Agenda packet — Lakewood City Council, May 27, 2025 (part 1 of 2)

AGENDA

REGULAR CITY COUNCIL MEETING

COUNCIL CHAMBERS
5000 CLARK AVENUE

LAKEWOOD, CALIFORNIA
May 27, 2025, 7:30 p.m.

CALL TO ORDER 7:30 p.m
INVOCATION: Dr. Fardad Mogharabi, Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Lakewood PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE: BSA Troop 134
ROLL CALL: Mayor Todd Rogers
Vice Mayor Cassandra Chase
Council Member David Arellano
Council Member Steve Croft
Council Member Jeff Wood
ANNOUNCEMENTS AND PRESENTATIONS:

Presentation by Dr. Jose Fierro, President/Superintendent, Regarding Cerritos College

PUBLIC COMMENT ON ITEMS IN THE AGENDA
ROUTINE ITEMS:

All items listed within this section of the agenda are considered to be routine and will be enacted by one motion without separate discussion. Any Member of Council may request an item be removed for individual discussion or further explanation. All items removed shall be considered immediately following action on the remaining items.

RI-1 MEETING MINUTES - It is recommended City Council approve Minutes of the Meetings held April 8, and May 13, 2025.

RI-2 PERSONNEL TRANSACTIONS - It is recommended City Council approve report of personnel transactions.

RI-3 REGISTERS OF DEMANDS - It is recommended City Council approve registers of demands.

RI-4 MEETING REPORTS AND AUTHORIZATIONS PURSUANT TO AB1234 - It is recommended City Council receive and file the report.

RI-5 RESOLUTION NO. 2025-15; AMENDING RESOLUTION NO. 92-36 PERTAINING TO THE LOW-INCOME EXEMPTION OF THE UTILITY USERS TAX - Staff recommends City Council adopt proposed resolution.

In compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, if you are a qualified individual with a disability and need an accommodation to participate in the City Council meeting, please contact the City Clerk’s Office, 5050 Clark Avenue, Lakewood, CA, at 562/866-9771, ext. 2200; or at [email protected] at least 48 hours in advance to ensure that reasonable arrangements can be made to provide accessibility to the meeting.

Agenda items are on file in the Office of the City Clerk, 5050 Clark Avenue, Lakewood, and are available for public review during regular business hours. Any supplemental material distributed after the posting of the agenda will be made available for public inspection during normal business hours in the City Clerk’s Office. For your convenience, the agenda and the supporting documents are available in an alternate format by request and are also posted on the City’s website at www.lakewoodca.gov City Council Agenda
May 27, 2025

Page 2 ends

ROUTINE ITEMS: - Continued
RI-6 RESOLUTION NO. 2025-16; ESTABLISHING A HARDSHIP WAIVER FROM ONE OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR AN ADMINISTRATIVE HEARING REGARDING AN ADMINISTRATIVE OR PARKING CITATION - Staff recommends City Council adopt proposed resolution.

RI-7 RESOLUTION NO. 2025-17; DIRECTING THE PREPARATION OF A REPORT OF

DELINQUENT FEES FOR GARBAGE, WASTE AND REFUSE COLLECTION AND

DISPOSAL WITHIN THE CITY, AND SETTING A PUBLIC HEARING THEREON FOR JULY 8, 2025 - Staff recommends City Council adopt proposed resolution.

RI-8 2025 FIREWORKS STAND PERMIT APPLICATION APPROVALS - Staff recommends City Council approve the applications for firework stand permits for the 25 organizations and authorize staff to issue permits for temporary fireworks stands to these organizations.

RI-9 SOUTHEAST LOS ANGELES COUNTY WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT BOARD - Staff recommends City Council approve reappointment of Erika Parada to Southeast Los Angeles County Workforce Development Board of Directors.

REPORTS:

3.1 CATERING SERVICES CONTRACT FOR THE CENTRE AND MONTE VERDE PARK - It is recommended City Council authorize the Mayor to execute the Recreation Agreement for Catering and Concession Services with TGIS Catering Services Inc., beginning July 1, 2025, and terminating June 30, 2036, subject to negotiated terms and approval as to legal form by the City Attorney.

3.2 LOCAL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE - It is recommended City Council receive and file the report.

3.3 PURCHASE OF CITY VEHICLES AND EQUIPMENT - It is recommended City Council appropriate $320,000 in General Funds and $140,000 in Water Funds for the purchase of city vehicles and equipment; and authorize the City Manager to approve the purchase of vehicles in Attachment A after gathering a minimum of three (3) informal bids or “piggy backing” on governmental pricing that was already obtained through a competitive bidding process.

AGENDA

LAKEWOOD HOUSING SUCCESSOR AGENCY

1. REGISTER OF DEMANDS - It is recommended Housing Successor Agency approve registers of demands.

ORAL COMMUNICATIONS:

ADJOURNMENT

FIREWORKS 2025
Net Profit Summary
Organization Net Profit 2023 Net Profit 2024 Difference Use 1 Artesia H.S. Band Boosters $ 11,202.00 $ 7,723.00 $ (3,479.00) 35% Instruments / 30% Uniform cleaning / 25% Coaches / 10% Competition fees 2 Artesia H.S. Baseball Boosters $ 3,701.00 $ 4,487.00 $ 786.00 25% Baseballs / 25% Uniforms / 25% Field maint / 25% Umpire fees 3 Artesia H.S. Cheerleaders $ 9,603.00 $ 8,948.00 $ (655.00) 50% Camp / 40% Uniforms / 10% Trophys 4 Artesia H.S. Football $ 7,849.00 $ 6,807.00 $ (1,042.00) 50% Uniforms / 25% Helmets /15% Cleaning / 10% Audio Equipment 5 Friends of Lakewood Sheriff Station 1$ - $ 18,048.60 $ 18,048.60 50% Personel Injuries / 25% Community Events / 25% Charity 6 Greater Lakewood Chamber of Commerce $ 28,069.00 $ 28,703.15 $ 634.15 100% Business & Community Involvement 7 Lakewood Lions Club $ 8,384.00 $ 13,260.08 $ 4,876.08 50% Scholarships / 25% City of Hope / 25% Guide Dog Training 8 Lakewood Garden Civic Association $ 16,546.00 $ 21,176.80 $ 4,630.80 100% Upkeep of LGCA Clubhouse and Pool 9 Lakewood H.S. Grad Night $ 5,285.00 $ 7,284.00 $ 1,999.00 90% Food, Tickets, Transportation / 10% Sponsorships 10 Lakewood Jaycees $ 13,692.00 $ 14,705.00 $ 1,013.00 20% Membership Dues / 30% Pageant / 30% Project Sheperd / 20% Soroptimist Run 11 Lakewood Knights of Columbus $ 36,033.00 $ 34,174.00 $ (1,859.00) 25% Scholarships / 25% Church / 25% Vocation / 25% Support of past members 12 Lakewood Little League $ 13,315.00 $ 13,549.00 $ 234.00 100% Field Upkeep, Equipment 13 Lakewood Pacific Junior Football $ 21,492.00 $ 29,203.63 $ 7,711.63 25% Uniforms / 25% Equipment / 25% Fields / 25% Other Misc. 14 Lakewood Pan Am Festival $ 18,390.00 $ 23,592.62 $ 5,202.62 100% Pan Am Scholarship Fund 15 Lakewood Rotary $ 18,446.00 $ 21,687.00 $ 3,241.00 35% Scholarships / 65% Donations 16 Lakewood School Committee $ 24,364.00 $ 27,359.00 $ 2,995.00 75% Cash grants to Lakewood Teachers / 25% Operating Expenses 17 Lakewood Women's Club $ 13,701.00 $ 14,307.00 $ 606.00 30% American Legion Post / 30% Bark Reading Program / 20% NPCollege / 20% Lakewood Education Foundation 18 Life Center Assembly of God $ 12,634.00 $ 13,805.00 $ 1,171.00 50% Youth Ministries / 50% Childrens Ministries 19 Little League Baseball District #38 $ 15,073.00 $ 15,103.65 $ 30.65 50% Uniforms / 50% Awards 20 Mayfair H.S. Band Boosters $ 20,983.00 $ 16,566.00 $ (4,417.00) 50% Instruments / 30% Music / 20% Entry Fees 21 Mayfair H.S. Football Boosters $ 11,821.00 $ 15,493.38 $ 3,672.38 100% Uniforms 22 Mayfair H.S. Grad Night $ 19,889.00 $ 17,987.00 $ (1,902.00) 100% Grad Night 23 Mayfair H.S. Pep Squad $ 16,201.00 $ 16,752.00 $ 551.00 70% Uniforms / 10% Transportation / 10% Equipment / 10% Entry Fees 24 Royal Rangers-Orange Section $ 14,602.00 $ 10,551.00 $ (4,051.00) 60% Camp / 40% Equipment 25 Weingart Lakewood Family YMCA $ 25,635.00 $ 33,719.04 $ 8,084.04 25% Scholarships / 25% Youth Programs / 25% Day Camp / 25% Scholarship Assist. 26 Temple Beth Zion-Sinai / Mayfair Boy's Baseball 1$ 22,951.00 $ - $ (22,951.00) TOTAL $ 409,861.00 $ 434,991.95 $ 25,130.95
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FIREWORKS STANDS
Fireworks Stand Location
2025
2025

ID ADDRESS ORGANIZATION
1 12108 DEL AMO BLVD ARTESIA H.S. BAND BOOSTERS
2 12108 DEL AMO BLVD ARTESIA H.S. BASEBALL BOOSTERS
3 5819 BELLFLOWER BLVD ARTESIA H.S. CHEERLEADERS
4 2770 CARSON ST CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
5 4031-4117 CANDELWOOD ST ARTESIA H.S. FOOTBALL
6 5386 CHERRY AVE LAKEWOOD GARDEN CIVIC ASSOCIATION
7 4265 WOODRUFF AVE LAKEWOOD K OF C #3629
8 5951 DEL AMO BLVD LAKEWOOD PACIFIC JR FOOTBALL
9 20137 PIONEER BLVD LAKEWOOD LIONS CLUB
10 2615 CARSON ST LAKEWOOD PAN AMERICAN
11 5505 CARSON ST FRIENDS OF LAKEWOOD STATION
12 5267 PARAMOUNT BLVD LAKEWOOD JAYCEES
13 6905 CARSON ST LAKEWOOD SCHOOL COMMITTEE
14 2710 DEL AMO BLVD LAKEWOOD WOMENS CLUB
15 6022 CANDLEWOOD ST LIFE CENTER ASSEMBLY OF GOD
16 6419 DEL AMO BLVD LITTLE LEAGUE BASEBALL
17 4136 SOUTH ST MAYFAIR H.S. MARCHING BAND
18 5510 WOODRUFF AVE MAYFAIR H.S. FOOTBALL
19 6000 WOODRUFF AVE MAYFAIR H.S. PEP SQUAD BOOSTERS
20 5223 BIGELOW ST MAYFAIR H.S. GRAD NIGHT BOOSTERS
21 4907 DEL AMO BLVD LAKEWOOD ROTARY CLUB
22 6440 SOUTH ST ROYAL RANGERS-ORANGE SECTION
23 4139 WOODRUFF AVE LAKEWOOD FAMILY YMCA
24 4909 PARAMOUNT BLVD LAKEWOOD H.S. GRAD NITE BOOSTERS 25 4906 CANDLEWOOD ST LAKEWOOD LITTLE LEAGUE
§ 3100. Fire Prevention Code. [Added by Ord. 445]
The City Council finds and declares that a Fire Prevention Code for the City of Lakewood is necessary to preserve the public health, safety and welfare of the City. This Chapter shall be known as the Fire Prevention Code of the City of Lakewood. § 3101. Adoption of the Fire Code. [Added by Ord. 348; amended by Ord. 511; Ord. 75-4; Ord. 78-7; Ord. 86-11; Ord. 98-7; Ord. 2004-10; Ord. 2007-10; Ord. 2011-2; Ord. 2014-10; Ord. 2017-2]
Except as hereinafter provided, that certain fire code known and designated as the Los Angeles County Fire Code is the fire code of the City of Lakewood, adopted by reference. The intent of the code is to prescribe regulations consistent with nationally recognized good practice for the safeguarding, to a reasonable degree, of life and property in Lakewood from the hazards of fire and explosion arising from the storage, handling and use of hazardous substance, materials and devices, and from conditions hazardous to life or property in the use or occupancy of buildings or premises in Lakewood. As used in this chapter, the Los Angeles County Fire Code refers to the current fire code adopted by the County of Los Angeles and any amendments to such code subsequently adopted by the County of Los Angeles. In the event of any conflict between provisions of the Los Angeles County Fire Code, Title 32 of the Los Angeles County Code, or the Lakewood Municipal Code, the provision contained in the Lakewood Municipal Code shall control. One copy of the Los Angeles County Fire Code, as amended, has been deposited in the office of the city clerk of the City of Lakewood, and shall be at all times maintained by the clerk for use and examination by the public.”
§ 3101.1. Same. Definitions. [Added by Ord. 348; amended by Ord. 511; Ord. 75-4] Whenever any of the following names or terms are used in the Fire Code adopted by reference herein, such names or terms shall be deemed and construed to have the meaning ascribed to it in this section, as follows:

BUILDING CODE — Means the Building Code of the City of Lakewood.

BUILDING OFFICIAL — Means the Chief Building Official of the City of Lakewood.

BUREAU OF FIRE PREVENTIONS — Means the Fire Prevention Bureau of the Office of Forester and Fire Warden of the County of Los Angeles.

CHIEF ENGINEER — Means the Forester and Fire Warden of the County of Los Angeles, who is hereby appointed Fire Chief of this City.

ELECTRICAL CODE — Shall mean the Electrical Code of the City of Lakewood.

FIRE CHIEF — Means the Fire Chief of the City of Lakewood.

JURISDICTIONAL AREA — Means the incorporated territory of the City of Lakewood included within the Los Angeles County Fire Protection District.

LOCAL ZONING ORDINANCE — Shall mean the Zoning Ordinance of the City of Lakewood.

MUNICIPALITY — Means the City of Lakewood.
§ 3101.2. Same. Amendments and Effect. [Added by Ord. 348; amended by Ord. 511; Ord.

City of Lakewood, CA
Downloaded from https://ecode360.com/LA6869 on 2025-05-22 778-7; Ord. 86-11]
Any reference to any county ordinance or amendment thereto in the Fire Code, incorporated herein by reference, shall mean any City ordinance or other provision of the Lakewood Municipal Code on the same subject as the County as the County ordinance or amendment referred to in the Fire Code, and the Municipal Code or City ordinance shall control. If there is no City ordinance or Lakewood Municipal Code section on said subject, no County ordinance shall be incorporated herein, other than the Fire Code of Los Angeles County, aforementioned. § 3102. Enforcement. [Amended by Ord. 151]
All provisions of this Chapter shall be carried out and enforced, in conjunction with the law enforcement agency of the City of Lakewood by the Los Angeles County Fire Department and the Fire Protection Districts of said City. The general supervision of condition of equipment which aids in control of fire, conditions constituting fire hazards or danger to life or property, and the abatement or minimizing of such fire hazards or dangerous conditions shall be the responsibility of the Los Angeles County Fire Department and the Fire Protection Districts of said City. § 3103. Intent. [Amended by Ord. 151]
It is the intention of the City Council of the City of Lakewood to hereby establish regulations or standards which will establish reasonable fire safety standards, and to provide for the control of fire conditions constituting fire hazards or dangers to life or property, and the abatement of such fire hazards or dangerous conditions throughout the entire City. It is hereby declared and established that compliance with the Fire Prevention Code of the County of Los Angeles, Ordinance No. 2947 and amendments thereto, is prima facie evidence of reasonable methods to be used, procedures to be followed, laws, rules and regulations to be enforced in respect to control of fire, conditions constituting fire hazards or dangers to life or property, and the abatement of such fire hazards or dangerous conditions throughout the entire City. § 3104. Fire Prevention Standards, Rules and Regulations.

The fire prevention standards and rules, regulations and laws providing fire safety standards are hereby declared to be those ordinances, chapters, sections and parts now a part of the Fire Prevention Code of the County of Los Angeles, Ordinance No. 2947 and amendments thereto, or hereafter added to said Code by amendments or otherwise, where not in conflict with any City Ordinance on the same subject, and said Fire Prevention Code and all amendments thereto now in existence or hereafter adopted is hereby adopted by reference and made a part hereof and incorporated herein as though set forth in full herein. § 3105. Fireworks.

This Section shall govern the sale, offer for sale, possession of, the use, discharge of, firing or possession of fireworks and it shall be unlawful for any person to sell, offer for sale, have in his possession, fire, set off, discharge or use, or cause or permit to be sold, offered for sale, have in his possession, fire, set off, discharge or use any fireworks unless classified as "safe and sane" by the State Fire Marshal and unless in addition all terms and provisions of the State Fireworks Law contained in Part 2 of Division 11 of the Health and Safety Code of the State of California City of Lakewood, CA
§ 3101.2 § 3105
Downloaded from https://ecode360.com/LA6869 on 2025-05-22 are complied with. Nothing herein contained shall prohibit the public display of fireworks as authorized by Section 3106 of this Code subject to the terms and provisions of the State Fireworks Law.
§ 3105.1. Permit Required. [Added by Ord. 445]
All applications for permits required under Chapter 3 of Part 2 of Division 11 of the Health and Safety Code (State Fireworks Law) shall be made to and upon the form provided by the Director of Finance of the City of Lakewood. The Director of Finance shall refer all such applications to the Fire Department for a report.
§ 3105.2. Permits for Sale of Safe and Sane Fireworks. [Amended by Ord. 445; Ord. 2002-2] All applications for permit to sell at retail "safe and sane fireworks" shall comply with and be governed by the provisions of the State Fireworks Law and, in addition, shall be governed by the following:

A. Notwithstanding the provisions of this Code or the Fire Prevention Code to the contrary, "safe and sane fireworks," as hereinbefore defined, may be sold within the City of Lakewood between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m. on July 1st, July 2nd, July 3rd and July 4th of each year provided a permit has been obtained to do so and the terms and provisions of this Chapter and the Lakewood Municipal Code are complied with at all times. [Added by Ord. 445; amended by Ord. 2002-2]
B. It shall be unlawful for any person to fire, set off, discharge or use, or cause or permit to fire, set off, discharge or use any fireworks except for “safe and sane” fireworks during the period between 10:00 a.m. and 11:00 p.m. on July 4th. [Added by Ord. 2002-2] C. It shall be unlawful for any person to have in his or her possession any fireworks except from 8:00 a.m. on July 1st through 11:00 p.m. on July 4th. The provisions of this subsection are not applicable to public agencies or manufacturers or suppliers of fireworks for public display or storage. Organizations to which permits have been issued may accept delivery of fireworks for stocking purposes no more than 24 hours prior to the time allotted for fireworks sales. [Added by Ord. 2002-2]
D. Any resident, occupant or person in control of premises on which illegal fireworks are found or from which fireworks are illegally discharged shall be subject to the same civil liability or criminal penalty that may be imposed pursuant to City regulations on the person selling, discharging, using or possessing such fireworks, as applicable, provided that the person selling, discharging, using or possessing such fireworks is on such premises by invitation of or with the consent of such resident, occupant or person in control of such premises. [Added by Ord. 2008-1]
A. Each application shall be made prior to the first day of April in each year.

B. Each application shall be accompanied by the requisite City business license fee.

C. Each application shall be accompanied by an application processing fee of $100.00 which shall not be refundable.

City of Lakewood, CA
§ 3105 § 3105.2
Downloaded from https://ecode360.com/LA6869 on 2025-05-22 § 3105.3. Prerequisites to Issuance of Permits.

The following qualifications must be met in addition to the other requirements herein set forth or set forth in the State Fireworks Law, before a permit may be issued:

D. Each application shall set forth the proposed location of the fireworks stand.

E. Each application shall set forth the total amount of any compensation required to be paid to a property owner or manager for the cost of renting a location of the fireworks stand for the current year, commencing March 31, 2003. Along with the application, a copy of the agreement with the landowner or fireworks supplier shall be furnished.

F. Each application shall specify the principal and permanent meeting place of the applicant organization, the address of the meeting place and the day and time of the meeting.

G. Each application shall set forth in detail acceptable to the Director of Finance the intended charitable use of the proceeds from the sale of fireworks.

H. Each application shall be accompanied by a complete list of the organization’s members’ names, addresses, and telephone numbers as of March 31st of the current year.

I. Each applicant shall agree that if a permit is issued to the applicant, the applicant will at the time of issuance of permit deliver to the City public liability insurance and products liability insurance, bonds or riders, designating the City as an additional insured, in the minimum amount of $1,000,000.00 per person, $1,000,000.00 per accident, and $1,000,000.00 property damage.

J. Each application shall be accompanied by a $150.00 cash bond to guarantee faithful performance of the terms and provisions of this ordinance.

K. Each application shall contain such other information as deemed appropriate by the Director of Finance.

L. Each application shall bear the signature of an authorized representative of the applicant attesting under penalty of perjury that the information contained in the application is true and correct.

A. Upon receipt of the report of the Fire Department, the City Council may issue permits to those persons or organizations determined by it to be responsible and organized and existing as nonprofit or tax exempt associations as recognized by the State of California or the Internal Revenue Code, primarily for patriotic, veteran, civic betterment, religious, welfare, youth or charitable purposes. Such permit shall be issued or denied in the discretion of the City Council and subject to such other reasonable conditions as the City Council determines necessary to protect the public health, safety and welfare. The City Council does hereby declare its intention to issue only a limited number of permits in order to prevent an unsightly or undue or unsafe concentration of fireworks stands. No permit shall be issued to other than adult persons. [Amended by Ord. 2002-2]
B. Each such organization must have its principal and permanent meeting place in the City and 50% of its members must either reside in the City, or be employed in the City, or be owners City of Lakewood, CA
§ 3105.2 § 3105.3
Downloaded from https://ecode360.com/LA6869 on 2025-05-22 § 3105.4. Operation of Stand.
or operators of a business or other establishment located in the City and it must have been organized and established in the City for a minimum of one year continually preceding the filing of the application for the permit. In addition, such organization must have a bona fide membership of at least twenty members. [Amended by Ord. 2002-2] C. There shall be not more than one stand per permittee. Only one permit shall be issued for any parent, principal, or master group or organization unless the City Council finds in a given case, because of the circumstances of the stand location or other factors, the intent of this Ordinance will not be defeated by issuing more than one permit. The intent of this requirement is to limit applicants, who otherwise qualify, to one permit as to each such parent or principal group or organization and to eliminate any one principal or parent group or association from having permits issued to associate, derivative, ancillary, subsidiary or support groups or entities. Nothing in this section shall prohibit more than one group or organization meeting all qualifications specified in this chapter from jointly applying for a fireworks permit. In such case, however, only a single permit will be issued. Those organizations having obtained a permit in the year 2001, notwithstanding the provisions of subsection A, B and C, may, in the discretion of the City Council, be issued a permit until such time that said organization does not receive a permit in a given year, provided that the organization is qualified and is in substantial compliance under all other sections of this chapter to hold a permit for a fireworks stand. [Added by Ord. 445; amended by Ord. 2002-2]
D. The maximum number of permits that may be issued pursuant to this chapter is 25.

Applications for permits shall be heard and considered by the City Council. In any year, in the event that the number of applications from “grandfathered” organizations as described in C, above, is fewer than 25, the City may, in its discretion, issue permits to non-grandfathered organizations up to a maximum total of 25 permits. The selection of which nongrandfathered organizations receive such permits shall be determined by a witnessed drawing, according to procedures established by the City’s Director of Administrative Services. All non-grandfathered organizations issued permits pursuant to such process shall have grandfathered status in subsequent years.” [Added by Ord. 2002-2; amended by Ord. 2019-1]
A. Every fireworks stand shall be staffed only by members of the permittee organization(s), members of their immediate families, or volunteers and no person below the age of majority shall at any time be or be permitted inside of said stand or to assist in the handling or sale of fireworks. [Amended by Ord. 2002-2]
B. No person shall be paid any consideration for selling or otherwise participating in the sale of fireworks at such stand. [Added by Ord. 445]
C. Every organization shall be responsible to make certain that every person selling fireworks from that organization’s stand shall distribute with each sale a flier from the City containing information on laws and corresponding penalties concerning fireworks. It will be the responsibility of every organization to obtain a sufficient number of fliers from the City. [Added by Ord. 2002-2]
City of Lakewood, CA
§ 3105.3 § 3105.5
Downloaded from https://ecode360.com/LA6869 on 2025-05-22 § 3105.5. Temporary Fireworks Stands. [Added by Ord. 445; Ord. 470] All retail sales of "safe and sane fireworks" shall be permitted only from within a temporary fireworks stand, and the sale from any other building or structure is hereby prohibited. Temporary stands shall be subject to the following provisions:
§ 3105.6. General Requirements for Permittees.

A. No fireworks stand shall be located within twenty-five feet of any other building nor within one hundred feet of any premises where flammable liquids are dispensed.

B. Fireworks stands as temporary structures shall not be subject to the terms and provisions of the Building Code applicable to the construction of permanent structures or buildings, provided, however, that all such stands are erected under the supervision of the Building Official, who shall require such stands to be constructed in a manner which will reasonably insure the safety of attendants and patrons. All utilities shall be installed and maintained in accordance with the Building Code.

C. No stand shall have a floor area in excess of four hundred square feet.

D. Each stand must have at least two exits; and each stand in excess of forty feet in length must have at least three exits, spaced approximately equally distant apart; provided, however, that in no case shall the distance between the exits exceed twenty-four feet.

E. Each stand shall be provided with two, two and one-half gallons of soda and acid or equivalent type fire extinguishers, in good working order and easily accessible for use in case of fire.

F. Each stand shall be located, as provided in Article IX, in the proper zone therefor, with the exception that no fireworks stand shall be established within the Civic Center District. The Civic Center District is defined as that area bordered by Del Amo Boulevard to the south, Candlewood Street to the north, Clark Avenue to the west, and Civic Center Way to the east.

The City Council hereby finds and determines that fireworks stands, because of their temporary nature and structure, are inconsistent with and incompatible with the design and architecture of the Civic Center District and are, therefore, prohibited within the Civic Center District. [Amended by Ord. 2002-2]
G. Said fireworks stands shall be so located as to provide safe and reasonable ingress and egress thereto and to comply with the other provisions and terms of this chapter. Said stands shall be located substantially at that place indicated on the approved permit for such fireworks stand.

H. The total amount of any compensation paid by an organization to the property owner or manager for the cost of renting a location for placement of a fireworks stand, whether paid in cash or merchandise, and whether paid by the organization or other party, including a company distributing fireworks, shall be calculated in a manner established by City Council Resolution. [Added by Ord. 2002-2; amended by Ord. 2024-2] A. Stands shall not be located closer than five hundred feet apart, and no more than two stands shall be located on the same parcel of property. Those persons or organizations having a City of Lakewood, CA
§ 3105.5 § 3105.6
Downloaded from https://ecode360.com/LA6869 on 2025-05-22 continuous agreement with a property owner since the Year 2001, in the discretion of the City Council, may continue to utilize such a site until such time that the use has been suspended or discontinued in any given year, and provided that the organization is qualified under all other sections of this Chapter of the Lakewood Municipal Code to hold a permit for a fireworks stand. [Amended by Ord. 2002-2]
B. All weeds and combustible material, not including structures, shall be cleared from the location of the stand, and for a distance of at least one hundred feet surrounding the stand.

C. "No smoking" signs shall be prominently displayed in four-inch letters, both inside and outside the fireworks stand. No person shall smoke or burn any cigarettes, cigars, pipes or things within such stand or within a distance of twenty feet surrounding such stand.

D. Each stand must have an adult watchman or attendant in attendance and in charge thereof at all times while fireworks are stored therein. No cooking, living or sleeping facilities shall be established or maintained within any stand. No watchman or guard shall sleep inside any such stand.

E. All unsold stock and accompanying litter shall be removed from the location by 12:00 o'clock noon on the 5th day of July. [Amended by Ord. 2002-2]
F. No fireworks stand shall be installed prior to 12:00 o'clock noon on June 21st and each such stand shall be removed from the temporary location by 12:00 o'clock noon on the 10th day of July and all accompanying litter, debris, building materials, utility connections, and other facilities or equipment or materials shall be cleared from said location by said time and date. [Amended by Ord. 2002-2]
G. All permits and licenses shall expire at 10:00 p.m. on the 4th day of July each year. Any permit or license shall be subject to suspension by order of the Fire Chief if he or his duly authorized deputy has determined that any permittee has failed to comply with the terms and provisions of this Code or any condition of the permit and provided, further, that the procedure of notice and review by the License and Permit Hearing Board in the time and manner specified in Article VI of this Code is complied with. Any such permit or license may be revoked by the City Council, or said Board, when it has found and determined that a permittee has failed to comply with the terms and provisions of this Code or with any of the conditions of said permit or where the Council or said Board has found and determined that the preservation of the public health, safety, peace and welfare demand revocation of said license or permit, or where a permit or license has been granted on false or fraudulent evidence, testimony or application. [Added by Ord. 445; amended by Ord. 2002-2] H. No less than one hundred percent of the gross proceeds derived from the sale of fireworks in the City, less only expenses related to the cost of purchasing the fireworks actually sold and costs incurred in complying with this chapter, shall be spent to benefit patriotic, veteran, civic betterment, religious, welfare, youth or charitable purposes within the City of Lakewood. An accounting of gross receipts, all expenditures and the use of the net profits, along with a copy of the corresponding State sales tax report, shall be presented to the Director of Finance no later than April 1st of the following year. Said report must be in a format acceptable to the Director of Finance. [Added by Ord. 2002-2]
City of Lakewood, CA
§ 3105.6 § 3105.6
Downloaded from https://ecode360.com/LA6869 on 2025-05-22

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 1 of 31

AGREEMENT

CITY OF LAKEWOOD

CATERING AND CONCESSION SERVICES WITH
TGIS CATERING SERVICES, INC.

THIS AGREEMENT made and entered into this 27th day of May, 2025 by and between City OF LAKEWOOD, a municipal corporation, (City) and TGIS CATERING SERVICES, INC. (Concessionaire).

WITNESSETH:

WHEREAS, City seeks a long-term concessionaire to provide food and beverage services at The Centre, and
WHEREAS, City seeks a qualified caterer to offer food and beverage services at Monte Verde Park, and
WHEREAS, Concessionaire has been granted this Agreement based upon its response to City’s advertised Request for Proposals, that was published on November 18, 2024, and attached hereto as Exhibit A,
NOW, THEREFORE, the parties heretofore and in consideration of the mutual covenants and promises herein contained, do mutually agree, one with the other as follows:

1. Term. The term of this Agreement shall commence on July 1, 2025, and shall expire on June 30, 2036.

2. Concession. Except as otherwise provided herein, City grants to Concessionaire the following:

A. The exclusive right and privilege to provide catering and concession services in the Lakewood community facility known as The Centre, in those areas thereof designated as Concession Area on Exhibit B attached hereto and made a part hereof as though set forth in full. And the exclusive right and privilege to provide catering and concession services in the Lakewood community facility known as Monte Verde Park, on those days of the calendar year as described in Section 8, and in those areas thereof designated as Concession Area on Exhibit C attached hereto and made a part hereof as though set forth in full.

B. "Concession Services" as used in this Agreement are limited to private functions for profit consisting of weddings, wedding receptions, business meetings, conferences, educational and training uses, trade shows, exhibition of products, lunches, dinners, banquets, parties and such other private uses for profit as approved by City in writing. "Private" as used herein means those uses by individual persons, businesses or organizations where the general public is excluded from attendance except where DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 2 of 31 otherwise authorized by City in writing. "Profit" as used herein means those concession services that are booked, provided or serviced by Concessionaire for a profit as provided for and subject to the terms and provisions of this Agreement.

C. "Catering Services" as used in this Agreement is defined and limited to the booking, providing, delivery, and servicing at sites other than The Centre and Monte Verde Park of food, beverages, beer, wine and liquor subject to the California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) approval along with furnishings and equipment, owned by Concessionaire, where the foregoing are booked or prepared, and delivered from, or stored, or maintained, or originate from The Centre and/or Monte Verde Park.

D. Concessionaire shall have the exclusive use of Rooms 105 and 205 at The Centre, provided the same are used only as an office for the administration of the catering and concession services herein, which rooms shall be the only rooms at The Centre used by Concessionaire for office purposes.

3. The Centre and Monte Verde Park. Concessionaire acknowledges that The Centre and Monte Verde Park are public facilities owned, maintained and operated by City, for public use and purposes and that the facility was designed primarily as a multi-use governmental and recreational facility. Concessionaire further acknowledges that City, in the design and development of The Centre and Monte Verde Park, intended to establish thereon and intends to maintain thereon a facility open to public use for meetings, conferences, banquets, entertainment, music and cultural purposes, as well as educational and recreational uses and City business, including City Council chambers offices and facilities.

Notwithstanding any exclusive catering and concession rights and privileges given to Concessionaire in The Centre and Monte Verde Park, pursuant to the terms and provisions of this Agreement, said rights and privileges are subordinate to the public use of The Centre and Monte Verde Park including the Concession Areas designated on Exhibits B and C except as hereinafter provided with this limitation, City agrees that Concessionaire has the exclusive right to the use of the Concession Areas and facilities and that it will not enter into any contract, agreement, engagement, permit, license or authorization with anyone else to use the Concession Area for catering or concession services as heretofore defined.

4. Scope of Services Provided by Concessionaire.

A. It is City's clear and specific intent that Concessionaire provides the full range of services contemplated in the Agreement. Concentration by Concessionaire in one area of service, to the detriment or exclusion of another, will not be acceptable. In summary, Concessionaire must be prepared to provide excellent products and services in keeping with City's reputation and high level of service to the public. This concession has been granted to Concessionaire based upon Concessionaire's general reputation in the community for excellent service. All persons serving Concessionaire in connection with this Agreement shall be under the control and jurisdiction of Concessionaire unless authorized otherwise by City in writing.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 3 of 31 B. Concessionaire shall supply and have ready for sale all products in sufficient quantity and shall maintain adequate personnel and equipment for the efficient service of its customers at all times, and shall operate at such hours of day and night as required.

C. Concessionaire shall employ its best judgment, efforts, and abilities in a manner calculated to produce the maximum practical volume of sales and transactions obtainable. City acknowledges and fully understands the business and profit motive which is the basis for Concessionaire's operation. City must nonetheless ensure that the levels of service, and the charges associated therewith, are adequate and reasonable and meet the requirements of the patrons, events and activities of the Premises. City reserves the general right to reasonably determine the levels of service to be provided.

D. Concessionaire shall work with City to maintain a strong marketing program to promote and advertise The Centre and Monte Verde Park and the catering services therein, in an effort to increase customers and sales. At least once every six (6) months, City and Concessionaire shall meet to review the marketing program to discuss changes and improvements to the program, if needed. City shall have the right to approve actual marketing items, costs and content prior to distribution.

E. Concessionaire shall conduct an Open House event showcasing the Concession Areas as well as the full range of services provided by Concessionaire two times at each The Centre and Monte Verde Park during the Term of this Agreement. To the degree possible, Open House events should occur at even intervals throughout the Term.

F. Concessionaire shall provide all personnel, material and equipment necessary to carry out the terms and provisions of this Agreement that are not provided by City.

G. City shall schedule no less than eight (8) carpet cleanings annually at The Centre.

Carpet cleanings are inclusive of all carpets throughout the facility, excepting offices 103, 105 and food prep office 206, which are to be cleaned once annually.

Concessionaire shall remit payment to City upon receipt of invoice in the sum of that portion of the carpet cleaning contract not covered by City’s annual budget allocation, or thirty percent (30%) of the carpet cleaning contract, whichever is less.

5. Scope of Services Provided by City.

A. During the Term of this Agreement, City shall provide and maintain, for the use of Concessionaire as well as its own use, all of the tables, carts, stacking chairs, dollies and hand trucks, as well as other equipment necessary to maintain, stack, store and make available the banquet stacking chairs now on the Premises. During the Term of this Agreement, City shall also provide for the following at The Centre and Monte Verde Park: natural gas, water, electricity, refuse removal, custodial and building maintenance and pest control. City also upgrades its computer systems in a timely manner and provides first-rate IT support on-site to Concessionaire for all city-owned computer systems as identified in Section 12H.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 4 of 31 B. In addition to the foregoing property and services, City shall have the exclusive right to provide any telecommunications, audio visual, visual display, lighting and P.A. equipment and services. City has available at The Centre certain equipment, both portable and fixed, whereby television communications, audio and visual projections and displays, lighting and sound effects may be provided in connection with catering or concession services. Concessionaire agrees that it will not provide or authorize any person to bring on the Premises telecommunication, audio visual equipment, lighting equipment, TV equipment, slides or projectors or P.A. systems without the written consent of City. Concessionaire agrees that if any customer desires to use or have the use of such equipment in connection with any event, the customer shall be referred to City for the exercise by City, at its option, of providing such equipment or service under its direction and with its personnel. Any charge City shall impose for said service, other than the Audiovisual Processing Fee as described in Section 12F, shall belong to City and Concessionaire shall not charge or receive any consideration for the same. Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to require City to provide any of the aforementioned services or equipment in connection with any catering or concession services provided by Concessionaire, it being acknowledged that the aforementioned equipment and trained City personnel to operate the same has been acquired and maintained for the general public use and benefit and that this public use and benefit is primary. City further reserves the right in its sole discretion to elect at any time not to provide any or all of the aforementioned equipment or personnel in connection with any concession or catering agreement. If City should elect not to provide in whole or in part any of the aforementioned equipment or services, Concessionaire may not provide any of the aforementioned equipment or services or authorize anyone else to provide any of the aforementioned equipment or services except upon the written approval of City which will not be unreasonably withheld

6. Quality of Products and Services. In the course of discharging its responsibilities under the Terms of this Agreement, Concessionaire shall, at all times, ensure maintenance of the highest standards of quality in both the products offered for sale and in the services provided.

A. Concessionaire shall offer for sale only foods and non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages of such quality as judged reasonably acceptable by City. All products shall be appealing in appearance. City shall have the right, at all times when employees or representatives of Concessionaire are present, and whether the concession premises are in operation or not, to inspect products to be sold by Concessionaire, and approve or reject them if they do not meet the requirements of this Agreement. In the event City should reject any product, it shall be immediately removed from the Premises.

B. Concessionaire shall furnish prompt, courteous, efficient, inoffensive, and quality service to meet the reasonable demands of City, and the public and patrons in the Civic Center facilities. Concessionaire shall furnish all authorized and/or required services on a fair, equal and nondiscriminatory basis to all patrons. Concessionaire shall not discriminate against anyone because of race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 5 of 31 sexual orientation, or gender identity) national origin, age, disability or genetic information (including family medical history).

C. Concessionaire shall control and be held responsible for the conduct, demeanor and appearance of its officers, agents, employees, and representatives, guests, contractors and others while doing business in, about or adjacent to the Premises. Upon reasonable objection from City concerning the conduct, demeanor or appearance of these persons, Concessionaire shall immediately take all actions necessary to remove the cause of the objection.

D. Concessionaire shall conduct its business on the Premises in an orderly, cooperative, and proper manner so as not to annoy, disturb, disrupt, offend, or otherwise interfere with the ongoing operation of the Premises and/or its tenants and patrons.

7. Pricing of Products and Services. The Centre and Monte Verde Park will serve an extremely divergent range of patrons in a highly competitive market. The imposition of a non-competitive price structure for products and services would be detrimental to The Centre and Monte Verde Park users, to its reputation, to the potential for future bookings, and ultimately, to Concessionaire. Therefore, the pricing of the products and services provided by Concessionaire is of considerable importance to City.

A. Because of the importance of competitive pricing, Concessionaire agrees to price all food, beverages, goods and services at a rate comparable to the prices of said products and services at other competing banquet and meeting facilities in Los Angeles and Orange Counties. Concessionaire shall provide for the consideration and selection of patrons, a wide range of standard menu items and pricing. All such menus and price lists shall be submitted to City in writing, for City's approval annually, which shall not be withheld unreasonably. City shall have ten days to object to any prices proposed by Concessionaire, or said prices shall be deemed approved. In addition, said menus and price lists shall be printed by Concessionaire at Concessionaire's own expense and made available to prospective patrons of The Centre and Monte Verde facilities. City intends that the aforementioned standard menu items be considered as the minimum food and beverage items offered by Concessionaire. It is not intended to be an allinclusive listing. Concessionaire is expected to explore the feasibility and appropriateness of offering additional items, during the Term of the Agreement and to plan, promote and conduct special events and activities featuring entertainment and food and beverage service.

B. Concessionaire shall provide a discount of ten percent (10%) from its regular menu prices for food purchases by bona fide Lakewood nonprofit community groups.

Concessionaire will refer to the current listing of bona fide Lakewood nonprofit community groups which will be provided and maintained by City.

8. Booking Policies and Use Priorities.

A. When not in use for City sponsored events scheduled for the benefit of the public, The Centre facilities, as hereinafter described, are available to Concessionaire for food and DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 6 of 31 beverage bookings. Concessionaire may not book any event more than eighteen (18) months in advance without prior written approval of City.

B. When not in use for City or City sponsored events scheduled for the benefit of the public, Monte Verde Park facilities, as hereinafter described, are available to Concessionaire for food and beverage bookings. Concessionaire may not book any event more than eighteen (18) months in advance without prior written approval of City. Concessionaire will be granted advanced reservation of the facility for the first and third Saturday and the second and fourth Sunday of each month. Concessionaire will be granted all Fridays, except for the Fridays in June, July and August when City coordinates the Summer Day Camp Program at Monte Verde Park.

C. All scheduled catered uses, of any Concession Area shall be entered in records maintained by Concessionaire and retained in the possession of Concessionaire during the Term of this Agreement. Said records shall be available for City inspection at any time during Concessionaire's regular office hours.

D. As set forth previously, City has first right and priority to schedule and use any or all of the Concession Area excepting at The Centre, the concession office, Room 105, Kitchen Room 215, Food Preparation Room 205, and Bar Room 203, for public purposes of City and City-sponsored events.

E. Notwithstanding Section D, the Concession Area shown on Exhibit B as Activity Room 107 and commonly known as the Maple Room Dance Studio, shall be governed by the following booking and priority procedures and otherwise subject to all of the terms and provisions of this Section 8.
i. Said Maple Room was designed primarily for recreational uses and City shall, without giving any notice thereof as required under this Agreement, have the right to use said room for recreational purposes Monday through Thursday throughout the year, except in the month of December.
ii. This arrangement contemplates that Concessionaire may book and schedule use of the Maple Room when not so used by City if approval is given by City.

F. In the event of an emergency, including but not limited to a natural disaster, technological incident, or any other large-scale occurrence—regardless of origin, magnitude, or complexity—that necessitates the activation of City’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC), City shall have the right to utilize the entirety of The Centre facility. The extent of such use shall be determined by City in its sole discretion, based on the nature and scope of the emergency; provided, however, that City shall endeavor to limit its use to only those Concession Areas reasonably necessary to support emergency response operations. Notwithstanding the foregoing, City shall not utilize the Concession Office (Room 105), Food Preparation Room (Room 205), or Bar (Room 203), except upon written agreement of Concessionaire. City shall provide Concessionaire with as much advance notice of the EOC activation as is reasonably practicable under the circumstances. In the event such activation results in the DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 7 of 31 cancellation of Concessionaire’s scheduled services or contractual obligations with third parties, City shall act in good faith to facilitate the postponement, rescheduling, and/or appropriate refunding of such services, to the extent reasonably practicable.

9. Non-concession Areas. As set forth in Section 2A, Concessionaire shall have no right to use exterior or interior areas designated as non-Concession Areas, including the Council Chambers and Conference Room without the prior written approval of City.

10. Management.

A. The City Manager or his or her authorized representative shall represent City in the administration of any City functions required hereunder and in the supervision of the performance of this Agreement. The term "City Manager," as used in this Agreement, shall include and mean City Manager and his or her authorized representative. City Council hereby authorizes City Manager, and Concessionaire does hereby acknowledge and agree to comply therewith, the power and authority to prepare in writing and to deliver in writing Concessionaire Rules and Regulations pertaining with the use of The Centre not inconsistent with the terms and provisions of this Agreement.

Any rule and regulation adopted by City Manager may be amended or revoked by City Council at any time and City Council may from time to time adopt additional rules and regulations pertaining to the use and operation of the Concession Area. No rule or regulation shall be enforceable which is inconsistent or contrary to the provisions of this Agreement, and no regulation shall be adopted or be enforceable unless the same relates to the use and operation of the concession and covers a matter not specifically covered under the Agreement. All such rules and regulations shall be reasonably necessary in order to protect the public health, safety and welfare. All such rules and regulations shall be in writing and delivered to Concessionaire at least ten (10) days in advance of the effective date of said rule or regulation. Concessionaire shall be bound by such rule and regulation, unless Concessionaire within said ten (10) days appeals the matter to City Council for consideration. The decision of City Council shall be in conformity with the terms and provisions of this Section and shall be final.

The management staff shall be fully acquainted with Concessionaire's operations and contract obligations and shall be authorized by Concessionaire to act on its behalf and to fulfill all contractual and other obligations in the day-by-day operation of the concession.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 8 of 31

11. Cash Deposit. Concessionaire shall maintain a deposit with City in the sum of One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00)—$75,000 as applicable to The Centre functions and $25,000 as applicable to Monte Verde Park functions—as security for payments owed to City pursuant to Section 14 of this Agreement and for the refund of any advance payment received by Concessionaire from any customer or person for catering or concession services. Said deposit shall be maintained and subject to the following:

A. Upon notice of the failure of Concessionaire to provide to any such customer or person any such food, facility or service as required by agreement between Concessionaire and said customer or person who has made a deposit for said service, City shall advise Concessionaire in writing that it will, within five (5) days of delivery of said written notice to Concessionaire, withdraw from said fund and pay to said customer or person the amount of money set forth in said notice not exceeding the total of said advance payment or deposit. Said notice in addition shall set forth the name and address of the customer or person entitled to said refund, the date that the payment will be made, and the reason for the refund. In refunding any money pursuant to this Section, City shall exercise reasonable discretion. City agreesthat it does not have the right to act on behalf of Concessionaire to resolve disputes. If Concessionaire has a dispute with a client, Concessionaire will be allowed to resolve said disputes utilizing proper legal remedies as provided for in its contract with said customers.

B. City agrees to deposit said funds in City's Trust Fund as Concessionaire Customer Deposit Account. City agrees to credit to this account City's yield on its investment portfolio each calendar year quarter or such shorter period as the parties may agree and to pay to Concessionaire within thirty (30) days after the end of each quarter or such shorter period the interest earned on said account. If this Agreement should terminate prior to the end of any quarter, the interest shall be prorated to the date of termination.

C. Concessionaire shall provide a monthly report to the Director of Recreation and Community Services all advance deposits and payments received from any customer for which concession or catering services are due and owing. Said list shall contain the name and address of the customer or person to whom refund is to be made, a brief description of the services or facilities to be provided and the date the same are to be performed.

D. City at its own expense shall have the right to audit its books and records upon twentyfour (24) hours’ notice during regular office hours to determine the status and amount of all advance payments or deposits received by Concessionaire from any person or customer.

E. Concessionaire agrees to maintain said cash deposit with a balance of not less nor more than One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) and if City is required to withdraw funds from the retained deposit pursuant to this Section, Concessionaire is required to replenish said fund as to maintain said balance within fifteen (15) days of written notice from City.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 9 of 31 F. Within thirty (30) days after the Termination of the this Agreement, Concessionaire shall receive from City in a Cashier's Check the balance of said One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) plus interest to the date of termination remaining after deduction therefrom any payment made by City to any customer or person in accordance with the terms and provisions of this Agreement, and after deduction therefrom any amount expended by City to place Concessionaire Area into the same condition as existed as of the commencement of the Term of this Concessionaire's occupancy of Concessionaire Area. On termination, Concessionaire will provide satisfactory evidence to City that all obligations of Concessionaire to any person or customer from whom Concessionaire has received an advance payment or deposit have been performed or the amount of said payment or deposit has been refunded. In lieu of the foregoing, Concessionaire may authorize City to pay from said fund any amount Concessionaire owes to any customer or person for food facilities or services that have not been performed.

G. Said advance deposits with City shall not be used to compensate customers for the forfeiture of any deposits as a consequence of any expressed sales contract provision.

12. Consideration. Concessionaire agrees, in consideration of the exclusive privilege herein granted, to pay to City for services and products provided, purveyed or prepared at or from the Premises, Consideration, exclusive of sales tax, service charges, gratuities and other use taxes as may be imposed, at a flat rate of twenty percent (20%) for A, B, C & D below, for the Term of the Agreement.

A. Gross sales of alcoholic beverages.

B. Gross sales of food and non-alcoholic beverages.

C. Concessionaire's share of gross sales of any vending machine. No vending machines shall be installed without the written permission of City.

D. Grossfeesfor any room use fee, set up fee and all other products orservices not covered in Section 12, A, B & C.

E. Concessionaire agrees to collect the Audiovisual Equipment and Services fees and the Audiovisual Processing Fee.

F. Concessionaire agrees to pay to City, one hundred percent (100 %) of Audiovisual Equipment and Services. The Audiovisual Processing Fee will be credited back to Concessionaire in an amount which may change from time to time, subject to the agreement of both parties.

G. Fifteen percent (15 %) of gross sales of any and all off-premises sales of food, nonalcoholic beverages and alcoholic beverages. "Off premises sales" shall include any off-premises service as well as the sales of food and beverages, generated and booked by The Centre Concessionaire's office at The Centre and where said food and beverages DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 10 of 31 is delivered by Concessionaire for consumption off the Premises for any City of Lakewood event.

H. Computer /Information Systems. Concessionaire acknowledges City has purchased and installed computers, printers and software for Concessionaire's use and interconnection with City employees and officers at The Centre. On the expiration or termination of this Agreement said equipment shall belong to City. Furthermore, Concessionaire shall use this technology to prepare all required and requested reports in a computerized format compatible with City's software. Concessionaire further agrees to pay City a monthly fee of One Hundred and Twenty-Five Dollars ($125.00) per Concessionaire computer connected to City's computer network. The Director of Finance and Administrative Services may adjust this fee annually to be effective on July 1 of each year based on City's actual cost for the computer network. Concessionaire will be notified in writing of the adjusted fee. Said payment shall reimburse City for its expenses in maintaining its local area computer network. Concessionaire shall pay any charges arising from negligent use on a time and material basis.

13. Room Set-Up. In connection with all events booked by Concessionaire pursuant to the Terms of this Agreement, Concessionaire is responsible to provide all necessary labor for arranging furnishings and "setting up" or "cleaning up" rooms in Concessionaire Area where there is contracted food, beverage or other services. City reserves the right at any time to provide with its own forces, furniture arrangement or "room set-up" in connection with any City or City-sponsored use of the Premises or in connection with any Cityapproved community, charitable or non-profit use of the Premises. City acknowledges that Concessionaire's staff will not be available on a complimentary basis to set up events not booked by Concessionaire.

14. Calculation and Remittance of Concession Fees.

A. The determination of gross sales shall be based on the particular item sold and/or service provided or, in certain cases, the method in which such items or services is sold.

City shall have final approval as to the appropriate gross sales category to be utilized in computing the Consideration to be paid to it. On request, City agrees to determine, in advance in writing, the appropriate gross sales category for Concessionaire's computation of the Consideration required to be paid to City.

B. Concessionaire agrees to pay to City the aforementioned Consideration upon sale or delivery and whether products were sold or services or premises provided on cash, credit or another basis.

C. In determining the Consideration to be paid to City, gross sales price of products, services or rental of space charged by Concessionaire to its customer shall be used, excluding however therefrom all gratuities, service charge, state sales tax and other use taxes paid directly to Concessionaire's employees or to a public City. Service charge is defined as a fee charged as a percentage of the total food and beverage sales for Section 12 A, B, & G. Gratuity is defined as an optional fee paid at the discretion of the customer. In addition, there shall be excluded from the computation of said DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 11 of 31 Consideration charges by Concessionaire on behalf of its customer, where the customer reimburses Concessionaire for the entire amount for the purchase, rental, arrangement or other thing, secured by Concessionaire on behalf of the customer. Reimbursement for services may include, but are not limited to, tables, chairs, linen, glassware, silverware, flowers, ice carvings, decorations and/or entertainment.

D. Service charge is approved at twenty-two percent (22 %). Changesin the service charge must be submitted to City in writing, for City's approval, which shall not be withheld unreasonably.

E. The Consideration payable by Concessionaire to City shall be paid on a monthly basis as the same accrues during the Term of this Agreement. All payments shall be made not later than the 15th day of the month following the accrual of said Consideration and shall be paid directly to the Director of Recreation and Community Services, 5050 Clark Avenue, P.O. Box 158, Lakewood, California, 90714. In the event the 15th falls on a nonbusiness day for City, such payment shall be due the next working business day. Should Concessionaire fail to pay the amount due on or before the 15th day of the month following the month said amount accrued, Concessionaire agrees to pay, in addition, interest on the amount due at the rate of twelve percent (12 %) per annum, or the maximum legal rate, whichever is less.

F. If Concessionaire, during a 12-month period should be late more than three (3) working days in payment of the Consideration required in Section 12, Concessionaire shall reimburse City for the expense of a solvency review should City so elect, and, in addition, in such a case, Concessionaire agrees to pay to City a late payment equivalent to one percent (1 %) of the monthly Consideration determined due.

G. Concessionaire further authorizes City to deduct any unpaid monthly Consideration payable by Concessionaire to City under Section 12 from Concessionaire's cash deposit if said Consideration is more than three working days past due.

H. Failure to pay fees by no later than the 15th day of the month following the accrual of said Consideration shall be considered a material breach of the contract.

