of the Legislative Body prior to consideration of the agenda, please submit comments prior to 8:00 a.m. the day of the meeting, and in the body of the email, please identify the agenda number or subject matter. Correspondence should indicate the meeting date and agenda item. Comments received after 8:00 a.m. and prior to the close of the public hearings will be made part of the official public record of the meeting. Contact the Office of the City Clerk at 310-412-5280 with any questions.

ACCESSIBILITY: If requested, the agenda and backup materials will be made available in appropriate alternative formats to persons with a disability, as required by Section 202 of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12132), and the federal rules and regulations adopted in implementation thereof. Any person who requires a disability-related modification or accommodation, or translation services in order to observe and/or offer public comment may request such reasonable modification, accommodation, or service by contacting the Office of the City Clerk by telephone at 310 -412-5280, FAX at 310 -412-5533, One Manchester Boulevard, First Floor, Inglewood City Hall, Inglewood, CA 90301 or via email to [email protected] and [email protected] no later than 24 hours prior to the scheduled meeting.

AGENDA

CITY COUNCIL/INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY/ INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY RULES OF DECORUM - Click Here to View

MAYOR/CHAIRMAN
James T. Butts, Jr.

COUNCIL/AGENCY/AUTHORITY MEMBERS
Gloria D. Gray, District No. 1
Alex Padilla, District No. 2
Eloy Morales, Jr., District No. 3
Dionne Faulk, District No. 4

CITY CLERK/SECRETARY
Aisha L. Thompson

CITY TREASURER/TREASURER
Wanda M. Brown

CITY MANAGER/EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Artie Fields

CITY ATTORNEY/GENERAL COUNSEL
Kenneth R. Campos
Call to Order
Roll Call
CS-1. Closed Session – Confidential – Attorney/Client Privileged; City Council Conference with Legal Counsel – Anticipated Litigation pursuant to Government Code Section 54956.9(d)(2); Worker’s Compensation Claim of Jose Fernandez: Claim Number 20-146150.

Call to Order
Pledge of Allegiance
Roll Call
Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Reject Claims listed as A-1 through A-6.

Recommendation:

1. Authorize immediate payment in the amount of $55,735.91, payable on or before April 25, 2023.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Adopt resolution.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Approve Second Amendment to Agreement No. 21-147.

Documents:

A-1. Report on Closed Session Items.

A-2. Oral reports – City Attorney
CM-1. Oral reports – City Manager.

CC-1. Oral reports – City Clerk.

Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

CLOSED SESSION – 1:00 P.M.

PUBLIC COMMENTS REGARDING CLOSED SESSION ITEMS
Persons wishing to address the Inglewood City Council on the Closed Session items may do so at this time.

OPENING CEREMONIES – 2:00 P.M.

PUBLIC COMMENTS REGARDING AGENDA ITEMS
Persons wishing to address the Inglewood City Council/Successor Agency/Housing Authority on any item on the agenda may do so at this time.

WARRANTS AND BILLS (City Council/Successor Agency/Housing Authority) 1, CSA-1 & H-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

CONSENT CALENDAR
These items will be acted upon as a whole unless called upon by a Council Member.

2. CITY ATTORNEY’S OFFICE
Letters from the City Attorney’s Office recommending the following:

A. Reject Claims pursuant to Government Code, Section 913:

1. David Bullock for alleged property damage (tire); pothole on January 17, 2023.

2. Katrina George for alleged property damage; fallen tree on January 1, 2023.

3. Jerry Hawkins for alleged property damage; water pipe on January 16, 2023.

4. Nicole Richard for alleged property damage (tire and wheel); pothole on December 24, 2022.

5. Rosalyn Rogers for alleged property damage; (tire) pothole on January 10, 2023.

6. Richard Urrea for alleged tire damage; pothole on January 5, 2023

3.PDF

4. CITY MANAGER’S OFFICE
Staff report recommending that the Mayor and Council Members adopt a resolution adopting the 2023 Updated Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP).

4.PDF

5.PDF
REPORTS – CITY ATTORNEY
REPORTS – CITY MANAGER
REPORTS – CITY CLERK

INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY
Call to Order
Roll Call
CSA-1, 1 & H-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

ADJOURNMENT INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY

INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY
Call to Order
Roll Call
H-1, 1 & CSA-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

ADJOURNMENT INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY

APPOINTMENTS TO BOARDS, COMMISSIONS, AND COMMITTEES

INGLEWOOD,

CALIFORNIA
Tuesday, April 18, 2023
Closed Session – 1:00 p.m.

Open Session – 2:00 p.m.

AGENDA

CITY COUNCIL/INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY/ INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY RULES OF DECORUM - Click Here to View

MAYOR/CHAIRMAN
James T. Butts, Jr.

COUNCIL/AGENCY/AUTHORITY MEMBERS
Gloria D. Gray, District No. 1
Alex Padilla, District No. 2
Eloy Morales, Jr., District No. 3
Dionne Faulk, District No. 4

CITY CLERK/SECRETARY
Aisha L. Thompson

CITY TREASURER/TREASURER
Wanda M. Brown

CITY MANAGER/EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Artie Fields

Call to Order
Pledge of Allegiance
Roll Call
Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Reject Claims listed as A-1 through A-6.

Recommendation:

1. Authorize immediate payment in the amount of $55,735.91, payable on or before April 25, 2023.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Adopt resolution.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Approve Second Amendment to Agreement No. 21-147.

Documents:

A-1. Report on Closed Session Items.

A-2. Oral reports – City Attorney
CM-1. Oral reports – City Manager.

CC-1. Oral reports – City Clerk.

Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

CLOSED SESSION – 1:00 P.M.

PUBLIC COMMENTS REGARDING CLOSED SESSION ITEMS
Persons wishing to address the Inglewood City Council on the Closed Session items may do so at this time.

OPENING CEREMONIES – 2:00 P.M.

PUBLIC COMMENTS REGARDING AGENDA ITEMS
Persons wishing to address the Inglewood City Council/Successor Agency/Housing Authority on any item on the agenda may do so at this time.

WARRANTS AND BILLS (City Council/Successor Agency/Housing Authority) 1, CSA-1 & H-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

CONSENT CALENDAR
These items will be acted upon as a whole unless called upon by a Council Member.

2. CITY ATTORNEY’S OFFICE
Letters from the City Attorney’s Office recommending the following:

A. Reject Claims pursuant to Government Code, Section 913:

1. David Bullock for alleged property damage (tire); pothole on January 17, 2023.

2. Katrina George for alleged property damage; fallen tree on January 1, 2023.

3. Jerry Hawkins for alleged property damage; water pipe on January 16, 2023.

4. Nicole Richard for alleged property damage (tire and wheel); pothole on December 24, 2022.

5. Rosalyn Rogers for alleged property damage; (tire) pothole on January 10, 2023.

6. Richard Urrea for alleged tire damage; pothole on January 5, 2023

3.PDF

4. CITY MANAGER’S OFFICE
Staff report recommending that the Mayor and Council Members adopt a resolution adopting the 2023 Updated Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP).

4.PDF

5.PDF
REPORTS – CITY ATTORNEY
REPORTS – CITY MANAGER
REPORTS – CITY CLERK

INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY
Call to Order
Roll Call
CSA-1, 1 & H-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

ADJOURNMENT INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY

INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY
Call to Order
Roll Call
H-1, 1 & CSA-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

ADJOURNMENT INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY

APPOINTMENTS TO BOARDS, COMMISSIONS, AND COMMITTEES

INGLEWOOD,

CALIFORNIA
Tuesday, April 18, 2023
Closed Session – 1:00 p.m.

Open Session – 2:00 p.m.

AGENDA

CITY COUNCIL/INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY/ INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY RULES OF DECORUM - Click Here to View

MAYOR/CHAIRMAN
James T. Butts, Jr.

COUNCIL/AGENCY/AUTHORITY MEMBERS
Gloria D. Gray, District No. 1
Alex Padilla, District No. 2
Eloy Morales, Jr., District No. 3
Dionne Faulk, District No. 4

CITY CLERK/SECRETARY
Aisha L. Thompson

CITY TREASURER/TREASURER
Wanda M. Brown

CITY MANAGER/EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Artie Fields

Call to Order
Pledge of Allegiance
Roll Call
Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Reject Claims listed as A-1 through A-6.

Recommendation:

1. Authorize immediate payment in the amount of $55,735.91, payable on or before April 25, 2023.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Adopt resolution.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Approve Second Amendment to Agreement No. 21-147.

Documents:

A-1. Report on Closed Session Items.

A-2. Oral reports – City Attorney
CM-1. Oral reports – City Manager.

CC-1. Oral reports – City Clerk.

Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

CLOSED SESSION – 1:00 P.M.

PUBLIC COMMENTS REGARDING CLOSED SESSION ITEMS
Persons wishing to address the Inglewood City Council on the Closed Session items may do so at this time.

OPENING CEREMONIES – 2:00 P.M.

PUBLIC COMMENTS REGARDING AGENDA ITEMS
Persons wishing to address the Inglewood City Council/Successor Agency/Housing Authority on any item on the agenda may do so at this time.

WARRANTS AND BILLS (City Council/Successor Agency/Housing Authority) 1, CSA-1 & H-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

CONSENT CALENDAR
These items will be acted upon as a whole unless called upon by a Council Member.

2. CITY ATTORNEY’S OFFICE
Letters from the City Attorney’s Office recommending the following:

A. Reject Claims pursuant to Government Code, Section 913:

1. David Bullock for alleged property damage (tire); pothole on January 17, 2023.

2. Katrina George for alleged property damage; fallen tree on January 1, 2023.

3. Jerry Hawkins for alleged property damage; water pipe on January 16, 2023.

4. Nicole Richard for alleged property damage (tire and wheel); pothole on December 24, 2022.

5. Rosalyn Rogers for alleged property damage; (tire) pothole on January 10, 2023.

6. Richard Urrea for alleged tire damage; pothole on January 5, 2023

3.PDF

4. CITY MANAGER’S OFFICE
Staff report recommending that the Mayor and Council Members adopt a resolution adopting the 2023 Updated Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP).

4.PDF

5.PDF
REPORTS – CITY ATTORNEY
REPORTS – CITY MANAGER
REPORTS – CITY CLERK

INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY
Call to Order
Roll Call
CSA-1, 1 & H-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

ADJOURNMENT INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY

INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY
Call to Order
Roll Call
H-1, 1 & CSA-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

ADJOURNMENT INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY

APPOINTMENTS TO BOARDS, COMMISSIONS, AND COMMITTEES

INGLEWOOD,

CALIFORNIA
Tuesday, April 18, 2023
Closed Session – 1:00 p.m.

Open Session – 2:00 p.m.

AGENDA

CITY COUNCIL/INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY/ INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY RULES OF DECORUM - Click Here to View

MAYOR/CHAIRMAN
James T. Butts, Jr.

COUNCIL/AGENCY/AUTHORITY MEMBERS
Gloria D. Gray, District No. 1
Alex Padilla, District No. 2
Eloy Morales, Jr., District No. 3
Dionne Faulk, District No. 4

CITY CLERK/SECRETARY
Aisha L. Thompson

CITY TREASURER/TREASURER
Wanda M. Brown

CITY MANAGER/EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Artie Fields

Call to Order
Pledge of Allegiance
Roll Call
Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Reject Claims listed as A-1 through A-6.

Recommendation:

1. Authorize immediate payment in the amount of $55,735.91, payable on or before April 25, 2023.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Adopt resolution.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Approve Second Amendment to Agreement No. 21-147.

Documents:

A-1. Report on Closed Session Items.

A-2. Oral reports – City Attorney
CM-1. Oral reports – City Manager.

CC-1. Oral reports – City Clerk.

Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

CLOSED SESSION – 1:00 P.M.

PUBLIC COMMENTS REGARDING CLOSED SESSION ITEMS
Persons wishing to address the Inglewood City Council on the Closed Session items may do so at this time.

OPENING CEREMONIES – 2:00 P.M.

PUBLIC COMMENTS REGARDING AGENDA ITEMS
Persons wishing to address the Inglewood City Council/Successor Agency/Housing Authority on any item on the agenda may do so at this time.

WARRANTS AND BILLS (City Council/Successor Agency/Housing Authority) 1, CSA-1 & H-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

CONSENT CALENDAR
These items will be acted upon as a whole unless called upon by a Council Member.

2. CITY ATTORNEY’S OFFICE
Letters from the City Attorney’s Office recommending the following:

A. Reject Claims pursuant to Government Code, Section 913:

1. David Bullock for alleged property damage (tire); pothole on January 17, 2023.

2. Katrina George for alleged property damage; fallen tree on January 1, 2023.

3. Jerry Hawkins for alleged property damage; water pipe on January 16, 2023.

4. Nicole Richard for alleged property damage (tire and wheel); pothole on December 24, 2022.

5. Rosalyn Rogers for alleged property damage; (tire) pothole on January 10, 2023.

6. Richard Urrea for alleged tire damage; pothole on January 5, 2023

3.PDF

4. CITY MANAGER’S OFFICE
Staff report recommending that the Mayor and Council Members adopt a resolution adopting the 2023 Updated Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP).

4.PDF

5.PDF
REPORTS – CITY ATTORNEY
REPORTS – CITY MANAGER
REPORTS – CITY CLERK

INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY
Call to Order
Roll Call
CSA-1, 1 & H-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

ADJOURNMENT INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY

INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY
Call to Order
Roll Call
H-1, 1 & CSA-1.

Warrant Registers.
1, CSA-1, H-1.PDF

ADJOURNMENT INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY

APPOINTMENTS TO BOARDS, COMMISSIONS, AND COMMITTEES

INGLEWOOD,

CALIFORNIA
Tuesday, April 18, 2023
Closed Session – 1:00 p.m.

Open Session – 2:00 p.m.

AGENDA

CITY COUNCIL/INGLEWOOD SUCCESSOR AGENCY/ INGLEWOOD HOUSING AUTHORITY RULES OF DECORUM - Click Here to View

MAYOR/CHAIRMAN
James T. Butts, Jr.

COUNCIL/AGENCY/AUTHORITY MEMBERS
Gloria D. Gray, District No. 1
Alex Padilla, District No. 2
Eloy Morales, Jr., District No. 3
Dionne Faulk, District No. 4

CITY CLERK/SECRETARY
Aisha L. Thompson

CITY TREASURER/TREASURER
Wanda M. Brown

CITY MANAGER/EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Artie Fields

Call to Order
Pledge of Allegiance
Roll Call
Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Reject Claims listed as A-1 through A-6.

Recommendation:

1. Authorize immediate payment in the amount of $55,735.91, payable on or before April 25, 2023.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Adopt resolution.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Approve Second Amendment to Agreement No. 21-147.

Documents:

A-1. Report on Closed Session Items.

A-2. Oral reports – City Attorney
CM-1. Oral reports – City Manager.

CC-1. Oral reports – City Clerk.

Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

Recommendation:

1. Allow for Payment of Bills.

Documents:

WARRANT REGISTER REPORT LEGEND

FUND LISTING
Fund Description Fund Description
Org Description Org Description
Aqmd AB2766 (AQMD) Fund Public Art FundPart
Arra ARRA Fund Parking AuthorityPath
Assf Asset Forfeiture Fund Debt Service - Pens Obligation BondPobf Assm Special Assessment Fund Police Polc
CDBG HUD (CDBG) Fund Prop 1B FundPr1B
Civic Civic Center Projects Fund Parking Fund Prkg
Debt Debt Service Proposition A FundProA
FA Fixed Assets Proposition C FundProC
Gast Gas T ax Fund Call for Projects FundProj
General Fund Retirement FundRetr
Grants Fund Successor Agency RDA (ROPS)Rops
Genf
Housing Fund Noise Mitigation FundRsif
Grnt
Hollywood Park CFD Fund Sanitation FundSani
Hous
IT & Communications Fund SB1 RMRASB1
HwPk
Landside Access Modernization Program Sewer FundSewr
IT&C
Successor Agency Low Mod Housing Stores & Equipement FundStor Lamp
Measure M TDA Article 3 FundTda3
Lmih
MeaM

ORG LISTING
Admin Administration LibraryLibr
CDBG CDBG Non-DepartmentalNond
CIP Capital Projects Human ResourcesPers
Clrk City Clerk Planning & BuildingPnB
EcCd Economic & Community Development PolicePolc
Elec Mayor and City Council Parks, Recreation & Library ServicesPR&L FinanceFinc Prkg Parking & Enterprise Services
HPRO Housing Protection Public WorksPwks
Residential Sound InsulationRSIHousing, Section 8 & CDBGHS8C IT & CommunicationsIT&C City TreasurerTrsr
Measure R Fund Traffic Offender FundTraf
Measure R Street & Hwy Fund State Transp Grant Reimb FundTran MeaR
MeaS
* No Organization LegalLegl
Measure W Trust and Agency FundTrst
Special T ax Fund - Measure IT Water Utility FundWatr
MeaW
MeI
T
1, CSA-1 & H-1
Chk DateCheck # Vendor Name Inv Date Fund OrgInvoice Description Paid Amt Thursday, 13 April, 2023 12:28 pm City of Inglewood
Warrant Register Report
120.212113 04/10/2023 FEDERAL TAX DEPOSIT PROCESSING 04/10/2023 Federal Withholding Tax: Payment GENF * 120.2104/10/2023 Federal Withholding Tax: Payment GENF NOND 484.503377 04/07/2023 THE ADVANTAGE GROUP, COBRA ADVANTAGE 04/07/2023 The Advantage Group, Cobra Adv GENF NOND 549.9821300 04/10/2023 CALIFORNIA EMPLOYMENT, DEVELOPMENT DEPT 04/10/2023 State Withholding Tax: Payment GENF * 292,423.0142141 04/10/2023 CALIFORNIA PERS 04/07/2023 Pers - Employee Portion: Payment GENF * 363,654.3104/07/2023 Pers - Employee Portion: Payment GENF NOND 125.00730593 04/13/2023 21 CLETS LLC 04/04/2023 Tuition - Invoice #0000261 GENF POLC 375.00730594 04/13/2023 AFTERMATH SERVICES, LLC 03/31/2023 Sfa Bio-Hazard Waste Clean Up & Disposal Services - Ipd Patrol GENF POLC

36.29730595 04/13/2023 AMAZON CAPITAL SERVICES, INC 03/09/2023 Sharp Fo-047Nd 6000 Yield/Developer Cartridge For Sharp Fax MachinesGENF FINC 578.9903/29/2023 Games For Main And Crenshaw Libraries GENF LIBR 3,192.3203/06/2023 Children'S Programming Supplies GENF LIBR 647.0103/11/2023 Children'S Programming Supplies GENF LIBR

87.8903/22/2023 Programming Supplies GENF LIBR

32.9303/23/2023 Programming Supplies GENF LIBR

13.6003/23/2023 Programming Supplies GENF LIBR

82.7403/23/2023 Programming Supplies GENF LIBR

20.8903/23/2023 Programming Supplies GENF LIBR

52.5912/29/2022 Programming Supplies GENF LIBR
296.0403/23/2023 Programming Supplies GENF LIBR
436.1003/26/2023 Programming Supplies GENF LIBR
622.4603/24/2023 Programming Supplies GENF LIBR
246.4312/23/2022 Programming Supplies GENF LIBR
17,280.42730596 04/13/2023 AME BUILDERS, INC 03/29/2023 Water Treatment Plant Roof Leak Repair And Waterproofing Project Per Bid. Cb-22-WATR CIP 1,579.25730597 04/13/2023 AMERICAN BIKE PATROL SERVICES, INC 01/22/2023 -Pd Bicycle Parts And Services- GENF POLC 2,100.00730598 04/13/2023 ANDERSON, GORDON R. 04/10/2023 Facilitation And Coordination Consulting Services In Conjuction Eith ImplementatGENF ECCD 475.00730599 04/13/2023 ANGELES SHOOTING RANGES 03/31/2023 Shooting Range Fees - Ipd Training GENF POLC

73.27730600 04/13/2023 ARAMARK UNIFORM & CAREER, APPAREL, LLC 04/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.PROC PR&L

0.6804/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.GENF FINC

2.9104/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.GAST PWKS

41.0004/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.WATR PWKS 342.5904/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.WATR PWKS

38.77730601 04/13/2023 ARAMARK UNIFORM & CAREER, APPAREL, LLC 04/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.ASSM PWKS

34.9304/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.WATR PWKS 192.0104/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.GENF PWKS

10.4504/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.GENF PWKS

43.3004/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.GENF PR&L

45.4504/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.GENF PR&L

49.4604/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.GENF PR&L

8.5404/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.GENF PWKS

Page 1 of 8 ends

Chk DateCheck # Vendor Name Inv Date Fund OrgInvoice Description Paid Amt Thursday, 13 April, 2023 12:28 pm City of Inglewood
Warrant Register Report

6.44730602 04/13/2023 ARAMARK UNIFORM & CAREER, APPAREL, LLC 04/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.SEWR PWKS 141.5304/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.GENF FINC

41.9504/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.GENF PWKS

27.5204/12/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.ASSM PWKS

23.6804/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.ASSM PWKS

94.8404/06/2023 Agreement For Garments, Towels, Mats, And Mops For City Employees.GENF PWKS 350.00730603 04/13/2023 ARMSTRONG PRINTING CO., P.A.G., INC DBA 03/13/2023 Business Cards Dotson & Setup Proof IT&C IT&C 3,516.29730604 04/13/2023 AT&T CORP 04/01/2023 Att Cal Net IT&C IT&C

45.01730605 04/13/2023 AT&T CORP 04/01/2023 Att Pacific Bell IT&C IT&C 220.00730606 04/13/2023 AWARDS NETWORK 04/11/2023 Employee Service Awards 2022-2023 GENF NOND 1,537.00730607 04/13/2023 BADGE FRAME INC 03/31/2023 Diameter Seal - Ipd Admin GENF POLC 115.32730608 04/13/2023 BAKER & TAYLOR BOOKS * 02/28/2023 Baker & Taylor Adult Books For The Main Library GENF LIBR 415.5802/27/2023 Baker & Taylor Adult Books For The Main Library GENF LIBR 1,060.2703/06/2023 Baker & Taylor Adult Books For The Main Library GENF LIBR 361.6003/03/2023 Baker & Taylor Children'S Books For The Main Library GENF LIBR 588.6303/02/2023 Baker & Taylor Children'S Books For The Main Library GENF LIBR 300.7002/27/2023 Baker & Taylor Books For The Crenshaw Library GENF LIBR 3,792.7001/17/2023 Baker & Taylor Books For The Crenshaw Library GENF LIBR 1,242.1303/08/2023 Baker & Taylor Books For The Crenshaw Library GENF LIBR 1,555.9703/20/2023 Baker & Taylor Children'S Books For The Main Library GENF LIBR 597.0003/06/2023 Baker & Taylor Adult Books For The Main Library GENF LIBR 1,003.1203/17/2023 Baker & Taylor Adult Books For The Main Library GENF LIBR 1,360.0703/21/2023 Baker & Taylor Adult Books For The Main Library GENF LIBR 4,077.1303/29/2023 Baker & Taylor Adult Books For The Main Library GENF LIBR

55.00730609 04/13/2023 BATTLE, KIZZY 04/12/2023 Inglewood Parking Citation Refund 61199748 PRKG PRKG 535.00730610 04/13/2023 BELL EVENT SERVICES, INC. 02/21/2023 Light Tower For City'S Annual Dr Martin Luther King, Jr. Day Festival GENF PR&L 100.00730611 04/13/2023 BLACK AND WHITE EMERGENCY, VEHICLES, LLC 04/10/2023 Annual Agreement For Police Vehicle Up-Fitting Services GENF PWKS 224.00730612 04/13/2023 BUCKHANON, KEAUONNA 03/13/2023 Per Diem For Eden Conference GENF FINC 1,947.50730613 04/13/2023 BURKE,WILLIAMS, & SORENSEN LLP 03/28/2023 Broad Ranging Legal Advice, Guidance, And Representation. GENF NOND 18,355.2503/28/2023 Broad Ranging Legal Advice, Guidance, And Representation. GENF NOND 3,717.5003/28/2023 Broad Ranging Legal Advice, Guidance, And Representation. GENF NOND 950.0003/28/2023 Broad Ranging Legal Advice, Guidance, And Representation. GENF NOND 3,087.5003/28/2023 Broad Ranging Legal Advice, Guidance, And Representation. GENF NOND 19,850.0003/28/2023 Broad Ranging Legal Advice, Guidance, And Representation. GENF NOND 8,390.0003/28/2023 Broad Ranging Legal Advice, Guidance, And Representation. GENF NOND

95.0003/28/2023 Broad Ranging Legal Advice, Guidance, And Representation. GENF NOND 1,666.4003/28/2023 Broad Ranging Legal Advice, Guidance, And Representation. GENF NOND 1,796.01730614 04/13/2023 CALIFORNIA DESIGNS & AWARDS 04/07/2023 California Design & Awards SEWR PWKS 3,637.08730615 04/13/2023 CALIFORNIA RECYCLE TEAM DBA, ELECTRONIC WASTE SOLUTION04/10/2023 Electronic Waste Solutions SANI PWKS

Page 2 of 8 ends

Chk DateCheck # Vendor Name Inv Date Fund OrgInvoice Description Paid Amt Thursday, 13 April, 2023 12:28 pm City of Inglewood
Warrant Register Report
1,400.40730616 04/13/2023 CDW GOVERNMENT, INC. 03/18/2023 Quote # Nckm795 - Computers For Ing Library GENF LIBR 13,368.2302/13/2023 Quote # Nckm795 - Computers For Ing Library GENF LIBR -10,550.79730617 04/13/2023 CEDRO CONSTRCUTION, INC. 04/04/2023 Water Main Replaceemnt Project On Victor Avenue And Local Street South Of CenturWATR * 211,015.7004/04/2023 Water Main Replaceemnt Project On Victor Avenue And Local Street South Of CenturWATR CIP 850.00730618 04/13/2023 CHARLES E THOMAS COMPANY INC 04/05/2023 Annual Agreement For Fuel Storage Tank Testing, Maintenance And Repair Services.GENF PWKS 3,000.00730619 04/13/2023 CITY OF LOS ANGELES, LOS ANGELES POLICE DEPT.03/01/2023 Payment - Invoice #2023Acad01 GENF POLC 3,000.0003/01/2023 Tuition Payment - 2023Acad03 GENF POLC 3,000.0003/01/2023 Tuition Payment - Invoice #2023Acad02 GENF POLC 3,000.0003/01/2023 Tuition Payment - Invoice # 2023Acad04 GENF POLC

75.00730620 04/13/2023 CLEARS, INC 04/11/2023 2023 Annual Membership - Clears GENF POLC 4,517.50730621 04/13/2023 COBDEN, MICHAEL R. 04/06/2023 Legal Services Regarding The Housing Protection Department. GENF HPRO 354.50730622 04/13/2023 CORELOGIC SOLUTIONS, LLC. 03/31/2023 Corelogic Property Owner Searches GENF ECCD 250.00730623 04/13/2023 COSTCO WHOLESALE 04/07/2023 Li Refund Cst #225879 Refund 2021 Xmas Deposit GENF * 250.0004/07/2023 Refund 2022 Xmas Deposit Li Refund Cst #225879 GENF * 450.00730624 04/13/2023 DONNOE & ASSOCIATES, INC. 04/07/2023 Donnoe & Associates Recruitment Tests GENF PERS 469.54730625 04/13/2023 E&D SIGN SOLUTIONS DBA, FASTSIGNS 68001 02/28/2023 E&D Sign Solutions - Fast Signs GENF PR&L 3,000.00730626 04/13/2023 ELEVATE CULTURE PRESENTS 02/22/2023 Provision Of Talent And Stage Production Services GENF PR&L 125.00730627 04/13/2023 EMBASSY CONSULTING SRVICES LLC 03/28/2023 Tuition - Crisis Intervention GENF POLC 263.60730628 04/13/2023 ESAFETY SUPPLIES, INC. 04/10/2023 Supplies - Forensics GENF POLC

30.13730629 04/13/2023 ESTRADA, ANDREA 03/31/2023 Andrea Estrada March 2023 Mileage GRNT PR&L

47.55730630 04/13/2023 FEDERAL EXPRESS CORP 02/02/2023 Mailing Services IT&C IT&C

40.3303/24/2023 Mailing Services RSIF RSI
1,575.00730631 04/13/2023 FIGUEROA, OSWALDO 02/11/2023 Tuition Reimbursement - O. Figueroa GENF POLC 742.7203/23/2023 Tuition Reimbursement - O. Figueroa GENF POLC 903.00730632 04/13/2023 FILE KEEPERS, LLC 03/31/2023 Shredding Services To City Hall, Libraries, & Police Departme IT&C IT&C 112.71730633 04/13/2023 FRENCH, BARBARA 01/31/2023 Reimburse Barbara French For Jan.-Mar.2023 Mileage GRNT PR&L

52.3011/30/2022 Reimburse Barbara French For Nov. & Dec. 2022 GRNT PR&L

65.53730634 04/13/2023 GOLDEN STATE WATER COMPANY 04/03/2023 Water Services GENF PR&L 225.6804/06/2023 Water Services GENF PR&L
265.7304/07/2023 Water Services GENF LIBR
1,205.7304/07/2023 Water Services GENF PR&L
381.25730635 04/13/2023 GRAFIX SYSTEMS 03/31/2023 Decals For Vehicles, Labor For Installation, And Related Services. GENF POLC 633.80730636 04/13/2023 GREENLAND SUPPLY, INC. 02/27/2023 22/23 Blanket Purchase-Greenland ASSM PWKS 10,000.00730637 04/13/2023 HARRIS STEEL FENCE CO. 03/07/2023 Repair Of Ballfield Fence At Darby Park GENF CIP

55.00730638 04/13/2023 HAYLOCK, DARREN 04/12/2023 Inglewood Parking Citation Refund 59164739 PRKG PRKG 390.00730639 04/13/2023 HERALD PUBLICATIONS 03/16/2023 Herald Publications GENF CLRK 150.0003/30/2023 Herald Publications GENF CLRK
450.0003/30/2023 Herald Publications GENF CLRK
450.0003/30/2023 Herald Publications GENF CLRK

Page 3 of 8 ends

Chk DateCheck # Vendor Name Inv Date Fund OrgInvoice Description Paid Amt Thursday, 13 April, 2023 12:28 pm City of Inglewood
Warrant Register Report

50.00730640 04/13/2023 HOANG, CAO 04/12/2023 Inglewood Parking Citation Refund 61249693 PRKG PRKG 139.60730641 04/13/2023 HOME DEPOT CREDIT SERVICES 03/21/2023 Husky Trq Wrnch 3/8"Dr 20-100 Ft Lb., Hussky 3/8" Drive 20" Extension Bar, HuskyWATR PWKS 220.4203/22/2023 Dw 20V Max Cordless 3/8". Ratchet, Mch Scrw Zinc Phl Flt 1/4X2 GENF PR&L

34.7303/24/2023 Behr Pro Ext Pr613 Flat Deep 116Oz. GENF PR&L 214.8803/27/2023 Quickie Pro Microfiber Towel 16Pk, Behr Ppi 3050 Upw 5.00 Gl GENF PR&L

34.7303/28/2023 Behr Pro Ext Pr613 Flat Deep 116Oz GENF PR&L 362.6203/29/2023 3'X8' Chelsea Wht Vinyl Picket Panel, Mix And Match 45.1 In. 2-Person Whit,36 EpGENF PR&L 260.6603/20/2023 Stops Rust Gloss Blk,Stops Rust Gloss Hunter Grn,& Sunrise Red,Stops Rust TurboGENF PR&L

51.0003/30/2023 5"X5" Veranda Whit Vnl Pyrmd Post Top(5), Hdx 27Gal Tough Tote Red Lid(2)GENF PR&L 151.5303/31/2023 4'X100' Orange Safety Barrier Fence, 11" Natural Cable Tie 100Pk,5'14Ga Steel U-GENF PR&L 192.94730642 04/13/2023 INDUSTRIAL SAFETY SHOE CO. 03/20/2023 Blanket Purchase Order For Safety Shoes GENF PERS 157.6803/28/2023 Blanket Purchase Order For Safety Shoes GENF PERS

55.00730643 04/13/2023 INGLEWOOD TOW SERVICE INC 03/29/2023 Sfa For The Towing Of City Owned Vehicles GENF PWKS 175.0003/29/2023 Sfa For The Towing Of City Owned Vehicles GENF PWKS 149.0003/29/2023 Sfa For The Towing Of City Owned Vehicles GENF PWKS

95.0003/29/2023 Sfa For The Towing Of City Owned Vehicles GENF PWKS 304.3501/07/2023 Vehicle Impound Fees - Ipd Detectives GENF POLC 319.3506/23/2022 Vehicle Impound Fees- Ipd Detectives GENF POLC 204.3506/04/2022 Vehicle Impound Fees - Ipd Detectives GENF POLC 237.3304/08/2022 Vehicle Impound Fee - Ipd Detectives GENF POLC 152.3303/27/2022 Vehicle Impound Fees - Ipd Detectives GENF POLC 287.3303/20/2022 Vehicle Impound Fees- Ipd Detectives GENF POLC 115.0004/07/2022 Vehicle Impound Fees - Ipd Detective GENF POLC

95.0002/13/2023 Vehicle Impound Fees - Ipd Detectives GENF POLC 327.3312/29/2021 Vehicle Impound Fees - Ipd Detectives GENF POLC 279.3508/25/2022 Vehicle Impound Fees- Ipd Detectives GENF POLC 189.3510/19/2022 Vehicle Impound Fees- Ipd Detectives GENF POLC 582.3306/03/2022 Vehicle Impound Fees - Ipd Traffic GENF POLC 272.3304/13/2022 Vehicle Impound Fee- Ipd Traffic GENF POLC 147.3305/13/2022 Vehicle Impound Fees - Ipd Traffic GENF POLC 189.3506/08/2022 Vehicle Impound Fees - Ipd Traffic GENF POLC 197.3304/16/2022 Vehicle Impound Fees - Ipd Traffic GENF POLC 199.3507/14/2022 Vehicle Impound Fees - Ipd Traffic GENF POLC 237.3302/10/2022 Vehicle Impound Fees -Ipd Detectives GENF POLC

55.00730644 04/13/2023 INGLEWOOD TOW SERVICE INC 03/29/2023 Sfa For The Towing Of City Owned Vehicles GENF PWKS

55.0003/29/2023 Sfa For The Towing Of City Owned Vehicles GENF PWKS

55.0003/31/2023 Sfa For The Towing Of City Owned Vehicles GENF PWKS

55.0003/29/2023 Sfa For The Towing Of City Owned Vehicles GENF PWKS

Page 4 of 8 ends

Chk DateCheck # Vendor Name Inv Date Fund OrgInvoice Description Paid Amt Thursday, 13 April, 2023 12:28 pm City of Inglewood
Warrant Register Report
1,724.20730645 04/13/2023 IPS GROUP, INC 03/15/2023 Need To Encumber Funds Agreement # 20-068 For Parking Meters PRKG PRKG 8,595.5503/31/2023 Need To Encumber Funds Agreement # 20-068 For Parking Meters PRKG PRKG 400.00730646 04/13/2023 JMK CONSULTANTS LLC, MARIE ELIZABETH KIRK 04/06/2023 Background Investigation Services On Behalf Of The Police Department.GENF POLC 180.00730647 04/13/2023 JOE GIACOMIN CHEV INC, DBA MARTIN CHEVROLET10/13/2022 Factory Authroized Chevrolet Automotive Repair GENF PWKS 360.0003/06/2023 Factory Authroized Chevrolet Automotive Repair GENF PWKS 200.00730648 04/13/2023 JOE MAR POLYGRAPH &, INVESTIGATION SERVICE INC04/01/2023 Sfa Pre-Employment Polygraph Exam- Ipd Backgrounds GENF POLC 200.0004/05/2023 Sfa Pre-Employment Polygraph Exam- Ipd Backgrounds GENF POLC 5,982.14730649 04/13/2023 JOHNSTONE SUPPLY 04/10/2023 Purchase Of Peumatic Thermostats And Actuators GENF PWKS 221.1104/05/2023 Blanket Purchase Order- To Purchase Seal Waskets, Air Ducts, BeltsGENF PWKS 700.00730650 04/13/2023 KANE, BALLMER & BERKMAN 03/08/2023 Agreement For Legal Advice, Guidance, And Representation. GENF NOND 200.0003/08/2023 Agreement For Legal Advice, Guidance, And Representation. GENF NOND 1,350.0003/08/2023 Agreement For Legal Advice, Guidance, And Representation. GENF NOND 1,816.00730651 04/13/2023 KITTRICH CORPORATION 12/28/2022 Canopy And Tablecloth With Library Logo GENF LIBR 1,565.12730652 04/13/2023 KJ SERVICES ENVIRONMENTAL, CONSULTANTS 03/02/2023 Oil Payment Program SANI PWKS

80.00730653 04/13/2023 KYLE, CHARLENE 04/12/2023 Refund For Rogers Park Rental Fee GENF PR&L 4,203.92730654 04/13/2023 LEXISNEXIS RISK SOLUTIONS 03/31/2023 Access To Accurint Virtual Crime Center GENF POLC 9,111.00730655 04/13/2023 LIFTECH ELEVATOR SERVICES, INC 04/01/2023 Elevator Service Maintenance Agreement. GENF PWKS 250.00730656 04/13/2023 LLOYD, MARQUITTA 04/12/2023 Damage Deposit Refund GENF PR&L 2,475.00730657 04/13/2023 MAGNET FORENSICS 03/30/2023 Sms Magnet Subscription Renewal - Ipd Detectives GENF POLC 400.00730658 04/13/2023 MARTIN, MARIA 03/14/2023 Ub Refund Cst #183782 WATR *

72.80730659 04/13/2023 MBM GEAR, TEDDY BY BEAR COMPANY DBA 03/28/2023 Uniform Jacket Order For Nerissa Wallace PROC PR&L 227.55730660 04/13/2023 MEDICO PROFESSIONAL LINENS SRV 12/01/2022 Pd Linen Services IT&C IT&C 227.5512/08/2022 Pd Linen Services IT&C IT&C
227.5512/15/2022 Pd Linen Services IT&C IT&C
227.5512/22/2022 Pd Linen Services IT&C IT&C
227.5512/29/2022 Pd Linen Services IT&C IT&C
227.5501/05/2023 Pd Linen Services IT&C IT&C
227.5501/12/2023 Pd Linen Services IT&C IT&C
227.5501/19/2023 Pd Linen Services IT&C IT&C
227.5501/26/2023 Pd Linen Services IT&C IT&C
227.5502/02/2023 Pd Linen Services IT&C IT&C
227.5502/09/2023 Pd Linen Services GENF POLC
227.5502/16/2023 Pd Linen Services GENF POLC
227.5502/23/2023 Pd Linen Services GENF POLC
236.4703/02/2023 Pd Linen Services GENF POLC
236.47730661 04/13/2023 MEDICO PROFESSIONAL LINENS SRV 03/09/2023 Pd Linen Services GENF POLC 227.55730662 04/13/2023 MEDICO PROFESSIONAL LINENS SRV 04/06/2023 Linen Rental Service - Ipd Custody GENF POLC 105.42730663 04/13/2023 MEDINA, DANIEL 03/31/2023 Reimbursement For Easter Eggstravaganza Supplies (Baskets, Flowers, Pots,Eggs)GENF PR&L 33,234.71730664 04/13/2023 MERIT OIL COMPANY, NUCKLES OIL COMPANY DBA03/29/2023 Merit Oil Funding Allocation Fy2022/2023 GENF PWKS

Page 5 of 8 ends

Chk DateCheck # Vendor Name Inv Date Fund OrgInvoice Description Paid Amt Thursday, 13 April, 2023 12:28 pm City of Inglewood
Warrant Register Report

15.00730665 04/13/2023 MILLS, JENA 04/04/2023 Tuition Reimbursement - J. Mills GENF POLC 750.00730666 04/13/2023 MORAGA, PETER MICHAEL 03/07/2023 Inv 041 - Translation Services GENF HPRO 150.0004/04/2023 Inv 041 - Translation Services GENF HPRO 6,614.99730667 04/13/2023 MOTION PICTURE LICENSING CORP 03/15/2023 Annual Licensing Fees GENF PR&L 652.59730668 04/13/2023 MUTUAL PROPANE, MUTUAL LIQUID GAS & EQUIP 07/27/2022 Purchase Of Bulk Propane Fuel GENF PWKS 271.88730669 04/13/2023 NAPA AUTO PARTS EDDINGS, ENTERPRISE INC. 03/10/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS

11.0103/10/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 144.0703/10/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 256.4203/10/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 617.3603/11/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 126.7103/13/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS

43.8303/13/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS

13.0303/13/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 184.0103/13/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS

78.4003/14/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS

16.1803/14/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS

94.7703/15/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 2,290.2604/07/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 145.84730670 04/13/2023 NAPA AUTO PARTS EDDINGS, ENTERPRISE INC. 12/12/2022 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 249.8702/14/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 1,756.3802/14/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 139.9802/22/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 1,157.6102/24/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 355.1603/02/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 1,559.7503/07/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS

41.7203/07/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS

92.6003/07/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS

19.5603/07/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS

78.5003/07/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS

39.6003/08/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 310.5003/08/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 119.6903/09/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 156.4203/09/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 485.3303/10/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 617.3603/10/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 177.5803/10/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS

79.0903/10/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS 158.1903/10/2023 Annual Purchase Of Auto Parts GENF PWKS

Page 6 of 8 ends

Chk DateCheck # Vendor Name Inv Date Fund OrgInvoice Description Paid Amt Thursday, 13 April, 2023 12:28 pm City of Inglewood
Warrant Register Report

90.84730671 04/13/2023 OFFICE DEPOT, INC. 03/28/2023 Office Supplies - Ipd Records GENF POLC

29.3503/30/2023 Office Supplies - Ipd Admin 2Nd Floor GENF POLC 115.3903/30/2023 Item #776321 Sharp El-1197Piii Desktop Printing Calculator GENF FINC 273.5604/03/2023 Office Supplies ` GENF PR&L
173.7903/31/2023 Placing Order For Office Supplies GENF FINC

9.1204/04/2023 Dry Erase Whiteboard - Ipd Detectives GENF POLC 250.00730672 04/13/2023 ORLANDO'S GIFTS 04/07/2023 2021 Xmas Deposit Li Refund Cst #197642 GENF * 250.0004/07/2023 Xmas Deposit 2022 Refund Li Refund Cst #197642 GENF *

54.10730673 04/13/2023 PAYPAL, INC, A DELAWARE CORPORATE 04/12/2023 March 2023 Meters Credit Card Transactions PRKG PRKG 309.09730674 04/13/2023 PLUMBERS DEPOT 03/30/2023 Vactor Sewer Truck Supplies GENF PWKS 26,185.50730675 04/13/2023 Q-STAR TECHNOLOGY, LLC 03/14/2023 Qstar Technology Llc SANI PWKS 182.00730676 04/13/2023 RAMIREZ, ANGEL 04/12/2023 Inglewood Parking Citation Refund 33997632 PRKG PRKG 805.00730677 04/13/2023 RICHARDS, WATSON, & GERSHON 03/20/2023 Richard Watson & Gershon SEWR PWKS 5,040.0004/10/2023 Richard Watson & Gershon SEWR PWKS
9,599.04730678 04/13/2023 ROLLING HILLS PLASTICS, INC 03/20/2023 Trash Liners GENF * -21,196.67730679 04/13/2023 S & L SPECIALTY CONSTRUCTION, INC 03/15/2023 Phase Xv, Group 26-J RSIF * 423,933.4003/15/2023 Phase Xv, Group 26-J RSIF CIP
125.84730680 04/13/2023 S & S WORLDWIDE 03/24/2023 Adult Prpgramming Supplies GENF LIBR 619.26730681 04/13/2023 SO CALIF EDISON CO* 04/03/2023 Edison Various GENF PR&L 206.1704/03/2023 Edison Various GAST PWKS
109,800.9004/03/2023 Edison Various ASSM PWKS
21,335.86730682 04/13/2023 SO CALIF EDISON CO* 04/03/2023 Various Services GENF PWKS 7,695.9004/03/2023 Various Services GENF PR&L
244.2704/03/2023 Various Services GAST PWKS

71.2304/03/2023 Various Services ASSM PWKS
5,700.5804/05/2023 Senior Center GRNT PR&L
3,455.13730683 04/13/2023 SO CALIF EDISON CO* 06/07/2022 Sce GAST PWKS 495.00730684 04/13/2023 SUITE EVENTS 04/05/2023 Suite Events - Isc Newsletter GENF PR&L 542.85730685 04/13/2023 TELECOM LAW FIRM PC F/N/A, KRAMER TELECOM LAW FIRM03/20/2023 Legal Representation And Consultation Services To The City In Connection With FiGENF PWKS 534.71730686 04/13/2023 THE PARADISE GROUP, INC., DBA PARADISE AWARDS04/04/2023 Order # 31571R GENF PR&L 150.00730687 04/13/2023 THOMAS BROXTERMANN, PH.D. 03/28/2023 Tuition - Crisis Intervention Course GENF POLC 150.0003/28/2023 Tuition - Inside The Criminal Personality GENF POLC

99.99730688 04/13/2023 TIME WARNER CABLE 04/06/2023 Spectrum Services IT&C IT&C

50.00730689 04/13/2023 TROTTER, DARREN 04/12/2023 Sheriff Refund To Darren Trotter GENF * 246.70730690 04/13/2023 TSM RECOVERY & RECYCLING CO 04/01/2023 Bio-Hazardous Waste Pick Up, Diposal & Recycling Services (Services Include AllGENF POLC 5,300.00730691 04/13/2023 TURF DOCTORS, SYNTHETIC TURF SERVICES D 04/03/2023 Turf Maintenance GENF PR&L 247.33730692 04/13/2023 ULINE INC 03/20/2023 Uline Order For Senior Center GRNT PR&L 122.8203/28/2023 Supplies- Ipd Property GENF POLC

Page 7 of 8 ends

Chk DateCheck # Vendor Name Inv Date Fund OrgInvoice Description Paid Amt Thursday, 13 April, 2023 12:28 pm City of Inglewood
Warrant Register Report
-492.75730693 04/13/2023 UNITED STORM WATER, INC. 03/23/2023 Agreement For Fy2021-22 Storm Drain Catch Basin Inserts In The City Of InglewoodMEAW * 9,855.0003/23/2023 Agreement For Fy2021-22 Storm Drain Catch Basin Inserts In The City Of InglewoodMEAW CIP 100.00730694 04/13/2023 US BANK PAYMENTS 04/27/2023 Ventura College Career Fair - Ipd Admin POLC POLC 973.67730695 04/13/2023 VARSITY BRANDS HOLDING CO, INC, BSN SPORTS, LLC03/21/2023 Baseball Equipment For Rogers Park GENF PR&L 11,597.47730696 04/13/2023 VERIZON WIRELESS 04/03/2023 Wireless Services IT&C IT&C 1,186.19730697 04/13/2023 VISTA PAINT CORPORATION 04/06/2023 Contract #21-116 Year 3 Purchase Of Paint For Graffiti Removal GENF PR&L 315.5104/07/2023 Contract #21-116 Year 3 Purchase Of Paint For Graffiti Removal GENF PR&L 740.38730698 04/13/2023 W.W. GRAINGER SUPPLIES, INC. 04/04/2023 Special Parts & Tools For Vehicles GENF PWKS 279.7504/05/2023 Special Parts & Tools For Vehicles GENF PWKS

18.8403/21/2023 Po With Grainger To Purchase Fire/Life Safety Equipment GENF PWKS 424.8503/24/2023 Po With Grainger To Purchase Fire/Life Safety Equipment GENF PWKS 276.56730699 04/13/2023 WEX BANK 04/06/2023 Chevron Fuel Card GENF PWKS 1,506.46730700 04/13/2023 WINZER CORPORATION 04/04/2023 Purchase Of Aerosol Chemical GENF PR&L 2,028.95730701 04/13/2023 YAMADA CO., INC. 04/07/2023 Purchase Of Industrial Mowers, Weed Eaters, Edgers And Blowers GENF PR&L 11,336.405270844 04/11/2023 CITY OF INGLEWOOD - 04/11/2023 Wire Transfer General Liability GENF NOND 110,748.875310845 04/11/2023 BANK OF AMERICA* 04/11/2023 Wire Transfer Workers' Compensation GENF NOND 4,500,000.005540844 04/11/2023 CITY OF INGLEWOOD - 04/11/2023 Wire Transfer For General Liability GENF NOND $6,393,752.65Total for 116 Checks

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WARRANT REGISTER REPORT LEGEND

FUND LISTING
Fund Description Fund Description
Org Description Org Description
Aqmd AB2766 (AQMD) Fund Public Art FundPart
Arra ARRA Fund Parking AuthorityPath
Assf Asset Forfeiture Fund Debt Service - Pens Obligation BondPobf Assm Special Assessment Fund PolicePolc
CDBG HUD (CDBG) Fund Prop 1B FundPr1B
Civic Civic Center Projects Fund Parking FundPrkg
Debt Debt Service Proposition A FundProA
FA Fixed Assets Proposition C FundProC
Gast Gas Tax Fund Call for Projects FundProj
General Fund Retirement FundRetr
Grants Fund Successor Agency RDA (ROPS)Rops
Genf
Housing Fund Noise Mitigation FundRsif
Grnt
Hollywood Park CFD Fund Sanitation FundSani
Hous
IT & Communications Fund SB1 RMRASB1
HwPk
Landside Access Modernization Program Sewer FundSewr
IT&C
Successor Agency Low Mod Housing Stores & Equipement FundStor Lamp
Measure M TDA Article 3 FundTda3
Lmih
MeaM

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City of Inglewood
2022-23 Local Hazard Mitigation
Plan
Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... xiii What is a hazard mitigation plan? .............................................................................................................................................................................. xiv Why have a hazard mitigation plan? ......................................................................................................................................................................... xiv Why is the plan updated so often? .............................................................................................................................................................................. xv Who participated in this plan? ...................................................................................................................................................................................... xv Plan Development and Update Methods ............................................................................................................................................... xv Risk Assessment ............................................................................................................................................................................................ xvi Hazard Exposure and Damage Estimation ............................................................................................................................................................. xvi Population and Asset Exposure ..................................................................................................................................................................................xvii Damage Assessments ................................................................................................................................................................................................... xviii Summary of Vulnerable Assets: People, Property Value, and Infrastructure ........................................................................................... xix Mitigation Goals ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... xxii Mitigation Strategy ...................................................................................................................................................................................... xxii City-Wide Mitigation Actions ................................................................................................................................................................. xxiii Mitigation Action Implementation ..................................................................................................................................................... xxvii Section 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 1-3