15. Reporting of Gross Sales and Rental Fees. Concessionaire shall report monthly to the Director of Recreation and Community Services, in the time, form and manner prescribed by the Director of Finance and Administrative Services, all gross sales and rental fees charged or collected by Concessionaire during the preceding month. Said report shall be filed with the Director of Recreation and Community Services on or before the 15th day of the month following said sale or rental. In addition to any reasonable requirements imposed by the Director of Finance and Administrative Services, said report shall include:

A. A monthly summary report detailing gross sales and rental fees, in the form and fashion directed by the Director of Finance and Administrative Services. Concessionaire shall, in addition, categorize all sales and rentals by type of product or service (i.e., food, DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 12 of 31 alcoholic beverages, miscellaneous). Concessionaire shall provide City a copy of the final itemized invoices as submitted by Concessionaire to its customers.

16. Use of Equipment from The Centre. With advance written approval from City, Concessionaire may utilize certain city-owned equipment, including tables and chairs, from The Centre for off-site catering activities in connection with city-sponsored events.

Such equipment may only be used if it is not required for any concession services scheduled to occur at The Centre.

17. Breach, Default and Termination of Agreement. Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement to the contrary, this Agreement may be sooner terminated as follows:

A. In the event of a material breach of this Agreement by either party, the other party may terminate this Agreement with no right of cure, ten (10) days following the giving of notice of such breach and intent to terminate by such other party.

B. In addition, either party may terminate this Agreement without cause on thirty (30) days written notice.

C. The remedies set forth herein are cumulative.

D. In the event of termination or expiration of this Agreement, Concessionaire shall pay to City the appropriate Consideration for all events and activities where Concessionaire provided services or products prior to the effective date of termination. In addition, Concessionaire shall refund to patrons any payments received for events which were scheduled following the date of termination or expiration.

18. Additions, Alterations and Improvements. Upon the Termination of this Agreement, all changes, alterations, additions, repairs or improvements to or upon said premises by Concessionaire shall become the property of City. Any trade fixtures, equipment, and other items brought in or installed within said buildings by Concessionaire, at its sole expense, which do not actually become a part of the buildings, may be removed by Concessionaire during the Term hereof, provided said removal does not damage said premises; and provided further that Concessionaire remove said personal property either by or before the date of termination of this Agreement; and provided further that, if Concessionaire has removed any of the foregoing, Concessionaire shall restore, in substantially the same condition, the interior and any fixtures of said premises which had been heretofore removed or altered for the installation of subsequent fixtures; and provided further that Concessionaire has faithfully performed the conditions and covenants of this Agreement.

19. Records and Books.

A. Concessionaire shall keep true and complete records and accounts of all business and sales transacted on, at or from the Premises for a period of five (5) years.

Concessionaire shall keep and preserve all sales slips, computer records, cash register tape readings, sales records, bank records, bank deposit slips and other evidence of gross sales and business transacted during the Term of this Agreement.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 13 of 31 B. Concessionaire agrees that as a part of said record keeping it shall provide, keep, maintain and use, at its own cost and expense, cash register or electronic equipment or software, which shall produce a continuous registering tape or permanent printed record for each, all and every sale and business transacted by Concessionaire and shall maintain said records for a period of at least five (5) years.

C. The Director of Finance and Administrative Services, or any other City officer or employee, as authorized by City Council, shall have the right, at any time and from time to time, to audit all of the records of account, bank statements, documents, records, returns, papers, files and cash register tapes of Concessionaire relating to gross sales and business transacted at the Premises; and, on request by City, as aforementioned, Concessionaire shall make all such materials available for examination at the office of City or at Concessionaire's place of business. If City should have an audit made for any portion of the Term of this Agreement and the gross sales and business transacted shown by Concessionaire's statement for such period should be found to be understated by more than five percent (5 %), Concessionaire shall immediately pay to City the cost of such audit as well as the additional Consideration payable by Concessionaire to City; otherwise, the cost of such audit shall be paid by City. City's right to have such an audit made with respect to any portion of the Term of this Agreement shall expire twelve (12) months after the Termination of this Agreement. The right of audit and inspection hereunder shall include the right to audit or inspect sales tax returns.

20. Use of Premises. Concessionaire agrees that these premises shall be used by Concessionaire solely for the purpose of maintaining and operating food and beverage services approved in writing by City.

A. Concessionaire agrees not to use or keep on the Premises any article which City or insurance companies may deem extra hazardous, or which increases the rate of insurance.

B. City shall provide, and pay all chargesfor, electricity, gas, heat, air conditioning, sewer, and hot and cold domestic water services to the concession premises to the extent that such utilities are reasonably required during the duration of this Agreement, and are available as of the effective date of this Agreement. Concessionaire shall, at its sole expense, obtain and pay for all necessary telephone equipment and services.

C. Concessionaire agrees to pay and discharge all liens and obligations of any nature and kind whatsoever which shall attach to, or be imposed upon, said premises when created or incurred by said Concessionaire.

D. Concessionaire shall not do anything on the Premises that will cause damage to the buildings, structures or improvements. Concessionaire shall not make changes, alterations, additions, repairs or improvements to or upon said premises without written permission of City. Concessionaire shall not install or operate any machinery, apparatus or appliance that will in any manner damage the Premises or cause a public nuisance.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 14 of 31 E. Concessionaire shall comply with all laws concerning the Premises, or Concessionaire's use of the Premises. Concessionaire shall not use the Premises in any manner that will constitute a waste, nuisance, or unreasonable annoyance, including with limitation, the use of loudspeakers or sound, or light apparatus that can be seen or heard outside the Premises to the reasonable annoyance of the owners or occupants of adjacent properties, or to City.

F. City shall have the right, at all reasonable times, to enter the Premises for the purpose of determining compliance with this Agreement; for the purpose of inspecting or repairing said premises; for any other reasonable purpose in the protection of the property of City; or in securing compliance with the provisions of this Agreement. Such entry may be made without the knowledge or consent of Concessionaire and may be conducted in the exercise of reasonable discretion at times when said concession is not in operation provided City within twenty-four (24) hours, when at all possible, has filed with Concessionaire a written report of the same.

G. Concessionaire acknowledges that use of the Premises shall at all times be in a manner commensurate with and appropriate with the public use of publicly owned property.

Concessionaire shall not authorize, allow or tolerate any use of said premises for any unlawful or illegal purpose. In addition, Concessionaire agrees not to allow or authorize the use of said premises wherein any loud or offensive conduct, or use thereof, is or may be detrimental or annoying to the public utilizing said facilities or adjoining premises or facilities. Concessionaire further agrees that it will immediately, upon demand of City Manager or any law enforcement officer, close said facility and order all persons, other than City officers and employees or its employees, from said premises in the event of the occurrence of any event or activity deemed by City Manager or any law enforcement officer, to be illegal, in violation of state law, in violation of any local ordinance, or which is being conducted in a loud, or obscene, boisterous, raucous or offensive manner so as to be offensive to the public or constitute a nuisance.

Concessionaire further agrees to abide by any order or direction of City Manager or any law enforcement officer, requesting, demanding, ordering or directing the Termination of the use of said premises and the vacation thereof, forthwith, by all persons other than City officers and employees or Concessionaire and employees.

Failure of Concessionaire to cooperate with City in the enforcement of this provision shall be a material breach of this Agreement.

21. Permits, Certifications, and Food Transportation. Concessionaire shall, at all times, maintain all permits, certifications, and licenses required by federal, state, and local law to operate a catering business. Such permits and certifications shall include, but are not limited to, those required by the California Department of Public Health, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, and any other relevant regulatory authority.

All food prepared for catering services shall be prepared in a commercial kitchen that has been duly permitted by the appropriate regulatory authorities. Food transported from the permitted commercial kitchen to the designated service location shall be transported in a DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 15 of 31 manner that ensures the food is kept within the required temperature range, utilizing temperature-controlled containers and vehicles that comply with health and safety standards for food transport.

Concessionaire shall ensure that all vehicles used for the transportation of food are regularly cleaned, sanitized, and maintained in accordance with applicable health and safety regulations. Such cleaning and sanitation procedures shall be documented and conducted with sufficient frequency to maintain a sanitary environment and prevent contamination during transit.

22. Kitchen Equipment, Dinnerware and Silverware. City owns all kitchen equipment located at The Centre and Monte Verde Park, as well as the dinnerware and silverware stored and used at The Centre. City shall replace or repair city-owned items which need to be replaced or repaired due to normal wear-and-tear. Concessionaire shall reimburse City for the full cost of repairing or replacing any city-owned property that is damaged or rendered inoperable due to Concessionaire’s improper maintenance, misuse, or negligence.

Such reimbursement shall be made within thirty (30) calendar days following City’s issuance of a written invoice detailing the costs incurred. Concessionaire shall exercise all reasonable care in its use of City-owned property or equipment and shall notify City promptly of any items which need to be replaced or repaired, whether or not due to normal wear- and-tear.

23. Signs.

A. Concessionaire shall not erect, construct or place any signs or advertisements pertaining to its concession rights and operations in or on any portion of the Premises without the express written permission of City. Prior to the erection, construction or placing of any signs or advertising matter upon the concession premises, Concessionaire shall submit to City, for its approval in writing to the Director of Recreation and Community Services, the drawings, sketches, design, dimensions, type and character of the sign or advertising manner. Any conditions, restrictions or limitations with respect to the use of these signs, stated by City in its written approval, shall become conditions of this Agreement as if specifically set forth herein.

B. City may, from time to time, modify or change its signage, signage policies, or identification signs. In such event, City shall consult with Concessionaire in a timely manner to allow Concessionaire an opportunity to provide input and engage in discussion regarding any proposed signage modifications or changes. Notwithstanding such consultation, all decisions concerning modifications or changes to City signage shall remain within the sole discretion and authority of City, and no decision-making authority is delegated to Concessionaire.

24. Upkeep and Maintenance of the Premises and Equipment.

A. The concession premises and all equipment and materials used by Concessionaire shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition, free from rubbish, refuse, food scraps, garbage, dust, dirt, offensive or unclean materials, roaches and other insects, rodents DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 16 of 31 and vermin, in accordance with the best sanitary practices, and in full compliance with all applicable Health Department regulations.

B. Concessionaire shall utilize only leak-proof containers when transporting liquids in, about, or around the Premises. Concessionaire shall immediately clean up and dry any surface onto which liquids have spilled and shall use their best efforts to prevent additional spillage. In addition, following any catered event, Concessionaire shall evaluate all floor surfaces and spot clean any areas as needed.

C. All food service materials, including, but not limited to, china, glassware, flatware, containers, and other such enclosures used to contain individual food or beverage portions, shall be clean and stored so as to be protected from dust, dirt, roaches and other insects, rodents, vermin, and from unsanitary handling and unclean materials.

D. Concessionaire shall, during and immediately following each event, remove from the concession premises all rubbish, refuse, food scraps, and garbage to a location specified by City for refuse storage and pickup. City shall arrange and pay for the removal and disposal of such refuse from the specified storage area.

E. City shall provide, at its cost and expense, pest control service for the extermination of specified insects and other pests from the concession premises. Concessionaire shall provide and allow complete access to the Premises as required by the schedule for extermination services.

F. Concessionaire shall not do, nor permit to be done, anything that may unreasonably interfere with the effectiveness of air-conditioning or heating and cooling systems within the concession premises or elsewhere in the facilities. Concessionaire shall not obstruct, or cause to be obstructed, any portion of the sidewalks, loading docks, entries, passageways, vestibules, halls, elevators, or other ways of access to the Premises for any purpose other than the immediate ingress, egress, loading or unloading to or from the Premises.

G. Except as provided heretofore, City, at its own cost and in its discretion, shall maintain in good condition and repair The Centre and Monte Verde Park, including the concession premises. City shall maintain and repair the structural part of the Premises consisting of the foundation bearing and exterior walls, glass and doors, flooring, subflooring, roof, electrical, plumbing and sewage systems including without limitation the Concession Area, the Non-Concession areas and other portions of The Centre and the Civic Center, and Monte Verde Park and surrounding premises, as well as all personal property including tables, chairs, dollies and racks used by Concessionaire.

City has the right to restrict Concessionaire's use of the facility when maintenance, repair or project work needs to be conducted. When at all possible, City will provide adequate advanced notice of said maintenance and repair schedules. If appropriate, City will adjust the Consideration Section of this Agreement during the project.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 17 of 31 H. Concessionaire agrees not to clean or wash down equipment anywhere on the balcony areas at The Centre. In addition, the kitchen floor and service elevator may not be cleaned using a hose or any other method where the water is not able to be contained.

I. Concessionaire agrees to not use any part of the balcony at The Centre as a storage area for equipment.

25. Concessionaire Employees.

A. Concessionaire employees shall be admitted to the Premises in accordance with rules and regulations established by City Manager.

B. Concessionaire agrees to employ only responsible people who are mentally competent and able to verbally communicate effectively to the public. Concessionaire shall not, during the Term of this Agreement, employ any child or labor in violation of the provisions of the laws of the state of California. In the event City Manager should deem any person employed by Concessionaire as being incompetent or guilty of conduct inimical to the general welfare of the public or unsuited for the proper maintenance of such premises, in serving and meeting the demands of the public, Concessionaire shall immediately remove such person from, the Premises.

C. Employees of Concessionaire shall, at all times, be neatly and cleanly uniformed. City shall approve the style and colors of uniforms for employees.

D. Concessionaire shall, at its own expense, ensure that all employees are properly trained and continuously supervised to maintain the highest standards of cleanliness, courtesy, and service in accordance with the industry’s best practices. Concessionaire shall provide an adequate number of trained personnel at the facility to ensure that patrons receive proper service and attention. Concessionaire shall comply with the provisions of the California Health and Safety Code Sections 113947-113948, as well as California Senate Bill 602, pertaining to food safety standards, food handler certification, and any other applicable food safety regulations as mandated by the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. Concessionaire shall maintain, and make available upon request, documentation verifying that all food handling personnel possess valid Food Handler Certifications, and such documentation shall be filed and made available upon request of City.

E. All employees shall be promptly paid for services rendered in the time and manner required by law and payment shall be made by check or draft. If for any reason an employee should be compensated in cash, a receipt shall be obtained from the employee for such compensation.

F. As and where required by law or labor agreement, Concessionaire shall deduct from the salary or compensation paid to an employee withholding for taxes, health, or pension or other benefits and shall account to City or employee upon reasonable demand as to the amounts so withheld.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 18 of 31 G. Concessionaire where required by law shall provide Workers' Compensation Insurance covering each employee.

H. Concessionaire shall provide and regularly schedule employees to help its clients with their set-up and special needs as specified contractually between Concessionaire and its client.

26. Permits and Licenses.

A. Concessionaire and its employees shall, at their sole cost and expense, comply with the requirements of all City, County, State and Federal authorities now in force, or which may hereafter be in force, pertaining to the concession premises, or the operations conducted thereon, and shall faithfully observe, and secure observance with, in the use of the concession premises, all City ordinances and State and Federal statutes now in force, or which may hereafter be in force.

B. The licenses and permits to be secured and maintained in current standing by Concessionaire and/or Concessionaire's employees shall include, but not be limited to:
i. City of Lakewood business license;
ii. County of Los Angeles Health Department permit for a food and beverage operation;
iii. County of Los Angeles Health Department food handler permits; iv. California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control Board to sell alcoholic beverages and;
v. Seller’s Permit from California Department of Tax and Fee Administration.

27. Insurance Requirements. Concessionaire shall procure and maintain general liability insurance against any and all losses, costs, expenses, claims, liabilities, actions, or damages, including liability for injuries to any person or persons, damage to property, or product liability arising at any time during and/or arising out of or in any way connected with Concessionaire's use or occupancy of City's facilities and adjoining property.

Concessionaire shall, at all times during the Term of this Agreement, maintain and keep in full force and effect, the following policies of insurance with minimum limits as indicated below.

A. Concessionaire shall maintain Commercial General Liability insurance with coverage at least as broad as Insurance Services Office form CG 00 01, in an amount not less than $2,000,000 per occurrence, $4,000,000 general aggregate, for bodily injury, personal injury, and property damage. The policy must include contractual liability that has not been amended. Any endorsement restricting standard ISO “insured contract” language will not be accepted.

B. Concessionaire shall maintain Liquor Liability Insurance coverage in an amount not less than $1,000,000 per occurrence, $2,000,000 general aggregate.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 19 of 31 C. Concessionaire shall maintain Automobile Insurance at least as broad as Insurance Services Office form CA 00 01 covering bodily injury and property damage for all activities of Concessionaire arising out of or in connection with Work to be performed under this Agreement, including coverage for any owned, hired, non-owned, or rented vehicles, in an amount not less than $2,000,000 combined single limit for each accident and shall not exclude loading and unloading.

D. Concessionaire shall obtain and maintain an Umbrella Liability Insurance policy with limits that will provide bodily injury, personal injury, and property damage liability coverage, including commercial general liability, automobile liability, and employer’s liability. Such policy or policies shall include the following terms and conditions:
i. A drop-down feature requiring the policy to respond if any primary insurance that would otherwise have applied proves to be uncollectible in whole or in part for any reason, other than bankruptcy or insolvency of said primary insurer; ii. “Pay on behalf of” wording as opposed to “reimbursement”; iii. Concurrency of effective dates with primary policies.

E. Concessionaire shall maintain Workers’ Compensation Insurance (Statutory Limits) and Employer’s Liability Insurance (with limits of at least $1,000,000).

Should Concessionaire obtain and maintain an Excess Liability Policy, such policy shall be excess over commercial general liability, automobile liability, and employer’s liability policies. Such policy or policies shall include wording that the excess liability policy follows the terms and conditions of the underlying policies.

Concessionaire shall submit to City, along with the certificate of insurance, a Waiver of Subrogation endorsement in favor of City, its officers, agents, employees, and volunteers.

28. Other Insurance Provisions or Requirements.

A. Proof of insurance. Concessionaire shall provide certificates of insurance and required endorsements to City as evidence of the insurance coverage required herein. Insurance certificates and endorsements must be approved by City’s Risk Manager prior to commencement of performance. Current certification of insurance shall be kept on file with City for the contract period and any additional length of time required thereafter.

City reserves the right to require complete, certified copies of all required insurance policies, at any time.

B. Duration of coverage. Concessionaire shall procure and maintain for the contract period, and any additional length of time required thereafter, insurance against claims for injuries to persons or damages to property, or financial loss which may arise from or in connection with the performance of the Work hereunder by Concessionaire, their agents, representatives, employees, or subconsultants.

C. Primary/non-contributing. Coverage provided by Concessionaire shall be primary and any insurance or self-insurance procured or maintained by City shall not be DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 20 of 31 required to contribute with it. The limits of insurance required herein may be satisfied by a combination of primary and umbrella or excess insurance. Any umbrella or excess liability insurance shall contain or be endorsed to contain a provision that such coverage shall also apply on a primary and non-contributory basis for the benefit of City before City’s own insurance or self- insurance shall be called upon to protect it as a named insured. The Umbrella/Excess Liability policy shall have a limit of not less than $5,000,000 aggregate. The policy shall be endorsed specifically to City’s designated aggregate limit under the primary Commercial General Liability policy and shall not be diminished by claims unrelated to City.

D. City’s rights of enforcement. In the event any policy of insurance required under this Agreement does not comply with these specifications or is canceled and not replaced, City has the right but not the duty to obtain the insurance it deems necessary, and any premium paid by City will be promptly reimbursed by Concessionaire or City will withhold amounts sufficient to pay premium from Concessionaire payments. In the alternative, City may cancel this Agreement.

E. Acceptable insurers. All insurance policies shall be issued by an insurance company currently authorized by the Insurance Commissioner to transact business of insurance or is on the List of Approved Surplus Line Insurers in the State of California, with an assigned policyholders’ Rating of A- (or higher) and Financial Size Category Class VII (or larger) in accordance with the latest edition of Best’s Key Rating Guide, unless otherwise approved by City’s Risk Manager.

F. Waiver of subrogation. All insurance coverage maintained or procured pursuant to this agreement shall be endorsed to waive subrogation against City, its elected or appointed officers, agents, officials, employees, and volunteers or shall specifically allow Concessionaire or others providing insurance evidence in compliance with these specifications to waive their right of recovery prior to a loss. Concessionaire hereby waives its own right of recovery against City and shall require similar written express waivers and insurance clauses from each of its subconsultants.

G. Enforcement of contract provisions (non estoppel). Concessionaire acknowledges and agrees that any actual or alleged failure on the part of City to inform Concessionaire of non-compliance with any requirement imposes no additional obligations on City nor does it waive any rights hereunder.

H. Requirements not limiting. Requirements of specific coverage features or limits contained in this Section are not intended as a limitation on coverage, limits or other requirements, or a waiver of any coverage normally provided by any insurance.

Specific reference to a given coverage feature is for purposes of clarification only as it pertains to a given issue and is not intended by any party or insured to be all inclusive, or to the exclusion of other coverage, or a waiver of any type. If Concessionaire maintains higher limits than the minimums shown above, City requires and shall be entitled to coverage for the higher limits maintained by Concessionaire. Any available DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 21 of 31 insurance proceeds in excess of the specified minimum limits of insurance and coverage shall be available to City.

I. Notice of cancellation. Concessionaire agrees to oblige its insurance agent or broker and insurers to provide City with a thirty (30) day notice of cancellation (except for nonpayment for which a ten (10) day notice is required) or nonrenewal of coverage for each required coverage. If any of Concessionaire’s insurers are unwilling to provide such notice, then Concessionaire shall have the responsibility of notifying City immediately in the event of Concessionaire’s failure to renew any of the required insurance coverage or insurer’s cancellation or non-renewal.

J. Additional insured status. General liability, automobile liability, and umbrella/excess liability insurance policies shall provide or be endorsed to provide that City and its officers, officials, employees, agents, and volunteers shall be additional insureds under such policies.

K. Prohibition of undisclosed coverage limitations. None of the coverages required herein will be in compliance with these requirements if they include any limiting endorsement of any kind that has not been first submitted to City and approved of in writing.

L. Separation of insureds. A severability of interests provision must apply for all additional insureds ensuring that Concessionaire’s insurance shall apply separately to each insured against whom claim is made or suit is brought, except with respect to the insurer’s limits of liability. The policy(ies) shall not contain any cross-liability exclusions.

M. Pass through clause. Concessionaire agrees to ensure that its subconsultants, subcontractors, and any other party who is brought into or involved in the services by Concessionaire (hereinafter collectively “Subcontractor”), provide the same minimum insurance coverage and endorsements required of Concessionaire. Concessionaire agrees to monitor and review all such coverage and assumes all responsibility for ensuring that such coverage is provided in conformity with the requirements of this section. However, in the event Concessionaire’s Subcontractor cannot comply with this requirement, which proof must be submitted to City, Concessionaire may still be able to utilize the Subcontractor provided Concessionaire shall be required to ensure that its Subcontractor provide and maintain insurance coverage and endorsements sufficient to the specific risk of exposure involved with Subcontractor’s scope of work and services, with limits less than required of Concessionaire, but in all other terms consistent with Concessionaire’s requirements under this Agreement. This provision does not relieve Concessionaire of its contractual obligations under the Agreement and/or limit its liability to the amount of insurance coverage provided by its Subcontractors. This provision is intended solely to provide Concessionaire with the ability to utilize a Subcontractor who may be otherwise qualified to perform the work or services but may not carry the same insurance limits as required of Concessionaire under this Agreement given the limited scope of work or services provided by the Subcontractor.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 22 of 31 Concessionaire agrees that upon request, all agreements with Subcontractors, and others engaged in the services, will be submitted to City for review.

N. City’s right to revise specifications. City reserves the right at any time during the term of the contract to change the amounts and types of insurance required by giving Concessionaire ninety (90) days advance written notice of such change. If such change results in substantial additional cost to Concessionaire, City and Concessionaire may renegotiate Concessionaire’s compensation.

O. Self-insured retentions. Any self-insured retentions must be declared to and approved by City. City reserves the right to require that self-insured retentions be eliminated, lowered, or replaced by a deductible, or require proof of ability to pay losses and related investigations, claim administration, and defense expenses within the retention through confirmation from the underwriter.

P. Timely notice of claims. Concessionaire shall give City prompt and timely notice of claims made or suits instituted that arise out of or result from Concessionaire’s performance under this Agreement, and that involve or may involve coverage under any of the required liability policies.

Q. Additional insurance. Concessionaire shall also procure and maintain, at its own cost and expense, any additional kinds of insurance, which in its own judgment may be necessary for its proper protection and prosecution of the work.

29. Indemnification. City shall not be liable to Concessionaire for any damage to Concessionaire or Concessionaire’s property, or Concessionaire’s employees, volunteers, invitees, customers, guests, agents, subcontractors, or contractors, for any cause.

Concessionaire shall indemnify, hold harmless, and defend City, its elected or appointed officers, agents, officials, employees, and volunteers, each of which is an indemnitee, from and against any and all claims, losses, damages, demands, liabilities, suits, costs, expenses, including attorneys' fees, penalties, judgments or obligations whatsoever for or in connection with injury, including death, or damage to any person or property or pecuniary or monetary loss resulting from, arising out of, or in any way related to activity conducted by Concessionaire, including, but not limited to, Concessionaire’s development, construction, occupation, use, operation, or maintenance of the concession or any facilities, including events occurring on or of the Premises or facilities, regardless of how the injury or damage was caused or suffered, unless the injury or damage resulted from the sole negligence or the intentional and willful misconduct of City, its elected or appointed officers, agents, officials, employees, and volunteers.

Concessionaire waives all claims against City for damages to person or property arising for any reason except that City shall be liable to Concessionaire for damages to Concessionaire or Concessionaire’s person or property resulting from the acts or omissions of City or its authorized agents or representatives.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 23 of 31 Concessionaire shall hold City, its elected or appointed officers, agents, officials, employees, and volunteers harmless for all damages or losses arising out of any injury or damage to person or property occurring in or about the Premises or arising from Concessionaire’s occupancy, use and maintenance of the Premises pursuant to the terms and provisions of this Agreement.

Concessionaire hereby waives all claims and recourse against City, including the right to contribution for loss of damage by reason of death or injury to persons or damages to property, whether the person or property of Concessionaire, its agents or employees, or third persons arising from, growing out of or in any way connected with or incident to this Agreement, except claims arising from the sole negligence or sole willful misconduct of City, its elected or appointed officers, agents, officials, employees, and volunteers.

The provisions of this Section shall survive the termination or expiration of this Agreement.

City shall have no responsibility to safeguard the equipment and property of Concessionaire or any of its clients. City shall have no responsibility to safeguard or protect Concessionaire, or its employees, volunteers, clients, customers, guests, agents, subcontractors, or contractors from bodily injury, including death, or personal injury.

In the event a claim is made against City or City is named a co-defendant in any action, arising out of, or in any way related to activity conducted by Concessionaire, Concessionaire shall immediately notify City of such fact, and at City’s option shall either retain legal counsel of City’s choice to represent City in such action at Concessionaire’s sole expense or reimburse City for City’s litigation costs, expenses and attorneys’ fees in undertaking to represent itself.

In the event a claim is made against both City and Concessionaire for joint and several liability, notwithstanding any apportionment of liability between City and Concessionaire, Concessionaire shall nevertheless be responsible to indemnify and hold harmless City as fully set forth above, unless the court determines that the injury or damage resulted from the sole negligence or intentional and willful misconduct of City, its elected or appointed officers, agents, officials, employees, and volunteers.

Payment by City is not a condition precedent to enforcement of this indemnity. In the event of any dispute between Concessionaire and City, as to whether liability arises from the sole negligence or willful misconduct of City or its officers, employees, or agents, Concessionaire will be obligated to pay for City’s defense until such time as a final judgment has been entered adjudicating City as solely negligent or to have acted with willful misconduct. Concessionaire will not be entitled in the absence of such a determination to any reimbursement of defense costs including but not limited to attorney’s fees, expert fees, and costs of litigation.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, City shall save, keep and hold harmless Concessionaire and all of its officers, agents, and employees from all damages, costs or expenses in law or equity that may at any time arise or be set up because of damage to property or death or DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 24 of 31 injury to persons received or suffered by reason of the operation of City, its agents or employees or contractors or any of them, or any act or omission to act on the part of said parties, or any one of them, during such time that City, its agents, employees or contractors are on the Premises performing any function or act.

City shall, by appropriate written notice to Concessionaire, notify Concessionaire as soon as practicable regarding any potential liability of Concessionaire under this Section.

Nothing herein contained shall be construed to relieve City from any duty and obligation it may have to maintain said premises, including the concession premises as provided in this Agreement and City agrees to reimburse, defend or indemnify and save Concessionaire, its officers and employees free and harmless from any claim, suit or action brought by any person or persons including its agents or employees, or subcontractors or the employees thereof, or any member of the public, for or on account of any injury, death or damage to any person or property sustained because of or arising out of any condition of public property required to be maintained by City or any act or omission of any City officer or employee except as follows:

A. Where the loss or damage arises out of any act or omission of Concessionaire, its agents, employees or subcontractors or agents, invitees or guests.

B. The loss or damage arises out of the failure of Concessionaire to perform any duty or obligation bestowed on it by this Agreement.

30. Possessory Interest Tax. Pursuant to Section 107.6 of the California Revenue and Taxation Code, a possessory interest as defined in Revenue and Taxation Code 107 and 107.4 may be created by this Agreement, and may be subject to property taxation, in which event the private party to this Agreement in which a possessory interest is vested may be subject to the payment of property tax levied on such interest. If, by reason of this Agreement, a possessory interest subject to property tax is levied, Concessionaire acknowledges and does hereby agree to pay and assume the same when due and owing and hold City free and harmless from liability thereon.

Nothing herein contained shall be construed as an acknowledgment by the parties that this Agreement creates a possessory interest.

31. Time of the Essence. Time is of the essence of each and all of the terms and provisions of this Agreement, and this Agreement shall inure, to the benefit of and be binding upon, the parties hereto and any successors of Concessionaire as fully and to the same extent, as though specifically mentioned in each instance, and all covenants, stipulations and requirements in this Agreement shall extend to and bind any assigns of Concessionaire.

32. Independent Contractor. It is expressly understood and agreed that Concessionaire is an independent contractor as distinguished from an employee or agent of City in the performance of services hereunder. Concessionaire acknowledges the independent contractual relationship and releases City from any liability or obligation to make DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 25 of 31 deductions or withholding for the compensation of any officer, agent or employee thereof in respect to unemployment, income tax, disability, social security, health, pension or retirement benefits. It is expressly understood no officer, agent or employee of Concessionaire shall have any City status or benefit, including health, retirement and workers’ compensation benefits.

Concessionaire acknowledges its independent contractor status in performing all services under this Agreement and assumes the risk to itself, all agents, employees, subcontractors, their agents or employees, its licensees, permittees and guests of personal injury or death and all risk of property damage or loss of any property arising out of the performance of any services or the use of the Premises during the Term of this Agreement.

33. Assignment Prohibited. Concessionaire shall not mortgage, hypothecate or otherwise encumber or assign its right, privileges or obligations, pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement, nor shall Concessionaire sublet or sublease the concession premises in whole or in part without the written consent of City. Any attempted assignment, mortgaging, hypothecation or encumbering of the rights, privileges or obligations or any subletting or subleasing of the whole or any part of the concession premises, or other violations of the provisions of this Section shall be null and void and shall confer no right, title or interest in or to this Agreement, or right of occupancy of the whole or any portion of the concession premises, upon any such assignee, mortgagee, encumbrancer, pledgee or other lien holder, sub-tenant, successor or purchaser. Consent by City to one assignment, mortgage, hypothecation, encumbrance or sublease shall not be deemed to be a consent to any subsequent assignment, mortgage, hypothecation, encumbrance or sublease.

34. Ownership of Business. The fact that Sofia Riley and George Marinos are owners of Concessionaire and will be involved in the management of its business is a material factor in City’s willingness to enter into this Agreement with Concessionaire. At any time during the Term of this Agreement, including any extension thereof, should both Sofia Riley and George Marinos cease to be owners of Concessionaire or cease to be involved in the management of its business, then Concessionaire shall give City notice of the same immediately upon such occurrence. City may, in its sole discretion, at any time thereafter terminate this Agreement upon giving Concessionaire at least 180 days’ notice of such termination. The provisions set forth in this subsection are independent from and in addition to the provisions set forth elsewhere in this Agreement.

35. Nondiscrimination. In connection with the execution of this Agreement, "Concessionaire shall not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, religion, color, sex, age, national origin, or because an otherwise qualified person is handicapped. Concessionaire shall take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during their employment without regard to their race, religion, color, sex, age, national origin, or handicap. Such action shall include but is not limited to employment, upgrading, demotion, or transfer; recruitment or recruitment advertisement; layoff or termination; rate of pay or other forms of compensation, and selection for training including apprenticeship. "Concessionaire shall comply with the requirements of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1974 (P.L. 88-352) and DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 26 of 31 with all applicable regulations, statutes, laws promulgated pursuant thereto now existent or hereinafter enacted. Furthermore, Concessionaire shall comply with the provisions of Section 1735 of the California Labor Code.

Concessionaire shall also comply with the requirements of 29 U.S.C. 794 and 31 U.S.C. 6716 and the regulations promulgated thereunder, including Regulation 51.52 promulgated by the Office of Revenue Sharing of the United States Treasury. As used herein, handicapped individual means any individual who has a physical or mental disability which for such individual constitutes or results in a substantial handicap to employment and can reasonably be expected to benefit in terms of employability from vocational rehabilitation services provided pursuant to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 701), as presently defined in Section 706 thereof, or as hereinafter amended.

36. Additional Conditions.

A. City provides for a building security system. Concessionaire will follow City's policy and procedures related to the security of the building.

B. Concessionaire will be required to use the provided facility scheduling system, a shared client management database system and related computer hardware and network equipment for event booking.

C. Concessionaire shall report, in writing and as soon as reasonably practicable, to City, any and all incidents involving personal injury, property damage, or other occurrences—including, without limitation, altercations and accidents—that occur during, arise from, or are in any manner connected with Concessionaire’s use or occupancy of the Premises. In the event of an emergency involving serious injury, significant property damage, or any situation requiring immediate response, Concessionaire shall notify City immediately by telephone or other direct means, in addition to submitting the required written report thereafter.

37. Los Angeles County Department of Public Health Rating. For all food preparation facilities operated by Concessionaire, Concessionaire shall achieve and maintain, at all times during the term of this Agreement, a food facility rating of “A” as issued by the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Division, in accordance with the County’s Restaurant Public Health Grading Program. City deems any rating lower than an “A” to be unsatisfactory and noncompliant with the standards of this Agreement.

In the event Concessionaire receives a grade lower than an “A,” Concessionaire shall notify City and at its sole cost and expense, immediately request a re-inspection from the County Health Officer and shall promptly take all reasonable and practicable measures within its control to correct the deficiencies identified in the inspection. Failure to restore the “A” rating within thirty (30) calendar days of receiving a lower grade shall constitute a material breach of this Agreement, subject to the remedies available to City under the terms herein.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 27 of 31

38. Performance Evaluation. Concessionaire acknowledges that City shall have the right to conduct a performance evaluation of Concessionaire's compliance and performance under this Agreement. Concessionaire agrees to cooperate in the preparation of said report and to make available to City its books and records and to supply other information reasonably needed by City to prepare such report.

39. Alcohol Management. Concessionaire shall demonstrate at all times to City the strictest controls over alcohol inventory, alcohol revenue recordkeeping and serving guidelines:

A. Make available for City inspection a record of alcohol purchases and event usages that corresponds to event alcohol sales.

B. Demonstrate strict controls for alcohol inventory storage.

C. Establish an agreed-upon set of specifications for "pour" amounts for beer, wine and spirits.

D. Ensure that all bartenders /servers have been educated/certified via an approved Responsible Beverage Service Training course as mandated by the State of California.

40. Undue Influence. Concessionaire declares and warrants that no undue influence or pressure was used against or in concert with any officer or employee of City in connection with the award, terms, or implementation of this Agreement, including any method of coercion, confidential financial arrangement, or financial inducement. No officer or employee of City has or will receive compensation, directly or indirectly, from Concessionaire, or from any officer, employee, or agent of Concessionaire, in connection with the award of this Agreement or any work to be conducted as a result of this Agreement.

Violation of this section shall be a material breach of this Agreement entitling City to any and all remedies at law or in equity.

41. No Benefit to Arise to City Employees. During Concessionaire’s tenure and for one year thereafter, no member, officer, or employee of City, or Concessionaire’s designees or agents, and no public official who exercises authority over or responsibilities with respect to the services under this Agreement shall have any interest, direct or indirect, in any agreement or sub-agreement, or the proceeds thereof, for work to be performed in connection with the services performed under this Agreement.

42. Attorneys’ Fees. If either party commences an action against the other party arising out of or in connection with this Agreement, the prevailing party shall be entitled to have and recover from the losing party reasonable litigation expenses, including but not limited to attorneys’ fees and court costs.

43. Advice of Counsel. Each party hereto has been provided full opportunity for review of this Agreement by legal counsel. Therefore, no presumption or rule that ambiguity shall be construed against the drafting party shall apply to the interpretation or enforcement of this Agreement.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 28 of 31

44. Governing Law. City and Concessionaire understand and agree that the laws of the state of California shall govern the rights, obligations, duties, and liabilities of the parties to this Agreement and also govern the interpretation of this Agreement. Any litigation concerning this Agreement shall take place in municipal, superior, or federal district court with jurisdiction over City.

45. Arbitration. If a dispute arises out of or relates to this Agreement, or the breach thereof, and if said dispute cannot be settled through direct discussions, City and Concessionaire agree to submit any such dispute to arbitration, in accordance with standard procedures outlined in the California Arbitration Act. City and Concessionaire agree to be bound by, and waive the right to litigate the issue in court, the written decision of the Arbitrator. The cost of arbitration shall be equally shared by City and Concessionaire, and each party shall be responsible for and pay all other costs and attorneys' fees incurred by it in connection with said arbitration. Except as provided in this paragraph, no provision of this Agreement is subject to arbitration.

46. Waiver. The waiver by City of any breach of any term, covenant, or condition herein contained shall not be deemed to be a waiver of such term, covenant, or condition, or any subsequent breach of the same or any other term, covenant, or condition herein contained.

The subsequent acceptance of Concession fees hereunder by City shall not be deemed to be a waiver of any preceding breach by Concessionaire of any term, covenant, or condition of this Agreement, other than failure of Concessionaire to pay the Concession fees so accepted, regardless of City's knowledge of such preceding breach at the time of acceptance of such concession fees, nor shall any failure on the part of City to require or exact full and complete compliance with any of the covenants, conditions and Agreements of this Agreement be construed as in manner changing the Terms hereof, nor shall the Terms of this contract this Agreement be changed or altered in any manner whatsoever other than by written Agreement of City and Concessionaire.

47. Severability. Any part, provision, or representation of this Agreement or any of its exhibits, which is held to be invalid, void or unenforceable by a court of competent jurisdiction, shall be limited to that part, provision or representation and all other parts, provisions, or representations herein shall remain in full force and effect.

48. Survival of Indemnification and Defense Provisions. Concessionaire’s Obligations to defend and indemnify City as described in this Agreement shall survive the termination of this Agreement.

49. Entire Agreement. This Agreement contains the entire understanding between the parties relating to the obligations of the parties described in this Agreement. All prior or contemporaneous agreements, understandings, representations, and statements, oral or written and pertaining to the subject of this Agreement or with respect to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, are merged into this Agreement and shall be of no further force or effect. Each party is entering into this Agreement based solely upon the representations set forth herein and upon each party's own independent investigation of any and all facts such party deems material.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 29 of 31

50. Authority to Execute this Agreement. The person or persons executing this Agreement on behalf of Concessionaire warrants and represents that they have the authority to execute this Agreement on behalf of Concessionaire and have the authority to bind Concessionaire to the performance of Concessionaire’s obligations hereunder.

51. Incorporation of Documents. This Agreement and incorporated documents represent the entire integrated agreement of the parties and supersedes all prior written or oral representations, discussions, and agreements. Exhibits A – D are to be attached to and made part of this Agreement. In the event of any inconsistency between any of the provisions of this Agreement and/or exhibits attached hereto, the inconsistency shall be resolved by giving precedence to this Agreement.

This Agreement may not be modified orally, or in any other manner than by an agreement in writing signed by all parties.

DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 30 of 31 Notices. Any notice required to be given hereunder shall be deemed to have been given by depositing said notice in the United States mail in an envelope bearing the proper amount of postage thereon, and addressed as follows:

To City: Director of Recreation and Community Services
City of Lakewood
5050 Clark Avenue, Lakewood, CA 90712
To Concessionaire: TGIS Catering Services, Inc.

Sofia Riley and George Marinos
3247 East Airport Way
Long Beach, CA 90806
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed this day and year first above written.

City OF LAKEWOOD
_______________________________
MAYOR
ATTEST:
_______________________________
City Clerk
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
_________________________________
City Attorney
TGIS Catering Services, Inc.
_______________________________
Sofia Riley, President
________________________________
George Marinos, CEO
DRAFT Catering and Concession Agreement with TGIS - May 2025 - Page 31 of 31 List of Exhibits attached.

Exhibit A City of Lakewood Request for Proposals for Catering and Concession Services at The Centre and Catering Services at Monte Verde Park
Exhibit B Concession Area for The Centre
Exhibit C Concession Area for Monte Verde Park
Exhibit D Ownership and Maintenance of Kitchen Equipment Exhibit A
City of Lakewood Request for Proposals for
Catering and Concession Services at The Centre
and Catering Services at Monte Verde Park
34 pages
Request for Proposals
Catering and Concessionaire Services
City of Lakewood - The Centre Page 1
The City of Lakewood welcomes responses to its Request for Proposals from qualified Proposers to provide exclusive catering and concession services at The Centre, located at 5000 Clark Ave. in Lakewood, California, 90712 and catering services at Monte Verde Park, located at 4626 Shadeway Rd., Lakewood, CA 90713.

Responses to this request must be submitted in a sealed envelope, clearly identified as:

Proposal –
Catering and Concession Services for the City of Lakewood Please submit proposals to:

City of Lakewood
City Clerk
Attention: Lorraine Anthony, Community Services Supervisor 5050 Clark Avenue
Lakewood, California 90712
The submittals will be accepted up to 5:00 p.m. on Thursday, December 19, 2024 Submittals received after 5:00 p.m. on said date will not be opened. 1) Schedule of Selection Process
The approximate timeline schedule is as follows:

Event Date(s)
Release Published Request for Proposal
(RFP)
Monday, November 18, 2024
Mandatory Pre-Proposal Meeting & Facility
Tours at The Centre and Monte Verde
Park
Friday, December 13, 2024 at 9 a.m.
starting at The Centre
Deadline for Proposer to Submit RFP
Questions
Monday, December 16, 2024
Response to Proposer Questions posted
to
www.lakewoodcity.org/Government/CityClerk
Tuesday, December 17, 2024 by 5:00 p.m.

Proposals Due Thursday, December 19, 2024 by 5 p.m.

City of Lakewood Review of Submittals December 23, 2024-January 6, 2025 Interviews with Select Proposers TBD
Meet and Confer with Prospective
Proposer on Terms of Agreement
January 27-February 6, 2025
Recommendation of Concessionaire to
Lakewood City Council
Tuesday, February 11, 2025
Request for Proposals
Catering and Concessionaire Services
City of Lakewood - The Centre Page 2
Agreement to begin July 1, 2026
2) City Overview/Background Information
The City of Lakewood is soliciting proposals for a caterer for a long-term operation of the food and beverage concession at the Centre located at 5000 Clark Ave., Lakewood, California, 90712 and to provide additional catering services at Monte Verde Park, located at 4626 Shadeway Rd., Lakewood, CA 90713 non-exclusive, on dates selected by the city. Current agreement with Concessionaire ends June 30, 2026.

The Centre
The Centre opened in 1985 and is Lakewood’s premiere banquet and meeting center.

Since the Centre’s opening, thousands of individuals and groups have made this facility their location for special events. The Centre is owned and operated by The City of Lakewood and is a multi-level 36,000 square foot complex with over 15,000 square feet of meeting/banquet space. Major components of the facility include offices, activity and meeting rooms, a ballroom, cable television studio, City Council Chambers, terraces and parking areas. The City provides an in-house audiovisual team available to clients at an additional cost.

Room Room Size Banquet Theater
Weingart Ballroom (A) 4,830 Sq. Ft. 400 600
Weingart Ballroom (B) 1,725 Sq. Ft. 120 200
Ballroom Combined 6,555 Sq. Ft. 500 800
Maple Room (A) 1,568 Sq. Ft. 120 150
Maple Room (B) 1,323 Sq. Ft. 80 100
Maple Combined 2,891 Sq. Ft. 200 250
Sycamore Room 608 Sq. Ft. 50 60
Oak Room 368 Sq. Ft. Conference Only - 12
The Centre is a well-established public facility located in the City of Lakewood in Los Angeles County. The site is situated close to the Long Beach airport and is geographically centered within Southern California’s freeway system:

The Centre can be accessed by four freeways, which are generally located near the City’s borders:
 Artesia Freeway (91) along the north border;
 Santa Monica Freeway (I-405) along the south border;
 San Gabriel River Freeway (I-605) along the east border; and  Long Beach Freeway (I-710) along the west border.

Monte Verde Park
Opened in 2001, the S. Mark Taper Vista Lodge, nature trail and amphitheater facility Request for Proposals
Catering and Concessionaire Services
City of Lakewood - The Centre Page 3
on the west side of the San Gabriel River make up the sum of the natural beauty of Lakewood's Monte Verde Park. It just might be considered a “jewel” of Lakewood park facilities.

It features the S. Mark Taper Foundation Vista Lodge, a 3,000 square-foot reinterpretation of a classic mountain lodge with exposed beams, "great room" with a faux fireplace and a wall of windows that provides a panoramic view of the park and covered patio. Adjacent is a landscaped amphitheater and fire ring, ideal for ceremonies, gatherings and photography.

A quarter-mile-long nature trail loops around the perimeter of the park, creating a voyage through several ecosystems representing elements of the native California landscape: an oak grove, a dry creek and a fern dell. The site also offers a landscaped amphitheater and fire ring.

Monte Verde Park has long served as a premiere event space for weddings, benchmark birthdays and anniversaries, professional workshops, and banquets. The indoor-outdoor space offers versatility and elegance, with a rustic feeling. The lodge and connected, covered patio can host gatherings of up to 120 guests.
3) Agreement
Agreement Type
The City will draft a Two-Party Agreement between the selected proposer and the City of Lakewood for exclusive operation of the food and beverage concession at The Centre and at Monte Verde Park under set conditions and requirements. The City reserves space to negotiate Terms and Conditions with the Selected Proposer. A draft agreement is attached to this RFP.

Goals and Objectives
The City’s goals for the Selected Proposer operation of food and beverage service for The Centre and Monte Verde Park is to maximize the financial performance of appropriate City resources under a unified management structure in a manner consistent with the public and City interest. Since the facilities involved are public in nature, they are to be operated in the public interest. The Selected Proposer will provide customers with excellent service, high food quality and a varied menu selection. 4) Pre-proposal Meeting and Facility Tour
A mandatory pre-proposal meeting and site tour will begin at the City of Lakewood Council Chambers located at 5000 Clark Ave., Lakewood, CA 90712 on Friday, December 13, 2024 at 9 a.m. The Centre will be toured first, immediately followed by Request for Proposals
Catering and Concessionaire Services
City of Lakewood - The Centre Page 4
Monte Verde Park. It is required that all potential Proposers attend.

The purpose of the meeting is to tour the sites, discuss the work to be performed with the prospective Proposers and allow them to ask questions concerning the RFP.

Proposers with a disability needing accommodation should contact the City of Lakewood prior to the date set for the pre-proposal conference so that reasonable accommodation can be made.
5) Proposal Format and Content
In order for the City to evaluate proposals fairly and uniformly, Proposers shall follow the format set out herein and provide all of the information requested.

I. Introduction of Business Entity
A Proposer's failure to include these items in their proposals may cause their proposal to be determined to be non-responsive and the proposal may be rejected.

Proposals must include the complete name and address of their business entity and the name, mailing address, and telephone number of the person the City should contact regarding the proposal.

Proposals must be signed by a business entity officer empowered to bind the business entity.

II. Scope of Services Proposed by Concessionaire
The proposal shall include examples and/or documents and citations of the following:
a) Food and beverage menus supported by 5-7 images.
b) Price list for all products and services.
c) Personnel plan for administrative duties, customer service, banquet services, event staging and maintenance.
d) Maintenance plan adhering to the highest standards in relation to cleanliness and sanitation of kitchen, banquet rooms, and general facility premises. e) Outline of a marketing strategy which promotes catering service at The Centre and Monte Verde Park. Proposers must provide 3 to 5 examples of past or existing successful marketing pieces.
f) Facility reservation software.
g) Facility event accounting functions.
h) Other activities or functions, which may be required to operate the concession premises.

Request for Proposals
Catering and Concessionaire Services
City of Lakewood - The Centre Page 5
III. Financial Information
The proposal must include the following information:
 Dun & Bradstreet Report or similar credit rating information  Bank credit references (Two banks preferred)
 Verification of corporate registration or partnership with the State of California  A summary of annual sales volume for the past five (5) years IV. Reference Requirements
The proposal must include the following reference information:
a) List of three (3) references from private individuals served within last 12 months b) List of three (3) references from corporate clients served within last 12 months c) List of three (3) references from community groups or non-profit organizations served within last 12 months
d) Landlord or Contract Manager Reference contact information.

Evaluation Response
All proposals will be reviewed to determine if they are responsive. They will then be evaluated using the criteria set out in Section 6. Any other submittals beyond those requested in Section 6 will not be considered in the evaluation process.

The City of Lakewood reserves the right to reject any and all bids and to waive technical errors and discrepancies, if to do so is in the best interests of the City. Any award made for this project will be made to the proposer who is judged to be best qualified to provide services.
6) Evaluation Criteria
The City is interested in selecting a firm that will provide the highest quality of food, beverage, and banquet service while maintaining a high level of customer service. All or part of the following criteria will be employed by the City in its evaluation of proposals:

Proposal Evaluation Criteria
Proposals will be evaluated as follows (list not in priority order):

1. Completeness of the submitted proposal

2. Introduction of Business Entity

3. Scope of Services Proposed

4. Financial Information

5. References
Request for Proposals
Catering and Concessionaire Services
City of Lakewood - The Centre Page 6
7) Proposal Terms and Conditions
Authorized Signature
All proposals must be signed by an individual authorized to bind the Proposer to the provisions of the RFP. Proposals must remain open and valid for at least ninety (90) days from the opening date.

Amendments to Proposals
If an amendment is issued it will be provided to all who were mailed a copy of the RFP.

Amendments to or withdrawals of proposals will only be allowed if acceptable requests are received prior to the deadline set for receipt of proposals. No amendments or withdrawals will be accepted after the deadline unless they are in response to the City's request.

Site Inspection
The City reserves the right to conduct on-site visits to evaluate the Proposer's physical place of business, its standards and capacity to perform the Agreement. Proposers must agree, at risk of being found non-responsive and having their proposal rejected, to provide the City reasonable access to relevant portions of their work sites including food service operations currently managed by Proposer. Site inspection will be made by individuals designated by the Director of Recreation and Community Services at the City's expense.

Discussions with Proposers
The City may conduct interviews with Proposers for the purpose of clarification. The purpose of these discussions will be to ensure full understanding of the requirements of the RFP and proposal.

Vendor Tax ID
A valid Vendor Tax ID must be submitted to the issuing office with the proposal or within five days of the City's request.

Notice Regarding Public Records Act
Documents submitted in response to this Request For Proposal are subject to public disclosure as permitted by the California Public Records Act. Specifically, responses become the exclusive property of the City of Lakewood. At such time as City Staff recommends approval of an agreement to the City Council, and such recommendation appears on the Council’s Agenda, all proposals submitted in response to this Request Request for Proposals
Catering and Concessionaire Services
City of Lakewood - The Centre Page 7
become a matter of public record and shall be regarded as public records. Exceptions will be those elements of each proposal which are trade secrets as that term is defined in California Government Code Section 6254.7 and which are so marked as “Trade Secret”, “Confidential” or “Proprietary”. The City shall use its best efforts to avoid disclosure of any records so marked, but the City shall not in any way be liable or responsible for the disclosure of any such records. Proposers who indiscriminately and without justification identify all or most of their proposal as exempt from disclosure may be deemed unresponsive. City shall not voluntarily disclose customer information or financial information.

Principal and Rejection Statement
Proposers are advised that the City of Lakewood will only correspond with the principals or their designated representative with regard to this RFP. Furthermore, it is to be understood by the principals or their representative, that the city is not obligated to accept proposals or to negotiate with any proposers and the city reserves the right to accept the proposal, which in its sole opinion, will serve in the best interest of the City of Lakewood. The City of Lakewood retains the right to reject any and all proposals.

Disclaimers

1. The City of Lakewood will not pay any cost associated with the preparation, submittal, presentation, or evaluation of any information requested. Responses submitted become the exclusive property of the City of Lakewood.

2. All information, documentation and other materials submitted in response to this solicitation are considered non-confidential and/or non-proprietary and may be subject to public disclosure after the selection process has been completed and an agreement is executed with the Proposer.

Proposer's Certification
By signature on their proposal, Proposers certify that they comply with; a) the laws of all governing bodies at the local, county, state and federal level. b) the applicable portion of the Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964, c) the Equal Employment Opportunity Act and the regulations issued thereunder by the federal government,
d) the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and the regulations issued thereunder by the federal government,
e) all terms and conditions set out in this RFP,
Request for Proposals
Catering and Concessionaire Services
City of Lakewood - The Centre Page 8
f) a condition that the proposal submitted was independently arrived at, without collusion, under penalty of perjury, and
g) that their offers will remain open and valid for at least 90 days.

If any Proposer fails to comply with a) through g) of this paragraph, the City reserves the right to disqualify the proposal, terminate the Agreement, or consider the Concessionaire in default.
8) Questions
Direct questions and inquiries regarding this RFP in writing to:

Lorraine Anthony, Community Services Supervisor
City of Lakewood, Department of Recreation & Community Services [email protected]
All questions asked in response to this RFP will be posted with City’s response to www.lakewoodcity.org/[PIO can provide web page] by 5:00 p.m. on Wednesday, December 18. All Proposers may reference this page for clarification. 1 AGREEMENT

CITY OF LAKEWOOD

CATERING AND CONCESSION SERVICES WITH
___________________.