1.1 Purpose & Scope ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 1-3

1.2 Planning Area ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 1-3

1.3 Why Update This Plan? .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1-5

1.3.1 Purposes for Planning .............................................................................................................................................................................................1-5

1.4 Who Will Benefit from This Plan? ..................................................................................................................................................... 1-6

1.5 How to Use This Plan .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1-6 Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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Section 2. What’s New........................................................................................................................................................ 2-1

2.1 2010 HMP vs 2022 HMP Update Background ................................................................................................................................ 2-1

2.2 Mitigation Actions .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2-1

2.3 New Analysis and Risk Assessment Methodology ...................................................................................................................2-3

2.4 Successful Mitigation Activities .......................................................................................................................................................2-3

2.5 Incorporation into other Planning Mechanisms ........................................................................................................................2-6 Section 3. Planning Process ............................................................................................................................................. 3-1 STEP 1: Organize Resources ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3-3 STEP 2: Assess the Risk ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3-11 STEP 3: Develop a Mitigation Strategy ................................................................................................................................................. 3-13 STEP 4: Adopt and Implement the Plan .............................................................................................................................................. 3-16 Section 4. Risk Assessment ............................................................................................................................................ 4-1

4.1 Hazard Identification and Screening .............................................................................................................................................. 4-1

4.1.1 Hazard Screening ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1.2 Past Major Hazard Events .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-4

4.2 Hazard Prioritization ............................................................................................................................................................................ 4-5

4.3 Community Profile ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4-7

4.3.1 Geography ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-7

4.3.2 Transportation Routes ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 4-10

4.3.3 Climate ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-10

4.3.4 Demographics and Vulnerable Populations ...............................................................................................................................................4-11

4.3.5 Economy .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4-24

4.3.6 Past and Future Trends in Development ................................................................................................................................................... 4-26

4.4 Vulnerability Assessment Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 4-27

4.4.1 Population and Asset Inventory ..................................................................................................................................................................... 4-27 Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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4.4.2 Hazard Exposure and Damage Estimation ................................................................................................................................................ 4-31

4.5 Vulnerability to Specific Hazards .................................................................................................................................................. 4-33

4.5.1 Earthquake Hazard Profile ................................................................................................................................................................................ 4-35

4.5.2 Extreme Heat Hazard Profile ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4-87

4.5.3 Drought Hazard Profile..................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-107

4.5.4 Heavy Rain ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4-119

4.5.5 Pandemic Disease Hazard Profile ............................................................................................................................................................... 4-129

4.5.6 Climate Change Hazard Profile .................................................................................................................................................................... 4-139 Section 5. Mitigation Strategy ......................................................................................................................................... 5-1

5.1 Mitigation Alternatives .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5-1

5.2 Identifying the Problem ........................................................................................................................................................................ 5-8

5.3 Capabilities and Adaptive Capacity Assessment ....................................................................................................................... 5-8

5.3.1 Planning and Regulatory Mitigation Capabilities ...................................................................................................................................... 5-8

5.3.2 Administrative and Technical Capabilities ................................................................................................................................................ 5-12

5.3.3 Financial Capabilities .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-14

5.3.4 Education and Outreach ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-15

5.3.5 Capability and Adaptive Capacity Opportunities ..................................................................................................................................... 5-16

5.3.6 Federal and State Funding Opportunities ................................................................................................................................................... 5-16

5.4 Mitigation Goals ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-21

5.5 City-Wide Mitigation Actions ........................................................................................................................................................... 5-21

5.5.1 Prioritization of Mitigation Actions ...............................................................................................................................................................5-22

5.5.2 Mitigation Action Plan ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5-25 Section 6. Plan Implementation and Maintenance .................................................................................................... 6-1

6.1 Plan Adoption ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 6-1

6.2 Plan Implementation ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6-1

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6.3 Monitoring, Evaluating and Updating the HMP ..........................................................................................................................6-2

6.3.1 Schedule....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6-2

6.3.2 Mitigation Action Support Tool (MAST) Updates ....................................................................................................................................... 6-2

6.3.3 Process ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6-3

6.3.4 Continuing Public Involvement ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6-4

6.3.5 HMA Monitoring ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6-5

6.3.6 Incorporation into Other Planning Mechanisms ....................................................................................................................................... 6-7

6.3.7 Planning Integration Processes ........................................................................................................................................................................ 6-8 Section 7. Works Cited ....................................................................................................................................................... 7-1

Appendix A. Analysis Methodology .............................................................................................................................. A-1 A.1. Natural Hazard Exposure ................................................................................................................................................................... A-2 Damage Estimation with Hazus ...................................................................................................................................................................... A-2 Distinguishing Results – Natural Hazard Exposure Analysis vs Hazus Results ....................................................................... A-4 A.2. Analysis Data ......................................................................................................................................................................................... A-4 Assets, Value, and Population .......................................................................................................................................................................... A-4 Natural Hazard Data ............................................................................................................................................................................................ A-6 Methodology Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................................... A-8 Data Dictionary ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... A-9 Insured Assets Roll (DRAFT) .......................................................................................................................................................................... A-13 Appendix B. Planning Process and Documentation ................................................................................................. B-1

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List of Figures
Figure ES-1: Risk Assessment Methodology Summary ................................................................................................................ xvii Figure ES-2: Exposure Explanation Graphic .................................................................................................................................... xviii Figure ES-3: Hazus Damage Estimation Example ......................................................................................................................... xviii Figure ES-4: Earthquake Risk Exposure Summaries ........................................................................................................................ xx Figure ES-5: Liquefaction and Fault Zone of Required Investigation Exposure Summaries ..........................................xxi Figure ES-6: Process for Conferring Mitigation Project Benefits............................................................................................. xxiii

Figure 1-1: Location of the City of Inglewood ...................................................................................................................................... 1-4 Figure 2-1: Inglewood OES Website Home Page.................................................................................................................................2-3 Figure 2-2: OES Staff and Community Members at Safety Week Pop Up Event ................................................................. 2-4 Figure 3-1: City of Inglewood HMP Planning Process......................................................................................................................3-2 Figure 3-2: Safety Week Photos ................................................................................................................................................................3-9 Figure 3-3: Citizens Taking Surveys ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-10 Figure 3-5: RAMP application launch page at mitigatehazards.com ...................................................................................... 3-12 Figure 3-6: RAMP example showing population with various seismic hazard layers. ................................................... 3-13 Figure 3-7: Categories of issues addressed in problem statements. ....................................................................................... 3-14 Figure 3-8: MAST elements and Cal OES Grant Applications .................................................................................................... 3-17 Figure 4-1: Prioritized Hazard Assessment Matrix for the City of Inglewood ...................................................................... 4-6 Figure 4-2: South Bay Cities and Unincorporated Areas............................................................................................................... 4-8 Figure 4-3: Geographic Overview ............................................................................................................................................................ 4-9 Figure 4-4: Monthly Normals for Temperature and Precipitation, Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) ........4-10 Figure 4-5: Estimated Population, 2010 - 2019 .................................................................................................................................. 4-11 Figure 4-6: Population Density of Inglewood and Surrounding Areas (# Individuals per Square Mile) ................... 4-12 Figure 4-7: Home Ownership and Rentals (% Total Households) for Inglewood and Surrounding Areas .............. 4-14 Figure 4-8: Home Ownership Rate (% Total Households) by Block Group ........................................................................... 4-14 Figure 4-9: Median Household Income and Poverty Levels for Inglewood and Surrounding Communities ......... 4-15 Figure 4-10: Median Income by Census Tract and Block Group ................................................................................................ 4-16 Figure -4-11: Population Over Age 65 .................................................................................................................................................... 4-18 Figure 4-12: Population Under Age 18 .................................................................................................................................................. 4-19 Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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Figure 4-13: Race and Ethnicity ............................................................................................................................................................. 4-20 Figure 4-14: Spanish-Speaking Households by Block Group ...................................................................................................... 4-21 Figure 4-15: Spanish-Speaking (Non-English Speaking) Households by Block Group ................................................... 4-22 Figure 4-16: Historic Unemployment Rates for Inglewood, 2015-2022 .................................................................................. 4-25 Figure 4-17: Data Source and Method.................................................................................................................................................. 4-28 Figure 4-18: Critical Facilities in Inglewood ..................................................................................................................................... 4-30 Figure 4-19: Hazard Exposure Explanation Graphic ...................................................................................................................... 4-31 Figure 4-20: Hazus Damage Estimation Example ......................................................................................................................... 4-32 Figure 4-21: Earthquake Faulting .......................................................................................................................................................... 4-35 Figure 4-22: City of Inglewood Liquefaction Zones ....................................................................................................................... 4-37 Figure 4-23: Fault Zones of Required Investigation ...................................................................................................................... 4-45 Figure 4-24: Regional 30 Year Fault Probabilities .......................................................................................................................... 4-47 Figure 4-25: Regional Shaking Potential............................................................................................................................................ 4-49 Figure 4-26: M7.2 Newport Inglewood Earthquake Scenario (Regional Extent) ................................................................. 4-51 Figure 4-27: M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Earthquake Scenario (Regional Extent) ...................................................... 4-52 Figure 4-28: M7.2 Newport Inglewood Earthquake Scenario .................................................................................................... 4-56 Figure 4-29: M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Earthquake Scenario........................................................................................... 4-57 Figure 4-30: Liquefaction Zone - Exposure Summary.................................................................................................................. 4-58 Figure 4-31: Fault Zone Areas of Required Investigation - Exposure Summary................................................................ 4-59 Figure 4-32: Population Exposure to M7.2 Newport-Inglewood Earthquake Scenario ................................................... 4-60 Figure 4-33: Population Exposure to M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Earthquake Scenario ........................................... 4-61 Figure 4-34: Hazus Damage Estimates - M7.2 Newport Inglewood ........................................................................................ 4-80 Figure 4-35: Hazus Damage Estimates – M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected .............................................................................. 4-81 Figure 4-36: M7.2 Newport Inglewood Damage Estimation by Occupancy ........................................................................ 4-82 Figure 4-37: M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Damage Estimation by Occupancy ............................................................... 4-83 Figure 4-38: Head Index Calculation and Classification ............................................................................................................. 4-91 Figure 4-39: Urban heat island effect across a variety of natural and built landscape types ...................................... 4-92 Figure 4-40: Annual Extreme Heat Days and Average Maximum Temperature LAX .................................................... 4-95 Figure 4-41: Annual Warm Nights and Average Minimum Temperature LAX .................................................................. 4-96 Figure 4-42: 30-YR Maximum Temperature for July .................................................................................................................... 4-98 Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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Figure 4-43: Projected increases in extreme heat days for Inglewood, CA through 2100 (RCP 4.5 & 8.5) ................ 4-99 Figure 4-44: Projected increases in warm nights for Inglewood, CA through 200 (RCP 4.5 & 8.5) ........................... 4-100 Figure 4-45: Projected changes in annual occurrence of heat index values through 2100 (RCP 4.5 & 8.5) ........... 4-101 Figure 4-46: Los Angeles – Long Beach – Anaheim Drought Severity Timeline 2000-2022 ...................................... 4-113 Figure 4-47: Projected Precipitation and Evaporation in Inglewood, 2100 ......................................................................... 4-115 Figure 4-48: Frequency of 2-day precipitation totals over 3 inches at LAX Airport station, 1950-2021 ................. 4-123 Figure 4-49: City of Inglewood - Average Annual Precipitation ............................................................................................ 4-124 Figure 4-50: 14-Day COVID-19 Adjusted Case and Death Rate for Inglewood, March 2020 – September 2022 ... 4-133 Figure 4-51: COVID-19 Case and Death Rate by Ethnicity/Race for LA County, March 2020 – March 2022......... 4-134 Figure 4-52: RCP Emissions Pathways for High (8.5) and Moderate (4.5) Scenarios ..................................................... 4-140 Figure 4-53: Historical Extreme Heat Days and Avg. Annual Maximum Temperature, LAX Airport 1950-2021 4-143 Figure 4-54: Historical Warm Nights and Avg. Annual Minimum Temperature, LAX Airport 1950-2021 ............. 4-144 Figure 4-55: Projected Annual Average Maximum Temperature – 2100, RCP 4.5 & 8.5 ............................................... 4-146 Figure 4-56: Projected Annual Average Minimum Temperature – 2100, RCP 4.5 & 8.5 ................................................ 4-147 Figure 4-57: Projected Summer Temperatures for Inglewood, 2100 ..................................................................................... 4-148 Figure 4-58: Current Average July Max Temperature ................................................................................................................ 4-149 Figure 4-59: Projected Average Max Temperature RCP 4.5 2100 ........................................................................................... 4-150 Figure 4-60: Projected Average Max Temperature RCP 8.5 2100 ........................................................................................... 4-151 Figure 5-1: Mitigation Action Application ......................................................................................................................................... 5-22 Figure 5-2: Mitigation Strategy Key ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-25 6-1: Diagram of MAST viewing details. ..................................................................................................................................................6-3 Figure 6-2: MAST and Cal OES Grant Applications ......................................................................................................................... 6-6 Figure 6-3: HMGP Timeline ........................................................................................................................................................................6-7

Figure A-1: Hazard Exposure..................................................................................................................................................................... A-2 Figure A-2: Earthquake Shaking Potential and Damage Probability ....................................................................................... A-3 Figure A-3: Hazus Damage Estimations .............................................................................................................................................. A-3 Figure A-4: Data Analysis Methodology ................................................................................................................................................... 8

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List of Tables
Table 2-1: Cancelled Previous Mitigation Actions.............................................................................................................................2-2 Table 2-2: Completed Mitigation Actions from 2010 HMP ............................................................................................................. 2-5 Table 3-1: HMP Steering Committee ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-3 Table 3-2: City of Inglewood Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee .................................................................................... 3-4 Table 3-3: Key Stakeholders ....................................................................................................................................................................... 3-5 Table 3-4: HMP Update Consultant Team ............................................................................................................................................3-6 Table 3-5: Planning Committee Meeting Summary ......................................................................................................................... 3-7 Table 4-1: Document Review Crosswalk .............................................................................................................................................. 4-2 Table 4-2: Hazard prioritization ............................................................................................................................................................... 4-3 Table 4-3: Disaster Declarations in Los Angeles County 1980- present .................................................................................. 4-4 Table 4-4: Renters and Homeowners ................................................................................................................................................... 4-13 Table 4-5: Households with Seniors and Young Children ........................................................................................................... 4-17 Table 4-6: Spanish-Speaking Households .......................................................................................................................................... 4-21 Table 4-7: Persons with Disabilities and Public Transit Dependence ................................................................................... 4-23 Table 4-8: Industry by Occupation for the Civilian Employed Population 16 Years and Over ..................................... 4-25 Table 4-9: City of Inglewood Parcel Counts and Value ................................................................................................................ 4-29 Table 4-10: Moment Magnitude Scale ................................................................................................................................................. 4-38 Table 4-11: Modified Mercalli Intensity Level Descriptions........................................................................................................ 4-39 Table 4-12: Modified Mercalli Scale and Peak Ground Acceleration ...................................................................................... 4-40 Table 4-13: City of Inglewood Municipal Code – Provisions for Earthquake Hazards .................................................... 4-42 Table 4-14: Earthquakes near Inglewood of 4.5 Magnitude or Greater Since 2005 ........................................................... 4-42 Table 4-15: NEHRP Soil Classification System ................................................................................................................................ 4-44 Table 4-16: 30-year likelihood of M6.7 - 8.0 earthquakes for the Los Angeles region (UCERF3) ................................. 4-46 Table 4-17: Population Count within Zone of Required Investigation and Liquefaction Zone ..................................... 4-61 Table 4-18: Seismic Benchmark Years................................................................................................................................................ 4-62 Table 4-19: Definitions of FEMA Building Types ............................................................................................................................ 4-64 Table 4-20: Housing Units by Construction Date ........................................................................................................................... 4-64 Table 4-21: Parcel Exposure to M7.2 Newport-Inglewood ........................................................................................................... 4-65 Table 4-22: Parcel Exposure to M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected ................................................................................................. 4-65 Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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Table 4-23: Parcel Count of Required Investigation and Liquefaction Susceptibility ..................................................... 4-66 Table 4-24: Critical Facility Exposure to M7.2 Newport-Inglewood Earthquake Scenario ........................................... 4-66 Table 4-25: Critical Facility Exposure to M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Earthquake Scenario................................... 4-68 Table 4-26: Critical Infrastructure in Zone of Required Investigation and Susceptible to Liquefaction ................. 4-70 Table 4-27: Lifeline Exposure M7.2 Newport-Inglewood Earthquake Scenario ................................................................. 4-73 Table 4-28: Lifeline Exposure M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Earthquake Scenario ....................................................... 4-73 Table 4-29: Critical Lines in Zone of Required Investigation and Susceptible to Liquefaction ................................... 4-73 Table 4-30: Hazus Building Damage Descriptions ......................................................................................................................... 4-79 Table 4-31: Loss Estimations for M7.2 Newport Inglewood Scenario..................................................................................... 4-82 Table 4-32: Loss Estimations for M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Scenario .......................................................................... 4-83 Table 4-33 Earthquake Problem Statements ................................................................................................................................... 4-84 Table 4-34: Cal-Adapt Extreme Heat Terms ..................................................................................................................................... 4-88 Table 4-35: Heat-Related Illnesses, Listed in Order of Severity (LA County Department of Public Health, 2012) 4-89 Table 4-36: NWS HeatRisk Value Definitions ................................................................................................................................. 4-102 Table 4-37: NWS Heat Forecast Terms and Definition ............................................................................................................... 4-102 Table 4-38 Extreme Heat Problem Statements ............................................................................................................................. 4-104 Table 4-39: City of Inglewood Historical Water Supply, 2016 – 2020 .................................................................................... 4-108 Table 4-40: Drought Classifications and Impacts for California ............................................................................................. 4-111 Table 4-41: Drought Problem Statements ......................................................................................................................................... 4-117 Table 4-42: Flood Insurance Statistics for Inglewood ................................................................................................................ 4-122 Table 4-43 Heavy Rain Problem Statements ................................................................................................................................. 4-127 Table 4-44: Los Angeles County Vaccine-Preventable Disease Cases 2001-2018 ........................................................... 4-134 Table 4-45: Pandemic Disease Problem Statements .................................................................................................................. 4-137 Table 4-46: Climate change-related hazards and cross-references in HMP .................................................................... 4-139 Table 4-47: Climate Change Problem Statements ....................................................................................................................... 4-154 Table 5-1: City of Inglewood Planning and Regulatory Mitigation Capabilities .................................................................... 5-9 Table 5-2: City of Inglewood Administrative and Technical Capabilities ............................................................................. 5-12 Table 5-3: City of Inglewood Fiscal Capabilities Summary ......................................................................................................... 5-14 Table 5-4: City of Inglewood Education/ Outreach Capabilities Summary .......................................................................... 5-15 Table 5-5: Federal and State Funding Opportunities ..................................................................................................................... 5-16 Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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Table 5-6: City of Inglewood Mitigation Action Tracker .............................................................................................................. 5-27

Table A-1: Data Dictionary .......................................................................................................................................................................... A-9 Table A-2: Insured Asset Roll .................................................................................................................................................................. A-13

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Executive Summary

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The City of Inglewood (“City”) prepared this hazard mitigation plan to guide city officials in protecting the people and property within the city from the effects of natural disasters and hazard events. This plan demonstrates the city’s commitment to reducing risk from natural hazards through mitigation and serves as a tool to direct city resources to achieve optimum results with available administrative, technical, and financial resources.

The term “hazard mitigation” refers to actions or strategies that can reduce or eliminate long-term risks caused by natural hazards. Mitigation activities can be developed, planned , and implemented before or after a disaster occurs.

After disasters, repairs and reconstruction often are completed in such a way as to simply restore damaged property to pre-disaster conditions. These efforts may return property and infrastructure to “the norm,” but the replication of pre-disaster conditions may result in a repetitive cycle of damage and r econstruction.

Hazard mitigation planning in the City of Inglewood can break this repetitive cycle by reducing vulnerability to hazards through smart construction and proper planning of future development and critical infrastructure. Hazard mitigation acti vities can be conducted through a wide variety of mitigation strategies, such as conducting retrofits of homes or structures to increase resistance to seismic damage or by increasing urban tree cover to reduce ground temperatures during extreme heat events.

What is a hazard mitigation plan?
This Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP) provides a detailed description of hazards which have the potential to affect the Plan Area It also describes how hazards may affect the city differently based upon various relationships to natural hazards. This plan identifies vulnerabilities to both people and property, based on social and geographic relationships to different hazards . Most importantly , the mitigation strategy presented in thi s plan responds to the identified vulnerabilities within the community and provides prescriptions or actions to achieve the greatest risk reduction based upon available resources. The city intends to save lives, reduce injuries, reduce property damage, and protect natural resources for future generations through mitigation activities.

Why have a hazard mitigation plan?
An up -to-date hazard mitigation plan can support City efforts to property damage, injuries, and even deaths when hazard events strike. Hazard mitigation can also help reduce recovery time and impacts from loss of critical services and lifelines within communities. The purpose of this Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP) is twofold. First, it provides resources for the City and residents wishing to conduct hazard mitigation efforts by identifying areas of extreme risk and providing financial and technical mitigation resources based upon current gaps.

Second, it provides the city continued access to grant funding from FEMA to conduct hazard mitigation activities. The passage of the Disaster Mitigation A ct in 2000 (DMA 2000) requires proactive hazard mitigation planning as a condition of receiving certain federal financial assistance under the Robert T.

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Stafford Act. DMA 2000 encourages state and local authorities to work together on pre-disaster planning to assist local governments to accurately assess mitigation needs, resulting in faster allocation of funding and more cost-effective risk reduction projects under FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Assistance program.

Why is the plan updated so often?
Jurisdictions must have an active, approved HMP in order to pursue funding under the Robert T. Stafford Act. As a DMA 2000 requirement, the plan must be updated every five years to remain in compliance with federal mitigation grant conditions. Federal regulations require hazard mitigation plans to include a plan for monitoring, evaluating, and updating the hazard mitigation plan. An update process provides an opportunity to reevaluate recommendations, monitor the impacts of actions that have been accomplished, and determine if there is a need to change the focus of mitigation strategies over time. Grant compliance is contingent on meeting the plan update requirements that are contained in the Code of Federal Regulations.

Who participated in this plan?
A Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee was formed to develop and steer content in this plan, including the goals, objectives, mitigation strategies, and implementation methods to reduce risk. Stakeholders included city representatives, local agencies, local businesses, l ocal citizens, and non -governmental organizations.

The public also participated in development of this HMP through an online survey to residents and through public review of the draft HMP. Community feedback played a key role in prioritizing future mitiga tion actions, goals, and implementation steps in
this HMP.

Plan Development and Update
Methods
Hazard mitigation planning is the process
through which hazards are identified, likely
impacts determined, mitigation goals set,
and appropriate mitigation stra tegies
identified. This plan documents the hazard
mitigation planning process the city used to
increase natural hazard resiliency in the
community. The City of Inglewood followed
the recommended FEMA four -step process
to develop this 2022 updated plan. In this
way, the HMP update is a complete revamp
and all -inclusive planning process . The
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update provides clear delineation of jurisdiction information , development of a new risk assessment, revaluation of goals a nd objectives, development of new mitigation actions, new enhancements for implementing mitigation actions, updates to all sections of the 2010 plan, and a new website for stakeholder involvement and public information.

Risk Assessment
The risk assessment measures the potential loss of life, personal injury, economic injury, and property or infrastructure damage resulting from natural hazards in order to determine vulnerability. For this update, the risk assessment utilized new data and technologies that have become available since 2010. The city used risk assessment information to rank risks and to gauge the potential impacts of each hazard of concern in the planning area. The risk assessment includes:
• Hazard identification and profiling,
• Assessment of the impact of hazards on physical, social, and economic assets, • Identification of particular areas of vulnerability,
• Additional impacts of each hazard due to climate change, and • Estimates of the cost of potential damage.

The following natural hazard threats were identified and profiled as city priority hazards:

Earthquake
SECTION 4.5.1
Extreme Heat
SECTION 4.5.2
Drought
SECTION 4.5.3

Heavy Rain
SECTION 4.5.4
Pandemic
SECTION 4.5.5
Climate Change
SECTION 4.5.6

Hazard Exposure and Damage Estimation
Some natural hazards, such as earthquake and flooding, are distributed unequally across a landscape. In the City of Inglewood, earthquake risk has a known geographic extent and corresponding spatial information, Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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which make exposure and damage estimation possible . To describe vulnerability for this hazard, it is important to understand the total population and total assets at risk. This provides the estimated damage and losses expected during a “worst case scenario” event simulated earthquake scenarios. Figure ES-1 provides a summary of how and what data sources are used to provide exposure and damage estimation results. More detail on the risk assessment analysis is provided in Section 4.4 and Appendix A. Exposure and Damage estimation analysis is briefly described in the sections that follow the summary graphic.

Figure ES-1: Risk Assessment Methodology Summary
Population and Asset Exposure
The total counts of parcels, people, facilities, assets, and the sum of values within the planning area which could be exposed to a hazard event is referred to as the “exposure” in this plan. A natural hazards overlay was developed to reflect the combination of many known natural hazard spatial footprints. The spatial overlay method enables summarization of building values, parcel counts, population exposure, and critical facility exposure within a hazard’s geographic extents (see Figure ES-2 exposure example). This method has been used to evaluate exposure flooding, and wildfire. For a more detailed explanation on Risk Assessment Methods, see Section 4.4 and Appendix A.

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Figure ES-2: Exposure Explanation Graphic
Damage Assessments
FEMA’s Hazus software was used to conduct a detailed loss estimation for simulation earthquake scenarios.

Hazus is a nationally applicable, standardized methodology that contains models for estimating potential losses from earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes. Hazus uses Geographic Info rmation Systems (GIS) technology to estimate physical, economic, and social impacts of disasters. For this planning effort, Hazus was used to generate damage estimations due to modeled earthquakes. The estimated damage and losses provided by the Hazus Soft ware is a “worst case scenario” event and provides the ability to understand possible widescale damage to buildings and facilities.

In the hypothetical map in Figure ES-3, even though both structures are exposed to flooding, it is predicted that the structure with a first-floor height below the depth of flooding will receive significantly more damage than the structure with a first-floor height above the expected water depth. Hazus software contains models to estimate damages from both flooding and scenario earthquakes. For a more detailed explanation on risk Assessment Methods, see Section 4.4 and Appendix A.

Figure ES-3: Hazus Damage Estimation Example
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Summary of Vulnerable Assets: People, Property Value, and Infrastructure Hazards with spatial boundaries can be analyzed to demonstrate the amount of population, critical infrastructure, and parcel s within each hazard ’s footprint. At -risk populations, critical infrastructure, improved parcels, and loss results for each hazard category are provided in bar chart summary table s throughout this plan to evaluate the percentage of assets exposed to different types of hazards. The side- by-side comparison allows officials to evaluate the impacts of potential hazards to determine toward what hazards to direct energy and financial res ource for mitigation activities. For detailed vulnerabilit y assessment information, see the individual hazard specific sections presented in Section 4.5. This Executive Summary provides map summaries for the profiled hazards.

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Figure ES-4: Earthquake Risk Exposure Summaries

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Figure ES-5: Liquefaction and Fault Zone of Required Investigation Exposure Summaries Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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Mitigation Goals
The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) created a set of goals for this HMP based on review of the City’s 2010 HMP, the California HMP, and other more current jurisdictional HMPs. The HMPC elected to closely align with the State’s HMP Goals. The following updated goals guided the HMPC in selecting actions contained in this plan update:

Mitigation Strategy
The mitigation strategies and activities designed to reduce or eliminate losses resulting from natural hazards are the centerpiece of the mitigation planning process. By implementing mitigation actions, the City of Inglewood will become more resilient to disasters. Actions identified in this plan may or may not be geared toward grant funding under HMA. Rather, the focus was the effectiveness in achieving the goals of the plan within the City’s capabilities.

The HMPC identified city-wide actions benefiting the whole partnership, as listed in this plan. The city’s pending and ongoing mitigation strategies as described in this plan are summarized in Table ES-2.

Mitigation actions are designed to address identified vulnerabilities and to confer community benefits, both indirect governmental benefits to protect the overall community and public benefit s that will directly support public landowners, business owners, and other community members.

GOAL 1 GOAL 2 GOAL 3 GOAL 4
Significantly reduce
risk of injuries and loss
of life during disaster
events.

Minimize damage to
critical infrastructure
and property and
minimize interruption
of essential services
and activities.

Protect the
environment.

Promote community
resilience through
integration of hazard
mitigation with public
policy and standard
business practices.

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Figure ES-6: Process for Conferring Mitigation Project Benefits City-Wide Mitigation Actions
A total of 31 mitigation actions were identified for Inglewood’s 2022 HMP update, 12 of which were carried over from the 2010 plan and 19 of which were developed specifically for 2022 to address updated hazards and vulnerabilities. An overview of the City’s mitigation strategy is shown in Table ES-1, with more detailed information available in Table 5-6 of this Plan.

Table ES-2: City-Wide Mitigation Actions.

Mitigation No. Hazard Type Status Year Title/Description Priority Related
Problem
Statements
ma-AH-IG-0 All Hazard Pending 2010 Reactivate the Disaster Council. Extreme ps-AH-IG-22 ma-AH-IG-5 All Hazard Ongoing 2010 Conduct an evaluation of the existing warning system in City Hall to
determine its efficacy in reaching all
people within the building in case of a
hazard event.

Extreme ps-EQ-IG-21,
ps-EQ-IG-5
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Mitigation No. Hazard Type Status Year Title/Description Priority Related
Problem
Statements
ma-AH-IG-14 All Hazard Ongoing 2010 Enhance relationships with the local Chamber of Commerce, Partners for
Progress, and local health clinics
Medium ps-AH-IG-22,
ps-PN-IG-17,
ps-EH-IG-11,
ps-CC-IG-19,
ps-CC-IG-12
ma-AH-IG-47 All Hazard Pending 2021 Maintain and increase accessibility of GIS data for infrastructure and
systems related to hazard mitigation
planning.

High ps-CC-IG-19,
ps-AH-IG-22,
ps-EQ-IG-4,
ps-EQ-IG-21,
ps-HR-IG-13
ma-AH-IG-48 All Hazard Pending 2021 Develop procedures for inspecting and tagging business for occupancy
after a disaster (Post Disaster
Restoration Ordinance)
High ps-AH-IG-22,
ps-EQ-IG-8
ma-AH-IG-49 All Hazard Pending 2021 Work with local businesses to prepare Emergency Preparedness Plans, in
conjunction with relevant agencies
and advocacy organizations.

Medium ps-EQ-IG-6,
ps-AH-IG-22
ma-AH-IG-50 All Hazard Ongoing 2021 Continue to develop short-term congregate and non-congregate
sheltering options for residents and
pets by working with the American
Red Cross, local sports and
entertainment venues, Humane
Society / animal services, and other
community-based organizations.

High ps-HR-IG-16,
ps-EQ-IG-6
ma-CC-IG-45 Climate
Change
Pending 2021 Implement the policies and goals
related to urban greening, air quality,
and stormwater system
improvements as outlined in the
City's Environmental Justice Element
(2020).

Medium ps-DR-IG-1,
ps-CC-IG-3,
ps-CC-IG-19,
ps-HR-IG-16,
ps-DR-IG-1
ma-CC-IG-51 Climate
Change
Pending 2021 Update the City's Climate Action Plan
applicable with state and federal law
High ps-DR-IG-1
ma-CC-IG-52 Climate
Change
Ongoing 2021 In conjunction with local health care
providers and the City Police
Department, conduct public outreach
regarding cooling center availability,
especially targeting at-risk
populations such as seniors,
unhoused individuals, and outdoor
workers. Periodically review available
cooling center usage, distribution and
availability throughout the city.

High ps-EH-IG-15,
ps-EH-IG-11
ma-DR-IG-46 Drought Pending 2021 Replace irrigated landscaping with drought-resistant vegetation and
increase use of recycled water for
irrigation in City-owned facilities
High ps-DR-IG-2,
ps-DR-IG-4,
ps-DR-IG-2
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Mitigation No. Hazard Type Status Year Title/Description Priority Related
Problem
Statements
ma-DR-IG-53 Drought Pending 2021 Develop a public education campaign to encourage water conservation
during drought, in order to avoid or
delay issuance of water restriction
emergency declarations.

Extreme ps-DR-IG-1
ma-EQ-IG-16 Earthquake Ongoing 2010 Develop and implement a City-wide data / IT recovery plan that includes
regular back ups, seismic bracing of
all hardware/facilities, and secure off-
site storage.

Extreme ps-AH-IG-22,
ps-EQ-IG-21
ma-EQ-IG-22 Earthquake Ongoing 2010 Conduct a risk assessment of the City's water treatment plant and City
reservoirs
Extreme ps-EQ-IG-4,
ps-DR-IG-1
ma-EQ-IG-24 Earthquake Ongoing 2010 Establish a non-structural hazard evaluation and risk reduction
program for city buildings and
departments housing critical
functions.

Extreme ps-EQ-IG-21,
ps-EQ-IG-20
ma-EQ-IG-26 Earthquake Ongoing 2010 Install seismic bracing bars on main branch library shelves to prevent
collapse and public injury.

High ps-EQ-IG-21
ma-EQ-IG-28 Earthquake Pending 2010 Inventory residential soft story and tilt-up buildings in the City
Extreme ps-EQ-IG-6,
ps-EQ-IG-7,
ps-EQ-IG-8
ma-EQ-IG-31 Earthquake Pending 2010 Evaluate feasibility of addressing residential tilt-up /soft-story retrofits
code to encourage or mandate retrofit
of privately-owned buildings
Low ps-EQ-IG-8,
ps-EQ-IG-7,
ps-EQ-IG-6
ma-EQ-IG-32 Earthquake Pending 2010 Conduct a risk assessment of high occupancy buildings and all buildings
currently listed as potential post-
disaster shelters
Medium ps-AH-IG-22
ma-EQ-IG-33 Earthquake Pending 2010 Encourage retrofit of single-family homes including bolting foundations,
strengthening cripple walls, and
removing or strengthening masonry
chimneys
Medium ps-EQ-IG-8,
ps-EQ-IG-7
ma-EQ-IG-34 Earthquake Ongoing 2010 Join the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)
Low ps-EQ-IG-21,
ps-EQ-IG-8,
ps-EQ-IG-7,
ps-EQ-IG-6,
ps-EQ-IG-4
ma-EQ-IG-44 Earthquake Ongoing 2021 Complete City Hall seismic retrofit project.

Extreme ps-EQ-IG-5
ma-EH-IG-56 Extreme
Heat
Pending 2021 Support local efforts by Tree People,
SJLI and others to increase cover of
shade trees in residential areas,
targeting areas with population -
scale vulnerability to extreme heat
effects.

High ps-EH-IG-10
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Mitigation No. Hazard Type Status Year Title/Description Priority Related
Problem
Statements
ma-EH-IG-57 Extreme
Heat
Pending 2021 Increase public awareness and
education surrounding the signs /
symptoms of heat related illness,
individual risk factors, treatment, and
preventative strategies.

High ps-EH-IG-11
ma-EH-IG-58 Extreme
Heat
Pending 2021 Establish systems, such as hotlines, to
alert public health officials about
high-risk or distressed individuals
before and during extreme heat
events.

High ps-EH-IG-15,
ps-EH-IG-11
ma-EH-IG-59 Extreme
Heat
Pending 2021 Incorporate urban heat island
reduction strategies (such as
green/cool roofs, cool pavements, and
increased vegetation cover) into long-
term planning to help reduce
temperature extremes during future
heat waves.

Extreme ps-EH-IG-10,
ps-EH-IG-11
ma-EH-IG-60 Extreme
Heat
Pending 2021 Secure backup power facilities for
community-based Cooling Centers.

Medium ps-EH-IG-9
ma-HR-IG-61 Heavy Rain Pending 2021 Complete improvements to catch basins and other stormwater
infrastructure to reduce urban flood
risk during heavy rain events.

Extreme ps-HR-IG-13,
ps-HR-IG-14
ma-HR-IG-62 Heavy Rain Pending 2021 Increase cover of permeable surfaces in areas with localized flooding risk.
(City to specify areas of concern)
Medium ps-HR-IG-13,
ps-HR-IG-14
ma-PN-IG-54 Pandemic Ongoing 2021 Coordinate efforts between the city, the County Health Dept., and local
hospitals to respond effectively to
emergent communicable diseases.

High ps-PN-IG-17
ma-PN-IG-55 Pandemic Ongoing 2021 Assess and institute necessary upgrades to critical facilities to allow
for usage during a pandemic,
including adequate ventilation and
physical barriers
High ps-PN-IG-18

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Mitigation Action Implementation
No amount of planning or mitigation can prevent disasters from occurring or eliminate all risks and impacts from such events. Hazard events will continue to occur, and the City will take actions to reduce the risks these hazards pose to life, property, the environment, and economic prosperity. While this HMP identifies opportunities for reasonable mitigation actions by the city and allied agencies, individuals also have responsibilities to be aware of the potential hazards where they live and to reduce vulnerability within their own household.

The City’s ability to carry out mitigation is limited to those facilities over which it has authority. The City does not have direct authority over schools, water and sanitation distric ts, private gas, electric and communication utilities, state and federal highways and facilities, private hospitals, or neighboring cities and tribes. The City will focus on actions within its authority to do while seeking to cooperatively work with other entities to address mutual areas of vulnerability and interdependence.

Full implementation of the plan’s recommendations will take time and resources. The measure of the plan’s success will be the coordination and pooling of resources within the City’s jurisdiction and maintaining these successes over time. Teaming together to seek financial assistance at the state and federal level will be a priority to initiate projects that are dependent on alternative funding sources. This plan was built upon the effective leadership of a multi-disciplined steering committee and a process that relied heavily on public input and support. The plan will succeed for the same reasons.

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Adoption Record
To comply with DMA 2000, the Inglewood City Council officially adopts this City of Inglewood Hazard Mitigation Plan on DATE TO COME . The adoption of the HMP in its entirety recognizes the City’s commitment to reducing the impacts of natural hazards within the city.

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Section 1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose & Scope
The purpose of this plan is to guide hazard mitigation planning to better protect the people and property of the City of Inglewood from the effects of natural hazard events. This plan demonstrates the commitment of the city towards reducing risks from hazards and serves as a tool to help decision-makers direct mitigation activities and resources. This plan was also developed to ensure the City of Inglewood’s continued eligibility for certain federal disaster assistance, specifically the FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) grants, including the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC), and Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (FMA).

The City of Inglewood last updated this Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP), approved by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in 2010. The plan in its current form reflects a comprehensive update in 2022.

Each year in the United States, natural disasters take the lives of hundreds of people and injure thousands more. Nationwide, taxpayers pay billions of dollars annually to help communities, organizations, businesses, and individuals recover from disasters. These monies only partially reflect the true cost of disasters because additional expenses incurred by insu rance companies and nongovernmental organizations are not reimbursed by tax dollars. Many natural disasters are predictable, and much of the damage caused by these events can be reduced or even eliminated. Hazard mitigation is defined by FEMA as “any sustained action taken to reduce or eliminate long-term risk to human life and property from a hazard event.” The results of a three -year, congressionally mandated independent study to assess future savings from mitigation activities demonstrates that mitigation activities are highly cost -effective. On average, each dollar spent on mitigation saves society an average of $6 in avoided future losses in addition to saving lives and preventing injuries. (NIBS, 2018)
The City of Inglewoo d Hazard Mitigation Plan geographically covers the entire area within City of Inglewood’s jurisdictional boundaries (hereinafter referred to as the “planning area”). A planning committee was formed to develop and steer content in this plan.

1.2 Planning Area
The City of Inglewood is approximately 10.9 square miles, according to the United States Census Bureau.

The city is also referred to as the “planning area” in this HMP. While other jurisdictions provided guidance during the planning process, to obtain Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) approval, each local jurisdiction must meet all requirements of hazard mitigation planning outlined in 44 C.F.R. § 201.6. The City of Inglewood’s jurisdictional area is displayed in Figure 1-1.

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Figure 1-1: Location of the City of Inglewood

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1.3 Why Update This Plan?
Hazard mitigation is a way to reduce or alleviate the loss of life, personal injury, and property damage that can result from a disaster through long and short-term strategies. It involves strategies such as planning, policy changes, programs, projects, an d other activities that can mitigate the impacts of hazards. The responsibility for hazard mitigation lies with many , including private property owners, business and industry, and local, state, and federal governments.

The Federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000) requires state and local governments to develop hazard mitigation plans as a condition of federal disaster grant assistance. (Pub. L. No. 106-390; 42 U.S.C. § 5121 et seq.) Prior to 2000, federal disaster funding focused on disaster relief and recovery, with limited funding for hazard mitigation planning. DMA 2000 increased the emphasis on planning for disasters before they occur.

DMA 2000 encourages state and local authorities to work together on pre-disaster planning and promotes sustainability. Sustainable hazard mitigation includes the sound management of natural resources and the recognition that hazards and mitigation must be understood in the broadest possible social and economic context. The enhanced planning network c alled for by DMA 2000 helps local government s articulate accurate mitigation needs, resulting in faster allocation of funding and more cost-effective risk reduction projects.

1.3.1 Purposes for Planning
This hazard mitigation plan identifies resources, information, and strategies for reducing risk from natural hazards. The City of Inglewood initiated this planning effort for several key reasons. The planning area has significant exposure to numerous natural hazards that have caused millions of dollars in past damage. The city wants to be proactive in preparing for the probable impacts of natural hazards. Limited local resources make it difficult to implement proactive risk-reduction measures. Federal and State financial assistance is paramount to successful hazard mitigation in the area.

Elements and strategies in the plan were selected because they best meet the needs of the city and its citizens. The plan was developed to meet the following objectives:
▪ Meet or exceed requirements of the DMA 2000 and the California legislation requiring the incorporation of climate adaptation strategies into hazard mitigation planning (SB 379). ▪ Enable the city to continue using federal grant funding to reduce risk through mitigation. ▪ Meet the needs of the city as well as state and federal requirements. ▪ Create a risk assessment that focuses on the city’s hazards of concern. ▪ Coordinate existing plans and programs so that high -priority initiatives and projects to mitigate possible disaster impacts are funded and implemented.

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1.4 Who Will Benefit from This Plan?
All residents and businesses of City of Inglewood are the ultimate beneficiaries of this HMP. The plan reduces risk for those who live in, work in, and visit the city, and it provides a viable planning framework for all foreseeable natural hazards that may impact the city. City stakeholder participation helped ensure that plan outcomes will be mutually beneficial. The resources and background information in the plan are applicable citywide, and the plan’s goals and recommendations can lay the groundwork for the development and implementation of local mitigation activities and partnerships.

1.5 How to Use This Plan
This plan includes all federally required elements of a hazard mitigation plan that apply to the entire planning area. This volume includes the description of the planning process, public involvement strategy, goals and objectives, citywide hazard risk assessment, citywide mitigation initiatives, and a plan maintenance strategy. Volume 1 includes Appendix A, the Annex Methodology and Appendix B, Planning Process Documentation
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Section 2. What’s New
This section includes background information on the 2010 HMP and this HMP Update. The 2010 mitigation actions were reviewed and have been changed, updated, and revised to reflect new priorities in this HMP.

Only the information and data still valid from the 2010 Plan were carried forward as applicable to this HMP update. The sections below describe the planning process for this update. This update profiles the following six hazards: earthquake, extreme heat, drought, heavy rain, pandemic disease, and climate change.

2.1 2010 HMP vs 2022 HMP Update Background
In March of 2010, the city met all approval requirements from the DMA and officially adopted an update to the 2005 HMP. The city and the HMPC instituted a series of improvements for this 2022 HMP, including:
▪ More narrowly focused priority hazards. When the HMPC revisited its priorities for the 2022 HMP update, it chose to focus on natural, rather than human-caused hazards, deciding that terrorism and hazardous materials were better addressed in other plans such as the Emergency Operations Plan.
▪ Local mitigation progress. This 2022 HMP Update revisits progress on local mitigation efforts since the 2010 HMP.
▪ Changes in development
▪ Partners continuing to be supportive as specified in the planning committee expectations package provided to them at the beginning of the process. ▪ Partners continuing to be supportive as specified in the planning committee expectations package provided to them at the beginning of the process.

2.2 Mitigation Actions
During this HMP update process, each of the 2010 city-wide mitigation actions were examined for relevancy and the potential for future implementation and then evaluated for potential follow-up. Some mitigation actions developed during the 2010 HMP effort are an inherent part of the HMP update process or were not detailed enough for implementation at a local jurisdiction level, and thus were not included in this update.

The city has made significant changes to other 2014 Mitigation Actions because of the updated risk assessment and implementation strategy, to include more detail, or to update based on current mitigation practices.

Table 2-1 provides a record of cancelled city-wide Mitigation Actions and an explanation for why the mitigation action was cancelled. Ongoing or pending mitigations actions from previous HMPs are included within the Mitigation Action Plan in Table 5-6.

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Table 2-1: Cancelled Previous Mitigation Actions
Mitigation No. Hazard Type Status Year Title/Description Responsible
Party Reason Cancelled
ma-AH-IG-1 All Hazard Cancelled 2010 Continue the Advisory Task Force as a Council
Board
Emergency
Services
Disaster Council inactive as of
2022 HMP update.
ma-AH-IG-3 All Hazard Cancelled 2010 Initiate and maintain comprehensive training
programs for city
personnel for ICS etc., for
both safety and non-
safety personnel
Emergency
Services
Administrative capacity
addressed in 2022 EOP update.
ma-AH-IG-6 All Hazard Cancelled 2010 Assess evacuation plans for City Hall to consider
the conditions under
which evacuation will
take place or when the
building will be secured
with everyone remaining
inside
Emergency
Services
Evacuation planning is
addressed in the Safety Element
and EOP.
ma-AH-IG-7 All Hazard Cancelled 2010 Evaluate Buffer Zone or Evacuation Plans for
public facilities and
critical facilities (i.e.,
Water Treatment Plant)
Public Works Evacuation planning is
addressed in the Safety Element
and EOP.
ma-AH-IG-13 All Hazard Cancelled 2010 Retain the Advisory Task Force as a permanent
City fixture
Emergency
Services
Obsolete following the creation
of the OES office.
ma-EQ-IG-27 Earthquake Cancelled 2010 Establish a methodology for developing a soft story
building inventory
Building and
Planning
Included in ma-EQ-IG-28
ma-EQ-IG-15 Earthquake Cancelled 2010 Develop a relocation plan or find an alternative
facility for the Emergency
Operations Center (EOC)
and Police Station located
on the Newport-
Inglewood fault.

Emergency
Services
The current EOC location at the
main City Police Substation is
included in the major seismic
retrofit project which includes
the Police Station, City Hall, and
the Main Branch Library. The
city has selected retrofits in lieu
of full relocation out of the ZORI.
ma-EQ-IG-17 Earthquake Cancelled 2010 Conduct a study to find a location outside the City
to establish a back-up to
the City computer system
Emergency
Services
Addressed in ma-EQ-IG-16.
ma-EQ-IG-25 Earthquake Cancelled 2010 Install seismic bracing on all critical IT equipment,
back-up power sources,
and data storage
facilities.

Public Works Included in ma-EQ-IG-16.

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2.3 New Analysis and Risk Assessment Methodology
The city strengthened this plan by using new research methods and web-based information systems. Most import to the risk assessment was the development of a web -based and interactive Risk Assessment Mapping Platform (RAMP), which has allowed interactive discovery of risk, vulnerability, and exposure data developed especially for the City of Inglewood. In addition to RAMP, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) mapping and analysis provided the city with the tools and data to develop more comprehensive data sets than those in the 2010 HMP. The city also used a platform, Mitigation Action Support Tool (MAST), to record and update their problem statements, and create associated mitigation actions.

The city also much more clearly tracked described vulnerabilities (referred to as “problem statements” or “areas of concern” in this HMP). The city developed a set of problem statements based off the quantitative risk assessment and lengthy discussions on unmapped city vulnerabilities. Mitigation actions were either updated or developed to address these specific identified vulnerabilities.

2.4 Successful Mitigation Activities
The 2010 City of Inglewood HMP guiding principle, goals, objectives, and mitigation actions have been implemented through various on-going projects, plans, and programs. The city has made improvements toward reducing natural hazard risks to life and property, with significant risk reduction efforts for overall emergency response capacity and seismic resilience. Exemplary policies, programs, and projects with significant risk reduction are summarized below. These mitigation success stories are an examples of city departments and stak eholders making the City of Inglewood more resilient to the hazards within the planning area. Completed mitigation actions from Inglewood’s 2010 LHMP are also summarized in Section 2.2.

Inglewood Office of Emergency Services
The City of Inglewood’s overall emergency
response capacity has increased significantly
since its last HMP update with the hiring of full-
time positions for an Emergency Services
Manager, Emergency Preparedness Coordinator,
and a Program Coordinator under the umbrella
of the Office of Emergency Services (OES). The
public-facing side of OES includes dedi cated
social media channels and a website under the
name ReadyInglewood, focused on increasing
public education and awareness of emergency
preparedness. OES’ public outreach strategy also
includes participation in 8-10 City-led events annually such as the Martin Luther King Day Parade, National Night Out, and others.

Figure 2-1: Inglewood OES Website Home Page
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Within the City government and the
local community, the formation and
development of Inglewood OES has
increased the City’s capacity for
preparedness and resilience to
natural hazard events. Besides public
education, the OES coordinates
emergency preparedness and
mitigation activities across
departments and age ncies, seeks
grant funding and opportunities for
mitigation projects, and conducts
table-top exercises to help local
agencies and organizations identify
knowledge gaps and prepare to
respond to earthquake and terrorism
events.

Alert SouthBay
In alignment with the City’s 2010 mitigation action of increasing alert and warning systems for natural hazards, Inglewood was one of fourteen South Bay cities to participate in the creation of Alert SouthBay, an integrated regional platform for emergency notifications . By replacing multiple existing (and conflicting) notification systems used by independent neighboring jurisdictions and emergency response agencies, this system gives the entire South Bay region a streamlined and centralized platform to access up -to-date information about disasters and major emergencies via text, email, phone, or other notification.

City Hall Seismic Retrofit Project
Previous geotechnical study has identified Inglewood City Hall and other critical facilities built prior to 1970 as vulnerable to severe damage and/or collapse in the event of a major earthquake. The City of Inglewood has completed the feasibility study and design portions of a multi -year seismic retrofit project of its City Hall, Police Station No.1, and Main Branch Library b uildings using funding allocated by the City’s Capital Improvements Plan.

Completed Mitigation Actions from 2010 HMP
Since 2010, the City of Inglewood has made significant progress towards the goals and mitigation actions set forth in its last HMP update. Table 2-2 shows the mitigation actions from the 2010 plan which have been marked as completed.

Figure 2-2: OES Staff and Community Members at Safety Week Pop Up Event Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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Table 2-2: Completed Mitigation Actions from 2010 HMP
Mitigation No. Hazard Type Status Year Primary Agency Title/Description Responsible Party ma-AH-IG-2 All Hazard Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Create a position for a full-time, fully funded Emergency
Preparedness Coordinator in
Public Safety Systems Section of
IT&C
Emergency
Services
ma-AH-IG-4 All Hazard Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Create a functional Emergency Operations Center
Emergency
Services
ma-AH-IG-8 All Hazard Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Develop and sustain a reliable mass notification system
Emergency
Services
ma-AH-IG-9 All Hazard Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Create a website that includes detailed information and links to
existing preparedness and
mitigation resources addressing
earthquake, hazmat release, and
terrorism risks
Emergency
Services
ma-AH-IG-10 All Hazard Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Provide hazard mitigation and preparedness outreach materials
in both English and Spanish.

Emergency
Services
ma-AH-IG-11 All Hazard Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Develop a program to create and distribute written materials to
educate the public about hazard
risks facing the city
Emergency
Services
ma-AH-IG-12 All Hazard Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Sponsor an annual Emergency Preparedness Fair
Emergency
Services
ma-EQ-IG-18 Earthquake Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Complete the program to remove the outdated computer aided
dispatch (CAD) system from an
obsolete main frame computer
Emergency
Services
ma-EQ-IG-19 Earthquake Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Ensure all new development and redevelopment is sited and
constructed in accordance with
the General Plan and zoning
ordinances
Building and
Planning
ma-EQ-IG-20 Earthquake Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Adopt, upon approval by the international Code Council (ICC)
and the State of California,
revisions to the California
Building Code which increase
seismic resistance of structures
to ground shaking and other
geologic hazards.

Building and
Planning
ma-EQ-IG-21 Earthquake Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Conduct a geotechnical study to determine if the City Hall lies on
the Newport-Inglewood fault
Public Works
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Mitigation No. Hazard Type Status Year Primary Agency Title/Description Responsible Party ma-EQ-IG-23 Earthquake Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Identify and acquire an acceptable site for the relocation
of the police station and EOC out
of the Newport-Inglewood fault
zone.

Police
ma-EQ-IG-30 Earthquake Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Support efforts to seismically retrofit Centinela Hospital to
meet the requirements of SB 1953
(Alfred E. Alquist Hospital
Seismic Safety Act of 1983)
Emergency
Services
ma-EQ-IG-35 Earthquake Completed 2010 City of Inglewood Develop and distribute information to citizens
Emergency
Services

2.5 Incorporation into other Planning Mechanisms
Over the past five years, the 2010 HMP was incorporated into other planning mechanisms as a demonstration of progress in local hazard mitigation efforts. At the time of this Plan’s publication, the City is concurrently in the process of updating the Safety Element of its General Plan, which sets forth policies and programs that address many of the natural hazards profiled in this document. This update will also be incorporated into local planning documents such as the Capital Improvement Plan and Urban Water Management Plan, along with regional planning documents in the future. Section 6.3.6 outlines planning mechanisms to integrate with the HMP and the process for such integration in more detail.

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Section 3. Planning Process
This section describes each stage of
the planning process used to develop
the HMP. The planning process
provides a framework for document
development and follows the FEMA
recommended hazard planning steps.

This HMP is a living document, driven
by community participation. The
participatory planning process itself is
as important as the resulting plan
because it encourages communities to
integrate mitigation with day -to-day
decision making. This section
describes each stage of the planning
process.

The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief
and Emergency Assistance Act, as
amended by the Disaster Mitigation
Act of 2000 (DMA 2000, 42 U.S.C. §
5165), is intended to “reduce the loss of
life and property, human suffering, economic disruption, and disaster assistance c osts resulting from natural disasters.” Under this legislation, state, tribal, and local governments must develop a hazard mitigation plan as a condition for receiving certain types of non -emergency disaster assistance through FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance. FEMA regulations implementing the DMA 2000 are located at 44 C.F.R. § 201.6 et seq.

FEMA prescribes four major planning steps:
▪ Step 1: Organize Resources
▪ Step 2: Assess Risk
▪ Step 3: Develop a Mitigation Strategy
▪ Step 4: Adopt and Implement the Plan
The City of Inglewood followed the FEMA four -step process. Figure 3-1 provides a detailed, phased breakdown of the planning process that the city completed. These four steps are integrated with a ten-step planning process that FEMA’s Community Rating System uses to establish floodplain management credit in addition to Flood Mitigation Assistance programs.

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Figure 3-1: City of Inglewood HMP Planning Process

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STEP 1: Organize Resources
The first step of the HMP planning process was organizing resources, consisting of developing the Planning Committee, identifying key stakeholders, reviewing relevant existing documents, and organizing public outreach.

Building the Planning Committee
The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC or
“Planning Committee”) was comprised of City staff and
representatives from key regional agencies such as the
Los Angeles County Fire Department and neighboring
South Bay cities . An HMP consultant used for plan
development and facilitation.

Steering Committee
The Steering Committee was at the core of the HMP planning process and was integral to ensuring the success of the planning process, its implementation, and future maintenance. Members of the Steering Committee, listed in Table 3-1 below, consisted of city leads from each department and was a part of the HMPC, discussed below. The Steering Committee also led the City’s effort to update the Safety Element of its General Plan alongside this HMP Update.

Table 3-1: HMP Steering Committee
Name Title
Brian Walker Office of Emergency Services (OES) Manager Jazmine Covington OES Management Assistant
Crystal McGlover Emergency Preparedness Coordinator
Mindy Wilcox Planning Manager, Office of Economic and Community Development Jeffrey Snoddy OES Program Coordinator

Key
Stakeholders
Hazard
Mitigation
Planning
Committee
Steering
Committee
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Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee and Key Stakeholders The HMPC consisted of key decisionmakers with specific expertise to contribute to the planning process from the City of Inglewood. The city also worked with key stakeholders for their relevant expertise; these included local agencies and non-profits, neighboring jurisdictions, and members of the public.

The Planning Committee was involved in the following planning processes:
▪ Structured coordination and meetings
▪ Collection of valuable local information and other requested data ▪ Decision making on plan process and content
▪ Development of mitigation actions
▪ Review and comment on plan drafts
▪ Coordination of the public input process
All Planning Committee members were included in all communications about the HMP and were invited to all Planning Committee meetings. However, not all members attended stakeholder group meetings; some participated by reviewing draft documents, assisting in the vulnerability assessment, with public outreach, or at other stages of the process. Table 3-2 provides a list of the Planning Committee Members.

Documentation of Planning Committee invitations and attendance is provided in Appendix B.

Table 3-2: City of Inglewood Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Name Title Department
Brian Walker Emergency Manager Office of Emergency Services Jazmine
Covington OES Management Assistant Office of Emergency Services Crystal McGlover Emergency Preparedness Coordinator Office of Emergency Services Mindy Wilcox Planning Manager Planning Division
Thomas Bunn Video and Social Media Manager Administrative Office Elsa Moreno GIS Analyst Public Works
Bernard
McCrumby Senior Planner Planning Department
Chris Jackson Director Economic and Community
Development
Jeffrey Snoddy OES Program Coordinator Office of Emergency Services Louis Atwell Assistant City Manager/Director of Public Works Public Works Ed Ridens Deputy Chief of Police Inglewood Police Department Harry Frisby Superintendent Public Works
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Name Title Department
Thomas Lee Storm and Sewer Public Works
Ali
Pouraghabagher Building Safety Planning
Teresa Estrada Parks and Recreation Manager/Planner Parks and Recreation Cardell Hurt Captain Inglewood Police Department
David L. Esparza Assistant City Manager/ CFO Administrative Office Harjinder Singh Deputy to the City Manager Administrative Office Sabrina Barnes Director of Parks, Recreation & Community Services
Parks, Recreation & Community
Services
Angela Williams Environmental Services Manager Public Works Jeffrey Givens Sanitation Inspector Public Works
Aisha Thompson City Clerk Administrative Office
Beatrice Harvey City Clerk Management Assistant Administrative Office

The city worked with Key Stakeholders outside of the Planning Committee to develop a deeper understanding of hazard vulnerabilities, key vulnerable populations, and overall hazard perceptions in the City. Outreach with stakeholders included phone interviews, email correspondence and public survey sharing, and invitations to public outreach events throughout the city. Key Stakeholders served as liaisons to the greater community.

Table 3-3: Key Stakeholders
Name Title
MaeRetha Franklin Coleman California Black Women’s Health Project Ross Farley Centinela Hospital Medical Center
Tim Tran City of Gardena Emergency Management
Samuel English City of Hawthorne Emergency Management
Carol Parks City of Los Angeles Emergency Management
Yosef Jalil Emergency Network Los Angeles
Pamela Bell Faithful Central Bible Church
Andrew Salas Gabrieleno Band of Mission Indians – Kizh Nation Angela Johnson Peters Healthy & Sustainable Inglewood Collaborative (HISC) Halimah Ginyard Inglewood Airport Area Chamber of Commerce Susan Janson Inglewood Community Table
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Name Title
Inglewood Forward Inglewood Forward
Erika Torres Inglewood Unified School District
Reginald Loudermilk Major Bunton Inglewood Wrapping Arms Around the Community Jason Dawson LA County Public Health Lt. Peter Trance LAX
Kevin McGowan Los Angeles County Emergency Management
Alyssa Christenson Red Cross
Amelia Mott Salvation Army
Omari Garner Social Justice Learning Institute
Michael Beamer SoFi Stadium
Mary Erlandson St. Margaret’s Center
Tree People Tree People
Joseph Soto West Los Angeles Family Source Center – Latino Resource Organization

Consultant Team
The City enlisted consulting firm Dynamic Planning + Science (DP+S) due to its expertise in assisting public sector entities with developing hazard mitigation plans. DP+S facilitated the planning process, collected, and analyzed data, produced meeting materials , and produced drafts of the HMP for review. The HMP Consultant Team, as shown in Table 3-4, consisted of a variety of hazard mitigation and certified urban planning professionals.

Table 3-4: HMP Update Consultant Team
HMP Update Project Team Role
Ethan Mobley, AICP Project Manager
Brian Greer GIS Manager/Spatial Analyst
Torie Jarvis Outreach Manager, Planning Manager
Raini Ott Hazard Mitigation Planner
Clare Peabody Hazard Mitigation Planner
Alex Krebs GIS Associate

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Planning Committee Meetings
The HMPC met throughout the development of the updated HMP. Table 3-5 charts those meetings, including date, type, and topics discussed. Meeting documentation, includi ng agendas, hazard maps, PowerPoint presentations, minutes, sign-in sheets, and other relevant handouts, are provided in Appendix B.

Table 3-5: Planning Committee Meeting Summary
Date Meeting Type Topics
September 30,
2021
Meeting # 1 ▪ Background and Intro to Mitigation Planning ▪ Planning Process Review
▪ FEMA HMA
▪ 2010 Mitigation Plan Review
December 6,
2021
Meeting #2 ▪ Meeting #1 Recap
▪ Risk Assessment/Community Vulnerability Review
▪ Hazard Prioritization Exercise
▪ Project and Website Review
▪ Review Outreach Materials
June 8, 2022 Meeting #3 ▪ Review of progress to date
▪ Linking vulnerabilities and Mitigation
▪ Review of Mitigation Action Support Tool (MAST)
▪ Setting Plan Goals
▪ Developing a Nexus to HMA Funding

Review and Incorporation of Existing Documents
The Planning Committee and Consulting Team reviewed and incorporated existing plans, studies, reports, and technical information in the formation of this HMP. The review of past documents is described more in Section 4.1. Those documents are cited throughout the hazard profiles (Section 4.5) and are examined more closely both in the Capabilities Assessment (Section 5.3) and in each hazard profiles’ plans, policies, and regulatory environment section.

All documents cited in this HMP are included in Section 7, Works Cited.

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Public Involvement and Outreach
Public involvement is an import ant and requisite component of any HMP. The public outreach st rategy for this HMP maximized public involvement throughout the planning process and utilized websites, surveys, social media, and community efforts. Outreach was conducted online as well as in-person, with numerous in- person events held across the ci ty during a dedicated “Safety Week” event in April 2022.

As required by FEMA, the public was given an opportunity to be involved in the planning process while developing the HMP through surveys, a project website, and public review periods.

Each is described below.

Safety Week
A major outreach campaign that was titled “Safety Week” was developed in collaboration with multiple City departments and external agencies involved in publ ic safety and health. Safety Week provided an opportunity to educate the public about hazards and risks in the community, types of activities to mitigation those risks, and how local hazards impact
their homes. Safety Week included a series of
four pop up events to communicate about
natural hazard risk in the community. During
Safety Week surveys and one-on-one
conversations with member of the
community were used to ensure that the
priorities of City’s mitigation strategy match
those of the community members.

The hired consultant (Dynamic Planning +
Science) has developed multiple tools to demonstrate mitigation activities that can be easily conducted in the home. Especially important in Ca lifornia’s earthquake country, demonstrations exhibits were used to communicate risk about earthquake and mitigation for such. A high light of Safety Week was the demonstration of different types of earthquake mitigation measures including different earthquake straps, Quakehold! museum putty and FEMAs earthquake hazard hunt map for homes. Different types of sample earthquake straps were used as give aways for interested members of the public.

Members of the public also had a chance to speak with the Office of Emergency Staff members, Council Members and even the mayor about hazards in the community. In addition to City staff, community members were able to speak to other support non-go vernmental support groups like American Red Cross about home safety. American Red Cr oss provided free in-home smoke alar m installation upon scheduling the service at the Safety Week pop up events.

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Figure 3-2: Safety Week Photos
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Public Survey
A nine-question community survey was distributed by the city via several online platforms. A total of 95 survey responses. The results of the survey were used to ensure that city’s mitigation priorities match those of the community members. The survey was administered during Safety Week and online. Section 5.5.1.2 details how the results of the survey were used to influence the prioritization of mitigation actions.

Figure 3-3: Citizens Taking Surveys
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HMP Update Website
For this HMP, a project portal located at
http://mitigatehazards.com/inglewood-hmp/ serves as a
centralized project information and file-sharing platform.

The site will stay active event after the adoption of the HMP by the City Council. The website provides a tool for project management, public notices and outreach, and a one-stop-shop for mitigation planning resources.

In addition to internal coordination, the project portal played a critical role in public involvement throughout the planning process and documenting public involvement, including the community survey, meetings, and working sessions. Resources such as the Risk Assessment Mapping Platform (RAMP) and links to all meeting summaries are available to the public via the website. Project participants and stakeholders used the website as a project resource for the duration of the planning process and will continue to have access during the five-year update cycle and beyond.

Public Review of Draft HMP
The public reviewed the draft HMP during October of 202 2. The draft was available at http://mitigatehazards.com/inglewood-hmp/. The public was able to provide comment via a collaborative PDF, an online submission form, or email. Public release advertisement of the draft HMP was channeled with multiple media outlets including Facebook, Twitter, and traditional print. Though no public comments were received, we were able to obtain necessary feedback during safety week and through completed surveys previously described.

STEP 2: Assess the Risk
In accordance with FEMA requirements, the HMPC identified and prioritized the natural hazards affecting the City of Inglewood. It also assessed the vulnerability of those identified hazards. The risk assessment informed appropriate mitigation actions. The process is described in this section, and the substance of this risk assessment is detailed in Section 3.

Identify and Profile Hazards
Based on a review of past hazard events, existing plans, reports, and other technical studies, data, and information, the Planning Committee determined if regional hazards could affect the planning area. The Planning Committee completed screening and prioritization processes to determine priority hazards to be assessed. A risk assessment finalized the prioritization process by ranking hazards according to the impact and threat to the city.

Assess Vulnerabilities
Assessing vulnerabilities exposes the unique characteristics of individual hazards and begins the process of narrowing down which areas within the City of Inglewood are vulnerable to specific hazard events. The vulnerability assessment included a GIS overlaying method for examining such vulnerabilities more in - Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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depth. The city reviewed its GIS vulnerability information and completed this exercise. It also supplemented information by meeting and discussing areas of concern regarding each prioritized hazard. Identified hazards varied widely depending on the geographic make-up of, priorities of, and services provided by the city. Using these methods, the planning committee estimated vulnerable populations, infrastructure, and potential losses from hazards.

Updated content for each hazard profile for the city, including vulnerability, is provided in Section 4.5.

Web-Based Risk Assessment Mapping and Analysis
The web-based and interactive Risk Assessment Mapping Platform (RAMP), accessed via the project website at http://mitigatehazards.com/inglewood-
hmp/ allows interactive discovery of risk,
vulnerability, and exposure data developed
especially for the City of Inglewood. RAMP is
a mapping platform built specifically for
mitigation planning. It displays city facilities
and buildings overlaid with natural hazards
layers to bring interactivity and individual
discovery to the GIS analysis performed for
the HMP. Figure 3-5 shows the location of
RAMP on the project website.

The HMPC used RAMP to understand
vulnerabilities to the city populations, critical
facilities, and properties exposed to hazards
with spatial footprints. Users interactively
filter facilities and buildings by natural hazard
zones and construction characteristics.

RAMP’s robust data filtering and summation
calculations allow the user to understand and
visualize vulnerabilities at the facility level
with detailed information on the number of
structures exposed to various natural hazards.

RAMP enables the City of Inglewood to
pinpoint vulnerabilities and reinforces problem statements in the mitigation strategy. Figure 3-5 demonstrates the RAMP web-based interface.

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Figure 3-5: RAMP example showing population with various seismic hazard layers.

STEP 3: Develop a Mitigation Strategy
This plan provides a strategy and blueprint for reducing potential losses identified in the risk assessment based on existing authorities, policies, programs and resources, and the city’s abilities to expand on and improve existing tools. HMP development included identifying goals, assessing existing capabilities, reviewing goals in the existing HMP, and identifying new mitigation actions. The HMP was prepared in accordance with requirements from DMA 2000, the California Office of Planning and Research (OPR), and FEMA’s HMP guidance. The process is described below; the substance of the mitigation strategy is detailed in Section 5 for the city.

Identify Goals
The Planning Committee reviewed the goals of recent jurisdictional HMPs and the California Hazard Mitigation Plan and determined to craft HMP goals consistent with the California HMP and consistent with HMP and FEMA requirements. The goals were updated to meet the current hazard environments and to be consistent with the changing policies and goals of the city. The goals are presented in Section 5.4.

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Develop Capabilities and Adaptive Capacity Assessment
A capabilities assessment is a comprehensive review of participating jurisdictions’ capabilities and tools to implement t he mitigation actions in the HMP. Capabilities assessments include considerations of a community’s adaptive capacity for climate change, which is a community or region’s existing ability to moderate climate change impacts. The Planning Committee identified technical, financial, and administrative capabilities to implement mitigation actions, as detailed in Section 5.3.

Identify Hazard Problem Statements
The Planning Committee developed mitigation actions to address problems that could originate from hazards identified in the risk assessment, in line with identified capabilities of the city. Mitigation actions were created first by developing problem statements for prioritized hazards. Best practice is for each hazard problem statement to be mitigated with a combination of short -term and long-range planning activities, and through both operational and physical projects. Hazard problem statements are located at the conclusion of each hazard profile in table format and are also uploaded in an interactive web -based Mitigation Action Support Tool (MAST), describe d below. Hazard problem statements for the city are categorized as impact-related, victim-related, or threat-related, as seen in Figure 3-6.

Figure 3-6: Categories of issues addressed in problem statements.

Identify Mitigation Actions
As part of the HMP planning process, the HMPC reviewed and analyzed the status of the mitigation actions identified in the city’s HMP. Some were more than a decade old, and mitigation actions were determined to be outdated. The Planning Committee then worked together to identify and develop new mitigation actions with implementation elements. Additional detail on these mitigation actions is provided in Section 5.3.

Mitigation Action Support Tool (MAST)
▪ Casualties
▪ Property Damage
▪ Business
Interruption
▪ Financial Loss
▪ Environmental
Contamination
▪ School Children in
High Hazard Areas
▪ Care Facilities in
High Hazard Areas
▪ Vulnerable
Population Exposed
to Hazards
▪ Increased Fuels
due to Drought
▪ Hotter, Drier
Climate
▪ More Intense
Storms
▪ Impervious
Surfaces
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Hazard problem statements and mitigation activities are presented and will be updated through a web interface application developed specifically for the city, creating a living document that can continue to be a valuable resource into the future. The Mitigation Action Support Tool (MAST) is accessible through http://mitigatehazards.com/inglewood-hmp/.

MAST is a web -based interactive tool that enables multiple users to search, view, enter, and update mitigation actions, ideas or projects, and other information. MAST provides the city and plan reviewers (Cal OES and FEMA) access to valuable mitigation information that can be leveraged by future planning or other risk reduction efforts within the city. The city can update the status of mitigation projects throughout the planning lifecycle, and this web -based tool will improve the city’s ability to apply for FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) grant programs, including initial grant application processes through Cal OES.

City Planning Processes Library
The City of Inglewood has completed the HMP planning process per FEMA guidelines. This process is detailed in this section.
▪ Risk Assessment: The risk assessment measures the potential impact to life, property, and the economy resulting from natural hazards. The intent of the a ssessment is to identify the vulnerabilities of a community to the greatest extent possible given available data. The risk assessment increases understanding of natural hazard impacts to the community and provides a foundation to develop and prioritize mitigation actions.

▪ Hazard Prioritization: The HMP Planning Committee considered and screened a broad set of hazards presented in relevant local, regional, and statewide hazard planning documents. The crosswalk of documents reviewed and the results of screening the relevant hazards to be reviewed are outlined in Section 4.1.1. Past hazard events and analysis of climate projections informed the hazards selected for profiling in this document, as outlined in Section 4.1.2.

▪ Areas of Concern: The HMP Planning Committee identified the areas of concern and potential impacts of each of the identified hazards on the community. Problem statements were developed for areas of concern, which describe the nature of the consequences or effects of a hazard occurrence on the community and its assets, ensuring the identified mitigation actions are tailored to the specific problems created by various hazard scenarios and are specific to the city.

▪ Capability Assessments: A capabilities assessment consists of an analysis of the existing planning and regulatory capabilities of the city. Planning and regulatory tools typically used by local jurisdictions to implement hazard mitigation activities are building codes, zoning regulations, floodplain management policies, and other municipal planning documents.

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STEP 4: Adopt and Implement the Plan
Once the risk assessment and mitigation strategy were completed, information, data, and associated narratives were compiled into the HMP. Section 2 provides detailed information on new and updated elements of the HMP.

Plan Review and Revision
Once the draft HMP update was completed, a public and government review period was established fo r official review and revision. Public comments were solicited through social media and a public meeting, then accepted, reviewed, and incorporated into this update. Applicable comments from the public were received and addressed prior to authorization to submit to FEMA and Cal OES. The notice of the public comment period is included in Appendix B.

Plan Adoption and Submittal
This plan has been submitted and approved by FEMA and adopted by the city. Copies of the resolutions are provided in Executive Summary section of this document.

NOTE: Adoption proceedings will be added after approval by Cal OES and FEMA.

Implement, Evaluate, and Revise the Plan
The true worth of any mitigation plan is its implementation and success under FEMA’s grant programs. This HMP has been assembled to reduce the risk of natural hazards, and also to meet the requirements of the DMA 2000 and maintain eligibility under FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) grant programs.

FEMA administers three programs that provide funding for local agencies with approved mitigation plans:
▪ Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), which assists in implementing long -term hazard mitigation planning and projects following a Presidential major disaster declaration. ▪ Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC), which provides funds for hazard mitigation planning and projects on an annual basis.
▪ Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA), which provides funds for planning and projects to reduce or eliminate risk of flood damage to buildings that are insured under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) on an annual basis.

For more information about FEMA HMA, visit fema.gov/hazard-mitigation-assistance.

Plan Maintenance
The city will update and monitor this plan in accordance with all FEMA requirements in order to maintain eligibility for FEMA HMA. Evaluation and revision procedures for this plan are detailed in Section 6.

Section 6 includes the measures the City of Inglewood will take to ensure the HMP’s continuous long‐term implementation, including HMP monitoring, reporting, evaluation, maintenance, and updates. Most of this implementation and maintenance will be done through MAST . Figure 3-7 demonstrates h ow MAST Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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information will translate into Cal OES Notices of Interest (NOIs) and grant sub-application requests. Section 6 also contains specifics on integrating mitigation with day-to-day decision making.

Figure 3-7: MAST elements and Cal OES Grant Applications

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Section 4. Risk Assessment
The risk assessment measures potential impact s of natural hazards on life, property, and the economy within the City of Inglewood. The intent of the risk assessment is to identify the qualitative and quantitative vulnerabilities of a community t o the greatest extent possible given available data. The risk assessment increases understanding of natural hazard impacts to the community and provides a foundation to develop and prioritize mitigation actions. In turn, mitigation actions reduce damage from natural disasters through increased preparedness and focus resources to areas of the greatest vulnerability.

This risk assessment section evaluates potential losses from a hazard event by assessing the vulnerability of buildings, infrastructure, and peo ple. It identifies the characteristics and potential consequences of hazards, explores how much of the city could be affected by a hazard, and assesses the impact on city assets.

The risk assessment approach consists of three components:
→ Hazard Identification and Screening (Section 4.1)
→ Hazard Prioritization (Section 4.2)
→ Vulnerability Assessment and Hazard Profiles (Section 4.5) Other sections provide background and context relevant to all natural hazard types. Section 4.3 provides a geographic and demographic overview of the City of Inglewood . Section 4.4 contains more detailed explanation of analysis methodology.

4.1 Hazard Identification and Screening
Per FEMA guidance, the first step in developing the risk assessment is to identify the hazards. Hazard selection is a twofold process. First, the Planning Committee considered and screened a broad set of hazards profiled in local, regional, and statewide hazard planning documents. The crosswalk of documents reviewed and the results of screening the relevant hazards are outlined in Sectio n 4.1.1 below. Second, the HMPC reviewed historical hazard events which have affected the City of Inglewood to inform the hazard prioritization process, as outlined in Section 4.1.2.

4.1.1 Hazard Screening
The HMP Planning Committee reviewed previously prepared hazard mitigation plans by the City of Inglewood as well as regional and state entities to determine the realm of natural hazards with the potential to affect the city and surrounding region. Table 4-1 provides a crosswalk of hazards identified in the 2010 City of Inglewood HMP, the 2019 County of Los Angeles All-Hazards Mitigation Plan, and the 2018 California State Hazard Mitigation Plan. Through this thorough document review, 17 different hazards were identified.

The crosswalk was used to develop a preliminary hazards list, providing a framework for the HMP Planning Committee to evaluate which hazards were truly relevant to the city and which were not. For example, Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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wildfire was considered to have no relevance to the city, whereas earthquake was profiled in every planning document.

Table 4-1: Document Review Crosswalk
Hazards
2010 City of
Inglewood HMP
1995 Inglewood
Safety Element
2019 County of Los
Angeles All-Hazards
Mitigation Plan
2018 California
State HMP
Agricultural Pests ■
Climate Change ■ ■
Dam Failure ■ ■
Drought ■
Earthquake ■ ■ ■ ■
Flood ■ ■
Insect Hazards ■
Landslide ■ ■
Levee Failure ■
Hazardous
Materials Release ■ ■
Pandemic Disease ■
Sea Level Rise ■
Extreme weather ■
Soil Hazards ■
Terrorism & Tech ■ ■
Tsunami ■
Volcano ■ ■
Wildfire ■ ■

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Table 4-2: Hazard prioritization
Hazard Type Explanation
Climate Change High priority city-wide, profiled hazard.

Dam/ Levee failure The City of Inglewood is not within a dam inundation zone, therefore not identified as a priority in this plan.

Drought High priority city-wide, profiled hazard.

Earthquake/ Geologic Hazards High priority city-wide, profiled hazard.

Extreme Heat High priority city-wide, profiled hazard.

Extreme Weather High priority city-wide, profiled hazard as Extreme Heat and Heavy Rain Fog Fog events are rare and are not considered a priority.

Flood The City of Inglewood is not within any FEMA flood zones, nor has the city identified flood vulnerability, therefore not identified as a priority in this plan.

Hail Hail events are rare and not considered a priority.

Hazardous Material While hazardous materials can release and impact the city it is best addressed in other plans as this HMP does not address human-caused threats.

High Winds/ Straight Line Winds High Winds are rare and not considered a priority.

Heavy Rain High priority city-wide, profiled hazard.

Insect Hazards While hazardous insects exist in the City of Inglewood, this was not considered a priority and is not profiled in this plan.

Lightning Lightning was not identified as a priority in this plan; rare if any damage or other impacts from lightning events.

Pandemic Disease High priority city-wide, profiled hazard.

Severe Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorms were not identified as a priority in this plan.

Slope Failure Slope Failure was not identified as a priority in this plan.

Soil Hazards While limited soil hazards exist in the City of Inglewood (erosion and shifting soils), these are not prioritized in this plan.

Terrorism/Human Caused Threats While terrorism is certainly a threat to the city, it is best addressed in other plans as this HMP does not address human-caused threats.

Tornado Impacts to the city from tornados are extremely unlikely, if any.

Wildfire
Wildfire does not directly impact the City of Inglewood; air quality issues rarely impact the city and are addressed within climate change; not identified as a priority for this plan.

Winter Storm / Extreme Cold/ Freeze
Events
Winter storms are rare in the City of Inglewood and not identified as a priority for this plan.

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4.1.2 Past Major Hazard Events
One important consideration in identifying and prioritizing hazards is past major hazard events, especially those which have triggered federal or state disaster declarations. The HMP Planning Committee reviewed and considered past major hazard events in the City of Inglewood as part of the screening and identification process.

Most available information on major past hazard events comes from federal or state disaster declarations.

These declarations may be granted when the severity and magnitude of an even t surpasses the ability of the local government to respond and recover. Additional federal or state disaster funding (or both) is generally available in response to a disaster declaration. State funding assistance is provided when a local government’s capacity to respond to the disaster is exceeded. Should the disaster be so severe that both the local and state governments’ capacities are exceeded, a federal emergency or disaster declaration may be issued, allowing for the provision of federal assistance.

Los Angeles County has been affected by 30 federal disaster declarations1 since 1980, some of which were statewide. Table 4-3 shows these events, excluding wildfire, which occurs within Los Angeles County but does not directly impact the City of Inglewood and was not selected as a prioritized hazard in this plan.

Extreme weather and flooding events are most likely to occur in the winter months, with 25 of the 54 federally declared disasters occurring in January and February since 1953 in California. The last major earthquake to affect the Los Angeles region was the Northridge Earthquake in 1994.

Table 4-3: Disaster Declarations in Los Angeles County 1980- present Year Incident Description Disaster Number
1980 SEVERE STORMS, MUDSLIDES & FLOODING 615
1988 EARTHQUAKE & AFTERSHOCKS 799
1988 SEVERE STORMS, HIGH TIDES & FLOODING 812
1991 SEVERE FREEZE 894
1992 RAIN/SNOW/WINDSTORMS, FLOODING, MUDSLIDES 935
1993 SEVERE WINTER STORM, MUD & LAND SLIDES, & FLOODING 979 1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE 1008
1995 SEVERE WINTER STORMS, FLOODING, LANDSLIDES, MUD FLOWS 1044 1995 SEVERE WINTER STORMS, FLOODING LANDSLIDES, MUD FLOW 1046

1 Officially, 28 disasters have been declared, as Califor nia was declared as part of the Hurricane Katrina evacuation; however, no disaster occurred in California.

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Year Incident Description Disaster Number
1998 SEVERE WINTER STORMS AND FLOODING 1203
2005 SEVERE STORMS, FLOODING, DEBRIS FLOWS, AND MUDSLIDES 1577 2005 SEVERE STORMS, FLOODING, LANDSLIDES, AND MUD AND DEBRIS FLOWS 1585 2007 SEVERE FREEZE 1689
2010 SEVERE WINTER STORMS, FLOODING, AND DEBRIS AND MUD FLOWS 1884 2020 COVID-19 3428
Source: FEMA OpenData
Hazard events occurring outside city boundaries can also directly and indirectly impact the city. For example, dam failures and wildfires may occur outside the City of Inglewood but affect watersheds that drain into the city and result in flooding and longer-term watershed health impacts. Power supply also could be interrupted by hazard occurrences outside of the city.

4.2 Hazard Prioritization
The Planning Committee’s hazard prioritization process combines historical data, local knowledge, and consensus opinions to produce a matrix that illustrates whether each profiled hazard is an extreme or high priority. The criteria below were used to evaluate hazards and identify the highest risk hazard in the City of Inglewood. The results of the prioritization process for the City of Inglewood are shown in Figure 4-1.

Figure 4-1 provides the guidance that shaped the ranking for the hazard risk matrix, including probability ratings and impact ratings. This figure also includes the outcomes of the City of Inglewood’s Risk Matrix exercise. Table 4-2 also summarizes reasons why various hazards were not included in the city’s prioritization exercise.

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Figure 4-1: Prioritized Hazard Assessment Matrix for the City of Inglewood Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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4.3 Community Profile
The community profile for the City of Inglewood sets the stage for the vulnerability assessment. Pairing the hazard-specific vulnerability assessments (Section 4.5) with a consideration of local geography, demographic characteristics, and economic conditions can help effectively direct mitigation strategy to key populations and areas. The Planning Committee reviewed geographic and demographic data as part of the risk prioritization and assessment process.

4.3.1 Geography
The City of Inglewood has a total land area of 8.9 square miles (23 km2), with 0.2 additional square miles (1 km2) included in its Sphere of Influence (SOI) area. The city is one of eighty-eight incorporated cities within Los Angeles County, and one of sixteen cities within the South Bay subregion (Area G Disaster Management Area), named for its location along the southern end of Santa Monica Bay. See Figure 4-2 for location of the city in the regional context.

Inglewood is bordered to the west by Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). The San Diego (I-405) freeway transverses north-south along the western portion of the city, and the Century (I -105) freeway runs just outside the southern city limit. Immediate neighboring cities and unincorporated communities include the City of Los Angeles, the City of El Segundo, and communities of Lennox, Ladera Heights, Baldwin Hills, View Park, Windsor Hills, and other various unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County. See Figure 4-3 for location of city boundaries.

Inglewood’s elevation averages around 100 feet above sea level, with the highest points occurring along the northeastern perimeter at 250 feet above sea level. The city is located within the South Coast Air Basin, a highly urbanized region which includes all of Orange County and non-desert portions of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Riverside Counties. The Basin is partially encircled by mountain ranges to the northwest, north, and east, creating topographic conditions which trap air in the underlying valley floor, resulting in elevated air pollutant levels. (City of Inglewood, 2006). The City is situated within the upper portion of the Dominguez Creek Watershed and the lower portion of the Ballona Creek Watershed; it does not receive sufficient upstream runoff to generate significant flood risk, and there is no designated floodplain in the City’s SOI area. (Id.)

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Figure 4-2: South Bay Cities and Unincorporated Areas
Source: SBCCOG

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Figure 4-3: Geographic Overview
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4.3.2 Transportation Routes
The City of Inglewood is directly serviced by Interstate 405 to the west and Interstate 105 to the south. Public transportation options include bus and light rail services within the Los Angeles Metro system. The primary light rail option currently servicing the Inglewood area is the Metro C Line, formerly the Green Line, which opened in 1995. The C Line runs east-west from Redondo Beach to Norwalk and stops just south of Inglewood in the neighboring community of Lennox (Hawthorne/Lennox station) and the City of Hawthorne (Crenshaw Station).

At the time of this plan’s publication, Inglewood’s circulation system is experiencing massive redevelopment which will bring additional service between LAX and new development areas across the City: the Metro’s K Line, connecting the Crenshaw and Leimert Park neighborhoods to downtown Inglewood and LAX, which is expected to begin revenue service in 2022; and the Inglewood Transit Conne ctor (ITC), which will provide fully elevated automated service between the K Line and major entertainment and employment centers such as the new SoFi Stadium. The ITC is slated for completion in 2027. (Los Angeles Metro & City of Inglewood, 2019) (City of Inglewood, 2020)

4.3.3 Climate
Inglewood experiences a moderate climate with seasonal highs in the mid-70s, and lows in the high 40s.

On average the warmest month is August, and the coolest month is December. ( Figure 4-4) Thirty-year climate normals for the nearest National Weather Service (NWS) meteorological station, located at the Los Angeles International Airport, are shown in Figure 4-4. (National Centers for Environmental Information, 2021) On the U.S. West Coast, land and ocean surface conditions are also heavily influenced by the presence of naturally occurring inter-annual and inter-decadal climate cycles including El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). (Cheung, Novak, & Scheneider, 2021)

Figure 4-4: Monthly Normals for Temperature and Precipitation, Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) Source: National Center for Environmental Information
0 0.5
1 1.5
2 2.5
3 3.5
0 10
20 30
40 50
60 70
80 90
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Precipitation (in.)
Temperature (˚F)
Max Temp
Avg. Temp
Min Temp
Precip
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4.3.4 Demographics and Vulnerable Populations
Natural disasters are social phenomena as well as meteorological and physical events . The City of Inglewood’s demographic profile determines how impacts of hazard events will be distributed throughout the community, especially for groups with underlying vulnerabilities which create obstacles to disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Understanding the unique social and economic fabric of an area can also help to identify potential social costs of damage to infrastructure such as housing, industry, public facilities or otherwise essential services, and transportation.

The demographics information contained herein for the City of Inglewood and surrounding areas has been post-processed based on the United States Census Bureau’s five-year estimate period from 2014-2019 and will not necessarily match the figures presented in other regional demographic studies or plans. Inherently, the margin of error for this data can be high, especially in more rural areas and for data collected at the block group level, which is made publicly available as spatial data files but not as a part of the Census’ tabular reporting. The figures referenced in this section are not intended to inform decision -making or administrative activities, but merely to suggest larger trends in the region with relevance to mitigation planning efforts.

The City of Inglewood’s estimated population in 2019 was estimated at 109,613, continuing a downward trend since the city’s last peak of 111,411 in 2015. (Figure 4-5) Overall, since 2010 Inglewood’s population has remained relatively stable with a growth rate significantly lower than that of Los Angeles County as a whole, which grew at a rate of 8 percent from 2010 – 2018. (SCAG Regional Council, 2019) There were an estimated 38,051 households in 2019, with a mean of 2.88 individuals per household. Since Inglewood and surrounding jurisdictions are fully developed, population growth is dependent on infill development of higher density units on underutilized or vacant lots; changes to household size; or the addition of mixed-use development around transit and business centers. (City of Inglewood, 2014) Inglewood had an overall population density of 12,088 individuals per square mile, significantly higher than Los Angeles County as a whole (which includes unincorporated areas) as well as nearby cities of Torrance and Culver City. (Figure 4-6)

Figure 4-5: Estimated Population, 2010 - 2019
Source: American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
2019 | 109,613
108,000
109,000
110,000
111,000
112,000
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
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Figure 4-6: Population Density of Inglewood and Surrounding Areas (# Individuals per Square Mile) Source: American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

4.3.4.1 Introduction to Vulnerable Populations
Exploring local demographic data may help to identify groups and geographic areas with specific vulnerability to hazard events. Certain populations face greater risk following a natural hazard event due to age, economic mobility, physical disability, geographic location, or a combination of factors. Vulnerability in the face of a hazard event is not a fixed characteristic; the same individual may be at risk for some hazards but not others. For example, a low-income family without a car may be at risk for a wildfire or flood where a quick evacuation is necessary, but adequately prepared for an earthquake. Some individuals can reduce their personal vulnerability through mitigation, whereas others face more permanent vulnerability in the face of disaster; this is especially true for individuals who rely on caregiving networks to navigate daily life, such as children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities. (National Center for Disaster Preparedness, 2020) Inequality in the geographic distribution of environmental risk burden means that poor and marginalized communities are also more likely to live in hazard-prone neighborhoods with fewer mitigation resources.

In the context of all -hazards preparedness and respo nse planning, at-risk individuals (often used interchangeably with “vulnerable populations”) are defined federally as “children, pregnant women, senior citizens, and other individuals who have access or functional needs in the event of a public health emergency.” (42 U.S.C. § 2802(b)(4)(B) (2019)) Examples of these populations may include, but are not limited to persons who are poor, disabled, who come from historically marginalized communities, who have limited English proficiency or are non -English speaki ng, who lack transportation , who are experiencing homelessness, or with chronic medical conditions.

Planning for vulnerable populations in hazard mitigation can help prioritize limited resources where they will be the most effective. Examples include cost-sharing to reduce fuels, stabilize structures, or implement flood-reducing measures ; and translating emergency information and preparedness programs into languages other than English, based on the local community’s needs . This section explores the various demographic and economic characteristics of the City of Inglewood to inform future hazard mitigation planning efforts.
7,664
14,320
12,088
8,459
7,090
2,484
Culver City Hawthorne Inglewood Los Angeles Torrance Los Angeles County
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4.3.4.2 Income & Housing
Economic mobility is one of the most important predictors of natural hazard vulnerability. Low -income residents are more likely to occupy housing which is inadequately maintained or otherwise poorly built to withstand extreme events. For example, mobile or modular homes are more susceptible to damage in earthquakes and floods than other types of residences and are less likely to contain A/C units to cope with high heat events. In urban areas such as Inglewood, low-income residents are more likely to occupy older homes and apartment complexes with unreinforced masonry, which is particularly susceptible to seismic damage.

Renters are also more vulnerable to natural hazards, as they are less likely to take out property insurance and the decision to make major structural improvements typically lies with the property owner. Federal disaster recovery services can exacerbate inequality between renters and homeowners; payout amounts are significantly higher for homeowners applying through FEMA’s Individual Assistance (IA) program; from 1999 to 2013 U.S. homeowners saw their wealth increase with local hazard damages, whereas renters’ wealth decreased. (Howell & Elliott, 2019)
The City of Inglewood had an overall homeownership rate of 34% in 2019, with rentals being the dominant form of housing supply. (Table 4-4) Figure 4-7 compares Inglewood to neighboring municipalities and Los Angeles County as a whole; only Hawthorne has a higher rate of renter occupancy.

Within Inglewood, significant variability exists between neighborhoods in cit y limits ; some City neighborhoods, such as Morningside Park in the northeast corner of the city, have especially high rates of home ownership. (Figure 4-8) Median home sale prices in the City of Inglewood increased 63% from 2014 to 2018, the highest increase among any municipality in Los Angeles County. (Property Shark, 2019) Overall, Inglewood’s housing trajectory has defied any single linear trend throughout its history, and this story varies between and within neighborhoods. Homeownership has historically been a major contributor to the racial wealth gap in Los Angeles Coun ty and nationwide, with a legacy of residential segregation and discriminatory lending practices (also known as redlining) preventing many Black families from accessing mortgage loans and building intergenerational wealth through home ownership. (Nelson, LaDale, Marciano, Connolly, & et al.)
Table 4-4: Renters and Homeowners
Source: 2014-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Jurisdiction Total Households Owner Occupied / (%) Renter Occupied / (%) City of Inglewood 38,051 12,901 (34%) 23,096 (61%)
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Figure 4-7: Home Ownership and Rentals (% Total Households) for Inglewood and Surrounding Areas Source: 2014-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

Figure 4-8: Home Ownership Rate (% Total Households) by Block Group Source: 2014-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Low-income households and communities face disproportionate financial burden from costs associated with disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Disasters create unexpected expenses which may serve as “tipping points” for families and individuals living on the edge of poverty or homelessness. Recovery costs may be higher for those without resources to conduct hazard mitigation activities ahead of time. Families and individuals who lack access to transportation may be unable to evacuate ahead of an emergency. (Krause & Reeves, 2017)
45%
70%
61% 59%
41%
51%50%
26%
34% 34%
52%
43%
Culver City Hawthorne Inglewood Los Angeles Torrance Los Angeles County
Renter-Occupied (%)
Owner-Occupied (%)
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Low-income residents and renters are also less likely to purchase insurance, meaning that those with the most to lose during an event are also the least prepared to deal with potential losses. Major hurricane events in recent history such as Harvey, Irma, and Katrina all demonstrate that low -income and/or historically marginalized communities face increased vulnerability to hazard events and struggle the most to recover. (Id.)
The median household income for the City of Inglewood in 2019 was $54,400, with 17.7% of the population living in poverty. (Figure 4-9) Significant geographic variation is present among Inglewood and surrounding cities of Culver City and Torrance (which have higher median incomes and lower rates of poverty), as well as within neighboring areas of Inglewood itself . The lowest-income neighborhoods are located centrally within the city, near Downtown Inglewood, along the S La Brea Avenue corridor, as well as towards the south end of the city in the areas just east of Crenshaw Boulevard and bordering the neighboring City of Hawthorne to the southwest.(Figure 4-10)

Figure 4-9: Median Household Income and Poverty Levels for Inglewood and Surrounding Communities Source: 2014-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
$0
$20,000
$40,000
$60,000
$80,000
$100,000
Culver City Hawthorne Inglewood Los Angeles Torrance Los Angeles County
Median HH Income $95,044 $54,215 $54,400 $62,142 $93,492 $68,044 Persons in Poverty (%) 6.0% 15.3% 16.7% 17.7% 6.8% 14.7% Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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Figure 4-10: Median Income by Census Tract and Block Group Source: 2014-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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4.3.4.3 Age
Children and the elderly may be more vulnerable to the impacts of hazard events . Specific planning attention for the elderly is important, especially given the current aging of the American population. Over one-fourth of households in the City of Inglewood include at least one senior individual (over 65 years of age), 15% of whom experience poverty. (Table 4-5) Vulnerability among persons in the same age cohort varies significantly based on health, age, and economic security; nevertheless, senior residents as a group have a higher prevalence of physical and financial barriers to response and recovery, both during and after an emergency.

Seniors living alon e may have more difficulty evacuating, especially for individuals with mobility challenges and those who lack internet access and/or internet fluency. Persons over age 65 living alone comprise 10% of all households in the City of Inglewood. Assisted-living facilities usually require extra notice and coordination to implement evacuation and are typically identified as “critical facilities” by emergency managers. Figure -4-11 shows an especially high concentration of seniors living just west of the Inglewood cemetery near downtown, and there are two senior apartment complexes located in this census tract.

In addition to physical limitations, an overall higher prevalence of chronic medical conditions among seniors also translates to exacerbated health risks for specific disasters, including smoke from wildfires and extreme temperatures. This underlying vulnerability of senior residents to natural hazards is compounded by financial hardship. In the City of Inglewood, 37% of households with at least one senior are single person households (3,6773 total), and 15% (1,492 total) experience poverty. (Table 4-5) Children often depend on family and caregivers to navigate daily life. As such, their resilience during and after a natural disaster is only as strong as the networks of care upon which they rely. One-third of households in the city include minors under the age of 18, 40% of which represent single caregiver households. (Table 4-5) Disasters may have detrimental long-term effects on children, especially those from poor families.

Table 4-5: Households with Seniors and Young Children
Source: 2014-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Jurisdiction
Total
Households
Households
with children
<18 / (% Total
HH)
Single Caregiver
Households with
Children <18 / (%
HH with <18)
Households with
65+ / (% Total
HH)
Households
with 65+ Living
Alone / (% HH
with 65+)
Households with
65+ Living in
Poverty / (% HH
with 65+)
City of Inglewood 38,051
12,639 /
(33%) 4,991 / (40%) 10,008 / (26%) 3,673 / (37%) 1,492 / (4%)

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Figure -4-11: Population Over Age 65
Source: 2014-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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Figure 4-12: Population Under Age 18
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4.3.4.4 Race, Ethnicity, and Language
Natural disasters compound racial disparities ; non-white individuals and communities receive less recovery aid from FEMA than their white counterparts, even where the amount of damage is the same. (Howell & Elliott, 2019) (National Advisory Council, 2020) At the time of this plan’s publication, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a glaring testament to racial disparities in disaster outcomes, with non-white persons facing morbidity rates from COVID-19 infections anywhere from 70-350% higher than white, non-Hispanic persons. (CDC, 2020)
These disparities are evidence of the complicated relationship between disaster recovery and overlapping social vulnerabilities including race, income, language, and health. Black and Latino residents are more likely to be low income and renters, conditions which create barriers to navigating FEMA individual assistance programs. Communities with more non -white residents may have lower tax revenue and property values, which means less investment in mitigatio n and rebuilding efforts before and after an emergency. Finally, a legacy of residential segregation and discriminatory redlining policies can force marginalized groups into areas with greater environmental risk burden, including higher exposure to natural hazards and pollution and lower access to open space. (Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, 2018)
Inglewood is a diverse city with a greater non-white population than Los Angeles County as a whole; as of 2019, 51% of the population identifies as Hispanic, 41% as Black or African American, and 28% as white. (Figure 4-13) Inglewood’s demographics have shifted over the last century, with the major change being an increase in the Hispanic population since the 1980s.

Figure 4-13: Race and Ethnicity
Source: 2014-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (a) Includes persons reporting only one race.
(b) Hispanics may be of any race, so also are included in applicable race categories. This has the effect of influencing total population percentage.

Individuals with no or limited English -speaking ability may b e unable to access up -to-date emergency information and have difficulty navigating recovery programs. Approximately 30% of total households in the city are Spanish-speaking, with a quarter of those households speaking English “less than very well.” In

1.1% 0.7%2.1%

14.6%

40.9%

8.1%
51% 48%

0.5% 0.3%

27.9%

51.3%

4.1% 4.0%
Inglewood Los Angeles County
American Indian &
Alaska Native (a)
Asian (a)
Black or African
American (a)
Hispanic (b)
Native Hawaiian & Other
Pacific Islander (a)
White
Two or More Races
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general, these neighborhoods tend to be clustered towards the southwest portion of the city near the community of Lennox, with additional representation in the northeast corner approaching the City of Hawthorne. (Figure 4-14, Figure 4-15) Local communities can take steps to increase equity in disaster preparedness and recovery outcomes, including timely translation of all preparedness materials and emergency notifications, and partnering with local community groups to target outreach more efficiently to at-risk populations.