THIS AGREEMENT, made and entered into this 1st day of July, 2025 by and between the CITY OF LAKEWOOD, a municipal corporation, (the "City") and __________________(“Concessionaire").

WITNESSETH:

WHEREAS, City, is in need of a long-term concessionaire to provide food and beverage services at The Centre in the Lakewood Civic Center and Monte Verde Park:

NOW, THEREFORE, the parties heretofore and in consideration of the mutual covenants and promises herein contained, do mutually agree, one with the other as follows:

1. Effective Date, Term and Entire Agreement. This Agreement shall be effective on July 1, 2026. The term of this Agreement shall be five (5) years, commencing at 12:01 A.M. on the 1st day of July 2026 and expiring on the 30th day of June 2031.

2. Concession. Except as otherwise provided herein, City grants to Concessionaire the following:

A. The exclusive right and privilege to provide catering and concession services in the Lakewood community facility known as The Centre, in those areas thereof designated as Concession Area on Exhibit "A," attached hereto and made a part hereof as though set forth in full. And The exclusive right and privilege to provide catering and concession services in the Lakewood community facility known as Monte Verde Park, on those days of the calendar year as described in section 8, and in those areas thereof designated as Concession Area on Exhibit "B," attached hereto and made a part hereof as though set forth in full.

B. "Concession Services" as used in this Agreement are limited to private functions for profit consisting of weddings, wedding receptions, business meetings, conferences, educational and training uses, trade shows, exhibition of products, lunches, dinners, banquets, parties and such other private uses for profit as approved by City in writing. "Private" as used herein means those uses by individual persons, businesses or organizations where the general public is excluded from attendance except where otherwise authorized by City in writing. "Profit" as used herein means those concession services that are booked, provided or serviced by Concessionaire for a profit as provided for and subject to the terms and provisions of this Agreement.

C. "Catering Services" as used in this Agreement is defined and limited to the booking, providing, delivery, and servicing at sites other than The Centre of food, beverages, beer, wine and liquor subject to the Alcohol Beverage Control (ABC) Department approval along 2 with furnishings and equipment, owned by Concessionaire, where the foregoing are booked or prepared, and delivered from, or stored, or maintained, or originate from The Centre.

D. Concessionaire shall have the exclusive use of Rooms 105 and 205 at The Centre, provided the same are used only as an office for the administration of the catering and concession services herein, which rooms shall be the only rooms at the Centre used by Concessionaire for office purposes.

3. The Centre. Concessionaire acknowledges that The Centre is a public facility owned, maintained and operated by City, for public use and purposes and that the facility was designed primarily as a multi-use governmental and recreational facility. Concessionaire further acknowledges that City, in the design and development of The Centre, intended to establish thereon and intends to maintain thereon a facility open to public use for meetings, conferences, banquets, entertainment, music and cultural purposes, as well as educational and recreational uses and City business, including City Council chambers offices and facilities. Notwithstanding any exclusive catering and concession rights and privileges given to Concessionaire in The Centre, pursuant to the terms and provisions of this agreement, said rights and privileges are subordinate to the public use of The Centre including the concession areas designated on Exhibit "A," except as hereinafter provided with this limitation, City agrees that Concessionaire has the exclusive right to the use of the concession area and facilities and that it will not enter into any contract, agreement, engagement, permit, license or authorization with anyone else to use the concession area for catering or concession services as heretofore defined.

Monte Verde Park. Concessionaire acknowledges that Monte Verde Park is a public facility owned, maintained and operated by the City, for public use and purposes and that the facility was designed primarily as a multi-use governmental and recreational facility.

Concessionaire further acknowledges that the City, in the design and development of Monte Verde Park, intended to establish thereon and intends to maintain thereon a facility open to public use for meetings, conferences, banquets, entertainment, music and cultural purposes, as well as educational and recreational uses and City business. Notwithstanding any exclusive catering and concession rights and privileges given to Concessionaire at Monte Verde Park, pursuant to the terms and provisions of this agreement, said rights and privileges are subordinate to the public use of Monte Verde Park. City agrees that Concessionaire has the exclusive right to the use of the facility and that it will not enter into any contract, agreement, engagement, permit, license or authorization with anyone else to use the facility for catering or concession services as heretofore defined.

4. Scope of Services Provided By Concessionaire. A. It is City's clear and specific intent that Concessionaire provides the full range of services contemplated in the Agreement. Concentration by Concessionaire in one area of service, to the detriment or exclusion of another, will not be acceptable. In summary, Concessionaire must be prepared to provide excellent products and services in keeping with City's reputation and high level of service to the public. This concession has been granted to Concessionaire based upon Concessionaire's general reputation in the community for excellent service. All persons serving Concessionaire in connection with this Agreement shall be under the control and jurisdiction of Concessionaire unless authorized otherwise by City in writing.
3 B. Concessionaire shall supply and have ready for sale all products in sufficient quantity and shall maintain adequate personnel and equipment for the efficient service of its customers at all times, and shall operate at such hours of day and night as required.

C. Concessionaire shall employ its best judgment, efforts, and abilities in a manner calculated to produce the maximum practical volume of sales and transactions obtainable.

City acknowledges and fully understands the business and profit motive which is the basis for Concessionaire's operation. City must nonetheless ensure that the levels of service, and the charges associated therewith, are adequate and reasonable and meet the requirements of the patrons, events and activities of the premises. City reserves the general right to reasonably determine the levels of service to be provided.

D. Concessionaire shall work with City to maintain a strong marketing program to promote and advertise The Centre and the catering services therein, in an effort to increase customers and sales. At least once every six (6) months, City and Concessionaire shall meet to review the marketing program to discuss changes and improvements to the program, if needed. City shall have the right to approve actual marketing items, costs and content prior to distribution.

E. Concessionaire shall conduct an Open House event showcasing the concession areas as well as the full range of services provided by Concessionaire within five years of the effective start date of this agreement.

F. Concessionaire shall provide all personnel, material and equipment necessary to carry out the terms and provisions of the contract that are not provided by City.

G. City shall schedule no less than eight (8) carpet cleanings annually at The Centre. Carpet cleanings are inclusive of all carpets throughout the facility, excepting offices 103, 105 and food prep office 206, which are to be cleaned once annually. Concessionaire shall remit payment to City upon receipt of invoice in the sum of that portion of the carpet cleaning contract not covered by City’s annual budget allocation, or thirty percent (30%) of the carpet cleaning contract, whichever is less.

5. Scope of Services Provided by City.

A. During the term of this Agreement, City shall provide and maintain, for the use of Concessionaire as well as its own use, all of the tables, carts, stacking chairs, dollies and hand trucks, as well as other equipment necessary to maintain, stack, store and make available the banquet stacking chairs now on the premises. During the term of this agreement, City shall also provide for the following at The Centre and Monte Verde Park: natural gas, water, electricity, refuse removal, custodial and building maintenance and pest control. City also upgrades its computer systems in a timely manner and provides first-rate IT support on-site to Concessionaire for all City owned computer systems as identified in Section 12 H. 4 B. In addition to the foregoing property and services, City shall have the exclusive right to provide any telecommunications, audio visual, visual display, lighting and P.A. equipment and services. City has available at The Centre certain equipment, both portable and fixed, whereby television communications, audio and visual projections and displays, lighting and sound effects may be provided in connection with catering or concession services. Concessionaire agrees that it will not provide or authorize any person to bring on the premises telecommunication, audio visual equipment, lighting equipment, TV equipment, slides or projectors or P.A. systems without the written consent of City. Concessionaire agrees that if any customer desires to use or have the use of such equipment in connection with any event, the customer shall be referred to City for the exercise by City, at its option, of providing such equipment or service under its direction and with its personnel. Any charge City shall impose for said service, other than the Audiovisual Processing Fee as described in Section 12 (F), shall belong to City and Concessionaire shall not charge or receive any consideration for the same. Nothing herein contained shall be deemed to require City to provide any of the aforementioned services or equipment in connection with any catering or concession services provided by Concessionaire, it being acknowledged that the aforementioned equipment and trained City personnel to operate the same has been acquired and maintained for the general public use and benefit and that this public use and benefit is primary.

City further reserves the right in its sole discretion to elect at any time not to provide any or all of the aforementioned equipment or personnel in connection with any concession or catering agreement. If City should elect not to provide in whole or in part any of the aforementioned equipment or services, Concessionaire may not provide any of the aforementioned equipment or services or authorize anyone else to provide any of the aforementioned equipment or services except upon the written approval of City which will not be unreasonably withheld

6. Quality of Products and Services. In the course of discharging its responsibilities under the terms of this Agreement, Concessionaire shall, at all times, ensure maintenance of the highest standards of quality in both the products offered for sale and in the services provided.

A. Concessionaire shall offer for sale only foods and non-alcoholic and alcoholic beverages of such quality as judged reasonably acceptable by City. All products shall be appealing in appearance. City shall have the right, at all times when employees or representatives of Concessionaire are present, and whether the concession premises are in operation or not, to inspect products to be sold by Concessionaire, and approve or reject them if they do not meet the requirements of the contract. In the event City should reject any product, it shall be immediately removed from the premises.

B. Concessionaire shall furnish prompt, courteous, efficient, inoffensive, and quality service to meet the reasonable demands of City, and the public and patrons in the Civic Center facilities. Concessionaire shall furnish all authorized and/or required services on a fair, equal and nondiscriminatory basis to all patrons. Concessionaire shall not discriminate against anyone because of race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, sexual orientation, or gender identity) national origin, age, disability or genetic information (including family medical history)..

C. Concessionaire shall control and be held responsible for the conduct, demeanor and appearance of its officers, agents, employees, and representatives, guests, 5 contractors and others while doing business in, about or adjacent to the premises. Upon reasonable objection from City concerning the conduct, demeanor or appearance of these persons, Concessionaire shall immediately take all actions necessary to remove the cause of the objection.

D. Concessionaire shall conduct its business on the premises in an orderly, cooperative, and proper manner so as not to annoy, disturb, disrupt, offend, or otherwise interfere with the ongoing operation of the premises and/or its tenants and patrons.

7. Pricing of Products and Services. The Centre will serve an extremely divergent range of patrons in a highly competitive market. The imposition of a non-competitive price structure for products and services would be detrimental to the Centre users, to its reputation, to the potential for future bookings, and ultimately, to Concessionaire. Therefore, the pricing of the products and services provided by Concessionaire is of considerable importance to City.

City intends that the aforementioned standard menu items be considered as the minimum food and beverage items offered by Concessionaire. It is not intended to be an all-inclusive listing.

Concessionaire is expected to explore the feasibility and appropriateness of offering additional items, during the term of the Agreement and to plan, promote and conduct special events and activities featuring entertainment and food and beverage service.

B. Concessionaire shall provide a discount of ten percent (10%) from its regular menu prices for food purchases by bona fide Lakewood nonprofit community groups.

Concessionaire will refer to the current listing of bona fide Lakewood nonprofit community groups which will be provided and maintained by City of Lakewood.

8. Booking Policies and Use Priorities.

A. When not in use for City sponsored events, The Centre facilities, as hereinafter described, are available to Concessionaire for food and beverage bookings.

Concessionaire may not book any event more than eighteen (18) months in advance without prior written approval of City.

When not in use for City sponsored events, Monte Verde Park facilities, as hereinafter described, are available to the Concessionaire for food and beverage bookings.

Concessionaire may not book any event more than eighteen (18) months in advance without prior written approval of the City. Concessionaire will be granted advanced reservation of the facility for the first and third Saturday and the second and fourth Sunday of each month and all Fridays, 6 except for City or City-sponsored events scheduled for the benefit of the public. If, at seven (7) months prior to a date, the facility has not been booked, Concessionaire will relinquish date back to the City for general reservations. Dates relinquished to the City may be booked, upon request by Concessionaire, at the City’s discretion.

B. All scheduled catered uses, of any concession area shall be entered in records maintained by Concessionaire and retained in the possession of Concessionaire during the term of this Agreement. Said records shall be available for City inspection at any time during Concessionaire's regular office hours.

C. As set forth previously, City has first right and priority to schedule and use any or all of the Concession Area excepting the following rooms at The Centre; the concession office, Room 105, Kitchen Room 215, Food Preparation Room 205, and Bar Room 203, for public purposes of City and City- sponsored events
D. Notwithstanding Section C, the Concession Area shown on Exhibit "A" as Activity Room 107 and commonly known as the Maple Room Dance Studio, shall be governed by the following booking and priority procedures and otherwise subject to all of the terms and provisions of this Section 8.
(1) Said Maple Room was designed primarily for recreational uses and City shall, without giving any notice thereof as required under this Agreement, have the right to use said studio for recreational purposes Monday through Thursday, except the month of December.
(2) This arrangement contemplates that Concessionaire may book and schedule use of the Maple Room when not so used by City if approval is given by City.

E. In the case of an emergency event, natural disaster, technological event or other large scale event—regardless of cause, size or complexity—which requires the activation of City’s Emergency Operations Center (EOC), City reserves the right to use the entirety of The Centre facility, except as set forth below. Room 123 and commonly known as the Arts and Crafts Studio shall serve as the primary EOC. City will inform Concessionaire with as much advance notice of activation of the EOC as is practicable. Should activation of the EOC cause cancellation of Concessionaire’s contractual services with clients, City will act in good faith to postpone, reschedule and/or refund as appropriate as a result of cancelled services. Pending scope of emergency event, City shall use only those Concession Areas needed in response to event. City may use any or all of the Concession Area except the Concession Office Room 105, Food Preparation Room 205, and Bar Room 203.

9. Non-concession Areas. As provided in Section 2A, Concessionaire shall have no right to use those areas in the Centre marked non-concession areas, except Concessionaire may use those non-concession areas designated as Theater Council Chambers Room 145, Lobby and Restrooms, Conference Room 146, Reception Area 152, all or part of that portion of The Centre commonly known as the "Council Wing" provided Concessionaire complies with the terms and provisions of this Agreement and in addition with the following:
7 A. City reserves the right to use and program these rooms, areas and spaces at any time for any City function, event or program. These rooms and facilities shall be available to Concessionaire only upon prior written approval of City.

B. With City's permission given in advance, Concessionaire may provide concession services in the Council Chamber lobby area, Executive Board Room, and the lobby thereof.

C. Concessionaire shall not use the exterior areas of The Centre without the advance, written consent of City.

10. Management.

A. The City Manager or his or her authorized representative shall represent City in the administration of any City functions required hereunder and in the supervision of the performance of this Agreement. The term "City Manager," as used in this Agreement, shall include and mean the City Manager and his or her authorized representative. The City Council hereby authorizes the City Manager, and Concessionaire does hereby acknowledge and agree to comply therewith, the power and authority to prepare in writing and to deliver in writing Concessionaire Rules and Regulations pertaining with the use of The Centre not inconsistent with the terms and provisions of this Agreement. Any rule and regulation adopted by the City Manager may be amended or revoked by the City Council at any time and the City Council may from time to time adopt additional rules and regulations pertaining to the use and operation of the concession area.

No rule or regulation shall be enforceable which is inconsistent or contrary to the provisions of this Agreement, and no regulation shall be adopted or be enforceable unless the same relates to the use and operation of the concession and covers a matter not specifically covered under the Agreement. All such rules and regulations shall be reasonably necessary in order to protect the public health, safety and welfare. All such rules and regulations shall be in writing and delivered to Concessionaire at least ten (10) days in advance of the effective date of said rule or regulation.

Concessionaire shall be bound by such rule and regulation, unless Concessionaire within said ten (10) days appeals the matter to the City Council for consideration. The decision of the City Council shall be in conformity with the terms and provisions of this Section and shall be final.

B. Concessionaire shall maintain an office in The Centre, at the place provided by City, which shall be open to the public and staffed by at least one employee with the general intention that the office be opened and staffed during the general operating hours of The Centre. Concessionaire shall provide City with a monthly operation schedule for office staff to help ensure best customer service practices. The specific schedule will be modified from time to time in cooperation with City staff. In addition, a Concessionaire management staff designee shall be in The Centre or on the concession site during all times a catering or concession activity is in operation. Sofia Riley, President shall be responsible for all functions assigned to the management staff herein. The management staff shall be fully acquainted with Concessionaire's operations and contract obligations and shall be authorized by Concessionaire to act on its behalf and to fulfill all contractual and other obligations in the day-by-day operation of the concession. 8 11. Cash Deposit. Concessionaire shall maintain a deposit with City in the sum of One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) as security for payments owed to City pursuant to Section 14 of this Agreement and for the refund of any advance payment received by Concessionaire from any customer or person for catering or concession services. Said deposit shall be maintained and subject to the following:

A. Upon notice of the failure of Concessionaire to provide to any such customer or person any such food, facility or service as required by agreement between Concessionaire and said customer or person who has made a deposit for said service, City shall advise Concessionaire in writing that it will, within five (5) days of delivery of said written notice to Concessionaire, withdraw from said fund and pay to said customer or person the amount of money set forth in said notice not exceeding the total of said advance payment or deposit. Said notice in addition shall set forth the name and address of the customer or person entitled to said refund, the date that the payment will be made, and the reason for the refund. In refunding any money pursuant to this Section, City shall exercise reasonable discretion. City agrees that it does not have the right to act on behalf of Concessionaire to resolve disputes. If Concessionaire has a dispute with a client, the Concessionaire will be allowed to resolve said disputes utilizing proper legal remedies as provided for in its contract with said customers.

B. City agrees to deposit said funds in City's Trust Fund as Concessionaire Customer Deposit Account. City agrees to credit to this account City's yield on its investment portfolio each calendar year quarter or such shorter period as the parties may agree and to pay to Concessionaire within thirty (30) days after the end of each quarter or such shorter period the interest earned on said account. If the Concession Agreement should terminate prior to the end of any quarter, the interest shall be prorated to the date of termination.

D. City at its own expense shall have the right to audit its books and records upon twenty-four (24) hours notice during regular office hours to determine the status and amount of all advance payments or deposits received by Concessionaire from any person or customer.

E. Concessionaire agrees to maintain said cash deposit with a balance of not less nor more than One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) and to replenish said fund to so maintain said balance within fifteen (15) days of written notice from City.

F. Within thirty (30) days after the termination of the Concession Agreement, Concessionaire shall receive from City in a Cashier's Check the balance of said One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) plus interest to the date of termination remaining after deduction therefrom any payment made by City to any customer or person in accordance with the terms and provisions of this Agreement, and after deduction therefrom any amount expended by City to place Concessionaire Area into the same condition as existed as of the commencement of 9 the term of this Concessionaire's occupancy of Concessionaire Area. On termination, Concessionaire will provide satisfactory evidence to City that all obligations of Concessionaire to any person or customer from whom Concessionaire has received an advance payment or deposit have been performed or the amount of said payment or deposit has been refunded. In lieu of the foregoing, Concessionaire may authorize City to pay from said fund any amount Concessionaire owes to any customer or person for food facilities or services that have not been performed.

G. Said advance deposits with City shall not be used to compensate customers for the forfeiture of any deposits as a consequence of any expressed sales contract provision.

12. Consideration. Concessionaire agrees, in consideration of the exclusive privilege herein granted, to pay to City for services and products provided, purveyed or prepared at or from the premises, consideration, exclusive of sales tax, service charges, gratuities and other use taxes as may be imposed, at a flat rate of twenty percent (20%) for A, B, C & D below, for the five (5) years of the Agreement.

A. Gross sales of alcoholic beverages.

B. Gross sales of food and non-alcoholic beverages.

C. Concessionaire's share of gross sales of any vending machine. No vending machines shall be installed without the written permission of City.

D. Gross fees for any room use fee, set up fee and all other products or services not covered in Section 12, A, B & C.

E. Concessionaire agrees to collect the Audiovisual Equipment and Services fees and the Audiovisual Processing Fee.

G. Fifteen percent (15 %) of gross sales of any and all off-premises sales of food, non-alcoholic beverages and alcoholic beverages. "Off premises sales" shall include any offpremises service as well as the sales of liquor and food, generated and booked by The Centre Concessionaire's office at The Centre and where said liquor and food is delivered by Concessionaire for consumption off of the premises for any City of Lakewood event.

H. Computer /Information Systems. Concessionaire acknowledges City has purchased and installed computers, printers and software for Concessionaire's use and interconnection with City employees and officers. On the expiration or termination of this Agreement said equipment shall belong to City. Furthermore, Concessionaire shall use this technology to prepare all required and requested reports in a computerized format compatible with City's software. Concessionaire further agrees to pay City a monthly fee of Eighty-five Dollars 10 ($85.00) per Concessionaire computer connected to City's computer network. The Director of Finance and Administrative Services may adjust this fee annually to be effective on July 1 of each year based on City's actual prorata cost for the computer network. Concessionaire will be notified in writing of the adjusted fee. Said payment shall reimburse City for its expenses in maintaining its local area computer network. Concessionaire shall pay any charges arising from negligent use on a time and material basis.

13. Room Set-Up.

A. In connection with all events booked by Concessionaire pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, Concessionaire is responsible to provide all necessary labor for arranging furnishings and "setting up" or "cleaning up" rooms in Concessionaire Area where there is contracted food, beverage or other services. City reserves the right at any time to provide with its own forces, furniture arrangement or "room set-up" in connection with any City or City-sponsored use of the premises or in connection with any City- approved community, charitable or non-profit use of the premises. City acknowledges that Concessionaire's staff will not be available on a complimentary basis to set up events that have no food or beverage associated with them.

14. Calculation and Remittance of Concession Fees.

A. The determination of gross sales shall be based on the particular item sold and/or service provided or, in certain cases, the method in which such items or services is sold. City shall have final approval as to the appropriate gross sales category to be utilized in computing the consideration to be paid to it. On request, City agrees to determine, in advance in writing, the appropriate gross sales category for Concessionaire's computation of the consideration required to be paid to City.

B. Concessionaire agrees to pay to City the aforementioned consideration upon sale or delivery and whether products were sold or services or premises provided on cash, credit or other basis.

C. In determining the consideration to be paid to City, gross sales price of products, services or rental of space charged by Concessionaire to its customer shall be used, excluding however therefrom all gratuities, service charge, state sales tax and other use taxes paid directly to Concessionaire's employees or to a public agency. Service charge is defined as a fee charged as a percentage of the total food and beverage sales for Section 12 A, B, & G. Gratuity is defined as an optional fee paid at the discretion of the customer. In addition, there shall be excluded from the computation of said consideration charges by Concessionaire to its customer, where the customer pays the entire amount for the purchase, rental, arrangement or other thing, secured by Concessionaire on behalf of the customer, of items or services such as, but not limited to, tables, chairs, linen, glassware, silverware, flowers, ice carvings, decorations and/or entertainment.

Service charge is approved at twenty-two percent (22 %). Changes in the service charge must be submitted to City in writing, for City's approval, which shall not be withheld unreasonably.

D. The consideration payable by Concessionaire to City shall be paid on a monthly basis as the same accrues during the term of this Agreement. All payments shall be made 11 not later than the 15th day of the month following the accrual of said consideration and shall be paid directly to the Director of Recreation and Community Services, 5050 Clark Avenue, P.O. Box 158, Lakewood, California, 90714. In event the 15th falls on a nonbusiness day for City, such payment shall be due the next working business day. Should Concessionaire fail to pay the amount due on or before the 15th day of the month following the month said amount accrued, Concessionaire agrees to pay, in addition, interest on the amount due at the rate of twelve percent (12 %) per annum, or the maximum legal rate, whichever is less.

E. If Concessionaire, during a 12-month period should be late more than three (3) working days in payment of the consideration required in Section 12, Concessionaire shall reimburse City for the expense of a solvency review should City so elect, and, in addition, in such a case, Concessionaire agrees to pay to City a late payment equivalent to one percent (1 %) of the monthly consideration determined due.

F. Concessionaire further authorizes City to deduct any unpaid monthly consideration payable by Concessionaire to City under Section 12 from Concessionaire's cash deposit if said consideration is more than three working days past due.

G. Failure to pay fees by no later than the 15th day of the month following the accrual of said consideration shall be considered a material breach of the contract.

A. A monthly summary report detailing gross sales and rental fees, in the form and fashion directed by the Director of Finance and Administrative Services. Concessionaire shall, in addition, categorize all sales and rentals by type of product or service, (i.e., food, alcoholic beverages, miscellaneous). Concessionaire shall provide City a copy of the final itemized invoices as submitted by Concessionaire to its customers.

16. Off-site catering. Concessionaire may only use property owned by it as well as City property except as follows:

A. When said property is not needed for any concession service scheduled in The Centre.

B. And provided Concessionaire has notified City in writing in advance of the off-site catering use describing the personal property, furnishing or equipment that must be used off site.

17. Breach, Default and Termination of Agreement. Notwithstanding any provision of this Agreement to the contrary, this Agreement may be sooner terminated as follows:
12 A. In the event of a material breach of this Agreement by either party, the other party may terminate this Agreement with no right of cure, ten (10) days following the giving of notice of such breach and intent to terminate by such other party.

B. In addition, either party may terminate this agreement without cause on thirty (30) days written notice.

C. The remedies set forth herein are cumulative.

D. In the event of termination or expiration of this Agreement, Concessionaire shall pay to City the appropriate consideration for all events and activities where Concessionaire provided services or products prior to the effective date of termination. In addition, Concessionaire shall refund to patrons any payments received for events which were scheduled following the date of termination or expiration.

18. Additions, Alterations and Improvements. Upon the termination of this Agreement, all changes, alterations, additions, repairs or improvements to or upon said premises by Concessionaire shall become the property of City. Any trade fixtures, equipment, and other items brought in or installed within said buildings by Concessionaire, at its sole expense, which do not actually become a part of the buildings, may be removed by Concessionaire during the term hereof, provided said removal does not damage said premises; and provided further that Concessionaire remove said personal property either by or before the date of termination of this Agreement; and provided further that, if Concessionaire has removed any of the foregoing, Concessionaire shall restore, in substantially the same condition, the interior and any fixtures of said premises which had been heretofore removed or altered for the installation of subsequent fixtures; and provided further that Concessionaire has faithfully performed the conditions and covenants of this agreement.

19. Records and Books.

A. Concessionaire shall keep true and complete records and accounts of all business and sales transacted on, at or from the premises for a period of five (5) years.

B. Concessionaire agrees that as a part of said record keeping it shall provide, keep, maintain and use, at its own cost and expense, cash register or electronic equipment, which shall produce a continuous registering tape or permanent printed record for each, all and every sale and business transacted by Concessionaire and shall maintain said records for a period of at least five (5) years.

C. The Director of Finance and Administrative Services, or any other City officer or employee, as authorized by the City Council, shall have the right, at any time and from time to time, to audit all of the records of account, bank statements, documents, records, returns, 13 papers, files and cash register tapes of Concessionaire relating to gross sales and business transacted at the premises; and, on request by City, as aforementioned, Concessionaire shall make all such materials available for examination at the office of City or at Concessionaire's place of business. If City should have an audit made for any portion of the term of this Agreement and the gross sales and business transacted shown by Concessionaire's statement for such period should be found to be understated by more than five percent (5 %), Concessionaire shall immediately pay to City the cost of such audit as well as the additional consideration payable by Concessionaire to City; otherwise, the cost of such audit shall be paid by City. City's right to have such an audit made with respect to any portion of the term of this agreement shall expire twelve (12) months after the termination of this Agreement. The right of audit and inspection hereunder shall include the right to audit or inspect sales tax returns.

A. Concessionaire agrees not to use or keep on the premises any article which City or insurance companies may deem extra hazardous, or which increases the rate of insurance.

B. City shall provide, and pay all charges for, electricity, gas, heat, air conditioning, sewer, and hot and cold domestic water services to the concession premises to the extent that such utilities are reasonably required during the duration of the contract, and are available as of the effective date of the contract. Concessionaire shall, at its sole expense, obtain and pay for all necessary telephone equipment and services.

C. Concessionaire agrees to pay and discharge all LIENS AND OBLIGATIONS of any nature and kind whatsoever which shall attach to, or be imposed upon, said premises when created or incurred by said Concessionaire.

D. Concessionaire shall not do anything on the premises that will cause damage to the buildings, structures or improvements. Concessionaire shall not make changes, alterations, additions, repairs or improvements to or upon said premises without written permission of City. Concessionaire shall not install or operate any machinery, apparatus or appliance that will in any manner damage the premises or cause a public nuisance.

E. Concessionaire shall comply with all laws concerning the premises, or Concessionaire's use of the premises. Concessionaire shall not use the premises in any manner that will constitute a waste, nuisance, or unreasonable annoyance, including with limitation, the use of loudspeakers or sound, or light apparatus that can be seen or heard outside the premises to the reasonable annoyance of the owners or occupants of adjacent properties, or to City.

F. City shall have the right, at all reasonable times, to enter the premises for the purpose of determining compliance with this Agreement; for the purpose of inspecting or repairing said premises; for any other reasonable purpose in the protection of the property of City; or in securing compliance with the provisions of this Agreement. Such entry may be made without 14 the knowledge or consent of Concessionaire and may be conducted in the exercise of reasonable discretion at times when said concession is not in operation provided City within twenty-four (24) hours, when at all possible, has filed with Concessionaire a written report of the same.

G. Concessionaire acknowledges that use of the premises shall at all times be in a manner commensurate with and appropriate with the public use of publicly owned property.

Concessionaire further agrees that it will immediately, upon demand of City Manager or any law enforcement officer, close said facility and order all persons, other than City officers and employees or its employees, from said premises in the event of the occurrence of any event or activity deemed by the City Manager or any law enforcement officer, to be illegal, in violation of state law, in violation of any local ordinance, or which is being conducted in a loud, or obscene, boisterous, raucous or offensive manner so as to be offensive to the public or constitute a nuisance.

Concessionaire further agrees to abide by any order or direction of the City Manager or any law enforcement officer, requesting, demanding, ordering or directing the termination of the use of said premises and the vacation thereof, forthwith, by all persons other than City officers and employees or Concessionaire and employees. Failure of Concessionaire to cooperate with City in the enforcement of this provision shall be a material breach of this Agreement.

21. Kitchen Equipment, Dinnerware And Silverware. City owns all kitchen equipment, dinnerware and silverware located at The Centre. City shall replace or repair City owned items which need to be replaced or repaired due to normal wear-and-tear; Concessionaire shall reimburse City for the cost of repairing or replacing City owned items which need to be replaced or repaired due to improper maintenance or misuse, within thirty (30) days of invoicing by City. Concessionaire shall exercise all reasonable care in its use of City-owned property or equipment, and shall notify City promptly of any items which need to be replaced or repaired, whether or not due to normal wear- and-tear.

22. Signs.

A. Concessionaire shall not erect, construct or place any signs or advertisements pertaining to its concession rights and operations in or on any portion of the premises without the express written permission of City. Prior to the erection, construction or placing of any signs or advertising matter upon the concession premises, Concessionaire shall submit to City, for its approval in writing to the Director of Recreation and Community Services, the drawings, sketches, design, dimensions, type and character of the sign or advertising manner.

Any conditions, restrictions or limitations with respect to the use of these signs, stated by City in its written approval, shall become conditions of the contract as if specifically set forth herein.

B. City may from time to time modify or change its signs, its signage policy, or signs of identification. In that event City agrees to consult with Concessionaire on a timely basis so that Concessionaire can contribute to and discuss with City any future signing, changes, or modification thereof.
15 23. Upkeep and Maintenance of Concession Premises and Equipment.

A. The concession premises and all equipment and materials used by Concessionaire shall be maintained in a clean and sanitary condition, free from rubbish, refuse, food scraps, garbage, dust, dirt, offensive or unclean materials, roaches and other insects, rodents and vermin, in accordance with the best sanitary practices, and in full compliance with all applicable Health Department regulations.

B. Concessionaire shall utilize only leak proof containers when transporting liquids in, about, or around the premises. Concessionaire shall immediately clean up and dry any surface onto which liquids have spilled and shall use their best efforts to prevent additional spillage. In addition, following any catered event, Concessionaire shall evaluate all floor surfaces and spot clean any areas as needed.

E. City shall provide, at its cost and expense, pest control service for the extermination of specified insects and other pests from the concession premises. Concessionaire shall provide and allow complete access to the premises as required by the schedule for extermination services.

F. Concessionaire shall not do, nor permit to be done, anything that may unreasonably interfere with the effectiveness of air-conditioning or heating and cooling systems within the concession premises or elsewhere in the facilities. Concessionaire shall not obstruct, or cause to be obstructed, any portion of the sidewalks, loading docks, entries, passageways, vestibules, halls, elevators, or other ways of access to the premises for any purpose other than the immediate ingress, egress, loading or unloading to or from the premises.

G. Except as provided heretofore, City, at its own cost and in its discretion, shall maintain in good condition and repair The Centre and Monte Verde Park, including the concession premises. City shall maintain and repair the structural part of the premises consisting of the foundation bearing and exterior walls, glass and doors, flooring, sub-flooring, roof, electrical, plumbing and sewage systems including without limitation the Concession Area, the Non-Concession areas and other portions of The Centre, the Civic Center and Monte Verde Park, as well as all personal property including tables, chairs, dollies and racks used by Concessionaire.

City has the right to restrict Concessionaire's use of the facility when maintenance, repair or project work needs to be conducted. When at all possible, City will provide adequate advanced notice of 16 said maintenance and repair schedules. If appropriate, City will adjust the Consideration section of this agreement during the project.

H. Concessionaire agrees not to clean or wash down equipment anywhere on the balcony areas of The Centre or in the rear of the cabin at Monte Verde Park. In addition, the kitchen floor and service elevator at The Centre may not be cleaned using a hose or any other method where the water is not able to be contained.

I. Concessionaire agrees to not use any part of the balcony at The Centre as a storage area for equipment.

24. Concessionaire Employees.

A. Concessionaire employees shall be admitted to the premises in accordance with rules and regulations established by the City Manager.

B. Concessionaire agrees to employ only responsible persons who are mentally competent and able to verbally communicate effectively to the general public.

Concessionaire shall not, during the term of this Agreement, employ any child or labor in violation of the provisions of the laws of the state of California. In the event the City Manager should deem any person employed by Concessionaire as being incompetent or guilty of conduct inimical to the general welfare of the public or unsuited for the proper maintenance of such premises, in serving and meeting the demands of the general public, Concessionaire shall immediately remove such person from, the premises.

C. Employees of Concessionaire shall, at all times, be neatly and cleanly uniformed. City shall approve the style and colors of uniforms for employees.

D. Concessionaire shall train and closely supervise all employees so that they are aware of and continually practice high standards of cleanliness, courtesy and service.

Concessionaire will provide an adequate number of personnel to the facility to properly serve and attend to the patrons. Concessionaire shall meet the guidelines dictated by the California Health and Safety Code Section 113947-113948 and California SB 602, i.e., regarding food safety and food handler certification. Concessionaire will keep and make available documentation of Food Handler Certifications on site at all times.

H. Concessionaire shall provide and regularly schedule employees to help its clients with theirset-up and special needs upon their arrival on the site for and during concession services.

I. Nondiscrimination. In connection with the execution of this Agreement, "Concessionaire shall not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, sexual orientation, or gender identity) national origin, age, disability or genetic information (including family medical history). Concessionaire shall take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during their employment without regard to their race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, sexual orientation, or gender identity) national origin, age, disability or genetic information (including family medical history). Such action shall include but is not limited to employment, upgrading, demotion, or transfer; recruitment or recruitment advertisement; layoff or termination; rate of pay or other forms of compensation, and selection for training including apprenticeship. "Concessionaire shall comply with the requirements of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1974 (P.L. 88-352) and with all applicable regulations, statutes, laws promulgated pursuant thereto now existent or hereinafter enacted. Furthermore, Concessionaire shall comply with the provisions of Section 1735 of the California Labor Code.

25. Permits and Licenses.

B. The licenses and permitsto be secured and maintained in current standing by Concessionaire and/or Concessionaire's employees shall include, but not be limited to:
(1) City of Lakewood business license;
(2) County of Los Angeles Health Department permit for a food and beverage operation;
18 (3) County of Los Angeles Health Department food handler permits; (4) California State Alcoholic Beverage Control Board liquor license; and (5) California State Board of Equalization sellers permit.

26. Insurance Requirements. Concessionaire shall procure and maintain general liability insurance against any and all losses, costs, expenses, claims, liabilities, actions, or damages, including liability for injuries to any person or persons, damage to property, or product liability arising at any time during and/or arising out of or in any way connected with Concessionaire's use or occupancy of City's facilities and adjoining property.

Concessionaire shall, at all times during the term of this Agreement, maintain and keep in full force and effect, the following policies of insurance with minimum limits as indicated below and issued by insurers with A.M. Best ratings of no less than A-: VI:
a) Commercial general liability at least as broad as ISO CG 0001 (per occurrence) $2,000,000 (general aggregate) $4,000,000; Commercial auto liability at least as broad as ISO CA 0001 (per accident) $2,000,000.
b) All insurance policies, shall be in form and content satisfactory to City, copies of which shall be submitted to City for review; and the policies shall designate the City of Lakewood, its officers and employees, as co-insureds.
c) All policies are to be kept in force during the full term of the contract, and further, contain a rider that the policies are non-cancelable without thirty (30) days prior written notice to the parties insured, including the City of Lakewood. d) Concessionaire shall provide, or cause to be provided, full and complete copies of all insurance policies to City upon their execution. Simple certificates of insurance shall not suffice for this purpose.
e) Concessionaire shall report any personal injuries or property damage arising at any time during and/or arising out of or in any way connected with Concessionaire's use or occupancy of City's facilities and adjoining property to the City Manager or his/her designee, in writing and as soon as practicable.
f) Concessionaire waives any right of recovery against City, its officers, employees, and agents for fires, floods, earthquakes, civil disturbances, regulation of any public authority, and other causes beyond the their control. Concessionaire shall not charge results of "acts of God" to City, its officers, employees, or agents. g) Concessionaire waives any right of recovery against City, its officers, employees, and agents for indemnification, contribution, or declaratory relief arising out of or in any way connected with Concessionaire's use or occupancy of the Facility and adjoining property, even if City, its officers, employees, or agents seek recovery against Concessionaire.

27. Liability and Indemnification. Concessionaire agrees to reimburse, defend or indemnify and save City, the City Council, its officers and employees free and harmless from any claim, suit or action brought by any person or persons, including its 19 agents or employees, or subcontractors or the agents or employees thereof, or its guests, licensees, invitees, patrons or clientele, for or on account of any injury, death or damage to person or property sustained because of or arising out of any conditions thereof caused by Concessionaire. Concessionaire waives, as consideration for this Agreement, any right it may have to seek indemnity or other relief against City by reason of any judgment against it or payment by it arising out of any such claim, suit, accident or occurrence, or as a joint tort feasor.

28. Taxes. Concessionaire shall pay and discharge before delinquency all taxes, if any, and assessments which may be levied during the term of this Agreement as a result of Concessionaire's operations hereunder.

Concessionaire acknowledges that the real property and improvements and other facilities of City are exempt from taxation. If, by reason of this Concession Agreement, a possessory interest subject to property tax is levied, Concessionaire acknowledges and does hereby agree to pay and assume the same when due and owing and hold City free and harmless from liability thereon.

In this regard, the following notice is given to Concessionaire:

NOTICE
Pursuant to Section 107.6 of the California Revenue and Taxation Code, a possessory interest as defined in Revenue and Taxation Code 107 and 107.4 may be created by this Agreement, and may be subject to property taxation, in which event the private party to this Agreement in which a possessory interest is vested may be subject to the payment of property tax levied on such interest.

Nothing herein contained shall be construed as an acknowledgment by the parties that this Agreement creates a possessory interest.

29. Time of the Essence. Time is of the essence of each and all of the terms and provisions of this Agreement, and this contract shall inure, to the benefit of and be binding upon, the parties hereto and any successors of Concessionaire as fully and to the same extent, as 20 though specifically mentioned in each instance, and all covenants, stipulations and requirements in this Agreement shall extend to and bind any assigns of Concessionaire.

30. Independent Contractor. It is expressly understood and agreed that Concessionaire is an independent contractor as distinguished from an employee or agent of City in the performance of services hereunder. Concessionaire acknowledges the independent contractual relationship and releases City from any liability or obligation to make deductions or withholding for the compensation of any officer, agent or employee thereof in respect to unemployment, income tax, disability, social security, health, pension or retirement benefits. It is expressly understood no officer, agent or employee of Concessionaire shall have any City status or benefit, including health, retirement and workers’ compensation benefits.

31. Assignment Prohibited. Concessionaire shall not mortgage, hypothecate or otherwise encumber or assign its right, privileges or obligations, pursuant to the provisions of this Agreement, nor shall Concessionaire sublet or sublease the concession premises in whole or in part without the written consent of City. Any attempted assignment, mortgaging, hypothecation or encumbering of the rights, privileges or obligations or any subletting or subleasing of the whole or any part of the concession premises, or other violations of the provisions of this section shall be null and void and shall confer no right, title or interest in or to this contract, or right of occupancy of the whole or any portion of the concession premises, upon any such assignee, mortgagee, encumbrancer, pledgee or other lien holder, sub-tenant, successor or purchaser. Consent by City to one assignment, mortgage, hypothecation, encumbrance or sublease shall not be deemed to be a consent to any subsequent assignment, mortgage, hypothecation, encumbrance or sublease.

32. Nondiscrimination. In connection with the execution of this Agreement, "Concessionaire shall not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, religion, color, sex, age, national origin, or because an otherwise qualified person is handicapped. Concessionaire shall take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during their employment without regard to their race, religion, color, sex, age, national origin, or handicap. Such action shall include but is not limited to employment, upgrading, demotion, or transfer; recruitment or recruitment advertisement; layoff or termination; rate of pay or other forms of compensation, and selection for training including apprenticeship. "Concessionaire shall comply with the requirements of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1974 (P.L. 88-352) and with all applicable regulations, statutes, laws promulgated pursuant thereto now existent or hereinafter enacted. Furthermore, Concessionaire shall comply with the provisions of Section 1735 of the California Labor Code.

Concessionaire shall also comply with the requirements of 29 U.S.C. 794 and 31 U.S.C. 6716 and the regulations promulgated thereunder, including Regulation 51.52 promulgated by the Office of Revenue Sharing of the United States Treasury. As used herein, handicapped individual means 21 any individual who has a physical or mental disability which for such individual constitutes or results in a substantial handicap to employment and can reasonably be expected to benefit in terms of employability from vocational rehabilitation services provided pursuant to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 701), as presently defined in section 706 thereof, or as hereinafter amended.

33. Additional Conditions.

A. Building Security. City provides for a building security system.

Concessionaire will follow City's policy and procedures related to the security of the building.

B. Facility Reservation Technology. Concessionaire will be required to use the provided facility scheduling system, a shared client management database system and related computer hardware and network equipment for event booking.

C. Health Department Rating. Concessionaire agrees to achieve and maintain throughout the contract period a Los Angeles County Department of Health Services Restaurant Rating of "A" as determined by the County Health Officer. City considers a Los Angeles County Department of Health Services letter grade score of less than "A" unsatisfactory.

If a lower grade is received, Concessionaire agrees to immediately request a re-inspection at Concessionaire's expense and to undertake all practical measures within Concessionaire's control or remedy any issue that prevents an "A" grade. Failure to restore an "A" grade rating within a period of thirty (30) days shall constitute a "material" breach of this Agreement.

D. Quarterly Performance Evaluation. Concessionaire acknowledges that City shall have the right to conduct a quarterly performance evaluation of Concessionaire's compliance and performance under this Agreement. Concessionaire agrees to cooperate in the preparation of said report and to make available to City its books and records and to supply other information reasonably needed by City to prepare such report.

E. Alcohol Management. Concessionaire shall demonstrate at all times to City the strictest controls over alcohol inventory, alcohol revenue recordkeeping and serving guidelines:

1. Make available for City inspection a record of alcohol purchases and event usages that corresponds to event alcohol sales.

2. Demonstrate strict controls for alcohol inventory storage.

3. Establish an agreed-upon set of specifications for "pour" amounts for beer, wine and spirits.

4. Ensure that all bartenders /servers have been educated/certified via an approved alcohol-training course as mandated by the State of California.

34. Notices. Any notice provided for by this contract or by law to be given, served or exercised by or upon Concessionaire may be given or served by depositing in the United States mail, postage prepaid, a letter addressed to Concessionaire atsuch address as Concessionaire shall designate in writing, or may be personally served upon said Concessionaire, or any person hereafter authorized by Concessionaire to receive such notice; and any notice provided for by this contract to be given, served or exercised by or upon City may be given or served by depositing in 22 the United States mail, postage prepaid, a letter addressed to the City Clerk, City of Lakewood, 5050 Clark Avenue, Lakewood, California 90712 or may be personally served upon said City Clerk. Any notice or notices given or served as provided herein shall be effectual and binding for all purposes upon the principals of the parties so served.

35. Waiver. The waiver by City of any breach of any term, covenant, or condition herein contained shall not be deemed to be a waiver of such term, covenant, or condition, or any subsequent breach of the same or any other term, covenant, or condition herein contained.

The subsequent acceptance of concession fees hereunder by City shall not be deemed to be a waiver of any preceding breach by Concessionaire of any term, covenant, or condition of this contract, other than failure of Concessionaire to pay the concession fees so accepted, regardless of City's knowledge of such preceding breach at the time of acceptance of such concession fees, nor shall any failure on the part of City to require or exact full and complete compliance with any of the covenants, conditions and Agreements of this contract be construed as in manner changing the terms hereof, nor shall the terms of this contract be changed or altered in any manner whatsoever other than by written Agreement of City and Concessionaire. 23 Exhibit A
24 25
Exhibit B
26 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement as of the date first set forth above.

DATED: , 2021 CITY OF LAKEWOOD
By
MAYOR
ATTEST:

CITY CLERK
DATED: , 2021 By:

APPROVED AS TO FORM:

CITY ATTORNEY
FOYER 100

DOWNSTAIRS

LOBBY AREA
WOMEN’S
RESTROOM MEN’S

RESTROOM

COUNCIL
OFFICE

PARKING

EXECUTIVE BOARD ROOM
Classroom =40
Assembly =70

COUNCIL CHAMBERS
WOMEN’S

RESTROOM
MEN’S

RESTROOM

COUNCIL
OFFICE

COUNCIL

OFFICE PUBLIC COUNTER
138 MEETING

OAK ROOM
Meeting =12

SYCAMORE A
Assembly =30
Classroom =12

SYCAMORE B
Assembly =30
Classroom =12

MAPLE ROOM
“A”
Assembly =125
Classroom =45

MAPLE ROOM
“B”
Assembly =125
Classroom =45
CENTRE

FIRST FLOOR

ARTS & CRAFTS
STUDIO
Classroom =30
To Council
Chambers and
Executive
Board Room
126 SEATS

PARKING
124 CATV STUDIO
135 OFFICE
134
OFFICE
107 ACTIVITY
137 MEETING
123 ARTS &

CRAFT STUDIO
104
103
OFFICE 105 OFFICE
106
145
CONFERENCE 146 151
150
147 148 149
133

MAINTENANCE AREA

EXHIBIT B
The Centre - First Floor
CENTRE

SECOND FLOOR

BALLROOM
“B”
Classroom
capacity =78
Assembly =130

BALLROOM
“A”
Classroom
capacity =180
Assembly =500
Banquet =300
STAGE
PATIO
PATIO

UPSTAIRS LOBBY
MEN’S

RESTROOM
WOMEN’S

RESTROOM
FOYER 200

FOOD PREP
205
ASSEMBLY 207
BAR 203

EQUIPMENT
ROOM
211
214
KITCHEN 215

EXHIBIT B
The Centre - Second Floor
Exhibit C – Monte Verde Park
Parking Lot
Overflow Parking
Picnic Area
Amphitheater
Vista Lodge
Patio
Capacity
• Indoor – 80 persons dining
• Indoor plus Patio – 120 persons dining
Exhibit C – Monte Verde Park
Exhibit D
Ownership and Maintenance of Kitchen Equipment
The following references kitchen equipment at The Centre and Monte Verde Park.

All equipment listed is owned by City and shall only be maintained and repaired by City or City’s designated contractor, per the schedule below. Should repair or maintenance beyond the outlined schedule be required, Concessionaire shall contact City to remedy any malfunctioning equipment or lapses in scheduled maintenance.

Kitchen Equipment at The Centre
Equipment
Description
Maintenance
Schedule
(Contracted)
Ice Machine Quarterly
Coffee Maker Quarterly
2 Small Warming
Ovens
Quarterly
3 Medium Warming
Ovens
Quarterly
1 Large Warming
Oven
Quarterly
Dishwasher/Softener Quarterly
Walk-in Refrigerator Semi-Annual
Walk-in Freezer Semi-Annual
2 Convection Ovens
(Stacked)
Quarterly
Deep Fryer Quarterly
Oven with Griddle Quarterly
Oven with Burners Quarterly
Singe Burners Quarterly
Char broiler Quarterly
Salamander Quarterly
Prep Table with
Food Warmers
Quarterly
Steamer Quarterly
Kettle Quarterly
Exhibit D
Kitchen Equipment at Monte Verde Park
Equipment
Description
Maintenance
Schedule
Refrigerator/Freezer As Needed
Refrigerator Quarterly
Freezer Quarterly
Warming Oven As Needed
Microwave As Needed

City of Lakewood
Local Hazard Mitigation Plan
Draft Plan
Prepared By:

Risk Management Professionals
8717 Research Drive, Suite 150, Irvine, California 92618 949/282-0123 www.RMPCorp.com
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-1
ES

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ES.1 Plan Requirements and Objectives...............................................................................ES-2 ES.2 Mitigation Definition ......................................................................................................ES-5 ES.3 Planning Process Summary .........................................................................................ES-5 ES.4 Hazard Analysis............................................................................................................ES-6 ES.5: Mitigation Strategies and Implementation Plan............................................................ES-8 ES.6: Monitoring, Evaluating, and Updating the Plan ..........................................................ES-15

LIST OF TABLES
Table ES.1: City of Lakewood Hazard Ranking Summary .....................................................ES-6 Table ES.2: Loss Estimate Summary ....................................................................................ES-7 Table ES.3: Mitigation Action Summary...............................................................................ES-11 City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-2
ES.1 Plan Requirements and Objectives
The City of Lakewood (City) Hazard Mitigation Plan is a living document that reflects ongoing hazard mitigation activities. Hazard mitigation involves strategies to reduce short- and long-term vulnerability to identified hazards. This document serves as the framework for the ongoing identification and implementation of hazard mitigation strategies developed in the City.

Background Information
In 2000, the United States Congress determined that disasters and, more importantly, lack of preparedness for disasters, were significant causes of loss of life, human suffering, loss of income, and property loss and damage. Furthermore, because disasters often disrupt the normal functioning of governments and communities and adversely affect individuals and families with great severity, special measures designed to assist the efforts of the affected States in expediting the rendering of aid, assistance, and emergency services, and the reconstruction and rehabilitation of devastated areas, were necessary. As a result, Congress passed the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000), or Public Law 106-390, to amend the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. This provides an opportunity for States, Tribal governments, and local jurisdictions to apply for assistance from the Federal government in carrying out their responsibilities to alleviate the suffering and damage which results from such disasters by:
a. revising and broadening the scope of existing disaster relief programs; b. encouraging the development of comprehensive disaster preparedness and assistance plans, programs, capabilities, and organizations by the States and by local governments; c. achieving greater coordination and responsiveness of disaster preparedness and relief programs;
d. encouraging individuals, States, and local governments to protect themselves by obtaining insurance coverage to supplement or replace governmental assistance; e. encouraging hazard mitigation measures to reduce losses from disasters, including development of land use and construction regulations; and f. providing Federal assistance programs for both public and private losses sustained in disasters.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-3
DMA 2000 allows State, Tribal, and local jurisdictions to obtain Federal assistance through predisaster hazard mitigation planning. As part of the requirements for receiving Federal grants for improving a locality’s resistance to disasters, each locality must determine their existing vulnerabilities and develop a plan to reduce or eliminate these vulnerabilities and must have this plan approved by the appropriate State and Federal officials. Upon approval of this plan, each locality is eligible to receive various types of disaster-related assistance through the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) Hazard Mitigation Assistance (HMA) Program. This includes the Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) program and Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) which releases grant funds before and after a hazard event as well as the Flood Mitigation Assistance Grant (FMA) Program which appropriates funds for projects and planning that will reduce long-term risk of flood damage to structures insured under the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP).

The BRIC program provides funds for hazard mitigation planning and the implementation of mitigation actions prior to a disaster event. These grants are funded and approved through FEMA on a competitive basis. The HMGP provides grants to implement long-term hazard mitigation measures after a major disaster declaration.

These grants are funded by FEMA but are distributed by the State. In California, that agency is the Governor’s Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES).

FEMA has developed guidance to assist communities in developing both the vulnerability assessments and plans to reduce or eliminate their vulnerabilities to disasters. These tools, coupled with techniques from the safety and security industries were used to develop the City’s Hazard Mitigation Plan. Additional information regarding the HMGP and BRIC programs can be found in FEMA’s “Hazard Mitigation Assistance Unified Guidance” document, located in FEMA’s Hazard Mitigation Planning portal. Additional information including guidance and regulations can be found at the Cal OES’s Local Hazard Mitigation Planning Program portal.

In order to be eligible for certain Federal disaster assistance and mitigation funding, the City is required to have a Cal OES- and FEMA-approved Hazard Mitigation Plan in place. As a result, the City obtained grant funding to update this document to fulfill Cal OES and FEMA requirements and provide direction and guidance on implementing hazard mitigation actions on a hazard-level, probability, and cost-priority basis. The overall goal of the Hazard Mitigation Plan is to reduce the potential for damage to critical assets from natural and man-made hazards. In addition, the plan City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-4
describes past and current hazard mitigation activities and philosophies and outlines future mitigation goals and strategies.

FEMA Requirements
FEMA requires that the Hazard Mitigation Plan meet certain requirements. First, the planning process must be open and public and must allow the public to have an opportunity to comment during the drafting stage and prior to plan approval. Second, the process must allow other local jurisdictions to be involved in the planning process. Third, the Plan must incorporate, if appropriate, existing plans, studies, reports, and technical information.