Table 4-6: Spanish-Speaking Households
Source: 2014-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Jurisdiction Total Households
Total Spanish Speaking
Households / (%)
Total Spanish (non-English) Speaking
Households / (%)
City of Inglewood 38,051 11,063 / (29%) 2,878 / (8%)

Figure 4-14: Spanish-Speaking Households by Block Group Source: 2014-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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Figure 4-15: Spanish-Speaking (Non-English Speaking) Households by Block Group Source: 2014-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates

4.3.4.5 At-Risk Individuals with Access and Functional Needs Access and functional needs may interfere with the ability to access or receive medical care before, during, or after a disaster or emergency. Irrespective of a specific diagnosis, status, or label, the term “access and functional needs” refers to a broad set of cross -cutting access and function -based needs, generally distinguished into access-based or function-based needs according to the following:
▪ Access-based needs require that resources are accessible to all individuals, such as social services, accommodations, information, transportation, and medications to maintain health. ▪ Function-based needs refer to restrictions or limitations an individual may have that requires assistance before, during, and after a disaster or public health emergency.

At-risk individuals may have additional needs that must be considered in planning for, responding to, and recovering from a disaster or emergency. A recommended approach for integrating the access and functional needs of these individuals is to consider elements based on the following “CMIST” framework:
▪ Communication – Individuals who may have limitations that interfere with the receipt of and response to information require information to be provided in an appropriate and accessible format.

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Language, individuals with limited or no English proficiency, individuals who are blind or have low vision, and individuals who have cognitive or physiological disabilities.

▪ Maintaining Health – Individuals who may require Personal Assistance Services (or personal care assistance) in maintaining their activities of daily living such as eating, dressing, grooming, transferring, and toileting.

▪ Independence – Includes individuals who f unction independently if they have their assistive devices, such as consumable medical supplies (diapers, formula, bandages, ostomy supplies, etc.), durable medical equipment (wheelchairs, walkers, scooters, etc.), or service animals.

▪ Services and Support – Includes support for individuals with behavioral health needs, those who have psychiatric conditions (such as dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Schizophrenia, severe mental illness), pregnant women, nursing mothers, infants, and children.

▪ Transportation – Includes individuals with transportation needs because of age, disability, temporary injury, poverty, addiction, legal restriction, or those who do not have access to a vehicle.

This requires coordination to ensure access to mass transit and accessible ve hicles such as paratransit. (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2016) While most individuals with access and functional needs do not have acute medical needs requiring the support of trained medical professionals, many will require assistance to maintain health and minimize preventable medical conditions. These individuals may require more time and assistance during an evacuation. It is estimated that approximately 12.5% of the total population of Inglewood lives with some form of a disability, as shown in Table 4-7. These individuals warrant special attention from planners and emergency managers.

Approximately 9% of households in the city have no access to a vehicle. (Table 4-7) In the event of a major disruption to public transit systems, families without personal transportation may face barriers to accessing essential medical services and a limited ability to rapidly evacuate an at-risk area.

Table 4-7: Persons with Disabilities and Public Transit Dependence Source: 2014-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Jurisdiction Total Population
Persons with a
Disability / (%)
Public Transit
Dependent
Workforce / (%) Total Households
Households with No
Vehicle Available /
(%)
City of Inglewood 109,613 13,705 / (12.5%) 3,049 / (2.8%) 38,051 3,381 / (8.9%)

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4.3.5 Economy
The City of Inglewood has experienced major economic development over the last dec ade. Several high- profile construction projects have attracted new businesses and billions of dollars in new revenue, and the City’s economic outlook has changed dramatically since 2012 . As told through economic indicators, the story of Inglewood’s growth presents itself in the following ways:
▪ An increase in city municipal bond ratings from BBB- in 2011 to AA as of 2020 ▪ A decrease in civilian unemployment rate from over 15% in 2012, to 4.7% prior to the start of the pandemic in 2020 (see Figure 4-16), at the time the lowest unemployment rate for a majority non-white community in the state of California
▪ Increases in median property values, as measured by the Zillow Home Value index, from $287,000 at the start of 2013 to $752,000 at the start of 2022, an increase of 260% In 2022, Inglewood hosted Super Bowl LVI at the new SoFi Stadium, the NFL home stadium of the Los Angeles Rams. The nearby Intuit Dome , slated for completion in 2024, will be the new home of the Los Angeles Clippers. Sports industry is at the heart of the new Hollywood Park entertainment complex, which will host the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2028 Olympic Games. A nearby multipurpose indoor arena, The Forum, underwent $50 million in renovations in 2012 after pur chase by the Madison Square Garden Corporation. Other development in Inglewood outside of sports and entertainment include s the relocation of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Youth Orchestra concert hall and the Girl Scouts of America Greater Los Angeles headquarters. Two new metro stations are scheduled to bring premier service to Inglewood as early as 2022, increasing connectivity to the surrounding South Bay and greater Los Angeles region.

Inglewood’s unemployment rate declined across this same period of growth, stabilizing to ~5% by 2016. (Figure 4-16) During this period, property values have doubled, which benefits homeowners directly and non-owner residents via increased property tax revenue ; but also poses challenges in the form of rising rents and decreased opportunities for young generati ons to build long -term wealth through home ownership. This pattern is not isolated to Inglewood, as housing costs across the country are on the rise; but the rate of change in this community is especially unprecedented. Inglewood’s median household income in 2019 was $54,400 (Figure 4-9), which would be classified as Low Income for a single household under 2021 state income limits by the CA Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD).

Local unemployment statistics also reveal a tumultuous two-year period following the onset of the COVID- 19 pandemic at the beginning of 2020, which saw a rise in unemployment to 23%. (Figure 4-16) As the economy transitioned and more businesses were able to return to in-person and remote operations, the unemployment rate rapidly declined to almost 7% by the start of 2021, lower than the baseline unemployment rate before Inglewood’s decade of growth which began in 2012.

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Figure 4-16: Historic Unemployment Rates for Inglewood, 2015-2022 Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS)

Table 4-8 shows the share of Inglewood’s civilian labor force by industry for 2019, which is largely diversified.

Education, health care, and social services comprise the largest percentage of total employment. In recent years, the South Bay has seen major growth and startup capital investment across several industries including aerospace, electric vehicles, healthcare, telecommunications, and agribusiness. (CSU Dominguez Hills, 2021)
Table 4-8: Industry by Occupation for the Civilian Employed Population 16 Years and Over Occupation Total
Percent of total
employment (%)
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, and mining 130 0.3% Construction 2,458 6.2%
Manufacturing 3,034 7.6%
Wholesale trade 697 9.3%
Retail trade 3,780 9.5%
Transportation and warehousing, and utilities 3,886 9.7% Information 1,450 3.6%
Finance and insurance, real estate and rental and leasing 1,944 4.9% Professional, scientific, management, administrative and waste management services 4,764 11.9% Educational services, health care, and social assistance 8,148 20.4% Arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation, and food services 4,381 11.0% Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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Occupation Total
Percent of total
employment (%)
Other services, except public administration 2,884 7.2% Public Administration 2,408 6.0%
Total: Industry by Occupation for the Civilian Employed Population 16 Years and Over 39,964 Source: United States Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 5-Year Estimates, 2019 https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=industry&g=1600000US0636546&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S2404

4.3.6 Past and Future Trends in Development
Inglewood is a general law city that crafts its own development regulations and is subject to State law.

Future development is subject to compliance with state and local planning, zoning, subdivision, and architecture laws. More recent development has occurred with minimized hazard risk because of the existing overlay of federal, state, and local regulations.

The City’s General Plan establishes long-range development policies. The General Plan is designed to help the City address issues related to land use, circulation (traffic), housing, open space, conservation, noise, and safety. The Land Use portion of the plan helps guide the city in determining the location of future development(s). The city is currently updating its General Plan in its entirety and is integrating mitigation into the General Plan as a part of its Safety Element.

In addition, the City has other plans that guide development in defined areas, including specific plans, policy plans, and master plans. These plans help to shape future development and dictate the City’s Sphere of Influence (SOI). One of the central functions in these planning documents is to decrease risk of impact from natural hazards. The city is aware of plans for larger development in the northeast corner of the city which will require hazard mitigation, in particular wildfire mitigation and evacuation route planning.

Moreover, while past development has occurred in hazard areas to some degree, increasing hazard risks, development standards, and performance measures, oftentimes inc orporated into specific plans, policy plans, and master plans, are employed to reduce risk. These development standards are continually improving and will continue to strengthen in the future. This HMP has been revised to reflect this substantial change in past development and continues to focus on avenues to better mitigate impacts from past development.

The City of Inglewood has gone to great lengths to ensure future development within hazard areas is minimized and mitigated to the greatest extent possibl e. The City’s Capabilities Assessment, Section 5.3, explains those proactive steps in greater detail. Buildings are increasingly more resilient to hazards through California’s building codes, some of the strongest in the country. Nationally, building codes have continually improved disaster resilience, and since 1990 those great improvements have added approximately 1% to construction costs. (National Institute of Building Sciences, 2019) Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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The city has also completed and continues to implement mitigation projects that decrease its vulnerability to hazards, as described in Section 2.4. The anticipated growth in the city will not cause significant change in vulnerability to the city for identified priority hazards.

4.4 Vulnerability Assessment Methods
This section provides an overview of the methods used in the hazard-specific vulnerability assessments of Section 4.5. For each hazard type, a general explanation of the phenomenon is provided, and vulnerability is assessed using a two-step process. First, population, critical facilities, and county parcels are inventoried to develop a “lay of the land”. Second, the inventories are used to calculate estimated exposure and damage from hazards at various levels of severity. A more detailed explanation of the methodology is inclu ded in Appendix A.

The vulnerability assessment uses geospatial data along with local knowledge of past events. Geospatial data is essential in determining population and assets exposed to hazards identified in this plan. Geospatial analysis can be conducted if a natural hazard has a spatial footprint that can be analyzed against the locations of people and assets. In the City of Inglewood, wildfire and flooding have identifiable geographic extents and corresponding spatial information about each hazard.

4.4.1 Population and Asset Inventory
To describe vulnerability for each hazard, it is important to first understand the total population and total assets at risk. Population and asset inventories provide a baseline to measure the vulnerability to people and assets for natural hazard events. Asset inventories can al so be used to estimate damages and losses expected during a “worst-case scenario” event for each hazard. Figure 4-17 provides a summary of how and what data sources a re used to provide exposure and damage estimation results. More detail on the risk assessment analysis is provided in Appendix A. The following sections describe the total population, critical facilities, and parcel inventory inputs.

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Figure 4-17: Data Source and Method

4.4.1.1 Population
An initial step in producing the hazard-specific vulnerability assessments is to determine the population near each natural hazard. Each natural hazard scenario impacts city residents differently depending on the location of the hazard in relation to the distribution of the population. For hazards that potentially affect the whole city, such as earthquake or high heat events, the vulnerability assessment assumes 109,613 persons or 100% of the city’s population is exposed.2 Vulnerability assessments presented in Section 4.5 summarize the total population exposure for each natural hazard if available.

4.4.1.2 Critical Facilities Inventory
A critical facility is a structure or other improvement that, because of its function, size, service area, or uniqueness, has the potential to cause disruption of vital socioeconomic activities if it is destroyed, damaged, or functionally impaired.

Critical facilities inventory data was developed from a combination of datasets, including from county, city, special purpose district, state, federal, and private industry. A critical infrastructure spatial database was developed to translate critical facilities information into georeferenced3 points and lifelines. ▪ Critical facility points include facilities such as police stations, fire stations, hospitals, elder care facilities, daycare facilities, schools, transportation infrastructure, utilities, and gover nment buildings.
▪ Lifelines include facilities related to electric power, liquid fuel, natural gas, and transportation routes.

A current representation of the critical facility points and lifelines are provided in Figure 4-18. Some critical facility information may have been omitted from this document due to national security purposes. For additional information on included critical facilities, see Appendix A.

Critical facilities and transportation and lifeline data come from a collection of source s, listed in Appendix A. All data sources have a level of accuracy acceptable for planning purposes. Due to the sensitivity of this information, a detailed list of facilities are not provided. More detailed critical facilities lists are on file with each jurisdiction. The risk assessment for each hazard qualitatively discusses critical facilities with regard to each hazard’s severity footprint.

2 Population estimates were derived from 2015-2019 Census American Community Survey 5-Year (ACS) information. 3 To georeference something means to define its existence in physical space. That is, establishing its location in terms of map projections or coordinate systems. The term is used both when establishing the relation between raster or vector images and coordi nates, and when determining the spatial location of other geographical features.

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4.4.1.3 Parcel Value Inventory
The Los Angeles County Assessor’s data is essential to developing parcel values exposed to each hazard and includes the current fair market value of at -risk assets. The City of Inglewood’s Parcel Value Inventory is summarized in Table 4-9. This table only includes parcels that are located in the City of Inglewood. The Parcel Value Inventory includes the market value, 4 content replacement value, and total assessed value (“total value”). Each hazard profile outlines predicted impacts to this inventory for each hazard’s geographic extent. These elements are called out in the table because, in the event of a disaster, the v alue of the infrastructure or improvements to the land is usually the focus of concern. Generally, the land is not a total loss, and structures can be rebuilt, or contents replaced.

Total market value as presented in this plan reflect Los Angeles County Assessor data. Where building areas were available a replacement value of $2 25 per square foot was used. If no area was available for a given property, the value reflects the assessed improvement value.

Total content value was calculated based on the assess or's use codes, translated to occupancy -based multipliers. Each occupancy class prescribes a specific content cost multiplier used to calculate the content cost values shown in the summary and in the hazard profiles in Section 4.5. Occupancy-based content cost multipliers used in this plan reflect those found in the FEMA Hazus-MH 4.2 technical manuals.

Table 4-9: City of Inglewood Parcel Counts and Value

Total Parcels Total Market Value ($) Total Content Value ($) Total Value ($) City of Inglewood 23,734 $14,983,937,989 $10,332,353,800 $25,316,291,790

4 Market Value includes a long-term asset which indicates the cost of the constructed improvements to land, such as buildings, driveways, walkways, lighting, and parking lots.

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Figure 4-18: Critical Facilities in Inglewood

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4.4.2 Hazard Exposure and Damage Estimation
The population and inventory information are used to generate specific exposure and damage estimations based on the severity of specific hazard events. In City of Inglewood, earthquakes are the only hazards which have known geographic exten ts and corresponding spatial information and can generate exposure and damage estimations.

Population and Asset Exposure
Hazard exposure is t he total counts of parcel s, people, facilities, and assets within the planning area in which a hazard event may occur . A natural hazards overlay was developed to reflect the combination of many known natural hazard spatial footprints. The spatial overlay method enables summarizati on of building values, parcel counts, population exposure, and critical facility exposure within a hazard’s geographic extents. Figure 4-19 illustrates hypothetical flooding exposure. Exposure numbers were generated using Los Angeles County Assessor data, address point, and parcel data for replacement and content cost estimates.

At-risk populations, critical infrastructure, improved parcels, and loss results for each hazard category are provided in bar chart summary tables in Section 4.5 to evaluate the percentage of assets exposed to different types of hazards. Th e side-by-side comparison allows the City of Inglewood to evaluate the impacts of potential hazards to prioritize hazard mitigation energy and resources.

Figure 4-19: Hazard Exposure Explanation Graphic
Damage Estimation
For flood and wildfire, detailed damage estimations were conducted through FEMA’s Hazus software. Hazus is a nationally applicable, standardized methodology that contains models for estimating potential losses from earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes. Hazus uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to estimate the physical, economic, and social impacts of disasters. The estimated damage and losses provided by the Hazus Software is based upon chosen severity of events and provides the ability to understand possible widescale damage to buildings and facilities.

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In the hypothetical geography shown in Figure 4-20, even though both structures are exposed to flooding, it is expected that the structure with a first-floor height below the depth of flooding will receive significantly more damage t han the structure with a first -floor height above the expected water depth. For a more detailed explanation of risk assessment methods, see Appendix A.

Figure 4-20: Hazus Damage Estimation Example

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4.5 Vulnerability to Specific Hazards
This section introduces prevalent hazards within the City of Inglewood and analyzes the respective vulnerability to populations, property, and critical facilities within the city’s jurisdiction. The hazard mitigation strategy presented in Section 5 is i nformed by and addresses the specific vulnerabilities identified in this section . Methodologies for calculating exposure and loss estimates are described in Section 4.4 and Appendix A.

This section provides quantifiable exposures to people and property and damage and loss estimates for the City of Inglewood for the below-prioritized hazards.

Earthquake
SECTION 4.5.1
High heat
SECTION 4.5.2
Drought
SECTION 4.5.3

Heavy Rain
SECTION 4.5.4
Pandemic
SECTION 4.5.5
Climate Change
SECTION 4.5.6

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4.5.1 Earthquake Hazard Profile
Earthquakes are generated by the passage of seismic waves through the Earth’s crust and uppermost mantle (lithosphere), which results in shaking at the surface. Seismic waves are produced when energy stored in the Earth’s crust is suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against one another abruptly fracture and “slip.” Earthquakes associated with this type of energy release are called tectonic earthquakes. Seismic activity also can be triggered by elastic strain, gravity, chemical reactions, or even the motion of massive bodies of water. Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow boundary zones where rock masses move in relation to one another. (United States Geological Survey, 2009) Faults are classified by their angle
with respect to the Earth’s surface
(known as the dip) and the
direction of movement along the
slip (the orientation of the fault
with respect to the Earth’s
surface). (Figure 4-21) The
properties of an earthquake vary
depending on the type of
underlying fault which generates
it. Fault motion can occur
horizontally as two blocks slide
past one another, known as strike-
slip faults, or vertically along the
direction of the dip plane, known
as a dip-slip faults. (United States
Geological Survey, n.d.). In the case
of dip-slip faulting, if the hanging-wall block moves downward relative to the footwall block, it is called “normal” faulting. The opposite motion, with the hanging wall moving upward relative to the footwall, produces reverse or thrust faulting. (Id.) As a fault rupture progresses along or up the fault, rock masses are flung in opposite directions and then spring back to a position where there is less strain. (Id.) Soil Liquefaction
Soil liquefaction occurs when loosely packed, saturated surface soils, such as alluvial soils, lose strength in response to an earthquake event or other rapid loading . Ground shaking causes the soil grains to consolidate, pushing water towards the surface and disrupting the matrix of soil and water which normally supports the weight of both the soil column itself and any structures at the ground surface. (United States Geological Survey, n.d.) The effects of soil liquefaction can range from minor to severe; liquefaction during large earthquakes commonly disrupts pipelines and road infrastructure and may cause buildings to collapse or move downslope. (United States Geological Survey, n.d.) Figure 4-21: Earthquake Faulting
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One such liquefaction zone exists in the northwestern corner of the city and is relevant to hazard mitigation planning efforts. (Figure 4-22) Exposure summaries of population, critical infrastructure and overall parcel value within this zone are summarized in Section 4.5.1.8.1.

Note: Liquefaction is not profiled as a sub hazard of earthquake but is an important factor to consider in determining the City of Inglewood’s overall earthquake vulnerability.

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Figure 4-22: City of Inglewood Liquefaction Zones

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Earthquake Classifications
Earthquakes are typically classified by either 1) the amount of energy released, measured as magnitude; or 2) the impact on people and structures, measured as intensity. (United States Geological Survey, n.d.) The most common method for measuring earthquakes is magnitude, which measures the strength of earthquakes. While the Moment Magnitude (Mw) Scale is commonly used among scientific audiences, the Richter (M) Scale is the most universally recognized measurement of earthquake magnitude. Magnitude is closely related to the total area of fault rupture as well as the angle and distance of offset (displacement) across the fault. As shown in Table 4-10, there are seven earthquake magnitude classes on the Mw scale, ranging from micro to great.

Table 4-10: Moment Magnitude Scale

Intensity
The effects of an earthquake are also measured by intensity. Earthquake intensity decreases with increasing distance from the epicenter of the earthquake. The Modified Mercalli Intensity value is described in terms of the effects experienced at each level, which may provide general audiences with a more relevant understanding of earthquake severity. (United States Geological Survey) The lower numbers of the intensity scale generally describe how the earthquake is felt by peopl e.

The higher numbers of the scale are based on observed structural damage. Structural engineers usually contribute information for assigning intensity values of VIII or above. Table 4-11 is an abbreviated description of the levels of Modified Mercalli Intensity. (Id.) Earthquake Magnitude Classes (Mw)
Magnitude Class
Magnitude Range (M =
Magnitude) Description
Great M > 8 Tremendous damage
Major 7 <= M < 7.9 Widespread heavy damage
Strong 6 <= M < 6.9 Severe damage
Moderate 5 <= M < 5.9 Considerable damage
Light 4 <= M < 4.9 Moderate damage
Minor 3 <= M < 3.9 Rarely causes damage.

Micro M < 3 Minor damage
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Table 4-11: Modified Mercalli Intensity Level Descriptions Intensity Shaking Description/Damage
I Not felt Not felt except by a very few under especially favorable conditions.

II Weak Felt only by a few persons at rest, especially on upper floors of buildings.

III Weak
Felt quite noticeably by persons indoors, especially on upper floors of buildings.

Many people do not recognize it as an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibrations are similar to the passing of a truck. Significant d uration estimated.

IV Light
Felt indoors by many, outdoors by few during the day. At night, some awakened.

Dishes, windows, doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Similar to a heavy truck striking a building. Standing motor cars noticeably rocked.

V Moderate Felt by nearly everyone, many awakened. Some dishes, windows broken. Unstable objects overturned. Pendulum clocks may stop.

VI Strong Felt by all, many frightened. Some heavy furniture moved; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.

VII Very
strong
Damage negligible in buildings of good design and construction; slight to moderate in well -built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures; some chimneys broken.

VIII Severe
Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable damage in ordinary substantial buildings with partial collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures.

Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls. Heavy furniture overturned.

IX Violent
Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well -designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.

X Extreme
Some well-built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures with foundations destroyed. Rails bent.

Source: USGS, Abridged from The Severity of an Earthquake, USGS General Interest Publication 1989-288-913

Ground Motion
The earthquake hazard assessment is based on expected ground motion. This involves determining the annual probability that certain ground motion accelerations will be exceeded, then summing the annual probabilities over a period of interest. The most frequently used ground motion parameters are the horizontal and vertical peak ground accelerations (PGA) for a given soil or rock type. Baseline levels of Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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ground motion due to earthquakes are monitored at stations throughout a region using a device called an accelerograph and these readings are used by state and federal agencies to monitor and predict seismic activity. (Pacific Northwest Seismic Network)
Maps of PGA values form the basis of seismic zone maps that are included in building codes such as the International Building Code. Building codes which include seismic provisions specify the horizontal force due to lateral acceleration that a building should be able to withstand during an earthquake. PGA values are directly related to the se lateral forces that could damage “short period ” structures, such as single-family dwellings. Longer-period response components determine the lateral forces that damage larger structures with longer natural periods, such as apartment buildings, factories, high-rises, and bridges. Table 4-12 lists the damage potential and perceived shaking by PGA factors, compared to the Mercalli scale. (USGS) Table 4-12: Modified Mercalli Scale and Peak Ground Acceleration Potential Structure Damage Estimated PGA
Modified Mercalli
Scale Perceived Shaking Resistant Buildings Vulnerable Buildings PGA (%g) I Not Felt None None <0.17%
II-III Weak None None 0.17% - 1.4%
IV Light None None 1.4% - 3.9%
V Moderate Very Light Light 3.9% - 9.2%
VI Strong Light Moderate 9.2% - 18%
VII Very Strong Moderate Moderate/Heavy 18% - 34%
VIII Severe Moderate/Heavy Heavy 34% - 65%
IX Violent Heavy Very Heavy 65% - 124%
X - XII Extreme Very Heavy Very Heavy >124%
Sources: USGS, 2008; USGS, 2010
Note: Peak ground acceleration (PGA) measured in percent of g, where g is the acceleration of gravity

4.5.1.1 Plans, Policies, and Regulatory Environment
Alquist‐Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (1972)
In 1971 the San Fernando Earthquake (M 6.6) caused 64 deaths and over $500 million in damages to Southern California, leading to the passage of the Alquist‐Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act the following year. This Act prohibits the construction of buildings for human occupancy across active faults in the State of California.

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Unreinforced Masonry Building Law (1986)
Introduced as Senate Bill 547 and signed into state law in 1986, the Unreinforced Masonry Building Law required local governments to develop an inventory of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings and create a mitigation plan by January 1, 1990. (California Seismic Safety Commission, 1992) At the time of signing, approximately 1 million occupants of unreinforced masonry structures were affected by the law. The most popular and effective compliance strategy at the local level (including the City of Inglewood) took the form of mandatory strengthening programs, which required building owners to carry out retrofits within an established timeframe.

Seismic Hazards Mapping Act (1990)
Extensive damage caused by ground failures during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake focused attention on decreasing the impacts of landslides and liqu efaction. This led to the creation of the Seismic Hazards Mapping Act (SHMA), which increases construction standards at locations where ground failures are probable during earthquakes. Figure 4-23 displays these zones of required investigation in the City of Inglewood.
2019 California Building Standards Code
The 2019 California Building Code includes materials requirements, construction methods, and maintenance standards for earthquake protection and resiliency.

City of Inglewood General Plan
The City of Inglewood General Plan includes mitigation measures within the Safety Element (1995) designed to minimize the adverse impacts of a seismic event . Beyond the enforcement of existing municipal code provisions for earthquake hazards at the time of its publication, the Safety Element established detailed requirements for the Building and Safety Division to investigate seismic and other geological hazards (such as liquefaction and expansive soils) into the planning and permitting process for new building construction, including critical facilities.

City of Inglewood Municipal Code
The City of Inglewood’s Municipal Code provides several provisions and authorities related to the mitigation of earthquake hazards, which are summarized in Table 4-13.

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Table 4-13: City of Inglewood Municipal Code – Provisions for Earthquake Hazards Municipal Code
Section
Year of Ordinance
(if applicable) Description
Section 11-2 2019 Adoption of California 2019 Building Code.

Section 11-11 2010 Maintenance standards for property owners which include provisions for buildings which do not meet the standards for earthquake resistance established in the Uniform Building Code (either due to damage rendered after construction or otherwise faulty design)
Section 11-13 1988 Establishes timelines for mandatory strengthening or demolition of unreinforced masonry buildings
Section 12-38 Establishes Open Space (O-S) Zone designation which prohibits intensive urban development in areas which present hazards from flooding, erosion, geologic instability, or surface faulting.

4.5.1.2 Past Events
Several significant (> M4.5) earthquakes have occurred in and near Los Angeles County over the last 50 years. (Table 4-14) The two most deadly and destructive earthquakes to hit Southern California during this period, the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake, and the 1994 Northridge Earthquake , both exceeded 6.0 in magnitude. Neither of the earthquakes to hit the region since 2000 (Chino Hills and La Habra) have caused fatalities.

Table 4-14: Earthquakes near Inglewood of 4.5 Magnitude or Greater Since 2005 Date Location Magnitude (M) Fatalities
02/09/1971 San Fernando, California 6.6 65
10/01/1987 Whittier Narrows, California 5.9 8
06/28/1991 Sierra Madre, California 5.6 2
01/17/1994 Northridge, California 6.7 60
07/29/2008 Chino Hills, California 5.4 0
03/28/2014 La Habra, California 5.1 0
Source: USGS
San Fernando Earthquake (1971)
When the San Fernando Earthquake (M6.6) struck Southern California on February 9, 1971, FEMA had not yet been established as a federal agency. The earthquake was the first disaster in the United States to receive federal assistance following the passage of the Disaster Relief Act of 1970. Over 64 fatalities were reported, a majority of which occu rred at the San Fernando Veterans Administration Hospital and the Oliver View Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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Hospital. Damages totaling over $500 million included the collapse of freeway and railroad infrastructure throughout the Los Angeles Area. Additionally, the near collapse of the Lower Van Norman Dam led to an evacuation of 80,000 people in the area be tween the reservoir and the Ventura Freeway. (USGS, 2021) Aftershocks lasted for weeks after the main event. The San Fernando Earthquake left behind a policy legacy that included the passage of the Alquist -Priolo Act at the stat e level, and the federal passage of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977.

The San Fernando Earthquake was attributed to thrust faulting along a subsection of the Sierra Madre Fault Zone within the San Gabriel Mountains. Its epicenter is about 30 miles north of the City of Inglewood. (Id.) Northridge Earthquake (1994)
The 1994 Northridge Earthquake (M6.7) was centered within a densely populated urban area of the San Fernando Valley and produced ground failures up to 90 km from the epicenter. In the two decades following the last major earthquake to strike Southern California, significant improvements to infrastructure and building code had taken place. In this sense, the Northridge Earthquake served as a test to California’s new era of ostensibly earthquake-resistant building codes and emergency response procedures. For example, the redesigned Olive View Hospital building, which had been the site of numerous fatalities during the 1971 earthquake, sustained little damage and no casualties during the 1994 event. Retrofits to several thousand unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings in Los Angeles City also likely contributed to a lower death toll. (Bruneau, 1995)
Nevertheless, the Northridge Earthquake was expensive and revealed v ulnerabilities in building and freeway design, with damages estimated upwards of $20 billion. Approximately 60 people were killed and more than 20,000 rendered homeless. Two-thirds of apartment buildings which suffered were classified as soft story, having a ground floor with large openings such as an understory garage or retail windows. (City of Los Angeles, 2014) Additionally, the earthquake revealed additional need for seismic mapping to account for the presence of blind thrust faults, or those which occur below the ground surface. (USGS, 1996)

4.5.1.3 Location
Following extensive damages and fatalities from the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake in Southern California, the Alquist -Priolo Act established zones of required investigation along estimated fault locations throughout California. Some, but not all, fault lines require additional investigation prior to development; Figure 4-23 shows the location of quaternary faults5 in the City of Inglewood along with required zones of investigation. Two zones occur along portions of the Portero Fault and the Inglewood Fault, both of which are local components of the Newport -Inglewood Fault. Exposure totals for population, parcel value , and

5 Quaternary faults are those active faults that have been recognized at the surface and which have evidence of movement in the past 1.6 million years (the duration of the Quaternary Period).

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critical infrastructure within these zones of required investigation are shown in the earthquake vulnerability assessment, Section 4.5.1.8.

Earthquakes in Southern California are regional phenomena. Depending on the magnitude and surrounding geologic features, earthquake damages can extend hundreds of kilometers from the epicenter. Considering all faults with the potential to affect the Los Angeles area, the southern portion of the San Andreas fault is most likely to produce a large earthquake (M>7.0). (USGS, 2015) The Los Angeles region is also capable of hosting multi-fault rupture s cenarios, whic h increases the likelihood of magnitude 8 and larger earthquakes. (Id.)

4.5.1.4 Effect of Soil Types
The impact of an earthquake on structures and infrastructure is largely a function of ground shaking, distance from the source of the quake, and liquefaction, a secondary effect of an earthquake in which soils lose their shear strength and flow or behave as liquid, thereby damaging structures that derive their support from the soil. Liquefaction generally occurs in soft, unconsolidated sedimentary soils. A program called the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP) creates maps based on soil characteristics to help identify locations subject to liquefaction. Table 4-15 summarizes NEHRP soil classifications. NEHRP Soils B and C typically can sustain ground shaking without much effect, dependent on the earthquake magnitude.

The areas that are commonly most aff ected by ground shaking have NEHRP Soils D, E and F. In general, these areas are also most susceptible to liquefaction.

Table 4-15: NEHRP Soil Classification System
NEHRP Soil Type Description Mean Shear Velocity to 30 m (m/s) A Hard Rock 1,500
B Firm to Hard Rock 760-1,500
C Dense Soil/Soft Rock 360-760
D Stiff Soil 180-360
E Soft Clays < 180
F
Special Study Soils (liquefiable soils, sensitive clays, organic soils, soft clays >36 m thick)

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Figure 4-23: Fault Zones of Required Investigation
Note: Quaternary faults, as illustrated in red in Figure 4-23, are those active faults that have been recognized at the surface and which have evidence of movement in the past 1.6 million years (the duration of the Quaternary Period).

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4.5.1.5 Frequency and Probability of Future Occurrences This plan utilizes information from two forecast models to determine the probability of future earthquake events to City of Inglewood and surrounding region: 1) the Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast, Version 3 (UCERF3); and 2) the Earthquake Shaking potential based on the USGS National Seismic Hazard Model (revised in 2016). These maps were used to select earthquake scenarios to use for the vulnerability analysis. This plan focuses on earthquake scenarios on the Newport -Inglewood and Palos Verdes faults because they present the highest likelihood of severe shaking and of producing a M6.7 earthquake within the next 30 years. See Figure 4-24 for an overview map of the scenarios in relation to regional earthquake shake potential and fault probabilities, and Section 4.5.1.5.1 for further explanation of scenario selection criteria.

According to the California State Ha zard Mitigation Plan, earthquakes large enough to cause moderate damage to structures —those of M5.5 or larger —occur three to four times a year statewide. Strong earthquakes of M6 to M6.9 range strike on an average of once every two to three years. Major earthquakes of M7 to M7.9 occur in California about once every 10 years. 30-Year Earthquake Probability (UCERF3)
The Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast (UCERF) is the USGS’s comprehensive earthquake forecast model for California which provides a uthoritative estimates of the magnitude, location, and likelihood of potentially damaging earthquakes statewide. The third and most recent model update (UCERF3) was released in 2015 and includes a much larger inventory of faults to develop estimates , including more complex multi-fault rupture scenarios such as those which have the potential to generate a major (M ≥ 7.0) earthquake within the Los Angeles Basin regional fault system. (USGS, 2015) Figure 4-24 shows the UCERF3 fault probabilities for modeled fault lines in the Los Angeles Region , including those faults with modeled earthquake scenarios used for the vulnerability assessment.

Table 4-16: 30-year likelihood of M6.7 - 8.0 earthquakes for the Los Angeles region (UCERF3) UCERF3 30 - year likelihood of one or more events
Magnitude Palos Verdes (14) Newport-Inglewood alt 1 (1) San Andreas San
Bernadino N (0) Los Angeles region
≥ 6.7 2.64% .95% 20.79% 60%
≥ 7 2.41% .90% 18.32% 46%
≥ 7.5 .004% .43% 15.71% 31%
≥ 8 - - 6.70% 7%

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Figure 4-24: Regional 30 Year Fault Probabilities
Source: UCERF3
Earthquake Shaking Potential
The Earthquake Shaking Potential Map (Figure 4-25) shows potential seismic shaking from anticipated future earthquakes. It is probabilistic in the sense that the analysis takes into consideration the uncertainties in the size and location of earthquakes and the resulting ground motions t hat can affect a particular site. (CGS, 2020) It is also useful in understanding the probability of severe shaking in different locations throughout the region, as discussed in Section 4.5.1.5.

The map is expressed in terms of the probability of exceeding a certain ground motion. The map shows a two percent probability of exceeding one second of ground motion in 50 years. Earthquake shaking potential in California is calculated based on the USGS National Seismic Hazard Model and in partnership with the California Geological Survey (CGS). Earthquake shaking potential also considers historic earthquakes, slip rates on major faults, deformation throughout the region, and the potential for amplification of seismic waves by near-surface geologic materials. (CGS, 2020)
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Figure 4-24 depicts a range of hazard probabilities, where higher hazard areas are those regions near major, active faults that will on average experience stronger earthquake shaking, more frequently. At the top of the range, the most intense shaking can damage even infrastructure designed for seismic resistance. Lower hazard areas are those regions that are distant from known, active faults that will experience lower levels of shaking, less frequently. During lower-level earthquakes, only the weakest buildings would experience damage, such as those with unreinforced masonry . However, very infrequent earthquakes could still generate strong and destructive shaking in those locations. (D. Branum, 2016) The shaking potential is calculated as the level of ground motion that has a two percent chance of being exceeded in 50 years, which is the same as the level of ground -shaking with about a 2500 -year average repeat time. Relatively long-period (1.0 second) earthquake shaking is shown. Long-period shaking affects tall, relatively flexible buildings, but also correlates with overall earthquake damage. Although the greatest hazard is in areas of highest intensity, as shown in Figure 4-24, no region is immune from potential earthquake damage. (Id.)
The potential for earthquake ground shaking, as defined by the U.S. National Seismic Hazard Model, is used by engineers to design buildings for larger ground motions than what is expected during a 50-year interval. (USGS, 2020)

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Figure 4-25: Regional Shaking Potential
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Earthquake Scenarios
The Newport -Inglewood and Palos Verdes connected earthquake scenarios were selected for the vulnerability analysis from a range of regional, scenario-based on shaking potential maps available from USGS. The Newport-Inglewood Fault has the near-highest probability of an earthquake greater than M6.7 within the Los Angeles region and simulates damage from an earthquake epicenter located in an urban population center. The deadly 1933 Long Beach earthquake (M6.4) took place along the Newport-Inglewood Fault. The Palos Verdes Fault, which traverses offshore in a NE-SW direction and bisects the Palos Verdes peninsula, has a near 10% risk of an earthquake of >6.7 magnitude over the next 30 years , the highest probability of any fault in the region besides the San Andreas fault. These probabilities are displayed with detail in Figure 4-24 alongside shaking potential. Likewise, both model scenario earthquake epicenters lie within a high shaking potential region.

While the San Andreas fault hosts the highest time-dependent probability for large-magnitude earthquakes of any fault in Southern California (see Figure 4-24), this plan selected scenarios across more localized fault locations with higher probability magnitude ranges to identify vulnerabilities in population and infrastructure across the entire city.

The epicenters of M7.2 Newport Inglewood and M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected fault sc enarios are shown alongside regional earthquake shaking potential and fault probabilities in Figure 4-24. Section 4.5.1.8.1 analyzes the City of Inglewood’s exposure to these scenarios and Section 4.5.1.8.2 provides an estimate of damage costs to residential properties and city facilities under both scenarios.

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Figure 4-26: M7.2 Newport Inglewood Earthquake Scenario (Regional Extent) Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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Figure 4-27: M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Earthquake Scenario (Regional Extent) Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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4.5.1.6 Severity and Extent
The Los Angeles basin hosts a fault system capable of producing earthquakes of large enough magnitude to cause major damages, disruption to essential services, and loss of life. Impacts could be compounded by collateral emergencies such as fires, hazardous material spills, utility outages, landslides, traffic accidents, or levee failure.

Neither the occurrence of an earthquake nor the severity can be predicted. Instead, scientists can only calculate the probability that a significant earthquake will occur in a specific area within a certain number of years. The probabilistic Earthquake Shake Potential Map (Figure 4-25) illustrates the areas surrounding Inglewood most likely to experience an earthquake exceeding one second of ground motion in 50 years.

High shaking potential is distributed uniformly across the basin, demonstrating that no singular fault or localized area is at risk.

4.5.1.7 Warning Time
While models can help determine the likelihood of an earthquake occurring within a given region over a given period, there is currently no reliable way to predict the precise time, day, or location that an earthquake will occur. However, advancements in Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) technology can provide seconds to tens of seconds of advance warning , which can allow communities to take actions to protect life and property from destructive shaking. Even a few seconds of warning can enable protective actions specific to various sectors of the population, such as:
▪ Public: Citizens, including schoolchildren, can protect themselves from falling and flying debris by using “Drop, Cover, and Hold On”; turn off stoves; safely stop vehicles. ▪ Businesses: Personnel move to safe locations; automated systems ensure elevator doors open; production lines are shut down; sensitive equipment is placed in a safe mode. ▪ Medical services: Surgeons, dentists, and others stop delicate procedures. ▪ Emergency responders: Open firehouse doors; personnel prepare and prioritize response decisions. ▪ Power infrastructure: Protect power stations and grid facilities from strong shaking.

Earthquake warning systems have greatly improved since the last publication of this HMP. The LA Metro was an early adopter of the USGS ShakeAlert early warning system, which is expected to provide seconds to tens of seconds of advance warning prior to the onset of shaking. (Given, et al., 2018) The City of Inglewood participates in Alert SouthBay, an integrated regional alert and warning notification platform which serves 14 contracting cities around the South Bay region.

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4.5.1.8 Earthquake Vulnerability Analysis
The immediate effects of a moderate to severe seismic incident on any fault zone near the City of Inglewood may include:

Community needs would quickly exceed the response capability of the City’s Office of Emergency Services, requiring mutual assistance from county, state, and federal agencies, as well as non -governmental and private organizations.

Preventing loss of life is the primary objective in the immediate aftermath of an earthquake. A major effort will be needed to remove debris and clear roadways, demolish unsafe structures, assist in reestablishing public services and utilities, and provide continuing care and temporary housing fo r affected residents.

Medium- and long-term recovery efforts may include family reunification , providing shelter to displaced persons, providing access to mental health services, and restoring basic needs and services. A more detailed overview of agencies’ roles and responsibilities during an EOC activation following an earthquake event can be found in the City of Inglewood Emergency Operations Plan (undergoing update at the time of this HMP publication).

A major disaster such as an earthquake will cause ec onomic disruption to private and public sectors.

Residents without appropriate homeowner’s or renter 's insurance policies will bear the cost of damages and/or possible relocation. Social and economic barriers to long-term disaster recovery are explained with additional detail in Section 4.3.4. Damaged inventory or facilities can disrupt regular business activity, with negative impacts at every level from individual wages to city tax revenue.

The earthquake exposure analysis includes liquefaction exposure and exposure to zones of required investigation. These are not sub-hazards of earthquake, but instead are meant to further illustrate the types of impacts to which the population, parcels, and infrastructure are exposed.

▪ Extensive property damage, particularly to
buildings constructed prior to 1980
▪ Broken gas mains and petroleum pipelines
leading to fires and possible conflagration
▪ Possible fatalities and injuries. ▪ Disruption to electrical utility lines. ▪ Damage to drinking water and sewage
systems.
▪ Competing requests for regional aid
resources.
▪ Disruption to emergency communications
systems.
▪ Disruption to transportation systems
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Population and Asset Exposure
To understand community -wide vulnerability to earthquake hazards, exposure analysis was conducted using the methods outlined in Section 4.4. Asset inventories for people, property, and critical facilities were superimposed with several overlays that reflect potential earthquake impacts: 1) geographic exposure to two earthquake scenarios, 2) exposure to zones of required investigation, and 3) exposure to liquefaction.

This section first provides summary mapping for all three earthquake hazard layers, and then discusses individually the population, property types, and critical infrastructure that would be exposed.

Summaries of earthquake exposure include:

▪ Exposure to Scenarios: Exposure to shaking magnitudes in two earthquake scenarios (M7.2 Newport Inglewood and M7.1 Palos Verdes Connected) is considered for population and asset inventories. As discussed in Section 4.5.1.5, these scenarios were selected based on forecasted likelihood for a severe earthquake and severe shaking in the City of Inglewood . An exposure analysis was conducted to develop earthquake vulnerability data throughout Los Angeles County using the methods outlined in Section 4.4. Total exposure is calculated as the asset inventories for people, property, and critical facilities superimposed with the geographic extent of earthquake shaking severity f or each model scenario from the USGS. In both earthquake scenarios, most residents and structures within city limits would be exposed to moderate to severe shaking . Maps of shaking severity and extent for both scenarios are shown for the City of Inglewood in Figure 4-28 and Figure 4-29, and for the greater Los Angeles region in Figure 4-26 and Figure 4-27.

▪ Exposure to Zones of Required Investigation: The Alquist‐Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act (1972) established zones of required investigation in California which encompass surface traces of active faults with potential for future surface fault rupture. Future development within these zones is subject to additional requirements and limitations based on elevated seismic hazards, subject to enforcement by the City Department of Building Safety . Figure 4-31 summarizes population and asset exposure within zones of required investigation.

▪ Exposure to Liquefaction: Los Angeles County identifies areas with potential for liquefaction, which are present in the City of Inglewood. Figure 4-30 summarizes population and asset exposure to liquefaction.

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Figure 4-28: M7.2 Newport Inglewood Earthquake Scenario Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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Figure 4-29: M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Earthquake Scenario

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Figure 4-30: Liquefaction Zone - Exposure Summary
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Figure 4-31: Fault Zone Areas of Required Investigation - Exposure Summary

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Population
The entire population residing within the City of Inglewood is exposed to earthquake impacts under the two selected model scenarios; there is little to no variability in the spatial distribution of earthquake hazards.

Nevertheless, social vulnerability forms an important component of natural disaster risk. For example, low- income individuals and renters are less likely to carry insurance that would cover losses from earthquake damages or to install building retrofits. (See full discussion of social vulnerability to natural hazards in Section 4.3.4) Those with mobility or access ibility issues may be unable to quickly escape a hazardous situation in the immediate aftermath of shaking. In the long term, displacement and/or lost wages from a large disaster can translate to additional financial hardship for low-income families and individuals, further prolonging recovery. Earthquake preparedness and planning activities should take local needs into consideration to best serve the needs of local communities within Inglewood.

Scenarios: Figure 4-28 and Figure 4-32 summarize population exposure to the M7.2 Newport- Inglewood scenario. Figure 4-29 and Figure 4-33 summarize population exposure results for the M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected scenario. Under both scenarios, th e entire population of Inglewood is geographically exposed to the direct and indirect impacts of ground shaking. The degree of exposure depends on many factors, including the age and construction type of dwellings and the soil types on which homes are constructed. Whether directly or indirectly impacted, the entire population will have to deal with the consequences of earthquakes to some degree. Business interruption could keep people from working, road closures could isolate populations, and loss of functions of utilities could impact populations that suffered no direct damage from an event itself.

Figure 4-32: Population Exposure to M7.2 Newport-Inglewood Earthquake Scenario -
111,806
- -
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
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Figure 4-33: Population Exposure to M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Earthquake Scenario

Zone of Required Inve stigation and Liquefaction Susceptibility: Table 4-17 depicts the population count within the zones of required investigation and the liquefaction zone.

Table 4-17: Population Count within Zone of Required Investigation and Liquefaction Zone

Total Population

City of Inglewood 111,806

Population Count % of Total
Zone of Investigation 8,031 7.18% Liquefaction Zone 1,528 1.37%

Because the population exposure data is derived from ACS population estimates at the scale of census tract or smaller, population estimates aggregated up to the city level are above the ACS place -level population estimate, which was 109,613 in 2020. Nevertheless, local level ACS data can reveal patterns in the geographic distribution of hazard exposure and can provides a sense of the size of the problem, as measured by the approximated proportion of the total population (not definitive counts) exposed to a given hazard.

Approximately 7% and 1% of Inglewood’s population live s in either the Newport -Inglewood fault zone of required investigation or the liquefaction zone, respectively; and the entire population is exposed to severe or very strong shaking in two modeled earthquake scenarios.

Property and Building Ages
The vulnerability of buildings and structures to an earthquake is impacted by two factors:
(1) The year in which seismic codes were initially adopted and enforced by the jurisdiction having authority, and
(2) The year in which seismic codes were improved and enforced. -
52,241
59,565
-
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
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These are known as benchmark years , marking significant milestones in California Building Code requirements that directly affect the structural integrity of development projects in California.

The City of Inglewood adheres to the 2019 California Building Cod e. Table 4-18 provides a listing of code improvements across the California Building Code (CBC), International Building Code (IBC) and Uniform Building Code (UBC), with benchmark years indicated in bold. For reference, Table 4-19 provides the definitions of building types.

Table 4-18: Seismic Benchmark Years
Code Edition Effective Date Building Type
(2019 CBC) January 1, 2020
(2016 CBC) January 1, 2017
(2013 CBC) January 1, 2014 N/A
(2012 IBC)
(2010 CBC) January 1, 2011 N/A
(2009 IBC)
(2007 CBC) January 1, 2008 N/A
(2006 IBC)
(2001 CBC) November 1, 2002 N/A
(1997 UBC)
(1998 CBC) July 1, 1999 W1a, S2, S2a, RM1, PC1, PC1a
(1997 UBC)
(1994 UBC) January 7, 1996 S1, S1a, C1, C2, C2a, RM2
(1991 UBC) November 29, 1992 URM
(1988 UBC) April 29, 1990 S2 & S2a
(1985 UBC) November 8, 1987 N/A
(1982 UBC) December 9, 1984 N/A
(1979 UBC) June 21, 1981 N/A
(1976 UBC) November 1, 1977 W1 and W2
(1973 UBC) April 13, 1975 N/A
(1970 UBC) August 29, 1971 N/A
(1967 UBC) July 12, 1968 N/A
(1964 UBC) July 1, 1965 N/A
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Code Edition Effective Date Building Type
(1961 UBC) August 17, 1962 N/A
(1958 UBC) October 1, 1958 N/A
(1955 UBC) January 1, 1956 N/A
(1955 UBC) January 1, 1956 N/A
(1946 UBC) June 18, 1948 N/A
(1943 UBC) July 13, 1944 N/A
(1940 UBC) April 4, 1941 N/A
(1937 UBC) September 10, 1937 N/A
(1930 UBC) March 20, 1933 N/A
Source: ASCE 41-13

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Table 4-19: Definitions of FEMA Building Types
FEMA Building Type Definition
W1 Wood Light Frame
W1A Wood Light Frame (multi-unit residence)
W2 Wood Frame (commercial and industrial)
S1 Steel Moment Frames
S2 Steel-Braced Frames
S3 Steel Light Frames
S4 Steel Frames with Concrete Shear Walls
S5 Steel Frames with Infill Masonry Walls
C1 Concrete Moment Frames
C3 Concrete Frames with Infill Masonry Shear Walls
C2 Concrete Shear Walls
PC1 Tilt-Up Concrete Shear Walls
PC2 Precast Concrete Frames with Shear Walls
RM1 Reinforced Masonry Walls with Flexible Diaphragms
RM2 Reinforced Masonry Walls with Stiff Diaphragms
URM Unreinforced Masonry Bearing Walls

It is estimated that 80% of total residential housing units in Inglewood were built prior to 1980, and 68% prior to 1970. (United States Census Bureau, 2019)
Table 4-20: Housing Units by Construction Date
Jurisdiction Total Housing Units Built Prior to 1980 (%) Built Prior to 1970 (%) City of Inglewood 38,051 30,479 (80%) 26,012 (68%)

Scenarios: An inventory of current market values and the content value was completed using the County of Los Angeles Assessor data. From this dataset a point layer of centroids, or the center of each parcel polygon, was created using GIS. The centroids are assumed to be the location of the structure for analysis purposes. The centroids were then superimposed over the USGS probabilistic shaking severity zones to determine the total number and value of at -risk structures within each zone. Table 4-21 shows the count of at -risk parcels and their associated building and content exposure values to the M7.2 Newport-Inglewood earthquake scenario, Table 4-22 shows the count of Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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at-risk parcels and their associated building and content exposure values to the M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected earthquake scenario. Both shake scenarios are distributed uniformly across the geographic planning area, with 100% of parcels exposed to “very strong” shaking or higher. The Newport-Inglewood scenario includes 100% of parcels exposed to “severe” shaking levels.

Table 4-21: Parcel Exposure to M7.2 Newport-Inglewood

Total
Parcels
Total Market Value ($) Total Content Value ($) Total Value ($)

City of Inglewood 23,734 $14,983,937,989 $10,332,353,800 $25,316,291,790

Shake Severity Zone
Improved
Res. Parcel
Count
% of Total Market Value Exposure
($)
Content Value Exposure
($) Total Exposure ($) % of Total
IX - Violent 0 0% $0 $0 $0 0%
VIII - Severe 23,734 100.0% $14,983,937,989 $10,332,353,800 $25,316,291,790 100.0% VII - Very Strong 0 0% $0 $0 $0 0%
VI - Strong 0 0% $0 $0 $0 0%
Total 23,734 100.0% $14,983,937,989 $10,332,353,800 $25,316,291,790 100.0%

Table 4-22: Parcel Exposure to M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected

Total
Parcels
Total Market Value ($) Total Content Value ($) Total Value ($)

City of Inglewood 23,734 $14,983,937,989 $10,332,353,800 $25,316,291,790

Shake Severity Zone
Improved
Res. Parcel
Count
% of Total Market Value Exposure
($)
Content Value Exposure
($) Total Exposure ($) % of Total
IX - Violent 0 0% $0 $0 $0 0%
VIII - Severe 9,734 41.0% $6,001,833,601 $4,295,192,177 $10,297,025,778 40.7% VII - Very Strong 14,000 59.0% $8,982,104,389 $6,037,161,623 $15,019,266,012 59.3% VI - Strong 0 0% $0 $0 $0 0%
Total 23,734 100.0% $14,983,937,989 $10,332,353,800 $25,316,291,790 100.0%

Zone of Required Investigation and Liquefaction Susceptibility: Table 4-23 depicts the parcel count within zones of required investigation in the city as well as ground areas susceptible to liquefaction.

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Table 4-23: Parcel Count of Required Investigation and Liquefaction Susceptibility

Total Parcels

Total Market
Value ($)
Total Content
Value ($) Total Value ($)

City of Inglewood 23,734 $14,983,937,989 $10,332,353,800 $25,316,291,790

Parcel Count % of Total Market Value
Exposure ($)
Content Value
Exposure ($) Total Exposure ($) % of Total
Zone of Investigation 2,205 9.3% $1,222,263,679 $791,309,141 $2,013,572,820 8.0% Liquefaction Zone 149 0.6% $300,383,774 $341,152,876 $641,536,651 2.5%

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
A significant number of critical facilities and infrastructure in the City of Inglewood are exposed to earthquake impacts based on results of the scenario earthquakes, the zones of required investigation, and liquefaction zone. Damages that are likely to result from exposure to seismic hazards include:
▪ Utility outages;
▪ Economic losses for repair and replacement of critical facilities, roads, buildings, etc.; ▪ Indirect economic losses, such as wages lost during longer-term disruption to business and services ▪ Roads or rail lines that are blocked or damaged, limiting immediate access of emergency services in the short term, and isolating residents from essential services. ▪ Linear utilities and transportation routes are vulnerable to rupture and damage during and after a significant earthquake event. The cascading impact of a single failure can have effects across multiple systems and utility sectors. In the absence of appropriate retrofits or hazard-specific design features, outdated or degrading infrastructure systems could face system outages lasting anywhere from weeks to multiple months following a major earthquake . Damage to communications infrastructure can limit access to emergency alerts and evacuation information.

Scenarios: A significant number of critical facilities in the City of Inglewood are exposed to the two earthquake hazard scenarios, as shown in Table 4-24 and Table 4-25.

Table 4-24: Critical Facility Exposure to M7.2 Newport-Inglewood Earthquake Scenario Critical Infrastructure - M7.2 Newport-Inglewood Earthquake Scenario Infrastructure Type IX - Violent VIII - Severe VII - Very Strong VI - Strong Essential Facility - 13 - -
Emergency Operations Center - 1 - -
Fire Station - 4 - -
Hospital - 2 - -
Police - 6 - -
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Critical Infrastructure - M7.2 Newport-Inglewood Earthquake Scenario Infrastructure Type IX - Violent VIII - Severe VII - Very Strong VI - Strong High Potential Loss - 427 - -
Adult Education - 3 - -
Adult Res Facility - 42 - -
Cemetery - 1 - -
Child Care Center - 3 - -
Children and Family Services - 12 - -
Church - 36 - -
City Hall - 1 - -
City Service Center - 1 - -
Civic Center - 1 - -
College or University - 4 - -
Courthouse - 2 - -
Crime Prevention and Support - 3 - -
Disability Support Services - 4 - -
Early Child Education - 12 - -
Family Child Care Home - 114 - -
Foster Family Agency - 3 - -
Health Clinic - 4 - -
Health Education and Counseling - 6 - -
Health Screening and Testing - 3 - -
Historic Building - 2 - -
Home Care Organization - 5 - -
Housing Assistance - 2 - -
Library - 3 - -
Mental Health Counseling - 9 - -
Museum - 2 - -
Real Property Asset* - 76 - -
Recreation Center - 3 - -
Res Elder Care Facility - 11 - -
School - 47 - -
Senior Center - 3 - -
Senior Services - 6 - -
Sports Arena - 3 - -
Veteran Services - 2 - -
Transportation and Lifeline - 173 - -
Bridge - 46 - -
Microwave Service Tower - 24 - -
Park - 11 - -
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Critical Infrastructure - M7.2 Newport-Inglewood Earthquake Scenario Infrastructure Type IX - Violent VIII - Severe VII - Very Strong VI - Strong Railway Bridge - 3 - -
Reservoir - 2 - -
Substation - 1 - -
Transmission Line Tower - 85 - -
Water Treatment Facility - 1 - -
Hazmat - 394 - -
EPA Facility Registration System - 12 - -
Garbage - 1 - -
Hazmat HWTS Active Facility - 255 - -
Geotracker Cleanup Sites - 126 - -
Grand Total - 1009 - -
*Real Property Assets are digitized insurance rolls for demonstrating value and ownership and may have overlapping points with other categories such as fire stations and law enforcement.

Table 4-25: Critical Facility Exposure to M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Earthquake Scenario Critical Infrastructure - M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Earthquake Scenario Infrastructure Type IX - Violent VIII - Severe VII - Very Strong VI -Strong Essential Facility - 4 9 -
Emergency Operations Center - - 1 -
Fire Station - 1 3 -
Hospital - 1 1 -
Police - 2 4 -
High Potential Loss - 78 349 -
Adult Education - 1 2 -
Adult Res Facility - 12 30 -
Cemetery - - 1 -
Child Care Center - - 3 -
Children and Family Services - 1 11 -
Church - 11 25 -
City Hall - - 1 -
City Service Center - - 1 -
Civic Center - - 1 -
College or University - 2 2 -
Courthouse - - 2 -
Crime Prevention and Support - - 3 -
Disability Support Services - - 4 -
Early Child Education - 4 8 -
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Critical Infrastructure - M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Earthquake Scenario Infrastructure Type IX - Violent VIII - Severe VII - Very Strong VI -Strong Family Child Care Home - - 114 -
Foster Family Agency - 1 2 -
Health Clinic - 2 2 -
Health Education and Counseling - - 6 -
Health Screening and Testing - - 3 -
Historic Building - 1 1 -
Home Care Organization - 3 2 -
Housing Assistance - - 2 -
Library - 1 2 -
Mental Health Counseling - 2 7 -
Museum - 1 1 -
Real Property Asset - 15 61 -
Recreation Center - 1 2 -
Res Elder Care Facility - 1 10 -
School - 14 33 -
Senior Center - 1 2 -
Senior Services - 1 5 -
Sports Arena - 1 2 -
Veteran Services - 2 - -
Transportation and Lifeline - 120 53 -
Bridge - 46 - -
Microwave Service Tower - 9 15 -
Park - 3 8 -
Railway Bridge - 3 - -
Reservoir - - 2 -
Substation - - 1 -
Transmission Line Tower - 59 26 -
Water Treatment Facility - - 1 -
Hazmat - 196 198 -
EPA Facility Registration System - 9 3 -
Garbage - - 1 -
Hazmat HWTS Active Facility - 129 126 -
Geotracker Cleanup Sites - 58 68 -
Grand Total - 398 611 -
*Real Property Assets are digitized insurance rolls for demonstrating value and ownership and may have overlapping points with other categories such as fire stations and law enforcement.

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Zone of Required Investigation and Liquefaction Susceptibility: Table 4-26 depicts the critical infrastructure within the county that lie within the zones of required investigation and the liquefaction zone.

Table 4-26: Critical Infrastructure in Zone of Required Investigation and Susceptible to Liquefaction Infrastructure Type Liquefaction Zone Zone of Investigation Essential Facility 1 2
Emergency Operations Center - 1
Fire Station - -
Hospital - -
Police 1 1
High Potential Loss 24 60
Adult Education - 1
Adult Res Facility - 8
Cemetery - 1
Child Care Center - 1
Children and Family Services - 3
Church - 3
City Hall - 1
City Service Center 1 -
Civic Center - 1
College or University - 2
Courthouse - 2
Crime Prevention and Support - 3
Disability Support Services - 1
Early Child Education - 1
Family Child Care Home - -
Foster Family Agency - -
Health Clinic - -
Health Education and Counseling - 4
Health Screening and Testing - 1
Historic Building - -
Home Care Organization - -
Housing Assistance - 2
Library - 1
Mental Health Counseling - 2
Museum - 1
Real Property Asset 23 17
Recreation Center - 1
Res Elder Care Facility - 1
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Infrastructure Type Liquefaction Zone Zone of Investigation School - 2
Senior Center - -
Senior Services - -
Sports Arena - -
Veteran Services - -
Transportation and Lifeline 5 8
Bridge - -
Microwave Service Tower - 5
Park 1 2
Railway Bridge - -
Reservoir - -
Substation - -
Transmission Line Tower 3 1
Water Treatment Facility 1 -
Hazmat 10 37
EPA Facility Registration System - 1
Garbage - 1
Hazmat HWTS Active Facility 8 23
Geotracker Cleanup Sites 2 12
Grand Total 40 107
*Real Property Assets are digitized insurance rolls for demonstrating value and ownership and may have overlapping points with other categories such as fire stations and law enforcement.

Soft-Story Buildings
A soft-story building is a multi-story building with weak and/or open front wall lines. Open floor plans are especially prone to collapse due to weak resistance to lateral forces caused by the swaying of the building during a quake. Soft stories are typically associated with apartment buildings with “tuck-under” parking garages, retail spaces and parking structures. A soft-story collapse can trigger structural failure or total collapse on other levels.

Soft-story collapse is one of the leading causes of earthquake damage to private residences. During the 1994 Northridge Earthquake, sixteen fatalities occurred after the Northridge Meadows apar tment complex collapsed on the ground level. (Schleuss & Lin, 2019)
Within the Los Angeles region, soft-story buildings present a major risk to infrastructure and public safety.

In 2015 t he City of Los Angeles began a mandatory retrofit program for multilevel soft -story buildings, specifically those built prior to 1978. This program was modeled after the local adoption of the state’s 1978 Unreinforced Masonry Building Law. (See 4.5.1.1). The current number of retrofitted soft-story residences in the City of Inglewood is unknown, but with an estimated 80% of housing units built prior to 1980 (Table 4-20).

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In the absence of mitigation measures many of these buildings face a risk of extensive damage during a large earthquake scenario.

HazMat Fixed Facilities
Earthquakes can produce hazardous materials (HazMat) threats at extremely high levels. Depending on the year of build and construction of each HazMat facility, the earthquake-initiated hazardous material release (EIHR) potential will vary. HazMat contained within masonry or concrete structures built befor e certain benchmark years may be particularly vulnerable. Inglewood’s proximity to urban oil fields in neighboring communities of Crenshaw and Baldwin Hills, as well as the volume of HazMat being transported across the two major interstates which traverse the city, are both potential secondary hazards in the aftermath of a major earthquake.

In the City of Inglewood, the Los Angeles County Fire Department Health Hazardous Materials Division (HHMD) manages the inspection, tracking, and emergency planning and response related to HazMat. The HHMD is a Certified Unified Program Agency (CUPA) authorized by the state of California to enforce state regulations related to HazMat. Exposure analysis conducted as a part of this hazard profile revealed 25 5 Hazmat HWTS Active Facility sites within City limits, all of which occur in severe or very strong shaking potential zones for the scenario earthquakes. ( Table 4-24, Table 4-25) Eight occur within the liquefaction zone and 23 within the zone of required investigation. (Table 4-26) Utilities
Total exposure of linear (as opposed to point -based) utility infrastructure such as roads, pipelines, transmission lines and railroads were summarized within the overlay of each hazard area.

Scenarios: Linear utilities and transportation infrastructure would likely suffer considerable damage in the event of an earthquake. Due to the amount of infrastructure and sensitivity of utility data, it is difficult to estimate the actual performance of linear utility networks under different shaking scenarios without further investigating individual system components. Table 4-27 and Table 4-28 provide the best available linear utility data; it should be assumed that these systems are exposed to breakage and failure.

Zone of Required Investigation and Liquefaction Susceptibility: Table 4-29 depicts the number of critical lines within the county that lie within zone s of required investigation and the liquefaction zone.

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Table 4-27: Lifeline Exposure M7.2 Newport-Inglewood Earthquake Scenario Lifelines (miles) - M7.2 Newport-Inglewood Earthquake Scenario Infrastructure Type (Linear) IX - Violent VIII - Severe VII - Very Strong VI - Strong NG Pipeline - 5.1 - -
Railroad - - - -
Street - 211.2 - -
Alley - 18.6 - -
Freeway On/Off Ramp - 7.3 - -
Freeway - 3.7 - -
Minor Streets - 5.3 - -
Collector Streets - 29.6 - -
Major - 28.3 - -
Private - 18.6 - -
Transmission Line - 19.3 - -
Grand Total - 235.6 - -

Table 4-28: Lifeline Exposure M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Earthquake Scenario Lifelines (miles) - M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Earthquake Scenario Infrastructure Type (Linear) IX - Violent VIII - Severe VII - Very Strong VI - Strong NG Pipeline - 2.0 3.1 -
Railroad - 1.7 1.6 -
Street - 80.9 130.3 -
Alley - 6.1 12.5 -
Freeway On/Off Ramp - 7.3 - -
Freeway - 3.7 - -
Minor Streets - 2.2 3.1 -
Collector Streets - 10.9 18.7 -
Major - 12.5 15.8 -
Private - - 18.6 -
Transmission Line - 8.1 11.1 -
Grand Total - 92.7 146.2 -

Table 4-29: Critical Lines in Zone of Required Investigation and Susceptible to Liquefaction Infrastructure Type (Linear) Liquefaction Zone Zone of Investigation NG Pipeline - 0.7
Railroad - -
Street 2.4 22.6
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Infrastructure Type (Linear) Liquefaction Zone Zone of Investigation Alley 0.1 1.8
Freeway On/Off Ramp 0.1 -
Freeway 0.1 -
Minor Streets 0.1 0.4
Collector Streets 1.1 2.0
Major 0.3 3.0
Private - 6.9
Transmission Line 0.3 2.6
Grand Total 2.7 25.9

Water Supply Utilities
The City of Inglewood provides water to 78% of residents and businesses in the city; the remainder is provided by Golden State Water Company and Cal America Water. The water provided by the city comes from two local City-owned wells and blended with water purchased from the West Basin Municipal Water District (WBMWD) through Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) pipe connections. The city also purchases recycled water from WBMWD, used for irrigation and landscaping at City facilities as well as street sweeping and sewer flushing. As of 2020 , 25% of City water supply originated from local groundwater. (City of Inglewood, 2020)
An earthquake could impact delivery of water supply by damaging water delivery lines, wellheads, and disrupting power supply to pumping stations. Indeed, the asset exposure analysis of this HMP identifies the Sanford M. Anderson Water Treatment Plant as occurring within the liquefaction zone as well as severe shake zones for both selected earthquake scenarios. (See Table 4-24, Table 4-25, Table 4-26) The City of Inglewood’s 2020 Urban Water Management Plan includes a seismic risk assessment, mitigation plan, and emergency response plan which address system vulnerabilities to earthquake an d establish mitigation measures to minimize impacts to the City’s water system. (I.d.) Fire following earthquake (FFE) places additional pressure on municipal water systems. Simultaneous post- earthquake fires could rapidly deplete local water resources unl ess alternative sources are identified. (Scwathorn, 2011)
Natural Gas Utilities
Southern California Gas Company is the primary natural gas distribution utility serving the City of Inglewood and is responsible for the design, co nstruction, maintenance, and operation of natural gas infrastructure. This includes all the facilities used in the delivery of gas to any customer up to and including the point of delivery to a customer’s gas piping system.

Damage to natural gas systems primarily results from damage on the customer side to the structures in which the systems are housed, or damage to the equipment to which gas lines are connected. The shifting or toppling of gas appliances, such as water heaters or stoves, is the principal cause of post-earthquake fire Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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ignitions which are gas related. Building collapse and deformation of structural components can also cause damage to interior gas piping. (California Seismic Safety Commission, 2002) In addition, natural gas utility systems can be damaged through ground displacements, including surface faulting, landslide-like movements, and soil failure or liquefaction produced by strong ground shaking.

However, this is mainly a concern for older pipelines that may be weakened by corrosion or were constructed using outdated methods and materials. Cast iron, aging bare steel pipe, and pipe with threaded connections are the most susceptible to damage from ground shaking. (Id.) Breaks in the system will affect large portions of the county, and restoration of natural gas service could be significantly delayed.

Common characteristics of earthquakes and their impacts on natural gas safety include:
▪ Ground shaking generally leads to substantially more instances of building damage than fire ignitions.
▪ Building damage caused by substantial grou nd shaking is the most likely to impact utility and customer gas systems and lead to gas-related fire ignitions. ▪ 20 to 50 percent of post-earthquake fire ignitions will be related to natural gas. ▪ The consequences of post -earthquake fire ignitions for resid ential gas customers are largely financial. A fire ignition only becomes a life safety concern when inhabitants are unable to exit the building following earthquakes. While experience in past earthquakes indicates that egress from earthquake-damaged single-family homes is generally possible, residents in larger multifamily units, especially on higher floors, may be at risk since they provide a greater chance for damaging the structure and trapping the occupants and greater difficulty evacuating. (Id.) Gas customers are responsible for using gas safely on their property and within their buildings and other facilities. Customers meet this responsibility by maintaining their gas appliances in good working condition, assuring that only qualified individuals are engaged to modify or maintain their gas service and facility piping, and knowing what to do before and after earthquakes to maintain the safe operation of their natural gas service.

The following conditions, when combined, pose the greatest risk for post-earthquake fire damage:
▪ Unoccupied buildings, as they post problems with mitigating damage to gas systems or control small fires.
▪ Liquefaction.
▪ High building density.
▪ High wind and low humidity weather conditions.
▪ Damage to water systems to limit firefighting capabilities. ▪ Rental properties which fail to meet habitability standards. ▪ Impaired communications, numerous requests for assistance, direct damage to fire stations, restricted access because of traffic congestion and damaged roadways, and delays in mutual aid from neighboring fire districts, which can create delays in firefighting response. (Id.) Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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Telecommunications
The last major earthquake to hit the Los Angeles region in 1994 occurred prior to the widespread expansion of modern communication systems, including cell phones and Wi-Fi. Immediately following an event, numerous failures will occur, compounded by system use overloads and potential loss of primary and/or secondary power sources. This will likely disable up to 80 percent of the telephone system for one day.

County UHF/VHF and microwave radio systems are expected to operate at 40 percent effectiveness for the first 12 hours following an earthquake, increase to 50 percent effectiveness for the second 12-hour period, then begin to slowly decline to approximately 40 percent effectiveness within 36 hours. (City and County of San Francisco Hazard Mitigation Plan, 2014) Microwave systems will likely be 30 percent or less effective following a major earthquake. Understanding these risks, the City of Los Angeles became the first city to implement seismic safety standards for new cellphone towers in 2019.

At the time of this HMP publication, Los Angeles County is experiencing major improvements to its emergency communications infrastructure as a part of the new Los Angeles Regional Interoperable Communications System (LA-RICS) that will provide a direct seismic mitigation benefit to Inglewood’s emergency communications systems. LA-RICS is a joint -power authority run by representatives from 24 local jurisdictions and agencies including the City of Inglewood serving over 10 million residents. Currently, public safety agencies for 88 cities and unincorporated areas of Los Angeles County utilize a patchwork of 40 aging radio networks that could be compromised following a major hazard event such as an earthquake, either due to high volume of traffic or actual damage to physical infrastructure. LA-RICS will replace this system with a new dedicated Land Mobile Radio (LMR) network, built to modern seismic safety standards and eliminating barriers to multi-agency responses. In 2015 LA-RICS completed its first phase project, the Public Safety Broadband Network (PSBN), which provides police and firefighters a means of exchanging large amounts of data outside of commercial broadband service, which often slow down and crash during emergencies. In 2018 this network was transferred to AT&T and integrated into the Nationwide Public Safety Broadband service under FirstNet.

Public Schools
The Field Act was enacted on April 10, 1933, one month after the Long Beach Earthquake in which many schools were destroyed or suffered major damage. Since then, public school construction has been governed by the Act and enforced by the Division of the State Architect. In any community, public schools constructed under the Field Act after 1978 are likely to be among the safest buildings in which to experience a major earthquake. The Field Act requires:
▪ School building con struction plans to be prepared by qualified California licensed structural engineers and architects.
▪ Designs and plans to be checked by the Division of the State Architect (DSA) for compliance with the Field Act before a contract for construction can be awarded. ▪ Qualified inspectors, independent of the contractors and hired by the school districts, to continuously inspect construction and verify full compliance with plans.

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▪ The responsible architects and structural engineers to observe the construction peri odically and prepare changes to plans, if needed, subject to approval by DSA. ▪ Architects, engineers, inspectors, and contractors to file reports, under penalty of perjury, to verify compliance of the construction with the approved plans emphasizing the importance of testing and inspections to achieve seismically safe construction. Any person who violates the provisions or makes any false statement in any verification report or affidavit required pursuant to the Act is guilty of a felony. (Seismic Safety Commission, 2009)
Private schools are not subject to the Field Act and fall solely under the jurisdiction of local building departments and building code requirements. Private schools are covered under the Private Schools Building Act of 1986, with the legislative intent that children attending private schools be afforded life safety protection like that of children attending public schools. (Id.) In the late 1960s, regulations were put in place to have pre -Field Act (1933) buildings retrofitted, removed from school use, or demolished. (Cal. Edu. Code § 15516, Appendix X, 1968) The Field Act also prohibits the use of unreinforced masonry buildings as school buildings. Seismic building standards, in general, were greatly strengthened after significant damage to buildings was observed, especially in the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. The Field Act regulations in place since 1978 are considered adequate for public school buildings in most cases. (Id.)
Inglewood’s critical facilities inventory shows 47 schools within city limits. Two education facilities, Crozier Middle School, and the Academy for Early Learning, fall within the zone of required investigation, while 100% of schools are exposed to severe or very strong shaking under modeled earthquake scenarios. Public schools in Inglewood are governed under the Inglewood Unified School District, which serves the city as well as the neighboring unincorporated community of Ladera Heights.

Transportation
Earthquake events can significantly impact bridges and overpasses, which often provide the only access to neighborhoods. Since soft soil regions generally follow floodplain boundaries, bridges that cross watercourses are considered vulnerable. Areas which exp erience liquefaction or zones of required investigation are also particularly vulnerable and transportation in these areas is susceptible to increased risk.

The City of Inglewood is directly serviced by two interstates: the I-405 to the west, and the I-105 to the south.

The primary light rail line serving Inglewood is the Metro C Line, with additional service expansion expected at the time of this plan’s publication. (See 4.3.2) Total exposure of freeway and railroad lines are provided in Table 4-27, Table 4-28, and Table 4-29; exposure of critical facilities including metro stations, bridges, off/on ramps, and bus stations are provided in Table 4-24, Table 4-25, and Table 4-26.

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Earthquake Damage Estimation
Damage estimations for the two selected earthquake scenarios were calculated using FEMA’s Hazus software, Version 4.2 Level 2.

Hazus employs geospatial analysis to combine multiple factors influencing earthquake damage estimates, including peak ground velocity (PGV), peak ground acceleration (PGA) and soil of a given scenario, and geographic area. Based on the location and size of a scenario earthquake, Hazus software estimates the intensity of the ground shaking, number of buildings damaged, n umber of casualties, damage to transportation systems and utilities, number of people displaced from their homes, and the estimated cost of repair and clean up.

Parcel data defined in Section 4.3 was imported into Hazus as User Defined Facilities (UDF), serving as the basis for replacement and content cost, as well as associated damage estimation and loss. Building damage outputs from Hazus are categorized into slight, moderate, and extensive damage categories. Ranges of damage are used to provide the user with an understanding of a building’s physical condition. Table 4-30 provides a physical description of each damage classification.

County Assessor data does not include detailed information for tax-exempt structures, such as federal and local government buildings. The Assessor geodatabase was therefore supplemented utilizing insurance schedule tables for the City of Inglewood’s insured assets.

While there are limitations to the FEMA Hazus earthquake models, they allow for potential loss estimation across each building construction category. City-wide loss estimation results are summarized by building category type in Table 4-31 (Newport-Inglewood) and Table 4-32 (Palos Verdes Connected).

It is important to note that loss estimation represents the worst-case scenario. Loss estimation does not include damage to transportation routes, infrastructure, and other public and private utilities located throughout the plan area. An important concept in loss data is the “probability” of damage to exceed a certain degree. It is unlikely that buildings in county would receive “extensive” damage from earthquake shaking.

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Table 4-30: Hazus Building Damage Descriptions
Damage State Damage Description
Slight Small plaster cracks at corners of door and window openings and wall/ceiling intersections; small cracks in masonry chimneys and masonry veneers. Small cracks are assumed to be visible with a maximum width of less than 1/8 inch (cracks wider than 1/8 inch are referred to as “large” cracks).

Moderate Large plaster or gypsum-board cracks at corners of door and window openings; small diagonal cracks across shear wall panels exhibited by small cracks in stucco and gypsum wall panels; large cracks in brick chimneys; toppling of tall masonry chimneys.

Extensive Large diagonal cracks across shear wall panels or large cracks at plywood joints; permanent lateral movement of floors and roof; toppling of most brick chimneys; cracks in foundations; splitting of wood sill plates and/or slippage of structure over foundations.

Complete Structure may have large permanent lateral displacement or be in imminent danger of collapse due to cripple wall failure or failure of the lateral load resisting system; some structures may slip and fall off the foundation; large foundation cracks. Three percent of the total area of buildings with Complete damage is expected to be collapsed, on average.

Damage Estimation Improved Parcel and Government Property Loss Hazus 4.2 was used to estimate the loss potential to residential properties and government service facilities exposed to both the M 7.2 Newport Inglewood and M 7.7 Palos Verdes Connected earthquake scenarios.

Hazus reports the damage potential and loss potential from a given earthquake scenario in four categories:
slight damage, moderate damage, extensive damage, and economic loss. Economic loss consists of estimations on the cost of repair and re placement to damaged or destroyed buildings and contents, relocation expenses, capital-related income, wage losses, and rental income losses. County insurance data was obtained and formatted for use in Hazus for a detailed damage estimation. This dataset has additional information, including number of floors, building value, content value, and construction type, that greatly enhances results from the default Hazus database.

The results shown in Table 4-31 and Table 4-32 summarize improved parcels and government property loss.

This same information is visualized across the geographic plan area in Figure 4-34 and Figure 4-35. A full list of critical facilities and damage estimations is available in Section A.2.

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Figure 4-34: Hazus Damage Estimates - M7.2 Newport Inglewood Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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Figure 4-35: Hazus Damage Estimates – M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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Table 4-31: Loss Estimations for M7.2 Newport Inglewood Scenario Building Type
Average of
Potential
Damage to
Exceed “Slight”
Average of
Potential
Damage to
Exceed
“Moderate”
Average of
Potential
Damage to
Exceed
“Extensive”
Average
Economic Loss
for Each Building
Category
Sum of Economic
Loss
Proportion of
Loss (%)
Agriculture 0% 0% 0% $0 $0 0%
Commercial 76% 50% 24% $887,830 $1,485,339,244 34%
Education 82% 57% 24% $1,225,465 $47,793,121 1%
Emergency 76% 51% 30% $727,980 $5,095,858 0%
Government 76% 49% 23% $985,424 $77,848,522 2%
Industrial 82% 61% 33% $833,649 $225,085,103 5%
Religion 86% 66% 34% $1,217,528 $155,843,610 4%
Residential 72% 36% 9% $107,774 $2,329,857,564 54%
Total $4,326,863,021
Note: Total Inventory Values
1 - Building Replacement Costs = $15,221,072,449
2 - Content Replacement Costs = $10,367,801,236
3 - Total Value = $25,588,873,685

Figure 4-36: M7.2 Newport Inglewood Damage Estimation by Occupancy $0 $500,000,000 $1,000,000,000 $1,500,000,000 $2,000,000,000 $2,500,000,000 Agriculture
Commercial
Education
Emergency
Government
Industrial
Religion
Residential
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Table 4-32: Loss Estimations for M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Scenario Building Type
Average of
Potential
Damage to
Exceed “Slight”
Average of
Potential
Damage to
Exceed
“Moderate”
Average of
Potential
Damage to
Exceed
“Extensive”
Average
Economic Loss
for Each Building
Category
Sum of Economic
Loss
Proportion of
Loss (%)
Agriculture 0% 0% 0% $0 $0 0%
Commercial 50% 26% 9% $421,763 $705,608,813 37%
Education 57% 30% 8% $774,728 $30,214,390 2%
Emergency 45% 26% 10% $317,494 $2,222,456 0%
Government 50% 27% 10% $463,266 $36,598,019 2%
Industrial 61% 38% 15% $492,698 $133,028,554 7%
Religion 61% 34% 9% $564,787 $72,292,693 4%
Residential 39% 12% 2% $43,227 $934,470,572 49%
Total $1,914,435,496
Note: Total Inventory Values
1 - Building Replacement Costs = $15,221,072,449
2 - Content Replacement Costs = $10,367,801,236
3 - Total Value = $25,588,873,685

Figure 4-37: M7.7 Palos Verdes Connected Damage Estimation by Occupancy $0 $200,000,000 $400,000,000 $600,000,000 $800,000,000 $1,000,000,000 Agriculture
Commercial
Education
Emergency
Government
Industrial
Religion
Residential
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4.5.1.9 Future Trends in Development
Future development in Inglewood will be guided by the requirements of California’s General Planning Law (2019) in add ition to local d evelopment standards . The Safety Element of Inglewood’s General Plan establishes standards and policies for the protection of the community from hazards including earthquake.

The information in this plan provides a point-in-time analysis of hazard exposure to ensure that there is no future increase in exposure in areas of high seismic risk. Development in the planning area will be regulated through building standards and performance measures s uch that additional risk will be reduced or minimized. The geolog ic hazard portions of the planning area are heavily regulated under California’s Building Code, which has some of the most stringent seismic building standards in the nation.

4.5.1.10 Earthquake Hazard Problem Statements
As part of the mitigation action identification process, the Planning Committee for the county and for each jurisdiction identified issues and weaknesses, also called problem statements, for their respective facilities.

Identification was based on the risk assessment and vulnerability analysis utilizing the RAMP mapping tool and earthquake data. Earthquake problem statements describing the vulnerability of the City of Inglewood are listed in Table 4-33.

Identifying these common issues and weaknesses helps the Planning Committee understand the breadth of resources needed for mitigation. The goal is to have at least one mitigation action for e very problem statement. See Table 5-6 for a full list of mitigation actions and the corresponding problem statements that they address. Each problem statement is coded with a problem number for cross-referencing between Table 4-33 and Table 5-6.

Table 4-33 Earthquake Problem Statements

Problem No. Hazard Type
Area of
Concern
Mitigation
Alternatives
Primary
Agency Problem Description Related MA
ps-EQ-IG-4 Earthquak
e
Impact PPRO -
Property
Protection, SP -
Structural
Projects
City of
Inglewood
Seismic damage to water treatment or
pipeline infrastructure could
compromise local drinking and fire
water supply following an earthquake
for several weeks.
ma-EQ-IG-22,
ma-EQ-IG-34,
ma-AH-IG-47
ps-EQ-IG-5 Earthquak
e
Threat PPRO -
Property
Protection
City of
Inglewood
Inglewood City Hall is located along a
quaternary fault line (identified as a
zone of required investigation). Built
prior to 1981, the entire building is
vulnerable to major damage or
collapse in a severe shaking event.
ma-AH-IG-5,
ma-EQ-IG-21,
ma-EQ-IG-44
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Problem No. Hazard Type
Area of
Concern
Mitigation
Alternatives
Primary
Agency Problem Description Related MA
ps-EQ-IG-6 Earthquake Victim PPRO -
Property
Protection,
PE&A - Public
Education &
Awareness,
SP -
Structural
Projects
City of
Inglewood
Inglewood's entire population is
exposed to severe shaking under
modeled earthquake scenarios.
ma-EQ-IG-28,
ma-EQ-IG-31,
ma-EQ-IG-34,
ma-AH-IG-12,
ma-AH-IG-49,
ma-AH-IG-50
ps-EQ-IG-7 Earthquake Victim PE&A - Public
Education &
Awareness,
SP -
Structural
Projects
City of
Inglewood
Homeowners and renters face
financial and technical barriers to
conducting seismic retrofits on
private residences.
ma-EQ-IG-28,
ma-EQ-IG-31,
ma-EQ-IG-33,
ma-EQ-IG-34,
ma-AH-IG-12
ps-EQ-IG-8 Earthquake Threat PPRO -
Property
Protection,
PE&A - Public
Education &
Awareness,
SP -
Structural
Projects
City of
Inglewood
An estimated 80% of total
residential housing units in
Inglewood were built prior to 1980.

Older housing stock and soft-story
apartments are vulnerable to
major damage and collapse in a
severe earthquake.
ma-EQ-IG-28,
ma-EQ-IG-31,
ma-EQ-IG-33,
ma-EQ-IG-34,
ma-AH-IG-48
ps-EQ-IG-20 Earthquake Impact ES -
Emergency
Services, SP -
Structural
Projects
City of
Inglewood
Inglewood's primary police
station, which also serves as the
location of the EOC, is located
within the Newport-Inglewood
fault zone of required
investigation and is vulnerable to
severe shaking scenarios.
ma-EQ-IG-23,
ma-EQ-IG-15,
ma-EQ-IG-15,
ma-EQ-IG-24
ps-EQ-IG-21 Earthquake Impact PPRO -
Property
Protection
City of
Inglewood
All critical facilities within
Inglewood City limits, many of
which were constructed prior to
1980, are exposed to severe
shaking under modeled
earthquake scenarios.
ma-AH-IG-5,
ma-EQ-IG-16,
ma-EQ-IG-26,
ma-EQ-IG-15,
ma-EQ-IG-24,
ma-EQ-IG-34,
ma-AH-IG-47

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4.5.2 Extreme Heat Hazard Profile
Extreme heat events are periods of weather that are hotter and more humid than average at a given location and time of year. Unusually hot and humid summer days and nights have become more common since the 1960s. (Bole, et al., 2018) Climate change will increase the frequency, severity, and duration of h eatwaves in coming decades. (Id.). These effects are amplified in urban centers such as the City of Inglewood, with consequences for health, air quality, utilities, and transportation.

Heat has a greater toll on human health – as measured by deaths (mortality) and negative health outcomes (morbidity) – than all other natural disasters combined. (NIHHIS, 2021) In California, a record number of heat related deaths occurred in 2006, when a record-breaking heat wave between July 15 and August 1 was linked to 650 deaths and 16,000 excess emergency room visits. (California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2019) During this time the San Fernando Valley experienced 21 consecutive days over 100˚F. (Los Angeles County, 2021)
Heat-related death and illness are widely regarded as preventable within the public health community; despite this, extreme heat kills over 600 people in the U.S. annually. (CDC, 2021) The following populations face specific vulnerability to heat-related illness:
▪ Seniors aged 65+, especially those who live alone;
▪ Infants and children;
▪ Low-income households;
▪ Unhoused people,
▪ Individuals with chronic underlying medical conditions; ▪ Athletes; and
▪ Outdoor workers.

The cumulative impacts of severe heat wave events, along with longer-term small differences in seasonal average temperatures, exacerbate inequities in health outcomes among already at-risk groups. (NIHHIS, 2021) Heat impacts are distributed inequitably among low -income communities of color in the United States. On average Black and Latino households are more cost-burdened, occupy denser housing stock, and have lower access to heat-coping strategies, such as air conditioning and access to green space.

The Los Angeles region is vulnerable to extreme heat and many cities and residents currently lack the adaptive capacity to cope with future increases in high heat events, even under lowered emissions scenarios. The average hottest day of the year is expected to warm anywhere from 6-10˚F towards the end of the century. The Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), which lies just west of the City of Inglewood, currently experiences fewer than 15 days per year of temperatures over 90˚F; under emissions scenario RCP

8.5 (“business as usual” global emissions) this number could increase to 50-90 days by the end of the century. (State of California, 2018)
Because the human body is capable of acclimating to local climate conditions, there is no single temperature that serves as a definition of extreme heat. This Plan uses the definitions set forth by Cal-Adapt Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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(a data download interface provided by the California Energy Commission) for extreme heat events, warm nights, and heat waves, with descriptions and threshold values for the City of Inglewood outlined in Table 4-34.

Table 4-34: Cal-Adapt Extreme Heat Terms
Term Cal-Adapt Definition Threshold Value for Inglewood Extreme Heat Day
Defined as a day in a year when the daily
maximum/minimum temperature exceeds the 98 th
percentile of daily maximum/minimum temperatures
based on observed historical data from 1961 – 1990
between April and October.

90.5 °F
Warm Night
Defined as a day in April through October when daily
minimum temperature exceeds the 98 th historical
percentile of daily minimum temperatures, based on
observed data from 1961-1990 between April and October. 68 °F
Heat Wave Defined as 4 consecutive days or nights above the extreme heat / warm night threshold.
4 days ≥ 90.5 °F
or
4 nights ≥ 68 °F
Note: Historical observed daily temperature data for Inglewood is derived from a spatially gridded dataset from 1950 -2013 at a spatial resolution of ~6km, derived from 20,000 NOAA Cooperative Observer (COOP) stations. The source data was then spatially clipped to the U.S.

Census – Place boundary for the City of Inglewood and spatially averaged. Detailed methods for the preparation of this dataset are described in (Livneh, et al., 2015)
Within the Los Angeles region, geographic patterns in extreme heat are influenced by a variety of factors, including changes to regional ocean currents as well as interactions with local topography and urban land cover. Most Southern California heatwaves are generated by anomalies in atmospheric circulation. The most common mechanism for heatwave formation in this region is the presence of a high-pressure system over the Pacific Northwest, which influences a low -pressure system off the coast of Los Angeles . The subsequent pressure gradient draws dry, warm air across the inland desert to the coast, sometimes coinciding with Santa Ana winds. In the summer, “blocking highs” (high-pressure systems aloft which trap heat in the lower atmosphere) can also generate high temperatures in the inland basin, but the presence of a marine layer mostly buffers impacts along the coast. (Hulley, Dousset, & Kahn, 2020) Finally, anomalous circulation patterns, such as transportation of sub-tropical moist air from Baja California over the LA Basin, is attributed to the July 2006 heatwave and was coupled with high humidity and high nighttime temperatures along the coast. (Id.)
Heat-Related Illness
The human body possesses a variety of adaptations to regulate internal temperature under warm conditions, including sweat glands, exposed skin, and walking on two legs. (Wheeler, 1991) Above-average temperatures, even outside summer months, compromise the body’s ability to regulate temperature, leading Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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to excess illness and death. Heat-related illness (HRI) can describe acute illness related to direct exposure to high temperatures, such as heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke (see Table 4-35).

Table 4-35: Heat-Related Illnesses, Listed in Order of Severity (LA County Department of Public Health, 2012) Heat-Related Illness Symptoms First Aid
Heat Cramps
▪ Symptoms include muscular pains and
spasms, usually in the stomach, arms, and
leg muscles.
▪ Usually results from heavy exertion, such
as exercising during extreme heat.
▪ Although heat cramps are the least severe
of all heat -related problems, they are
usually the first signal that the body is
having trouble coping with hot
temperatures.
▪ Heat cramps should be
treated immediately with
rest, fluids and getting out
of the heat.
▪ Seek medical attention if
pain is severe or nausea
occurs
Heat Exhaustion
▪ Heavy sweating
▪ Pale, clammy, moist skin
▪ Extreme weakness or fatigue
▪ Muscle cramps
▪ Headaches
▪ Dizziness or confusion
▪ Nausea or vomiting
▪ Fast and shallow breathing
▪ Fainting
▪ Rest in a cool area
▪ Sipping of water or sports
drink
▪ Apply a cool, wet cloth
over skin
▪ Elevating the feet 12
inches
NOTE: If left untreated, victim may go into
heat stroke. Seek medical attention if the
person does not respond to basic treatment
for heat exhaustion.

Heat Stroke
▪ Flushed, hot, dry skin (no sweating)
▪ Body temperature above 103˚F
▪ Confusion or dizziness
▪ Unconsciousness
▪ Throbbing headache
▪ Rapid or strong pulse
NOTE: Heat stroke is the most severe heat -related illness and occurs when a person’s temperature control system, which produces sweat, stops working. Heat stroke may lead to brain damage and death.
▪ Call 9-1-1 immediately
▪ Move victim to a cool,
shaded area
▪ Fan the body
▪ Spray the body with water

Many chronic medical conditions are exacerbated by high temperatures, including cardiovascular disease and respiratory diseases such as asthma. Extreme heat days are associated with increases in hospital visits and EMS calls for heat -related illnesses along with cardiovascular and respiratory complications, renal failure, electrolyte imbalance, kidney stones, preterm birth, and negative fetal health outcomes. (Ebi, et al., Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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2018) In Los Angeles, consecutive days of extreme heat in the summer can contribute to region-wide excess deaths up to 30% higher than the baseline mortality rate. (de Guzman & Barreca, 2021) Black and Latino populations experience a higher prevalence of underlying conditions which preclude sensitivity to extreme heat, as do young children and seniors living alone. (Los Angeles County, 2021) Warm nighttime temperatures may also reduce the body’s ability to recover from extreme heat during the day, especially for people with underlying chronic ischemic conditions such as coronary heart disease . (Sarofim, et al., 2016) The annual number of warm nights the Los Angeles region is expected to increase over the next century, discussed in additional detail in this section and in the Climate Change Hazard Profile, Section 4.5.6
Heat Stress Indicators
Humidity plays a large role in determining how hot conditions actually feel. As the air becomes saturated with moisture, the body loses its ability to shed excess heat through sweating . Warm and humid nights contributed to the fatal nature of the July 2006 heatwave in California. (Hulley, Dousset, & Kahn, 2020) A heat index describes what temperatures feel like to the human body, account ing for both air temperature and humidity. Figure 4-38 shows the NWS Heat Index and classification scheme, which are used to forecast heat watches, warnings, and advisories for local areas, described in Table 4-37.

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Figure 4-38: Head Index Calculation and Classification The Heat Index was developed for shaded, light wind conditions; it does not capture hazards from exposure to direct sunlight and hot, dry winds, which may be relevant to populations who exercise or perform physical work in direct sun. The Wet Bulb Global T emperature (WBGT) is an indicator of heat stress for active populations that incorporates temperature, humidity, wind, solar radiation, and other weather parameters. (National Weather Service, n.d.) Different heat stress indica tors are useful for different applications; the WBGT may be a more useful for workplace safety or athletic programs; but the Heat Index can help reveal community-wide vulnerabilities for inactive populations who are able to seek shade during an extreme heat event.

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Urban Heat Island Effect
Urbanized areas experience higher temperatures than natural landscapes, creating localized pockets of higher temperatures known as “heat islands”. Roads and conventional building materials reflect less solar energy and absorb and re-emit more heat compared to trees and other vegetation. Heat islands can build throughout the day and worsen immediately after sunset as heat is slowly released from pavement and building material. Furthermore, human activities and appliances such as vehicles, air-conditioning units, and industrial facilities emit additional heat into the environment. Highly urbanized areas can experience daytime temperature up to 15-20˚F warmer than surrounding vegetated areas. (NIHHIS, n.d.)

Figure 4-39: Urban heat island effect across a variety of natural and built landscape types Source: US EPA

Within the City of Los Angeles, the presence of shaded tree cover explains more than 60% of land surface temperature variability (compared to 30% due to topography and distance to the coast). (de Guzman & Barreca, Evaluating the Impacts of Trees on Residential Thermal Conditions in Los Angeles Using Community Science, 2021) Urban heat islands disproportionately affect low-income urban populations and people of color, communities who are more likely to occupy older, higher density housing stock with lower urban forest cover and less access to air conditioning. (Id.) A 2020 study of 108 urban areas across the U.S. found that neighborhoods subjected to Federal redlining policies in the first half of the 20th century, which Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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discouraged investment in neighborhoods with high minority populations , currently experience surface temperatures ~5˚F higher than their non-redlined counterparts. (Hoffman, Shandas, & Pendleton, 2020) As of 2015, the City of Inglewood had 0.8 acres of recreational space available for every 1,000 residents and an average tree canopy cover of 14%. (Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, 2018) (Inglewood & Lennox Greening Plan, 2016) By comparison, the City of Los Angeles had 1.61 acres of recreational space per 1,000 residents, and an average tree canopy cover of 21%. (Id.) Climate Change and Extreme Heat Events
Even under reduced emissions scenarios, climate change is expected to increase the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme heat events in the Los Angeles region. (Los Angeles County, 2021) Coastal areas of Southern California have experienced a threefold increase in 95th percentile heatwave frequency over the past two decades. (Hulley, Dousset, & Kahn, 2020) The emissions scenarios used as input for various climate models are the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP), used in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2014. Scenarios RCP 4.5 (lowered emissions through 2100) and RCP 8.5 (business as usual emissions through 2100) . Both emissions scenarios are explored throughout this hazard profile section and are explained in additional detail in the Climate Change hazard profile, Section INTENTIONAL BLANK PAGE
Climate Change Hazard Profile0, with methodology outlined in Appendix A, Analysis Methodology.

Southern California is home to unique climate dynamics that, in addition to long -term warming, are influenced by complex patterns of urbanization and topography and modulations in global ocean/atmosphere patterns such as El Ni ño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). (Id.) Therefore, it is important to consider the overlapping effects of long-term warming with natural interannual and interdecadal-scale climate variability, which in any given year will have a strong effect on temperature, precipitation, and humidity along the U.S. west coast. (Hall, Berg, & Reich, 2018)

4.5.2.1 Plans, Policies, and Regulatory Environment
Very few formal regulations exist which pertain to extreme heat, except for workplace safety standards for outdoor workers. There are no state or local regulations pertaining to cooling technology standards for general residential buildings. Places of work, senior residential facilities, schools, and childcare centers are subject to state regulations for indoor air temperature standards, as described in detail below. Relevant planning documents at the local and county level are also outlined.

California Code of Regulations – Outdoor Heat Illness Prevention Standard Title 8, Section 3395 of the California Code of Regulations establishes an Outdoor Heat Illness Prevention Standard for employers of outdoor workers. Established in 2006, it requires employers to provide water and shade access; to develop a heat illness prevention plan; and provide heat illness prevention and response trainings to employe es. Specific procedures must be followed for temperatures exceeding 80- and 95 - degrees Fahrenheit. Employers must provide shade, water, and monitor for signs of heat illness. Workers have a right to request breaks to cool off. (Source) (Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8, § 3395) Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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California Public Utilities Code – Section 779
Section 779 of the California Public Utilities Code p rohibits utilities from terminating service due to nonpayment for those with qualifying life-threatening medical conditions.

City of Inglewood General Plan – Environmental Justice Element The City of Inglewood Environmental Justice Element, updated in 2020, contains policies related to urban greening which provide an indirect benefit to mitigating extreme heat in areas of high residential density with low tree cover. This includes the identification of specific green infrastructure projects and vacant or underutilized lot sites, and the encouragement of tree planting and other landscaping in public spaces.

City of Inglewood Energy and Climate Action Plan
The City of Inglewood updated its Climate Action Plan in 2013, which contains adaptive actions as a part of the city -wide strategy to adapt to potential impacts of climate change. Specific actions include the development of a heat island program, park expansion, changes to building and pavement reflectance, increase in the number of cooling centers, and dissemination of public information.

Inglewood-Lennox Community Urban Greening Plan
The Inglewood-Lennox Community Urban Greening Plan is a community -led planning document which aims to identify, prioritize, and coordinate greening projects across the City of Inglewood and neighboring unincorporated community of Lennox in a manner that is consistent with community values. Priority actions include increasing tree canopy cover, construction of community gardens, and increasing access to green space.

4.5.2.2 Past Events
The baseline period against which Cal-Adapt (California Department of Energy’s climate data download tool) evaluates extreme heat days and warm nights is 1950 -1990. During this period the City of Inglewood experienced an average of 2 extreme heat days and 4 warm nights annually, using the threshold values of

90.5 ˚F and 68 ˚F, respectively. (See Table 4-34) (Cal-Adapt, 2021) The spatially gridded dataset which drives historical observation records for Cal-Adapt is available through 2006; however, daily observations of minimum and maximum temperature were available for the NWS Station at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) from 1950-present. Figure 4-40 and Figure 4-41 show temperature summaries for extreme heat days, warm nights, and minimum/maximum temperature for LAX from 1950 – 2021, using threshold values for extreme heat days and warm nights specific to the distribution of observed values for LAX, both of which were within 0.5 ˚F of those for the City of Inglewood. Along with strong interannual and decadal variability characteristic of the Southern California region , a stronger positive trend was detected for annual occurrence of warm nights and average nighttime temperatures.