FEMA expects that each Hazard Mitigation Plan has the following information:

1. Documentation of the planning process used to develop the plan

2. A risk assessment that provides a factual basis for upgrades and recommendations

3. A description of the natural hazards that can affect the jurisdiction

4. A description of the jurisdiction’s vulnerability to these hazards

5. A description of land usage, and an estimate of losses should a disaster occur

6. A mitigation strategy

7. A plan maintenance process

8. Documentation that the plan has been adopted by the jurisdiction’s governing body

9. Review by the State Hazard Mitigation Officer
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-5
ES.2 Mitigation Definition
Mitigation is an ongoing effort to prevent or lessen future emergency or disaster incidents, and the impacts they might have on people, property, and the environment. Examples of mitigation activities include the following:
• Legislation, laws, and regulations;
• Variances;
• Zoning and land use management;
• Engineering and building codes;
• Hazard mitigation plans & teams;
• Technical guidance & assistance;
• Financial assistance;
• Hazard Identification;
• Risk Analysis;
• Evaluation;
• Research; and
• Education
Mitigation decreases the demand for emergency response resources, reduces the principal causes of injuries and deaths, enables a quicker lifesaving response and economic recovery because the community infrastructure remains intact, and reduces the societal impacts of the emergency because it results in less disruption to the social environment. In essence, mitigation is the foundation of sustainable community development.

ES.3 Planning Process Summary
Hazard mitigation planning is a dynamic process built on realistic assessments of past and present information that enables the City to anticipate future hazards and provide mitigation strategies to address possible impacts and identified needs. The overall approach to the Hazard Mitigation Plan included developing a baseline understanding of natural and man-made hazards, determining ways to reduce those risks, and prioritizing mitigation recommendations for implementation.

To complete these objectives, the City compiled a qualified team with various expertise to participate in a Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) to guide the development of the City’s comprehensive Hazard Mitigation Plan. The City solicited participation in the HMPC by contacting both internal and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders included members of the various City departments. External stakeholders were comprised of representatives from local agencies and neighboring communities, including the Los Angeles County Fire Department, Los City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-6
Angeles County Sheriff's Department, American Red Cross, and representatives of vulnerable populations.

Additionally, the HMPC actively engaged the public throughout the planning process, with a focus on reaching vulnerable populations. This included posting a survey on the City website, distributing flyers at City facilities and events, visiting the Senior Center to engage a key at-risk group, setting up booths at a local farmers’ market and community center, hosting a public workshop, presenting at a Planning and Environment Commission meeting, and requesting feedback at a City Council meeting. These efforts aimed to encourage public input throughout the drafting process and ensure the draft Plan was accessible for review and comment. Chapter 1:

Planning Process contains descriptions of the Planning process, including information on the HMPC and public involvement.

ES.4 Hazard Analysis
The City is vulnerable to a wide range of natural and man-made hazards that threaten life and property. To identify the hazards that the City and neighboring communities perceive as the largest threat, each member of the HMPC participated in the Hazard Identification Workshop during the first HMPC Meeting. The HMPC brainstormed potential hazards based on past incidents that have impacted the City and information incorporated from other studies. (Incorporated Plans and studies are described in Section 1.3 “Review and Incorporation of Existing Plans”). Each identified hazard was then qualitatively ranked based upon hazard probability/frequency, consequence/severity, and the City’s overall vulnerability using an interactive model. Section 3.2 Hazard Identification contains detailed information regarding the hazard ranking. Table ES.1 provides a summary of the hazard rankings.

Table ES.1: City of Lakewood Hazard Ranking Summary

HAZARD RANK SCORE
EARTHQUAKE 50
AIR QUALITY 40
DISEASE OUTBREAK 30
URBAN FIRE 30
WINDSTORM 27
EXTREME HEAT 27
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-7
DAM FAILURE 25
ADVERSARIAL EVENTS 25
POWER LOSS 16
DROUGHT 16
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RELEASE 15
TRANSPORTATION INCIDENT 12
FLOOD 8
Note: The HMPC did not identify any Low ranked hazards
Asset Inventory and Loss Estimates
In addition to the hazard profiles, the Risk Assessment contains a detailed asset inventory that lists the City’s assets, such as buildings, public facilities, parks, and water facilities. This asset inventory was used in the vulnerability assessment to estimate potential losses for each hazard.

The HMPC reviewed each hazard and assigned a potential percentage of damage expected. This also included loss of function values for lifeline and emergency service interruptions. Section 3.7 Loss Estimates includes a detailed breakdown of the vulnerability assessment calculations. Table ES.2, listed below, highlights the summary of loss estimates for each identified hazard.

Table ES.2: Loss Estimate Summary

HAZARD NAME
Dam/Reservoir Failure $83,538,000
Adversarial Events $83,538,000
Earthquake $78,444,000
Flood $22,368,000
Hazardous Materials Release $7,918,000
Urban Fire $6,630,000
Windstorm $6,412,000
Transportation Incident $6,288,000
Extreme Heat $1,012,000
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-8
Note: Values are rounded to the nearest thousand.

ES.5: Mitigation Strategies and Implementation
Plan
Plan Goals and Objectives
As part of the development process, Plan goals and objectives were revalidated to provide a framework for mitigating hazards and proposing potential mitigation actions. The goals are consistent with the California State Hazard Mitigation Plan and the Los Angeles County Hazard Mitigation Plan and were developed by the HMPC. The City’s overall Plan goals are to:

1. Protect Life and Property

2. Improve Emergency Management Capabilities and Post- Disaster Recovery

3. Explore Funding Sources for Mitigation Actions

4. Enhance Public Awareness and Education

5. Protect the Environment
In addition to the overall Plan goals, individual objectives were developed that more specifically address mitigation strategies. Section 4.1 Mitigation Goals and Objectives contains the full list of the Plan goals and objectives.

Mitigation Strategies
Mitigation strategies are administrative and/or engineering project recommendations to reduce the vulnerability to the identified hazards. The HMPC identified specific mitigation actions to reduce the impact or likelihood of the hazards. The specific objectives served as a starting point for developing the mitigation actions, and additional actions were taken from City’s General Plan.

Each of the mitigation recommendations fell into one or more of the following categories:

Air Quality $1,012,000
Drought $288,000
Disease Outbreak $141,000
Power Loss $0
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-9
Implementation Plan
Following the identification of mitigation actions, a simplified Benefit-Cost Review was applied in order to prioritize the mitigation actions for implementation. The priority for implementing mitigation actions depended upon the overall cost effectiveness of the action, when taking into account monetary and non-monetary costs and benefits associated with each action. Additionally, the following questions were considered when developing the Benefit-Cost Review:
• How many people will benefit from this action?
• How large of an area is impacted?
• How critical are the facilities that benefit from the action? • Environmentally, does it make sense to do this project for the overall community? The Benefit-Cost Review yielded a relative priority ranking (High, Medium, or Low) for each mitigation action. Each ranking was defined as follows. • High: Benefits are perceived to exceed costs without further study or evaluations; or the action is critical.
• Medium: Benefits are perceived to exceed costs but may require further study or evaluation prior to implementation.
• Low: Benefits and costs require evaluation prior to implementation.

Mitigation actions identified as high priority are typically implemented before lower ranked actions.

Results from the Benefit-Cost Review are located in Chapter 4.3 Prioritization of Mitigation Recommendations. The HMPC considered responsible departments, funding resources, and estimated implementation timeframe when developing the implementation plan.

Chapter 4 Mitigation Strategies contains additional information regarding the mitigation strategies and implementation plan. Table ES.3 on the following pages provides a summary of each City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-10
mitigation action, including the hazard(s) mitigated, responsible agency/department, and relative priority rank taken from the Benefit-Cost Review.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-11
Table ES.3: Mitigation Action Summary
Action ID Mitigation Action Hazards
Mitigated
Responsible
Agency/Dept. Priority
2025.HMP.01
Incorporate structural seismic strengthening into new and ongoing City structures and assets to ensure that facilities remain operational
Earthquake Public Works Medium
2025.HMP.02
Implement seismic studies to determine vulnerable locations throughout critical City facilities and implement structural improvements accordingly
Earthquake Public Works Medium
2025.HMP.03
Increase public education efforts regarding earthquake
preparedness by expanding existing online outreach through social media, newsletters, and website updates
Earthquake Communications
Department High
2025.HMP.04
Improve public outreach through multiple City platforms regarding air quality, focusing on vulnerable populations such as the elderly and very young, by providing clear guidance for protecting health during poor air quality events
Air Quality Communications
Department High
2025.HMP.05
Support public health efforts during disease outbreaks by distributing materials provided by public health agencies through multiple City platforms to ensure timely access to clear health protection guidance
Disease
Outbreak
Communications
Department High
2025.HMP.06
Increase outreach and training for preselected Medical Points of Distribution (MPOD) sites in the city by regularly conducting training sessions for city staff and local volunteers to ensure operational readiness and effective coordination during emergencies
Disease
Outbreak
Public Safety
Department High
2025.HMP.07 Conduct a study to assess the capacity of existing water lines and infrastructure, identifying areas where flow rates and water Urban Fire Water
Resources
Department
Medium
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-12
pressure can be improved to better support fire suppression efforts during urban fire events
2025.HMP.08
Adjust the cycle of vegetation trimming in the City by identifying and prioritizing species that grow more aggressively, ensuring that trees and shrubs are regularly maintained to reduce the risk of windstorm damage
Windstorm
Environmental
Resources
Division
High
2025.HMP.09
Develop and distribute recommendations for residents on how to protect their properties from windstorm damage, including recommended mitigation measures and best practices
Windstorm Communications
Department Medium
2025.HMP.10
Increase tree plantings around buildings to provide shade for parking lots and along public rights-of-way, prioritizing high-traffic areas and vulnerable populations, to reduce heat exposure and mitigate the urban heat island effect
Extreme Heat Public Works High
2025.HMP.11
Develop and distribute educational materials through City platforms to raise awareness of the benefits of cool roofing, including its role in cooling buildings, reducing heat-related health risks, and improving overall energy efficiency
Extreme Heat Communications
Department High
2025.HMP.12
Explore developing a process to ensure access to City pools during high heat events by advertising them as cooling options alongside cooling centers, and, if pool use is restricted, temporarily expand access to those who might not typically have access, and prioritize vulnerable populations if capacity limits are reached
Extreme Heat
Recreation and
Community
Services/ ERD
Medium
2025.HMP.13
Establish and maintain a mass notification system for the City, ensuring it is ready to deliver timely alerts and services during emergencies by conducting regular system setup, testing, and staff training
Dam Failure/
Multi-Hazard
Public Safety
Department High
2025.HMP.14 Make active shooter training available in multiple languages, including English, by providing translated materials and Adversarial
Events
Communications
Department High
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-13
conducting sessions in languages spoken by the Limited English Proficient (LEP) population within the City
2025.HMP.15
Conduct cybersecurity risk assessments of City systems to identify vulnerabilities and implement necessary measures and updates to protect against cyber threats
Adversarial
Events
Administrative
Services Medium
2025.HMP.15
Distribute outreach materials to residents on how to respond during power outages, including safety tips, emergency contacts, and resources for maintaining essential services
Power Loss/
Multi- Hazard
Communications
Department High
2025.HMP.17
Coordinate with utility providers to establish a prioritization plan for power restoration to critical City facilities, ensuring rapid response during emergencies
Power Loss
Public Works/
Water
Department
High
2025.HMP.18
Assess the feasibility of expanding reclaimed water use and identify new locations on City properties for the installation of drought-tolerant landscaping to enhance water conservation and drought resilience
Drought
Public Works/
Water
Department
Low
2025.HMP.19 Explore possible incentives for alternative landscaping and other water saving initiatives for additional areas Drought
Environmental
Resources
Division
Medium
2025.HMP.20
Provide the public with updated information on the impacts of a release, including first response actions and community resources for relief, through accessible City platforms Hazardous
Materials
Release
Communications
Department High
2025.HMP.21
Organize and conduct awareness and training courses for City personnel, including courses from the Paradigm Pipeline Organization, to enhance preparedness and response
capabilities for emergency situations
Hazardous
Materials
Release
City Personnel Medium
2025.HMP.22 Conduct an updated commodity flow study to identify specific vulnerabilities in commercial transport routes, such as chokepoints or high-risk areas, and collaborate with regional Hazardous
Materials
Release
Administration/
Public Works High
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-14
agencies to develop contingency plans for mitigating disruptions that could affect public safety and businesses
2025.HMP.23
Expand coordination with Long beach Airport (and expand to other regional airports) to identify opportunities to reduce the vulnerability of residents to aviation incidents
Transportation
Incidents
Administration/
City Manager’s
Office
High
2025.HMP.24
Assess drainage capacities throughout the City to identify areas of concern and prioritize improvements to reduce flood risk and enhance stormwater management
Flood Public Works Low
2025.HMP.25
Ensure public outreach materials, including City and County mental health resources, are available in multiple languages on City platforms to ensure equitable access to important
information
Multi- Hazard Communications
Department High
2025.HMP.26
Identify elderly care facilities that may require assistance during evacuation scenarios and develop contingency plans to secure housing and shelter for impacted residents Multi- Hazard Community
Development/
Recreation and
Community
Services
High
2025.HMP.27
Reevaluate and update evacuation routes to ensure they are accessible, effective, and safe for all residents during an emergency event and provide the updated routes to the public through City communication platforms
Multi- Hazard Community
Development Medium
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan ES-15
ES.6: Monitoring, Evaluating, and Updating the
Plan
The Hazard Mitigation Plan is a living document that reflects ongoing hazard mitigation activities and requires monitoring, evaluating, and updating to ensure the mitigation actions are implemented. To facilitate the Hazard Mitigation Planning process and adhere to regulatory requirements, the Plan will be reviewed annually, and any major revisions will be incorporated into the five-year update. In addition, public involvement will be requested when applicable.

Chapter 5: Plan Maintenance outlines the update requirements and planning mechanisms the City has in place for ongoing hazard mitigation.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.1 Narrative Description of the Planning Process .................................................................. 1-2

1.2 Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee and Public Involvement........................................ 1-7

1.3 Review and Incorporation of Existing Plans..................................................................... 1-13

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Stakeholders Invited to Participate in the Plan Update............................................. 1-3 Table 1.2 Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Participants................................................. 1-8 CHAPTER 1

PLANNING PROCESS
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-2

1.1 Narrative Description of the Planning
Process
Hazard mitigation planning is a dynamic process built on realistic assessments of past and present information that engages the City of Lakewood (City) to anticipate future hazards and provide meaningful strategies to address possible impacts and identified needs. The hazard mitigation planning process involves the following tasks:

The overall approach to updating the Hazard Mitigation Plan includes building off the baseline understanding of the natural hazards as defined in the 2018 Hazard Mitigation Plan, determining ways to focus solely on those risks which impact the City, continuing to reduce those risks, and prioritizing those recommendations for implementation. The following task descriptions provide a detailed narrative of the overall project progression.

Organizing resources
Assessing Risks
Developing Mitigtation Goals, Strategies, and Priorities Adopting a Plan
Implementing the Plan
Monitoring Progress
Revising the Plan as Necessary
§201.6(c)(1): [The plan shall
document] the planning process
used to develop the plan,
including how it was prepared,
who was involved in the
process, and how the public was
involved.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-3
Organize Resources
Identify Stakeholders and Compile Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Kaitlin Sanchez, Public Safety Manager for the City, invited and coordinated participation for a Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) from the appropriate law enforcement,
emergency response, academia, health organizations, local businesses, City personnel, local government representatives, and vulnerable populations. The HMPC was responsible for providing essential insight into past hazard events, current hazard vulnerability (including specific locations), critical assets, and possible mitigation projects. The following groups were invited via email to participate in the plan development.

Table 1.1 Stakeholders Invited to Participate in the Plan Update Local/Regional
Agencies
Agencies with
Authority to
Regulate
Development
Businesses/
Academia/Other
Private
Organizations
Neighboring
Communities
Volunteer/NonProfit
Organizations
-City of Lakewood
Public Works
-City of Lakewood
Public Safety
-City of Lakewood
Water Resources
-City of Lakewood
Administrative
Services
-SoCal Edison
-Golden State
Water Company
-City of
Lakewood
Planning and
Environment
Commission
-City of
Lakewood
Planning
Division
-Tenet Health
-Macerich
Commercial Real
Estate (Lakewood
Center)
-Care Solace
Mental Health
Care
-Paramount
Unified School
District
-ABC Unified
School District
--Bellflower Unified
School District
-Long Beach
Unified School
District
-City of Bellflower
-City of
Paramount
-City of Signal Hill
-City of Los
Alamitos
-City of Cypress
-City of Artesia
-City of Cerritos
-City of Long
Beach
-American Red
Cross
-YMCA
§201.6(b): In order to develop a
more comprehensive approach
to reducing the effects of natural
disasters, the planning process
shall include:
(2) An opportunity for
neighboring communities, local
and regional agencies involved
in hazard mitigation activities,
and agencies that have the
authority to regulate
development, as well as
businesses, academia, and
other private and non-profit
interests to be involved in the
planning process; and
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-4
Public Process
The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires an “Open and Public Process” for developing the Hazard Mitigation Plan. This process requires, at a minimum, that the public be allowed to comment on the Hazard Mitigation Plan during the drafting phase and prior to adoption. To meet this requirement, the City conducted public outreach efforts to gather input during the planning process to invite public comments on the draft before its submission for review with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEAM). A public survey was made available prior to and during the drafting stage and was advertised on social media and the City’s website, allowing residents to provide feedback on hazard risks and mitigation strategies. Additionally, the City hosted an inperson public workshop and engaged with the community through various events to collect input and address concerns. Documentation of public involvement is provided in Annex D.

Risk Assessment
Identify Hazards
This task was designed to identify all the natural and man-made hazards that might affect the City and then narrow the list to the hazards that are most likely to occur. The hazards included natural and human-caused events, with an emphasis on the effect of disasters on the City’s critical facilities. To compile the list, the Project Team built upon the list of hazards identified in the 2018 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan and those identified for Los Angeles County through FEMA's National Risk Index, determined which hazards were specific to the City, and then continued to research numerous sources to determine any additional hazards. In addition, the HMPC reviewed a list of hazards that have affected the City in the past with specific information regarding frequency, magnitude, and associated consequences. A Hazard Identification exercise was conducted during the first and second HMPC Meeting to identify and evaluate each selected hazard. The following hazards were included in the Hazard Mitigation Plan:

Earthquake Air Quality Disease
Outbreak Urban Fire Windstorm
Extreme Heat Dam Failure Adversarial
Events Power Loss Drought
Hazardous
Materials
Release
Transportation
Incident Flood
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-5
The list above is not all-inclusive of the hazards discussed during the Hazard Identification exercise. Hazards not thought to pose significant risk to the City were not included. For example, FEMA's National Risk Index indicates that wildfire might be a high risk for cities in Los Angeles County. Given that the City's relative location in Los Angeles County, coupled with the city being mostly built out with no significant open
areas, wildfire was not deemed a credible
hazard for this Plan. To address this
hazard, the team identified Urban Fire as
being a higher hazard specific to the City.

In addition, some items were captured as
sub-items of the hazards listed above. For
example, climate change is discussed with
hazards where the impact of changes in
weather patterns could act as a catalyst for
those scenarios.

Profile Hazard Events
Hazard profiles consist of either a map indicating the area impacted by each hazard or an important piece of data regarding the characteristics of hazard events within the City and surrounding area. To update the detailed hazard profiles, the Project Team researched and reviewed relevant open-source natural hazard studies and mapping projects. In addition, the City supplied any hazard studies that have been developed specifically for the City. This task determined the hazard magnitude, frequency, and location characteristics (e.g., predicted ground acceleration values, fault locations, flood plains, etc.) that were used as the design-basis for the hazard rankings and loss estimates.

Asset Inventory & Loss Estimates
The purpose of this task was to determine the quantity of City facilities and assets that lie in the different hazard areas and what proportion of the City this represents. The asset inventory was compiled with data provided by the City. The completed asset inventory enables the HMPC to estimate losses which was critical in determining which assets are subject to the greatest potential damage and which hazard event is likely to produce the greatest potential losses. The conclusion of this task precipitated a comprehensive loss estimate for each identified hazard for each specific asset in terms of damage, economic loss, and the associated consequences.

Vulnerable Populations
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-6
To improve the City's insight into how hazards affect vulnerable populations and ensure compliance with FEMA's updated guidelines, the HMPC convened to explore the impacts of various hazard scenarios on vulnerable populations. The discussion focused on the City's ability to provide resources and information to better serve vulnerable populations.

Mitigation Strategy Development
Development of Mitigation Goals and Objectives
The HMPC discussed the mitigation features and resources that the City currently has in place.

These mitigation features provided a framework to determine where practical improvements could be made and where sufficient improvements would be prohibitive due to cost, schedule, or impracticality of implementation.

For each of the hazard events, mitigation goals and objectives were developed with the intention of reducing or eliminating the potential hazard impacts. The mitigation goals and objectives were developed at a HMPC Meeting to provide the basis for determining the associated mitigation projects.

Identify and Prioritize Mitigation Actions
Mitigation strategies are administrative and/or engineering project recommendations to reduce the vulnerability to the identified hazards. It was imperative to have City Planners and community developers involved in this phase of the Plan to develop strategies and projects that will mitigate the hazards cost-effectively, as well as ensure consistency with the City’s long-term mitigation goals and capital improvements. At a HMPC Meeting, a team-based approach was used to brainstorm mitigation projects based on the identified hazards and associated loss estimates. The evaluation and prioritization of the mitigation actions produced a list of recommended mitigation actions to be incorporated into the Hazard Mitigation Plan. A separate HMPC meeting was held to conduct a Benefit-Cost Review for each proposed mitigation action to determine the relative priority level of the recommendation.

Implementation and Monitoring
Preparation of Implementation Strategy
The Project Team developed an action plan to detail how the mitigation recommendations will be prioritized, implemented, and administered by the City. During the Hazard Mitigation Plan creation process, the Project Team coordinated with the HMPC to determine the mitigation project implementation strategy (including identifying responsible departments, funding resources, and estimated implementation timeframe).

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-7

1.2 Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee and
Public Involvement
While the City and Risk Management Professionals, a
consultant hired by the city to assist with the planning effort, had lead responsibility for the update of the City’s Hazard Mitigation Plan, neighboring communities, agencies,
businesses, and other interested parties were invited to participate in the HMPC to review the Hazard Mitigation Plan during each phase of the document development, in order to compile a list of HMPC participants, the Project Team
assessed community support through active community
leaders, built a planning Team, and engaged the public
participants during the planning process. Each member of the HMPC had the opportunity to participate in all aspects of the planning process.

Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Participant Solicitation The City solicited participation in the HMPC by contacting both internal and external stakeholders.

Internal stakeholders included members of the various City departments. External stakeholders were comprised of representatives from local agencies and neighboring communities, including the Los Angeles County Fire Department, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Los Angeles County Office of Emergency Management, representatives of vulnerable populations, and the public.

Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Participants
The City brought together personnel from Public Safety, Public Works, Building and Planning, Water Resources, Recreation and Community Services, Administrative Services, and Community Development to ensure the HMPC included a variety of departments and provided a mechanism for receiving input from each participant. Additionally, the City compiled historical hazard data, provided relevant planning documents for incorporation into the Hazard Mitigation Plan, and coordinated participation with the public. Each draft chapter was reviewed by the HMPC and specific comments and input were incorporated into the plan. The multidisciplinary HMPC enabled the City to work together and incorporate each individual’s expertise to provide a comprehensive Hazard Mitigation Plan. The Hazard Mitigation Plan was developed with assistance and advice §201.6(b): In order to develop a more
comprehensive approach to reducing the
effects of natural disasters, the planning
process shall include:
(1) An opportunity for the public to
comment on the plan during the
drafting stage and prior to plan
approval.
(2) An opportunity for neighboring
communities, local and regional
agencies involved in hazard
mitigation activities, and agencies
that have the authority to regulate
development, as well as businesses,
academia, and other private and
non-profit interests to be involved in
the planning process; and
§201.6(c)(1): The plan shall document
the planning process used to develop the
plan, including how it was prepared, who
was involved in the process, and how the
public was involved.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-8
from participants from the City and neighboring agencies. Table 1.1 provides a list of the HMPC participants.

Table 1.2 Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Participants Name Affiliation Title
Kaitlin Sanchez City of Lakewood Public Safety Manager
Joshua Yordt City of Lakewood Director of Public Safety Chuck Martucci City of Lakewood Emergency Manager
Paul Kuykendall City of Lakewood Senior Planner
Caitlin Cariaso City of Lakewood Community Services Supervisor Vicki Stuckey City of Lakewood Planning and Environment Commission
Wilfred Cochico City of Lakewood Purchasing Officer
Anthony Manzano City of Lakewood Assistant Water Director Mike McDade City of Lakewood Maintenance Supervisor
Leonel Martin City of Lakewood Associate Civil Engineer Veronica Copeland City of Lakewood Special Events Assistant Frank Ontiveros City of Lakewood Administrative Assistant Jack Wopschell City of Lakewood Senior Management Analyst Luz Ramirez City of Lakewood Recreation and Community Services Intern
Ruby Picon City of Lakewood Management Analyst
Khoi Dao Los Angeles County Fire Chief Officer
Manny Carreon Los Angeles County Fire Battalion Chief
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-9
Gabby McCormick American Red Cross Disaster Program Manager Judy Aquino City of Cypress Planning
Luis Valdez City of Long Beach Disaster Preparedness Officer Tania Villegas Lakewood Interfaith
Council Representative
Chet Snyder YMCA Director of Facilities
Shireen Kulkarni Risk Management
Professionals Technical Consultant
Ryan Bray Risk Management
Professionals Senior Technical Consultant
The HMPC met five times over the course of the project to discuss project progress and obtain valuable input and information for documenting the Hazard Mitigation Plan. The meetings are detailed over the subsequent pages. Annex D – Public Participation contains copies of the presentations used at each meeting and specific meeting handouts.

Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Meeting Descriptions Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Meeting #1: Project Initiation, Hazard Identification, and Information Collection
During the Project Initiation, Hazard Identification, and Information Collection Meeting, Risk Management Professionals presented an overview presentation that detailed the objectives and scope of the project. After a review of the project schedule and key tasks, the HMPC participants’ areas of expertise, resultant member responsibilities, and the community meeting process were discussed. The HMPC meeting also served as a mechanism to determine the hazards to profile in detail. To effectively characterize the City’s risk and vulnerability, Risk Management Professionals facilitated a discussion of the historical hazards with the HMPC members during this meeting.

The HMPC determined the initial hazard profile ranking through a facilitated exercise using an automated interactive spreadsheet that asked specific questions on potential hazards and then assigned a relative value to each potential hazard, accordingly, including numerical rankings (1- 5) of the following criteria:

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-10
• Consequence/Severity – How widespread is the impact area? • Secondary Effects – Could the event trigger another event and separate response? • Probability/Frequency – Historical view of how often this type of event occurs locally and projected recurrence intervals.
• Warning/Onset – Advance warning of the event, or none. • Duration – Length of elapsed time where response resources are active. • Recovery – Length of time until lives and property return to normal Chapter 3: Risk Assessment outlines the methodology used for hazard rankings. Additionally, all HMPC participants were requested to provide existing plans and technical studies, GIS data, and identify existing mitigation features as part of an information request.

Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Meeting #2: Mitigation Goals and Objectives
The hazard risk ranking from HMPC Meeting #1 was reviewed, updated, and validated with the HMPC with a review of the hazard profiles. Additionally, the Plan’s mitigation goals and objectives were updated with the intention of reducing or eliminating the potential hazard impacts, which also provided the basis for determining the associated mitigation projects. The HMPC reviewed the goals and objectives from the City’s 2018 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, the 2020 Los Angeles County Hazard Mitigation Plan, and the 2023 California State Hazard Mitigation Plan as a baseline for determining the City’s current mitigation goals and objectives.

Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Meeting #3: Vulnerability Assessment and Critical Facilities Loss Estimate
The asset inventory was developed to determine the quantity of buildings, facilities, and other assets in the City that lie in the different hazard areas and what proportion of the City this represents. The asset inventory included locations and specifications for city well sites, civic buildings, and parks. The asset inventory was then used to develop loss estimates for all hazard scenarios. The hazard probabilities and recurrence intervals were applied to the City assets to determine which assets were subject to the greatest potential damages and which hazard events were likely to produce the greatest potential losses.

To enhance the City’s understanding of how hazards impact vulnerable populations and comply with FEMA’s new requirements, a HMPC meeting was held to examine the effects of hazard scenarios on these populations. As detailed in Section 2.4 (Demographics), the City identified City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-11
several groups likely to experience heightened impacts during hazard events, including the elderly, children, individuals with cognitive or physical disabilities, economically disadvantaged residents, and those with limited English proficiency (LEP).

During the meeting, a productive discussion took place regarding the City's capacity to provide resources and information to better support these populations. This resulted in a deeper analysis of the hazard understanding in Chapter 3 and the mitigation actions in Chapter 4 of the plan.

Moreover, as the City gained greater clarity on FEMA’s expectations for mitigation planning, Chapter 5 was updated to reflect the City’s commitment to addressing the needs of vulnerable populations in future mitigation efforts.

Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Meeting #4: Mitigation Action Identification
The purpose of this meeting was to identify potential mitigation actions and projects that will reduce the impact of identified hazards. First, the mitigation goals and objectives from HMPC Meeting #2 were reviewed and validated. Then, during the meeting, the HMPC participants brainstormed possible projects and actions to mitigate the effects of the identified hazards.

As the mitigation projects were identified, the HMPC discussed the mitigation action implementation plan according to the following characteristics:
• Mitigation Action Category – Prevention, Property Protection, Public Education and Awareness, Natural Resource Protection, Emergency Services, and Structural Projects • Corresponding Goals and Objectives
• Responsible Department – Building and Safety, Engineering, Administration, Community Development, Public Works, etc.
• Resources – General Fund, Grant Programs, Staff Time, Capital Improvements, etc. • Implementation Timeframe – Ongoing, Short-Term (within two years), Medium-term (between three and ten years), and Long-Term (greater than ten years) • Whether or not the projects protect new or future buildings Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee Meeting #5: Mitigation Action Finalizaton and Benefit Cost Review
During the fifth HMPC Meeting, the identified mitigation actions from HMPC Meeting #4 were reviewed and validated with the HMPC. The HMPC then performed a high-level Benefit-Cost City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-12
Review on each of the identified mitigation actions. The review consisted of identifying all benefits and costs associated with implementing each mitigation action. Typical benefits include:
• Avoided physical damage (e.g., to buildings, infrastructure, and equipment) • Avoided loss of function costs (e.g., loss of utilities and lifelines) • Avoided casualties
• Avoided emergency management costs (e.g., emergency operations center costs, evacuation/rescue costs, and other management costs)
Once the benefits and costs were estimated, a relative priority was assigned for each action based upon the evaluation. More detailed information can be found in Section 4.4 “Prioritization of Mitigation Recommendations.

Public Meetings and Outreach
The City actively solicited public involvement through a variety of outreach efforts to engage the community and gather feedback.

These efforts included an online survey, public outreach events, and a public workshop.

The survey, which was hosted on the City’s website, allowed residents to provide input on hazard risks and mitigation strategies. The survey assessed the community’s level of concern with various hazards and the steps each respondent had taken to prepare for a disaster. The survey was an accessible way for a wide range of community members to participate in the planning process.

In addition to the online survey, the City organized several in-person events to engage with residents who may not have participated online. These events were designed to reach diverse groups within the community and ensure broad public involvement.

The City visited the Weingart Senior Center to gather input from older adults, who may have unique concerns about hazards and mitigation strategies. By attending the Lakewood
Farmers Market, which attracts many local residents, the City was able to engage with a large cross-section of the
community in an informal setting. A booth was set up at the Palms Park and Community Center to ensure that residents attending various activities at these popular locations had the §201.6(b): In order to develop a
more comprehensive approach
to reducing the effects of natural
disasters, the planning process
shall include:
(1) An opportunity for the public
to comment on the plan during
the drafting stage and prior to
plan approval;
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-13
opportunity to provide feedback. Finally, a public workshop was hosted to present the draft plan and gather further input from community members in an interactive format.

These outreach activities were crucial in meeting the public participation requirements set by FEMA for the Hazard Mitigation Plan. By offering multiple opportunities for residents to engage, the City was able to reach a wide and diverse audience, ensuring that the community’s concerns and ideas were reflected in the final plan. Additional documentation regarding public involvement and additional information on the City Council Meeting, including the attendance log and presentation, can be found in Annex D.

1.3 Review and Incorporation of Existing Plans
While developing the City’s Hazard Mitigation Plan, the Project Team reviewed existing plans (detailed below) and incorporated relevant information into the planning efforts.

City of Lakewood Local Hazard Mitigation
Plan (2018)
The 2018 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan was crucial in
comparing the previous mitigation ideas and attitudes to the City’s current needs and concerns. The project team referred to this plan constantly throughout the updating process. The Hazard Mitigation Plan provides insight into hazard ranking, hazard history, previously proposed mitigation projects, etc.

City of Lakewood Housing Element (2024).

The Housing Element of the City’s General Plan, which outlines the city’s housing goals from 2021 through 2029, provided critical data on demographics, housing supply, and areas identified for future development. This information helped the LHMP assess potential vulnerabilities and prioritize mitigation strategies. Mitigation projects defined in the LHMP will be required to align with the objectives outlined in the Safety Element of the General Plan. Proposed mitigation actions are found in Chapter 4 of this document.

City of Lakewood Urban Water Management Plan (2020)
The City of Lakewood 2020 Urban Water Management Plan is updated every five years to monitor water supply issues and mitigate drought situations. As part of Urban Water Management Plan updates, the City will review the drought hazard profile in the HMP and incorporate the drought mitigation actions identified in the plan.
§201.6(b): In order to develop a more
comprehensive approach to reducing
the effects of natural disasters, the
planning process shall include:
(3) Review and incorporation, if
appropriate, of existing plans, studies,
reports, and technical information.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 1-14
California State Hazard Mitigation Plan (2023)
The State Hazard Mitigation Plan was reviewed to ensure consistency between the State and City Plan, with respect to identified hazards and vulnerability, goals and objectives, and mitigation actions. The State goals served as the basis for developing the goals at the City level. City goals and objectives are outlined in Chapter 4.

County of Los Angeles Hazard Mitigation Plan (2021)
Los Angeles County’s All-Hazard Mitigation Plan was reviewed to ensure consistency between the County and City Plan. The County Plan, updated in 2021, outlines the County’s approach to hazard mitigation, focusing on natural hazards, human-caused events, and technological emergencies.

County of Los Angeles Climate Action Plan (2045)
The County’s Climate Action Plan provides guidance to promote effective and integrated action to prepare for climate change. The information from the assessment was used to develop those hazard profiles which may be the result of climate change.

California Adaptation Planning Guide (2020)
FEMA, CalOES, and the California Natural Resources Agency developed the California Adaptation Planning Guide to assist municipalities in recognizing local climate change and to provide guidance addressing potential vulnerabilities. The information was used to develop potential hazards and to provide background information that allowed the HMPC to make educated decisions regarding mitigation actions designed to alleviate the effects of climate change.

FEMA’s Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM)
The FIRM, or FEMA’s official map of the community delineating Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs), Base Flood Elevations (BFEs) and flood risk zones was reviewed to determine flood hazard areas with the City boundary. Portions of the map are included in the Flood Hazard Profile in Chapter 3 which was used to support the City’s understanding of flood-related risks within the City.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-1
CHAPTER 2

PLANNING AREA PROFILE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

2.1 Region Description............................................................................................................ 2-2

2.2 Development Trends ......................................................................................................... 2-3

2.3 Population......................................................................................................................... 2-8

2.4 Demographics................................................................................................................... 2-9

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Estimated Population Growth.................................................................................. 2-8 Table 2.2: Demographic Estimates........................................................................................ 2-10

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1: City of Lakewood Regional Area Map.................................................................... 2-5 Figure 2.2: City of Lakewood General Plan Map ..................................................................... 2-6 Figure 2.3: City of Lakewood Zoning Designations Map.......................................................... 2-7 City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-2

2.1 Region Description
The City of Lakewood (City) is a suburban municipality characterized by a mix of residential neighborhoods, commercial centers, and light industrial areas. Located in the southeastern portion of Los Angeles County, the City sits approximately 23 miles southeast of downtown Los Angeles. The City is bordered by Long Beach to the south and west, Hawaiian Gardens to the South and east, Bellflower to the north, Cerritos to the northeast, La Palma to the east, and Cypress to the southeast. The Long Beach Municipal Airport is located southwest, and the City is within proximity to the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles, making it part of a highly interconnected urban region. The City has a total area of 9.5 square miles.

The City’s climate is consistent with Southern California’s Mediterranean climate, which is defined by warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Summer temperatures typically reach the high 70s to low 80s in degrees Fahrenheit, while winter temperatures often range in the 50s. August is generally the warmest month, with average highs around 83°F, and December or January are the coolest months, with average lows in the mid-40s. Rainfall is limited, with the majority occurring between November and March. On average, the City receives approximately 13 inches of rainfall per year, with February typically being the wettest month.

The City’s modern history began in the mid-20th century, emerging from agricultural roots to become a postwar suburban community.

Originally, the area remained largely undeveloped until the post– World War II housing boom. In 1950, the Lakewood Park
development, a project that built over 17,000 homes in less than three years, transformed the area into one of the first planned communities of its kind. Lakewood became an official city in 1954, initiating the “contract city” model by outsourcing many municipal services. This approach allowed the City to maintain local control while benefiting from existing county services, and it became a model for other cities across California and the nation. Today, the City maintains its identity as a family-oriented community while continuing to adjust to the challenges of urbanization, infrastructure, and resilience planning.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-3

2.2 Development Trends
The City is 9.5 square miles in area. The Housing Element of the City’s General Plan provides a guide for land use and development within the City. Since the 2018 Hazard Mitigation Plan, there have been no major changes in development that have greatly affected the City’s vulnerability to the identified hazards.

The following describes land use designations, as amended, for the City. These descriptions were excerpted from the City’s 2022 Housing Element as an attempt to designate the proposed general distribution and intensity of uses of the land for housing, business, industry, open space, public facilities, and other categories of public and private uses.

Residential Land Uses
Single Family (R-1) or Planned Development Residential (PDSF) The R-1 zone is designated for single-family residential development, allowing one dwelling unit per lot. The PDSF (Planned Development Single Family) zone permits single-family homes within a planned development context, offering flexibility in design and layout while maintaining residential character.

Single Family Residential Limited Agriculture (R-A)
The R-A zone accommodates single-family residences with provisions for limited agricultural uses, such as home gardening and small-scale animal husbandry, preserving a semi-rural lifestyle within the city.

Multiple Family (MFR) or Planned Development Residential (PD-MF) The MFR zone allows multiple-family residential structures, including apartments and condominiums, to provide higher-density housing options. The PDMF (Planned Development Multiple Family) zone supports multifamily housing within a planned development, promoting cohesive design and community amenities.
44 CFR 201.6(c)(2)(ii)(C): The plan
should describe vulnerability in
terms of] providing a general
description of land uses and
development trends within the
community so that mitigation options
can be considered in future land use
decisions.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-4
Mobile Home Park (MHP)
The MHP zone is designated for mobile home park developments, offering an alternative housing option that accommodates manufactured homes in a community setting.

Commercial Land Uses
Neighborhood Commercial (C-1)
The C-1 zone supports small-scale retail and service establishments that cater to the daily needs of nearby residential neighborhoods, such as convenience stores and personal service shops.

Intermediate Commercial (C-3)
The C-3 zone permits a broader range of commercial activities, including larger retail stores, offices, and service providers, serving both local and citywide markets.

General Commercial (C-4)
The C-4 zone encompasses extensive commercial uses, such as shopping centers, automotive services, and entertainment venues, intended to serve the wider community and accommodate higher traffic volumes.

Industrial Zones
Light Manufacturing (M-1)
The M-1 zone is intended for light industrial use, including manufacturing, assembly, and processing activities that are conducted within enclosed buildings and have minimal environmental impacts.

Heavy Manufacturing (M-2)
The M-2 zone accommodates heavier industrial operations that may involve significant noise, emissions, or outdoor storage, such as large-scale manufacturing and processing facilities.

Other Zones
Agriculture (A)
The A zone is designated for agricultural uses, including crop cultivation, management of animals, and related activities, while maintaining specific standards for lot size, location, and public health to preserve compatibility with surrounding areas.

Open Space Land (O-S)
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-5
The O-S zone is intended to protect and maintain open space areas for public use, recreation, and conservation purposes, such as parks, trails, and natural preserves.

Figure 2.1: City of Lakewood Regional Area Map
Source: City of Lakewood Regional Map
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-6
Figure 2.2: City of Lakewood General Plan Map
Source: City of Lakewood General Plan Map
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-7
Figure 2.3: City of Lakewood Zoning Designations Map
Source: City of Lakewood Zoning Designations Map
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-8

2.3 Population
Since its incorporation in 1954, the City has grown from a small town to a city with more than 78,000 residents according to the U.S. Census Bureau (2022). However, future population growth is expected to slow as the city is largely built out, with few remaining opportunities for significant development. The population of Lakewood is projected to increase by 8.15% between 2023 and 2045, with an average growth rate of 0.41% per year. The table below, based on the Southern California Association of Governments Demographic and Growth Forecast, shows estimated population growth through 2045.

Table 2.1: Estimated Population Growth
Year 2016 2023 2045
Population 79,300 78,135 84,500
Source: 2020 Southern California Association of Governments Demographics and Growth Forecast Census data indicates the population of Lakewood increased dramatically from 1960 to 1970, with a slight decline in the years following. Since 2000, population growth has been minimal, averaging .1% annually from 2000 to 2010. This slow growth can be attributed to limited land availability for new development and an aging population. Lakewood's population trends closely mirror those of other fully built-out cities in Los Angeles County where vacant residential land is scarce and growth relies more on redevelopment than expansion. As a highly urbanized city with minimal vacant residential land, future growth will likely rely on targeted redevelopment, densification, and housing policy updates.

As highlighted in the City’s Housing Element, over the next eight years, the local population is expected to grow slightly, primarily due to an increase in the number of individuals per household as younger families move into the City. Additional residential growth may result from the redevelopment of single-family homes in the M-F-R zone into multifamily units, the construction of accessory dwelling units (ADUs), and the conversion of underutilized commercial or industrial sites into residential or mixed-use developments.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-9

2.4 Demographics
When considering the impacts of hazard scenarios on the community, the City is cognizant that some portions of
the community will be impacted to a greater extent
than others. A better understanding of how disasters
impact the community, even disproportionately, can
help guide resiliency efforts to better serve the entire community. Although other factors may be present, this
section will focus on how low economic status, age, physical or cognitive disabilities, and limited English proficiency might make certain groups more vulnerable and can exacerbate the impacts of a hazard scenario.

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Guidance requires agencies engaging in hazard mitigation planning to consider vulnerable populations as part of the planning process.

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) defines social vulnerability as the “demographic and socioeconomic factors (such as poverty, lack of access to transportation, and crowded housing) that adversely affect communities-level stressors.” To address this planning requirement the City considered vulnerable groups as part of the plan update through identifying areas with the City more prone to hazard stresses due to multiple factors. The City utilized guidance from the CDC/ATSDR to identify elements contributing to vulnerability. Those elements are listed below.

To further refine the vulnerable population within the City, the Steering Committee considered the community and established the following individual vulnerability factors that drove community vulnerability discussions throughout the plan development process.

SOCIOECONOMIC
STATUS
•Below Poverty
•Unemployed
•Housing Cost Burden
•No High School Diploma
•No Health Insurance

HOUSEHOLD

CHARACTERISTICS
•Aged 65 & Older
•Aged 17 & Younger
•Civilian with a Disability
•Single-Parent Household
•Limited English
Language Proficiency

HOUSING TYPE &

TRANSPORTATION
•Multi-Unit Structures
•Moblie Homes
•Crowding
•No Vehicle
•Group Quartes
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-10
• Age
• Socioeconomic Status
• Mobility and Transportation
• Language/Communication Barriers
• Housing
The vulnerability factors that impact the community within the City are included in Table 2.2 below.

Table 2.2: Demographic Estimates

ESTIMATE CATEGORY CENSUS

ESTIMATES
Population (2022) * 78,135
Persons under 5 years, percent 5.9%
Persons under 18 years, percent 21.0%
Persons 65 years and over, percent 14.5 %
Persons with a disability under age 65, percent (2018-2022) 6.1% Persons with independent living difficulty, percent 4.6% Households (2019-2023) 26,118
Persons per household (2018-2022) 3.08
Limited English Speaking (LEP) Households, percent 5%
Households with a computer, percent (2018-2022) 96.7%
Households with a broadband internet subscription, percent (2018- 2022)

93.6%
High School graduate or higher, percent of persons aged 25 years+ (2019-2023)

90.4%
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 2-11
Bachelor’s degree or higher percent of persons aged 25 years+ (2019- 2023)

32.6%
Median Household income (in 2022 dollars, 2018-2022) $116,794 Per capita income in past 12 months (in 2022 dollars, 2018-2022) $44,444 Persons in poverty, percent 5.9%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau , Los Angeles County Public Health City and Community Health Profiles Although many inferences could be made based on the table above, it is clear 5.9% of the community is recorded being at or below poverty level. Additionally, 14.5% of the community is over the age of 65 while 5.9% are under the age of 5. Based on the data provided for the City,

6.1% of the population under the age of 65 within the City’s jurisdiction are classified as being disabled. Additionally, of the population that was identified as being between the ages of 18 and 64, 4.6% of the individuals were classified as having a disability which includes independent living difficulty. Of the total households within the City’s jurisdiction, it was identified that 5% of households include individuals that can be classified as LEP. While each of these groups represents a small portion of the City, it can be assumed this percentage of the public will be impacted by disasters to a higher degree than the rest of the community. As the City moves forward, considerations for this small sector of the population should be made to provide effective resilience measures.

The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) is cognizant of the complicated, intersection nature of social vulnerabilities. As such, the HMPC discussed that more research was needed to more fully understand the levels of vulnerabilties throughout the City. The effort to better serve the community is ongoing and the City intends to expand its understanding of vulnerable populations and expand its capabilties to provide equitable services when considering future planning efforts.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.1 Risk Assessment............................................................................................................... 3-3

3.2 Hazard Identification ......................................................................................................... 3-4

3.3 Considerations for Climate Change................................................................................... 3-9

3.4 Asset Inventory ............................................................................................................... 3-10

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Risk Factors for Hazard Identification ...................................................................... 3-5 Table 3.2 Risk Rank Matrix ..................................................................................................... 3-6 Table 3.3 Risk Rank Categorization ........................................................................................ 3-7 Table 3.4 Hazard Ranking Summary....................................................................................... 3-7 Table 3.5: Asset Inventory Summary......................................................................................3-11 Table 3.6: Loss of Function ................................................................................................... 3-14 Table 3.7: Loss Estimates for Earthquake, Urban Fire, Windstorm, Flood, and Dam/Reservoir Failure................................................................................................................................... 3-15 Chapter 3
Risk Assessment
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-2
Table 3.8: Loss Estimates for Adversarial Events, Power Loss, Hazardous Materials Release, and Transportation Incident................................................................................................... 3-17 Table 3.9: Loss Estimates for Extreme Heat, Air Quality, Disease Outbreak, and Drought .... 3-19 Table 3.10: Loss Estimates Summary ................................................................................... 3-21

LIST OF HAZARD PROFILE APPENDICES
Appendix A – Earthquake
Appendix B – Air Quality
Appendix C – Disease Outbreak
Appendix D – Urban Fire
Appendix E – Windstorm
Appendix F – Extreme Heat
Appendix G – Dam Failure
Appendix H – Adversarial Events
Appendix I – Power Loss
Appendix J – Drought
Appendix K – Hazardous Materials Release
Appendix L – Transportation Incident
Appendix M – Flood
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-3

3.1 Risk Assessment
The Risk Assessment consists of four steps: Hazard Identification, Hazard Profiling, Asset Inventory, and Loss Estimates. This chapter includes the Hazard Identification and Hazard Profiling steps to evaluate the hazards of primary concern to local decision-makers in order to provide a basis for loss estimates. Additionally, the Risk Assessment provides a foundation for the evaluation of mitigation actions which can help reduce the impacts of potential hazard events.

Step 1 Identify Hazards
This step identified the natural and man-made hazards which might affect the City of Lakewood (City) and then narrowed the list to those hazards which are most likely to occur. These hazards included natural, technical, and human-caused events, with an emphasis on the effect of disaster events on critical facilities (e.g., government buildings as well as public services including police and fire) and vulnerable populations.The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) participated in a hazard identification exercise to identify and rank the potential hazards within the City.

Step 2 Profile Hazard Events
Hazard profiles consist of either a map indicating the area impacted by each hazard or key information regarding the characteristics of hazard events within the planning area. To develop detailed hazard profiles, relevant open-source natural hazard studies and mapping projects were reviewed and documented within this report. This planning step determined the magnitude, frequency, and location characteristics or relevant natural hazards (predicted ground acceleration values, fault locations, flood plains, etc.) that were utilized as the design-basis for the loss estimates.These profiles are in the appendices attached to this chapter.

Step 3 Inventory Assets
The purpose of this step was to determine the quantity of buildings, people (specifically vulnerable populations), and City assets which lie in the different hazard areas and what proportion of the City this represents. The asset inventory was completed utilizing a June 2024 property valuation insurance report which included asset locations and specifications for the following assets:

Step 1:

Hazard
Identification
Step 2:

Hazard
Profiling
Step 3:

Asset
Inventory
Step 4:

Loss Estimate
Use Risk
Assessment
to Prepare
HMP
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-4
• City Government Facilities
• Water System Components: well sites & pump stations
• Recreation Buildings
The development of the comprehensive inventory facilitated the development of loss estimates for all hazard scenarios.

Step 4 Loss Estimates
The loss estimate step relied on detailed information regarding the hazard probability and maps that were completed as part of the hazard profiles. This information was utilized to apply the hazard probabilities and recurrence intervals to the assets and vulnerable populations within the City. This step was critical in determining which assets and popuation groups were subject to the greatest potential impacts and which hazard event was likely to produce the greatest potential losses or injuries.The conclusion of this step precipitated a comprehensive loss estimate which captured the projected impacts to city assets and population groups throughout the City. This undersdtanding of the vulnerabiltiy for the community and City infrastructrure was used to develop mitigation actions which seek to promote resiliency for the affected community/assets.

3.2 Hazard Identification
The hazard identification and ranking was obtained primarily from the Hazard Identification Exercise. Each hazard profile includes a summary of the Hazard Identification Exercise identified risk factors and overall rank for each hazard, in addition to the detailed hazard description, historical occurrences, and projected future probability, magnitude, and frequency.

The hazard identification exercise was conducted as a participatory HMPC workshop to identify the potential hazards within the City. The hazard identification exercise was facilitated utilizing an interactive spreadsheet program that asks specific questions on potential hazards and then rated them accordingly. These questions guide the team in the correct facilitation and application of the program. Table 3.1 summarizes the Hazard Identification Exercise risk factors, lists the descriptions of each factor, provides the specific descriptor choices for each risk factor, and summarizes the risk ranking associated with each hazard.

City Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-5
Table 3.1 Risk Factors for Hazard Identification

RISK FACTOR DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTORS VALUE

PROBABILITY/ FREQUENCY
Prediction of how often a
hazard will occur in the future.

Rare event - occurs less than once every 50 years 1
Infrequent event - occurs between once every 8
years and once every 50 years (inclusive)
2 Regular event - occurs between once a year and
once every 7 years
3 Frequent event - occurs more than once a year 4

CONSEQUENCE/SEVERITY
Physical Damage - structures
and lifelines
Economic Impact – loss of
function for power, water,
sanitation, roads, etc., as
applicable
No damage 1
Minor/slight damage to buildings and structures, no
loss of lifelines
2 Moderate building damage, minor loss of lifelines
(less than 12 hours)
3 Moderate building damage, lifeline loss (less than
24 hours)
4 Extensive building damage, widespread loss of
lifelines (water, gas, electricity, sanitation, roads), loss of life
5 VULNERABILITY
Impact Area - area impacted
by a hazard event,
Secondary Impacts -
Capability of triggering
additional hazards Onset -
Period of time between initial
recognition of an approaching
hazard and when the hazard
begins to impact the
community
No physical damage, no secondary impacts 1
Localized damage area 2
Localized damage area, minor secondary impacts,
delayed hazard onset 3
Moderate damage area, moderate secondary
impacts, moderate warning time 4
Widespread damage area, significant secondary
impacts, no warning time 5
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-6
Each profile also includes a ranking of the hazard (ranging from low hazard to high hazard). Table

3.2 illustrates the matrix for how each hazard was ranked according to all of the previously mentioned factors. Table 3.3 provides the value determinations for each ranking. The HMPC determined this initial profile ranking based on the hazard identification, profile research, group discussion, and evaluation of all of the data.

Table 3.2 Risk Rank Matrix

PROBABILITY/

FREQUENCY DESCRIPTION RISK RANKING MATRIX
Rare Event:

Occurs less than once every 50
years
Probability/Frequency Consequence/Severity
Value 1 1 2 3 4 5
Vulnerability
1 1 2 3 4 5
2 2 4 6 8 10
3 3 6 9 12 15
4 4 8 12 16 20
5 5 10 15 20 25
Infrequent Event:

Occurs between once every 8 years
and once every 50 years (inclusive)
Probability/Frequency Consequence/Severity
Value 2 1 2 3 4 5
Vulnerability
1 2 4 6 8 10
2 4 8 12 16 20
3 6 12 18 24 30
4 8 16 24 32 40
5 10 20 30 40 50
Regular Event:

Occurs between once a year and
once every 7 years
Probability/Frequency Consequence/Severity
Value 3 1 2 3 4 5
Vulnerability
1 3 6 9 12 15
2 6 12 18 24 30
3 9 18 27 36 45
4 12 24 36 48 60
5 15 30 45 60 75
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-7
Table 3.3 Risk Rank Categorization
High Hazard 50-100
Moderately High Hazard 25-49
Moderate Hazard 15-24
Moderately Low Hazard 5-14
Low Hazard 1-4
Table 3.4 provides the hazard ranking summary for the City.

Table 3.4 Hazard Ranking Summary

HAZARD RANK SCORE
EARTHQUAKE 50
AIR QUALITY 40
DISEASE OUTBREAK 30
URBAN FIRE 30
WINDSTORM 27
EXTREME HEAT 27
DAM FAILURE 25
ADVERSARIAL EVENTS 25
POWER LOSS 16
DROUGHT 16
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RELEASE 15
TRANSPORTATION INCIDENT 12
FLOOD 8
Note: The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee did not identify any Low ranked hazards.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-8
Trends in Percieved Vulnerability
As illustrated above, the HMPC reviewed its perceived vulnerability to determine the potential impact of each hazard on the City. The Steering Committee began with the hazards identified in the 2018 Hazard Mitigation Plan and used the list as a springboard in determining current perceived vulnerability. The current update retains Earthquake, Flood, Windstorm, and Drought as identified hazards. Additionally, the team added new hazards, including: Air Quality, Disease Outbreak, Urban Fire, Extreme Heat, Dam Failure, Adversarial Events, Power Loss, Hazardous Materials Release, and Transportation Incident. This was done in an effort to focus HMPC efforts on target hazards the City would like to mitigation during the next 5-year planning period. Also, the HMPC discussed that, should a shift in percieved hazard vulnerability occur within the next 5- year planning period, the HMPC could reconvene and ammend this plan to inlcude the missing hazard.

During the Plan Update, The HMPC considered the hazards which impact the region. For this effort, the HMPC consulted FEMA’s National Risk Index wich indicated, for Los
Angeles County, the City should consider Wildfire,
Riverine Flooding, Landslide, Heat Wave, and
Earthquake. Apart from Earthquake and Heat Wave,
which was changed to reflect Extreme Heat for this Plan, the rest of the hazards were not inlcuded in the final list of identified hazards. This was because, generally, these
hazards do not apply to the City. With very few open areas, wildfire was not considered credible. There are no rivers to allow for riverine flooding and the terrian is predominantly flat rendering landslide and inapplicable as well. In conclusion, the final list of identified hazards developed to focus only on those hazards the HMPC considered significant and relevant over the next 5-year planning period.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-9

3.3 Considerations for Climate Change
With the release of the California Adaptation Planning Guide (APG) in March 2015 and revised in 2021, the City aimed to include the effects of climate change in the Hazard Mitigation Plan update.

As identified in the “Understanding Regional Characteristics” portion of the APG, the City is located in the South Coastal Region of California. As a result, the City considered the following climate change impacts as recommended by the APG:
• Increased Temperatures
• Reduced Precipitation
• Sea Level Rise
• Reduce tourism
• Reduced Water Supply
• Wildfire Risk
• Coastal Erosion
• Public Health (heat and air quality)
The HMPC engaged in a discussion to determine which impacts posed a viable threat to the City and what areas might be impacted. While some impacts clearly applied to the City, some required additional research. Studies were conducted to look at recorded trends for sea level rise, wildfire, and regional temperature increases. The result of the study was the following list of perceived, feasible impacts which were assumed could impact all portions of the City over the next five to ten years:
• Increased Temperatures
• Reduced Precipitation
• Reduced Water Supply
After reviewing the results of each of these impacts, the HMPC considered how these impacts would be
perceived by the City. For instance, increased
temperatures and reduced water supply would likely lead to drought conditions, while increased temperatures and reduced precipitation could indicate a higher likelihood of fire conditions. Additionally, flooding and water shortages could be further impacted by climate change, as shifting weather patterns may alter rainfall frequency and intensity. These considerations are also discussed in detail within the hazard profile appendices. The City recognizes the potential influence of changing weather patterns, and the HMPC has noted that, should new information emerge demonstrating a significant impact from climate change, the HMPC will reconvene to amend the current plan accordingly.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-10

3.4 Asset Inventory
A critical step in completing the Risk Assessment is developing a detailed asset inventory and documenting potential asset damages due to each identified hazard. The calculated loss estimates are based on values determined during the initial asset inventory. The City developed a comprehensive inventory of all assets, including their locations, to ensure accurate loss estimates. Specific values were assigned to critical City facilities, with the understanding that these values are estimates used for planning purposes.

The replacement values for facilities were derived from a variety of sources, including insurance surveys and data from previous plans. For public facilities and critical infrastructure, the replacement value represents the cost of rebuilding the facility to the same size and functionality, using current construction prices and materials. This value provides a baseline for understanding the potential financial impact if these assets were damaged or destroyed by a hazard. Next, the HMPC reviewed each asset and assigned a percent damage for each identified hazard, considering factors such as the type of hazard, location, and vulnerability of the asset. The percent damage indicates the anticipated degree of damage that each asset could experience in the event of a hazard. These percentages were determined based on historical data and skilled judgment from City staff who had information specific to each type of hazard. Finally, the Loss Estimates were calculated by applying the assigned percent damage to the total replacement value of each asset. This provides an estimate of the financial loss expected for each facility or service in the event of a hazard, helping the City to understand potential impacts and prioritize mitigation actions.

Future Developments
Currently, there are no planned developments for future buildings within the City; however, the hazard maps and loss estimates are dynamic, and the calculations will be updated to account for future developments as the potential arises. The Asset Inventory Summary Tables and map depicting the asset locations for the City of are presented on the following pages. The following tables present the asset categories, facility names, addresses, total replacement values, percent damage, and corresponding loss estimates for each identified hazard. These estimates were used to guide mitigation action strategy development.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-11
Table 3.5: Asset Inventory Summary

TYPE NAME ADDRESS TOTAL VALUE
City Property LAKEWOOD CITY HALL
5200 CLARK

AVENUE,

LAKEWOOD,
CA 90712
$8,081,422
City Property CITY HALL POST OFFICE
5200 CLARK

AVENUE,

LAKEWOOD,
CA 90712
$4,355,000
City Property THE CENTRE
5000 CLARK

AVENUE,

LAKEWOOD
CA 90712
$14,955,913
City Property GEORGE NYE LIBRARY
6600 DEL AMO

BOULEVARD,

LAKEWOOD
CA 90712
$2,362,000
City Property MOBILE OFFICE BUILDINGS EQUESTRIAN
CENTER
11369 EAST
CARSON

STREET,

LAKEWOOD
CA 90715
$500,692
City Property WEINGART SENIOR CENTER
11369 EAST
CARSON

STREET,

LAKEWOOD
CA 90715
$4,343,400
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-12
City Property BURNS CENTER
5510 CLARK

AVENUE,

LAKEWOOD,
CA 90712
$6,694,500
City Property YOUTH CENTER
4658

WOODRUFF

AVENUE,

LAKEWOOD
CA 90713
$2,603,000
City Property MAE BOYAR PARK COMMUNITY CENTER
6701 DEL AMO

BOULEVARD,

LAKEWOOD,
CA 90712
$2,127,200
City Property PALMS PARK COMMUNITY CENTER
12305 207TH

STREET,

LAKEWOOD
CA 90715
$4,674,200
City Property MAYFAIR PARK MAIN ACTIVITY BUILDING
5720 CLARK

AVENUE,

LAKEWOOD
CA 90712
$5,712,800
City Property BISCAILUZ PARK RECREATION BUILDING
2601 DOLLAR

STREET,

LAKEWOOD
CA 90712
$1,054,090
City Property BLOOMFIELD PARK RECREATION BUILDING
21420

PIONEER

BOULEVARD,

LAKEWOOD
CA 90715
$2,762,300
City Property MONTE VERDE PARK RECREATION BUILDING 6929 NIXON STREET, $1,353,000
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-13

LAKEWOOD
CA 90713
City Property ARBOR YARD (WATER RESOURCES

MAINTENANCE/STORAGE)
5812 ARBOR
ROAD,

LAKEWOOD
CA 90713
$26,828,036
City Property NIXON YARD (PUBLIC WORKS MAINTENANCE

FACILITY)
6929 NIXON

STREET,

LAKEWOOD
CA 90713
$2,943,728
Water WELL SITES VARIOUS
LOCATIONS $8,042,692
Water PUMP STATIONS VARIOUS
LOCATIONS $1,771,605
Note: Values provided by June 2024 Assessment by Alliant Insurance Services $101,165,578 City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-14
Table 3.6: Loss of Function
LOSS OF FUNCTION / CONTINUITY PREMIUM (1 DAY)
POPULATION: 78,135
CATEGORY Value Per Person Value Per Day Continuity
Premium Total
WATER SERVICE $136 $10,626,360 - $15,115,500
Note: Population taken from 2023 census data provided on the City's website.

Note: Values Per Person were listed from FEMA's "BCA Reference Guide, June 2009" $15,115,500 City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-15
Table 3.7: Loss Estimates for Earthquake, Urban Fire, Windstorm, Flood, and Dam/Reservoir Failure

CITY OF LAKEWOOD

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT CALCULATIONS EARTHQUAKE URBAN FIRE WINDSTORM FLOOD DAM/RESERVOIR FAILURE TYPE Name Address TOTAL %
Damage
Loss
Estimate
%
Damage
Loss
Estimate
%
Damage
Loss
Estimate
%
Damage
Loss
Estimate
%
Damage
Loss
Estimate
CITY PROPERTY Lakewood City Hall
5050 Clark
Avenue,
Lakewood, CA
90712
$8,081,422 80% $6,465,138 5% $404,071 5% $404,071 20% $1,616,284 80% $6,465,138 CITY PROPERTY City Hall Post Office
5200 Clark
Avenue,
Lakewood, CA
90712
$4,355,000 100% $4,355,000 5% $217,750 5% $217,750 20% $871,000 80% $3,484,000 CITY PROPERTY The Centre
5000 Clark
Avenue, Lakewood
CA 90712
$14,955,913 85% $12,712,526 5% $747,796 5% $747,796 30% $4,486,774 90% $13,460,322 CITY PROPERTY George Nye Library
6600 Del Amo
Boulevard,
Lakewood CA
90712
$2,362,000 80% $1,889,600 5% $118,100 5% $118,100 20% $472,400 80% $1,889,600

CITY PROPERTY
Mobile Office Building
Equestrian Center
(LEC)
11369 East Carson
Street, Lakewood
CA 90715
$250,346 50% $125,173 5% $12,517 10% $25,035 10% $25,035 80% $200,277 CITY PROPERTY Weingart Senior
Center
5220 Olivia Street,
Lakewood CA
90712
$4,343,400 80% $3,474,720 20% $868,680 5% $217,170 30% $1,303,020 80% $3,474,720 CITY PROPERTY Burns Center
5510 Clark
Avenue,
Lakewood, CA
90712
$6,694,500 80% $5,355,600 5% $334,725 5% $334,725 30% $2,008,350 80% $5,355,600 CITY PROPERTY Youth Center
4658 Woodruff
Avenue, Lakewood
CA 90713
$2,603,000 60% $1,561,800 5% $130,150 5% $130,150 25% $650,750 80% $2,082,400 CITY PROPERTY Mae Boyar Park
Community Center
6701 Del Amo
Boulevard,
Lakewood, CA
90712
$2,127,200 40% $850,880 5% $106,360 5% $106,360 30% $638,160 90% $1,914,480 CITY PROPERTY Palms Park
Community Center
12305 207th
Street, Lakewood
CA 90715
$4,674,200 80% $3,739,360 5% $233,710 5% $233,710 20% $934,840 90% $4,206,780 City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-16
CITY PROPERTY Mayfair Park Main
Activity Building
5720 Clark
Avenue, Lakewood
CA 90712
$5,712,800 70% $3,998,960 5% $285,640 5% $285,640 25% $1,428,200 80% $4,570,240 CITY PROPERTY Biscailuz Park
Recreation Building
2601 Dollar Street,
Lakewood CA
90712
$1,054,090 30% $316,227 5% $52,705 5% $52,705 20% $210,818 80% $843,272 CITY PROPERTY Bloomfield Park
Recreation Building
21420 Pioneer
Boulevard,
Lakewood CA
90715
$2,762,300 40% $1,104,920 5% $138,115 5% $138,115 20% $552,460 80% $2,209,840 CITY PROPERTY Monte Verde Park
Recreation Building
6929 Nixon Street,
Lakewood CA
90713
$1,353,000 30% $405,900 15% $202,950 5% $67,650 30% $405,900 90% $1,217,700

CITY PROPERTY
Arbor Yard (Water
Resources
Maintenance/Storage)
5812 Arbor Road,
Lakewood CA
90713
$26,828,036 80% $21,462,429 5% $1,341,402 10% $2,682,804 20% $5,365,607 80% $21,462,429

CITY PROPERTY
Nixon Yard (Public
Works Maintenance
Facility)
6929 Nixon Street,
Lakewood CA
90713
$2,943,728 90% $2,649,355 15% $441,559 5% $147,186 30% $883,118 90% $2,649,355 WATER Well Sites Various Locations $8,042,692 80% $6,434,154 10% $804,269 5% $402,135 5% $402,135 80% $6,434,154 WATER Pump Stations Various Locations $1,771,605 80% $1,417,284 10% $177,161 5% $88,580 5% $88,580 80% $1,417,284 Earthquake $78,444,198 Urban
Fire $6,630,177 Windstorm $6,412,198 Flood $22,368,466 Dam/Reservoir Failure $83,537,867 City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-17
Table 3.8: Loss Estimates for Adversarial Events, Power Loss, Hazardous Materials Release, and Transportation Incident

CITY OF LAKEWOOD

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT CALCULATIONS ADVERSARIAL EVENTS POWER LOSS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RELEASE TRANSPORTATION INCIDENT TYPE Name Address TOTAL %
Damage
Loss
Estimate
%
Damage
Loss
Estimate
%
Damage
Loss
Estimate
%
Damage
Loss
Estimate
CITY PROPERTY Lakewood City Hall
5050 Clark
Avenue,
Lakewood,
CA 90712
$8,081,422 50% $4,040,711 0% $0 7% $565,700 5% $404,071 CITY PROPERTY City Hall Post Office
5200 Clark
Avenue,
Lakewood,
CA 90712
$4,355,000 50% $2,177,500 0% $0 7% $304,850 5% $217,750 CITY PROPERTY The Centre
5000 Clark
Avenue,
Lakewood CA
90712
$14,955,913 50% $7,477,957 0% $0 7% $1,046,914 5% $747,796 CITY PROPERTY George Nye Library
6600 Del
Amo
Boulevard,
Lakewood CA
90712
$2,362,000 10% $236,200 0% $0 7% $165,340 10% $236,200
CITY PROPERTY Mobile Office Building
equestrian Center (LEC)
11369 East
Carson
Street,
Lakewood CA
90715
$250,346 10% $25,035 0% $0 7% $17,524 5% $12,517
CITY PROPERTY Weingart Senior Center
5220 Olivia
Street,
Lakewood CA
90712
$4,343,400 10% $434,340 0% $0 7% $304,038 5% $217,170
CITY PROPERTY Burns Center
5510 Clark
Avenue,
Lakewood,
CA 90712
$6,694,500 10% $669,450 0% $0 7% $468,615 10% $669,450
CITY PROPERTY Youth Center
4658
Woodruff
Avenue,
Lakewood CA
90713
$2,603,000 10% $260,300 0% $0 7% $182,210 10% $260,300
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-18
CITY PROPERTY Mae Boyar Park
Community Center
6701 Del
Amo
Boulevard,
Lakewood,
CA 90712
$2,127,200 10% $212,720 0% $0 7% $148,904 10% $212,720
CITY PROPERTY Palms Park Community
Center
12305 207th
Street,
Lakewood CA
90715
$4,674,200 10% $467,420 0% $0 7% $327,194 5% $233,710
CITY PROPERTY Mayfair Park Main
Activity Building
5720 Clark
Avenue,
Lakewood CA
90712
$5,712,800 10% $571,280 0% $0 7% $399,896 10% $571,280
CITY PROPERTY Biscailuz Park
Recreation Building
2601 Dollar
Street,
Lakewood CA
90712
$1,054,090 10% $105,409 0% $0 10% $105,409 10% $105,409 CITY PROPERTY Bloomfield Park
Recreation Building
21420
Pioneer
Boulevard,
Lakewood CA
90715
$2,762,300 10% $276,230 0% $0 7% $193,361 7% $193,361
CITY PROPERTY Monte Verde Park
Recreation Building
6929 Nixon
Street,
Lakewood CA
90713
$1,353,000 10% $135,300 0% $0 7% $94,710 5% $67,650

CITY PROPERTY
Arbor Yard (Water
Resources
Maintenance/Storage)
5812 Arbor
Road,
Lakewood CA
90713
$26,828,036 35% $9,389,813 0% $0 10% $2,682,804 5% $1,341,402

CITY PROPERTY
Nixon Yard (Public
Works Maintenance
Facility)
6929 Nixon
Street,
Lakewood CA
90713
$2,943,728 35% $1,030,305 0% $0 7% $206,061 10% $294,373 WATER Well Sites Various
Locations $8,042,692 35% $2,814,942 0% $0 7% $562,988 5% $402,135 WATER Pump Stations Various
Locations $1,771,605 35% $620,062 0% $0 7% $124,012 5% $88,580 Adversarial
Events $31,070,145 Power Loss $0
Hazardous
Materials
Release
$7,918,054 Transportation
Incident $6,288,391
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-19
Table 3.9: Loss Estimates for Extreme Heat, Air Quality, Disease Outbreak, and Drought

CITY OF LAKEWOOD

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT CALCULATIONS EXTREME HEAT AIR QUALITY DISEASE OUTBREAK DROUGHT TYPE Name Address TOTAL %
Damage
Loss
Estimate
%
Damage
Loss
Estimate
%
Damage
Loss
Estimate
%
Damage
Loss
Estimate
CITY PROPERTY Lakewood City Hall 5050 Clark Avenue,
Lakewood, CA 90712 $8,081,422 1% $80,814 1% $80,814 1% $80,814 1% $80,814 CITY PROPERTY City Hall Post Office 5200 Clark Avenue,
Lakewood, CA 90712 $4,355,000 1% $43,550 1% $43,550 1% $2,178 1% $8,710 CITY PROPERTY The Centre 5000 Clark Avenue,
Lakewood CA 90712 $14,955,913 1% $149,559 1% $149,559 1% $7,478 1% $44,868 CITY PROPERTY George Nye Library 6600 Del Amo Boulevard, Lakewood CA 90712 $2,362,000 1% $23,620 1% $23,620 1% $1,181 1% $4,724 CITY PROPERTY Mobile Office Building equestrian Center
(LEC)
11369 East Carson Street,
Lakewood CA 90715 $250,346 1% $2,503 1% $2,503 1% $250 1% $250 CITY PROPERTY Weingart Senior Center 5220 Olivia Street, Lakewood CA 90712 $4,343,400 1% $43,434 1% $43,434 1% $2,172 1% $13,030 CITY PROPERTY Burns Center 5510 Clark Avenue,
Lakewood, CA 90712 $6,694,500 1% $66,945 1% $66,945 1% $3,347 1% $20,084 CITY PROPERTY Youth Center 4658 Woodruff Avenue,
Lakewood CA 90713 $2,603,000 1% $26,030 1% $26,030 1% $1,302 1% $6,508 CITY PROPERTY Mae Boyar Park Community Center 6701 Del Amo Boulevard, Lakewood, CA 90712 $2,127,200 1% $21,272 1% $21,272 1% $1,064 1% $6,382 CITY PROPERTY Palms Park Community Center 12305 207th Street, Lakewood CA 90715 $4,674,200 1% $46,742 1% $46,742 1% $2,337 1% $9,348 CITY PROPERTY Mayfair Park Main Activity Building 5720 Clark Avenue, Lakewood CA 90712 $5,712,800 1% $57,128 1% $57,128 1% $2,856 1% $14,282 CITY PROPERTY Biscailuz Park Recreation Building 2601 Dollar Street, Lakewood CA 90712 $1,054,090 1% $10,541 1% $10,541 1% $527 1% $2,108 CITY PROPERTY Bloomfield Park Recreation Building 21420 Pioneer Boulevard, Lakewood CA 90715 $2,762,300 1% $27,623 1% $27,623 1% $1,381 1% $5,525 CITY PROPERTY Monte Verde Park Recreation Building 6929 Nixon Street, Lakewood CA 90713 $1,353,000 1% $13,530 1% $13,530 1% $677 1% $4,059 City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-20
CITY PROPERTY Arbor Yard (Water Resources
Maintenance/Storage)
5812 Arbor Road,
Lakewood CA 90713 $26,828,036 1% $268,280 1% $268,280 1% $26,828 1% $53,656 CITY PROPERTY Nixon Yard (Public Works Maintenance
Facility)
6929 Nixon Street,
Lakewood CA 90713 $2,943,728 1% $29,437 1% $29,437 1% $1,472 1% $8,831 WATER Well Sites Various Locations $8,042,692 1% $80,427 1% $80,427 1% $4,021 1% $4,021 WATER Pump Stations Various Locations $1,771,605 1% $17,716 1% $17,716 1% $886 1% $886 Extreme Heat $1,011,656 Air
Quality $1,011,656 Disease Outbreak $140,895 Drought $288,336 City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 3-21
Table 3.10: Loss Estimates Summary
Note: Values are rounded to the nearest thousand

HAZARD ESTIMATED LOSSES
DAM/RESERVOIR FAILURE $83,538,000
ADVERSARIAL EVENTS $83,538,000
EARTHQUAKE $78,444,000
FLOOD $22,368,000
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RELEASE $7,918,000
URBAN FIRE $6,630,000
WINDSTORM $6,412,000
TRANSPORTATION INCIDENT $6,288,000
EXTREME HEAT $1,012,000
AIR QUALITY $1,012,000
DROUGHT $288,000
DISEASE OUTBREAK $141,000
POWER LOSS $0
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-1
c

TABLE OF CONTENTS
A.1 Earthquake Identification and Background........................................................ Earthquake-3 A.2 Earthquake Location......................................................................................... Earthquake-4 A.3 Earthquake Extent ...........................................................................................Earthquake-11 A.4 Earthquake History ......................................................................................... Earthquake-15 A.5 Earthquake Probability.................................................................................... Earthquake-21 A.6 Earthquake Vulnerability ................................................................................. Earthquake-25

LIST OF TABLES
Table A.1 San Andreas Fault Information ................................................................ Earthquake-7 Table A.2 Whittier Fault Information......................................................................... Earthquake-8 Table A.3 Newport-Inglewood Fault Information ...................................................... Earthquake-9 Table A.4 San Joaquin Fault Information................................................................. Earthquake-9 Table A.5 Palos Verdes Fault Information.............................................................. Earthquake-10 Table A.6 San Clemente Fault Information .............................................................Earthquake-11 Table A.7 Modified Mercalli Intesity Scale.............................................................. Earthquake-12 Table A.8 Table of Select Historical Earthquakes................................................... Earthquake-15 Table A.9 Mercalli intesity and Corresponding Peak Group Acceleration............... Earthquake-24 Table A.10 Earthquake Loss Estimate Table ......................................................... Earthquake-25 Appendix A
Earthquake
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-2

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure A.1. California Historic Earthquake Map....................................................... Earthquake-5 Figure A.2 Southern California Earthquake Fault Map............................................. Earthquake-6 Figure A.3 Earthquake Shaking Potential for California......................................... Earthquake-14 Figure A.4 Peak Ground Acceleration Map............................................................ Earthquake-23 City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-3
A.1 Earthquake Identification and Background
Plate tectonics is a starting point for understanding the forces within the Earth that cause earthquakes. Plates are thick slabs of rock that make up the outermost 100 kilometers of the Earth. The term "tectonics" describes the deformation of the Earth's crust, the forces producing such
deformation, and the geologic and structural
features that result. The constant motion of the
plates causes stress in the brittle upper crust of the
earth. These tectonic stresses build as the rocks are
gradually deformed. The rock deformation, or strain,
is stored in the rocks as elastic strain energy. When the strength of the rock is exceeded, rupture occurs along a fault. The rocks on opposite sides of the fault slide past each other as they spring back into a relaxed position. The strain energy is released partly as heat and partly as elastic waves called seismic waves. The passage of these seismic waves produces the ground shaking in earthquakes.

Faults are more likely to produce future earthquakes if they have rapid rates of movement, have had recent earthquakes along them, experience greater total displacements, and are aligned so that movement can relieve the accumulating tectonic stresses. Geologists classify faults by their relative hazards. “Active” faults, which represent the highest hazard, are those that have ruptured to the ground surface during the Holocene period (about the last 11,000 years). In contrast, “potentially active” faults are those that displaced layers of rock from the Quaternary period (the last 1,800,000 years). Determining if a fault is “active” or “potentially active” depends on geologic evidence, which may not be available for every fault.

Ground Failure
Fissuring, settlement, and permanent horizontal and vertical shifting of the ground often accompanies large earthquakes. Although not as pervasive or as costly as the shaking itself, these ground failures can significantly increase damage and, under certain circumstances, can be the dominant cause of damage. The following is a list of different ground failure scenarios.

Fault Rupture
The sudden sliding of one part of the earth’s crust past another releases the vast store of elastic energy in the rocks as an earthquake. The resulting fracture is known as a fault, while the sliding movement of earth on either side of a fault is called fault rupture. Fault rupture begins below the City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-4
ground surface at the earthquake hypocenter, typically between three and ten miles below the ground surface in California. If an earthquake is large enough, the fault rupture will actually travel all the way to the ground surface, severely damaging structures built across its path.

Liquifaction
In addition to the primary fault rupture that occurs right along a fault during an earthquake, the ground many miles away can also fail during the intense shaking. One common type of failure occurs when soft, water-saturated soil settles, causing the water to eject sediment particles as it works its way to the ground surface. This phenomenon, known as liquefaction, turns the soil into a fluid, causing it to lose the ability to support buildings and other structures. Areas susceptible to liquefaction include places where sandy sediments have been deposited by rivers along their course or by wave action along beaches.

Landslides
Landslides are the result of the down-slope movement of unstable hillside materials under the influence of weathering and gravity over time. Strength of rock and soil, steepness of slope, and weight of the hillside material all play an important role in the stability of hillside areas. Weathering and absorption of water can weaken slopes, while the added weight of saturated materials or overlying construction can increase the chances of slope failure. Sudden failure can be triggered by heavy rainfall, excavation of weak slopes, and earthquake shaking, among other factors.

A.2 Earthquake Location
Even if the epicenter of a major earthquake is not located directly within the City, the aftershocks associated with that earthquake can cause significant damage. The hazards associated with aftershock earthquakes are the same as mainshock earthquakes and may cause significant damage and disruption. The primary difference between mainshock and aftershock earthquakes is aftershock earthquakes are categorized by the following two guidelines. First, it must occur within one rupture length of the mainshock rupture surface, or alternatively, within an "aftershock zone" based upon early aftershock activity and defined by seismologists. Second, it must occur within that designated area before the seismicity rate in that area returns to its "background", meaning pre-mainshock, level. Figure A.1, from the California Department of Conservation, details the locations and magnitudes for historic California earthquakes since 1769.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-5
Figure A.1. California Historic Earthquake Map
Source: California Department of Conservation Map Sheet 48: Earthquake Shaking Potential for California The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) ranked earthquakes as the greatest threat to the City. According to the Department of Conservation California Geological Survey, the City is located in a seismic fault zone near the Newport-Inglewood Fault, Los Alamitos Fault, and Whittier Fault and is located in a high seismic risk zone.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-6
Figure A.2 Southern California Earthquake Fault Map
Source: California Geological Survey Fault Activity Map of California City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-7
Fault Zones
There are many faults and fault zones throughout Southern California. After reviewing maps of the United States, California and specifically the southern California area, the research resulted in earthquakes that could impact the City. Faults that were reviewed include: San Andreas, Whittier, Newport-Inglewood, San Joaquin, Palos Verdes, and San Clemente Faults. These faults, all considered active, are capable of producing earthquakes in the 4.5 – 8+ range. This report focused on the six faults that could most seriously impact the area.

1. San Andreas Fault

2. Whittier Fault

3. Newport-Inglewood Fault

4. San Joaquin Hills Thrust Fault

5. Palos Verdes Fault

6. San Clemente Fault
A major earthquake along any of these five faults could result in substantial casualties and damage resulting from collapsed buildings, damaged roads and bridges, fires, flooding, and other threats to life and property. There may still be unmapped earthquake faults throughout southern California that could also affect the City. Tables A.1 through A.6 give fault specific information from the Southern California Earthquake Data Center for local faults that could affect the City.

The San Andreas Fault
Table A.1 San Andreas Fault Information
Type of fault: Right-lateral strike-slip
Length: 1200 km
Nearby Communities: Parkfield, Frazier Park, Palmdale, Wrightwood, San Bernardino, Banning, Indio
Last Major Rupture: January 9, 1857 (Mojave segment); April 18, 1906 (Northern segment)
Slip rate: 20-35 mm/yr.

Interval Between
Major Ruptures:

Average of about 140 years on the Mojave segment; recurrence interval varies greatly from under 20 years (at Parkfield only) to over 300 years
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-8
Probable Magnitudes: 6.8-8.0
This fault marks the boundary between the North American and Pacific tectonic plates and is capable of producing earthquakes in the magnitude 8+ range. It has been scientifically determined through a carbon dating process that a major earthquake on this fault has occurred approximately every 145 years plus or minus 20 years. The last major earthquake on the Mojave segment of the Fault occurred in 1857 (159 years ago as of 2016). The San Andreas Fault is considered one of the most active faults in the world today, and a major earthquake up to an 8.3 magnitude is expected to occur again within the next 20 years. The Fault traverses the southern California region and is located east of the City. The ground shaking of an 8.3 magnitude earthquake on the Southern San Andreas Fault would result in serious damage in Southern California, including the City.

The Whittier Fault
Table A.2 Whittier Fault Information
Type of fault: Right-lateral strike-slip with some reverse slip Length: About 40 km
Nearby Communities: Yorba Linda, Hacienda Heights, Whittier, Cerritos, Downey Most Recent Surface
Rupture:

Holocene
Slip rate: 2.5- 3.0 mm/yr
Interval Between
Major Ruptures:

Unknown
Probable Magnitudes: 6.0-7.2
The Whittier Fault is a strike-slip fault located to the northeast of the City. It is part of the extensive network of faults that cross Southern California. The fault is relatively short but capable of producing moderate to large earthquakes. The most recent significant shaking occurred in 1987, with a magnitude 5.9 earthquake. Although the fault is not as active as the San Andreas Fault, it still poses a significant seismic risk to the surrounding areas, especially in the event of a larger rupture.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-9
The Newport-Inglewood Fault
Table A.3 Newport-Inglewood Fault Information
Type of fault: Right lateral; local reverse slip associated with fault steps Length: 75 km
Nearby Communities: Lakewood, Culver City, Inglewood, Gardena, Compton, Signal Hill, Long Beach, Seal Beach, Huntington Beach, Newport Beach, Costa Mesa
Last Major Rupture March 10, 1993, MW 6.4
Slip rate: 0.6 mm/yr.

Interval Between
Major Ruptures:

Unknown
Probable Magnitudes: 6.0-7.4
The Newport-Inglewood Fault is considered the second most active fault in California. It runs from the City of Inglewood through Huntington Beach and out into the Pacific Ocean near the Newport Beach area. This fault is capable of producing earthquakes in the range of 6.3 to 7.5 magnitude.

The 6.5 magnitude, 1933 Long Beach earthquake occurred on the Newport-Inglewood fault causing 120 deaths and severe damage. Unreinforced masonry buildings collapsed leaving people trapped beneath the rubble.

When scientists refer to the San Andreas Fault, they often call it “The Big One.” In 1990, the Los Angeles Times newspaper did a series of articles on the Newport-Inglewood Fault and described it as “The Bigger One.” Both faults would cause considerable damage; however, a 7.5 magnitude Newport-Inglewood earthquake have a more severe impact on the City than an 8.3 on the San Andreas due to the fault’s proximity. The cost estimates of damage are much greater for the Newport-Inglewood worst-case scenario than the San Andreas worst-case scenario.

The San Joaquin Hills Fault
Table A.4 San Joaquin Fault Information
Type of fault: Blind thrust
Length: 39 km
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-10
Nearby Communities: Huntington Beach, Costa Mesa, Newport Beach, Laguna Beach, Laguna Niguel, Dana Point
Most recent surface
rupture:

Unknown
Slip rate: Unknown
According to a California Institute of Technology (Caltech) study, the San Joaquin Hills Fault is a blind thrust fault, which will not break the earth’s surface but can cause severe damage. It is 24 miles in length from Dana Point to Huntington Beach. This thrust fault may interact with the projected Compton Thrust Fault to the west. Caltech reported that the maximum magnitude the fault could produce was up to a 7.3 earthquake, which is a large and powerful seismic event.

Caltech utilized the research on the fault conducted by Lisa Grant at UCI to complete an earthquake-shaking model showing the intensity, velocity, and acceleration.

Palos Verdes Fault
Table A.5 Palos Verdes Fault Information
Type of fault: Right reverse
Length: Roughly 80 km
Nearby Communities: San Pedro, Palos Verdes Estates, Torrance, Redondo Beach Most recent surface
rupture:

Holocene offshore; Late Quaternary onshore;
Slip rate: Between 0.1 and 3.0 mm/yr.

Interval between major
ruptures:

Unknown
Probable magnitudes: 6.0 – 7.0 (or greater); fault geometries may allow only partial rupture at any one time.

The Palos Verdes Hills Fault is capable of a 6.0-7.0 magnitude earthquake. It has two main branches and continues southward as the Palos Verdes-Coronado Bank Fault Zone. This fault is located off the coast of Huntington Beach. It starts north of Long Beach and extends south past City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-11
Newport Beach where it is projected to join the Coronado Bank Fault Zone. The issue of concern is the fault causing shaking and liquefaction within the City.

San Clemente Fault
Table A.6 San Clemente Fault Information
Type of fault: Right lateral and vertical offsets
Length: At least 210 km; essentially continuous with the San Isidoro Fault Zone, off the coast of Mexico
Nearby Communities: San Diego (70 km offshore) forms scarp on east side of San Clemente Island
Most recent surface
rupture:

Holocene
Slip rate: Roughly 1.5 mm/yr.

As with the Palos Verdes Fault, the San Clemente Fault is located offshore and could cause ground shaking within the City.

A.3 Earthquake Extent
The amount of energy released during an earthquake is usually expressed as a magnitude and is measured directly from the earthquake as recorded on seismographs. An earthquake’s magnitude is expressed in whole numbers and decimals (e.g., 6.8). Seismologists have developed several magnitude scales. One of the first was the Richter scale, developed in 1932 by Dr. Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology. The most commonly used scale today is the Moment Magnitude (Mw) Scale. Moment magnitude is related to the total area of the fault that ruptured and the amount of offset (displacement) across the fault. It is a more uniform measure of the energy released during an earthquake.

The other commonly used measure of earthquake severity is intensity. Intensity is an expression of the amount of shaking at any given location on the ground surface. In general, it decreases with distance from the source of an earthquake, but it may be increased or decreased by a number of factors.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-12
The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale & Corresponding Richter Scale Magnitudes Shaking intensity is often described using the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale which rates an earthquake’s effects based on human observation. While an earthquake has only one magnitude, it may have many intensity values which will generally decrease with distance from the epicenter.

Table A.7 lists the Mercalli Scale’s various intensity levels.

Table A.7 Modified Mercalli Intesity Scale

MERCALLI

INTENSITY DESCRIPTION

RICHTER SCALE

MAGNITUDE
I Instrumental Detected only by a seismograph
II Feeble Noticed by sensitive people 0.1 to 3.4
III Slight Like the vibrations due to a passing truck 3.5 to 4.2 IV Moderate Felt by people while walking, rocking of loose objects, including standing vehicles

4.3 to 4.8
V
Rather
Strong
Felt generally; most sleepers are awakened and
bells ring

4.3 to 4.8
VI Strong Trees sway and all suspended objects swing;
damage by over-turning and falling of loose objects

4.9 to 5.4
VII Very Strong General alarm; walls crack; plaster falls 4.9 to 5.4 VIII Destructive
Car drivers seriously disturbed; masonry fissured;
chimneys fall; poorly constructed buildings
damaged

5.5 to 6.1
IX Ruinous
Some houses collapse where ground begins to
crack, and pipes break

6.2 to 6.9
X Disastrous Ground cracks badly; many buildings destroyed, and railway lines bent; landslides on steep slopes

7.0 to 7.3
XI Very
disastrous
Few buildings remain standing; bridges destroyed;
all services (railway, pipes, and cables) out of
action; great landslides and floods

7.4 to 8.1
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-13

MERCALLI

INTENSITY DESCRIPTION

RICHTER SCALE

MAGNITUDE
XI Catastrophic Total Destruction; objects thrown into air; ground rises and falls in waves

8.1 +
As described in the Earthquake Probability, the City has roughly a .04% change of a 6.9M earthquake annually. According to Table A.6, this could resutl in severe shaking resulting in housing collapse, ground fissures, and possible damage to underground infrastructure.

Amplification of Seismic Shaking
Although seismic waves radiate from their source like ripples on a pond, the radiation is not uniform due to the complex nature of an earthquake rupture, the different paths the waves follow through the Earth, and the different rock and soil layers near the Earth’s surface. Large earthquakes begin to rupture at their hypocenter deep in the Earth and the fault ruptures outward from that point. Because the speed of an earthquake rupture on a fault is similar to the speed of seismic waves, waves closer to the epicenter can be compounded by waves from farther along the rupture, creating a pulse of very strong seismic waves that moves along the fault in the direction of the fault rupture. Seismic waves may also be modified as they travel through the Earth’s crust.

As seismic waves approach the ground surface, they commonly enter areas of loose soils where the waves travel more slowly. As the waves slow down, their amplitude increases, resulting in larger waves with frequencies that are more likely to damage structures. Waves can also be trapped within soft sediments between the ground surface and deep, hard basement rocks, their destructive energy multiplying as they bounce back and forth, producing much greater shaking at the ground surface.

Figure A.3 illustrates the relative earthquake shaking potential across Southern California, highlighting regions with elevated seismic risk. The City, marked with a yellow "X," lies within a zone of high shaking potential due to its proximity to several active fault lines.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-14
Figure A.3 Earthquake Shaking Potential for California
Source: California Geological Survey Map Sheet 48
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-15
A.4 Earthquake History
To indicate the potential for an earthquake event, Table A.8 lists significant recorded earthquakes in Southern California and the associated magnitudes (excerpted from the Southern California Earthquake Data Center at Caltech (2013):

Table A.8 Table of Select Historical Earthquakes

MAGNITUDE YEAR EARTHQUAKE NAME
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1796 LA Basin Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1800 San Diego Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1812 Wrightwood (or San Juan Capistrano) Earthquake MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1812 Santa Barbara Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1852 Volcano Lake Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1855 Los Angeles Region Earthquake
MAGNITUDE > 7.5 1857 Fort Tejon Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1858 San Bernardino Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1862 San Diego Earthquake
MAGNITUDE > 7.5 1872 Owens Valley Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1881 Parkfield Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1883 Santa Barbara Channel Earthquake MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1890 San Jacinto or Elsinore Fault Region Earthquake MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1892 San Jacinto or Elsinore Fault Region Earthquake MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1892 Laguna Salada Earthquake
MAGNITUDE > 7.5 1892 Imperial Valley Earthquake
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-16

MAGNITUDE YEAR EARTHQUAKE NAME
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1899 Cajon Pass Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1899 San Jacinto Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1901 Parkfield Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1906 Imperial Valley Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1908 Death Valley Region Earthquake MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1910 Elsinore Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1915 Imperial Valley Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1916 South of Death Valley Earthquake MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1918 San Jacinto Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1922 Parkfield Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1968 Borrego Mountain Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1970 Lytle Creek Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1971 San Fernando (Sylmar) Earthquake MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1973 Point Mugu Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1975 Galway Lake Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1978 Santa Barbara Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1979 Malibu Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1979 Imperial Valley Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1980 White Wash Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1982 "Anza Gap" Earthquake
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-17

MAGNITUDE YEAR EARTHQUAKE NAME
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1986 North Palm Springs Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1986 Oceanside Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1987 Elmore Ranch/Superstition Hills Earthquakes MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1987 Whittier Narrows Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1988 Tejon Ranch Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1988 Upland Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1988 Pasadena Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1989 Malibu Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1989 Newport Beach Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1989 Montebello Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1990 Upland Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1991 Sierra Madre Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1992 Joshua Tree Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1992 Landers Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1992 Big Bear Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1992 Mojave (Garlock) Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1993 Wheeler Ridge Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1994 Northridge Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 1995 Ridgecrest Earthquakes
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1996 Coso Earthquake
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-18

MAGNITUDE YEAR EARTHQUAKE NAME
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1997 Calico Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1998 Coso Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1998 Crafton Hills (Redlands) Earthquake MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1998 San Bernardino Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 1998 Whiskey Springs (Big Bear City) Earthquake MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 1999 Hector Mine Earthquake
UNDER MAGNITUDE 4.5 2001 West Hollywood Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2001 Anza Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 2002 Laguna Salada Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 2003 San Simeon Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2005 Mettler Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2008 Chino Hills Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2009 Inglewood Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 2009 Baja California Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 2010 Sierra El Mayor Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2010 Ocotillo Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2010 Borrego Springs Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2011 Calexico Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2012 Brawley Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2012 Westmoreland Earthquake
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-19

MAGNITUDE YEAR EARTHQUAKE NAME
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2013 Anza Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2013 Isla Vista Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2014 Brea Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2014 Running Springs Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2015 Stovepipe Wells Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2016 San Jacinto Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2016 Borrego Springs Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 4.5 - 5.4 2018 Santa Cruz Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 6.5 TO 7.4 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake
MAGNITUDE 5.5 - 6.4 2020 Lone Pine Earthquake
Southern California Historic Earthquakes
One of the best indicators of earthquake potential is learning the earthquake history of the area.

The following is a discussion on large earthquakes that affected the City, which were also included in Table E.7.
1857 Fort Tejon Earthquake
On January 9, 1857, one of the greatest recorded earthquakes in the U.S. occurred in Southern California. The Fort Tejon earthquake measured 7.9 on the Richter scale and left a surface rupture scare of over 350 kilometers (225 miles) along the San Andreas Fault. Strong shaking was said to have lasted for over a minute, and water from the Los Angeles River was reportedly thrown out of its bed. Damage was not nearly as serious as it would be today since Southern California was sparsely populated at the time. Were the Fort Tejon earthquake to occur today, the damage could easily run into billions of dollars, and the loss of life could be substantial. The present-day communities of Wrightwood and Palmdale lie upon or near the 1857 rupture area.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-20
1933 Long Beach Earthquake
In 1933, the Long Beach 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck the Los Angeles Basin on March 10. The earthquake occurred on the Newport-Inglewood Fault, causing serious damage in Long Beach and other communities. The earthquake resulted in 120 deaths and over $50 million in property damage. Most of the damaged buildings were of unreinforced masonry
construction. The following images of the damage were taken from the Southern California Earthquake Data Center
website.
1971 Sylmar Earthwuake (San Fernando)
On February 9, 1971, the Los Angeles Basin shook for over one minute. There were 65 deaths and a financial cost of over $500 million. The earthquake resulted in a crack in the Van Norman Dam where an 80-square mile area had to be evacuated due to fear the dam would break. Numerous people were trapped in buildings and fires were started from natural gas line breaks.

Two hospitals collapsed killing nine people. The Veterans Administration Hospital had seven deaths (photos left), and the Olive View Hospital had two deaths. Following this earthquake, the Alquist Hospital Seismic Act was passed establishing structural and non-structure classifications for hospital building seismic –safety levels. 1987 Whittier Narrows Earthquake
In October 1987, the Whittier Narrows Earthquake struck the Los Angeles area with a 5.9 magnitude earthquake. This earthquake occurred on a fault system not previously known for seismic activity. There were 8 deaths and 200 injuries. The earthquake damage was estimated at $358 million.
1994 Northridge Earthquake
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-21
On January 17, 1994, the Northridge Earthquake struck at a 6.7 magnitude in the Los Angeles area. There were 57 deaths and over 1,500 people were injured. The earthquake caused billions of dollars in damages and disrupted the lives of thousands of residents, schools and businesses in Southern California.

For days afterward, thousands of homes and businesses
were without electricity; tens of thousands had no gas; and nearly 50,000 had little or no water. According to NASA Ames Research Center, building officials inspected over 66,500 structures and determined 4,000 were severely
damaged and deemed uninhabitable. An additional 11,000
buildings were moderately damaged and authorized only for limited occupancy. Several collapsed bridges and overpasses created commuter havoc on the freeway system. In addition, ground shaking caused extensive damage and triggered liquefaction. This ignited dozens of fires throughout the area resulting in further damage.

However, the earthquake occurred early in the morning on a holiday. These circumstances considerably reduced the impact. Many collapsed buildings were unoccupied, and most businesses were not yet open. Still, the direct and indirect economic losses ran into the tens of billions.

State and Federal Declared Earthquake Disasters
While the City has neither had state nor federally declared earthquake disasters since the last plan update, it is important to note that other California counties have. This includes Kern and San Bernadino Counties in July of 2019. This earthquake event resulted in the state declaring a disaster for those counties. In addition, Humboldt County experienced an earthquake in December of 2022, also resulting in the governor classifying the event as a state recognized disaster. It is crucial to recognize the history of state declared earthquake disasters in other California counties due to the fact that the service area is set in an earthquake fault zone and can occur at any moment without warning.

A.5 Earthquake Probability
To asses probability of earhthquake, this report will rely on Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). PGA mapping represents peak horizontal acceleration of the ground on firm-rock conditions. The City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-22
approach of representing peak horizontal ground acceleration on firm-rock is a common and widely used method of showing ground accelerations. The development of probabilistic acceleration maps is a result of three types of basic input parameters:
1) Attenuation of ground shaking with distance from the earthquake source. 2) Frequency of earthquakes within an area or region, termed recurrence; and 3) The character and extent of regions and faults that generate earthquakes.

Figure A.4 shows a multi-colored Probabilistic Seismic Hazards Map showing the expected relative intensity of ground shaking in California from anticipated future earthquakes. The shaking potential depicted is the Peak Ground Acceleration with a 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years, which is the same as the level of ground-shaking with about a 2500-year average repeat time. The City is marked with an “X” and is located within a region where expected PGA values range from approximately 0.6g to 0.75g, indicating a high potential for strong ground shaking during a major seismic event.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-23
Figure A.4 Peak Ground Acceleration Map
Source: GIS.Conservation.Ca.Gov Peak Ground Acceleration Map City of Lakewood
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-24
According to Table A.9 below (provided by the United States Geographic Survey), this PGA Value is typically associated with a 6.9 magnitude earthquake. Thus, there is a 0.04% annual possibility of a 6.9 magnitude earthquake affecting the City.

Table A.9 Mercalli intesity and Corresponding Peak Group Acceleration

MERCALLI

INTESITY

RICHTER

INTESITY

ACCELERATION
(%G)

VELOCITY
(CM/S)

PERCIEVED

SHAKING

POTENTIAL
DAMAGE

3.5 < 0.17 < 0.1 Not Felt None

4.2 – 4.3 0.17 - 1.4 0.1 - 1.1 Weak None

4.8 1.40 – 3.9 1.1 - 3.4 Light None

4.9 – 5.4 3.9 - 9.2 3.4 - 8.1 Moderate Very light

5.5 – 6.0 9.2 - 18 8.1 - 16 Strong Light

6.1 18 - 34 16 - 31 Very Strong Moderate

6.2 34 - 65
31 - 60 Severe
Moderate to
Heavy

6.9 65 - 124 60 - 116 Violent Heavy
.7.0 > 124 > 116 Extreme Very Heavy
The City has been impacted by earthquakes numerous times over the years. Typical of many locations in Southern California, seismic building standards have prevented these earthquakes from causing any severe damage within the City. However, as noted above, the potential for a large-scale earthquake is possible. Based on data the proximity of identifies fault lines and the information demonstrated in the PGA maps, it is clear the whole community are at risk to the impacts of an earthquake event. Given the frequency, and likelihood, of earthquake occurrences in the area coupled with the possibility for a large-scale scenario, the City has ranked earthquakes as one of the hazards with highest vulnerability for the City. It should be noted that the HMPC City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-25
determined that the impacts climate change would not have any effect on the probability of earthquake scenarios.

A.6 Earthquake Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
A major earthquake in the region could result in widespread structural damage to key City-owned facilities, severely impacting government operations, public safety services, and the City’s ability to provide shelter, resources, and support during a disaster. Based on loss estimates detailed in Chapter 3, structural damage across City facilities could exceed $78 million in a worst case scenario. The Centre, one of the City’s most prominent civic buildings, could potentially experience over $12.7 million in damage. City Hall, which serves as the administrative and emergency coordination center, could sustain losses of approximately $6.5 million. Arbor Yard, the City’s primary public works and maintenance facility, has the highest single-site loss estimate at over $21.4 million. Additional facilities, including Nixon Yard, the Weingart Senior Center, George Nye Library, Burns Community Center, and several community centers and park buildings, could experience varying degrees of structural damage ranging from 30 to 90 percent, depending on age, design, and usage.

To reduce this vulnerability, the City has developed and prioritized targeted mitigation strategies.

Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.01 calls for incorporating structural seismic strengthening into new and ongoing City structures and assets to ensure they remain operational following an earthquake. This approach proactively reduces structural failure and limits service disruptions at key facilities. Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.02 supports implementing seismic studies to identify structurally vulnerable locations across critical City infrastructure and follow up with the necessary retrofits and reinforcements. These evaluations will provide insights that guide cost-effective and risk-based improvements.

Table A.10 Earthquake Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME REPLACEMENT
VALUE % DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Lakewood City Hall $8,081,422 80% $6,465,138
City Hall Post Office $4,355,000 100% $4,355,000
The Centre $14,955,913 85% $12,712,526
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-26

ASSET NAME REPLACEMENT
VALUE % DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
George Nye Library $2,362,000 80% $1,8899,600
Mobile Office Building
Equestrian Center (LEC)
$500,692 50% $250,346
Weingart Senior Center $4,343,400 80% $3,474,720
Burns Center $6,694,500 80% $5,355,600
Youth Center $2,603,000 60% $1,561,800
Mae Boyar Park
Community Center $2,127,200 40% $850,880
Palms Park Community
Center $4,674,200 80% $3,739,360
Mayfair Park Main Activity
Building
$5,712,800 70% $3,998,960
Biscailuz Park Recreation
Building
$1,054,090 30% $316,227
Bloomfield Park Recreation
Building
$2,762,300 40% $1,104,920
Monte Verde Park
Recreation Building
$1,353,000 30% $405,900
Arbor Yard $26,828,036 80% $21,462,429
Nixon Yard $2,943,728 90% $2,649,355
Well Sites $8,042,692 80% $6,434,154
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-27

ASSET NAME REPLACEMENT
VALUE % DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Pump Stations $1,771,605 80% $1,4177,284
Note: Values provided by June 2024 Assessment by Alliant Insurance Services and are for planning purposes only.

Vulnerability to People
A significant earthquake poses a sizable risk to the safety and well-being of the people living and working in the City. The population is vulnerable not only to the physical dangers of ground shaking, such as falling debris, structural collapse, and utility disruptions, but also to the cascading effects that follow, including fire, injury, displacement, and lack of access to critical resources.

Residents living in older, unreinforced structures or multi-unit buildings may face increased risk of injury or entrapment, especially if these buildings are not retrofitted to current seismic standards.

Vulnerable populations such as seniors, individuals with disabilities, and low-income residents may have limited mobility, fewer resources to prepare or evacuate, and a greater reliance on City services. Facilities such as the Weingart Senior Center, which cater to older adults, could face interruptions in service or structural damage that jeopardize the safety of individuals who depend on them.

A significant earthquake also threatens the City’s ability to maintain essential services and coordinate emergency response efforts. Disruption to power, water, and transportation infrastructure could isolate parts of the community, delay response times, and strain first responders. Schools, childcare centers, and public assembly areas may be affected, placing children and families at heightened risk during and after the event.

To reduce vulnerability, the City has developed several mitigation actions to protect its population during and after a major seismic event. Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.01 calls for the incorporation of structural seismic strengthening into new and ongoing City structures and assets to ensure that facilities remain operational during and after an earthquake. This will help safeguard people who depend on these facilities for shelter, services, or emergency response coordination. Additionally, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.02 supports the implementation of seismic studies to determine vulnerable locations throughout critical City facilities and implement structural improvements accordingly, reducing the likelihood of injury or building failure in places where people gather.

Finally, recognizing that preparedness at the individual level is just as important, Mitigation Action City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Earthquake-28
2025.HMP.03 is designed to increase public education efforts regarding earthquake preparedness by expanding existing online outreach through social media, newsletters, and website updates.

Additionally, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.25 was developed to ensure that emergency preparedness and mental health resources be made available in multiple languages on City platforms, enabling all residents, regardless of language spoken, to understand critical information before and after a seismic event. Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.26 addresses the unique needs of elderly residents by identifying care facilities that may need evacuation support and developing housing and shelter contingency plans for impacted individuals. Furthermore, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.27 prioritizes the reevaluation and updating of evacuation routes to ensure they remain accessible, functional, and safe for all community members and promotes widespread distribution of these updated routes through City communication channels.

Together, these mitigation actions help reduce the overall vulnerability of people in the City by enhancing both the structural safety of the environment and the readiness of the community.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Air Quality- 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
B.1 Air Quality Identification and Background............................................................Air Quality-2 B.2 Air Quality Location.............................................................................................Air Quality-2 B.3 Air Quality Extent ................................................................................................Air Quality-3 B.4 Air Quality History ...............................................................................................Air Quality-5 B.5 Air Quality Probability..........................................................................................Air Quality-7 B.6 Air Quality Vulnerability .......................................................................................Air Quality-7

LIST OF TABLES
Table B.1: Air Quality Index Basics for Ozone and Particle Pollution .........................Air Quality-4 Table B.2: Air Quality Index Reports for Los Angeles County ....................................Air Quality-6 Table B.3: Air Quality Loss Estimate Table ................................................................Air Quality-8 Appendix B
Air Quality
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Air Quality- 2
B.1 Air Quality Identification and Background
Air quality refers to the condition of the air within a given area and its suitability for both people and the environment. Poor air quality is primarily driven by external factors such as smoke from regional wildfires, vehicular emissions, industrial activities, and, to a lesser extent, ash from distant volcanic activity.