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Figure 4-40: Annual Extreme Heat Days and Average Maximum Temperature LAX Source: NCEI GHCN-Daily
Note: Extreme Heat Days are defined as daily max temperature which exceeds the 98th percentile of daily max temperature from April to October 1961-1990
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Figure 4-41: Annual Warm Nights and Average Minimum Temperature LAX Source: NCEI GHCN-Daily
Notes: Extreme Warm nights are defined as da ily m in temperature in April to October which exceeds the 98 th percentile of daily m in temperature from 1961-1990
Synoptic overviews for two particularly severe heatwaves affecting the Southern California region are described below.

July 2006 California Heatwave
An extreme heat event in July 2006 over California and Nevada was directly attributed to 600 deaths statewide, 131 of which were from hyperthermia alone. (Hulley, Dousset, & Kahn, 2020) The event laste d approximately 10 days and set records across the state for daily observed minimum/maximum temperature, consecutive heat days, and statewide total energy consumption. (Edwards, et al., 2006) Several hundred thousand utility customers across the Los Angeles area lost power due to increased electricity demand which overwhelmed transformers and other routing equipment. (Cone & Guccione, 2006) What made this event unique and particularly lethal was a combination of high nighttime temperatures and elevated humidity, attributed to a shift in regional wind patterns that transported warm, moist air from Baja over Southern California. (Hulley, Dousset, & Kahn, 2020) Historical observations for LAX from 2006 show 12 warm night events during the month of July alone, with a peak nighttime temperature of 74˚F on July 23rd. (National Centers for Environmental Information, 2022)

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September 2020 California Heatwave
A heatwave which struck California in September 2020 saw a record temperature reading for Los Angeles County of 121˚F at Woodland Hills. In comparison to the 2006 event, dry conditions with high daytime temperatures helped fuel new and existing wildfires across the state. (Patel, 2020) This came on the tail end of another round of heatwaves and extreme heat days during the previous month of August – temperature observations at LAX show a stretch of 7 consecut ive warm nights during the month of August, with 4 additional extreme heat days and 3 warm nights in the month of September. The September heatwave also is consistent with a trend towards extreme heat events occurring outside the “typical” season for California, which for the mid-20th century was May to late August. At present, extreme heat events occur beginning in March through September or October. (Id.)

4.5.2.3 Location
Extreme heat events affect the entirety of the planning area. Inglewood has very little variation in the way of topography, but a small temperature gradient can be observed across the city moving east -west due to proximity to the coastline. (See Figure 4-42)
Observed ground temperatures during extreme heat events may vary significantly across the planning area due to differences in housing density, building type, year of construction, access to air conditioning and presence of tree canopy. Tree canopy cover ranges from 6 to 20 percent acro ss census tracts within Inglewood, with a city -wide average cover of 14%, roughly 4% lower than the county -wide average. (TreePeople, 2022)
There are five Emergency Cooling Centers located in city limits, which are primarily distributed north of E.

Manchester Blvd. Cooling centers are locations where residents may seek shelter during extreme event, especially residents who lack access to air conditioning. Cooling centers include indoor air -conditioned government owned facilities such as libraries, community, and senior centers; as well as city and county- owned parks. The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health lists the following locations in Inglewood as cooling centers (hours of operation and staffing by emergency personnel may vary, and will be advertised publicly during an extreme heat event):
▪ Inglewood Community Center, 1201 N. La Tijera Blvd.
▪ Rogers Park, 400 W. Beach Ave
▪ Inglewood Senior Center, 111 N. Locust St.
▪ Inglewood Library, 101 W. Manchester Blvd.
▪ Darby Park, 3400 W. Arbor Vitae St.

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Figure 4-42: 30-YR Maximum Temperature for July

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4.5.2.4 Frequency and Probability of Future Events
Heat metrics are already on the rise in the Los Angeles region and are expected to increase, even under reduced emissions scenarios . (Los Angeles County, 2021) Figure 4-43 and Figure 4-44 depict modeled extreme heat days and warm nights for Inglewood under reduced (RCP 4.5) and continued (RCP 8.5) emissions scenarios through 2100. Figure 4-45 depicts mo deled days over various heat index threshold values through 2100. Annual occurrence of warm nights is projected to increase to a larger extent than extreme heat days, with upwards of 100 warm nights 68 ˚F under RCP 8.5 compared to an average of 4 nights across the baseline period from 1961-1990. Additional climate variables, such as average annual minimum and maximum temperature, are discussed in the hazard profile for climate change, Section 4.5.6

Figure 4-43: Projected increases in extreme heat days for Inglewood, CA through 2100 (RCP 4.5 & 8.5) Source: Cal-Adapt, NOAA COOP (historical), CanESM2 (modeled) Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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Figure 4-44: Projected increases in warm nights for Inglewood, CA through 200 (RCP 4.5 & 8.5) Source: Cal-Adapt, NOAA COOP (historical), CanESM2 (modeled)

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Figure 4-45: Projected changes in annual occurrence of heat index values through 2100 (RCP 4.5 & 8.5)

4.5.2.5 Severity and Extent
Extreme heat is an annual occurrence in the City of Inglewood, and climate change is causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heat events. By mid-century nearly 98% of LA County residents will face at least moderate exposure to extreme heat. (Los Angeles County, 2021) Some residents will be more able to adapt to a warming climate through changing behavior (i.e., adopting air conditioning); while others will face more pervasive vulnerability to heat, such as those with underlying medical conditions and seniors living alone. Increases to mortality and morbid ity during extreme heat events can strain delivery of emergency services and impact overall health care system performance.

Past heatwaves have impacted power infrastructure in Southern California; an increase in peak residential and commercial energy usage is expected in the region. Existing system capacity could meet higher peak demand through the implementation of energy efficiency standards. (Burillo, et al., 2018)

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4.5.2.6 Warning Time
The National Weather Service (NWS) issues heat -related al erts for local areas . The Los Angeles NWS Forecast Office heat alerts (see definitions in Table 4-37) are informed by an experimental forecast tool developed by the NWS called HeatRisk, which assigns a numerical value ranging from 0 to 4 based on average historical conditions for a given local area and time of year as well as vulnerability of specific groups. The HeatRisk tool accounts for differences in local adaptations to climate; for example, residents of Florida are better prepared for 90 ˚F weather than residents of Alaska.

Table 4-36: NWS HeatRisk Value Definitions
HeatRisk Value Risk of Heat Effects Symbology
0 Very Low Green
1 Low Yellow
2 Medium Orange
3 High Red
4 Very High Magenta

Table 4-37: NWS Heat Forecast Terms and Definition
Alert Type Criteria Duration
Excessive Heat Warning HeatRisk (Red to Magenta) over large area 0-36 hours Excessive Heat Watch HeatRisk (Red to Magenta) over large area possible 12-72 hours Heat Advisory HeatRisk (Orange to Red) over large area 0-36 hours

4.5.2.7 Secondary Hazards
Wildfire and Air Quality
Depending on severity, extreme heat can dry vegetation and increase risk of wildfire and urban fire. While Inglewood is at low risk for wildfire due to a low city -wide ratio of open space to urban cover, air quality impacts from large fires in the region w ould have a local impact, especially during “blocking-high”-type heatwaves with low winds and stagnant air. Compounding health impacts could worsen negative heat and air quality-related health outcomes for sensitive groups.

Utility Outages
High temperatures may increase peak electricity demand beyond system capacity as residents switch on AC unit s. Loss of power during a high heat poses a risk to human health by limiting access to air conditioning and disrupting continuous power supply for medical equipment. In California, high heat days Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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may coincide with conditions that trigger Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) events by utility providers to curb wildfire ignition risk from faulty powerline equipment, which could disrupt residential power supply for air conditioning and at-home medical equipment.

4.5.2.8 Climate Change
As described throughout this hazard profile, climate change is increasing intensity and duration of extreme heat events in Inglewood. The annual number of extreme heat days and warm nights is expected to increase by mid -century, with warm nights and averag e minimum temperature increasing more rapidly than extreme heat days and average maximum temperature. Additional information regarding climate change impacts to extreme heat is available in Section 4.5.2.4 and Section 4.5.6 of this Plan.

4.5.2.9 Extreme Heat Vulnerability Analysis
Population
The entire population of Inglewood is exposed geographically to extreme heat hazards. However, health impacts of extreme heat are distributed inequitably, with certain groups facing compounding vulnerability to extreme heat. Areas with higher populations of seniors and low -income households, and low cover of trees and green surfaces, face highest population exposure to extreme heat hazards.

Communities which have faced historical discrimination on the basis of race, such as federal redlining policies, experience higher pollution burden and overall exposure to natural hazards. Lower air quality in segregated low-income neighborhoods can compound health risks during extreme heat events. Decades of under-investment have also resulted in racial disparities in green infrastructure such as tree cover and presence of natural surfaces, both important factors in mitigating the urban heat island effect. (de Guzman & Barreca, 2021) Finally, extreme heat and other natural disasters compound and reinforce other aspects racial health inequities for people of color, including a higher incidence of chronic health conditions which increase heat sensitivity. (Los Angeles County, 2021)
Property
In general, older structures are more vulnerable to the impac ts of extreme heat. High temperatures can cause roofs to expand and warp and can weaken the structural integrity of buildings . Aging pipes are vulnerable to leaks or breakage during periods of increased water demand, as residents seek relief from heat by turning on sprinklers, filling pools, or using hoses.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
Many types of infrastructure are impacted by prolonged exposure to extreme heat including rails, roads, and aviation. High temperatures can lead to deterioration of pavement and expansion or buckling of sidewalks and roads. (Federal Highway Administration, 2013) Railroad tracks are at risk of buckling at temperatures exceeding 100˚F. (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2018)
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Lifelines
Energy demand and grid vulnerability is expected to increase by mid -century for Southern California. (California Energy Comission, 2018) Increased energy usage and higher demand peaks can stress electricity grid system, while extreme temperatures can decrease the safe operating capacity of hardware. (US Department of Energy, 2019, p. 12)
Future Trends in Development
California residential and building codes require residential units to have heating, but this requirement does not exist for air conditioning. The City has adopted the 2018 California Building Code, which includes provisions for energy efficiency that may help increase power grid resilience to peak demand during heat events. Certain elements of the City’s General Plan include goals for increasing tree cover and developing community gardens in residential areas, which could help to reduce ground temperatures. The General Plan identifies appropriate land use policies to guide implementation of these goals, as well as the mitigation actions identified in this HMP. With these tools, Inglewood is well-equipped to deal with future growth and the associated impacts of extreme heat.

Extreme Weather Heat Problem Statements
As part of the mitigation action identification process, the Planning Committee identified issues and weaknesses, also called problem statements, for the City of Inglewood’s facilities. Identification was based on the risk assessment and vulnerability analysis utilizing the RAMP mapping tool and extreme weather data. Extreme heat problem statements for the city are listed in Table 4-38.

Identifying these common issues and weaknesses helps the Planning Committee understand the breadth of resources needed for mitigation. The goal is to have at least one mitigation action for every problem statement. See Table 5-6 for a full list of mitigation actions and the corresponding problem statements that they address. Each problem statement is coded with a problem number for cross-referencing between Table 4-38 and Table 5-6.

Table 4-38 Extreme Heat Problem Statements
Problem No.

Hazard
Type
Area of
Concern
Mitigation
Alternatives
Primary
Agency Problem Description Related MA
ps-EH-IG-9 Extreme
Heat
Impact PE&A - Public
Education &
Awareness,
SP -
Structural
Projects
City of
Inglewood
As more households across the
City elect to use indoor air
conditioning, energy demand
during extreme heat events could
exceed peak capacity and disrupt
power supply to homes, businesses,
and essential services.
ma-EH-IG-60
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Problem No.

Hazard
Type
Area of
Concern
Mitigation
Alternatives
Primary
Agency Problem Description Related MA
ps-EH-IG-10 Extreme
Heat
Impact NRP - Natural
Resource
Protection, SP
- Structural
Projects
City of
Inglewood
Low-income neighborhoods
contain disproportionately low tree
shade and natural land surface
cover, contributing to higher
temperatures during extreme heat
events.
ma-EH-IG-56,
ma-EH-IG-59
ps-EH-IG-11 Extreme
Heat
Victim PRV -
Prevention,
PE&A - Public
Education &
Awareness
City of
Inglewood
Socially isolated seniors who lack
access to air conditioning face
higher rates of heat-related death
and illness during extreme heat
events.
ma-CC-IG-52,
ma-EH-IG-58,
ma-EH-IG-57,
ma-EH-IG-59,
ma-AH-IG-14
ps-EH-IG-15 Extreme
Heat
Victim PRV -
Prevention,
PE&A - Public
Education &
Awareness
City of
Inglewood
Unhoused individuals face high
rates of mortality and morbidity
associated with extreme heat
events.
ma-EH-IG-58,
ma-CC-IG-52

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4.5.3 Drought Hazard Profile
California's water resources have been stressed by periodic drought cycles and overdraft, leading to unprecedented state and local restrictions in water usage.

Droughts in the state primarily arise from a lack of winter precipitation at high elevations. Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of drought statewide; by the end of the century Southern California is expected to experience more consecutive dry years. (Swain, et al., 2014) It is certain that the entire State of California and the City of Inglewood will continue to be impacted by drought. (California Drought Contingency Plan, 2010) Drought has historically impacted almost every county in California . In 2021 , drought impacts were estimated at $1.7 billion, with 14,634 full- and part-time jobs lost. (Medellín-Azuara, et al., 2022) The 1929-1934 drought established the criteria commonly used in designing storage capacity and yield for large northern California reservoirs. The driest single year in California’s measured hydrologic history was 1977. (California Department of Water Resources, 2015)
Drought impacts in California are felt first by those most dependent on annual rainfall, including agencies fighting wildfires, ranchers engaged in dryland grazing, rural residents relying on wells in low -yield rock formations, or small water systems lacking a reliable water source. (Id.) Most of California’s precipitation comes from storms moving across the Pacific Ocean. The path followed by the storms is determined by the position of an atmospheric high -pressure belt that normally shifts southward during the winter, allowing low-pressure systems to move into the state. On average, 75 percent of California’s annual precipitat ion occurs between November and March, with 50 percent occurring between December and February. If a persistent Pacific high-pressure zone takes hold over California mid- winter, the water year tends to be dry. (Western Regional Climate Center, 2020) A typical water year produces about 100 inches of rainfall over the North Coast and 50 inches of precipitation (a combination of rain and snow) over the Northern Sierra compared to 18 inches in the Sacramento area and 15 inches in the Los Angeles area. In extremely dry years, these annual totals can fall to as little as one half or one third of these amounts. (Id.)

4.5.3.1 City of Inglewood Water Supplies
The City of Inglewood acts as a municipal water supplier, providing water to 86% of residences and businesses in the City across 78% of its total land area . The remaining water is provided by Golden State Water Company (GSWC) and Cal-America Water (CAWC).

The City’s water supply is obtained from three sources: treated imported surface water purchased from West Basin Municipal Water District (WBMWD) via pipe connections to the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD); local groundwater from the West Coast Ground water Basin (WCGB) via City - owned and operated wells ; and recycled water purchased from the WBMWD. Table 4-39 summarizes amounts and proportions of each source of City’s water supply from 2016-2020 in units of acre-feet per year (AFY). (City of Inglewood, 2020)
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Table 4-39: City of Inglewood Historical Water Supply, 2016 – 2020 Historical Water Supply (AFY)
Water Source Description 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Imported
Water
West Basin Municipal Water
District (WBMWD) via pipe
connections to the Metropolitan
Water District of Southern
California (MWD). Water is
delivered from the Colorado
River and State Water Project via
Colorado River and California
Aqueducts.
6,457 / (67%) 6,690 / (67%) 7,626 / (76%) 6,619 / (67%) 5,972 / (61%) Groundwater
Seven city-owned and operated
wells which draw from the West
Coast Groundwater Basin
(WCGB), three of which are
inoperable.
2,312 / (24%) 2,385 / (24%) 1,608 / (16%) 2,535 / (26%) 3,062 / (31%) Recycled
Water
Recycled water from WBMWD,
produced at the Edward C. Little
Water Recycling Facility
(ECLWRF) in El Segundo,
California
806 / (8%) 872 / (9%) 819 / (8%) 686 / (7%) 800 / (8%)
Total 9,575 9,947 10,053 9,840 9,834
Prior to 1961 up to 94,000 AFY was extracted from the underground aquifer which the city utilizes for groundwater, leading to a serious overdraft in the WCGB. This over -pumping, coupled with similar heavy groundwater extraction from the adjoining basin, le d to sea water intrusion into the WCGB. After 1961 pumping was limited to 64,468 AFY by order of the Los Angeles Superior Court and each member agency was assigned adjudicated pumping limits. (State of California Natural Resources Agency, 2010) Overdrafts still occur on an annual basis, as the total sum of member agencies’ water rights shares exceed natural replenishment rates of the basin. This is mitigated through a recharge management program, using a combination of imported (MWD) and recycled water.

Approximately two-thirds of the City of Inglewood’s water supply is imported. Because this HMP seeks to identify and mitigate natural hazards which are geographically specific to Inglewood, this drought hazard profile will only focus on drought impacts to local supply in the form of groundwater and recycled water.

4.5.3.2 Plans, Policies, and Regulatory Environment
California Sustainable Groundwater Management Act
On September 16, 2014, Governor Brown signed into law a package of bills (SB 1168, AB1739 and SB1319) collectively called the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA). SGMA requires governments and water agencies of high and medium priority basins to halt overdraft and bring groundwater basins into balanced levels of pumping and recharge. Under SGMA, these basins should reach sustainability within 20 Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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years of implementing their sustainability plans. For critically over-drafted basins, that date will be 2040.

For the remaining high and medium priority basins, 2042 is the deadline.

California Drought Contingency Plan
The 2010 California Drought Contingency Plan was created to minimize drought impacts. The Plan identifies strategies for improving agency coordination, enhancing monitoring and early warning capabilities, conducting w ater shortage impact assessments, and ensuring preparedness, response, and recovery programs. An integrated regional approach to addressing drought, drought action levels, and appropriate agency responses as drought conditions change.

Statewide Emergency Water Conservation Regulations
In 2016, the State Water Resources Control Board (Water Board) adjusted emergency water conservation regulations in recognition of the differing water supply conditions and ongoing drought across the state to comply with an Executive Order from the California Governor declaring a drought emergency. Executive Order B-37-16 Making Water Conservation a California Way of Life updates temporary emergency water restrictions and transitions to permanent, long-term improvements in water use by:
▪ providing for wiser water use
▪ eliminating water waste
▪ strengthening local drought resilience
▪ improving agricultural water use efficiency and drought planning In April of 2017, a new Executive Order lifted the drought emergency but retained many of the conservation requirements. Most regulations are still in effect at the local level except for water supply “stress test” requirements and conservation standards for urban water suppliers. The temporary restrictions established a baseline of the types of benefits that are possible from water conservation requirements.

California Water Plan
The California Water Plan presents strategic plan elements, including a vision, mission, goals, guiding principles, and recommendations for current water conditions, challenges, and activities. The plan includes future uncertainties and climate change impacts, scenarios for 2050, and a roadmap for improving data and analytical tools needed for integrated water management and sustainability. The California Water Plan was updated most recently in 2018 and is updated on a five-year basis. The intended outcomes of the 2023 update are to:
▪ Promote Climate Change Adaptation
▪ Support California’s Regions
▪ Strengthen Water Quality

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City of Inglewood Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP)
Jurisdictions either supplying over 3,000 acre -feet of water annually or serving more than 3,000 urban connections are required to submit an UWMP and update these plans every f ive years. The City of Inglewood’s latest update to its UWMP occurred in 2020, effective through 2025.

UWMPs contain important information on long -term water supply planning and managing demands in times of drought ; UWMPs are important for drought hazard p lanning. UWMPs also explore stormwater capacity and assist in planning and funding future stormwater needs, and as such are described in Section 4.5.1. (CDWR, 2021)
City-wide Drought and Water Shortage Contingency Plans
Drought can be particularly impactful to small, rural water systems or residents on individual wells. Urban water management and drought contingency planning are not requi red for these smaller systems. In the 2016 drought, this gap left these systems and residents unaware of how to react and opportunities for assistance during drought. A 2018 law, AB 1668, directed the California Department of Water Resources to identify small suppliers and rural communities at risk of drought and water shortage vulnerability and to develop recommendations for improving drought contingency planning for those areas. (DWR, 2021) The City of Inglewood’s most recent Water Shortage Contingency Plan is outlined as a part of City ordinance No. 15-02, adopted in October 2014. It includes permanent water conservation requirements and establishes specific City actions and restrictions to be applied under different levels of water shortage.

City of Inglewood General Plan
The City of Inglewood General Plan includes policies that relate to water conservation throughout its Conservation, Environmental Justice, and Land Use Elements . These provisions ensure adequate water supplies by promoting water conservation through water-efficient landscaping, reuse of treated wastewater, and stormwater reclamation.

4.5.3.3 Past Events
California experienced massive changes over the course of the twentieth century as evidenced by dramatic population increases and land use conversion. (Cal. Dep't of Water Resources, 2015) The driest single year in California’s measured hydrologic history is 1977, part of a stretch of consecutive dry years which began in November 1975. It first drained the State’s reservoirs, leading to widespread water shortages in 1977.

Additionally, 1976 is on record as the fourth driest year for California. During this period , 47 of the 58 California counties declared drought emergencies.

The State of California, including Los Angeles County, is experiencing a statewide drought emergency as of 2022. August 2021 was the driest and hottest August since the state began keeping records. WBMWD activated its district’s Water Shortage Contingency Plan (WSCP) in November of 2021, entering Shortage Level 3. The City of Inglewood declared a Level 1 water supply shortage on March 5, 2022, which addresses water shortages of up to 10%.

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The most extreme drought conditions experienced by the Los Angeles region were from 1987 to 1991. This was part of a drought period that lasted for six years for much of California, from 1987 to 1992, and one of three significant statewide droughts during the 20th century. By the end of 1991, 23 counties had declared local drought emergencies. The 1987-1991 drought event resulted in significant residential water usage restrictions across Los Angeles County; since then, local water districts have taken steps to diversify their supply portfolios and many cities have implemented water conservation measures and design standards that will buffer impacts of drought on residents and industry . Other notable historic statewide droughts include the multi-year events of 1929 to 1934, 1976 to 1977, 1982 to 1987, 2007 to 2009, and, most recently, 2012 to 2016. (DWR, 2020) Many of California’s iconic drought periods have come to an abrupt end following an exceptionally wet year, such as the extreme 2014-2016 drought period.

The National Drought Monitor provides drought data and maps both nationally and on a localized watershed scale. The National Drought Monitor categorizes the level of drought from D0 through D4, with D4 being the highest “exceptional drought.” Table 4-40 depicts drought classifications and impacts from the level of drought occurrence in California. Figure 4-46 shows a time series of the level of drought in the Los Angeles – Long Beach -Anaheim urban area from 2000 to 2022 according to the National Drought Monitor.

Table 4-40: Drought Classifications and Impacts for California Category Description Possible Impacts
D0 Abnormally
Dry
▪ Soil is dry; irrigation deliver begins early
▪ Dryland crop germination is stunted
▪ Active fire season begins
▪ Winter resort visitation is low; snowpack is minimal.

D1 Moderate
Drought
▪ Dryland pasture growth is stunted; producers give supplemental feed to cattle
▪ Landscaping and gardens need irrigation earlier; wildlife patters begin to change
▪ Stock ponds and creeks are lower than usual
D2 Severe
Drought
▪ Producers increase water efficiency methods and drought - resistant crops
▪ Grazing land inadequate
▪ Fire season is longer, with high burn intensity, dry fuels, and large fire spatial extent; more fire crews on staff
▪ Lake- and river-based tourism declines; boat ramps close ▪ Trees are stressed; plants increase reproductive mechanisms; wildlife diseases increase
▪ Water temperatures increase; programs to divert water to protect fish begin
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Category Description Possible Impacts
▪ River flows decrease , reservoir lev els are low, and banks are exposed
D3 Extreme
Drought
▪ Livestock need expensive supplemental feed, cattle and horses are sold; little pasture remains
▪ Fruit trees bud early; producers begin irrigating in winter ▪ Federal water not adequate to meet irrigation contracts, extracting supplemental groundwater is expensive
▪ Fire season lasts year-round; fires occur in typically wet parts of the state; burn bans are implemented
▪ Ski and rafting business is low, mountain communities suffer ▪ Low water levels im pede fish migration and cause lower survival rates
▪ Wildlife encroach on developed areas; little native food and water is available for bears, which hibernate less
▪ Water sanitation is a concern, reservoir levels drop significantly, surface water is nearly dry, flows are very low; water theft occurs ▪ Well and aquifer levels decrease; homeowners drill new wells D4 Exceptional
Drought
▪ Fields are left fallow; orchards are removed; vegetable yields are low; honey harvest is small; agricultural unemployment is high, food aid is needed
▪ Fire season is very costly; number of fires and areas burned are extensive
▪ Many recreational activities are affected
▪ Fish rescue and relocation begins; pine beetle infestation occurs; forest mortality is high; wetla nds dry up; wildlife death is widespread; algae blooms appear
▪ Poor air quality affects health; greenhouse gas emissions increase as hydropower production decreases; West Nile outbreaks rise ▪ Water shortages are widespread; surface water is depleted; federal irrigation water deliveries are curtailed; water prices are extremely high; wells are dry, more and deeper wells are drilled; water quality is poor
Adapted from U.S. Drought Monitor Drought Classifications and Impacts. The U.S. Drought Monitor is jointly produced by the National Drought Mitigation Center at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, the United States Department of Agriculture, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. droughtmonitor.unl.edu/Data/StateImpacts.aspx Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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Figure 4-46: Los Angeles – Long Beach – Anaheim Drought Severity Timeline 2000-2022

4.5.3.4 Location
Drought has the potential to impact the entire population of the City of Inglewood directly or indirectly through water restrictions, higher water, and food prices, reduced air or water quality, or restricted access to recreational areas.

4.5.3.5 Frequency and Probability of Future Occurrences California’s climate is highly variable, with precipitation in any given year subject to influence by various factors such as local geography and global “teleconnections” including the El Niño Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Long-term climate models project more volatile annual precipitation and an increased number of dry years. (State of California, 2019) The HMP Planning Committee’s perceived probability of drought occurring in the City of Inglewood is likely (10-100% annual probability, or multiple lifetime occurrences). See Section 3 of this plan for a full description of the hazard prioritization exercise. Figure 4-46 provides a time series from the National Drought Monitor that shows the Los Angeles area has been in some form of drought for much of the period from 2000 to 2022.

4.5.3.6 Severity and Extent
The severity and extent of a drought depends on the degree of moisture deficiency, the duration, and the size and location of the affected area. Droughts of longer duration and affecting a greater geographic extent have more severe impacts due to the interconnected nature of regional water supply. The most significant direct impacts of drought are to agriculture, with far -reaching economic impacts including reduced incomes in related sectors.

Unlike most disasters, droughts normally occur slowly and last a long time. Droughts rank second in types of hazards associated with billion -dollar weather disasters . (National Centers for Environmental Information, n.d.) Droughts are estimated to cost between $6 to $8 billion annually in the United States, with Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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the most severe economic impacts to the agriculture, transportation, recreation and tourism, forestry, and energy sectors. The costs of s ocial and environmental impacts are also significant , but more difficult to formally evaluate.

Drought depletes surface water sooner than groundwater, but groundwater supplies generally take longer to recover. Reduced precipitation during a drought affects groundwater recharge rates. This can lead to a reduction in groundwater levels and problems such as reduced pumping capa city, drying out of wells, or saltwater intrusion of coastal aquifers. Shallow wells are more vulnerable than deeper wells.

Drought affects the composition of natural habitats and survival of plants and trees, even those which occur in urban landscapes. As is discussed in the Extreme Heat Profile (4.5.2) of this HMP, urban tree cover can have a significant impact on quality of life and ground temperatures in residential areas during heat events.

4.5.3.7 Warning Time
Droughts are climatic patterns that occur over long periods of time , rather than a one -time punctuated event. The U.S. Drought Monitor (See also Table 4-40 and Figure 4-46), which is released on a weekly basis, is a nation-wide map of drought conditions and is used to trigger disaster declarations at the state, local, and basin level along with locally specific indicators of drought. The Drought Monitor is maintained by the National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), th e National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS). The U.S. Drought Monitor is not a formal statistical model; rather, it is synthesized by a team of experts and considers historical climate data as well as various indices of vegetation health, soil moisture, fire vulnerability, snowpack, and surface water supply. (National Drought Mitigation Center, n.d.) The City of Inglewood’s 2020 Water Shortage Conservation Plan establishes 6 standardized water shortage levels which correspond to increasing percentages in supply reduction across its water service area. (City of Inglewood, 2020) Recognizing a drought before it intensifies can help to reduce social and economic impacts by implementing water conservation measures.

4.5.3.8 Secondary Hazards
The secondary hazard most associated with drought is wildfire. Prolonged lack of precipitation dries out vegetation, increasing both ignition risk and available fuels. The Rush Fire and the Rough Fires are examples of how drought conditions, combined with increased fuel loads, can cause more frequent and intense wildfires. (Syphard, 2019) As a city with primarily urban land cover, the City of Inglewood does not face direct wildfire risk, but air quality impacts are considerable throughout the Los Angeles Basin.

Extreme heat events are more likely to occur in drought years. In Southern California, heatwaves increased by 42% in frequency and 26% in duration during severe drought conditions from 1950-2020. (Hulley, Dousset, & Kahn, 2020) Planting trees is widely regarded as a necessary mitigation strategy for extreme h eat, but during periods of water restrictions they face elevated water stress and disease risk. (Hall, Berg, & Reich, 2018)
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4.5.3.9 Climate Change Impacts
The long-term effects of climate change on precipitation in Southern California is relatively uncertain, and conditions in any given year are subject to influence by the presence of internal patterns of climate variability. Southern California lies between two larger zones of opposite precipitation change over the next century, with general wetting over northern mid-latitudes and general drying in the southern sub-tropics.

Dry and wet extremes including drought are expected to increase, with the state’s latest climate assessment showing a potential doubling in the frequency of extremely dry years by the late 21st century. (Hall, Berg, & Reich, 2018)

Figure 4-47: Projected Precipitation and Evaporation in Inglewood, 2100

4.5.3.10 Drought Vulnerability Analysis
Drought impacts span many sectors of the economy and reach well beyond the area experiencing physical drought. As such all people, property, and environments in the City planning area could be exposed to the impacts of severe to exceptional drought, albeit indirectly.

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Population
Drought is attributed to limited health impacts within the planning area. Water restrictions could have some impact on trees and landscaping which serve as a form of extreme heat mitigation. Economic impacts of a severe drought are far-reaching and could extend beyond the agricultural sector.

Property
There are no residential private wells in city limits. Impacts to private property are primarily limited to damage to landscaping as the result of water restrictions. Dry landscaping can also increase fire risk in the wildland-urban interface (WUI).

Critical Facilities
Drought impacts to critical facilities in the City of Inglewood are primarily related to the long-term security of groundwater supply. Groundwater overdraft can lead to saltwater intrusion and water quality problems.

In some cases, wells must be shut down and new sources of water supply identified.

4.5.3.11 Future Trends in Development
In recent years the City’s well production capacity has been depleted due to the age of three out of seven of its existing wells. An increased dependence on surface water supply from WBMWD is expected for at least several years after the publication of this HMP, when completion of a new well (Well # 8) is expected. Water conservation standards are codified as a part of the City’s Water Shortage Contingency Plan ordinance and will change alongside drought conditions.

Future housing development patterns will be influenced by the City’s allocated responsibility under the Regional Housing Needs Assessment (RHNA) for the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG). In the 2013 -2021 cycle the City of Inglewood identified adequate sites to accommodate its assignment of 1,013 units. New buildings, whether commercial or residential, will be subject to development standards and policies stablished in the City of Inglewood General Plan, which include requirements for efficiency and water supply.

4.5.3.12 Drought Hazard Problem Statements
As part of the mitigation action identification process, the Plann ing Committee identified issues and weaknesses, also called problem statements, for the City of Inglewood’s facilities. Identification was based on the risk assessment and vulnerability analysis utilizing the RAMP mapping tool and drought data .

Drought hazard problem statements for the city are listed in Table 4-41.

Identifying these common issues and weaknesses assists the Planning Committee to understand the realm of resources needed for mitigation. The goal is to have at least one mitigation action for every problem statement. See Table 5-6 for a full list of mitigation actions and corresponding problem statements that they Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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address. Each problem statement is coded with a problem number for cross-referencing between Table 4-41 and Table 5-6.

Table 4-41: Drought Problem Statements
Problem No. Hazard Type
Area of
Concern
Mitigation
Alternatives
Primary
Agency Problem Description Related MA
ps-DR-IG-1 Drought Victim PRV -
Prevention,
PE&A - Public
Education &
Awareness
City of
Inglewood
Worsened air quality across the LA
Basin may exacerbate health
disparities due to co-occurrence of
drought, wildfire, and extreme heat
ma-EQ-IG-22,
ma-CC-IG-45,
ma-CC-IG-51,
ma-CC-IG-45,
ma-DR-IG-53
ps-DR-IG-2 Drought Impact PRV -
Prevention,
NRP - Natural
Resource
Protection
City of
Inglewood
Low annual rainfall and
restrictions on outdoor watering
may damage urban landscaping
including shade trees.
ma-DR-IG-46,
ma-DR-IG-46
ps-DR-IG-4 Drought Threat PRV -
Prevention,
NRP - Natural
Resource
Protection
City of
Inglewood
Droughts trigger more intense
groundwater pumping that can put
stress on shallow aquifers and pull
contamination down into deeper
aquifers.
ma-DR-IG-46

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4.5.4 Heavy Rain
Extreme weather refers to any dangerous meteorological phenomena with the potential to cause damage, serious social disruption, or loss of human life. The HMP Planning Committee identified heavy rain as an extreme weather hazard with the potential to impact life and property in the City of Inglewood.

Periods of heavier than normal precipitation can create localized flooding, life threats, and property damage.

In urban areas such as Inglewood, high cover of impervious surfaces can generate large volumes of runoff during heavy rain events which exceed the capacity of local stormwater infrastructure. By comparison, the presence of vegetation and other natural land surface cover absorbs water and reduces the volume of direct runoff into streams and river basins. The phenomenon of urban flooding has little relation to an area’s proximity to rivers or coastline, occurring primarily in places outside of mapped floodplains. These same communities may be especially underequipped to deal with flooding, as most flood-related planning resources are concentrated in areas with mapped floodplains. Flood-related damages could increase over the next century, with climate models predicting a higher frequency of heavy rainfall events in Southern California. (Hall, Berg, & Reich, 2018) Elsewhere across the state and within Los Angeles County, increasing volatility between wet and dry years can trigger debris flow events, particularly in water-repellent burn scar areas.

Severe winte r storms have occurred in California’s historical record which resulted in statewide catastrophic flooding. In the winter between 1861 and 1862, nearly 50 inches of rain fell statewide over a two- month period. These storms collectively killed thousands of residents and nearly 800,000 cattle, leaving some areas of the Central Valley under 10 feet of water. (U.S. Geological Survey, 2011) Sediment records indicate at least six catastrophic “megastorm” floods larger than the 1861-1862 Great Flood have occurred over the last 2,000 years. (Id.)
Atmospheric River Events
Most heavy rainfall events in California are caused by atmospheric rivers, a meteorological phenomenon which describes a long and narrow region of water vapor transport from the tropics to the U.S. West Coast.

Atmospheric rivers are responsible for most severe flooding and mudslide events, but they also represent an important part of California’s “normal” annual water supply and have marked the end of multi -year droughts. Between 1979-2013, Southern California experienced approximately 2-3 atmospheric river events per year, with significant variability between years. (Hall, Berg, & Reich, 2018) Some of this year -to-year variability can be attributed to naturally occurring climate patterns, such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the longer term, warmer ocean and atmosphere temperatures are expected to increase evaporation in the tropics over the next century. Current climate mo dels project an increase in the frequency and seasonal duration of atmospheric river events across Southern California, as well as an increase in precipitation amounts during storm events. (Id.) Average annual rainfall across the baseline period (1991-2010) ranges from 11 to 13 inches across the City of Inglewood. (Figure 4-49) The majority of precipitation occurs during November to March. (National Centers Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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for Environmental Information, 2021) However, annual averages obscure significant year -to-year and within-year variability in rainfall totals. The majority of annual rainfall in Inglewood and the surrounding region is generated from just a few storms, so any changes in frequency or intensity of these events could have impacts on regional groundwater supplies in addition to flood hazards. (Harris & Carvalho, 2017)

4.5.4.1 Plans, Policies, and Regulatory Environment
The City has adopted Floodplain Management Regulations (Article 15 of the Municipal Code) and Stormwater Management and Discharge Control (Article 16 of the Municipal Code) to prevent flood damage and release of pollutants from heavy rains. In addition to Articles 15 and 16 of the Municipal Code, the city participates in the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) established by FEMA. The municipal articles and the city’s participation in the NFIP are further described below.

Article 15 Floodplain Management Regulations
The purpose of Article 15 is to promote the public health, safety, and general welfare, and to minimize public and private losses due to flood conditions in specific areas by provisions designed to:
a) Protect human life and health;
b) Minimize expenditure of public money for costly flood control projects; c) Minimize the need for rescue and relief efforts associated with flooding and generally undertaken at the expense of the general public;
d) Minimize prolonged business interruptions;
e) Minimize damage to public facilities and utilities such as water and gas mains; electric, telephone and sewer lines; and streets and bridges located in areas of special flood hazard; f) Help maintain a stable tax base by providing for the sound use and development of areas of special flood hazard so as to minimize future blighted areas caused by flood damage; g) Ensure that potential buyers are notified that property is in an area of special flood hazard; and h) Ensure that those who occupy the areas of special flood hazard assume responsibility for their actions.

National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)
The NFIP makes federally backed flood insurance available to homeowners, renters, and business owners in participating communities. The City of Inglewood has participated in the NFIP since February of 1979.

For most parti cipating communities, FEMA has prepared a detailed Flood Insurance Study (FIS) , which presents water surface elevation predictions for floods of various magnitudes based on hydraulic and hydrologic analyses, including elevations for the one-percent annual chance flood (the 100-YR flood) and the 0.2-percent annual chance flood (the 500-YR flood). As part of an FIS, Base Flood Elevations (BFEs) and the boundaries of the 100- and 500-YR floodplains are shown on Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs), which are the principal tool for identifying the extent and location of flood hazard s. FIRMs also designate and display the floodway, which is the channel of the river or stream and adjacent land that must remain free from obstruction so that the 100-YR flood can be conveyed downstream.

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Floodways and 100 -YR floodplains are collectively identified on FIRMs as S pecial Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs). Individual flood hazards are designated both within and outside of the SFHA as different zones that begin with a letter, such as A for those associated with the 100-YR flood or V for those associated with coastal flooding hazards. Zones B, C, D, and X are advisory and are used to identify areas of shallow, moderate, or minimal flo oding, with Zone B also used to identify areas protected by levees or other permanent flood control structures.

FIRMs are the most detailed and consistent data source available, and for many communities, they represent the minimum area of oversight under their floodplain management program. By law, federally regulated lending institutions must require the purchase of flood insurance for mortgages on buildings shown within an SFHA on a FIRM. In zones outside of an SFHA, flood insurance is available, but lenders are not obligated by federal law to require it. However, buildings in Zones B, C , D, and X could be flooded by severe rainfall coupled with inadequate local drainage systems. Therefore, flood insurance is highly recommended for buildings in these zones.

The most recent FIRM for the City of Inglewood went effective on December 22, 2018, and there are currently 21 policies in place under the NFIP. These policy members are located in Flood Zone X, outside of any SFHA, which identifies areas of moderate or minimal flood hazard. Over the past three decades, there have been only 23 total claims paid at the cost of approximately $10,000. There are no repetitive loss6 properties in the city, as defined by FEMA. Table 4-42 lists NFIP statistics for Inglewood.

Compliance with NFIP requirements is monitored by FEMA regional staff and by the California Department of Water Resources under a contract with FEMA. Maintaining compliance under the NFIP is an important component of flood risk reduction, and good standing in the program is required to provide flood insurance policies within a participating community. The City of Inglewood participates in the NFIP and has identified multiple initiatives to maintain its compliance and good standing.

6A repetitive loss (RL) property is a FEMA designation, defined as an insured property (or formerly insured) that has made two or more claims of more than $1,000 in any rolling 10-year period since 1978. Claims must be at least 10 days apart but within 10 years of each other. The term “rolling 10-year period” means that a claim of $1,000 can be made in 1991 and another claim for $2,500 in 2000, or one claim in 2001 and another in 2007, as long as both qualifying claims happen within 10 years of each other. A RL property may be classified as a Severe Repetitive Loss (SRL) property under certain conditions. A Severe Repetitive Loss property has had four or more claims of at least $5,000 each, or at least two claims that cumulatively exceed the buildings reported value.

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Table 4-42: Flood Insurance Statistics for Inglewood
NFIP and CRS Status & Information
City of Inglewood
NFIP Status 2/20/1979
CRS Class -
Policies in Force 21
Policies in SFHA —
Policies in non-SFHA 21
Total Claims Paid $10,855
Paid Losses 23
Repetitive Loss Properties —
Severe Repetitive Loss Properties —
Repetitive Loss Payment by NFIP on Building —
Repetitive Loss Payment by NFIP on Contents —
Source: FEMA CIS 2022, OpenFEMA Data, FIMA RUL Los Angeles County Note: Policies and claims provided directly from FEMA Region IX CIS Report (8/2021). Repetitive loss tabulations by jurisdiction derived via GIS-based intersect of data available at OpenFEMA Data (https://www.fema.gov/about/openfema/data-sets). Countywide data reported for entire county area including municipalities. The Privacy Act of 1974 (5 U.S.C. 522a) restricts the release of certain types of data to the public. Flood insurance policy and claims data are included in the list of restricted information. FEMA can only release such data to state and local governments, and only if the data are used for floodplain management, mitigation, or research purposes.

Therefore, this plan does not identify the repetitive loss properties or include claims data for any individual property.

4.5.4.2 Past Events
The National Weather Service (NWS) Storm Events Database contains records from 1950-present of extreme weather events for most counties in the US. The NWS reports seven heavy rain events for Los Angeles County since Janua ry 2000, resulting in an estimated $5 million in total property damage. Many of the federal disaster declarations in Los Angeles County over the last two decades have been related to severe weather, including heavy winds and rain. (See Table 4-3) Heavy rains during the period of December 27, 2004, through January 11, 2005, resulted in a federal disaster declaration and significant damage throughout the City of Inglewood . The city incurred costs from the removal of fallen trees and branches, emergency mitigation and repair of the Laraway Avenue Storm Channel, installation of a new stormwater line, clearing inlets, filling potholes, and clearing debris throughout the city.

Historical weather observations from the nearest NWS weather station at Los Angeles show that from 1961 to 1990, the historical baseline period used by Cal -Adapt, the average annual maximum two-day precipitation total was 2.6 inches. Figure 4-48 shows the frequency of two-day rainfall totals exceeding three inches at LAX from 1950 to present.

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Figure 4-48: Frequency of 2-day precipitation totals over 3 inches at LAX Airport station, 1950-2021 There were also 10 recorded instances of two-day rainfall totals at LAX exceeding four inches, including most recently from December 29 to 30, 2021. Notably this event occurred amidst the backdrop of a statewide drought emergency, demonstrating that heavy rain events can and do occur during exceptionally dry years.

4.5.4.3 Location
Heavy rainfall events have the potential to affect the entire planning area. Inglewood is highly urbanized and paved surfaced constitute a large portion of its land cover. The city is located within the coastal plain which slopes gently from the east to the southwest; topographic variation within city limits does no t contribute in any meaningful way to the geographic distribution of heavy rain or urban flood hazards.

Figure 4-49 shows 30-year average annual rainfall totals across Inglewood; there is a gentle gradient in the average moving up in elevation across the floodplain, but annual totals do not reveal strong seasonal and year-to-year variability that is characteristic of extreme weather events.

4.5.4.4 Frequency and Probability of Future Events
Southern California is situated between two zones with opposite projected trends in precipitation due to climate change: northern mid-latitudes are generally expected to become wetter, and the southern sub - tropics are expected to become dryer. Consequently, there is no clear consensus as to future changes in annual precipitation for the Los Angeles region, as rainfall is highly variable from year to year and just five storms can deliver 50% of the total annual precipitation to the region. (Hall, Berg, & Reich, 2018) Natural patterns in climate variability, such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), influence annual precipitation totals as well as atmospheric river formation.

Amidst the background “noise” that is Southern California’s variable climate system, annual wet and dry extremes are expected to increase in the future. Specifically, the peak sea son of atmospheric rivers may lengths, and storms themselves will be associated with higher water vapor transport and more precipitation once they make landfall. (Id.)

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Figure 4-49: City of Inglewood - Average Annual Precipitation Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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4.5.4.5 Severity and Extent
The impacts of heavy rain will depend on how much rainfall occurs and over what timeframe. D angers associated with heavy rain events include property damage, loss of utilities, and long-term disruption to transportation and essential services . Fatalities are uncommon but can occur , especially if emergency services are overwhelmed in the short-term. Flood hazards are associated with heavy rains in areas with high cover of paved or impermeable surfa ces, generating runoff volume capable of overwhelming local stormwater infrastructure. Rapid influx of sediment, tree limbs, and other debris can further reduce drainage capacity.

4.5.4.6 Warning Time
Extreme weather events are hyper-localized phenomenon, which poses a challenge to forecasting despite recent advancements in meteorological data collection efforts and modeling. NWS forecast systems consume data from a massive observation network which includes satellites, various types of surface and aircraft weather radar devices, and automated surface observation systems. These observations are used to generate predictions about will happen next and provide advanced warning to affected areas. (NOAA, n.d.) The NWS Los Angeles office (LOX) is the local authority tasked with generating advance warning statements anywhere from zero to 96 hours for hydrologic hazards and severe weather events, including flash floods.

4.5.4.7 Secondary Hazards
Secondary hazards associated with heavy rain events include urban flooding and property damage. Urban flooding is a human-caused hazard that occurs when large volumes of runoff, especially in areas with high cover of paved surfaces, enter and overwhelm the local stormwater system capacity. Down ed trees and debris are safety hazards and may further contribute to urban flood risk by clogging storm drain infrastructure.

Slope failure is not identified as a secondary hazard for Inglewood due to its gentle topography and urbanized land cover.

4.5.4.8 Climate Change
Annual precipitation totals are subject to interannual variability, but there is consensus among climate models that extreme wet and dry years will intensify in Southern California under both RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. (Cal-Adapt, 2021) (Hall, Berg, & Reich, 2018) Warmer ocean surface and atmosphere temperatures facilitate higher water vapor transport from the tropics to mid -latitudes; however, these events remain highly localized, and not all parts of the state or even the region will experience the same impacts f rom climate change. Additional information regarding the impacts of climate change on heavy rain and extreme weather events are described in Section 4.5.4.4 of this hazard profile as well as the Climate Change hazard profile, Section 4.5.6.

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4.5.4.9 Heavy Rain Vulnerability Analysis
Population
The entire population of the planning area is exposed to extreme weather events including heavy rain; local topography does not contribute in any meaningful way to weather patterns across the city itself. Individuals living in older residential structures may face increased risk of property damage. Low-income families and renters face instability following evacuation and may take longer to recover from major property damage.

While heavy rain events rarely cause fatalities, urban flooding may reveal greater demographic and population-scale vulnerability, especially for seniors, individuals who live with chronic illness or a disability, and unhoused people.

Property
All property in the planning area could experience damage during a severe weather event, especially those in poor condition . Structures in proximity to outdated and/or failing stormwater infrastructure may be exposed to localized urban flooding risk. Downed trees and power lines present a major safety hazard and can cause damage to vehicles and homes in residential areas.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
All critical facilities are exposed to extreme weather hazards. Depending on the rate of precipitation, runoff volumes may exceed the capacity of city-owned stormwater infrastructure, which could cause damage to the drainage system itself and lead to localized flooding of city facilities and adjacent properties. Roads may become impassable due to flooding, downed trees, or other debris.

Extreme weather events may be accompanied by a loss of utilities. Downed power lines pose a safety hazard and cause blackouts, which can disrupt the delivery of essential services during an emergency. Inglewood is well-poised for a black out: landline phones should work during power outages and most cellular networks have deployed back -up po wer so that internet and cell service is unlikely to be compromised during blackouts. The City's water system is largely gravity -fed. Both the water treatment plan and wastewater treatment plan have backup generators and emergency supply storage, allowing for continuity of operations during both short-term outages as well as longer-term disaster recovery. (City of Inglewood, 2020) Lifelines
Loss of roads or power and communication lines a re the primary lifeline failures resulting from extreme weather and are mostly attributed to secondary hazards, such as floods, falling and downed trees, and landslides. Residents who do not own a car or who are otherwise dependent on public transportation will experience major disruption to daily life if train or bus service shuts down. Prolonged obstruction of major transportation routes can disrupt essential services and commerce, which may have longer-term regional economic consequences.

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Future Trends in Development
All future development will be affected by extreme weather and increasing frequency of heavy rain events.

The ability to withstand the impacts of extreme weather requires consistent enforcement of codes and regulations for new construction. The city has adopted the California Building Code, which corresponds to the International Building Code, to meet California mandates. This code is equipped to deal with the impacts of extreme weather events including heavy rain and high wind . Land use policies identified in the City’s General Plan include goals related to stormwater infiltration and increasing cover of natural surfaces throughout the city, which provides a benefit to urban flood risk. With these tools, the city is well-equipped to deal with future growth and the associated impacts of extreme weather.

Heavy Rain Hazard Problem Statements
As part of the mitigation action identification process, the Planning Committee identified issues and weaknesses, also called problem statements, for the City of Inglewood’s facilities. Identification was based on the risk assessment and historical weather data included in the vulnerability analysis for this hazard profile. Heavy Rain problem statements for the city are listed in Table 4-38.

Identifying these common issues and weaknesses assists the Planning Committee in understanding the realm of resources needed for mitigation. The goal is to have at least one mitigation action for every problem statement. See Table 5-6 for a full list of mitigation actions and the corresponding problem statements that they address. Each problem statement is coded with a problem number for cross-referencing between Table 4-38 and Table 5-6.

Table 4-43 Heavy Rain Problem Statements
Problem No. Hazard Type
Area of
Concern
Mitigation
Alternatives
Primary
Agency Problem Description Related MA
ps-HR-IG-
13 Heavy Rain Impact NRP - Natural
Resource
Protection, SP
- Structural
Projects
City of
Inglewood
Areas with high cover of
impervious surfaces generate
runoff volume during heavy rain
events that exceeds local
stormwater system capacity.
ma-AH-IG-47,
ma-HR-IG-62,
ma-HR-IG-61
ps-HR-IG-
14 Heavy Rain Impact PPRO -
Property
Protection
City of
Inglewood
Localized flooding during major
rain events can disrupt
transportation and services, and
cause damage to aging roads and
infrastructure.
ma-HR-IG-61,
ma-HR-IG-62
ps-HR-IG-
16 Heavy Rain Victim PPRO -
Property
Protection,
PE&A - Public
Education &
Awareness
City of
Inglewood
Most of Inglewood's residents lack
flood insurance and may be
financially unprepared for a major
urban flooding event.
ma-AH-IG-50,
ma-AH-IG-12,
ma-AH-IG-10,
ma-CC-IG-45

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4.5.5 Pandemic Disease Hazard Profile
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines a disease outbreak as the occurrence of more cases of disease than normally expected within a specific place or group of people over a given period. An epidemic is a localized outbreak that spreads rapidly and affects many people or animals in a community.

A pandemic is an epidemic that occurs over a large geographic area and affects a large number of people. Pandemics are profiled in this section of the HMP with an emphasis on physical parameters of disease spread rather than operational parameters or response efforts, which are better addressed in other plans such as the City’s Emergency Operations Plan, updated in 2021.

Unlike earthquakes or meteorological hazards, pandemics have sustained durations and their cumulative impacts may only be fully understood retroactively. At the time of this Plan’s authorship , the COVID-19 pandemic continues to affect daily life in the U.S. and around the world, even two years after the first case was documented in the U.S. Several other infectious and vector-borne diseases are included in this profile which have outbreak potential in the planning area and surrounding region.

Significant disease outbreaks can lead to increased emergency room visits, requiring patients and exposed individuals to be placed in isolation, and increased mortality and morbidity (nonfatal adverse health outcomes). The capacity of the overall health care system may be reduced , including basic emergency medical system (EMS) response, hospital emergency department services, and critical care facilities .

Infectious disease which requires social distancing or other isolation measures can disrupt every aspect of daily life including employment, education, and access to caregiving networks and other essential services.

The following are the most prevalent types of infectious and vector -borne diseases anticipated in the planning area with the potential for disease outbreak:

Influenza Virus
Influenza virus, commonly and collectively referred to as the seasonal flu, is a disease that attacks the human respiratory system. Seasonal flu occurs every year; in the U.S., its season typically runs from October through May, with varying degrees of sev erity depending on the strain and other factors which affect population-level vulnerability. Influenza can cause mild to severe illness, and symptoms may include fever, headache, fatigue, cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, and body aches. In the most se vere cases, and especially in people with underlying health vulnerability, influenza can be fatal or result in serious complications such as pneumonia. Among the at-risk groups for serious flu complications are seniors aged 65 and over, pregnant women, young children, and persons with underlying chronic illness.

Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Coronavirus is a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. SARS- CoV-2, which causes the disease COVID-19, is a new strain of these viruses which has not been previously identified in humans. The virus is spread easily between people, primarily by close contact from person-to- Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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person through inhalation of the virus or contact with mucous membranes. It can be contracted through respiratory droplets produced from the cough, sneeze, or vocalization of an infected person . E vidence suggests it spreads more efficiently than contemporary strains of seasonal influenza, but not as easily as the measles, which is among the most contagious viruses known to infect people. (CDC, 2021) COVID-19 is the most recent pandemic declared by the World Health Organization and is still active in 2022. Effective vaccines were developed in late 2020 and distributed beginning in early 2021.

Multiple new variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been documented since the beginning of the pandemic; part of the virus’ natural evolution as genetic mutations occur during replication of the genome.

Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is a liver disease caused by the Hepatitis C virus , which is found in the blood of persons who have this disease. Hepatitis C virus is spread by contact with contaminated blood. Transmission risk is highest for health care workers, IV drug users, incarcerated people, and people who received a blood transfusion or organ transplant prior to 1992. It is most prevalent among adults born between 1945 and 1965.

Today, chronic hepatitis C is usually curable with oral medication. However, about half of people living with hepatitis C don’t know they’re infected because symptoms can take decades to manifest. (Mayo Clinic, n.d.) Prior to discovery, this “silent” infection can cause significant liver damage.

West Nile Virus
The West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes disease in humans, birds, and horses. WNV is one of the most common vector-borne diseases in California. Human infection with West Nile virus may result in serious illness and even death. Natural disasters including earthquakes and wildfire may create mosquito-breeding habitat and increase risk of human exposure.

Lyme Disease
Lyme disease is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium known as Borrelia burgdorferi. People are most often infected with Lyme through the bite of infected ticks. Lyme disease was first recognized in the northeastern United States in the 1970s and has been reported in many areas of the country since, including California. Typical Lyme disease symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migraines, often identified by its “bull’s-eye” appearance. If left untreated, the infection can spread to joints, the heart, and the nervous system. (CDC, 2020) Measles
Measles, also called rubeola, is a childhood infection caused by a paramyxovirus of the genus Morbillivirus.

Once so prevalent that nearly all children got measles by the time they were 15 years of age, the virus can now almost always be prevented with a vaccine. (CDC, n.d.) While death rates have been falling worldwide as more children receive the measles vaccine, the disease can be serious and even fatal for small children and still kills more than 100,000 people a year, most under the age of five. As a result of high vaccination rates in general, measles was declared eliminated in the United States in 2000. However, the number of Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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cases per year has increased between 2004 and 2014 from 30 to 600 a year, respectively, primarily occurring in unvaccinated people or originating from outside the United States. (Mayo Clinic, n.d.) Rabies
Rabies is a viral infection transmitted in the saliva of infected mammals. Common modes of rabies virus transmissions are through bites, scratches, and other forms of contact with the saliva of an infected host, often a bat, raccoon, or skunk in the Unites States but most commonly dogs worldwide. Other various routes of transmission include contamination of mucous membranes, aerosol transmission, and corneal transplantations. Any penetration of the skin by teeth, regardless of location, represents a potential risk of rabies transmission. The rabies virus infects the brain and central nervous system, causing encephalopathy and, ultimately, death if left untreated before symptoms occur. Symptoms include fever, headache, excess salivation, muscle spasms, paralysis, and mental confusion.

4.5.5.1 Policies, Plans, and Regulatory Environment
United States Department of Health and Human Services
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has statutory responsibility for preventing the introduction, transmission, and spread of communicable diseases in the United States. Th e Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is housed within DHHS and is responsible for controlling the introduction and spread of infectious diseases. The CDC’s roles include:
▪ Instituting public education and awareness related to disease spread and prevention; ▪ Studying and tracking transmission rates, treatment options, and vaccines; ▪ Maintaining active surveillance of diseases through investigation and data collection, analysis, and distribution;
▪ Developing and implementing operational programs and guidance relating to environmental health problems;
▪ Conducting research aimed at developing and testing effective disease prevention and control; and ▪ Implementing a program to sustain a strong national workforce in disease prevention and control and a national program for improving the performance of clinical laboratories. (CDC, 2020) The Division of Global Migration and Quarantine works to control disease transmission internationally through the operation of Quarantine Stations at ports of entry, establishment of standards for medical examination of persons destined for the United States, and administration of interstate and foreign quarantine regulations, which govern the international and interstate movement of persons, animals, and cargo.

California Department of Public Health
The California Department of Public Health (CD PH) is responsible for protecting public health within the state of California. CDPH is comprised of public health professionals, researchers, scientists, doctors, nurses, and other staff members who aid in implementing the organization’s programs and services. The essential functions of CDHP are comprehensive in scope and include infectious disease control and prevention, food Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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safety, environmental health, laboratory services, patient safety, emergency preparedness, chronic disease prevention, and health promotion. Promoting family health and health equity, and keeping vital records and statistics are also functions of CDPH.

Los Angeles Department of Public Health
According to its mission statement, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health serves to:
protects health, prevents disease, and promotes the health and well -being for all persons in Los Angeles County. Its focus is on the whole population. It conducts its activities through a network of public health professionals throughout the community. Public health nurses make home visits to families with communicable diseases; epidemiologists investigate the sources of disease outbreaks; environmental health specialists ensure safe food, water, and housing; and all work with community coalitions to protect and improve health. (Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, n.d.) The County Public Health Officer possesses statutory authority to take necessary measures to prevent the spread of communicable disease.

4.5.5.2 Past Events
There have been six pandemics involving contagious respiratory illness since 1900. The previous pandemics occurred in 1918 -1920, 1957-1958, 1968-1969, 1977-1978, 2009-2010, and 20 19-present. The 1918 Pandemic, occurring between 1918 and 1920 and commonly referred to as the Spanish Flu, was unusually severe and had an extensive mortality rate. It is estimated that the 1918 Pandemic killed as much as one percent of the world’s population, or 40,000,000 people worldwide, including more than 500,000 in the United States. More recently, the H1N1 Pandemic in 2009 resulted in 482,000 laboratory-confirmed cases and 6,071 deaths. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an ongoing pandemic. It was first detected in Wuhan City, China in late December of 2019 and was later declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on January 30, 2020. COVID-19 is currently ongoing and has resulted in more than 509 million confirmed cases globally, and more than 6.2 million global deaths as of April 2022. (Johns Hopkins University of Medicine, 2022) The pandemic led to a severe global financial recession and affected nearly every aspect of daily life as schools and businesses shut down to mitigate the spread of the virus . By November 2020 , effective vaccines were developed; they became widely available to the general population in the U.S. by mid-2021.

Wide uptakes of vaccines have largely reduced hospitalizations and deaths, but new variants are continuously evolving, and case counts remain uncertain even as most of the U.S. begins to lift long-term restrictions on indoor gatherings as well as mask mandates for schools and public transportation.

The City of Inglewood’s case and death rates for COVID-19 since March of 2020 are shown in Figure 4-50. As of September 2022, the following metrics summarize the status and past spread of COVID-19 in Inglewood:
▪ There have been 34,780 cumulative cases of COVID-19 in Inglewood since the start of the pandemic, and 401 deaths.

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▪ Case rates peaked in January 2021 and January 2022 due to the rise of the Delta and Omicron variants, respectively.
▪ Mortality was highest following the Delta case wave in early 2021, prior to the widespread availability of vaccines.
▪ On April 15, 2021, vaccines for COVID -19 became available in California for everyone aged 16 and older. As of September 2022, 73.4% of Inglewood’s population has received at least one dose of the vaccine, and 66.4% are fully vaccinated. (Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, 2022) ▪ County-wide case and death rates show racial disparities in health outcomes from COVID -19. (See Figure 4-51)

Figure 4-50: 14-Day COVID-19 Adjusted Case and Death Rate for Inglewood, March 2020 – September 2022 Source: Los Angeles County Department of Public Health
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Figure 4-51: COVID-19 Case and Death Rate by Ethnicity/Race for LA County, March 2020 – March 2022 Source: Los Angeles County Department of Public Health
Note: Case and death rates are expressed in cases/deaths per 100,000 residents Table 4-44 represents the number of select cases of communicable diseases which have occurred per year in Los Angeles County. This table prioritizes vaccine-preventable diseases for which there is existing data for Los Angeles County. Cases have risen across the board since 2001, and cases of Whooping Cough (Pertussis) and Hepatitis A are the highest of the 11 categories.

Table 4-44: Los Angeles County Vaccine-Preventable Disease Cases 2001-2018 Disease 2001-2006 2007-2012 2013-2018
Diphtheria 0 0 0
Hepatitis A 0 92 355
Hepatitis B, Acute 0 98 283
Hepatitis C, Acute 0 14 51
Invasive Meningococcal Disease 277 165 94
Measles 12 24 77
Mumps 0 39 194
Pertussis 1,263 2,582 5,171
Rubella 0 0 0
Tetanus 11 2 3
Varicella Hospitalizations 0 46 70
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4.5.5.3 Location
The entire planning area is susceptible to the human health hazards discussed in this profile. Pandemics and epidemics are geographically pervasive and thus difficult to pinpoint to a single jurisdiction or location.

Some hazards, such as West Nile virus, can have a geographic presence within the planning area, such as localized areas which provide habitable breeding ground for mosquitos. Others may be transported into the city through residents and visitors who travel extensively.

4.5.5.4 Frequency and Probability of Future Occurrences Historically, major health pandemics have occurred infrequently, but they remain probable and their social and economic consequences far-reaching. Pandemic influenza is a recurring threat, and new variants of COVID-19 pose an especially severe risk to unvaccinated and at-risk individuals in the population as long as the virus continues to reproduce and evolve among the infected human population.

The frequency and probability of other diseases discussed in this profile are unpredictable and contingent on factors such as public awareness, treatment options, and vaccination rates. Vector-borne diseases such as West Nile Virus, Lyme Disease, and Rabies are heavily monitored by state and local public health agencies.

4.5.5.5 Severity and Extent
Communicable diseases can affect many people, causing mild illness, hospitalization, or in some cases, death. Predicting severity and extent for communicable disease transmission can be difficult . While mathematical models of disease transmission can play important roles in determining future severity and utility of various mitigation measures, especially prior to the development of vaccines or pharmaceuticals, certain social determinants of disease transmission are harder to quantify and incorporate into epidemiological models.

The uncertainty associated with predicting the severity and extent of emergent infectious disease hazards underscores the importance of strengthening public health surveillance at every level of governance and improving data sharing mechanisms among reporting jurisdictions.

4.5.5.6 Secondary Hazards
The largest secondary impacts caused by human health hazards are social and economic. Large outbreaks of any human health hazard can reduce the workforce significantly for long periods of time whi le the infected population recovers from the impacts of the disease. Hospitals and health care providers can also be overwhelmed, reducing capacity to treat day -to-day patients, even for minor illness or injuries, or to perform non -emergency or elective pr ocedures. Disruptions to school attendance can have long -term consequences on literacy rates and educational attainment for students, particularly grade school children.

Response efforts can also drain operational budgets for local governments and divert funds away from other development opportunities.

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Moreover, as the ongoing COVID -19 outbreak is revealing, a pandemic can add significant challenges to hazard mitigation efforts, not to mention complicating response efforts for other natural hazard events. In 2020, the U.S. Forest Service suspended controlled burns scheduled in the spring due to the COVID -19 pandemic. (Groom, 2020) FEMA also released guidance on COVID-19 wildfire response in June of 2020. (U.S.

Fire Administration, 2020) Many populations vulnerable to COVID-19 are also most vulnerable to the effects of smoke inhalation. (Hu, 2020)

4.5.5.7 Pandemic Disease Vulnerability Assessment
The specific vulnerability of the City of Inglewood to future epidemic, pandemic, or vector -borne disease outbreak is difficult to assess and depends on a variety of factors. Population-level vulnerability will depend on a variety of demographic factors including vaccination rates and prevalence of underlying conditions or co-morbidities. Maintaining continuity of essential services and response efforts will be enhanced by the City’s coordination with Los Angeles County and key stakeholders.

Population
All citizens in the City of Inglewood area could be susceptible to a disease outbreak, but some groups face specific vulnerability to severe illness and death . Depending on the nature of the disease, seniors and persons with underlying medical conditions may be affected more severely. COVID -19 has shown significant racial disparities, with Black and Latino Americans facing mortality rates up to 3x that of white Americans. Vaccines are the most effective protective measure against severe illness and death, and unvaccinated residents remain especially vulnerable to future variants of COVID-19.

4.5.5.8 Property
None of the health hazards addressed in this profile are considered to have any measurable impact on the built environment in the planning area. A major pandemic could disrupt regular property maintenance and increase building susceptibility to an array of natural hazards.

Critical Facilities and Infrastructure
None of the health hazards addressed in this profile are considered to have any measurable impact on critical facilities in the planning area. However, healthcare facilities (and veterinary clinics) are prepared for pandemic disease hazards. Emergency management planning incorporates all disciplines responding to an event, including fire agencies, law enforcement, first responder ground and air ambulance agencies, public health, and mental and spiritual health. Planning includes identifying shelters, alternate treatment facilities, isolation capacity, and methods to immediately expand physical and human resources.

4.5.5.9 Future Trends in Development
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affected. Other financial impacts are absor bed or managed by the organizations affected. For example, healthcare facilities and veterinary offices train their personnel at their own cost. When more people visit the City of Inglewood or move into the area, the potential for a pandemic outbreak rises and the resulting impacts can also increase. Urban areas become more vulnerable as population density increases causing illnesses or contamination to spread more rapidly.

4.5.5.10 Pandemic Disease Hazard Problem Statements
As part of the mitigation action identification process, the Planning Committee for the city identified issues and weaknesses, also called problem statements, for its facilities. Identification was based on the risk assessment and vulnerability analysis utilizing pandemic disease data. Pandemic disease hazard problem statements for the City of Inglewood are listed in Table 4-45.

Identifying these common issues and weaknesses assists the Planning Committee in understanding the realm of resources needed for mitigation. The goal is to have at least one mitigation action for every problem statement. Projects or actions have been developed to mitigate each problem identified. See Table 5-6 for a full list of mitigation actions and corresponding problem statements that they address. Each problem statement is coded with a problem number for cross-referencing Table 4-45 and Table 5-6.

Table 4-45: Pandemic Disease Problem Statements
Problem No. Hazard Type
Area of
Concern
Mitigation
Alternatives
Primary
Agency Problem Description Related MA
ps-PN-IG-
17 Pandemic Victim PRV -
Prevention,
PE&A - Public
Education &
Awareness
City of
Inglewood
Black and Latinx communities, and
low-income areas, face higher risk
of severe illness and death from
COVID-19.
ma-PN-IG-54,
ma-AH-IG-14
ps-PN-IG-
18 Pandemic Impact SP -
Structural
Projects
City of
Inglewood
Critical facilities which lack proper
indoor air filtration and/or capacity
to accommodate social distancing
measures face disruption to
services and higher risk of
respiratory disease spread during
successive waves of COVID-19.
ma-PN-IG-55

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4.5.6 Climate Change Hazard Profile
Climate change refers to any long-term shift in the Earth’s average temperature and weather patterns. Climate change may be limited to a specific region or may occur globally. Changes to Earth’s climate since the early 20th century are primarily driven by human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels, which increases the concentration of heat -trapping greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide and methane) in Earth’s atmosphere. Other drivers of human -caused climate change include land use conversion, agriculture, forestry, and production of fluorinated gases (F-gases). Human activity is estimated to have increased Earth’s global average tempera ture by 0.85 ˚C (1.53 ˚F) as of 2021, relative to 1951 -1980 baseline temperatures. (NASA/GISS, 2021) Most of the warming has occurred in the past 4 decades, with the years since 2015 being the warmest. (Id.)
Across all spatial scales, naturally occurring patterns of variability also contribute to te mperature and weather in any given year and season. Sources of natural climate change include:
▪ Internal variability, such as ocean circulation patterns that influence land surface temperature and weather. Southern California’s weather is influenced by two patterns: El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which generally alternates between phases every 3 -5 years; and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which operates on 10 to 20-year timescales. ▪ External forcings, such as volcanic activity, changes in the S un’s energy output, and variations in the Earth’s orbit.

The primary way that people currently experience climate change is in the form of extreme weather events.

Human-induced climate change has already increased the number and strength of these extreme events.

Over the last 50 years, much of the U.S. has seen increases in prolonged periods of excessively high temperatures, heavy downpours, floods, droughts , and wildfires . (National Climate Assessment, 2014) Amidst these punctuated extremes, slower long-term average increases in temperature, weather, and sea levels are drivers of cascading impacts such as ocean acidification, increasing insect outbreaks, and dramatically altered marine and terrestrial ecosystems. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2014) Human vulnerability to climate change is distributed inequitably across different groups; low- income communities of color face the most severe impacts from climate hazards such as extreme weather and have lower access to adaptation resources including general social and economic mobility.

Table 4-46 is a list of localized climate change impacts relevant to the Inglewood area and the reference to where they are addressed in this HMP.

Table 4-46: Climate change-related hazards and cross-references in HMP Climate Change Hazard Reference in HMP
Drought Section 4.5.3
Extreme Heat Section 4.5.2
Heavy Rain Section 4.5.4
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California is already experiencing the impacts of climate change, including prolonged drought, expanded wildfire season, increased coastal flooding and erosion, and tree mortality. The state has also seen increased average temperatures, more extreme heat days, fewer cold nights, a lengthening of the growing season, shifts in the water cycle with less winter precipitation falling as snow, a 33% decrease in summertime fog, and both snowmelt and rainwater running off earlier in the year. (Cal OES, 2018) Long term trends in fog depict a decline of some 12 to 20% in California from 1900 through 2070. Climate experts suggest that warmer temperatures resulting from climate change create conditions where air fails to reach minimum temperatures necessary to produce fog, which is essential to ecosystems across California . (Grantham, Teodore; University of California, Berkeley, 2018)
Extreme weather events and secondary hazards such as wildfires, droughts, and floods are already increasing statewide.

Methodology for Predicting Climate Change Impacts
Climate change impacts will vary depending on the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and atmospheric GHG concentrations may change over time. Various climate models explore a range o f emission scenarios globally. There are six representative GHG emission scenarios, called Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The three most-used representative scenarios include a low-end scenario of GHG emissions (RCP2.6), which incorporates strong GHG emission reductions now and in the future, a moderate scenario (RCP4.5), which incorporates stabilizing GHG emissions through 2050, and a high-end (RCP8.5), which maintains a fossil fuel-intensive, “business-as-usual” emission scenario. As shown in Figure 4-52, even a reduce d emissions scenario will experience continue d increases in atmospheric carbon concentrations through the end of the century.

Figure 4-52: RCP Emissions Pathways for High (8.5) and Moderate (4.5) Scenarios Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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Mapping in this HMP uses the moderate emissions scenario, RCP 4.5, and the high emissions RCP 8.5 scenario. Because this documen t is primarily aimed at long -range planning and adaptation, it does not depict RCP 2.6, which shows the very important difference in long -term climate change impacts if greenhouse gas emissions are sharply curbed. (OPR Planning and Investing for a Resilient California, p. 19) A global climate model (GCM) is a mathematical representation of the processes and interactions that influence the Earth’s climate. General circulation models incorporate influence from the atmosphere, oceans, lands, and ice cover. The model projections presented in this HMP are derived from Cal-Adapt, which uses a set of 10 peer reviewed GCM simulations that also serve as the basis for California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. Values are subsequently “downscaled” to the desired geographic unit, which in this case is the city boundaries of the City of Inglewood. When possible, the full model range is shown to account for uncertainty in estimates; singular estimates represent values from the Canadian Earth System model (CanESM2), a fourth generation coupled global climate model which represents an “average” simulation. (compared to other simulation which are characterized as “warmer/drier”, or “cooler/wetter” ) Full explanation of GCM methodology is av ailable as a part of California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment. (Pierce, Kalansky, & Cayan, 2018)

4.5.6.1 Policies, Plans, and Regulatory Environment
Successful efforts to address the challenges of climate change begin at the local level and include the implementation of environmentally sustainable practices designed to meet present and future energy needs.
2013 California Green Building Standards
The city has adopted the 2013 California Green Building Standards, also known as CALGreen Code.

CALGreen Code establishes regulations for green building, nonresidential and residential buildings. Topics covered in the regulations include planning and design, e nergy efficiency, water efficiency and conservation, material conservation and resource efficiency and environmental quality. The code also includes voluntary measures for residential, nonresidential and health facilities.

California Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act of 2008 The Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act of 2008 (Sustainable Communities Act, SB 375, Chapter 728, Statutes of 2008) looks to reduce GHG emissions through coordinated transportation and land use planning with the goal of more sustainable communities. Regional targets are established for GHG emissions reductions from passenger vehicle use by the Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) established by each metropolitan planning organization (MPO). The SCS is a n integral part of regional transportation plans (RTP) and contains land use, housing, and transportation strategies to meet GHG reductions targets.

2018 California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment
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California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment utilizes best available data to present a range of future predicted impacts from climate change. The assessment includes regional reports that provide more localized information than previous iterations, along with a statewide summary and other focused topical reports. The assessment provides important information and policy recommendations to inform state and local decision making. (California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment, 2018) 2020 California Adaptation Planning Guide (APG)
California has been taking action to address climate change for over 20 years, focusing on both greenhouse gas emissions reduction and adaptation. The California Adaptation Planning Guide (APG) provides guidance and support for communities addressing the unavoidable consequences of climate change. The 2020 APG presents an updated, step-by-step process that communities can use to plan for climate change.

California Senate Bill 379: General Plan Safety Element and Climate Adaption California SB 379 required all cities and counties to include climate adaptation and resiliency strategies in the Safety Elements of their General Plans upon the next revision after January 1, 2017. The bill requires the climate adaptation update to include a set of goals, policies, and objectives for their communities based on the vulnerability assessment, as well as implementation measures, including the conservation and implementation of natural infrastructure that may be used in adaptation projects.

California Senate Bill 1000: General Plan Safety and Environmental Justice Elements Senate Bill 1000 requires local governments to include an Environmental Justice element in General Plans.

SB 1000 has four basic requirements ; those requirements may be combined into a single environmental justice element or distributed throughout other existing elements and include:
▪ Identifying disadvantaged communities;
▪ Incorporating policies to reduce the environmental health impacts that adversely affect residents in disadvantaged communities;
▪ Incorporating policies to include residents of disadvantaged communities in decision -making processes; and
▪ Incorporating policies that prioritize improvements and projects in disadvantaged communities.

The City of Inglewood updated its Environmental Justice Element in 2020. Section IV contains goals and policies relevant to climate adaptation efforts.

City of Inglewood Energy and Climate Action Plan (2012) Section 4 of the City of Inglewood Energy and Climate Action Plan outlines strategies to address climate change impacts in the city. The plan provides an emissions inventory for the city, an emission reduction target for the jurisdiction, specific policies, measures, and programs meant to collectively address the emission reduction target, and a clearly defined mechanism for monitoring the plan’s implementation progress.

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4.5.6.2 Past Events
Climate change already causes adverse impacts and damage to nature and people beyond what would be expected from natural climate variability. Long-term occurrence of flooding, wildfire, extreme weather, and drought disasters are increasing due to climate change. (Hall, Berg, & Reich, 2018) (IPCC, 2022) In Southern California, conditions over any given year are determined by interactions between local topography, land use cover, natural climate patterns such as ENSO and PDO, and human-caused climate change. Indeed, significant interannual variability is present in the historical record of weather observations at the LAX NWS station (see Figure 4-53, Figure 4-54). Despite the presence of strong interannual variability, rising heatwave metrics in Southern California, especially for nighttime temperatures and humidity (see Figure 4-53), are attributed to longer-term anthropogenic warming trend. (Hulley, Dousset, & Kahn, 2020)

Figure 4-53: Historical Extreme Heat Days and Avg. Annual Maximum Temperature, LAX Airport 1950-2021 Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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Figure 4-54: Historical Warm Nights and Avg. Annual Minimum Temperature, LAX Airport 1950-2021

4.5.6.3 Location
Climate change is no t limited to a specific geographic entity, but its effects are extremely localized and interact with factors such as topography, ocean circulation, and land cover. Low -lying areas and urban centers with high population density are generally regarded to be more vulnerable to the impacts of flooding and extreme heat events, respectively. Inglewood’s borders span 4 to 10 miles from the coast, so heating impacts could be somewhat buffered by its proximity to the marine layer, as compared to inland areas of the Los Angeles Basin such as the San Fernando Valley. (Hulley, Dousset, & Kahn, 2020)

4.5.6.4 Frequency and Probability of Future Occurrences The severity of future climate change impacts will depend on international efforts to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2025. The Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change determined a greater than 50% likelihood that global warming will reach or exceed 1.5˚C (2.7 ˚F) in the near term (2022 – 2040), even under very low greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. (IPCC, 2022) Of all the secondary hazards associated with climate change, extreme weather impacts are the most likely near- term hazard facing the City of Inglewood and should be addressed and prioritized in future adaptation planning efforts.

California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment (2018) delineates how climate change may impact and exacerbate natural hazards in the future, including wildfires, extreme heat, floods, and drought. Climate Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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change is expected to lead to increases in the frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme heat events and heat waves in the City and the rest of California, whi ch are likely to increase the risk of mortality and morbidity due to heat-related illness and exacerbation of existing chronic health conditions. Those most at risk and vulnerable to heat-related illness are the elderly and infants; individuals with chronic conditions, such as heart and lung disease, diabetes, and mental illnesses; low-income families; historically marginalized communities who face compounding environmental health risks ; athletes; and outdoor workers. Higher temperatures will melt the Sierra snowpack earlier and drive the snowline higher, which will have impacts on statewide water supply. Dry and wet extremes are likely to intensify through the end of the century and impacts of drought years on the ag ricultural sector will have consequences for the regional economy. More intense rainfall events will contribute to elevated flood risk for urban areas outside of mapped floodplain. (California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment, 2018) Additional information regarding the future frequency and probability of specific hazards are discussed in the profiles for Extreme Heat (4.5.2), Drought (4.5.3), and Heavy Rain.(4.5.4).

4.5.6.5 Severity and Extent
Climate change severity and extent in the City of Inglewood is varied and can generally be categorized into several key effects. These effects are summarized in the Los Angeles Region Report from California’s Fourth Climate Change Assessment (2018). Key projected climate change impacts for this Region include:
▪ Annual maximum temperature will likely increase 4-5 degrees F by mid-century, and 5-8 degrees F by the late century.

The number of extreme heat events is expected to increase, and the hottest day of the year may be up to 10 degrees F warmer for some locations across LA by late-century under RCP 8.5. ▪ Dry and wet extremes are both expected to increase, including increased frequency and severity of atmospheric river events. (Hall, Berg, & Reich, 2018)
Current and Projected Average Maximum Temperatures Under RCP 4.5 and 8.5 Scenarios Average annual temperature across California is projected to rise by 5.6°F under an RCP 4.5 scenario and

8.8°F under an RCP 8.5 scenario by the end of this century. (Bedsworth, 2018, p. 23) Climate model projections for the City of Inglewood show data from Cal -Adapt, specifically the CanESM2 GCM projections and modeled range for RCP 4.5 and 8.5. (See additional methodology description on page 4-140) Inglewood’s average annual maximum and minimum temperatures are expected to rise by roughly 4-5 °F by mid-century, and 5-7 °F by the end of the century, although strong interannual variability is still expected. (See Figure 4-55, Figure 4-56) Warming trends through the end of 2021 show a stronger signal for nighttime temperatures and humidity in Southern California compared to the daily maximum. (Hulley, Dousset, & Kahn, 2020)
Future summer temperatures as well as geographic representation of climate projections under the selected emissions pathways are shown in Figure 4-57 - Figure 4-60.

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Note: Mapping and data visuals in this HMP uses the moderate range RCP 4.5 as well as the high-end range RCP 8.5, as HMP mapping depicts projected temperature increases in the latter half of the century with an adaptive lens. See (OPR Planning and Investing for a Resilient California, p. 19)

Figure 4-55: Projected Annual Average Maximum Temperature – 2100, RCP 4.5 & 8.5 Source: cal-adapt.org
Notes: GCM projections for both emissions scenarios depict CANESM2 (“average”) model simulation, superimposed over the modeled range of all 10 GCM projections selected by Cal-Adapt.

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Figure 4-56: Projected Annual Average Minimum Temperature – 2100, RCP 4.5 & 8.5 Source: cal-adapt.org
Notes: GCM projections for both emissions scenarios depict CANESM2 (“average”) model simulation, superimposed over the modeled range of all 10 GCM projections selected by Cal-Adapt.

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Figure 4-57: Projected Summer Temperatures for Inglewood, 2100 Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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Figure 4-58: Current Average July Max Temperature
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Figure 4-59: Projected Average Max Temperature RCP 4.5 2100 Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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Figure 4-60: Projected Average Max Temperature RCP 8.5 2100

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4.5.6.6 Warning Time
As this section has described, the impacts of extreme weather hazards which share a climate change nexus could compound city -wide vulnerability and decrease war ning time for weather -related hazards .

Interactions between climate change and internal climate variability patterns could d ecrease forecast uncertainty, posing a challenge for intermediate-term planning horizons.

4.5.6.7 Secondary Hazards
Climate change will increase the frequency of extreme weather events . Secondary hazards of climate change that will have the greatest impact on the City of Inglewood include flood, drought, and extreme weather, the impacts of which are discussed in the profiles for Extreme Heat ( 4.5.2), Drought (4.5.3), and Heavy Rain (4.5.4).

This section outlines vulnerabilities of the City o f Inglewood to impacts from climate change. This HMP Vulnerability Assessment summarizes the overall exposure of the local population, including vulnerable populations in a more general context, property, and critical facilities within known hazard areas.

4.5.6.8 Vulnerability Assessment
Population
The entire population within the planning area is exposed to climate hazards to some extent. However, communities possess varying abilities to prepare for and recover from climate hazards. Disparities in income, health, and education also translate to increased climate vulnerability , with segregated communities of color facing elevated exposure to extreme heat and weather events . For example, neighborhoods which lack green infrastructure or have received less investment to conduct mitigation activities will experience hotter temperatures and more property damage following an extreme weather event. Overlapping climate crises can place stress on social support systems that people rely on for basic needs including healthcare, food, shelter, transportation, elder, and mental healthcare.

Property
Increasing wet and dry year extremes could place pressure on outdated and weak infrastructure, leading to building and/or property damage for residents.

Critical Facilities
Some critical infrastructure (i.e., roads, hospitals, schools, emergency facilities, and properties) are at increased risk of damage and urban flood exposure in the city, especially those which lie near outdated and/or low-capacity stormwater infrastructure. Inglewood’s low topographic variability and high cover of impervious surfaces leave much of the plan area exposed to urban flood risk during an extreme weather event, should runoff volumes exceed the system capacity.

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Hospitals and critical care facilities such as senior centers generally are designed to building standards that offer adequate protection from extreme weather hazards, including extreme heat and he avy rain. These facilities serve some of the most vulnerable residents in the community and compounding natural hazards could overwhelm system capacity.

4.5.6.9 Future Trends in Development
The city is committed to continuing efforts to address and reduce existing climate-related risks and future impacts on a holistic and programmatic level in partnership with regional stakeholder. With several ordinances and programs that cover a range of climate exposures and related impacts, the City is well equipped to handle current issues of extreme heat events and water supply issues but could still likely face increasing challenges as projected changes occur. Inglewood has also adopted the Green Building Standards Code, which exemplifies the actionable steps that the city is taking to set a precedent for reduced energy use, building with more sustainable materials, and employing better water conservation tactics.

Future development will also be guided by the policies and objectives set forth in the city’s General Plan, which includes relevant climate mitigation components as a part of its Safety Element and Environmental Justice Element.

4.5.6.10 Climate Change Hazard Problem Statements
As part of the mitigation action identification process, the Planning Committee identified issues and weaknesses, also called problem statements, for the City of Inglewood’s facilities. Identification was based on the risk assessment and vulnerability analysis utilizing the RAMP mapping tool and climate change data.

Climate change hazard problem statements are listed in Table 4-47.

Identifying these common issues and weaknesses assists the Planning Committee in understanding the realm of resources needed for mitigation. The goal is to have at least one mitigation action for every problem statement. See Table 5-6 for a full list of mitigation actions and corresponding problem statements that they address. Each problem statement is coded with a problem number for cross-referencing between Table 4-47 and Table 5-6.

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Table 4-47: Climate Change Problem Statements
Problem No. Hazard Type
Area of
Concern
Mitigation
Alternatives
Primary
Agency Problem Description Related MA
ps-CC-IG-3 Climate
Change
Victim PRV -
Prevention,
PE&A - Public
Education &
Awareness
City of
Inglewood
Utility rate hikes for water and
electricity increase overall
household utility burden, especially
for low-income residents.
ma-AH-IG-12,
ma-CC-IG-45
ps-CC-IG-12 Climate
Change
Victim PE&A - Public
Education &
Awareness,
ES -
Emergency
Services
City of
Inglewood
Co-occurrence of wildfire, drought,
and extreme heat events
compound poor air quality
throughout the LA Basin,
exacerbating respiratory health
impacts among heat-sensitive
groups.
ma-AH-IG-12,
ma-AH-IG-14
ps-CC-IG-19 Climate
Change
Impact PRV -
Prevention,
PPRO -
Property
Protection,
PE&A - Public
Education &
Awareness,
ES -
Emergency
Services
City of
Inglewood
Climate change is increasing the
intensity and frequency of heavy
rain, extreme heat, and drought
events.
ma-CC-IG-45,
ma-AH-IG-47,
ma-AH-IG-14

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Section 5. Mitigation Strategy
The mitigation strategy prescribes a series of actions designed to achieve the greatest reduction of vulnerability, resulting in reduced mortality, injuries, property damages, and environmental degradation in the event of a natural haza rd. The mitigation strategy is the guidebook to future hazard mitigation administration for the city, capturing the key outcomes of the HMP planning process. The mitigation strategy is intended to reduce vulnerabilities outlined in the previous section with a prescription of policies and physical projects. These mitigation actions should be compatible with existing planning mechanisms and should outline specifi c roles and resources for implementation success. The Planning Committee conducted the hazard mitigation planning process through typical problem -solving, as did the Steering Committees for the City. Those steps included:
▪ Estimate the impacts (see Vulnerability Assessments); ▪ Describe the problem (see Problem Statements);
▪ Assess what resources exist to lessen impacts and problem (see Capability Assessments); ▪ Develop Goals and Objectives to address the problems (see Goals and Objectives); and ▪ Determine what c an be done and develop actions that are appropriate for the community (see Mitigation Action Matrix).

5.1 Mitigation Alternatives
During Planning Committee Meeting #3 on June 23rd, 2021, the HMP Planning Committee developed and reviewed mitigation actions wit h a wide range of alternatives using FEMA’s six broad categories of mitigation alternatives described below. The MJHMP Planning Committee considered many mitigation alternatives for implementation under each mitigation category, both county -wide and for in dividual participating jurisdictions. The Planning Committee chose the most efficient and cost-effective alternatives based on assessed vulnerability and risk, the capabilities assessment, and group consensus to address identified hazard problems.

The City of Inglewood also met several times before and after the large group meeting to review specific hazard-related problem statements and develop mitigation actions. (Cal-Adapt, 2021) These meetings relied on the following framework to explore mitigation actions.

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PREVENTION (PRV)
Preventative activities keep hazard problems from getting worse and typically are administered through government programs or regulations addressing building and land development. Preventative actions are particularly effective in reducing a community’s future vulnerability in areas where development has not occurred, or capital improvements have not yet been substantial. Examples of preventative activities include:
▪ Planning and
zoning
ordinances
▪ Open space
preservation
▪ Stormwater
management
regulations
▪ Capital
improvements
programming
▪ Building codes ▪ Floodplain
regulations
▪ Drainage system
maintenance
▪ Riverine or fault
zone setbacks

LOCAL PRV ALTERNATIVES
▪ Establish ingress/ egress standards for future development. ▪ Enhance the county’s GIS database and capabilities related to hazards information. ▪ Maintain detention basins.
▪ Conduct detailed studies and mapping of floodplains for Churn Creek and its tributaries, targeting problematic floodplains.
▪ Update and distribute wildfire risk mapping for the City of Inglewood. ▪ Restrict new development in dam inundation zones.
▪ Amend or revise water conservation regulations for landscape design for commercial and residential development with the goal of limiting outdoor watering.

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PROPERTY PROTECTION (PPRO)
Property protection measures involve the modification of existing buildings and structures to help them better withstand the forces of a hazard, or removal of the structures from hazardous locations. Examples include:
▪ Building elevation ▪ Retrofitting (e.g., seismic
design techniques, etc.)
▪ Insurance
▪ Critical facilities
protection
▪ Safe rooms, shutters,
shatter resistant glass

LOCAL PPRO ALTERNATIVES
▪ Continue to work with the Los Angeles County Fire Departments to conduct mitigation projects with homeowners.
▪ Encourage privately owned critical facilities (e.g., churches, hotels, other gathering facilities) to evaluate the ability of the buildings to wi thstand earthquakes and to address any deficiencies identified.
▪ Identify and harden critical lifeline systems (i.e., critical public services such as utilities and roads) to meet “Seismic Design Guidelines and Standards for Lifelines” or equivalent standar ds, such as American Lifelines Alliance (ALA) guidance.
▪ Review construction plans for all bridges to determine their susceptibility to collapse and retrofit problem bridges.
▪ Use flexible piping when extending water, sewer, or natural gas service. ▪ Strengthen and retrofit non-reinforced masonry buildings and non-ductile concrete facilities that are particularly vulnerable to ground shaking.
▪ Install shutoff valves and emergency connector hoses where water mains cross fault lines. ▪ Continue to incentivize drought-tolerant landscape design.

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PUBLIC EDUCATION AND AWARENESS (PE&A)
Public education and awareness activities advise students, staff, parents, nearby residents, and elected officials about hazards, hazardous areas, and mitigation techniques they can use to protect themselves and their property. Measures to educate and inform the public include:
▪ Outreach
projects,
including
neighborhood
and community
outreach
▪ Speaker series/
demonstration
events
▪ Real estate
disclosures
▪ School children
educational
programs
▪ Hazard mapping ▪ Materials
library
▪ Hazard
expositions

LOCAL PE&A ALTERNATIVES
▪ Distribute public education materials relating to natural hazards, as well as emergency notifications in both English and Spanish.
▪ Partner with local water agencies in their public education and conservation campaigns in both English and Spanish.
▪ Encourage businesses to build financial reserves as part of economic development. ▪ Improve information on extreme heat, earthquake preparedness, heavy rain, pandemics, climate change, and other hazards on the City’s website.
▪ Focus a public education program around neighborhoods with egress/ingress issues and narrow roads.
▪ Improve interactive hazard mapping resources available to the public. ▪ Develop a public information campaign on 72-hour kits. ▪ Develop a "Natural Hazard Awareness Week" campaign and conduct corresponding outreach to the community and all interested parties.
▪ Conduct outreach to builders, architects, engineers, and inspectors about building susceptibility to earthquakes and proper design and building requirements. ▪ Educate the public on the importance of drought-tolerant landscaping, low flow indoor fixtures, and other water savings techniques to better withstand periods of drought.

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NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION (NRP)
Natural resource protection activities reduce the impact of natural hazards by preserving or restoring natural areas and their protective functions. Such areas include floodplains, wetlands, steep slopes, and sand dunes. Parks, recreation, or conservation agencies and organizations often implement these protective measures. Examples include:
▪ Floodplain protection ▪ Vegetation management
(e.g., fire resistant
landscaping, fuel breaks,
etc.)
▪ Wetland and habitat
preservation and
restoration
▪ Watershed management ▪ Erosion and sediment
control

LOCAL NRP ALTERNATIVES
▪ Encourage and incentivize drought-tolerant landscape design. ▪ Establish a priority list of slope failure locations and implement slope stabilization projects in the highest risk areas.
▪ Improve overall cover of trees and natural surfaces across the city.

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EMERGENCY SERVICES (ES)
Although not typically considered a mitigation technique, emergency service measures do minimize the impact of a hazard event on people and property. These commonly are actions taken immediately prior to, during, or in response to a hazard event. Examples include:
▪ Warning systems ▪ Sandbag staging for flood protection ▪ Construction of evacuation routes ▪ Installing temporary shutters on buildings for wind protection

LOCAL ES ALTERNATIVES
▪ Install back up power generators for fire stations, pump houses, emergency shelters, and cooling centers.
▪ Develop a website for vulnerable populations to register information such as where the individual in question lives, medications, restrictions, etc. Map registrants or tie information to the Nixle alert system.
▪ Focus capital improvements on evacuation or emergency access routes needing attention. ▪ Increase the capacity of existing hospitals through retrofits or upgrades, such as isolation wings.

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STRUCTURAL PROJECTS (SP)
Structural mitigation projects are intended to lessen the impact of a hazard by modifying the environment and natural progression of the hazard event through construction. They are usually designed by engineers and managed or maintained by public works staff. Examples include:

▪ Stormwater diversions/ detention and
retention infrastructure
▪ Utility Upgrades
▪ Seismic Retrofits

LOCAL SP ALTERNATIVES
▪ Improve water supply and delivery systems to be more resilient during times of drought. ▪ Construct and develop alternative water supplies to augment single sources of water delivery. ▪ Construct rainwater catchment systems to recharge groundwater in government rights-of-way. ▪ Install water monitoring devices and drought-tolerant landscaping on government-owned facilities. ▪ Improve stormwater drainage capa city; construct or improve stormwater basins city-wide to accomplish 100-year protection.
▪ Construct, install, and maintain warning gauges on local dams as the opportunity or need arises. ▪ Create an inventory and establish a priority list for culvert replacement that considers fish passage, flood depth reduction, and future losses avoided.
▪ Retrofit critical care facilities with enhanced HVAC and isolation areas.

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5.2 Identifying the Problem
As part of the mitigation action identification process, the HMP Planning Committee identified the areas of concern and potential impacts of each of the identified hazards on the community. Developing these “problem statements” for areas of concern, which describe the nature of the consequences or effects of a hazard occurrence on the community and its assets, ensures the identified mitigation actions are tailored to the specific problems created by various hazard scenarios and are specific to the city. The City’s problem statements are available as part of the Mitigation Action Support Tool (MAST), which is summarized in STEP 3: Develop a Mitigation Strategy, and available on mitigatehazards.com.

See Section 5.5 for city-wide mitigation actions.

5.3 Capabilities and Adaptive Capacity Assessment
This section examines the City of Inglewood’s planning and regulatory, administrative, technical, financial, educational, and outreach capabilities to augment known issues and weaknesses from identified natural hazards.

Capabilities assessments in this HMP include considerations of a community’s ada ptive capa city for climate change, as outlined in Cal OES’ 2020 California Adaptation Planning Guide. Adaptive capacity is a community or region’s existing ability to moderate climate change impacts. Assessing adaptive capacity includes analysis of policie s, plans, programs, funding, and staffing capa city. (Cal. Adaptation Planning Guide, 2020, p. 94)
The tables in this section explore various local planning mechanisms, administrative capa city, financial capabilities, and education and outreach initiatives. For more information on the regulatory environment surrounding each hazard, see hazard-specific sections of Section 4.5.The columns in each table represent deeper dives into the following questions:
▪ Is the existing planning or regulatory mechanism used currently? (Column 1, Status) ▪ Has the HMP been integrated into the planning mechanism currently so that the named mechanism is currently used in HMP planning? (Column 2, Current Mitigation Use) ▪ Is there a future opportunity to expand, improve upon, and incorporate this 2020 HMP Update into the planning or regulatory mechanism? (Column 3, Future Opportunity) The capabilities assessment is based on color coding to quickly identify which policies and plans are adequate, need improvement, or for which the HMP could be integrated. Each table includes a legend that explains how each one of these questions are being answered according to the color indicated: green, yellow, or orange.

5.3.1 Planning and Regulatory Mitigation Capabilities
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hazard mitigation activities are building codes, zoning regulations, floodplain management policies, and other municipal planning documents.

Table 5-1: City of Inglewood Planning and Regulatory Mitigation Capabilities

CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT LEGEND
Status Current Mitigation Use Future Opportunity
Currently in use or present. Used widely for mitigation. Opportunity to expand and integrate. (Sort of) Seldomly used or limited
presence. Limited use in mitigation planning. Limited opportunity to expand and integrate. (No) Not present or available. Not used in mitigation planning. No opportunity to expand or integrate.

HMP Integration
Notes / Additional Detail Resources for Hazard Risk Reduction Status Current
Mitigation
Use
Future
Opportunity
Planning and Regulatory Capabilities
Construction and Future Development Regulations
Building Codes
Green Green Yellow
2019 California Building Code
Public Protection (ISO Class)
Green Orange Yellow
Class 2. LA County Fire PPC Analysis updated
in 2018. Division 6 (includes Inglewood)
scored in Class 2 (80 -89.9, scale of 50 - 100),
same score as last update in 1998.

Hazard Related Development
Standards
Yellow Yellow Green
10-15. Floodplain Management Regulations
10-16. Stormwater Management & Discharge
Control
10-19. Water Conservation and Water Supply
Shortage Program
Hazard-Specific Ordinance
Green Green Green 15-02 Permanent Water Conservation
Requirements
15-04 Additions to 2013 building code
Zoning Ordinance Orange Orange Yellow Chapter 12 Article 17.1 "O-S" Zone designation Growth Management Ordinance
Orange Orange Yellow
Due to the "built out" nature of Inglewood,
growth will only occur as the result of infill
development, changes to zoning, or changes
in HH size.

Hazard Reduction Programs (Annually Conducted)
Capital Improvements Program (CIP)
or Plan Green Yellow Green City Hall seismic retrofit project currently funded through CIP
Erosion/Sediment Control Program Yellow Yellow Yellow Incorporated into Stormwater Management under Public Works.

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HMP Integration
Notes / Additional Detail Resources for Hazard Risk Reduction Status Current
Mitigation
Use
Future
Opportunity
Planning and Regulatory Capabilities
Hazard-Related Public Outreach
Program Yellow Yellow Green See Education & Outreach Capabilities for specifics.

Stormwater Management Program
Green Green Yellow
TOD plans with stormwater provisions,
Public Works Catch Basin Improvement
Project (ongoing)
Seismic Safety Program (Non-
structural Inspections) Green Yellow Yellow
Range of non -structural inspection types
conducted by Public Works Building Safety
Division
Earthquake Modernization Program
(Building Safety Inspections) Green Green Yellow Building permit review process per California 2019 Building Code
National Flood Insurance Program

Hazard Plans
General Plan Safety Element Yellow Green Green Safety Element from 1995 to be updated in conjunction with HMP (2022)
General Plan Environmental Justice
Element Green Yellow Green EJ Element updated in 2020 - future opportunity to expand high heat, earthquake
Noteworthy Area/ Specific Plan with
Hazard Focus Green Yellow Yellow
Multiple TOD Plans, Hollywood Park Plan EIR
containing urban heat island reduction and
stormwater collection design provisions
Urban or Integrated Regional Water
Management Plan Green Yellow Green
Urban Water Management Plan (2020)
Floodplain Management Plan N/A N/A N/A No designated floodplain.

Stormwater Management Plan Orange Yellow Green Included in Urban Water Management Plan (2020)
Ground Water Management Plan(s) N/A N/A Green
Open Space and Land Management
Plan(s) Yellow Yellow Yellow Inglewood - Lennox Community Greening Plan (2021)
Emergency Operations Plan Green Green Yellow 2020 EOP Update Climate Action Plan, Vulnerability
Assessment or Adaptation Plan Green Yellow Green
Opportunity to update 2013 Climate Action
Plan. Climate Vulnerability Assessment
updated as a part of 2022 Safety Element/
HMP update.