As noted by the California Air Resources Board, wildfire smoke consists of a complex mixture of gases and fine particulate matter. Many studies focus on PM2.5, which stands for particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometer or smaller which has the ability to penetrate deep into the lungs and, potentially, the blood steam. Smoke containing PM2.5 as the ability to infiltrate homes, schools, and public buildings, and can remain suspended in the atmosphere for days or even weeks. Exposure to PM2.5 has been associated with significant adverse health effects, including respiratory distress, cardiovascular problems, and aggravated asthma, especially among vulnerable populations. Additionally, poor air quality may exacerbate existing public health inequities, as individuals with limited access to healthcare may experience more severe outcomes.

Air quality is monitored through standardized metrics such as the Air Quality Index (AQI), which measures pollutants. As explained by the South Coast Air Quality Management District, AQI is calculated based on common air pollutants, including
particulate matter (PM2.5 and larger), ozone, carbon
monoxide, and nitrogen dioxide. The AQI provides an
accessible measure for public understanding, with
higher values indicating worse air quality. In Southern California, wildfire smoke events, including events
such as the Greater Los Angeles fire, can cause AQI
readings to rise from moderate levels (50–100) to
unhealthy levels (151–200 or more) during significant
fire seasons, as detailed by AirNow.gov.

B.2 Air Quality Location
Air quality degradation events related to wildfire smoke and other airborne pollutants impact the entire geographic area of the City. Due to the City’s relatively small size, flat terrain, and predominantly urban development pattern, the distribution of air quality impacts is considered citywide.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Air Quality- 3
While degraded air quality can affect the entire city, its impacts are not felt equally across all neighborhoods. Areas adjacent to major traffic corridors, particularly those along Lakewood Boulevard and near the I-605 Freeway, may experience more frequent or severe air quality issues due to elevated levels of vehicle emissions and cumulative pollution exposure. These areas face compounded risks during regional air quality events such as wildfire smoke, potentially resulting in greater health burdens for nearby residents.

The severity of air quality impacts is further influenced by the socioeconomic and demographic makeup of
neighborhoods. Populations that include higher
proportions of children, elderly residents, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions are more vulnerable to respiratory and cardiovascular effects. Key sensitive
facilities in the City include the Weingart Senior Center, which serves elderly residents, and elementary and middle schools where children may be exposed during recess or
outdoor activities. Outdoor community spaces are heavily used by families and children and may require temporary closures or restricted use during air quality emergencies. Similarly, City operations with outdoor components, including maintenance activities at Arbor Yard and Nixon Yard, may face disruptions due to prolonged exposure risks for workers.

In summary, while air quality hazards are geographically widespread across the City, special consideration should be given to neighborhoods located near major highways and thoroughfares, as well as to vulnerable populations who may suffer disproportionately during periods of degraded air quality.

B.3 Air Quality Extent
The extent of air quality hazards is measured primarily through the AQI, a standardized system developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that categorizes air pollution levels and associated health risks. The AQI is a number that ranges from 0 to 500 that indicates how clean or polluted the air is, what associated health effects might be of concern to diverse individuals within a population and recommend precautions at each level. The AQI focuses on health effects individuals may experience within a few hours or days after breathing polluted air.

The higher the AQI values, the greater the level of air pollution and the greater the health concern.

Key AQI categories are detailed in Table B.1.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Air Quality- 4
Table B.1: Air Quality Index Basics for Ozone and Particle Pollution

DAILY AQI
COLOR

LEVELS OF

CONCERN
VALUES

OF INDEX

DESCRIPTION OF AIR QUALITY
BLUE Good 0 to 50 Air quality is satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk.

GREEN Moderate 51 to 100 Air quality is acceptable. However, there may be a risk for some people, particularly those
who are unusually sensitive to air pollution.

ORANGE
Unhealthy for
Sensitive
Groups
101 to 150 Members of sensitive groups may experience
health effects. The general public is less likely
to be affected.

RED Unhealthy 151 to 200
Some members of the general public may
experience health effects; members of
sensitive groups may experience more
serious health effects.

PURPLE Very Unhealthy 201 to 300 Health alert: The risk of health effects is increased for everyone.

MAROON Hazardous
301 and
Higher
Health warning of emergency conditions:
everyone is more likely to be affected.

Source: AQI Basics | AirNow.gov
Poor air quality may result in smoky skies, reduced visibility, the smell of smoke at ground level, and occasional ashfall during major nearby fires. Impacts vary depending on the duration and intensity of the event. Short-term spikes in pollution may cause acute respiratory symptoms, while prolonged exposure can lead to increased hospital admissions, missed work or school days, and restrictions on outdoor recreational and City services. While the City’s structures are not physically damaged by poor air quality events, City operations that depend on outdoor activities, such as parks, maintenance, and recreation programming, may be temporarily suspended to protect public health.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Air Quality- 5
B.4 Air Quality History
Air quality degradation in the City has been significantly influenced by regional wildfire events, particularly those occurring in Los Angeles County and surrounding areas.

During significant wildfire events, AQI levels in the region have historically reached readings in the "Unhealthy"
(151–200) to "Very Unhealthy" (201–300) range. In
January 2025, a series of devastating wildfires, including the Palisades, Eaton, and Hurst Fires, led to severely
degraded air quality across Southern California. These
fires destroyed over 12,000 structures, resulted in at least 16 fatalities, and prompted evacuation orders affecting more than 150,000 residents. The smoke from these fires caused hazardous air quality levels, with advisories issued for Los Angeles County and neighboring regions. In response to these events, both state and federal disaster declarations were issued. On January 7, 2025, California Governor Gavin Newsom proclaimed a state of emergency for Los Angeles and Ventura Counties. Subsequently, on January 8, 2025, President Joseph R. Biden, Jr. approved a Major Disaster Declaration for California (DR-4856-CA), enabling federal assistance for recovery efforts related to the wildfires and associated impacts, including air quality degradation.

Table B.2 shows AQI data collected by EPA over the last planning period. The table outlines the number of days per year that fall into various AQI categories, from “Good” to “Very Unhealthy,” based on concentrations of major pollutants such as ozone and particulate matter. The last three columns (AQI Max, AQI 90th Percentile, and AQI Median) provide insight into both peak and typical daily air quality levels. AQI Max represents the single worst daily AQI reading recorded in that year. The 90th Percentile AQI indicates that 90% of the days had AQI values at or below this number, showing how frequently high pollution events occurred. The AQI Median reflects the midpoint AQI value for the year, giving a general sense of overall conditions.

Over the past several years, the data indicates a trend toward poorer air quality. Notably, the number of “Good” air quality days has decreased since 2023, while “Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups” and “Unhealthy” days have increased. The AQI Max and 90th Percentile AQI values remain consistently high, with 2024 recording one of the highest 90th percentile values (164) and a spike in the number of “Very Unhealthy” days (9). These patterns suggest that while extremely hazardous days remain rare, the frequency and intensity of poor air quality days have worsened, posing increased health risks, particularly for vulnerable populations.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Air Quality- 6
Table B.2: Air Quality Index Reports for Los Angeles County YEAR
#DAYS
GOOD
#DAYS

MODERATE
#DAYS UNHEALTHY/

SENSITIVE GROUPS
#DAYS

UNHEALTHY
#DAYS VERY

UNHEALTHY
#DAYS

HAZARDOUS
AQI
MAX
AQI 90TH

PERCENTILE
AQI
MEDIAN
2024 38 195 78 46 9 0 230 164 80
2023 41 237 52 32 3 0 210 147 67
2022 17 254 65 28 1 0 209 140 74
2021 9 259 70 26 1 0 281 143 79
2020 35 194 77 43 17 0 250 166 85
2019 34 245 57 28 1 0 201 136 72
Source: Air Quality Index Report | US EPA
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Air Quality- 7
B.5 Air Quality Probability
Poor air quality events in the City are considered highly probable and are expected to occur multiple times per year. Although the City is not located in a high wildfire risk area itself, it is routinely affected by regional wildfire smoke, particularly during Southern California’s fire season which generally occurs bewteen July and September each year. Based on historical patterns and regional air quality data, it is reasonable to expect that the City will continue to experience poor air quality days annually.

In addition to wildfire smoke, vehicular emissions, industrial activities in the greater Los Angeles basin, and climate-driven factors such as higher temperatures and atmospheric conditions contribute to ongoing air quality concerns throughout the year. T the he City’s to Long Beach Airport also presents an additional source of localized air pollution, particularly for neighborhoods situated along Lakewood Boulevard and near the I-605 Freeway. Aircraft emissions, combined with traffic-related pollutants, can lead to elevated concentrations of particulate matter and ozone in these areas, increasing the overall exposure risk for nearby residents. While short-term wildfire smoke episodes cause dramatic spikes in air pollution, long-term air quality challenges related to ozone and particulate matter are also continuing risks.

Given the increasing frequency and intensity of wildfires in California, exacerbated by prolonged drought conditions and brush accumulation in open areas around Los Angeles County, as well as the increasing impact of ongoing emissions from transportation and aviation sources, the probability of experiencing significant air quality events is likely to increase over the next several decades.

B.6 Air Quality Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
Air quality hazards, such as wildfire smoke and elevated particulate pollution, do not typically cause direct physical damage to structures in the City. Buildings, facilities, and infrastructure are not structurally harmed by poor air quality events. Instead, impacts are largely indirect, such as temporary closures of City facilities or disruptions to outdoor City services.

Based on the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee’s analysis, the damage potential to City structures from air quality events was ranked as low. Loss estimates calculations, detailed in Chapter 3, indicate that across major City-owned facilities, the expected damage from air quality- City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Air Quality- 8
related events is minimal. For example, structures such as City Hall, The Centre, and various community and senior centers were all estimated to experience only approximately 1% potential damage under severe air quality scenarios, resulting primarily from costs associated with HVAC strain or short-term operational interruption. Given this low level of structural vulnerability, mitigation efforts related to air quality focus primarily on protecting people rather than strengthening physical assets.

Table B.3: Air Quality Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME REPLACEMENT
VALUE % DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Lakewood City Hall $8,081,422 1% $80,814
The Centre $14,955,913 1% $149,559
Weingart Senior Center $4,343,400 1% $43,434
Arbor Yard $26,828,036 1% $268,280
Nixon Yard $2,9437,28 1% $29,437
Note: Values provided by June 2024 Assessment by Alliant Insurance Services are for planning purposes only.

Vulnerability to People
Air quality hazards pose a significant vulnerability to residents of the City, particularly sensitive populations such as young children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular conditions. According to the U.S. Census Bureau Data, approximately 20% of the City’s population falls into the young or elderly age groups, which are most susceptible to the health effects of degraded air quality, including asthma attacks, respiratory distress, cardiovascular events, and other complications. Additionally, an estimated 5.6% of residents are uninsured, which may limit their access to timely medical care, preventative treatments, or necessary medications during hazardous air quality events. This lack of access increases the risk of serious health outcomes, especially during prolonged exposure to wildfire smoke or elevated regional particulate levels. During such periods, vulnerable groups may experience severe health impacts.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Air Quality- 9
Recognizing these risks, the City has prioritized public education and outreach to help safeguard its residents. While the City cannot directly control regional air quality, given that pollution sources such as wildfires, freeway traffic, and emissions from neighboring jurisdictions and Long Beach Airport are largely outside of its authority, it can take meaningful steps to reduce the health impacts on its community. Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.04 calls for the City to improve public outreach through multiple platforms regarding air quality, with a focus on protecting vulnerable populations such as the elderly and very young. This action includes providing clear health guidance during poor air quality events, such as advising residents to stay indoors, use air filtration where possible, and reduce outdoor exertion during air quality alerts. By proactively expanding communication efforts and tailoring health protection strategies to those most at risk, the City aims to significantly reduce the health consequences associated with future hazardous air quality events.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Disease Outbreak-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
C.1 Disease Outbreak Identification and Background ................................... Disease Outbreak-2 C.2 Disease Outbreak Location ....................................................................Disease Outbreak-3 C.3 Disease Outbreak Extent........................................................................Disease Outbreak-3 C.4 Disease Outbreak History.......................................................................Disease Outbreak-4 C.5 Disease Outbreak Probability .................................................................Disease Outbreak-5 C.6 Disease Outbreak Vulnerability...............................................................Disease Outbreak-5

LIST OF TABLES
Table C.1: Disease Outbreak Loss Estimate Table........................................ Disease Outbreak-6 Appendix C
Disease Outbreak
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Disease Outbreak-2 C.1 Disease Outbreak Identification and
Background
A disease outbreak is the occurrence of more cases of
a particular illness than normally expected within a
defined population and time period. These outbreaks
can be caused by various infectious agents, including
viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Transmission routes
vary widely and may include direct person-to-person
contact, airborne spread, contaminated food or water,
or exposure to vectors such as mosquitoes or ticks.

Disease outbreaks can range in severity and scale, from small, localized events to widespread epidemics or pandemics, and may affect both human and animal populations. The onset of an outbreak can be sudden or gradual, depending on the pathogen, how it spreads, and how quickly it is detected.

Identifying a disease outbreak typically involves monitoring data from hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and public health surveillance systems. Health authorities use established case definitions and epidemiological tools to detect unusual increases in illness reports, analyze trends, and confirm outbreaks through diagnostic testing. Once an outbreak is identified, public health agencies coordinate a response, which may include containment measures such as isolation or quarantine, vaccination campaigns, medical treatment, vector control, and public education efforts.

The impacts of disease outbreak can be widespread and deeply disruptive. When an outbreak occurs, local health departments work closely with state and federal agencies to investigate the source, contain the spread, and protect public health. Depending on the nature and severity of the disease, response actions may include issuing public health advisories, closing schools or public facilities, activating emergency operations centers, and coordinating healthcare resources.

Healthcare systems may become strained due to increased patient volume, and essential services may be interrupted as workers fall ill or are required to isolate. Additionally, public fear and misinformation can also complicate response efforts, making clear and timely communication a critical part of managing the outbreak. In severe cases, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic, City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Disease Outbreak-3 communities may experience prolonged disruptions to daily life, economic hardship, and longterm social and mental health effects.

C.2 Disease Outbreak Location
Disease outbreaks have the potential to impact the entire City. Unlike localized hazards, infectious diseases can spread quickly through person-to-person contact, affecting residents, visitors, and workers across all neighborhoods. Public spaces, workplaces, schools, and homes all become interconnected transmission points during a major outbreak. Given the City’s strong regional ties, such as shared shopping areas, recreational spaces, and transportation corridors, outbreaks in adjacent communities can rapidly influence conditions within the city. As a result, response efforts must be coordinated not only at the City level but also with neighboring jurisdictions and countywide public health agencies to help slow the spread of disease and protect public health.

Because disease transmission is not tied to specific physical features or infrastructure, the entire community must be considered vulnerable during a major outbreak.

C.3 Disease Outbreak Extent
The extent of a disease outbreak can vary widely
depending on the type of disease, its transmission
method, and the public health response. Some
outbreaks may result in a limited number of cases over
a short duration, while others, such as the COVID-19
pandemic, can lead to widespread illness lasting months or even years. Outbreak severity is typically measured
by factors such as infection rates, hospitalization rates, and mortality rates. Diseases like COVID-19 can have
high transmission rates and impact multiple sectors,
including healthcare, education, business, and government services. Other diseases, such as the West Nile Virus, may affect smaller segments of the population but can still cause serious health consequences, particularly among vulnerable groups like the elderly. Transmitted by mosquitoes, West Nile Virus is a recurring concern in Southern California, where seasonal conditions can support mosquito breeding. Local outbreaks may prompt mosquito control measures, public health advisories, and targeted outreach to reduce exposure risk. Future disease outbreaks could City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Disease Outbreak-4 range from localized health concerns to widespread regional emergencies, depending on the nature of the disease and the effectiveness of early containment measures.

C.4 Disease Outbreak History
Disease outbreaks have had significant impacts worldwide. While major biological outbreaks causing catastrophic loss of life have become less common in recent decades, outbreaks of infectious diseases continue to pose serious risks to public health.

Influenza outbreaks occur seasonally each year, but certain strains have raised heightened concerns. For example, in 2006, public health officials warned of the threat posed by the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus spreading across Eastern Asia and other countries. The H5N1 virus was particularly alarming due to its virulence, transmission through migratory birds, ability to cross from birds to humans in some cases, and its continual evolution-factors that highlighted the potential for a human pandemic.

In 2012, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) emerged as another global health concern.

MERS, caused by a virus, spreads through close contact with infected individuals’ respiratory secretions. Although the U.S. experienced only two confirmed cases among healthcare workers returning from Saudi Arabia, agencies like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) monitored the situation closely to mitigate risks to the general public.

Ebola virus disease also raised alarm globally in 2014. Though rare in the U.S., there were four confirmed domestic cases, two involving healthcare workers who treated infected patients. The CDC and medical professionals worked quickly to contain the threat and maintain a low risk of community spread.

Additionally, the 2015 California measles outbreak originated at Disneyland in Anaheim, California. By February of that year, 125 measles cases were linked to the theme park, affecting several states as well as Canada and Mexico. Given Lakewood’s proximity to Orange County and the regional interconnectedness of Southern California, the event highlighted how quickly infectious diseases can impact the local population.

The COVID-19 pandemic beginning in late 2019 marked the most profound recent health crisis.

The World Health Organization (WHO) first identified the coronavirus as a pneumonia-like illness in Wuhan, China. By January 2020, the virus had reached the United States. COVID-19 proved particularly disruptive because of its high transmissibility, severe health impacts, and long-lasting City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Disease Outbreak-5 societal effects. Communities throughout Los Angeles County, experienced widespread disruptions to daily life, public services, and economic activities.

In addition to COVID-19, West Nile Virus remains an
ongoing concern in Southern California. West Nile Virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and poses a greater threat to seniors and those with compromised immune systems.

Although it typically results in fewer fatalities, its presence serves as a reminder that infectious diseases can
continue to emerge in both small and large-scale
outbreaks.

Despite these events, there have been no state or federal disaster declarations specifically for disease outbreaks impacting the City as of this plan update.

C.5 Disease Outbreak Probability
Given past trends and ongoing global travel and trade patterns, the probability of future disease outbreaks impacting the City is considered moderate. While widespread pandemics like COVID19 may not occur every year, more localized outbreaks of diseases such as seasonal influenza, West Nile Virus, and other emerging illnesses are expected to continue to pose threats on an annual or semi-regular basis. Public health agencies, including the CDC and the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, regularly monitor disease trends and issue advisories, highlighting the ongoing nature of this hazard. Given these conditions, disease outbreaks are anticipated to occur periodically, though the severity, scale, and specific pathogens involved may vary from year to year.

C.6 Disease Outbreak Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
Disease outbreaks primarily impact human populations and public health systems, not physical structures. As a result, the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee ranked the vulnerability of structures to disease outbreaks as low, as detailed in Chapter 3. Buildings themselves are not physically damaged during a disease event. However, facilities that serve vulnerable population, such as senior centers, community centers, and emergency shelters, may experience operational disruptions if outbreaks affect staffing levels or require temporary closures for cleaning, City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Disease Outbreak-6 quarantine, or infection control measures. While direct structural loss is unlikely, maintaining the functionality of critical public facilities remains important during a health emergency.

Table C.1: Disease Outbreak Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME

REPLACEMENT
VALUE
% DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Lakewood City Hall $8,081,422 1% $80,814
The Centre $14,955,913 1% $149,559
Weingart Senior Center $4,343,400 1% $43,434
Arbor Yard $26,828,036 1% $268,280
Nixon Yard $2,9437,28 1% $29,437
Note: Values provided by June 2024 Assessment by Alliant Insurance Services Vulnerability to People
Disease outbreaks pose a threat to public health and safety in the City. Residents, particularly vulnerable populations such as seniors, individuals with preexisting health conditions, young children, and those without easy access to healthcare, face the greatest risk during an outbreak.

Infectious diseases can spread rapidly across the community, causing serious illness, straining healthcare resources, and disrupting everyday life. Outbreaks can also exacerbate existing health disparities. Individuals without health insurance may delay seeking care, leading to more severe health outcomes and increased transmission risk. Additionally, outbreaks can strain healthcare systems, leading to shortages of medical supplies, hospital beds, and healthcare personnel. This strain can impede the ability to provide adequate care not only for those affected by the outbreak but also for patients with other medical needs. Beyond the immediate health impacts, disease outbreaks can disrupt daily life by necessitating school closures, canceling public events, and affecting local businesses. Such disruptions can have economic consequences and affect the mental well-being of residents.

To address this vulnerability, the City has identified specific mitigation actions aimed at improving community resilience during disease outbreaks. Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.05 supports public City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Disease Outbreak-7 health efforts by committing to the timely distribution of health protection guidance materials provided by public health agencies across multiple City communication platforms. This ensures that residents receive accurate and up-to-date information to protect themselves and their families. Additionally, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.06 focuses on increasing outreach and training for the City's preselected Medical Points of Distribution (MPOD) sites. Regularly training City staff and volunteers strengthens the City’s capacity to distribute critical medications, vaccines, and supplies quickly and effectively during health emergencies, helping to limit disease spread and protect the community.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Urban Fire-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
D.1 Urban Fire Identification and Background...........................................................Urban Fire-2 D.2 Urban Fire Location............................................................................................Urban Fire-3 D.3 Urban Fire Extent ...............................................................................................Urban Fire-4 D.4 Urban Fire History ..............................................................................................Urban Fire-5 D.5 Urban Fire Probability.........................................................................................Urban Fire-7 D.6 Urban Fire Vulnerability ......................................................................................Urban Fire-7

LIST OF TABLES
Table D.1: Urban Fire Loss Estimate Table ...............................................................Urban Fire-8 Appendix D
Urban Fire
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Urban Fire-2
D.1 Urban Fire Identification and Background
Fire is a rapid oxidation process that can lead to uncontrolled burning, exposing and possibly consuming structures. Fires often spread quickly and are usually signaled by dense smoke that may fill the area for miles around. Fires can be human caused through acts such as arson or can be caused by natural events such as lightning. Fires are typically classified according to the following categories:
• Urban fires are primarily those associated
with structures and the activities in and
around them.
• Wildland fires occur in forests or other
generally uninhabited areas and are fueled
primarily by natural vegetation.
• Urban Interface fires occur where
development and forest interface, with both
vegetation and structures providing fuel, and
are sometimes referred to as urban-wildland
interface fires.

The following factors contribute significantly to aforementioned fire behavior. • Slope/Topography: As slope increases the rate of fire spread increases. In the northern hemisphere, south facing slopes are also subject to greater solar radiation, making them drier and thereby intensifying fire behavior.
• Fuel: Weight and volume are the two methods of classifying fuel, with volume also referred to as fuel loading. Each fuel is assigned a burn index (the estimated amount of potential energy released during a fire), an estimate of the effort required to contain a fire, and an expected flame length.
• Weather: Variations in weather conditions have a significant effect on the occurrence and behavior of fires.

Firestorms that occur during extreme weather (e.g., high temperatures, low humidity, and high winds) have high intensity, which makes fire suppression virtually impossible. These events City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Urban Fire-3
typically burn until the conditions change, or the fuel is exhausted. Even small fires can threaten lives and resources and destroy properties. It is also important to note that, in addition to affecting people, fires may severely affect livestock and pets. Such events may require the emergency watering/feeding, shelter, evacuation, and even burying of animals.

Fire Secondary Events
The aftermath of a fire can be as disastrous, if not more so, than the fire. A particularly destructive fire burns away plants and trees that prevent erosion. If heavy rains occur after such a fire, landslides, ash flows, and flash floods can occur. This can result in property damage outside the immediate fire area, and can affect the water quality of streams, rivers, and lakes.

Fire as a Secondary Event
In addition to typical ignition sources for fires, earthquakes and floods have the potential to rupture buried gas lines, and high winds or accidents could cause overhead electric lines to break, creating ignition sources for fires. Catastrophic earthquakes could cause widespread urban fires, as multiple gas and electrical lines could be broken or disrupted.

D.2 Urban Fire Location
The hazard of urban fire affects the entire City, as the City’s dense built environment increases the vulnerability to fire incidents. Due to the residential, commercial, and public spaces within the city, urban fires can spread quickly across neighborhoods and may involve multiple buildings simultaneously. The City is largely characterized by developed urban spaces, with limited areas of open land. As such, the city’s infrastructure, including public buildings, residential areas, commercial areas, and parks, are all at risk from urban fires. These areas are concentrated and connected by major roads, which could potentially serve as fire corridors in the event of large scale fire outbreaks.

Areas closer to the Paramount Petroleum facility, which is not within the city boundaries, pose a substantial risk. The facility’s proximity to the City means that any significant fire event at the facility could impact surrounding neighborhoods and critical infrastructure, potentially leading to widespread damage and evacuation needs. Specific locations, including Monte Verde Park Recreation Building, Nixon Yard, Arbor Yard, Well Sites and Pump Stations, are at higher risk based on their exposure, infrastructure, and current loss estimates, as detailed in Chapter 3.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Urban Fire-4
Another vulnerability lies in residential neighborhoods with limited access, such as cul-de-sacs or communities with only one way in and out. These configurations can create dangerous bottlenecks during evacuation or emergency response, particularly if streets become obstructed or impassable due to fire, debris, or damaged infrastructure. In a fast moving urban fire, these access limitations can delay emergency services and increase the risk to residents.

D.3 Urban Fire Extent
Urban fires can have a range of impacts, depending on factors such as weather conditions, the availability of fire suppression resources, and the size of the fire. If high winds are present, they could drive the fire through multiple structures in a very short amount of time. Given the city’s dense development and limited open space, the spread of fire could be worsened by the close proximity of buildings and other combustible materials. Development in urban areas often features buildings which are situated closely together, increasing the potential for fire to spread quickly from one structure to another.

Fires in densely populated urban environments can also be made worse by limited access to water resources, inadequate firefighting infrastructure, and the time it takes to mobilize emergency responders. The city’s infrastructure, including essential utilities like water supply and electricity, could be severely impacted. Fires affecting key facilities, such as water pump stations or maintenance yards, could interrupt critical services and slow the recovery process. Public spaces, recreational facilities, and commercial areas would also be at risk, especially if they are not equipped with fire suppression systems or are difficult to access by firefighting teams due to overcrowded roads or other urban challenges.

The potential for an urban fire to escalate quickly is high, especially if a fire ignites in one of the city’s high-risk zones, such as those near commercial centers or industrial areas. A fire in an industrial area, for instance, could involve hazardous materials and cause not only property damage but also health risks to nearby residents and workers. Furthermore, fires in densely populated areas could lead to significant loss of life, injuries, and mass evacuations if escape routes become blocked or if the fire spreads uncontrollably.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Urban Fire-5
In short, the extent of an urban fire in the City could be catastrophic, affecting the city’s residential, commercial, and public properties, as well as essential infrastructure. The rapid spread of fire could have long-term impacts on public health, safety, and the city’s economic well-being.

D.4 Urban Fire History
Urban fire hazards in the region are often linked to dense development patterns, aging infrastructure, and human activity. While much public attention focuses on wildfires in the hillsides and forested areas, structural fires in urban neighborhoods, such as the City, can be just as damaging, particularly in older communities where buildings are closely spaced. Fires caused by electrical faults, cooking accidents, industrial malfunctions, or arson can quickly spread in residential and commercial districts, overwhelming local resources and endangering lives. Recent incidents throughout Los Angeles County demonstrate the ongoing risk posed by urban fire in highly built environments.

Pico Rivera Apartment Fire (2018)
Around 4 p.m. on February 22, 2018, a fire was
reported for an apartment building in the 9100
block of Burke Street. The fire, which started in the
attic of the structure, quickly engulfed the first and
second floors. Fortunately, only 3 injuries were
reported, but around 300 residents were displaced
after more than 141 unites were impacted by the
fire: 45 of them with fire and smoke damage. More
than 100 firefighters were dispatched to fight the
flames while City officials worked with property owners to provide hotel vouchers for displaced residents. Due to the need for critical repairs, residents could not begin to return home for at least 3 to 5 days after the fire. Although specifics were not provided to the public, in the aftermath, the Los Angeles County Sherriff’s Department stated that investigators believed a problem with the building’s plumbing caused the fire. Pico Rivera is less than 15 miles from the City Lomita Apartment Complex Fire (2023)
On April 15, 2023, a significant fire erupted in an apartment complex located on Narbonne Avenue in Lomita, California. The blaze, believed to have started in a lower-level unit, quickly spread to multiple floors, impacting over 20 units in the building. Firefighters from multiple City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Urban Fire-6
agencies, including Los Angeles County Fire Department, responded to the scene and were able to bring the fire under control after several hours. Approximately 50 residents were displaced, and temporary shelters were set up in coordination with city officials to provide emergency housing and support services. Although no fatalities were reported, several individuals sustained minor injuries, and the fire highlighted the risks posed by densely populated residential buildings in urban areas. The incident also emphasized the importance of fire safety education, building inspections, and timely response efforts to mitigate such events in the future.

Eaton Fire (2025)
The Eaton Fire, which ignited in Altadena in January 2025, serves as a stark example of how wildland fires can transition into destructive urban fire events. Driven by extreme Santa Ana winds and dry conditions, the fire rapidly moved from the wildland-urban interface into densely built neighborhoods, destroying over 9,418 structures, including homes, businesses, and historic community landmarks. Though it began in a more natural setting, the fire’s most catastrophic impacts occurred in urbanized areas where high structure density, aging infrastructure, and limited defensible space allowed flames to spread quickly between buildings.

Palisades Fire (2025)
The Palisades Fire, which ignited on January 7, 2025, in the Santa Monica Mountains, rapidly evolved into one of Los Angeles' most destructive wildfires. Propelled by extreme Santa Ana winds and prolonged drought conditions, the fire swiftly descended into the urban neighborhoods of Pacific Palisades, Topanga, and Malibu. Over its 24-day duration, the blaze scorched approximately 23,713 acres and destroyed 6,837 structures, including homes, schools, churches, and cultural landmarks . Notable structures lost included the Community United Methodist Church of Pacific Palisades and the Los Angeles Public Library’s Palisades Branch. Educational institutions such as Palisades Elementary and Marquez Elementary Schools were also destroyed, while Palisades Charter High School suffered significant damage.

The fire claimed 12 lives and injured several others, highlighting the severe threat wildfires pose to urban communities. The Palisades Fire underscores the increasing risk of wildfires encroaching upon densely populated urban areas, exacerbated by climate change and expanding development into wildland-urban interfaces.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Urban Fire-7
D.5 Urban Fire Probability
While the probability of an urban fire occurring in the City is considered low, it remains a concern due to the region’s history of fire related events. The City's compact, developed nature means that fires can spread quickly through buildings and infrastructure, particularly in areas with limited open space. Past incidents, such as fires at nearby facilities like the Paramount Petroleum plant, underscore the potential risks. Additionally, past wildfires and urban fires in Southern California, though not directly in the City, have demonstrated the potential for such events to escalate under certain conditions. Given the proximity of high-risk facilities like the Paramount Petroleum plant, the likelihood of an urban fire affecting the city, while low, cannot be dismissed entirely.

D.6 Urban Fire Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee discussed that in the event of an urban fire, several key structures within the City would be at risk, particularly those with critical functions or large, densely built facilities. Detailed in the loss estimates in Chapter 3, the most vulnerable locations include Monte Verde Park Recreation Building, Nixon Yard, Arbor Yard, as well as various well sites and pump stations. These structures are vital to the city's infrastructure, and their damage could significantly disrupt operations and services.

The Weingart Senior Center, an essential community facility, is estimated to suffer 20% damage in the event of an urban fire, with a projected loss of $868,680. Monte Verde Park Recreation Building is assessed to have a 15% damage potential in the event of an urban fire, with an estimated loss of $202,950. Nixon Yard is another significant site, with a 15% estimated damage potential, leading to a potential loss of $441,559. As a maintenance facility, its function could be severely disrupted if affected by a fire. Arbor Yard also presents a vulnerability with an estimated 5% damage potential and a loss estimate of $1,341,402. As a water resources maintenance and storage facility, any damage here could compromise the city’s water infrastructure. Well Sites and Pump Stations, scattered across various locations throughout the City, are also at risk.

These facilities provide critical water supply services, and the estimated 10% damage potential could result in significant operational challenges, with an estimated combined loss of $981,430.

The compact nature of the city, along with the proximity of certain high-risk facilities, increases the overall vulnerability to urban fires, particularly in densely developed areas where fires can City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Urban Fire-8
spread quickly between structures. The potential damage to these key facilities would not only cause financial losses but could also affect the city’s ability to respond to emergencies and provide essential services. In response to these vulnerabilities, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.07 has been proposed to assess the capacity of existing water lines and infrastructure. The goal of this study is to identify areas where flow rates and water pressure can be improved to better support fire suppression efforts during urban fire events. Enhancing the water infrastructure will help ensure that firefighting resources are more readily available, reducing the potential for extensive damage to these critical facilities and improving the City’s overall resilience to urban fire hazards.

Table D.1: Urban Fire Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME

REPLACEMENT
VALUE
% DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Weingart Senior Center $4,343,400 20% $868,680
Monte Verde Park
Recreation Building
$1,353,000 15% $202,950
Arbor Yard $26,828,036 5% $1,341,402
Nixon Yard $2,943,728 15% $441,559
Well Sites $8,042,692 10% $804,269
Pump Stations $1,771,605 10% $177,161
Note: Values provided by June 2024 Assessment by Alliant Insurance Services and are used for planning purposes Vulnerability to People
The vulnerability for people in the City during an urban fire event is influenced by several factors, including the density of development, the characteristics of the built environment, and the presence of vulnerable populations. Urban fires, especially in highly developed areas with limited open space, present significant risks to residents, visitors, and workers within the city.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Urban Fire-9
One of the key vulnerabilities lies in the densely populated nature of the city. The close proximity of structures in urban areas increases the risk of rapid fire spread, potentially affecting a large number of people in a short period of time. Residential neighborhoods, particularly those with older buildings, may lack the modern fire-resistant materials and design features that are found in newer developments, which could increase the likelihood of injuries or fatalities during an urban fire event.

Certain populations, including the elderly, individuals with disabilities, and children, are more susceptible to harm during a fire. These groups may have difficulty evacuating quickly, which can significantly impact their safety during a fire emergency. The elderly, for example, may have mobility challenges that make it harder for them to evacuate, and individuals with respiratory conditions or other health issues may be more vulnerable to the effects of smoke inhalation or heat exposure. Additionally, children, who may be in public spaces such as schools or community centers during the day, may need special considerations for safe evacuation and care in the event of a fire. Low-income residents are another vulnerable group that could face heightened risks during an urban fire. These individuals may have limited access to resources such as fire safety equipment, transportation, or the ability to secure temporary shelter during a fire event. Without the financial means to evacuate quickly or secure alternative housing, they may be exposed to higher levels of risk during an urban fire emergency.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Windstorm-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
E.1 Windstorm Identification and Background.......................................................... Windstorm-2 E.2 Windstorm Location........................................................................................... Windstorm-2 E.3 Windstorm Extent .............................................................................................. Windstorm-3 E.4 Windstorm History ............................................................................................. Windstorm-3 E.5 Windstorm Probability........................................................................................ Windstorm-4 E.6 Windstorm Vulnerability ..................................................................................... Windstorm-4

LIST OF TABLES
Table E.1: Windstorm Loss Estimate Table .............................................................. Windstorm-5 Appendix E
Windstorm
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Windstorm-2
E.1 Windstorm Identification and Background
Wind can be described as the flow of air caused by
differences in atmospheric pressure within the Earth's
atmosphere. Air naturally moves from areas of high
pressure to areas of lower pressure, and the greater the difference between these two areas, the faster the air
moves. When these differences are substantial, they can result in strong winds capable of causing damage to
natural and built environments. Strong winds have
historically been responsible for a range of impacts, from minor property damage such as broken tree limbs and
displaced roof tiles to the complete destruction of large structures. In addition to physical damage, windstorms can disrupt utility services, telecommunications, and transportation networks, leading to broader community impacts.

The Beaufort Scale is widely used to describe wind speeds based on observed conditions, particularly at sea, and has been adapted for land-based assessments. Updated in the 1940s, the Beaufort Scale uses a seventeen-level system that measures wind speeds from calm conditions to winds exceeding 140 miles per hour (mph) or 120 knots. Windstorm events typically feature airspeeds ranging from 65 mph (56 knots) to 72 mph (63 knots), levels at which significant property damage, infrastructure disruptions, and public safety hazards can occur. Because of the destructive potential of strong winds, windstorms are a hazard of concern in many communities.

E.2 Windstorm Location
The City is a largely built-out, suburban community characterized by residential neighborhoods, commercial centers, parks, and community facilities. While the City does not experience largescale tornado activity like other regions of the country, localized windstorm events have impacted the community. Notably, during the 2023-2024 New Year’s period, a rare wind event resembling a mini tornado occurred near City Hall, demonstrating that Lakewood is not immune to high wind hazards.

Lakewood’s generally flat topography does not provide natural wind breaks such as hills or mountains, making structures, trees, and utilities more susceptible to wind damage when strong City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Windstorm-3
gusts occur. The City's abundant tree canopy, while enhancing the community’s environment, also increases the risk of falling limbs and uprooted trees during severe wind events, which can damage homes, vehicles, and infrastructure.

Although windstorm events in the City are typically localized, the widespread distribution of public facilities, water infrastructure, and residential areas across the city means that damage can occur in multiple areas simultaneously during a severe event.

E.3 Windstorm Extent
Windstorm intensity can vary significantly depending on atmospheric conditions. However, typical wind events associated with property damage generally involve sustained winds or strong gusts exceeding 45 to 60 miles per hour (mph). In more extreme cases, wind speeds can reach 65 mph (56 knots) to 72 mph (63 knots). Damage from windstorms in a suburban community like the City typically includes downed trees and branches, damaged roofs, broken windows, overturned small structures, and disrupted utility services. Heavily treed areas, mobile structures, and older buildings are particularly susceptible to wind-related impacts. Public infrastructure such as water systems, power lines, and public facilities may also experience disruption or physical damage due to falling debris or the direct force of wind gusts. Although major windstorms in the City are relatively rare, even moderate wind events can produce localized damage across the city, requiring emergency response efforts and leading to temporary utility outages, road blockages, and service interruptions.

E.4 Windstorm History
Windstorms have historically been infrequent, but occasionally impactful, events in the area.

While the region generally experiences moderate wind events throughout the year, there have been a few notable incidents that highlight the community’s vulnerability to stronger windstorms.

Most recently, a localized tornado event was reported near City Hall around New Year’s 2023- 2024, causing minor property damage, downed trees, and temporary power outages. Similarly, the nearby community of Montebello experienced a rare EF1 tornado in 2023, which was notably the strongest tornado to impact the Los Angeles metro area since 1983. The National Weather Service confirmed that the tornado touched down around 11:20 a.m. PDT, carving a 0.42-mile path through an industrial area. It caused significant damage to 17 structures-11 of which were severely affected—uprooted a tree, snapped a power pole, and injured one person. Although City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Windstorm-4
tornadoes and intense windstorms are rare in this part of Southern California, these recent events demonstrate that under the right conditions, damaging winds can occur.

Prior to these incidents, strong Santa Ana winds and occasional winter storms have periodically brought elevated wind speeds to the region, causing scattered damage to trees, fences, roofs, and utilities. However, no state or federal disaster declarations have been issued specifically for windstorm events in the City. The absence of major disaster declarations suggests that while windstorms have caused localized damage, they have not historically reached the level of widespread devastation that would trigger large-scale governmental response or aid.

E.5 Windstorm Probability
The probability of future windstorm events
occurring in the City is considered moderate.

While strong wind events are not a daily
occurrence, seasonal weather patterns,
particularly Santa Ana wind conditions, create
recurring opportunities for elevated wind speeds
capable of causing property damage, downed
trees, and disruptions to utilities. Recent
incidents, such as the 2023-2024 New Year's
localized strong wind event near City Hall and the 2023 Montebello EF1 Tornado illustrate that while major windstorms and tornado-like events are rare, they are possible within the region.

These recent occurrences suggest that damaging winds may happen sporadically, especially during certain weather patterns. Although the City has not experienced frequent severe windstorms historically, the potential for localized damage remains. Overall, the probability of minor to moderate windstorm events impacting the City is present, with the possibility of stronger, more damaging events being low but not impossible.

E.6 Windstorm Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
Structures within the City are generally well-built and maintained, which helps reduce overall vulnerability to windstorm damage. However, strong wind events can still pose a risk to certain facilities, particularly those with characteristics that make them more susceptible to high winds.

Source: KTLA 5
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Windstorm-5
Based on the loss estimates detailed in Chapter 3, most City-owned structures are anticipated to experience approximately 5% damage in a typical windstorm event. However, two facilities, the Mobile Office Building at the Equestrian Center and the Arbor Yard (Water Resources Maintenance/Storage Facility), are estimated to experience slightly higher damage percentages.

The Mobile Office Building is assessed at a 10% damage potential, with an estimated loss of approximately $25,035. As a mobile structure, it is inherently more vulnerable to strong winds due to lighter construction materials and more limited anchoring compared to permanent, reinforced buildings. Similarly, the Arbor Yard is estimated at a 10% damage potential, with a potential loss of approximately $2,682,804. This facility's vulnerability stems from its role in housing important maintenance and storage infrastructure, with some equipment and materials exposed to outdoor conditions that could be affected during windstorm events.

To address these vulnerabilities, the City has prioritized specific mitigation efforts. Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.08 focuses on adjusting the cycle of vegetation trimming throughout the City, particularly around critical facilities such as the Mobile Office Building and Arbor Yard. Overgrown or unstable trees and vegetation near these structures could pose additional hazards during wind events, potentially causing secondary damage from falling limbs or uprooted trees. By systematically identifying and trimming fast-growing or vulnerable vegetation near these structures, the City can reduce the risk of impact-related damage, thereby protecting not just the buildings themselves but also essential operations housed within them.

Table E.1: Windstorm Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME

REPLACEMENT
VALUE
% DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Mobile Office Building
Equestrian Center (LEC) $250,346 10% $25,035
Arbor Yard $26,828,036 10% $2,682,804
Note: Values provided by June 2024 Assessment by Alliant Insurance Services are for planning purposes only.

Vulnerability to People
Windstorms can have significant impacts on public safety, especially during severe events involving high winds. The most vulnerable populations during windstorms include elderly City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Windstorm-6
individuals, young children, people with mobility issues, and those living in aging homes. In such events, these individuals may face a higher risk of injury from flying debris, downed trees, or damaged structures. Additionally, people living in mobile homes or temporary structures, which are more susceptible to high winds, may be at greater risk of being displaced or injured during a windstorm. The impact of windstorms on people can also extend to the broader community, as power outages may disrupt daily life, healthcare services, and transportation systems. Public spaces and community centers may become unsafe or unusable, making it difficult for people to access essential services during or after the event. In areas with dense vegetation, such as parks and residential zones, falling trees or branches can create additional hazards for pedestrians and motorists.

To mitigate these risks, the City has implemented specific mitigation actions aimed at protecting vulnerable populations. Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.08, which involves adjusting the cycle of vegetation trimming to reduce overgrowth, directly addresses the safety concerns related to falling trees and branches. By prioritizing trimming in high-risk areas, particularly near public facilities and residential zones, the City can help minimize the likelihood of tree-related injuries and property damage during windstorms. Additionally, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.09 will provide residents with recommendations for protecting their homes and properties from windstorm damage. By distributing this guidance, the City will encourage residents to take preventative measures that reduce the risk of injury and property loss.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Extreme Heat-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
F.1 Extreme Heat Identification and Background..................................................Extreme Heat-2 F.2 Extreme Heat Location...................................................................................Extreme Heat-3 F.3 Extreme Heat Extent ......................................................................................Extreme Heat-3 F.4 Extreme Heat History .....................................................................................Extreme Heat-5 F.5 Extreme Heat Probability................................................................................Extreme Heat-6 F.6 Extreme Heat Vulnerability .............................................................................Extreme Heat-6

LIST OF TABLES
Table F.1: Extreme Heat Loss Estimate Table ......................................................Extreme Heat-6

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure F.1: Urban Island Heat Effect ....................................................................Extreme Heat-4 Appendix F
Extreme Heat
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Extreme Heat-2
F.1 Extreme Heat Identification and Background
Extreme heat refers to prolonged periods of excessively high temperatures, often accompanied by elevated humidity, that can severely affect human health, infrastructure, ecosystems, and public services. The National Weather Service defines a heat wave as a period of abnormally hot weather generally lasting more than two days. Heat waves can occur with or without high humidity.

They have potential to cover a large area, exposing a high number of people to hazardous heat.

However, the term is relative and depends on what is considered "normal" for a given geographic area. In cooler climates, lower temperatures may still qualify as a heat wave if they deviate significantly from local norms. These events may be seasonal or exceptionally rare, occurring only once in a century in some regions.

Extreme heat poses a number of public health
risks. Among the most dangerous is heatstroke, a
medical emergency that occurs when the body is
unable to regulate its core temperature. It is
typically diagnosed when body temperature
exceeds 105°F due to environmental conditions
and, even with treatment, has a fatality rate of
approximately 15%. Other heat-related conditions
include:
• Heat Exhaustion - While much less serious
than heatstroke, heat exhaustion victims
may complain of dizziness, weakness, or fatigue. Body temperatures may be normal or slightly/moderately elevated.
• Heat Syncope - This refers to sudden loss of consciousness and is typically associated with people exercising who are not acclimated to warm temperatures. • Heat Cramps – These may occur in people unaccustomed to exercising in the heat and generally ceases to be a problem after acclimatization.

In addition to direct health impacts, extreme heat can stress infrastructure systems such as power grids, potentially causing brownouts or Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS). These disruptions can limit access to cooling systems, affect vulnerable populations which are reliant on electrically powered medical devices, and challenge emergency response services. Elevated temperatures City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Extreme Heat-3
may also increase the demand for fire and medical assistance and can exacerbate existing health conditions. The effects of extreme heat extend to natural systems as well. Prolonged high temperatures can damage vegetation and dry out landscaping, increasing the risk of wildfires. As climate change accelerates, communities across the country are experiencing more frequent and intense heat waves.

F.2 Extreme Heat Location
The City is located in the southeastern portion of Los Angeles County, which experiences a Mediterranean climate characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Due to its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, the City typically benefits from coastal influences that moderate temperatures, especially during the summer months. However, the city is still vulnerable to extreme heat events, particularly during heat waves that may occur when high-pressure systems settle over Southern California.

In recent years, heat waves have become more frequent and intense, driven by climate change.

While the City is not located in a desert or semi-arid region, it is subject to elevated temperatures during the summer and early fall, when high temperatures can reach the low 90s°F (32–34°C) or higher. The City is also susceptible to the urban heat island effect, which is more pronounced in areas with dense development, limited green space, and high amounts of asphalt and concrete, as explained by California Environmental Protection Agency. This effect can lead to temperatures that are several degrees higher than surrounding rural areas, particularly in built-up neighborhoods with little shading or tree cover. The City’s location within Los Angeles County also places it within a region prone to sporadic heat waves, which can last for several days and may result in dangerously high temperatures, especially in areas with low-income residents who may lack access to air conditioning.

F.3 Extreme Heat Extent
The extent of extreme heat events is primarily determined by the duration of high temperatures, the intensity of heat waves, and the occurrence of elevated humidity levels. During a heat wave, temperatures can consistently exceed 90°F (32°C) for three or more consecutive days. While these conditions are typical of Southern California summers, extreme heat events in the City can push temperatures to the low 100s°F (38°C) or higher, particularly when high-pressure systems create prolonged hot spells.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Extreme Heat-4
The impact of extreme heat is further increased by high humidity levels, which can significantly increase the heat index, which is a measure that combines temperature and humidity to assess how hot it actually feels. When the heat index reaches or exceeds 105°F (40°C), the potential for heat-related health risks increases dramatically, especially for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and individuals with pre-existing medical conditions.

In addition to direct temperature measurements, the urban heat island effect plays a critical role in the extent of extreme heat in the City. Urban areas with dense construction, limited vegetation, and expansive asphalt can experience temperatures several degrees higher than surrounding rural areas. This localized increase in temperature can make heat waves even more hazardous in certain neighborhoods, especially those that lack adequate tree cover or green spaces.

Figure F.1: Urban Heat Island Effect
Source: Urban Heat Island Effect: Eco-Intelligent™
The city is also susceptible to PSPS during heat events, as high electricity demand for cooling systems can lead to brownouts or rolling blackouts. These power disruptions can further amplify the challenges posed by extreme heat, as residents may lose access to air conditioning and other cooling systems, intensifying the health risks of prolonged heat exposure.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Extreme Heat-5
F.4 Extreme Heat History
The City has experienced multiple extreme heat events over the past several decades. While not located in California’s inland desert regions, the city remains vulnerable to periodic heat waves, especially during late summer and early fall when high-pressure systems can trap hot air over the Los Angeles Basin.

Notable regional events that have affected the City include the September 2020 heat wave, during which parts of Los Angeles County recorded temperatures exceeding 110°F, as detailed by NASA's Earth Observatory. Although the City’s coastal proximity helped moderate temperatures somewhat, the City hit a record high of 104°F. This event led to excessive heat warnings, increased demand for emergency medical services, and higher electricity usage.

More recently, the 2022 and 2023 summers brought several periods of elevated temperatures, often in the mid- to high-90s°F, accompanied by regional power conservation alerts and increased use of cooling centers in nearby jurisdictions. These heat waves placed strain on local resources and infrastructure, particularly among communities without access to air conditioning or adequate shade.

In response to an extreme heat event beginning on August 31, 2022, California Governor Gavin Newsom proclaimed a State of Emergency to address the anticipated strain on the state's energy grid due to forecasted record-breaking temperatures. To mitigate the effects of the prolonged heat event, Governor Newsom issued Executive Order N-15-22 on August 31, 2022.

This executive order allowed for the continued suspension of certain permitting requirements, enabling facilities to produce additional electricity during peak demand hours. It also permitted the use of backup generators and other measures to increase energy production and meet the demands on California’s electrical grid during the state of emergency. It is noted, however, that there have been no federal disaster declarations specifically for extreme heat events affecting the City.

The frequency and intensity of these events have increased in recent years, aligning with broader trends in climate change that indicate a growing risk of extreme heat across Southern California, including in suburban areas like the City.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Extreme Heat-6
F.5 Extreme Heat Probability
The City is increasingly susceptible to extreme heat events due to rising temperatures and climate change. Projections indicate a significant escalation in the frequency, duration, and intensity of such events in the coming decades According to the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, the region is expected to experience up to a tenfold increase in the occurrence of heat waves by mid-century. This surge is attributed to factors like urban heat island effects and broader climate change trends. Further research from the Ames Earth Science Office Project, who support NASA’s Science Mission Directorate Field Research, highlights that inland urban areas of Los Angeles County, including the City, are particularly vulnerable to heatwaves, with strong increasing trends in frequency, duration, and intensity closely tied to nighttime warming.

These projections support the growing likelihood of extreme heat events in the City.

F.6 Extreme Heat Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
Extreme heat is primarily a threat to human health, energy systems, and vulnerable populations rather than to the structural integrity of buildings. Unlike hazards such as earthquakes or floods, high temperatures generally do not cause direct physical damage to buildings or infrastructure.

Therefore, the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee concluded that structural loss related to extreme heat is expected to be minimal.

However, prolonged periods of excessive heat can contribute to indirect impacts on structures, such as increased strain on HVAC systems and potential service disruptions caused by energy demand spikes. Facilities that rely on continuous power, such as community centers, senior centers, and water infrastructure, may be temporarily affected if high temperatures lead to brownouts or PSPS. Although these operational disruptions can reduce functionality, they do not typically result in significant structural damage. As such, the vulnerability of structures in the City to extreme heat is considered low.

Table F.1: Extreme Heat Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME

REPLACEMENT
VALUE
% DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Extreme Heat-7
Lakewood City Hall $8,081,422 1% $80,814
The Centre $14,955,913 1% $149,559
Weingart Senior Center $4,343,400 1% $43,434
Arbor Yard $26,828,036 1% $268,280
Nixon Yard $2,9437,28 1% $29,437
Note: Values provided by June 2024 Assessment by Alliant Insurance Services are for planning purposes only.

Vulnerability to People
Extreme heat poses significant risks to human health, particularly for vulnerable populations. As explained in the Los Angeles County Climate Vulnerability Assessment, these include people living in mobile homes, who are more susceptible to overheating due to their lack of insulation and less access to cooling systems; individuals who depend on electrically powered medical devices, such as those using oxygen or dialysis equipment, who face heightened risks during power outages; people experiencing homelessness, who lack shelter and protection from the heat; and outdoor workers, such as landscapers, who endure prolonged exposure to high temperatures without adequate recovery time, are also particularly vulnerable.

In response to these challenges, the City has developed several mitigation actions aimed at directly addressing the needs of its residents. 2025.HMP.10 focuses on increasing tree plantings around buildings and along public rights-of-way, particularly in high-traffic and vulnerable areas, to reduce heat exposure and mitigate the urban heat island effect. This is complemented by 2025.HMP.11, which includes educational initiatives to raise awareness of the benefits of cool roofing, helping to lower indoor temperatures, reduce reliance on air conditioning, and improve overall energy efficiency. Furthermore, 2025.HMP.12 explores ways to expand access to public pools during extreme heat events, ensuring that all residents, particularly vulnerable populations, have access to cooling centers, even if they don’t typically use these facilities.