Sustainable Community Plan (SB 375)
Green Yellow Green 2016-2040 Regional Transportation
Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy,
adopted April 2016
Local Delta/ Wetlands Program(s) N/A N/A N/A
Downtown Plan with hazard focus Yellow Yellow Green
Community Health Assessment(s) Green Green Green LA County Community Health Profile - Inglewood (2018)
National Flood Protection Program (NFIP)
Floodplain Management Regulations
Green Green Yellow
Article 15 Floodplain Management
Regulations. The city will continue to
participate in the NFIP in the foreseeable
future.

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HMP Integration
Notes / Additional Detail Resources for Hazard Risk Reduction Status Current
Mitigation
Use
Future
Opportunity
Planning and Regulatory Capabilities
Flood Insurance Education and
Technical Assist. Green Yellow Yellow Always a good idea to purchase low-cost flood insurance.

Flood Hazard Mapping / Re-Mapping
Green Yellow Yellow
2018 Flood Insurance Study. Limited flood
risks are present in Inglewood according to
current mapping and FIS text.

Community Rating System (CRS)
Green Green
With no insurance policies within SFHA the
community has limited benefit from the
CRS program

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5.3.2 Administrative and Technical Capabilities
Table 5-2 shows the administrative and technical capabilities of the City of Inglewood.

Table 5-2: City of Inglewood Administrative and Technical Capabilities

CAPABILITY ASSESSMENT LEGEND
Status Current Mitigation Use Future Opportunity
Currently in use or present. Used widely for mitigation. Opportunity to expand and integrate. (Sort of) Seldomly used or limited presence. Limited use in mitigation planning. Limited opportunity to expand and integrate. (No) Not present or available. Not used in mitigation planning. No opportunity to expand or integrate.

HMP Integration
Notes / Additional Detail Resources for Hazard Risk Reduction Status Current
Mitigation
Use
Future
Opportunity
Administrative and Technical
Community Planning and Development Services (full time or augmented) Community Planner
Green Green Yellow
Community Development Department
provides professional redevelopment
services, administers the City's subsidized
housing program, and offers a number of
commercial and residential assistance
programs. Building and Safety is housed
within CDD.

Civil Engineer
Green Green Yellow
Public Works Department provides
leadership, planning, and administration of
all public works programs, including
engineering for capital projects; traffic
control and parking operations;
maintenance of municipal buildings, public
streets, sanitary sewers, and storm drains;
water treatment and transportation;
maintenance of fixed and rolling
equipment; and contract administration for
all major facilities
Building Code Official Green Green Yellow Code Enforcement housed within CDD.

Floodplain Administrator Green Green Yellow Public Works Director is the designated Floodplain Administrator.

Fire Marshall Green Green Yellow LA County Fire
Dedicated Public Outreach Personnel Green Green Yellow Police Department PIO, City Administrator's Office PIO
GIS Specialist and Capability
Yellow Yellow Green
GIS Data for this HMP acquired via City
Public Works GIS and LA County. Future
opportunity to distribute GIS data via online
portal
Emergency Manager Green Green Orange Emergency Manager - Office of Emergency Services
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HMP Integration
Notes / Additional Detail Resources for Hazard Risk Reduction Status Current
Mitigation
Use
Future
Opportunity
Administrative and Technical
Grant Manager, Writer, or Specialist
Yellow Green Yellow
Each department's MA takes on this role.

Hazard mitigation grant writing shared
across Planning, Public Works, and OES.

Other
Warning Systems/Services
General
Green Green Yellow
Alert South Bay, LA RICS (Public Safety LTE
and LMR network), ShakeAlert (LA Metro,
MyShake), Alert LA County
Flood N/A N/A N/A
Wildfire N/A N/A N/A
Geological Hazards Green Green Yellow ShakeAlert (LA Metro, MyShake), Alert LA County

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5.3.3 Financial Capabilities
Table 5-3 identifies the financial tools or resources that the City has used to fund mitigation activities.

Table 5-3: City of Inglewood Fiscal Capabilities Summary

HMP Integration
Resources for Hazard Risk Reduction Status
Current
Mitigation
Use
Future
Opportunity Notes / Additional Detail
Fiscal Capabilities
Financial Resources for Hazard Mitigation
Levy for Specific Purposes with Voter
Approval Green Orange Green No historical instances of voter -approved levy related to mitigation
Utilities Fees
Green Green Yellow
City provides water to 86% of residents and
businesses, with Golden State Water serving
the remainder of the city S of Century Blvd.

Rate increases in 2012 and 2019 were used to
update aging infrastructure
Benefit assessments Orange Orange Yellow
System Development Fee Orange Orange Yellow
Various Bonds to Incur Debt Green Yellow Yellow Inglewood has increased its bond rating from D- to AA+ since early 2000’s
Withheld Spending in Hazard -Prone
Areas Yellow Orange Yellow

Stormwater Service Fees Yellow Orange Yellow Permits required for industrial / commercial connections to storm drain.

Capital Improvement Project Funding Yellow Green Green CIP funding allocated for ongoing City Hall seismic retrofit project

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5.3.4 Education and Outreach
Table 5-4 lists the local citizen groups that communicate hazard risks.

Table 5-4: City of Inglewood Education/ Outreach Capabilities Summary

HMP Integration
Resources for Hazard Risk Reduction Status
Current
Mitigation
Use
Future
Opportunity Notes / Additional Detail
Fiscal Capabilities
Education/Outreach Resources
Website Dedicated to Hazard Topics
Green Green Orange
Education & outreach marked as "red" future
opportunity indicating levels are
satisfactory; no need for expansion or better
incorporation of hazard mitigation.

Dedicated Social Media Green Green Yellow Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook - @ReadyInglewood
Hazard Info. Avail. at Library/
Planning Desk Green Green Orange https://www.cityofinglewood.org/1203/Broc hures
Annual Public Safety Events Green Green Green Public Safety Week Ability to Field Public Tech.

Assistance Requests Green Yellow Yellow

Public Safety Newsletters or Printed
Outreach Orange Yellow Yellow Social media serves as primary public engagement strategy.

Other N/A N/A N/A

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5.3.5 Capability and Adaptive Capacity Opportunities
The above assessment offers ample opportunity for the City of Inglewood to consider strengthening its capabilities and adaptive capa city. The reflections in this section are meant as an example, not an exhaustive list of next steps to increase capacity. Prioritized opportunities to increase capacity in the City are shown as mitigation actions in Section 5.5.2.

The Capability Assessment ide ntifies several opportunities to incorporate a hazard mitigation planning perspective into the City’s municipal code, including cooling and seismic safety requirements for residential structures (using neighboring cities such as Los Angeles as a guide). Ad ditionally, several planning documents with a hazard mitigation nexus, such as the City’s Climate Action Plan, could benefit from an update that incorporates more recent climate information and estimates included in this HMP vulnerability assessment.

The primary means by which the City of Inglewood has increased its capacity to conduct long-term hazard mitigation projects since its last HMP update in 2010 is the establishment of the Office of Emergency Services. With four full-time staff members and additional planning resources and expertise now dedicated to hazard mitigation and emergency preparedness, it will be important to strengthen relationships across different City departments for better coordination of HMA-eligible infrastructure projects that address the goals and objectives identified in this HMP.

The following federal and state funding opportunities are provided as opportunities to leverage to increase Inglewood’s jurisdictional capacity.

5.3.6 Federal and State Funding Opportunities
Table 5-5 is a list of available funding sources from state and federal agencies. This includes the FEMA Hazard Mitigation Assistance grant program, which is described in more detail in Section 6.3.5. This list serves as a resource and is not exclusive.

Table 5-5: Federal and State Funding Opportunities
Agency /
Grant Name Potential Programs/Grants
FEMA Hazard Mitigation
Assistance Grants
See Section 6 for FEMA/ HMA grant details. For more information on current grants visit https://www.fema.gov/hazard-mitigation-assistance
▪ Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP):
https://www.fema.gov/hazard-mitigation-grant-program
▪ Building Resilient Infr astructure and Communities (BRIC):
https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/building-resilient-infrastructure- communities
▪ Flood Mitigation Assistance Grant Program (FMA):
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Agency /
Grant Name Potential Programs/Grants
FEMA other grant programs Including:
▪ Assistance to Firefighters Grant Program. Assistance to Firefighters Grants, Fire Prevention & Safety, and Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response. https://www.fema.gov/welcome-assistance- firefighters-grant-program
▪ Emergency Management Performance Grants (EMPG). Good for Equipment, Back Up Generators, etc. https://www.fema.gov/emergency- management-performance-grant-program
▪ Regional Catastrophic Preparedness Grant Program (RCPGP).

Housing and Logistics and Supply Chain Management, encouraging innovative regional solutions to issues related to catastrophic incidents, and building on existing regional efforts.
https://www.fema.gov/regional-catastrophic-preparedness-grant-program U.S. Dept. of Energy / Energy
Efficiency and Conservation
Block Grant Program
Provides funding for weatherization of structures and development of building codes/ordinances to ensure energy efficiency and restoration of older homes. https://www.energy.gov/eere/wipo/energy-efficiency-and-conservation-block-grant- program
State and County Community
Development Dept. Block
Grants (CDBG)

Through Cal. Dept. of Housing and Community Development Dept. (HCD) Programs Include:
▪ Community Development (CD)
▪ Economic Development (ED)
▪ Disaster Recovery Initiative (DRI)
▪ Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP)
▪ https://www.hcd.ca.gov/grants-funding/active-funding/cdbg.shtml Cal OES
Proposition 1B Grants
Programs
The Highway Safety, Traffic Reduction, Air Quality and Port Security Bond Act of 2006, approved by the voters as Proposition 1B at the November 7, 2006 general election, authorizes the issuance of $19,925,000,000 in general obligation bonds for specified purposes, including grants fo r transit system safety, security, and disaster response projects.
http://www.caloes.ca.gov/cal-oes-divisions/grants-management/homeland-security- prop-1b-grant-programs/proposition-1b-grant
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Agency /
Grant Name Potential Programs/Grants
California Proposition 1: the
Water Bond (AB 1471)
Authorize $7.545 billion in general obligation bonds for state water supply infrastructure projects, such as public water system improvements, surface and groundwater storage, drinking water protection, water recycling and advanced water treatment technology, water supply management and conveyance, wastewater treatment, drought re lief, emergency water supplies, and ecosystem and watershed protection and restoration.

The State Water Resources Control Board (State Water Board) will administer Proposition 1 funds for five programs. The estimated implementation schedule for each is outlined in Five Categories:
▪ Small Community Wastewater
▪ Water Recycling
▪ Drinking Water
▪ Stormwater
▪ Groundwater Sustainability
http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/grants_loans/proposition1.sht ml
Assistance to Firefighters
Grant Program (AFG); Fire
Prevention and Safety (FP&S)
The primary goal of the FP&S Grants is to enhance the safety of the public and firefighters with respect to fire and fire-related hazards. The Grant Programs Directorate administers the FP&S Grants as part of the AFG Program. FP&S Grants are offered to support projects in two activity areas:
1). Fire Prevention and Safety (FP&S) Activity Activities designed to reach high-risk target groups and mitigate the incidence of death and injuries caused by fire and fire -related hazards.
2). Research and Development (R&D) Activity To learn more about how to prepare to apply for a project under this activ ity, please see the FP&S Research and Development Grant Application Get Ready Guide.
https://www.fema.gov/fire-prevention-safety-grants
California Housing and
Community Development
(HCD) Emergency Solutions
Grant (ESG) Program
To fund projects that serve homeless individuals and families with supportive services, emergency shelter/transitional housing, assisting persons at risk of becoming homeless with homelessness prevention assistance, and providing permanent housing to the homeless population. The Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing (HEARTH) Act of 2009 places new emphasis on assisting people to quickly regain stability in permanent housing after experiencing a housing crisis and/or homelessness.
http://www.hcd.ca.gov/fa/esg/index.html
CalTrans Division of Local
Assistance / Safe Routes to
School Program
California Dept. of Transportation. Federal funding administered via Caltrans. Local 10% match is the minimum requirement.
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Agency /
Grant Name Potential Programs/Grants
Active transportation grant program. Creating mobility and connectivity. Prioritize projects, and preparation of PED for active transportation projects.

Property Assessed Clean
Energy (PACE) Programs
PACE financing allows property owners to fund energy efficiency, water efficiency and renewable energy projects with little or no up -front costs. With PAC E, residential and commercial property owners living within a participating district can finance up to 100% of their project and pay it back over time as a voluntary property tax assessment through their existing property tax bill.

HazMat Emergency
Preparedness Grant
The purpose of this grant program is to increase effectiveness in safely and efficiently handling hazardous materials accidents and incidents; enhance implementation of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 (EPCRA); and encourage a comprehensive approach to emergency training and planning by incorporating the unique challenges of responses to transportation situations. http://www.caloes.ca.gov/cal-oes-divisions/fire-rescue/hazardous-materials/hazmat- emergency-preparedness-grant
CERT Program Manager
Course
The purpose of this Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) Program Manager course is to prepare CERT Program Managers for the tasks required to establish and sustain an active local CERT program.
http://www.californiavolunteers.org/index.php/CERT/PM/
California Residential
Mitigation Program
The California Residential Mitigation Program (CRMP) wa s established to carry out mitigation programs to assist California homeowners who wish to seismically retrofit their houses.
http://www.californiaresidentialmitigationprogram.com/
Earthquake Brace + Bolt
(EBB)
EBB, part of the California Residential Mitigation Program, was developed to help homeowners lessen the potential for damage to their houses during an earthquake by offering eligible homeowners up to a $3,000 incentive to seismically retrofit their homes. https://www.earthquakebracebolt.com/
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Agency /
Grant Name Potential Programs/Grants
California Air Resources
Board Air Pollution
Incentives, Grants and Credit
Programs
These programs have hundreds of millions of dollars in grants available over the next several years to reduce emissions from on- and off-road vehicles and equipment. https://www.arb.ca.gov/ba/fininfo.htm
California Department of
Water Resources Grants and
Loans
https://water.ca.gov/Work-With-Us/Grants-And-Loans
Agency offers a variety of grants and loans related to integrated regional water management, flood mitigation, water conservation and efficiency, environmental restoration, groundwater, water quality, and water supply.

US Bureau of Reclamation
WaterSMART Grants
Annual funding available for:
▪ Water Reclamation and Reuse funding
▪ Drought Resiliency Project funding
▪ Water and Energy Efficiency Grant funding
https://www.usbr.gov/watersmart/

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5.4 Mitigation Goals
Hazard mitigation plans must identify goals for reducing long-term vulnerabilities to identified hazards (44 C.F.R. § 201.6(c)(3)(i)). The HMPC established a set of goals for this plan, based on review of the City of Inglewood’s previous goals from 2010, goals from other jurisdictions’ hazard mitigation plans, and from the California Hazard Mitigation Plan. The HMPC also considered the preliminary risk assessment and public outreach results. The HMPC ultimately determined to adopt similar goals to the California Hazard Mitigation Plan.

Goals discussed in this section describe what future actions should occur to continue mitigating hazards.

The goals form the basis for the development of the Mitigation Action Strategy and specific mitigation projects. The pro cess consists of 1) setting goals, 2) considering mitigation alternatives, 3) identifying strategies or “actions”, and 4) developing a prioritized action plan resulting in a mitigation strategy.

The goals and mitigation actions in this plan all support each other. Actions were prioritized based on their ability to achieve multiple goals. A mitigation strategy is considered effective based on how well the goals of the strategy are achieved. The abbreviations reflected in parenthesis below are used to match mitigation actions with each goal in Table 5-6.

The following goals were developed by the HMPC to guide mitigation planning for this HMP lifecycle:

Goal 1: Significa ntly reduce risk of injuries and loss of life during disaster events. (“People”)

Goal 2: Minimize damage to critical infrastructure and property and minimize interruption of essential services and activities. (“Infrastructure”)

Goal 3: Protect the environment. (“Environment”)

Goal 4: Promote community resilience through integration of hazard mitigation with public policy and standard business practices. (“Resilience”)

5.5 City-Wide Mitigation Actions
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Mitigation actions were developed based upon planning committee priorities, risk assessment results, and mitigation alternatives. Most importantly, the newly developed mitigation actions acknowledge updated risk assessment information outlined in Section 3.

Mitigation actions are available on MAST linked through mitigatehazards.com; the format allows for regular updating and easy sorting by jurisdiction and hazard. Figure 5-1 illustrates the mitigation actions entered through MAST.

Table 5-6 establishes mitigation actions for the City. The city developed mitigation actions specifically tailored to their vulnerabilities and capabilities. Some mitigation actions support ongoing act ivities of partner agencies and stakeholders, while other actions are intended to be completed when funding is available. All mitigation actions will be reviewed annually.

Figure 5-1: Mitigation Action Application

5.5.1 Prioritization of Mitigation Actions
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this. To ensure this HMP realistically reflects available resources, mitigation actions are prioritized by considering the cost/benefit review, public input, and HMP Planning Committee agreement.

5.5.1.1 Cost/Benefit Review
The action plan must be prioritized according to a cost/benefit analysis of the proposed projects and their associated costs (44 C.F.R. §201.6(c)(3)(iii)). The benefits of proposed projects were weighed against estimated costs as part of the project prioritization process. This r eview does not meet FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) and Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) grant program requirements. A less formal, less costly approach was used because some projects may not be implemented for up to 10 years, and associated costs and benefits could change dramatically in that time.

Parameters were established for assigning subjective ratings (high, medium, and low) to the costs and benefits of these projects. Cost ratings were defined as follows:
▪ High—Existing funding will not cover the cost of the project; implementation would require new revenue through an alternative source (for example, bonds, grants, and fee increases). ▪ Medium—The project could be implemented with existing funding but would require a re- apportionment of the budget or a budget amendment, or the cost of the project would have to be spread over multiple years.
▪ Low—The project could be funded under the existing budget. The project is part of or can be part of an ongoing existing program.

Benefit ratings were defined as follows:
▪ High—Project will provide an immediate reduction of risk exposure for life and property. ▪ Medium—Project will have a long-term impact on the reduction of risk exposure for life and property, or will not provide an immediate reduction in the risk exposure for property. ▪ Low—Long-term benefits of the project are difficult to quantify in the short term.

Using this approach, projects with positive benefit versus cost ratios (such as high over high, high over medium, medium over low, etc.) are considered cost-beneficial and are prioritized accordingly. For many of the strategies identified in this action plan, the City may seek financial assistance under the HMGP or BRIC programs, both of which require detailed cost/benefit analyses. These analyses will be performed on projects at the time of application using the FEMA cost/benefit model. For projects not seeking financial assistance from grant programs that require detailed analysis, the City may reserve the right to define “benefits” according to parameters that meet the goals and objectives of this HMP.

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5.5.1.2 Public Input
An eight-question community survey was distributed by the City of Inglewood across its website, social media, partner email blasts , and in person outreach events. Both English and Spanish versions were provided. A total of 95 survey responses were collected. The results of the survey were used to ensure that the priorities of the county and participating jurisdictions match those of the residents and community members.

Specific question responses heavily influenced the prioritization of mitigation actions, including the following summarized questions and responses:
▪ Property at risk? 79% of participants believe their property is at risk from a natural hazard disaster. ▪ Hazards experienced? Respondents have experienced the following hazards in their lifetime:
1) Earthquake (73 / 77%)
2) Pandemic (69 / 73%)
3) Drought (agricultural or domestic) (36 / 38%)
4) Severe weather (32 / 34%)
5) Climate change (21 / 22%)
6) Flooding (21 / 22%)
7) Urban / structure fire (9 / 10%)
8) Geohazard (i.e., erosion, mudslide, soil expansion or collapse) (4 / 4%) 9) Other (4 / 4%) (Other responses included: major power outage, termite weathering, traffic, misogynistic violence)
10) Only 5 / 5% of residents had not experienced a natural hazard ▪ Informed about hazard risks? Most respondents felt uninformed (40.4%) or only somewhat informed (35.1%) about the dangers of natural hazards in the area. Only 24.5% of respondents felt well informed. ▪ What incentives would encourage home protection from hazards? Top three responses:
a. "Rebate" programs or reimbursement of upfront costs (64.8%) b. Insurance premium discounts (61.4%)
c. Building permit fee reduction or waiver (51.1%)
▪ Top mitigation projects for local governments to focus on? Top responses:
a. Retrofit and strengthen essential facilities (e.g., police, fire, emergency medical services, hospitals, schools) (61.7%)
b. Update existing infrastruct ure (e.g., drinking water or stormwater/drainage systems, vulnerable bridges and roadways) (63.8%)
c. Work on improving the damage resistance of utilities (e.g., electricity, communications, water/wastewater facilities) (60.6%)
d. Ensure that emergency shelters, the Emergency Operations Center, and communications towers have backup power (62.8%)
e. Provide better information to the public about hazard risk, high -hazard areas, and ways to reduce/mitigate risk (64.9%)
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f. Assist property owners with securing funding to mi tigate impacts to their properties (e.g., earthquake retrofits, cooling upgrades) (68.1%)
g. Developing additional green spaces and installing drought -resistant vegetation along roadways and sidewalks (54.3%)
As a result of the public survey, the city adjusted many of the priorities of various mitigation actions. Some were moved from medium to high priority based on community feedback, or vice versa. Several jurisdictions added public outreach and education to their mitigation actions in response to s urvey emphasis on the same. The survey results also included a higher-than-anticipated response rate for air quality concerns and extended power outages, both of which may be emphasized to a higher degree in the HMP.

The complete survey results summary can be found in Appendix B of this HMP.

5.5.2 Mitigation Action Plan
Table 5-6 lists each mitigation action for the City of
Inglewood. These are available on MAST. Each
mitigation action identifies the overall mitigation goal being addressed, responsible party, time frame,
potential funding source, implementation steps and
resources needed to implement these priority
mitigation actions. As a living document, hazard
problem statements and mitigation activities will be
updated through MAST.

The detail provided in MAST and captured in Table 5-6
meets the regulatory requirements of FEMA and DMA
2000.

The actions detailed in Table 5-6 and MAST contain
both new action items developed for this plan Update
as well as old actions that w ere yet to be completed
from the 201 0 Plan. The action numbers indicate the
hazard type being mitigated, along with assigning a
distinct number to each mitigation action for easy
identification. (See Figure 5-2)
Section 2, What’s New, illustrates progress towards new and previous mitigation action and indicates how many actions have been completed, deleted, or are ongoing or pending.

Important to note: The Planning Committee realizes that new needs and priorities may arise as a result of a disaster or other circumstances and reserves the right to support new actions and edit existing actions as necessary if they conform to the overall goals of the plan.

Figure 5-2: Mitigation Strategy Key
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Table 5-6: City of Inglewood Mitigation Action Tracker
Mitigation No. Hazard Type
Mitigation
Type Status Year
Primary
Agency Title/Description
Responsible
Party Estimated Cost Estimated Benefit
Time
Frame
HMA
Activity Type Priority Goal(s)
Related
Problem
Statements
ma-AH-IG-0 All Hazard ES -
Emergency
Services
Pending 2010 City of
Inglewood
Reactivate the Disaster Council. Emergency
Services
Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

Medium - Project will have a
long-term impact on the
reduction of risk exposure for
life and property, or project
will not provide an
immediate reduction in the
risk exposure for property.
1-3 Years N/A Extreme Goal 4. Resilience ps-AH-IG-22
ma-AH-IG-5 All Hazard ES -
Emergency
Services
Ongoing 2010 City of
Inglewood
Conduct an evaluation of the
existing warning system in City Hall
to determine its efficacy in reaching
all people within the building in
case of a hazard event.

Emergency
Services
Low - The project could be
funded under the existing
budget. The project is part of
or can be part of an ongoing
existing program.

Medium - Project will have a
long-term impact on the
reduction of risk exposure for
life and property, or project
will not provide an
immediate reduction in the
risk exposure for property.
1-3 Years N/A Extreme Goal 1. People ps-EQ-IG-21,
ps-EQ-IG-5
ma-AH-IG-14 All Hazard PE&A -
Public
Education &
Awareness
Ongoing 2010 City of
Inglewood
Enhance relationships with the
local Chamber of Commerce,
Partners for Progress, and local
health clinics
Emergency
Services
Low - The project could be
funded under the existing
budget. The project is part of
or can be part of an ongoing
existing program.

Medium - Project will have a
long-term impact on the
reduction of risk exposure for
life and property, or project
will not provide an
immediate reduction in the
risk exposure for property.

Ongoing N/A Medium Goal 1. People,
Goal 4. Resilience
ps-AH-IG-22,
ps-PN-IG-17,
ps-EH-IG-11,
ps-CC-IG-19,
ps-CC-IG-12
ma-AH-IG-47 All Hazard PE&A -
Public
Education &
Awareness
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Maintain and increase accessibility
of GIS data for infrastructure and
systems related to hazard
mitigation planning.

Public Works,
Geographical
Emergency
Services
Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

Medium - Project will have a
long-term impact on the
reduction of risk exposure for
life and property, or project
will not provide an
immediate reduction in the
risk exposure for property.

Ongoing Planning High Goal 4. Resilience ps-CC-IG-19,
ps-AH-IG-22,
ps-EQ-IG-4,
ps-EQ-IG-21,
ps-HR-IG-13
ma-AH-IG-48 All Hazard PPRO -
Property
Protection
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Develop procedures for inspecting
and tagging business for occupancy
after a disaster (Post Disaster
Restoration Ordinance)
Planning Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
1-3 Years Planning High Goal 2. Property,
Goal 4. Resilience
ps-AH-IG-22,
ps-EQ-IG-8
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Mitigation No. Hazard Type
Mitigation
Type Status Year
Primary
Agency Title/Description
Responsible
Party Estimated Cost Estimated Benefit
Time
Frame
HMA
Activity Type Priority Goal(s)
Related
Problem
Statements
ma-AH-IG-49 All Hazard PRV -
Prevention
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Work with local businesses to
prepare Emergency Preparedness
Plans, in conjunction with relevant
agencies and advocacy
organizations.

Emergency
Services,
Economic
and
Community
Development
Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

Medium - Project will have a
long-term impact on the
reduction of risk exposure for
life and property, or project
will not provide an
immediate reduction in the
risk exposure for property.
5-10 Years Planning Medium Goal 4. Resilience ps-EQ-IG-6, ps-AH-IG-22
ma-AH-IG-50 All Hazard ES -
Emergency
Services
Ongoing 2021 City of
Inglewood
Continue to develop short-term
congregate and non-congregate
sheltering options for residents and
pets by working with the American
Red Cross, local sports and
entertainment venues, Humane
Society / animal services, and other
community-based organizations.

Emergency
Services
Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
3-5 Years Planning High Goal 1. People,
Goal 4. Resilience
ps-HR-IG-16,
ps-EQ-IG-6
ma-CC-IG-45 Climate
Change
ES -
Emergency
Services
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Implement the policies and goals
related to urban greening, air
quality, and stormwater system
improvements as outlined in the
City's Environmental Justice
Element (2020).

Economic &
Community
Development
High - Existing funding will
not cover the cost of the
project; implementation
would require new revenue
through an alternative source
(for example, bonds, grants,
and fee increases).

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
5-10 Years Project Medium Goal 2. Property,
Goal 3.

Environment
ps-DR-IG-1,
ps-CC-IG-3,
ps-CC-IG-19,
ps-HR-IG-16,
ps-DR-IG-1
ma-CC-IG-51 Climate
Change
ES -
Emergency
Services
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Update the City's Climate Action
Plan applicable with state and
federal law
Planning Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

ps-DR-IG-1
ma-CC-IG-52 Climate
Change
PE&A -
Public
Education &
Awareness
Ongoing 2021 City of
Inglewood
In conjunction with local health
care providers and the City Police
Department, conduct public
outreach regarding cooling center
availability, especially targeting at-
risk populations such as seniors,
unhoused individuals, and outdoor
workers. Periodically review
available cooling center usage,
distribution and availability
throughout the city.

Emergency
Services,
Police
Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

Medium - Project will have a
long-term impact on the
reduction of risk exposure for
life and property, or project
will not provide an
immediate reduction in the
risk exposure for property.

Ongoing 5% High Goal 1. People,
Goal 4. Resilience
ps-EH-IG-15,
ps-EH-IG-11
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Mitigation No. Hazard Type
Mitigation
Type Status Year
Primary
Agency Title/Description
Responsible
Party Estimated Cost Estimated Benefit
Time
Frame
HMA
Activity Type Priority Goal(s)
Related
Problem
Statements
ma-DR-IG-46 Drought PE&A -
Public
Education &
Awareness
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Replace irrigated landscaping with
drought-resistant vegetation and
increase use of recycled water for
irrigation in City-owned facilities
Economic
and
Community
Development;
Parks,
Recreation
and
Community
Services
Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

Environment
ps-DR-IG-2,
ps-DR-IG-4,
ps-DR-IG-2
ma-DR-IG-53 Drought PE&A -
Public
Education &
Awareness
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Develop a public education
campaign to encourage water
conservation during drought, in
order to avoid or delay issuance of
water restriction emergency
declarations.

Public Works Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.

Ongoing Project Extreme Goal 3.

Environment,
Goal 4. Resilience
ps-DR-IG-1
ma-EQ-IG-16 Earthquake ES -
Emergency
Services
Ongoing 2010 City of
Inglewood
Develop and implement a City-wide
data / IT recovery plan that includes
regular back ups, seismic bracing of
all hardware/facilities, and secure
off-site storage.

Emergency
Services, All
Departments
Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
3-5 Years 5% Extreme Goal 2. Property,
Goal 4. Resilience
ps-AH-IG-22,
ps-EQ-IG-21
ma-EQ-IG-22 Earthquake PPRO -
Property
Protection
Ongoing 2010 City of
Inglewood
Conduct a risk assessment of the
City's water treatment plant and
City reservoirs
Public Works Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

Environment,
Goal 4. Resilience
ps-EQ-IG-4,
ps-DR-IG-1
ma-EQ-IG-24 Earthquake PPRO -
Property
Protection
Ongoing 2010 City of
Inglewood
Establish a non-structural hazard
evaluation and risk reduction
program for city buildings and
departments housing critical
functions.

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Mitigation No. Hazard Type
Mitigation
Type Status Year
Primary
Agency Title/Description
Responsible
Party Estimated Cost Estimated Benefit
Time
Frame
HMA
Activity Type Priority Goal(s)
Related
Problem
Statements
ma-EQ-IG-26 Earthquake PPRO -
Property
Protection
Ongoing 2010 City of
Inglewood
Install seismic bracing bars on main
branch library shelves to prevent
collapse and public injury.

Medium - Project will have a
long-term impact on the
reduction of risk exposure for
life and property, or project
will not provide an
immediate reduction in the
risk exposure for property.
1-3 Years Project High Goal 1. People,
Goal 2. Property
ps-EQ-IG-21
ma-EQ-IG-28 Earthquake SP -
Structural
Projects
Pending 2010 City of
Inglewood
Inventory residential soft story and
tilt-up buildings in the city
Building and
Planning
High - Existing funding will
not cover the cost of the
project; implementation
would require new revenue
through an alternative source
(for example, bonds, grants,
and fee increases).

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
3-5 Years Planning Extreme Goal 2. Property ps-EQ-IG-6, ps-EQ-IG-7,
ps-EQ-IG-8
ma-EQ-IG-31 Earthquake PPRO -
Property
Protection
Pending 2010 City of
Inglewood
Evaluate feasibility of addressing
residential tilt-up /soft-story
retrofits code to encourage or
mandate retrofit of privately-owned
buildings
Building and
Planning
Low - The project could be
funded under the existing
budget. The project is part of
or can be part of an ongoing
existing program.

Medium - Project will have a
long-term impact on the
reduction of risk exposure for
life and property, or project
will not provide an
immediate reduction in the
risk exposure for property.
5-10 Years Planning Low Goal 2. Property ps-EQ-IG-8,
ps-EQ-IG-7,
ps-EQ-IG-6
ma-EQ-IG-32 Earthquake PPRO -
Property
Protection
Pending 2010 City of
Inglewood
Conduct a risk assessment of high
occupancy buildings and all
buildings currently listed as
potential post-disaster shelters
Building and
Planning
Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
3-5 Years Planning Medium Goal 1. People,
Goal 2. Property
ps-AH-IG-22
ma-EQ-IG-33 Earthquake PPRO -
Property
Protection
Pending 2010 City of
Inglewood
Encourage retrofit of single-family
homes including bolting
foundations, strengthening cripple
walls, and removing or
strengthening masonry chimneys
Building and
Planning
High - Existing funding will
not cover the cost of the
project; implementation
would require new revenue
through an alternative source
(for example, bonds, grants,
and fee increases).

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
5-10 Years Project Medium Goal 2. Property ps-EQ-IG-8,
ps-EQ-IG-7
ma-EQ-IG-34 Earthquake PE&A -
Public
Education &
Awareness
Ongoing 2010 City of
Inglewood
Join the Southern California
Earthquake Center (SCEC)
Emergency
Services
Low - The project could be
funded under the existing
budget. The project is part of
or can be part of an ongoing
existing program.

Medium - Project will have a
long-term impact on the
reduction of risk exposure for
life and property, or project
will not provide an
immediate reduction in the
risk exposure for property.

Ongoing N/A Low Goal 4. Resilience ps-EQ-IG-21,
ps-EQ-IG-8,
ps-EQ-IG-7,
ps-EQ-IG-6,
ps-EQ-IG-4
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Mitigation No. Hazard Type
Mitigation
Type Status Year
Primary
Agency Title/Description
Responsible
Party Estimated Cost Estimated Benefit
Time
Frame
HMA
Activity Type Priority Goal(s)
Related
Problem
Statements
ma-EQ-IG-44 Earthquake PPRO -
Property
Protection
Ongoing 2021 City of
Inglewood
Complete City Hall seismic retrofit
project.

Public Works High - Existing funding will
not cover the cost of the
project; implementation
would require new revenue
through an alternative source
(for example, bonds, grants,
and fee increases).

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
1-3 Years Project Extreme Goal 2. Property ps-EQ-IG-5
ma-EH-IG-56 Extreme
Heat
PE&A -
Public
Education &
Awareness
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Support local efforts by Tree People,
SJLI and others to increase cover of
shade trees in residential areas,
targeting areas with population -
scale vulnerability to extreme heat
effects.

Economic &
Community
Development
Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
3-5 Years Project High Goal 1. People,
Goal 3.

Environment,
Goal 4. Resilience
ps-EH-IG-10
ma-EH-IG-57 Extreme
Heat
PE&A -
Public
Education &
Awareness
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Increase public awareness and
education surrounding the signs /
symptoms of heat related illness,
individual risk factors, treatment,
and preventative strategies.

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
1-3 Years 5% High Goal 1. People ps-EH-IG-11
ma-EH-IG-58 Extreme
Heat
ES -
Emergency
Services
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Establish systems, such as hotlines,
to alert public health officials about
high-risk or distressed individuals
before and during extreme heat
events.

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
1-3 Years Project High Goal 1. People ps-EH-IG-15,
ps-EH-IG-11
ma-EH-IG-59 Extreme
Heat
SP -
Structural
Projects
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Incorporate urban heat island
reduction strategies (such as
green/cool roofs, cool pavements,
and increased vegetation cover) into
long-term planning to help reduce
temperature extremes during future
heat waves.

Planning Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
3-5 Years Planning Extreme Goal 3.

Environment,
Goal 4. Resilience
ps-EH-IG-10,
ps-EH-IG-11
ma-EH-IG-60 Extreme
Heat
SP -
Structural
Projects
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Secure backup power facilities for
community-based Cooling Centers.

Public Works High - Existing funding will
not cover the cost of the
project; implementation
would require new revenue
through an alternative source
(for example, bonds, grants,
and fee increases).

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
3-5 Years Project Medium Goal 1. People,
Goal 4. Resilience
ps-EH-IG-9
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Mitigation No. Hazard Type
Mitigation
Type Status Year
Primary
Agency Title/Description
Responsible
Party Estimated Cost Estimated Benefit
Time
Frame
HMA
Activity Type Priority Goal(s)
Related
Problem
Statements
ma-HR-IG-61 Heavy Rain SP -
Structural
Projects
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Complete improvements to catch
basins and other stormwater
infrastructure to reduce urban flood
risk during heavy rain events.

Public Works High - Existing funding will
not cover the cost of the
project; implementation
would require new revenue
through an alternative source
(for example, bonds, grants,
and fee increases).

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
5-10 Years Project Extreme Goal 2. Property,
Goal 4. Resilience
ps-HR-IG-13,
ps-HR-IG-14
ma-HR-IG-62 Heavy Rain SP -
Structural
Projects
Pending 2021 City of
Inglewood
Increase cover of permeable
surfaces in areas with localized
flooding risk. (City to specify areas
of concern)
Public Works Medium - The project could
be implemented with existing
funding but would require a
re-apportionment of the
budget or a budget
amendment, or the cost of the
project would have to be
spread over multiple years.

Medium - Project will have a
long-term impact on the
reduction of risk exposure for
life and property, or project
will not provide an
immediate reduction in the
risk exposure for property.
3-5 Years Project Medium Goal 2. Property ps-HR-IG-13,
ps-HR-IG-14
ma-PN-IG-54 Pandemic ES -
Emergency
Services
Ongoing 2021 City of
Inglewood
Coordinate efforts between the city,
the County Health Dept., and local
hospitals to respond effectively to
emergent communicable diseases.

Emergency
Services
Low - The project could be
funded under the existing
budget. The project is part of
or can be part of an ongoing
existing program.

Medium - Project will have a
long-term impact on the
reduction of risk exposure for
life and property, or project
will not provide an
immediate reduction in the
risk exposure for property.
3-5 Years Planning High Goal 1. People,
Goal 4. Resilience
ps-PN-IG-17
ma-PN-IG-55 Pandemic PRV -
Prevention
Ongoing 2021 City of
Inglewood
Assess and institute necessary
upgrades to critical facilities to
allow for usage during a pandemic,
including adequate ventilation and
physical barriers
Public Works,
Emergency
Services
High - Existing funding will
not cover the cost of the
project; implementation
would require new revenue
through an alternative source
(for example, bonds, grants,
and fee increases).

High - Project will provide an
immediate reduction of risk
exposure for life and
property.
5-10 Years Project High Goal 1. People ps-PN-IG-18

Note: As a living document, project descriptions and actions in the tables above will be modified to reflect current conditions over time in MAST.

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Section 6. Plan Implementation and Maintenance
It is important that this plan becomes a usable, used tool for all planning committee to ensure reductions in possible damage from a natural hazard event. This section discusses adopting, implementing, monitoring, evaluating, and updating the HMP, which should help ensure that the HMP remains relevant. This section describes the incorporation of the HMP into existing planning mechanisms, and how the jurisdictions will continue to engage the public.

6.1 Plan Adoption
To comply with DMA 2000, the City of Inglewood Board has officially adopted the City of Inglewood Hazard Mitigation Plan. The adoption of the HMP recognizes the City’s commitment to reducing the impacts of natural hazards within the city. A copy of the HMP adoption resolution is included immediately following the Executive Summary.

6.2 Plan Implementation
Over time, implementation strategies for mitigation actions will become more detailed. MAST will be extremely useful to plan for updates to this HMP and to update individual mitigation actions as implemented or revised. In conjunction with the progress report processes, implementation strategy worksheets will be extremely useful as a plan of record tool for updates. Each implementation strategy worksheet provides individual steps and resources need to complete each priority mitigation action. The following are considerations for developing future implementation strategies:
▪ Use processes that already exist. Take advantage of the tools and procedures identified in the capability assessment in Section 5.3. Using planning mechanisms already in use and familiar to planning committee will give the planning implementation phase a strong initial boost. ▪ Updated work plans, policies, or procedure. Incorporating hazard mitigation concepts and activities can help integrate the HMP into daily operations. These changes can include how major development projects and subdivision reviews are addressed in hazard-prone areas or ensure that hazard mitigation concerns are considered in the approval of major capital improvement projects. ▪ Job descriptions. Working with department or agency heads to revise job descriptions of government staff to include mitigation -related duties, including de signating a “mitigation lead” within a department, can further institutionalize hazard mitigation with little financial expenditure or programmatic overhaul.

6.2.1 Steering Committee
The Steering Committee oversaw the development of the plan and made recommendat ions on key elements of the plan, including the maintenance strategy. The Steering Committee recommended that an oversight committee referred to herein as the HMP Steering Committee, should have an active role in the Draft V1.2 1/27/2023

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plan maintenance strategy. Therefore, i t is recommended that the HMP Steering Committee become involved in key elements of the plan maintenance strategy. The new HMP Steering Committee should strive to include representation from the Planning Committee, as well as other stakeholder groups and members of the public in the planning area. Keeping this new HMP Steering Committee intact will also jump -start future updates.

The new HMP Steering Committee will develop annual progress reports to provide input to the City of Inglewood City Council on possible improvements or action steps to be considered at the next update. It will be the HMP Steering Committee’s role to create a report in an effort to identify revisions and issues needing to be addressed by future plans.

6.3 Monitoring, Evaluating and Updating the HMP
This section describes the schedule and process for monitoring, evaluating, and updating the HMP. The Mitigation Action Support Tool (MAST) has been developed for the city to use as a primary resource for updating and monitoring mitigation actions. See subsection 6.3.2 below for more information on MAST.

6.3.1 Schedule
Monitoring the progress of the mitigation actions will be ongoing throughout the five-year period between the adoption of the HMP and the next update effort. The newly formed HMP Steering Committee will meet biannually to monitor the implementation of mitigation actions and develop updates as necessary.

The HMP will be updated every five years, as required by DMA 2000. The update process will begin at least one year prior to the expiration of the HMP. However, should a significant disaster occur within the County, the HMP Steering Committee will reconvene within 30 days of the disaster to review and update the HMP as appropriate. The Board of County Commissioners will adopt written updates to the HMP as a DMA 2000 requirement.

6.3.2 Mitigation Action Support Tool (MAST) Updates
Hazard problem statements and mitigation activities will be updated through a web interface application developed specifically for t he City of Inglewood , available on the project website, (http://mitigatehazards.com/inglewood-hmp/) to ensure this HMP remains a living document.

MAST is a web -based interactive tool that enables multiple users to search, view, enter, and update mitigation actions, ideas or projects, and other information. MAST provides city staff and plan reviewers (Cal OES/FEMA) access to valuable mitigation information that can be leveraged by future planning or other risk reduction efforts. Users can update the status of their mitigation projects throughout the planning lifecycle and this web-based tool will improve participating jurisdiction’s ability to apply for FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) grant programs including the initial grant application processes through Cal OES.

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6.3.3 Process
The HMP Steering Committee will coordinate with responsible agencies/organizations identified for each mitigation action. These responsible agencies/organizations will monitor and evaluate the progress made on the implementation of mitigation actions and report to the HMP Steering Committee on an annual basis.

These responsible departments will assess the effectiveness of the mitigation actions and modify them as appropriate. MAST will assist mitigation project managers in repor ting on the status and assessing the effectiveness of the mitigation actions. Most updates to the HMP will occur easily through MAST.

Information from the mitigation leads within responsible departments will be used to monitor mitigation actions and annual evaluation of the HMP. The following questions will be considered in evaluating HMP effectiveness:
▪ Has the nature or magnitude of hazards affecting the city changed? ▪ Are there new hazards that have the potential to impact the city? ▪ Do the identified goals and actions address current and expected conditions? ▪ Have mitigation actions been implemented or completed? 6-1: Diagram of MAST viewing details.

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▪ Has the implementation of identified mitigation actions resulted in expected outcomes? ▪ Are current resources adequate to implement the HMP?
▪ Should additional local resources be committed to address identified hazards? Future updates to the HMP will account for any new hazard vulnerabilities, special circumstances, or new information that becomes available. Issues that arise or updates made during monitoring and evaluating the HMP will be incorporated into the next update of the HMP in 2026. The questions identified above would remain valid during the preparation of the 2026 update.

6.3.4 Continuing Public Involvement
During the five-year update cycle, City staff will involve the public through public workshops and meetings.

Information on upcoming public events related to the HMP or solicitation for comments will be announced via newspapers, mailings, and on the City HMP website (http://mitigatehazards.com/inglewood-hmp/). An electronic copy of the current HMP document will be accessible through the city website as well as at the County Courthouse in the County of Los Angeles. The HMP Planning Committee will, as much as practicable, incorporate the following concepts into its public outreach strategy to ensure continued public involvement in the HMP planning process:
▪ Work with public service clubs, i.e., the Rotary Club of Inglewood, and the Inglewood Public Library. ▪ Collaborate with faith-based organizations, i.e., Inglewood Community Church, Inglewood Friends Church, Inglewood First United Methodist Church, etc.
▪ Create story ideas for media outlets, such as newspapers, local radio, and TV ▪ Distribute emails and postcards/mailers to County/ City/ Town residents about hazard mitigation updates
▪ Post meeting announcements at City Halls, community centers, coffee houses, grocery stores, etc. ▪ Educate and collaborate with insurance companies.
▪ Participate in other existing local community meeting places, i.e., Inglewood Certified Farmers Market, Inglewood Students and Graduates Career Fair, City of Inglewood Nights, etc. ▪ Distribute information through K-12 schools
▪ Continue to use the city website as a distribution point of hazard mitigation information Draft V1.2 1/27/2023
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6.3.5 HMA Monitoring
FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) Program is the catalyst that drives increased understanding and supports proactive community act ion to reduce losses from natural hazards. To support this vision, FEMA funds three grant programs under HMA. The three programs are the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP), the Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) Program, and Building Resilient Infrastru cture and Communities (BRIC) Program.7 Per FEMA:
▪ HMGP assists in implementing long -term hazard mitigation planning and projects following a Presidential major disaster declaration
▪ BRIC provides funds for hazard mitigation planning and projects on an annual basis ▪ FMA provides funds for planning and projects to reduce or eliminate risk of flood damage to buildings that are insured under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) on an annual basis.

HMGP funding is generally 15% of the total amount of Federal assistance provided to a State, Territory, or federally recognized tribe following a major disaster declaration. BRIC and FMA funding depends on the amount congress app ropriates each year for those programs. The HMGP supports cost -effective post- disaster projects and is the longest -running mitigation program among FEMA’s three grant programs. A 2017 study by the National Institute of Building Sciences’ (NIBS) Multi-Hazard Mitigation Council has shown that every federal dollar spent on mitigation saves six dollars in response and recovery costs. (NIBS, 2018) MAST will be extremely useful in applying for Cal OES funding. Plan maintenance will b e primarily done through MAST. Figure 6-2 demonstrates how MAST information will translate into Cal OES NOIs and grant Sub application requests.

7 In August of 2020, the BRIC program replaced Pre-Disaster Mitigation (PDM) grant program.

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Figure 6-2: MAST and Cal OES Grant Applications
Following a disaster, California Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) and local City of Inglewood officials in a joint effort with FEMA will perform Preliminary Damage Assessments (PDA) of the areas that sustained damage. Cal OES submits, through the FEMA Regional Office, the information collected along with a damage estimate to request a declaration from the President. A Presidential Major Disaster Declaration provides for the availability of HMGP funds at the request of a state’s Governor in eligible communities within a state, tribe, or territory. Figure 6-3 depicts this.

Figure 6-3 shows a timeline of how projects should be developed and administered by local government and FEMA under the HMGP program. HMGP grant recipients will have 36 months from the close of the application period to complete projects.

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Figure 6-3: HMGP Timeline
For more information on HMGP project development process, visit FEMA and CalOES

6.3.6 Incorporation into Other Planning Mechanisms
For the HMP to be successful, the recommendations and underlying principles of the HMP should be incorporated into community planning and development such as capital improvement budgeting, building and zoning codes, general plans and regional plans. Integr ation into a variety of departments at the city level provides an opportunity to network, identify, and highlight mitigation activities and opportunities at all levels of government. It is also important to monitor funding opportunities that can be leverag ed to implement the mitigation actions.

Information from this HMP can be incorporated into:
▪ City of Inglewood General Plan: The HMP will provide information that can be incorporated into the Safety, Land Use, and Conservation Elements of the City’s General Plan as they are updated. In particular, the city is concurrently updating Safety Element of the General Plan in 2022 to incorporate the HMP in compliance with AB 2140. Specific risk and vulnerability information from the City of Inglewood HMP will assist in identifying areas where development may be at risk to potential hazards, which in turn can be incorporated into General Plans. For example, the city may want to consider instituting a hazard overlay zone that requires additional scrutiny because of clo se proximity to certain hazards.
▪ Building / Development Codes and Zoning Ordinances: The HMP provides information to enable the city to make decisions on appropriate building/development codes and ordinances. Appropriate building codes and ordinances can i ncrease resilience against natural disasters. Some municipal mitigation actions directly recommend updates or new regulations as mitigation for hazard risks; those mitigation actions indicate priorities for regulatory updates in participating jurisdictions. ▪ Water/ Flood Management Plans: The HMP will provide information that can be included in updates to or the development of the Greater Los Angeles Integrated Regional Water Management Plan, the City of Inglewood Urban Water Management Plan, the Ballona Creek Stormwater Management Plan, the Dominguez Channel Stormwater Management Plan, and other water/ flood management plans.

While the process for updating these types of plans will vary by jurisdiction, the flood data developed for the HMP can be used in other mechanisms along with exposure and damage estimation information.

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6.3.7 Planning Integration Processes
With adoption of this plan, the City of Inglewood and Planning Committee will be responsible for the plan implementation and maintenance. The city and the HMP Steering Committee will continue to:
▪ Act as a forum for hazard mitigation issues,
▪ Disseminate hazard mitigation ideas and activities to City of Inglewood communities, ▪ Ensure hazard mitigation risk assessments and maps remain a consideration for safety decisionmakers,
▪ Report on plan progress and recommended changes, and
▪ Inform and solicit input from the public.

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Section 7. Works Cited
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U.S. Fire Administration. (2020, 06 11). National guidance for COVID -19 wildfire response released. FEMA website. Retrieved 07 27, 2020, from https://www.usfa.fema.gov/operations/infograms/061120.html U.S. Geological Survey. (2011). Overview of the Arkstorm Scenar io. USGS. Retrieved from https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1312/of2010-1312_text.pdf Union of Concerned Scientists. (2018). Heat Waves and Climate Change. Retrieved from https://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/tools_solve/fhwasa13037/chap3.cfm United States Censu s Bureau. (2019). American Community Surveys 5 -Year Estimates: DP04 Selected Housing Characteristics. Retrieved from
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Inglewood City CouncilApril 18, 2023

Inglewood City Council
April 18, 2023