These mitigation actions align with the City’s commitment to serving its residents, particularly those at higher risk during heat waves, by ensuring that critical cooling resources are available and accessible to all.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
G.1 Dam Failure Identification and Background ..................................................... Dam Failure-2 G.2 Dam Failure Location ......................................................................................Dam Failure-4 G.3 Dam Failure Extent........................................................................................ Dam Failure-10 G.4 Dam Failure History....................................................................................... Dam Failure-11 G.5 Dam Failure Probability ................................................................................. Dam Failure-13 G.6 Dam Failure Vulnerability............................................................................... Dam Failure-13

LIST OF TABLES
Table G.1: Selected Dam Failures in California .................................................... Dam Failure-12 Table G.2: Dam Failure Loss Estimate Table........................................................ Dam Failure-14

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure G.1: Whittier Narrows Dam Inundation Map ................................................ Dam Failure-6 Figure G.2 : Prado Dam Inundation Map................................................................Dam Failure-7 Figure G.3 : Brea Inundation Map ..........................................................................Dam Failure-8 Figure G.4 : Carbon Canyon Inundation Map......................................................... Dam Failure-9 Appendix G
Dam Failure
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-2
G.1 Dam Failure Identification and Background
A dam is a barrier preventing the flow of water or loose solid materials (such as soil or snow) or a barrier built across a watercourse for impounding water. Dams are artificial barriers, which are 25 feet or more in height or have an impounding capacity of 50 acre-feet or more. Dams are important because they provide water for drinking, for industry, irrigation, fishing and recreation, water for hydroelectric power production, water for navigation in rivers, and other needs. Dams also protect people by reducing or preventing floods.

There are four general types of dams: Arch, Buttress, Gravity, and Embankment. Each of these types of dams has different failure characteristics.

Arch Dams
Arch dams are best suited to narrow canyons where they divert the force of the water behind the dam to the sides of the canyon in order to help support the weight. Therefore, arch dams need not be as thick as gravity dams since the dam itself supports less weight making them less expensive to construct. Arch dams may carry less weight than other dams; however, they are affected by the same kinds of force. These forces include pressure of the water, weight of the water, and weight of the dam.

Buttress Dams
Buttress dams are also known as Ambursen dams, named after the American engineer who implemented this design in the early 20th century. Originally, buttress dams were used in areas requiring irrigation, but where the land was not capable of supporting the size and weight of other types of dams. Generally, buttress dams are built in wide valleys. The name "buttress" dam comes from the structure of the dam itself. The dam is supported at intervals by several buttresses, concrete slabs reinforced with steel, which form a watertight seal against the river. There are two main types of buttress dams: flat slab and multiple arches.

Gravity Dams
Gravity dams serve the same purposes as arch and buttress dams; however, they differ in structure and method of retaining water. This type of dam is solid and triangular in shape; therefore, it requires a large amount of concrete or other construction material. The immense weight of the concrete provides stabilization and allows the dam to maintain control of the water.

Embankment Dams
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-3
Embankment dams are massive dams made of earth or rock. Embankment dams usually have some sort of waterproof interior (called the core), which is covered with earth or rock fill. Grass may even grow on the earth fill. Water will seep in through the earth or rock fill but should not seep into the core. They rely on weight to resist the flow of water, similar to concrete gravity dams.

The embankment dam is the only dam type that is not made of concrete. Embankment dams may be made of earth or rock, both of which are pervious to water, that is, water can get into it. Water seeps into the core material and should stop at the seepage line. The core material is usually more watertight than the rock or earth that is on the outside of the dam, but the core material is still not totally impervious to water.

According to the FEMA website, dam failures are generally caused by one or a combination of the following reasons:

Overtopping
The Association of State Dam Safety Officials (ASDSO) reports 34% of all U.S. dam failures are due to overtopping as a result of inadequate spillway design, debris blockage of spillways, or settlement of the dam crest. Overtopping occurs when primary and emergency spillways are not sufficient to pass floodwater and the excess runs over the top of the dam. The overflow can erode the embankment, weakening the dam wall and potentially cause a full dam failure. While the City has not experienced the repercussions of a major dam failure, the Sweetwater Dam failure that occurred on January 27, 1916, is an example of a failure in Southern California that was the result of overtopping. After experiencing a long period of drought, the area received more than thirty-nine inches of rain. As a result, more than 200 bridges were washed out, entire communities were swept away, levees collapsed, and valleys were inundated.

Acts of sabotage
Sabotage, or deliberate actions aimed at disrupting normal dam operations, can occur for many reasons. Like an act of terrorism or public demonstration, acts of sabotage can be motivated by a number of factors; political, socio-economic, and religious are a just a few. Often, they occur suddenly, and without warning. However, according to the Stanford University National City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-4
Performance of Dams Program (NPDP), sabotage and vandalism have been the cause of the fewest dam failures between the years 1975 and 2001. Therefore, while the City is vulnerable to acts of sabotage, it is unlikely to occur.

Structural failure of materials used in dam construction According to the NPDP, dam failure due to structural deficiencies are only marginally more common than the acts of sabotage. Due to state regulations for dam construction and maintenance, failures due to inadequate structural integrity are rare.

According to FEMA, causes of dam failure in this category may include:
• Movement and/or failure of the foundation supporting the dam, • Settlement and cracking of concrete or embankment dams, • Piping and internal erosion of the soil in embankment dams, and • Inadequate maintenance and upkeep.

G.2 Dam Failure Location
The City lies within the potential inundation zones of several major dams in Southern California.

While dam failure is a rare event, especially with modern engineering standards, seismic activity or extreme flood events could compromise a dam’s structural integrity. If a failure were to occur during such events, portions of the City could be significantly affected.

There are four primary dams upstream of Lakewood that pose potential inundation risks in the event of a catastrophic failure: Brea Dam, Carbon Canyon Dam, Prado Dam, and Whittier Narrows Dam. These structures are part of the region’s comprehensive flood control system.

Carbon Canyon Dam
Carbon Canyon Dam is located in northeastern Orange County, near the cities of Brea and Yorba Linda. It sits within the Carbon Canyon Regional Park area and is part of the Santa Ana River watershed. Although not directly adjacent to the City, its downstream flow path includes portions of the city, particularly in the eastern areas.

Prado Dam
Prado Dam is located along the Santa Ana River near the city of Corona in Riverside County. It is one of the region’s largest flood control structures and influences flood management for a broad City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-5
area of western Riverside and northern Orange counties. Water released or spilled from Prado Dam can travel through the Santa Ana River system toward the southern areas of the City.

Whittier Narrows Dam
Whittier Narrows Dam is located to the north of the City in the Whittier Narrows Recreation Area, near the city of Pico Rivera. It lies at the confluence of the San Gabriel and Rio Hondo Rivers and is the closest major dam to the City. Due to its position and the natural flow of watercourses, a failure of this dam could have the most extensive impact on the City.

Brea Dam
Brea Dam is located in northern Orange County near downtown Brea, within the Brea Dam Recreation Area. Though relatively smaller in size, its position along the Brea Creek flood control system connects it to downstream communities, including the eastern portion of the City. The dam is primarily surrounded by urbanized areas, increasing its relevance to nearby cities during a flood event.

The inundation maps detailed on the following pages represent worst-case, full-failure scenarios where impounded water is released rapidly and without warning. These maps do not include depth or flow velocity information, but flow conditions and topography suggest that both would taper off at the edge of the inundation zones. Partial failures or failures occurring during lower water levels would likely result in smaller, less severe impacts.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-6
Figure G.1: Whittier Narrows Dam Inundation Map
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-7
Figure G.2: Prado Dam Inundation Map
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-8
Figure G.3 : Brea Dam Inundation Map
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-9
Figure G.4 : Carbon Canyon Inundation Map
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-10
G.3 Dam Failure Extent
In the event of a catastrophic failure of one of the dams upstream of the City, the extent of the resulting inundation would vary depending on the size of the dam and the volume of water released. The four primary dams of concern for the City are the Brea Dam, Carbon Canyon Dam, Prado Dam, and Whittier Narrows Dam. While the probability of such failures is low, the consequences would be significant, potentially affecting large portions of the city. • Whittier Narrows Dam: A failure of the Whittier Narrows Dam would likely have the most severe impact on the City, with floodwater potentially affecting a significant portion of the city. The inundation could extend across much of the urban area, particularly in the eastern sections, with substantial impacts on both residential neighborhoods and critical infrastructure, such as roads, parks, and public facilities. The scale of flooding could overwhelm areas near lower-lying regions, resulting in widespread damage to properties and major disruption to the community.
• Prado Dam: A failure of the Prado Dam could also have a significant impact, particularly in the eastern part of the City. Floodwater could affect a substantial portion of the city’s residential areas. The extent of the flooding would depend on the severity of the failure, but it could still result in considerable damage to infrastructure and
homes, particularly in areas with low elevations.
• Brea Dam: While a failure of the Brea Dam would have
a more limited impact compared to the Whittier Narrows or Prado Dam scenarios, it could still cause significant flooding in the eastern portion of Lakewood. Residential properties in the affected areas would be at risk of inundation. The extent of the damage would depend on the volume and speed of the water release, but it could still result in localized flooding, property damage, and potential disruptions to traffic and utilities. • Carbon Canyon Dam: Similar to Brea Dam, a failure of the Carbon Canyon Dam would primarily affect the eastern parts of the city. The extent of flooding would be somewhat limited but could still result in localized damage to properties and infrastructure in the affected areas. High-velocity water flow could increase the risk of structural damage, particularly to homes and buildings located in lower-lying zones.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-11
In all of these scenarios, floodwaters would likely spread more widely and decrease in intensity as they move away from the source of the failure. However, the most significant damage would occur in the areas closest to the dams, where water would flow with the greatest velocity and depth. These inundation zones would affect a mix of residential, commercial, and public infrastructure, with the potential for significant destruction in areas that are most vulnerable to flooding.

G.4 Dam Failure History
The history of dam failures in Southern California serves as a stark reminder of the risks associated with aging infrastructure and the region’s natural hazards. While catastrophic failures have been rare, the consequences of these events are often devastating, prompting advancements in engineering standards and emergency planning. By examining these historical failures, we gain valuable insights into the vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure and the importance of ongoing maintenance and oversight.

In the Orange County and Los Angeles region, several notable dam failures—or near failures— have shaped local infrastructure practices and policies. These events have not only impacted the immediate communities but have also served as catalysts for improved safety measures and regulations across California.

St. Francis Dam Failure (1928)
One of the most catastrophic dam failures in U.S. history occurred in 1928 when the St. Francis Dam, located in northern Los Angeles County, collapsed just two years after its completion. The failure unleashed a 12-billion-gallon flood wave that swept through the Santa Clara River Valley, destroying everything in its path. Over 400 people lost their lives in this tragedy, and entire towns were devastated. The disaster revealed critical engineering flaws and a lack of adequate oversight during the dam’s construction, leading to sweeping changes in dam safety regulations statewide.

Prado Dam Challenges
Although not a failure, Prado Dam, located near Corona in Riverside County and serving as a vital flood control structure for Orange County, has faced significant maintenance issues. In the early 2000s, concerns about seepage and aging infrastructure prompted a major rehabilitation effort to ensure the dam's continued functionality. Heavy rainfall during these periods heightened City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-12
fears of potential failure, emphasizing the importance of proactive management and regular assessments to address vulnerabilities.

Santiago Dam and Irvine Lake
The Santiago Dam, which forms Irvine Lake, has also experienced structural concerns during periods of heavy rain. While no catastrophic failure has occurred, these concerns highlight the risks associated with aging infrastructure, particularly as climate change increases the frequency of extreme weather events. Regular inspections and maintenance of the dam have been essential to ensuring the safety of nearby communities.

Overall, there have been at least 460 deaths from dam failures in California. A brief selection of these failures is outlined in Table G.1.

Table G.1: Selected Dam Failures in California
YEAR

FAILED DAM LOCATION CAUSE OF FAILURE/DEATHS
1883 English Sierra County Dam Crumbles to foundations, decay of timber used
1892 Long Valley Creek San Jacinto Heavy rains, dam carried away by flood
1895 The Angels Calaveras County Undetermined during flood, poor foundation
1896 Vernon Heights Oakland Shallow foundation
1898 Snake Ravine Stanislaus County Poor compaction
1916 Sweetwater San Diego Dam collapse releasing 13 billion gallons of water
1925 Sheffield Santa Barbara Earthquake comprised foundation integrity
1928 St. Francis Los Angeles
County Likely instability of underlying soil
1963 Baldwin Hills Los Angeles Leak through embankment turned into washout
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-13
1964 Hell Hole Rubicon River Failed during construction due to unprecedented rains
1965 Matilija Ventura
Bad foundation and concrete
disintegrating
1971 San Fernando Los Angeles Gate failure only resulting from earthquake
1995 Folsom Dam Sacramento Gate failure only – minor damage to dam and spillway
2017 Oroville Oroville Inundated spillways resulted in
severe erosion
Source: Association of State Dam Safety Officials and various open sources There is no recorded history of dam failures directly affecting the City, and no reports of damage from dam-related flooding have been identified. However, given the extent of development in the region and the potential impacts identified in inundation mapping, the City continues to treat dam failure as a significant, though unlikely, hazard in its planning efforts.

G.5 Dam Failure Probability
The probability of a dam failure impacting the City is considered low but cannot be entirely ruled out. The City is vulnerable to potential flooding from Whittier Narrows Dam, Prado Dam, Brea Dam, and Carbon Canyon Dam. These dams serve as critical flood control structures designed to mitigate the effects of heavy rainfall and stormwater runoff. However, in the event of a dam failure, the consequences could be catastrophic, leading to loss of life, destruction of high-value properties, and disruption to residential areas, businesses, and tourism. Although both dams are maintained under strict regulatory oversight, historical incidents, such as the 2005 seepage event at Prado Dam that prompted evacuations, highlight the ongoing need for vigilance.

G.6 Dam Failure Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
In the event of a dam failure, all City assets face significant risk, with varying degrees of vulnerability. Detailed in Chapter 3, the vulnerability assessment calculations indicate that many of the city's facilities, particularly those with key infrastructure and public services, are at high risk.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-14
While the majority of these structures would suffer substantial damage, some properties are slightly more at risk due to their location, structural characteristics, and the nature of the services they provide. Below is a summary of the vulnerability of key city assets to a potential dam failure event.

City Hall faces an estimated $6,465,138 loss, with 80% damage. As the central hub of the city’s governmental operations, the loss of City Hall would severely disrupt administrative functions.

Nearby, The Centre is expected to incur $13,460,322 in damage, with a projected 90% damage.

This facility plays a vital role in hosting community events and providing social services, making its vulnerability a major concern for community resilience. The Weingart Senior Center is projected to sustain $3,474,720 in damage with 80% of the structure being damaged. Given its role in supporting the senior population, the loss of this center would disproportionately impact one of the city’s most vulnerable groups. Arbor Yard, a key facility for water resources maintenance and storage, represents the largest single asset at risk, with estimated damage at 80% and a loss of $21,462,429. Damage to this facility would significantly disrupt the city’s ability to maintain and manage its water infrastructure. In addition, the City’s well sites and pump stations, which are distributed throughout the city, also face considerable risk. The well sites have a combined potential loss of $6,434,154, and pump stations are estimated at $1,417,284, both expected to sustain 80% damage. The loss or impairment of these critical water facilities would jeopardize the city’s water supply and distribution capabilities, further compounding the impacts of a dam failure event. While these are just a few of the City’s critical assets, the overall vulnerability to dam failure remains high across all city properties, particularly those serving essential functions.

Table G.2: Dam Failure Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME

REPLACEMENT
VALUE
% DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Lakewood City Hall $8,081,422 80% $6,465,138
The Centre $14,955,913 90% $13,460,322
Weingart Senior Center $4,343,400 80% $3,474,720
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Dam Failure-15
Mae Boyar Park
Community Center $2,127,200 90% $1,914,480
Palms Park Community
Center $4,674,200 90% $4,206,780
Monte Verde Park
Recreation Building
$1,353,000 90% $1,217,700
Arbor Yard $26,828,036 80% $21,462,429
Nixon Yard $2,943,728 90% $2,649,355
Well Sites $8,042,692 80% $6,434,154
Pump Stations $1,771,605 80% $1,417,284
Note: Values provided by June 2024 Assessment by Alliant Insurance Services are for planning purposes only.

Vulnerability to People
In the event of a dam failure, the City’s residents, particularly vulnerable populations, would face significant risks. The elderly population, many of whom rely on facilities like the Weingart Senior Center for essential services, would be at heightened risk due to limited mobility and access to emergency resources. A dam failure could disrupt these services, with potential damage exceeding 80% for key facilities, leaving seniors and other vulnerable populations without critical support. Public facilities such as The Centre and the community parks, which may serve as emergency shelters, would likely be rendered unusable, further complicating efforts to provide shelter and resources for displaced residents. Moreover, damage to water infrastructure could lead to contamination or scarcity, further endangering vulnerable groups.

To mitigate these risks, 2025.HMP.13 proposes establishing and maintaining a mass notification system for the City. This system will ensure timely alerts and services during emergencies by conducting regular system setup, testing, and staff training. By enhancing communication and evacuation plans, the city can better protect its residents, particularly vulnerable populations, during a dam failure event, ensuring a more coordinated and effective response.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Events-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
H.1 Adversarial Events Identification and Background .................................Adversarial Events-2 H.2 Adversarial Events Location ..................................................................Adversarial Events-4 H.3 Adversarial Events Extent......................................................................Adversarial Events-5 H.4 Adversarial Events History.....................................................................Adversarial Events-6 H.5 Adversarial Events Probability ...............................................................Adversarial Events-7 H.6 Adversarial Events Vulnerability.............................................................Adversarial Events-8

LIST OF TABLES
Table H.1: Adversarial Events Loss Estimate Table......................................Adversarial Events-9 Appendix H
Adversarial Events
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Events-2 H.1 Adversarial Events Identification and
Background
Adversarial events are deliberate actions intended to cause harm, disrupt systems, or intimidate populations. These events may include terrorism, cyber attacks, sabotage, mass shootings, and other forms of violence or disruption initiated by individuals, groups, or hostile organizations. The motivation for such events can range from political or ideological beliefs to personal grievances, and they may target individuals, institutions, infrastructure, or governments.

Terrorism is one of the most recognized forms of adversarial events. It is defined as the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof in furtherance of political or social objectives.

A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a type of weapon that can bring significant harm to a large number of people or structures. Examples of WMD include nuclear, radiological, biological, or chemical agents. Aside from attacking local targets, terrorists might also use WMD to inflict harm on a large population. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has categorized two types of terrorism in the United States.

International Terrorism involves terrorist activity committed by groups or individuals who are foreign-based and/or directed by countries or groups outside the United States, or whose activities transcend national boundaries.

Domestic Terrorism involves groups or individuals whose terrorist activities are directed at elements of our government or population without foreign direction.

Well-known international terrorist groups include Islamic Fundamentalist groups, such as Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS); European terrorists, including the Red Brigade in Italy, Spain’s Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), and the Japanese Red Army; separatist groups, such as Sierra Lumenoso, and the “Shining Path” in Peru. Add to these a host of narco-terrorists, such as the Medellin and Cali drug cartels.

In the United States, a number of animal rights activists; environmentalist groups; white supremacists, such as the League of Aryan nations; and groups including the Covenant, Sword and Arm of the Lord, New World Order, and skinheads have been responsible for acts of terrorism on United States soil. Added to these are groups like the Klu Klux Klan; survivalists, such as the City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Events-3 Freemen in Montana; and doomsday cults, such as David Koresh in Waco, Texas, and Jim Jones in Guyana.

There are a number of methods a terrorist may use to carry out their objective, including attacks of a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, explosive, and cyber nature. In addition, terrorists conduct hijackings, assassinations, armed assaults, kidnappings/hostage taking, arson fires, sabotage of critical infrastructures such as utilities and transportation, and the dissemination of confidential or otherwise vulnerable information for the planning of terrorist attacks.

Chemical Attack
Chemical agents involve the use of chemical compounds to kill or seriously injure victims. There are numerous kinds of chemical weapons, and their effectiveness is determined by a number of factors, including age, purity, weather conditions, wind direction, and means of dissemination.

Biological Attack
Biological agents include microbes, such as bacteria or viruses, and toxins derived from plants or animals that can produce illness or death. Illegal facilities that manufacture these substances are difficult to detect because they employ fermentation technology commonly used in the production of legitimate products such as antibiotics, vaccines, and consumables.

Cyber Attack
Cyber terrorism is a premeditated, politically motivated attack against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which results in violence against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents. Cyber terrorists can be domestic or international. Classification of being a cyber-terrorist depends on if the terrorist relies on cyber terrorism to further their cause or uses it in addition to conventional terrorism.

Radiological and Nuclear Attack
Radiological or nuclear terrorism is the use of radioactive materials and/or nuclear explosives, as well as any terrorist actions against nuclear facilities by individuals or groups, to inflict harm on a population and advance political or social objectives. Sources of radiological material including City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Events-4 nuclear fuel cycle waste, medical and dental equipment, military weaponry, and machines used in private industry.

Mass Shootings and Armed Assaults
These involve the use of firearms or other weapons to target people in public or private settings, including schools, workplaces, government buildings, or places of worship. Often ideologically or personally motivated, these events have become an increasing concern due to their unpredictability and high fatality rates.

Explosive Attact
The impact of a bombing depends largely on the type, size, and placement of the device used.

Additionally, a WMD in combination with an explosive device expands the lethality, physical damage, and economic disruption. The use of an explosive device can also inflict significant disruption of society through destruction of critical infrastructure and widespread fear amongst the target population.

Sabotage and Infrastructure Disruption
Deliberate tampering with utility systems (e.g., power, water, communications), transportation networks, or emergency
services, potentially causing widespread service outages and safety risks.

Additional Terrorism Methods
Additional terrorism methods include hijackings, kidnappings, and the taking of hostages;; assassinations of public figures; the dissemination of confidential information that would aid terrorist organizations when planning an attack; arson fires; and many other means of disrupting normal society or endangering lives and property.

H.2 Adversarial Events Location
Adversarial events, including acts of terrorism, civil unrest, targeted violence, and cyberattacks, can occur citywide, but are most likely to impact areas with high public visibility, symbolic significance, or concentrations of people. Key locations of concern include major public facilities, government buildings, and high-traffic commercial areas.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Events-5 One of the most prominent potential targets is Lakewood Center Mall, which serves as a regional shopping destination. Due to its high volume of daily visitors, economic importance, and central role in community activity, the mall could be vulnerable to active shooter scenarios or other adversarial acts. Similarly, City Hall, The Centre, and adjacent municipal buildings form a concentrated civic complex that may be perceived as symbolic government targets. In an adversarial event, disruption at these sites could paralyze essential government functions and affect public safety operations.

Past events have demonstrated the city’s exposure to civil unrest. During the 2020 protests following the death of George Floyd, cities across the Los Angeles County region, including neighboring jurisdictions, experienced widespread demonstrations. The City recognizes that future social or political unrest could impact public spaces, especially those near major transportation corridors or gathering areas like parks and civic centers. Critical infrastructure such as Arbor Yard, Nixon Yard, water well sites, and pump stations are also at risk, particularly from sabotage or coordinated physical or cyberattacks. These sites are essential for public works, water supply, and city operations. Their partial impairment could cause citywide service disruptions.

Because adversarial events can be unpredictable and vary widely in type and target, the entire City is considered potentially at risk. However, certain locations, particularly those with high public visibility, civic importance, or essential service, face a higher likelihood of being directly impacted.

H.3 Adversarial Events Extent
Adversarial events vary widely in nature, scale, and impact. These incidents can range from isolated threats, such as vandalism or minor acts of civil disobedience, to more severe and coordinated actions, including active shooter incidents, terrorism, cyberattacks, and large-scale civil unrest. The extent of such events is typically measured by the severity of physical damage, number of casualties, duration of disruption, and extent of service interruption.

A localized adversarial incident, such as a bomb threat or active shooter situation, may impact a single building or facility, such as City Hall, a community center, or a school, but could result in significant casualties and emergency response challenges. More widespread events, such as civil unrest or coordinated attacks, could involve multiple sites and require citywide deployment of emergency services, law enforcement, and mutual aid support. Cyberattacks, which are becoming more frequent and sophisticated, have the potential to affect critical infrastructure City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Events-6 systems simultaneously and over extended periods. A successful attack on city networks or utility systems could disable communications, disrupt water and power supply, or compromise sensitive data.

The scale and severity of these events depend on various factors, including the location and method of attack. Regardless of the nature of the incident, the impact on public safety, city infrastructure, and the ability to provide essential services could be significant.

H.4 Adversarial Events History
While the City has not experienced any direct acts of terrorism, mass violence, or civil unrest in recent history, adversarial events- both domestic and international—remain a persistent and evolving threat nationwide. These events are characterized by deliberate actions intended to cause harm, disrupt services, or instill fear within the population. The following examples illustrate the range of adversarial events that have occurred in the United States and Southern California, and provide context for understanding how similar incidents could affect the City either directly or indirectly.

September 11, 2001 – Coordinated Terrorist Attacks
On September 11, 2001, a coordinated terrorist plot
carried out by the extremist group al-Qaeda resulted in the hijacking of four commercial airplanes. Two aircraft were flown into the World Trade Center towers in New
York City, one struck the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and the fourth crashed into a field in Pennsylvania after passengers intervened. Nearly 3,000 lives were lost,
and the attacks prompted a nationwide overhaul of
security protocols, emergency response frameworks,
and intelligence coordination. The event remains the deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil and serves as a benchmark for preparedness planning.

August 2016- Orange County Transportation Authority Cyberattack As explained in the Orange County Register, the Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) became a victim of a significant cyberattack that exploited vulnerabilities in a third-party vendor’s system in 2016. This ransomware attack encrypted critical files, rendering them inaccessible and Source: BBC
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Events-7 disrupted OCTA’s operations. The attackers demanded a ransom for the decryption key, and while some data was eventually restored, irreplaceable information was permanently lost. The financial impact was substantial, with the agency spending over $600,000 on recovery efforts, including enhanced cybersecurity measures and system restoration. This incident not only disrupted OCTA’s ability to deliver transportation services effectively but also highlighted the risks posed by external vendors.

October 1, 2017 – Las Vegas Mass Shooting
The Las Vegas mass shooting, which occurred on October 1, 2017, was the deadliest mass shooting by an individual in modern U.S. history. A lone gunman fired more than 1,000 rounds into a crowd of concertgoers from a hotel window, killing 60 people and injuring hundreds more.

The shooter had no known ideological motive, underscoring the unpredictability of lone-wolf attacks and the difficulty of preventing them. This event highlighted the need for active shooter preparedness, mass casualty response coordination, and public alert systems.

May 2020 – George Floyd Protests and Civil Unrest
In May 2020, the killing of George Floyd by a police
officer in Minneapolis sparked widespread protests and
civil unrest across the country. In Los Angeles County, responses ranged from peaceful demonstrations to
episodes of looting, vandalism, and violent
confrontations. While the City remained largely
unaffected by physical damage or large-scale
gatherings, local officials took proactive measures to
increase law enforcement visibility and engage with
community members and businesses. The event
emphasized the importance of real time situational awareness, inter-agency communication, and rapid deployment capabilities during periods of social unrest.

H.5 Adversarial Events Probability
Although the City has not experienced a large-scale adversarial event in recent years, the probability of future incidents remains moderate and is increasing in certain areas of concern.

Factors such as population density, proximity to major transportation corridors, and the presence of high-traffic public facilities contribute to the city’s exposure. The threat of civil unrest persists, City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Events-8 particularly in times of heightened political or social tension. As observed during the 2020 George Floyd demonstrations, even cities that do not experience direct unrest may still face indirect impacts, such as emergency response demands or threats to public order. Given the evolving national climate, similar events could occur again in the future.

Cybersecurity threats also pose a growing risk to local governments. As the city increasingly relies on digital platforms to manage public services, infrastructure systems, and communication networks, it becomes a more attractive target for cyber criminals. Nationwide trends show that local governments are experiencing a rising number of cyberattacks each year, with ransomware and data breaches becoming more common.

While the probability of a targeted terrorism or active shooter incident is considered low, it cannot be ruled out, especially in public areas with symbolic or high-profile value. Overall, while the likelihood of any single type of adversarial event remains uncertain, the increasing frequency of such threats across jurisdictions suggests a continued need for readiness and ongoing investment in prevention and response capabilities.

H.6 Adversarial Events Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee recognized that all city-owned facilities are potentially vulnerable to adversarial events but noted that certain assets were assigned a higher percentage of estimated damage due to their visibility, public accessibility, and symbolic or operational significance. As detailed in Chapter 3, facilities such as City Hall, The Centre, and the City Hall Post Office were identified as more attractive for threats. These locations serve as central points of government and community activity, making them more likely to be impacted in the event of an adversarial incident. Other facilities, including infrastructure yards, well sites, and community centers, were also evaluated for their potential exposure. While some structures were given lower damage estimates of 10%, critical assets such as Arbor Yard, Nixon Yard, and the City's water infrastructure were projected to sustain up to 35% damage, resulting in significant financial loss and operational disruption.

To address this risk, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.15 focuses on conducting regular cybersecurity risk assessments to protect key systems and infrastructure, especially those tied to city operations. In parallel, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.14 supports physical preparedness by promoting multilingual active shooter training across City facilities, ensuring staff and community City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Events-9 members are equipped to respond appropriately. These measures aim to reduce both the likelihood and severity of future adversarial impacts on the City’s public structures.

Table H.1: Adversarial Events Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME

REPLACEMENT
VALUE
% DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Lakewood City Hall $8,081,422 50% $4,040,711
City Hall Post Office $4,355,000 50% $2,177,500
The Centre $14,955,913 50% $7,477,957
Weingart Senior Center $4,343,400 10% $434,340
Arbor Yard $26,828,036 35% $9,389,813
Nixon Yard $2,943,728 35% $1,030,305
Well Sites $8,042,692 35% $2,814,942
Pump Stations $1,771,605 35% $620,062
Note: Values provided by June 2024 Assessment by Alliant Insurance Services are for planning purposes only.

Vulnerability to People
Adversarial events not only threaten physical structures in the City but also pose a significant risk to the safety and well-being of people who live, work, or gather at City facilities. The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee emphasized that high-traffic locations such as City Hall, The Centre, and community centers are especially vulnerable due to the concentration of staff, residents, and visitors they attract on a regular basis. These sites often host public meetings, events, and services that can draw large crowds, increasing the potential for harm during incidents such as targeted violence, civil unrest, or coordinated attacks. Facilities that serve sensitive populations, such as the Weingart Senior Center and youth-focused community centers, were also flagged for heightened concern. In addition to the physical threat posed by adversarial City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Adversarial Events-10 actions, disruption of essential city services, such as water, public works, and emergency response, could further impact community members, particularly vulnerable populations.

To help mitigate these risks, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.14 prioritizes public safety training by offering active shooter preparedness in multiple languages, ensuring accessibility for the City’s Limited English Proficient (LEP) population. This inclusive approach enhances the City's overall readiness and fosters a more informed and resilient community. These preparedness efforts, coupled with security and cyber-related improvements under Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.15, aim to safeguard not only infrastructure but the people who rely on it every day.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Power Loss-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.1 Power Loss Identification and Background.........................................................Power Loss-2 I.2 Power Loss Location..........................................................................................Power Loss-2 I.3 Power Loss Extent .............................................................................................Power Loss-3 I.4 Power Loss History ............................................................................................Power Loss-3 I.5 Power Loss Probability.......................................................................................Power Loss-4 I.6 Power Loss Vulnerability ....................................................................................Power Loss-5

LIST OF TABLES
Table I.1: Power Loss Loss Estimate Table .............................................................Power Loss-5 Appendix I
Power Loss
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Power Loss-2
I.1 Power Loss Identification and Background
A power outage is the loss of the electricity supply to an area. Power failure can result from a defect in a power station, damage to a power line or other part of the distribution system, a short circuit, or overloading of electricity mains. A power outage may be referred to as a blackout if power is lost completely, or as a brownout if some power supply is retained, but the voltage level is below the minimum level specified for the system, and a short circuit indicates a loss of power for a short amount of time (usually seconds). Some brownouts, also called voltage reductions, are made intentionally to prevent a full power outage.

The absence of electrical power at City facilities for extended periods can, in some areas, preclude water deliveries where pumping is necessary. This will result in a loss of water and sewer services to the local area. In and of itself, these short duration utility losses, typically do not generate large hazards that substantiate a dramtic impact. However, utility losses in conjunction with other hazards can make response efforts much more difficult. For example, since water is typically pumped from a source, a loss of water during a fire will decrease the effectiveness of firefighting systems, or a sewer system failure in conjunction with a flood will result in increased localized flooding in residences and the streets. Since water and sewer systems usually require power sources for the pumps, adequate backup power should be available for critical systems in the event of a power outage.

I.2 Power Loss Location
Power loss is a hazard that can affect the entire City, although some areas and facilities may be more vulnerable due to infrastructure conditions or dependence on continuous electrical service.

Large transmission lines run directly through the city, increasing exposure to regional grid disturbances or potential damage from adjacent hazards such as urban fires. During periods of extreme heat, widespread use of air conditioning units can overload local transformers, posing a localized risk of outages in residential neighborhoods.

The City has been subject to a few Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS) due to high wind events, although such shutoffs have been infrequent. These PSPS events, designed to reduce wildfire City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Power Loss-3
risk, could impact parts of the city depending on weather conditions and utility infrastructure vulnerabilities. Critical city facilities are distributed throughout the City and may be affected if not prioritized for power restoration. Facilities supporting vulnerable populations or essential services are of special concern, as prolonged outages could disrupt operations or place residents at risk.

I.3 Power Loss Extent
Power loss events in the City can vary significantly in extent, ranging from short-term, localized outages lasting a few hours to widespread disruptions that persist for multiple days. The severity of these events is typically influenced by the underlying causes, such as equipment failure, severe weather, high energy demand, or planned utility shutoffs like PSPS. Localized outages caused by overloaded transformers during periods of extreme heat may affect single neighborhoods or streets, while broader grid disturbances or PSPS events can impact large portions of the City simultaneously. Extended outages, particularly those lasting more than 24 hours, can interrupt city operations, compromise access to essential services, and pose health and safety risks to vulnerable populations, especially seniors and individuals dependent on electrically powered medical equipment.

The potential for high-impact outages also exists due to regional factors, including the presence of major transmission infrastructure running through the City. Additionally, solar flares, though less common, could disrupt power infrastructure on a much larger scale if the electromagnetic impact is severe enough to damage grid components.

I.4 Power Loss History
While the City has not experienced frequent or prolonged citywide blackouts in recent years, isolated power loss incidents have occurred due to a combination of local infrastructure strain and regional utility actions. Below are a few instances of hsitorical power loss incidents that have occurred in the Southern California region.

California Energy Crisis
The 2000-2001 California Electricity Crisis brought to light many critical issues surrounding the state’s power generation and distribution system, including its dependency on out-of-state resources. Although California has implemented effective energy conservation programs, the state continues to experience both population growth and weather cycles that contribute to a heavy demand for power. The 2000 and 2001 blackouts occurred due to losses in transmission City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Power Loss-4
or generation and/or extremely severe temperatures that lead to heavy electric power consumption.
2011 Southwest Blackout
In September of 2011, five separate power grids serving nearly 7 million people in southern California, western Arizona, and parts of Mexico went out in the span of 11 minutes. The power outage, termed the 2011 Southwest Blackout, was the largest power failure in California history and lasted over twelve hours.

Affected metropolitan areas were crippled from the loss of traffic signals; as a result, trains stopped running and freeways experienced extreme congestion. Public gas stations were also unable to pump fuel, leaving many stranded vehicles. The power outage also caused several sewer pumping stations to fail, resulting in contaminated beaches and potentially unsafe water supplies. Restaurants and grocery stores also suffered large losses from spoiled food. 2020/2021 Rolling Blackouts
During the summers of 2020 and 2021, historically high temperatures, a drought and wildfires compounded to cause rolling blackouts throughout California. Wildfires damaged infrastructure throughout northern California while triple digit temperatures led to a sharp increase in air conditioning and electricity usage. This increased stress on an already vulnerable power grid threatened to damage the electrical infrastructure. In response, electric companies began to implement rolling blackouts. Although severe infrastructure and personnel damage was avoided, as climate change continues to increase daily temperatures, blackouts may become more common and more severe.

I.5 Power Loss Probability
The probability of a major power loss event in the City is considered low, based on historical trends and the city's existing infrastructure resilience. While minor, localized outages occasionally occur, often due to extreme heat overloading transformers or equipment failures. These are typically short in duration and affect limited areas. The City has experienced only one Public Safety Power Shutoff in recent years, indicating that preemptive utility shutoffs due to wildfire risks are rare in this area. Additionally, while large transmission lines do run through the City, no significant outages related to these lines have been reported. Although low in likelihood, the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee acknowledged the potential for more severe or widespread City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Power Loss-5
outages due to rare events such as solar flares. However, these remain unlikely under normal operating conditions.

I.6 Power Loss Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee concluded that while power loss events are unlikely to result in physical damage to City-owned structures, they present a substantial risk to the continuity of critical services and operations. Chapter 3’s Loss Estimate summary specifies that all City facilities, including administrative buildings, community centers, maintenance yards, and water infrastructure, were assigned 0% damage and $0 in estimated structural losses for this hazard. This reflects the understanding that power outages are thought to be non-destructive in a physical sense. However, it should be noted that key assets such as City Hall, The Centre, Nixon Yard, and Arbor Yard serve vital roles in governance, public safety, and infrastructure management. In the event of a prolonged outage, these facilities could experience significant operational delays, especially if backup systems are limited or compromised. Additionally, water infrastructure such as well sites and pump stations could be impacted, affecting water distribution and pressure across the City.

To reduce this vulnerability, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.17 outlines the need to coordinate with utility providers to establish a prioritization plan for power restoration. This action is intended to ensure that critical facilities receive timely service during outages, thereby maintaining the City’s capacity to respond to emergencies and deliver essential public functions without major disruption.

Table I.1: Power Loss Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME

REPLACEMENT
VALUE
% DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Lakewood City Hall $8,081,422 0% $0
The Centre $4,355,000 0% $0
Weingart Senior Center $4,343,400 0% $0
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Power Loss-6
Arbor Yard $26,828,036 0% $0
Nixon Yard $2,943,728 0% $0
Note: Values provided by June 2024 Assessment by Alliant Insurance Services are for planning purposes only.

Vulnerability to People
Although structural damage from power outages is not anticipated in the City, the impacts to residents, particularly vulnerable populations, can be significant. Prolonged loss of electricity may interrupt access to life-sustaining systems such as heating, air conditioning, medical devices, refrigeration for medications, and communication tools. This is especially concerning for seniors, people with disabilities, low-income households, and those with limited English proficiency, who may lack the resources or information needed to respond effectively during an outage. Residents living in multi-family units or dense housing areas may also be disproportionately affected due to higher reliance on electric-powered amenities and shared infrastructure. In addition, outages that occur during extreme heat or cold events can exacerbate health risks and stress on emergency services.

To address these vulnerabilities, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.16 calls for the distribution of multilingual outreach materials providing clear guidance on how to stay safe during power outages. These materials will include emergency contact information, tips for preserving essential services, and resources for accessing support during emergencies. By enhancing public awareness and preparedness, the City aims to reduce the health and safety risks associated with power loss, especially among its most at-risk populations.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Drought-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
J.1 Drought Identification and Background....................................................................Drought-2 J.2 Drought Location.....................................................................................................Drought-3 J.3 Drought Extent ........................................................................................................Drought-4 J.4 Drought History .......................................................................................................Drought-7 J.5 Drought Probability..................................................................................................Drought-7 J.6 Drought Vulnerability ...............................................................................................Drought-8

LIST OF TABLES
Table J.1: Drought Loss Estimate Table ........................................................................Drought-8

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure J.1: U.S. Drought Monitor for California..............................................................Drought-5 Figure J.2: Long- Term Multi-Indicator Drought Index....................................................Drought-6 Appendix J
Drought
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Drought-2
J.1 Drought Identification and Background
A drought or an extreme dry periodic climate is an
extended period where water availability falls below the statistical requirements for a region. Drought is not a purely physical phenomenon, but rather an relationship
between natural water availability and human demands
for water supply. The precise definition of drought is
made complex owing to political considerations, but
there are generally four types of conditions that are
referred to as drought:
• Meteorological drought is brought about
when there is a prolonged period with less than average precipitation. • Agricultural drought is brought about when there is insufficient moisture for average crop or forage production. This condition can arise, even in times of average precipitation, owing to soil conditions or agricultural techniques.
• Hydrologic drought is brought about when the water reserves available in sources such as aquifers, lakes, and reservoirs fall below the statistical average. This condition can arise, even in times of average (or above average) precipitation, when increased usage of water diminishes the reserves.
• Socioeconomic drought associates the supply and demand of water services with elements of meteorological, hydrologic, and agricultural drought. Socioeconomic drought occurs when the demand for water exceeds the supply as a result of weather-related supply shortfall.

Due to the extensive nature of water supply infrastructure – reservoirs, groundwater basins, and inter-regional conveyance facilities – mitigation for the effect of short-term dry periods is implicit for most systems. Defining when a drought begins is a function of drought impacts to water users.

Hydrologic conditions constituting a drought for water users in one location may not constitute a drought for water users elsewhere, or for water users having a different water supply. Individual water suppliers may use criteria such as rainfall/runoff, amount of water in storage, or expected supply from a water wholesaler to define their water supply conditions.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Drought-3
Drought is a gradual phenomenon. Although droughts are sometimes characterized as emergencies, they differ from typical emergency events. Most natural disasters, such as floods or wildland fires, occur relatively rapidly and afford little time for preparing for disaster response.

Droughts, however, occur slowly and over a multi-year period. There is no universal definition of when a drought begins or ends. Impacts of drought are typically felt first by those most reliant on annual rainfall – ranchers engaged in dryland grazing, rural residents relying on wells in low-yield rock formations, or small water systems lacking a reliable source. Drought impacts increase with the length of a drought, as carry-over supplies in reservoirs are depleted and water levels in groundwater basins decline.

Droughts may cause a shortage of water for human and industrial consumption, hydroelectric power, recreation, and navigation. Water quality may also decline, and the number and severity of wildland fires may increase. Severe droughts may result in the loss of agricultural crops and forest products, undernourished wildlife and livestock, lower land values, and raise unemployment.

J.2 Drought Location
As stated in the City’s 2020 Urban Water Management Plan, The City relies entirely on groundwater drawn from the Central Groundwater Basin, located in southeastern Los Angeles County. This basin is adjudicated, meaning water rights are regulated by a court agreement that limits how much each agency can pump. The City holds rights to extract up to 9,432 acre-feet of groundwater per year and pumped an average of 8,467 acre-feet between 2016 and 2020. This includes water used by City residents and businesses, as well as water delivered to other agencies. Because the city depends solely on this groundwater source, drought conditions that reduce groundwater levels or recharge can directly affect the City’s overall water supply and system reliability.

Two water purveyors serve the City. The City supplies water to areas west of the San Gabriel River, while the Golden State Water Company, a privately operated utility regulated by the California Public Utilities Commission, serves areas east of the river. The City’s water system includes about 180 miles of water mains, 10 wells, a treatment facility, and three storage facilities with a combined capacity of 13.1 million gallons. Emergency water connections with neighboring systems in Cerritos, Long Beach, Signal Hill, and Golden State Water Company provide additional support during drought or system shortages.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Drought-4
The City is part of the Gateway Water Management Authority (GWMA), a coalition of cities and agencies that work together to manage water resources across southeastern Los Angeles County.

The City also coordinates with the Central Basin Municipal Water District (CBMWD) and participates in regional water planning, including future supply projections under normal, single dry, and multiple dry year conditions. While the city’s reliance on local groundwater remains its primary source, these partnerships and planning efforts help increase resilience against future drought impacts.

A prolonged or severe drought would impact the entire city, as groundwater levels decline, and water supply becomes more limited. Residents and businesses across the City could face stricter water conservation measures, such as outdoor watering restrictions and tiered rate increases.

Reduced water availability can also affect fire suppression capacity, landscape health, and the operation of public facilities that rely on consistent water access. While emergency interconnections and imported water connections offer some backup, these resources are also subject to regional demand and drought conditions. As a result, the entire community is vulnerable to the cascading effects of a long-term drought, which can strain infrastructure, increase costs, and limit water availability for essential needs.

J.3 Drought Extent
Drought in the City is typically characterized by prolonged periods of below-average precipitation, resulting in a significant shortage of water resources. The extent of a drought event is typically determined by several factors, including the severity of rainfall deficits, the duration of dry periods, and the impact on the availability of water for public, agricultural, and environmental use. The City’s average annual rainfall is approximately 13 inches, with most precipitation occurring in the winter months (November to March). Drought conditions typically arise when annual rainfall falls below 75% of the average, indicating a significant deficit that can strain water supply systems.

The extent of drought can be measured by its duration and the severity of water shortages it causes. Short-term droughts (lasting less than a year) may lead to temporary water restrictions, while long-term droughts (lasting several years) can result in substantial reductions in water supply, which may affect both the quantity and quality of available water. In addition to low rainfall, drought conditions can also be measured by tracking streamflow, groundwater levels, and reservoir storage. During drought conditions, streamflow typically decreases, and groundwater levels may drop, which exacerbates the overall water shortage. In Southern California, reliance City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Drought-5
on imported water from sources such as the State Water Project and the Colorado River further compounds the effects of drought, especially when these sources also experience low flows. The City relies heavily on imported water, with local groundwater resources being insufficient to meet the city’s demand during drought periods. In the event of a severe or extended drought, water deliveries from sources may be reduced, triggering mandatory water conservation measures. The extent of drought is also influenced by the availability of storage systems, such as reservoirs, which can buffer short-term shortages but may be inadequate in prolonged droughts.

The U.S. Drought Monitor provides a nationwide system for tracking drought severity, using categories ranging from "Abnormally Dry" to "Exceptional Drought." This system is used to evaluate the extent of drought across California. Figure J.1 on the following page shows the latest data from the U.S. Drought Monitor, which highlights the current drought conditions for the state of California.

Figure J.1: U.S. Drought Monitor for California
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Drought-6
As shown in the Long-Term Multi-Indicator Drought Index Map (LT-MIDI) map in Figure J.2, the City is currently classified as being in a D1 – Moderate Drought condition. The LT-MIDI combines multiple long-term climate indicators, such as precipitation trends, soil moisture levels, vegetation stress, and temperature anomalies, to provide a more complete picture of drought severity over an extended period. A D1 classification indicates the presence of moderate drought conditions, which may result in stressed vegetation, increased wildfire risk, and voluntary water conservation measures. While not as extreme as higher drought levels, this designation suggests the early stages of water supply strain. The current D1 rating highlights the importance of ongoing monitoring, conservation efforts, and regional collaboration to ensure long-term water resilience
Figure J.2: Long- Term Multi-Indicator Drought Index
Source: National Integrated Drought Information System
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Drought-7
J.4 Drought History
California has experienced several major droughts over the past century. The 1929 to 1934 drought stands as one of the earliest and most widespread water shortages in the state’s history.

Although the City was not yet incorporated at the time, this drought laid the groundwork for California’s large-scale water infrastructure projects, including reservoirs, aqueducts, and groundwater management systems. These projects would later support the development of communities like the City during its post-incorporation growth.

Another severe drought occurred between 1987 and 1992, often referred to as California’s longest drought of the 20th century. Lasting six years, this event strained statewide water systems and revealed the vulnerability of local agencies that depended on limited or single sources of water.

Although urban water systems like the City’s were less impacted than agricultural regions, the drought reinforced the importance of drought preparedness and regional cooperation.

One of the most significant droughts in California’s recorded history occurred from 2011 to 2017.

This event was characterized by record-low snowpack levels, reduced reservoir storage, and limited groundwater recharge. In response, the State implemented mandatory water restrictions, and urban areas were required to reduce water use. During this period, the City experienced increased pressure on its water supply and implemented various conservation measures to meet state-mandated targets. The drought prompted long-term investments in water efficiency, increased public awareness, and a renewed emphasis on regional water planning.

While droughts are a natural part of California’s climate cycle, climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of these events. Historical droughts have shown the importance of long-term planning, diversified water supplies, and conservation measures to protect water security for the City.

J.5 Drought Probability
Drought is a recurring hazard in California and is expected to become more frequent and severe in the future due to the effects of climate change. While droughts do not follow a predictable pattern, the combination of prolonged dry periods, reduced snowpack, and increasing temperatures across the state significantly increases the likelihood of future drought events. Given historical patterns, ongoing climate trends, and statewide water management forecasts, the probability of future droughts affecting the City is considered fairly high. Although the city has City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Drought-8
emergency connections to nearby agencies and participates in regional water planning, future droughts are likely to lead to increased conservation mandates, higher water costs, and potential supply constraints.

J.6 Drought Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
Drought poses minimal direct risk to physical structures throughout the City. As reflected in the loss estimate table presented in Chapter 3, the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee assigned a damage estimate of just 1% for all city-owned structures for the drought hazard. This low percentage reflects the nature of drought, which, unlike earthquakes or floods, does not physically damage buildings, roads, or other infrastructure.

However, prolonged drought can increase operational strain on city systems, particularly in the areas of landscaping, parks, and water infrastructure. To proactively address this, the City has identified mitigation strategies focused on enhancing water efficiency and drought resilience.

Action 2025.HMP.18 proposes assessing the feasibility of expanding reclaimed water use and identifying locations on City property where drought-tolerant landscaping can be installed. This measure not only reduces demand on potable water supply but also improves the sustainability of city facilities under extended drought conditions. Additionally, Action 2025.HMP.19 supports the exploration of incentives for water-saving practices and alternative landscaping, reinforcing the City’s commitment to reducing structural vulnerability by managing water demand and preserving green space.

Table J.1: Drought Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME

REPLACEMENT
VALUE
% DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Lakewood City Hall $8,081,422 1% $80,814
The Centre $14,955,913 1% $149,559
Weingart Senior Center $4,343,400 1% $43,434
Arbor Yard $26,828,036 1% $268,280
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Drought-9
Nixon Yard $2,9437,28 1% $29,437
Note: Values provided by June 2024 Assessment by Alliant Insurance Services are for planning purposes only.

Vulnerability to People
While drought may not directly damage structures, it can have a significant impact on people, particularly vulnerable populations such as the elderly, low-income households, and those with health conditions. Extended drought conditions can lead to increased utility costs, restricted water use, and heightened health risks related to heat and air quality, challenges that could disproportionately affect those with limited resources or mobility. Residents may face restrictions on outdoor water use, changes in landscaping aesthetics, and higher water rates as the cost of managing a limited supply increase. For households already experiencing financial stress, these changes can be burdensome. Additionally, reduced urban vegetation during droughts can contribute to the urban heat island effect, worsening extreme heat conditions, which is a compounding hazard that can further impact public health. To help address these challenges, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.18 calls for the City to assess the feasibility of expanding reclaimed water use and identify new locations on City-owned properties for installing drought-tolerant landscaping, which helps conserve water and keep public areas livable. In addition, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.19 involves exploring possible incentives for residents and businesses to adopt alternative landscaping and other water-saving strategies. Together, these efforts aim to reduce the overall impact of drought on the City’s population.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Hazardous Materials Release-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
K.1 Hazardous Materials Release Identification and BackgroundHazardous Materials Release-2 K.2 Hazardous Materials Release Location................................. Hazardous Materials Release-4 K.3 Hazardous Materials Release Extent....................................Hazardous Materials Release-5 K.4 Hazardous Materials Release History...................................Hazardous Materials Release-5 K.5 Hazardous Materials Release Probability ............................. Hazardous Materials Release-7 K.6 Hazardous Materials Release Vulnerability........................... Hazardous Materials Release-7

LIST OF TABLES
Table K.1: Hazardous Materials Loss Estimate Table .................. Hazardous Materials Release-8 Appendix K
Hazardous Materials Release
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Hazardous Materials Release-2 K.1 Hazardous Materials Release Identification
and Background
A hazardous material is any substances that can pose a significant risk to the general population if released. These substances may be highly toxic, reactive, corrosive, flammable, radioactive or infectious. They are present in nearly every community in the United States, where they may be manufactured, used, stored, transported, or disposed. Because of their nearly ubiquitous presence, there are hundreds of hazardous material release events annually that contaminate air, soil, and groundwater resources, potentially triggering millions of dollars in clean-up costs, human and wildlife injuries, and occasionally cause human deaths.

Accidents which result in chemical clouds or release of hazardous materials into public water or sewer systems may affect outlying neighborhoods or the community at large. Depending upon the scale of the release, large segments of the
residential and the business populations may need
to be evacuated quickly for extended periods of
time. Effective emergency planning with regard to
hazardous materials, therefore, requires the
concentrated efforts of emergency reposnders as
well as other public safety officials and private
organizations. Hazardous material releases may
occur from any of the following:

Fixed-Site Release
Includes all releases involving the production and manufacturing, handling, and storage of a hazardous product at a single facility as well as any releases that may occur at a designated hazardous waste disposal site.

Transportation Release
Includes all releases that occur while the product is in transit from one facility to another or enroute to be disposed of at a designated hazardous waste disposal site, of which the main concerns for the City are the 105, 710, 605, and 91 freeways.

Intentional Spills and Releases
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Hazardous Materials Release-3 Includes all criminal acts and acts of terrorism in which a hazardous material is used to intentionally cause injuries and/or fatalities, damage the environment and/or property, or advance a political or social agenda. Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction will be discussed in further detail in the Adversarial Events section of this document In response to concerns over the environmental and safety hazards posed by the storage and handling of toxic chemicals, Congress passed the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA) in 1986. To reduce the likelihood of hazardous material releases, EPCRA established specific requirements on federal, state, and local governments, Indian tribes, and industry to plan for hazardous materials emergencies. EPCRA’s Community Right-to-Know provisions help increase the public's knowledge and access to information on chemicals at individual facilities, their uses, and releases into the environment. States and communities working with facilities can use the information to improve chemical safety and protect public health and the environment. Under EPCRA, hazardous materials must be reported to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), even if they do not result in human exposure. Hazardous material releases may include the following:
• Air emissions (e.g., pressure relief valves, smokestacks, broken pipes, water, or ground emissions with vapors)
• Discharges into bodies of water (e.g., outflows to sewers, spills on land, water runoff, contaminated groundwater)
• Discharges onto land
• Solid waste disposals in onsite landfills
• Transfer of wastewater to public sewage plants
• Transfers of waste to offsite facilities for treatment or storage In addition to human-caused events, natural hazards may cause the release of hazardous materials and complicate response activities. The impact of earthquakes may be particularly damaging to facilities due to loss of structural integrity or failure of containment facilities. The threat of any hazardous material event may be magnified due to restricted access, reduced fire suppression and spill containment, and even complete cut-off of emergency response personnel and equipment.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Hazardous Materials Release-4 In recognition of the dangers associated with keeping hazardous substances, the California State legislature has enacted several laws regulating the use and transport of identified hazardous materials. In particular, Chapter 6.95 of the Health and Safety Code requires all businesses using these materials to inform local government agencies of the materials and quantities stored on site. This disclosure enables emergency response agencies to respond quickly and appropriately to accidents involving dangerous substances. Chapter 6.95 of the California Health and Safety Code, and Title 19 of the California Code of Regulation, describes the requirements for chemical disclosure, business emergency plans, and community right to know programs. According to these state requirements, a business that uses or handles hazardous materials in amounts equal to or greater than 55 gallons, 500 pounds or 200 cubic feet at any one time must prepare a business emergency plan and chemical inventory. The inventory must be updated annually, and the business plan every two years. The chapter also has incorporated certain requirements from Federal Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III for chemicals designated as acutely hazardous. These regulations apply to industrial accidents, refinery explosions and incidences of high-volume releases.

K.2 Hazardous Materials Release Location
The City is exposed to potential hazardous materials incidents from both transportation routes and fixed infrastructure, with pipelines identified by the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee as the primary source of concern. Several underground pipelines run through the city, including natural gas and petroleum lines, which could pose serious risks in the event of a rupture, leak, or explosion. Of note is a new gas line installed along Del Amo Boulevard, which adds to the network of utilities that must be carefully monitored for integrity and safety.

In addition to pipelines, hazardous materials are regularly transported along key corridors such as Lakewood Boulevard, Del Amo Boulevard, Carson Street, South Street, and Interstate-605.

Commercial trucks using these roads may carry flammable or toxic substances to and from nearby industrial zones. The risk is further elevated by a rail line that passes through Lakewood and is known to transport chlorine, a hazardous chemical that can pose severe health risks in the event of a spill or release.

Although the City itself is largely residential and commercial, it is situated near cities with heavy industrial activity, including Long Beach, Carson, and Paramount, and Torrance, which house oil refineries, chemical plants, and fuel storage facilities. A major incident at one of these nearby sites City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Hazardous Materials Release-5 could have regional effects, depending on wind and environmental conditions. Given the city’s dense development and proximity to critical infrastructure, a hazmat release could impact residential neighborhoods, schools, parks, or other community spaces.

K.3 Hazardous Materials Release Extent
The extent of a hazardous materials release in the City would depend on factors such as the type and quantity of material involved, the location of the release, and environmental conditions such as wind or rainfall. Areas near Del Amo Boulevard, Lakewood Boulevard, Carson Street, and the I-605 Freeway are particularly vulnerable due to the presence of pipelines, freight rail lines carrying hazardous substances like chlorine, and high traffic volumes from commercial transport.

These corridors run through or near densely populated residential neighborhoods, schools, and commercial centers, increasing the potential for public exposure and complicating emergency response efforts in the event of a release.

In a release scenario, the immediate vicinity would
face serious risks, including property damage, health
impacts, and environmental contamination. If the
material involved is highly volatile or reactive, the
potential for fires or explosions could cause significant damage. Wind and weather conditions could also
carry hazardous material to nearby residential areas,
schools, parks, and businesses, expanding the
affected area. Furthermore, the City’s infrastructure,
such as water and utility systems, could be
compromised, disrupting services and resources. A large-scale release could have ripple effects in neighboring communities, particularly because of the City’s proximity to major transportation routes and industrial sites. The severity of the impact would rely on the effectiveness of emergency response, but the risk of widespread consequences due to local oil and gas operations and heavy traffic makes the potential for significant harm a real concern.

K.4 Hazardous Materials Release History
Compared to other methods of fuel transportation, pipelines are considered the safest means to transport vast quantities of petroleum and natural gas (compared to rail or truck). However, failure incidents regularly occur, causing substantial losses to property and life. According to the Pipeline City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Hazardous Materials Release-6 and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, there has been an annual average of 287 significant pipeline failure incidents for the past twenty years. These events have resulted in a total of 243 deaths, 1,020 injuries, and over $13.1 billion in property damage.

Pipeline failures are caused by a variety of factors. The most common cause is corrosion of the pipeline. Corrosion weakens the structural integrity of the pipeline and makes it more susceptible to rupture and failure. Accidental rupture at a construction site from excavation is another common failure cause. Many natural gas and oil pipelines are buried underground, becoming a potential hazard for excavation projects. Other sources of failure include natural forces such as earthquakes, equipment failure and operations failure, materials failures, including defects and fatigue, and weld failures, as occurred in the well-known 2010 San Bruno pipeline explosion. No pipeline failures have occurred within the City, however, the prevalence of hazardous and flammable gas and liquid distribution pipelines throughout the City gives the potential for a future event.
2010 San Bruno Pipeline Explosion
On September 9, 2010, a 30-inch steel natural gas transmission pipeline owned by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) ruptured in a residential neighborhood in San Bruno, California. The rupture released approximately 47.6 million standard cubic feet of natural gas. The released gas then ignited, resulting in an explosion and fire that killed 8, injured 60, and forced the evacuation of many more people. The fire also caused substantial property damage, destroying 38 homes, and damaging 70 homes. The rupture created a crater 72 feet long by 26 feet wide in the middle of the street. The ruptured pipe segment was 28 feet long, weighed approximately 3,000 pounds, and was found 100 feet from the crater.

An investigation was immediately conducted by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).

A review of PG&E records revealed that the pipeline had been labeled in PG&E drawings as seamless API 5L Grade X42 pipe. However, upon examination of the ruptured pipe segment, the NTSB found that it was actually constructed of smaller segments of pipe of unknown origin welded together. The NTSB concluded that the poorly welded pipe section had a visible seam weld flaw that grew over time. As a result, the pipe was not as strong as the listed API 5L Grade X42 steel pipe and ruptured under increased pressure during electrical maintenance at the Milpitas Terminal. 5727
2012 Richmond Refinery Fire
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Hazardous Materials Release-7 On August 6, 2012, a piping segment at the Number 4 Crude Unit at a Chevron refinery in Richmond, California, failed, leading to a release of hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon vapor cloud then ignited, resulting in a large, uncontrolled fire. The fire burned for several hours before being contained later that night. The picture below illustrates the smoke plume from the fire. Fortunately, there were no fatalities from the fire. According to the final investigation report completed by the United States Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, over 15,000 residents surrounding the refinery sought medical treatment for respiratory irritation. The incident tied up many local emergency response agencies and also shut down local service for the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART). Although the 2012 Richmond Refinery Fire did not impact the City, the incident illustrates the potential major impacts to residential areas that a release of this magnitude could have on the City.

K.5 Hazardous Materials Release Probability
Hazardous materials releases in the City are considered to have a low probability of occurrence, but the potential consequences can be significant due to the city's dense development and proximity to industrial infrastructure. The most likely sources of a hazmat incident are underground pipelines, which run throughout the city and transport natural gas, petroleum, and other substances. The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee identified key areas of concern, including oil and gas pipelines traversing the City, fuel storage facilities located along the city’s western border with Long Beach, and pipelines associated with the Alameda Generating Station.

Additionally, the presence of a freight rail line that transports chlorine and the city’s location near regional industrial centers increase the overall hazmat risk profile. While the City does not have a history of frequent or large-scale hazardous materials incidents, the daily transport of chemicals by rail and truck, coupled with the aging infrastructure of some pipeline systems, keeps this hazard relevant. Ongoing urban activity, infrastructure development, and industrial operations in neighboring cities contribute to a continuing risk.

K.6 Hazardous Materials Release Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
While hazardous materials releases typically do not cause widespread structural destruction, they can severely impact the usability and safety of critical public facilities and infrastructure. Facilities located near transportation corridors, oil and gas pipelines, and fuel storage infrastructure, City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Hazardous Materials Release-8 especially on the City’s western border adjacent to Long Beach, are particularly susceptible to temporary closure, contamination, or operational disruptions in the event of a release.

As detailed in Chapter 3’s loss estimate table, the City assessed potential damage to key facilities under a hazardous materials release scenario. Most facilities were assigned a 7% damage estimate, reflecting moderate impact, while certain higher-risk locations such as the Arbor Yard were assigned a ten percent damage factor due to their greater exposure and functional vulnerability.

To address the structural risks posed by hazardous materials releases, the City is implementing several mitigation strategies. One key effort involves conducting a commodity flow study, as outlined in Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.22. This study will help analyze how hazardous materials move through the City and identify structural vulnerabilities such as chokepoints and high-risk zones, allowing the City to prioritize and protect facilities that are most exposed. In addition, the City is enhancing response capacity through Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.21, which focuses on training City personnel in HazMat emergency procedures. This includes partnering with the Paradigm Pipeline Organization to participate in specialized courses that will support effective and coordinated responses, ultimately reducing the potential for structural damage during an incident.

Table K.1: Hazardous Materials Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME

REPLACEMENT
VALUE
% DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Lakewood City Hall $8,081,422 7% $565,700
The Centre $14,955,913 7% $1,046,914
Weingart Senior Center $4,343,400 7% $304,038
Arbor Yard $26,828,036 10% $2,682,804
Nixon Yard $2,943,728 7% $206,061
Note: Values provided by June 2024 Assessment by Alliant Insurance Services are for planning purposes only.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Hazardous Materials Release-9 Vulnerability to People
The vulnerability of residents in the event of a hazardous materials release is influenced by several key factors, including proximity to hazmat storage sites, transportation corridors, population density, and the City’s ability to respond effectively. Populations that live or work near industrial areas, facilities that store or use significant quantities of chemicals, and transportation routes such as the Interstate 605, 91 Freeway and major roadways are at elevated risk of exposure. In the event of release, contact with hazardous substances can cause serious health effects depending on the type and concentration of the material involved.

Certain groups within the community face heightened challenges during such emergencies.

Vulnerable populations, including children, seniors, individuals with disabilities, and those with limited English proficiency, may have difficulty evacuating, understanding emergency instructions, or accessing critical services in a timely manner. These risks are further exacerbated in neighborhoods with limited access points, such as cul-de-sacs or areas with restricted ingress and egress, which may delay emergency response or evacuation efforts. Additionally, critical facilities like schools, healthcare centers, and senior living communities located near hazmat routes are particularly susceptible. In a large-scale incident, the City’s emergency medical services, public health systems, and transportation networks could quickly become overwhelmed.

To help address these concerns, the City will implement 2025.HMP.20, which focuses on providing the public with updated information about the impacts of a hazardous materials release, including immediate first response actions and community resources for relief. By using accessible City platforms such as the City website, social media, and other outreach tools, this action ensures that residents have timely access to life-saving information during an emergency.

This is especially critical for vulnerable populations who may need additional time or assistance to respond appropriately during a hazmat incident.

The City will also enhance internal preparedness through 2025.HMP.21, which supports the organization and delivery of awareness and training courses for City personnel. These courses, including those offered by the Paradigm Pipeline Organization, will strengthen the skills and readiness of first responders and public officials. Trained personnel are vital to effective incident management and can help reduce exposure risks, assist with evacuations, and coordinate medical or hazardous materials response operations.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Transportation Incident-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
L.1 Transportation Incident Identification and Background .................... Transportation Incident-2 L.2 Transportation Incident Location ..................................................... Transportation Incident-3 L.3 Transportation Incident Extent......................................................... Transportation Incident-3 L.4 Transportation Incident History........................................................ Transportation Incident-4 L.5 Transportation Incident Probability .................................................. Transportation Incident-5 L.6 Transportation Incident Vulnerability................................................ Transportation Incident-6

LIST OF TABLES
Table L.1: Traffic Fatalities in California................................................. Transportation Incident-4 Table L.2: Transportation Incident Loss Estimate Table......................... Transportation Incident-7 Appendix L
Transportation Incident
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Transportation Incident-2 L.1 Transportation Incident Identification and
Background
Transportation incidents can pose serious risks to life, property, and infrastructure, particularly in areas with high volumes of roadway, rail, and air traffic. These incidents may include freeway accidents, train derailments—especially those involving hazardous materials—and aircraft emergencies such as crashes or mid-air collisions. While the frequency and severity of these events can vary, the potential consequences in densely populated or industrial areas can be significant.

Roadway Incident
Freeway accidents are a common occurrence in
the Los Angeles County region, with California
averaging approximately 3,000 freeway accidentrelated deaths annually in recent years. Major transportation routes throughout the region
contribute to local traffic congestion and elevate the
risk of transportation accidents. The high volume of
traffic on these routes increases the likelihood of
incidents that may affect both the safety of
residents and the efficiency of emergency response operations.

Railway Incident
A major train derailment that occurs in a heavily populated industrial area could result in significant damage and potential loss of life. Both freeway and rail accidents can be a further hazard if the impacted vehicles are transporting hazardous materials.

Airborne Incident
Aircraft incidents, including crashes, mid-air collisions, and other aviation-related emergencies, present a potential risk to communities located beneath flight paths, especially those near airports.

While these incidents are rare, their consequences can be severe, particularly in densely populated areas. Cities situated near busy airports or major air traffic routes may face an increased likelihood of exposure to such risks due to the frequent low-altitude flyovers of both small private aircraft and larger commercial planes
Source: ABC7
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Transportation Incident-3 L.2 Transportation Incident Location
The City is situated at the intersection of several major transportation corridors, making it particularly vulnerable to transportation incidents, including accidents involving vehicles, railway car, aircraft, and hazardous materials. The City is bordered by the 605 Freeway to the east, the 91 Freeway to the north, the 405 Freeway to the south, and the 710 Freeway to the west. These major freeways serve as key routes for the transportation of goods, including hazardous materials such as oil, gas, and chemicals, which increases the likelihood of transportation-related incidents, especially in the event of vehicle crashes or derailments.

The presence of oil and gas pipelines running through the City adds another layer of vulnerability.

These pipelines transport hazardous materials through densely populated areas, posing a significant risk in the event of a rupture or leak. Similarly, fuel storage facilities located on the western border of the city, near Long Beach, further contribute to the potential hazards associated with transportation incidents, as accidents involving these facilities could have widespread impacts on surrounding areas. The proximity to Long Beach Airport, also presents a risk from potential aviation incidents. While the probability of such incidents is low, the consequences could be catastrophic, particularly for neighborhoods located near the airport or in-flight paths. In addition to these transportation routes and infrastructure risks, areas of the City with limited access points, such as cul-de-sacs or areas with constrained ingress and egress, may face challenges during emergency response or evacuation efforts in the event of a major transportation incident.

In summary, the City’s location along critical transportation corridors, combined with the presence of hazardous materials pipelines and proximity to aviation routes, places various areas of the city at risk. Key infrastructure and facilities, particularly those near major highways and pipelines, could experience significant damage in the event of a transportation-related incident.

L.3 Transportation Incident Extent
The extent of a transportation incident in the City can vary greatly depending on the type and severity of the event. A vehicular accident on one of the major freeways, such as the Interstate 605 or 91 Freeway, could lead to localized traffic disruptions, hazardous materials spills, and potential fires or explosions, particularly if the incident involves trucks or vehicles transporting hazardous goods. In such cases, the effects could extend to nearby residential areas, commercial City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Transportation Incident-4 zones, and key public facilities. The risk of damage to infrastructure depends on the location of the accident and the volume of hazardous materials involved.

In the case of a rail-related incident, such as a derailment involving hazardous chemicals, the impact could be more widespread. The City’s proximity to active rail corridors that transport oil and gas compounds the potential risk, especially in areas near industrial zones or pipelines. A train accident could result in toxic chemical spills, fires, or explosions, potentially impacting large portions of the city, including densely populated residential areas, parks, and schools. The scale of such an event would likely overwhelm local emergency response capabilities.

Aviation incidents, though less probable, could have severe consequences for the City’s southern neighborhoods. If an aircraft were to crash in or near the city, it could cause widespread damage to property, including residential homes and key infrastructure. The potential for fires and debris from the crash could lead to extensive damage within a specific radius, affecting not only the immediate vicinity but also areas further from the crash site due to smoke, toxic exposure, or infrastructure failures.

L.4 Transportation Incident History
The City is located in close proximity to several busy highways and railways. Table L.1, taken from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, presents recent traffic fatalities in California. These statistics highlight the ongoing risks associated with roadway travel in densely populated and highly trafficked urban areas like the City. While not all of these incidents occur within the City, the data stresses the importance of considering transportation hazards, particularly those involving commercial transportation routes.

Table L.1: Traffic Fatalities in California
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Highway Fatalities 3,798 3,719 3,980 4,513 4,428
Rail Fatalities 144 182 174 177 219
Transit Fatalities 32 45 37 44 43
Source: Transportation Safety | Bureau of Transportation Statistics City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Transportation Incident-5 Additionally, while the City itself has not experienced a significant aircraft incident in recent history, its location beneath a busy flight path presents an ongoing potential hazard. Aircraft traveling to and from nearby airports pass over the city regularly, creating the possibility-however rare-of an accident impacting the community. Nearby cities, unfortunately, have experienced firsthand the devastating consequences of aircraft incidents.

Cerritos Air Disaster
One of the most tragic and notable events occurred
in Cerritos in 1986. On August 31, 1986,
Aeromexico DC-9 Flight 498 collided with a singleengine Piper Archer at 6,500 feet above the City at about 11:52 AM. The collision sent the smaller
airplane into an empty playground at Cerritos
Elementary School while the larger DC-9 crashed
into a residential neighborhood at Holmes Avenue
and Reva Circle. All 67 of the passengers and crew
aboard each of the aircraft, along with 15 residents
on the ground, died in the aftermath with an
additional eight injured. The collision also caused catastrophic damage to a residential neighborhood, destroying several homes. This event serves as a sobering reminder of the potential risks associated with urban areas located beneath busy flight paths. Although the City has been fortunate to avoid such incidents, its proximity to heavily trafficked airspace and its dense urban environment amplify the importance of preparedness and mitigation efforts. The concentration of residential neighborhoods, public facilities, and essential infrastructure beneath the flight path means that even a low-probability event could have severe consequences.

L.5 Transportation Incident Probability
The probability of a large scale transportation incident occurring in the City is considered low, particularly in terms of aircraft related events. However, due to the city's proximity to major freeways, highway accidents are more likely to occur and are a more frequent source of transportation related emergencies. While most of these incidents are minor and managed at the local level, the potential exists for severe multi-vehicle accidents or hazardous material spills that could strain local resources. Although aircraft incidents are much less likely, the proximity of Long City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Transportation Incident-6 Beach Airport and the city's location under certain flight paths means the risk, while low, is not zero. Given the potentially severe consequences of a large scale transportation incident, this hazard remains an important consideration for the City.

L.6 Transportation Incident Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
The Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee discussed that in the event of a major transportation incident—particularly one involving hazardous materials or a multi-vehicle collision—several key City-owned structures could be affected. While most City facilities were determined to have a potential loss of approximately 5%, some locations were assigned slightly higher damage estimates due to their proximity to major transportation routes such as Interstate 605, State Route 91, and other heavily trafficked corridors. Detailed in the loss estimates in Chapter 3, the most vulnerable locations include the George Nye Library, the Burns Center, Mae Boyar Community Center, the Youth Center, the Mayfair Park Main Activity Building, Biscailuz Park Recreation Building, and Nixon Yard. George Nye Library is assessed to have a 10% damage potential in the event of a transportation incident, with an estimated loss of $236,200. The Burns Center, a highuse community facility, has a similar 10% damage potential, resulting in a projected loss of $669,450. The Youth Center and Mayfair Park Main Activity Building are also considered at greater risk due to their proximity to major transportation routes, each with a 10% estimated damage potential and projected losses of $260,300 and $571,280, respectively. Nixon Yard, the City’s Public Works Maintenance Facility, could face significant operational disruptions, with a 10% damage potential and an estimated loss of $294,373.

To help reduce the vulnerability of these critical facilities, particularly those located beneath flight paths or near high-traffic corridors, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.23 calls for expanded coordination with Long Beach Airport and other regional airports. While the primary focus of the mitigation action is on aviation incidents, collaborative planning and improved communication resulting from this action are expected to benefit the City’s overall readiness for a range of transportation related hazards. Identifying potential impact zones, sharing data, and aligning emergency response protocols will help protect essential structures and reduce recovery time in the event of a transportation emergency.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Transportation Incident-7 Table L.2: Transportation Incident Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME

REPLACEMENT
VALUE
% DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Lakewood City Hall $8,081,422 5% $404,071
The Centre $14,955,913 5% $747,796
Weingart Senior Center $4,343,400 5% $217,170
Arbor Yard $26,828,036 5% $1,341,402
Nixon Yard $2,943,728 10% $294,373
Note: Values provided by June 2024 Assessment by Alliant Insurance Services are for planning purposes only.

Vulnerability to People
In the event of a transportation incident, residents, employees, and visitors in the City could be exposed to safety risks, particularly in areas near major highways, as well as under common flight paths from nearby airports. The potential for hazardous material spills, multi-vehicle collisions, or aircraft-related incidents introduces a range of threats, including physical injury, air quality impacts, and the need for rapid evacuation. Vulnerable populations, such as residents at the Weingart Senior Center, children at recreation centers, and individuals with limited mobility, may face greater challenges during such emergencies due to transportation dependence or difficulty evacuating.

Although large-scale incidents are considered unlikely, the severity of potential consequences justifies proactive mitigation. To address these concerns, Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.23 proposes expanding coordination with Long Beach Airport and other regional airports to identify opportunities to reduce the vulnerability of residents to aviation related incidents. While this action is aviation specific, it supports the broader goal of enhancing interagency coordination and improving situational awareness for transportation related threats. By improving communication channels and response planning with regional transportation partners, the City can better protect its residents from a range of potential transportation incidents.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
M.1 Flood Identification and Background ......................................................................... Flood-2 M.2 Flood Location .......................................................................................................... Flood-4 M.3 Flood Extent.............................................................................................................. Flood-8 M.4 Flood History............................................................................................................. Flood-9 M.5 Flood Probability ....................................................................................................... Flood-9 M.6 Flood Vulnerability....................................................................................................Flood-10

LIST OF TABLES
Table M.1 Disaster Declarations....................................................................................... Flood-9 Table M.2 Flood Loss Estimate Table..............................................................................Flood-11

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure M.1 FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map (06037C1960F)......................................... Flood-5 Figure M.2 FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map (06037C1960F)......................................... Flood-6 Figure M.3 FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map (06037C200F)........................................... Flood-7 Appendix M
Flood
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-2
M.1 Flood Identification and Background
According to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), flood is the most common type of disaster including both man made and naturally occurring incidents in the United States. Land along rivers, streams, lakeshores, and coastlines are particularly susceptible to flooding.

The primary responsibility of the local governments during widespread flooding is to protect public safety. The second responsibility is protection of the environment followed by property such as highways, streets, bridges, and structure protection.

The types and causes of flooding that can occur within the City are the result of:
• Heavy rain,
• Atmospheric Rivers,
• Flood control channel overflow,
• Wastewater flooding within residences as a result of lift station failures, and • Coastal, tropical, and/or hurricane storms.

Due to light annual rainfall and the City’s location on the flood plain protecting it from channel overflow, dam failure is the most likely cause of flooding with the City.

What are Floods?
A flood occurs any time a body of water rises to cover what is usually dry land. Floods have many causes, including heavy rains, spring snowmelt, coastal storms, and dam or levee failure. When flooding occurs, affected areas may sustain damage to structures and personal property, as well as severe damage to the environment in the form of soil erosion, deforestation and damage to utilities and transportation systems.

Floods can take several hours to days to develop. The following flood characterization designates the amount of time for response.
• Flood Watch – a flood is possible in the area.
• Flood Warning – flooding is already occurring or will occur soon in the area. • Flash Flood Watch – a flash flood is possible in the area. Those affected should seek immediate shelter or higher ground.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-3
• Flash Flood Warning – flooding is already occurring or will occur soon in the area. Flash floods can occur without warning, during heavy rain in mountainous regions ensure that precautions and flash flood warnings are adhered to.

Alluvial Fan Flooding
Alluvial fan flooding occurs in the steep arid or semiarid mountains found throughout California.

Alluvial fans are fan-shaped deposits of eroded rock and soil carried out of mountains and into valley floors by landslides, mudslides, mudflows, and surface runoff. At the beginning of the valley, alluvial fans are steep and narrow with boulders and other course material. The deposited material becomes increasingly fine as the gradient decreases and the material, mainly gravel, sand and mud, spreads.

When rain falls, runoff from the canyon walls flows as a high-velocity sheet that channels into rivulets, and then to natural drainage courses. The rapidly moving water often carries large boulders and other material from the watershed depositing them into runoff channels, blocking the flow of water. Floodwater then spills out onto the fan, with each event finding a new channel that soon fills up with deposits and overflows. Flooding in alluvial fans often can cause greater damage than clear-water flooding.

Flash Flooding
A flash flood is a rapid flooding of low-lying areas, rivers and streams that is caused by the intense rainfall associated with a thunderstorm or multiple thunderstorms. Flash floods also occur when a man-made structure, such as a dam, collapses. Flash flooding occurs when the ground under a storm becomes saturated with water so quickly that it cannot be absorbed. The runoff collects in low-lying areas and flows rapidly downhill. As a result, anything in its path is suddenly in rising water. Typically, flash floods begin with a slow-moving thunderstorm. A slow-moving thunderstorm usually takes longer to move out of the affected areas and causes the area to endure a greater amount of rainfall for a longer period of time. In addition, a thunderstorm may pass over an affected area repeatedly, dumping even more rainfall.

The heavy rainfall associated with these storm systems contributes to urban flooding in a number of ways. Primarily, heavy rainfall will often overwhelm the capacity of the conventional drainage system made up of storm drains, catch basins, sewers, and additional natural mechanisms for storm-water management. These systems typically cannot handle more than one or two inches of rainfall per hour before they begin to back up and overflow. This amount is further diminished City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-4
if the storm drains, and other components of the storm-water management system, have not been adequately maintained, are clogged with debris such as trash or natural waste, or are old and in a state of disrepair. Heavy rainfall, combined with storm-water runoff, can cause local waterways to rise and overflow their banks.

M.2 Flood Location
The City is situated on a relatively flat and broad coastal plain. This plain gently slopes toward the south, which causes floodwaters, when present, to spread out over wide areas at shallow depths.

The region’s flat topography plays an important role in reducing the velocity of overland flow during large storm events. This geography makes the City less prone to rapid, high-energy flooding compared to more mountainous or steeply graded areas.

Three major regional flood control channels serve the City: the Los Angeles River, the San Gabriel River, and Coyote Creek. These waterways are part of a much larger system designed to transport stormwater runoff from upstream areas through urban communities to the Pacific Ocean. Although these channels generally function well under typical storm conditions, they define the potential pathways for floodwaters should extreme weather events exceed the designed capacity of the flood control system.

According to the FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) and the associated Flood Insurance Study, the entire City lies within Zone X, meaning it is not expected to flood during a 100-year (1% annual chance) flood event. While most of the City is located within the 500-year floodplain (0.2% annual chance), these areas still represent a relatively low overall risk when compared to highhazard flood zones. Only a small area in the southwestern part of the City is categorized as Zone X unshaded, representing minimal flood risk.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-5
Figure M.1 FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map (06037C1960F)
Source: FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-6
Figure M.2 FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map (06037C1960F)
Source: FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-7
Figure M.3 FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map (06037C200F)
Source: FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-8
M.3 Flood Extent
The extent of flooding in the City can vary widely depending on the type, intensity, and duration of heavy precipitation and storm events. In most cases, flooding is localized and short-lived, occurring during heavy rainfall when storm drains become overwhelmed or when water collects in low-lying areas. Street flooding is the most common impact, particularly at intersections, underpasses, and areas with poor drainage. These events typically involve a few inches to a foot of water and may last for several hours until the stormwater system can catch up.

In more severe cases—such as during intense storm events or atmospheric river conditions— flooding could cover larger portions of the city and affect multiple neighborhoods at once. If rainfall exceeds the capacity of the city’s drainage system or if multiple storms occur in quick succession, water can back up into streets, parking lots, and even residential or commercial properties.

A 100-year flood event, or a 1% annual chance event, is a standard benchmark for floodplain management and represents a moderate level of risk in most communities. However, the City’s FEMA FIRM maps indicate that the entire City is located outside of the 100-year floodplain, meaning there is no expectation of significant flooding from this type of event. Over a 30-year period, there is about a 26% chance of such a flood occurring, but the City’s risk remains low due to its infrastructure and topography.

In contrast, a 500-year flood event (0.2% annual chance) could pose greater challenges.

According to FEMA, most of the City is within this 500-year floodplain. In such an extreme scenario, the Los Angeles River, San Gabriel River, and Coyote Creek could experience flows that exceed their design capacity, potentially overtopping or even breaching the concrete-lined channels. While the channels are deeply incised and engineered to contain high flows, there is still a risk of shallow, widespread flooding if structural failures or overtopping occurs.

During such a large-scale event, floodwaters would likely spread slowly over the flat terrain, covering large portions of the City. However, the depths of flooding are expected to remain relatively low, with higher flood levels concentrated in low points and areas closest to the rivers.

The most likely impacts would be flooded streets and yards, with limited structural damage to buildings in most areas. Higher-risk areas would include those immediately adjacent to the rivers.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-9
M.4 Flood History
Over the years, both state and federally declared disasters have highlighted the significant impacts of flooding on life, property, and infrastructure. These declarations provide critical assistance and resources for response and recovery efforts. The table below lists flood-related disaster declarations taken from FEMA’s Website for Disasters and Decalations, and the California Franchise Tax Board, along with their respective disaster codes, offering an overview of past events that have shaped mitigation and preparedness efforts.

Table M.1 Disaster Declarations

DISASTER CODE INCIDENT PERIOD
EM-3591-CA 01/08/2023-1/31/2023
EM-3592-CA 03/09/2023-07/10/2023
DR-4683-CA 12/27/2022-01/31/2023
DR-4699-CA 02/21/2023-07/10/2023
CA Disaster Loss 109 02/2024-02/2019
CA Disaster Loss 127 12/2021
CA Disaster Loss 135 09/2022
CA Disaster Loss 141 02/2023 & 03/2023
CA Disaster Loss 142 08/2023
CA Disaster Loss 146 02/2024
Ca Disaster Loss 147 03/2024
M.5 Flood Probability
The City’s designation as Zone X indicates a low probability of flooding. A 100-year flood (1% annual chance) is not anticipated to significantly impact the City, as no areas fall within the City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-10
mapped 100-year floodplain. However, while the likelihood of a 500-year flood is very small— approximately 0.2% annually or about 6% over 30 years—it is not zero. Since much of the City lies within the mapped 500-year floodplain (shaded Zone X), this level of event remains a consideration for emergency planning.

Looking ahead, the probability of flooding in the City is expected to increase due to future conditions, including climate change and evolving weather patterns. Climate models project that Southern California will experience more frequent and intense rainfall events, largely driven by the increased prevalence of atmospheric rivers and shifting storm dynamics. Warmer temperatures can increase the atmosphere’s capacity to hold moisture, resulting in heavier precipitation during storms. These conditions may elevate flood risk in areas with inadequate drainage infrastructure. Additionally, long-term patterns, such as extended droughts followed by intense rainfall, could further exacerbate flooding hazards. While the City is not currently anticipating changes to land use as a flood mitigation strategy, it recognizes that future adaptation measures may become necessary if climate projections hold true. Taken together, these factors suggest that the probability and potential extent of flooding in the City may rise over the coming decades, particularly during successive storm systems.

M.6 Flood Vulnerability
Vulnerability to Structures
While the City is located in FEMA Zone X, which indicates a low probability of flooding, much of the City lies within the mapped 500-year floodplain. As a result, critical City-owned facilities remain vulnerable in the event of a severe flood. In a worst-case scenario, these structures have the potential to sustain damage, resulting in operational disruptions and costly repairs.

Several key facilities are among the most vulnerable. In the event of a significant flooding event, the Centre could potentially sustain up to 30% damage, with a estimated loss of $4.5 million.

Other essential buildings within the Civic Center, such as City Hall and the City Hall Post Office, are also at risk. Community-serving facilities such as the Burns Center, Weingart Senior Center, Youth Center, and multiple park buildings also face considerable risk, with estimated potential damages ranging from $600,000 to over $2 million. City operations infrastructure is similarly at risk. The Arbor Yard, which supports water system maintenance, could face up to 20% damage in the event of a flood. Water infrastructure assets like well sites and pump stations are expected to receive lower levels of damage, but their disruption could still impact essential services.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-11
To address these vulnerabilities, the City has included Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.24, which calls for an assessment of drainage capacities throughout the City. This effort aims to identify areas of concern and prioritize improvements that will reduce flood risk and enhance stormwater management, ultimately protecting public facilities and minimizing future losses.

Table M.2 Flood Loss Estimate Table

ASSET NAME REPLACEMENT
VALUE % DAMAGE LOSS ESTIMATE
Lakewood City Hall $8,041,422 20% $1,616,284
The Centre $4,355,000 20% $871,000
George Nye Library $2,362,000 20% $472,400
Weingart Senior Center $4,343,400 30% $1,303,020
Burns Center $6,694,500 30% $2,008,350
Youth Center $2,603,000 25% $650,750
Mae Boyar Park
Community Center
$2,127,200 30% $638,160
Monte Verde Park
Recreation Building
$1,353,000 30% $405,900
Well Sites $8,042,692 5% $402,135
Pump Stations $1,771,605 5% $88,580
Vulnerability to People
Although the probability of significant flooding in the City is relatively low, vulnerable populations may still face serious consequences during a severe flood event. Residents with limited mobility, including older adults, individuals with disabilities, and those without access to personal transportation, may be less able to evacuate or respond effectively during flash flooding or City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan Flood-12
prolonged storm events. Populations experiencing economic hardship may also be disproportionately affected, as they may lack the resources to prepare for, respond to, or recover from a flood. Renters and lower-income households may not have flood insurance, making it more difficult to replace belongings or repair damage. Additionally, individuals experiencing homelessness may be at acute risk during storms, especially if localized flooding occurs in underpasses, parks, or other areas where unsheltered residents may be living. Community facilities that provide critical support, such as the Weingart Senior Center, Youth Center, and local parks, could also be impacted by flooding, disrupting access to essential services, programs, and safe gathering spaces during emergencies.

To help reduce this risk, the City has identified Mitigation Action 2025.HMP.24, which involves assessing drainage capacities across the City. By identifying areas with inadequate stormwater infrastructure and prioritizing improvements, this action supports flood risk reduction efforts that benefit the whole community, including vulnerable populations.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

4.1 Mitigation Goals and Objectives........................................................................................ 4-2

4.2 Identification of Mitigation Recommendations ................................................................... 4-4

4.3 Prioritization of Mitigation Recommendations...................................................................4-11

4.5 Implementation Strategy ................................................................................................. 4-16

LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Overal Plan Goals and Objectives ........................................................................... 4-2 Table 4.2 Mitigation Action Identification.................................................................................. 4-6 Table 4.3 Benefit-Cost Review Summary Table..................................................................... 4-12 Table 4.4 Status Update of the 2018 Mitigation Strategies .................................................... 4-18 Chapter 4
Mitigation Strategies
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-2

4.1 Mitigation Goals and Objectives
To structure goals and objectives that produce appropriate mitigation actions, the hazard profiles and loss estimates were thoroughly reviewed to identify patterns in the location of potential hazard events and the vulnerability of the
infrastructure identified within those locations. This information was used to develop clear goals to mitigate the effects of natural hazard events.

The mitigation goals provide guidelines for developing mitigation projects to provide prioritized hazard reduction. The goals are based on the findings of the Risk Assessment and input from the Hazard Mitigation Planning Committee (HMPC) and characterize long-term hazard reduction targets and the enhancement of current mitigation capabilities.

Table 4.1 includes the Plan goals and corresponding mitigation objectives. These strategies were developed and reviewed by the HMPC using knowledge of the local area (including high-hazard areas and sensitive populations), review of past efforts, findings of the Risk Assessment, and identification of mitigation projects.

Table 4.1 Overal Plan Goals and Objectives

PLAN GOALS SUPPORTING GOAL OBJECTIVES

PROTECT LIFE &

PROPERTY
Objective 1.1: Implement activities to protect lives, properties, future developments, and critical facilities by ensuring homes, businesses, and infrastructure and more resistant to hazards and meet building codes.

Objective 1.2: Encourage City departments to incorporate resiliency and hazard mitigation into the planning process of future projects and developments.

Step 1:

Develop
Mitigation Goals &
Objectives
Step 2:

Identify and
Prioritize
Mitigation Actions
Step 3:

Prepare an
Implementation
Strategy
Step 4:

Document the
Mitigation
Planning Process
Develop
Complete Hazard
Mitigation Plan
44 CFR §201.6(c)(3)(i): [The hazard
mitigation strategy shall include a]
description of mitigation goals to
reduce or avoid long-term
vulnerabilities to the identified
hazards.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-3
Objective 1.3: Obtain and assess hazard assessment information to monitor high-hazard areas and encourage preventative measures for City assets as vulnerability changes.

Objective 1.4: Ensure development in high-risk areas is protected by mitigation measures that provide for life safety.

IMRPOVE EMERGENCY

MANAGEMENT

CAPABILITIES AND

POST- DISASTER

RECOVERY
Objective 2.1: Maintain an active presence in inter-agency collaboration and coordination with regional agencies, organizations, and the business community.

Objective 2.2: Better prepare City personnel to support emergency operations through improved educational exercises and collaboration with regional agencies, organizations, and the business community.

EXPLORE FUNDING

SOURCES FOR

MITIGATION ACTIONS
Objective 3.1: Further explore both public and private funding options for action items that maximize mitigation, response, and recovery resources.

ENHANCE PUBLIC

AWARENESS AND

EDUCATION
Objective 4.1: Enhance outreach programs to raise public awareness of hazard risks, particularly where it impacts vulnerable populations, and encourage the community to implement independent mitigation efforts.

Objective 4.2: Expand and improve information dissemination on services, partnership opportunities, and outside funding resources to assist the community in independently implementing mitigation activities.

PROTECT THE

ENVIRONMENT
Objective 5.1: Monitor new data of evolving weather patterns and implement improvement projects to strengthen resilience and mitigate future impacts of climate change while protecting the environment.

Following the development of the overall Plan goals and strategies, each hazard was reviewed to determine hazard-specific mitigation objectives. These objectives were developed based on the overall plan goals, hazard profiles, and hazard-specific objectives from the 2018 Plan, and were used to guide the establishment of mitigation action items. It should be noted that the HMPC City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-4
worked to better align its goals and objectives with the 2023 Hazard Mitigation Plan Guidance with the inlcusion of vulnerable populations. Since the goals and objectives listed above are meant to support the entire community, references to vulnerable popuations was not added. As a trade off, the HMPC demonstrated concern for vulnerable populations in the proposed mitigation actions in Table 4.2. Otherwise, the goals and objectives from the 2018 plan were reviewed and modified for the 2024 update with language that better aligned with current City efforts for improvement.

4.2 Identification of Mitigation Recommendations
Mitigation actions are administrative and/or engineering project recommendations to reduce the City’s
vulnerability to the identified hazards. Vital City
employees are required in the development of actions
and projects that are designed to mitigate these hazards and solve problems cost-effectively, as well as ensure
consistency with the City’s long-term mitigation goals and capital improvements. During the fourth HMPC meeting,
a team-based approach was used to brainstorm
mitigation projects based on the identified hazards and associated loss estimates. In addition, FEMA’s Local Mitigation Planning Handbook and the California Adaptation Planning Guide were used to identify actions to mitigate the effects of climate change.

The evaluation and prioritization of the mitigation actions were used as aids to produce a list of recommended mitigation actions to incorporate into the mitigation plan. Each of the mitigation recommendations listed in Table 4.2 fell into one or more of the following categories:
44 CFR §201.6(c)(3)(ii): [The
mitigation strategy shall include a]
section that identifies and analyzes a
comprehensive range of specific
mitigation actions and projects being
considered to reduce the effects of
each hazard, with particular emphasis
on new and existing buildings and
Updates to
Local Plans and
Regulations
Structure and
Infrastructure
Projects
Natural Systems
Protections
Education and
Awareness
Programs
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-5
Table 4.2 provides an overview of the mitigation actions and other relevant information, in no specific order. Following the identification of mitigation actions, a Cost-Benefit Review was conducted in order to determine a prioritization of the items. Section 4.4 contains more information on the Cost-Benefit Review and the prioritization of the projects.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-6
Table 4.2 Mitigation Action Identification

MITIGATION ACTIVITY

HAZARDS

MITIGATED

MITIGATION

ACTION CATEGORY

CORRESPONDING
GOALS

RESPONSIBLE

DEPARTMENT

RESOURCES

ESTIMATED

PROJECT
COSTS

TIMEFRAME

PROTECTS
NEW

BUILDINGS

PROTECTS

EXISTING

BUIDILNGS
2025.HMP.01: Incorporate structural seismic
strengthening into new and ongoing City
structures and assets to ensure that facilities
remain operational.

Earthquake
Structure and
Infrastructure Projects 1,2 Public Works CIP Fund
$1-5 Million in
Project Costs Long Y Y
2025.HMP.02: Implement seismic studies to
determine vulnerable locations throughout critical
City facilities and implement structural
improvements accordingly.

Earthquake
Structure and
Infrastructure Projects 1,2 Public Works General Fund
$60,000 in
Planning Costs Long Y Y
2025.HMP.03: Increase public education efforts
regarding earthquake preparedness by
expanding existing online outreach through social
media, newsletters, and website updates.

Earthquake
Education and
Awareness Programs
1,5
Communications
Department
Staff Time Staff Time Short N N
2025.HMP.04: Improve public outreach through
multiple City platforms regarding air quality,
focusing on vulnerable populations such as the
elderly and very young, by providing clear
guidance for protecting health during poor air
quality events.

Air Quality
Education and
Awareness Programs
1,5
Communications
Department
Staff Time Staff Time Short N N
2025.HMP.05: Support public health efforts during
disease outbreaks by distributing materials
provided by public health agencies through
multiple City platforms to ensure timely access to
clear health protection guidance.

Disease
Outbreak
Education and
Awareness Programs
1,4
Communications
Department
Staff Time Staff Time Short N N
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-7
2025.HMP.06: Increase outreach and training for
preselected Medical Points of Distribution
(MPOD) sites in the city by regularly conducting
training sessions for city staff and local volunteers
to ensure operational readiness and effective
coordination during emergencies.

Disease
Outbreak
Local Planning and
Regulations/
Education and
Awareness Programs
2 Public Safety
Department
Staff Time Staff Time Short N N
2025.HMP.07: Conduct a study to assess the
capacity of existing water lines and infrastructure,
identifying areas where flow rates and water
pressure can be improved to better support fire
suppression efforts during urban fire events.

Urban Fire
Structure and
Infrastructure
Programs
1,2
Water Resources
Department
General Fund/
Water
Department
Funds
$100,000 Long N Y
2025.HMP.08: Adjust the cycle of vegetation
trimming in the City by identifying and prioritizing
species that grow more aggressively, ensuring
that trees and shrubs are regularly maintained to
reduce the risk of windstorm damage.

Windstorm
Natural Systems
Protections/ Local
Planning and
Regulation
1,5
Environmental
Resources
Division
General Fund Staff Time Short Y Y
2025.HMP.09: Develop and distribute
recommendations for residents on how to protect
their properties from windstorm damage,
including recommended mitigation measures and
best practices.

Windstorm
Education and
Awareness Programs
4 Communications
Department
Staff Time Staff Time Short N N
2025.HMP.10: Increase tree plantings around
buildings to provide shade for parking lots and
along public rights-of-way, prioritizing high-traffic
areas and vulnerable populations, to reduce heat
exposure and mitigate the urban heat island
effect.

Extreme Heat
Natural Resource
Protection/ Structure
and Infrastructure
Programs
1,5 Public Works General Fund Staff Time Medium N N
2025.HMP.11: Develop and distribute educational
materials through City platforms to raise
awareness of the benefits of cool roofing,
Extreme Heat
Education and
Outreach Programs
4 Communications
Department
General Fund Staff Time Short N N
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-8
including its role in cooling buildings, reducing
heat-related health risks, and improving overall
energy efficiency.
2025.HMP.12: Explore developing a process to
ensure access to City pools during high heat
events by advertising them as cooling options
alongside cooling centers, and, if pool use is
restricted, temporarily expand access to those
who might not typically have access, and prioritize
vulnerable populations if capacity limits are
reached.

Extreme Heat Local Planning and
Regulations
1,3,5
Recreation and
Community
Services/ ERD
General Fund Staff Time Medium N N
2025.HMP.13: Establish and maintain a mass
notification system for the City, ensuring it is ready
to deliver timely alerts and services during
emergencies by conducting regular system setup,
testing, and staff training.

Dam Failure/
Multi-Hazard
Local Planning and
Regulations/
Education and
Awareness Programs
1,2 Public Safety
Department
State Funds Staff Time Short N N
2025.HMP.14: Make active shooter training
available in multiple languages, including English,
by providing translated materials and conducting
sessions in languages spoken by the Limited
English Proficient (LEP) population within the City.

Adversarial
Events
Education and
Awareness Programs
1,4
Communications
Department
Staff Time/
General Fund
Staff Time Medium N N
2025.HMP.15: Conduct cybersecurity risk
assessments of City systems to identify
vulnerabilities and implement necessary
measures and updates to protect against cyber
threats.

Adversarial
Events
Structure and
Infrastructure
Programs
1 Administrative
Services
General Fund $20,000 Medium Y Y
2025.HMP.16: Distribute outreach materials to
residents on how to respond during power
outages, including safety tips, emergency
Power Loss/
Multi- Hazard
Education and
Awareness Programs
4 Communications
Department
Staff Time Staff Time Short N N
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-9
contacts, and resources for maintaining essential
services.
2025.HMP.17: Coordinate with utility providers to
establish a prioritization plan for power restoration
to critical City facilities, ensuring rapid response
during emergencies.

Power Loss Local Planning and
Regulations
2,3
Public Works/
Water
Department
General Fund/
Staff Time
Staff Time Medium N N
2025.HMP.18: Assess the feasibility of expanding
reclaimed water use and identify new locations on
City properties for the installation of droughttolerant landscaping to enhance water conservation and drought resilience.

Drought
Structure and
Infrastructure Projects 1,3
Public Works/
Water
Department
Grant Funding $10 Million Long N N
2025.HMP.19: Explore possible incentives for
alternative landscaping and other water saving
initiatives for additional areas.

Drought
Natural Resource
Protection
3,5
Environmental
Resources
Division
General Fund
General Fund/
Roughly $5 Million
per project
Medium N N
2025.HMP.20: Provide the public with updated
information on the impacts of a release, including
first response actions and community resources
for relief, through accessible City platforms.

Hazardous
Materials
Release
Education and
Awareness Programs
4 Communications
Department
Staff Time Staff Time Short N N
2025.HMP.21: Organize and conduct awareness
and training courses for City personnel, including
courses from the Paradigm Pipeline Organization,
to enhance preparedness and response
capabilities for emergency situations.

Hazardous
Materials
Release
Education and
Awareness Programs
2,4 City Personnel
Staff Time/
General Fund
$10,000 in
Contractor Costs
Medium N N
2025.HMP.22: Conduct an updated commodity
flow study to identify specific vulnerabilities in
commercial transport routes, such as chokepoints
or high-risk areas, and collaborate with regional
agencies to develop contingency plans for
Hazardous
Materials
Release
Local Planning and
Regulations/
Structure and
Infrastructure Projects
1,2
Administration/
Public Works
General Fund/
Staff Time
$75,000 in
Planning Costs
Medium N N
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-10
mitigating disruptions that could affect public
safety and businesses.
2025.HMP.23: Expand coordination with Long
beach Airport (and expand to other regional
airports) to identify opportunities to reduce the
vulnerability of residents to aviation incidents.

Transportation
Incidents
Local Planning and
Regulations/
Education and
Awareness Program
2,4
Administration/
City Manager’s
Office
Staff Time Staff Time Medium N N
2025.HMP.24: Assess drainage capacities
throughout the City to identify areas of concern
and prioritize improvements to reduce flood risk
and enhance stormwater management.

Flood
Structure and
Infrastructure
Programs
1 Public Works County/ State
Funds
$3 Million Long Y Y
2025.HMP.25: Ensure public outreach materials,
including City and County mental health
resources, are available in multiple languages on
City platforms to ensure equitable access to
important information.

Multi- Hazard
Education and
Awareness Programs
1,4
Communications
Department
Staff Time Staff Time Short N N
2025.HMP.26: Identify elderly care facilities that
may require assistance during evacuation
scenarios and develop contingency plans to
secure housing and shelter for impacted
residents.

Multi- Hazard Local Planning and
Regulations
1,2,4
Community
Development/
Recreation and
Community
Services
General Fund/
Staff Time
Staff Time Short Y Y
2025.HMP.27: Reevaluate and update evacuation
routes to ensure they are accessible, effective,
and safe for all residents during an emergency
event and provide the updated routes to the public
through City communication platforms.

Multi- Hazard
Local Planning and
Regulations/
Education and
Awareness Programs
1,3,4 Community
Development
General Fund/
Staff Time
$60,000 Short Y Y
Notes: 1. Values provided by the HMPC

2. Timeframe definitions are as follows.
a) Short: Task to be completed within 1-2 years
b) Medium Task to be completed within 3-5 years
c) Long: Task to be completed after the 5-year planning period

3. Grant Funding Resources are listed in Chapter 5
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-11
Mitigation Actions Not Included in the Hazard Mitigation Plan During the Planning process, the HMPC proposed several ideas to improve resiliency throughout the City. All developed mitigation actions were inlcuded in the final Plan. There were no actions discussed which are not represented in the Mitigation Actions listed in Table 4.2.

4.3 Prioritization of Mitigation Recommendations
A simplified Benefit-Cost Review was applied to prioritize the mitigation recommendations for implementation. The priority for implementing mitigation recommendations depends upon the overall cost effectiveness of the recommendation when considering monetary and non-monetary costs and benefits associated with each action. Additionally, the following questions were considered when developing the Benefit-Cost Review:
• How many people will benefit from this action?
• How large of an area is impacted?
• How critical are the facilities that benefit from the action? • Environmentally, does it make sense to do this project for the overall community?
Table 4.4 provides a detailed benefit-cost review for each mitigation recommendation, as well as a relative priority rank (High, Medium, and Low) based upon the judgment of the HMPC. The general category guidelines are listed below.
• High – Benefits are perceived to exceed costs without further study or evaluation • Medium – Benefits are perceived to exceed costs, but may require further study or evaluation prior to implementation
• Low – Benefits and cost evaluations requires additional evaluation prior to implementation It should be noted that the values for cost (cons) are estimates only.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-12
Table 4.3 Benefit-Cost Review Summary Table

MITIGATION ACTIVITY BENEFITS COSTS PRIORITY
2025.HMP.01: Incorporate structural seismic strengthening into new and ongoing City structures and assets to ensure that facilities remain operational.
• Avoided physical damage
• Reduced casualties/injuries
• Avoided emergency management costs
• Improved structureal reliability
• Improved continuity for government
when applied to ciritcal assets
• Avoided emergency management costs
• $1-5 Million in Project Costs Medium
2025.HMP.02: Implement seismic studies to determine vulnerable locations throughout critical City facilities and implement structural improvements accordingly.
• Avoided loss of function costs
• Improved emergency management capability
• Improved hazard understanding
• Improved Structural Stability
• Avoided casualties/injuries
• Avoided Emergency Management Costs
• $60,000 in Planning Costs Medium
2025.HMP.03: Increase public education efforts regarding earthquake preparedness by expanding existing online outreach through social media, newsletters, and website updates.
• Imrpoved coordination with the community
• Improved commmunity understanding of hazard
vulnerabilities
• Reduced casualties/ injuries
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.04: Improve public outreach through multiple City platforms regarding air quality, focusing on vulnerable populations such as the elderly and very young, by providing clear guidance for protecting health during poor air quality events.
• Improved coordination with the community
• Improved community understanding of hazard
vulnerabilities
• Reduced injuries
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.05: Support public health efforts during disease outbreaks by distributing materials provided by public health agencies through multiple City platforms to ensure timely access to clear health protection guidance. • Improved coordination with the community
• Improved community understanding of hazard
vulnerabilities
• Reduced injuries
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.06: Increase outreach and training for preselected Medical Points of Distribution (MPOD) sites in the city by regularly conducting training • Improved coordination with the community • Staff Time High City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-13
sessions for city staff and local volunteers to ensure operational readiness and effective coordination during emergencies.
• Improved community understanding of hazard
vulnerabilities
• Reduced injuries
2025.HMP.07: Conduct a study to assess the capacity of existing water lines and infrastructure, identifying areas where flow rates and water pressure can be improved to better support fire suppression efforts during urban fire events.
• Improved understanding of hazard vulnerability
• Improved infrastructure
• Improved water resiliency
• Reduced physical damages
• Reduced casualties/ injuries
• $100,000 Medium
2025.HMP.08: Adjust the cycle of vegetation trimming in the City by identifying and prioritizing species that grow more aggressively, ensuring that trees and shrubs are regularly maintained to reduce the risk of windstorm damage.
• Reduced physical damage
• Avoided injuries
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.09: Develop and distribute recommendations for residents on how to protect their properties from windstorm damage, including recommended mitigation measures and best practices.
• Improved coordination with the community
• Improved community understanding of hazard
vulnerabilities
• Reduced physical damage
• Avoided injuries
• Staff Time
• $20,000 Medium
2025.HMP.10: Increase tree plantings around buildings to provide shade for parking lots and along public rights-of-way, prioritizing high-traffic areas and vulnerable populations, to reduce heat exposure and mitigate the urban heat island effect.
• Reduced impacts of climate change
• Reduced heat related injuries
• Reduced energy consupmtion
• Improved air quality
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.11: Develop and distribute educational materials through City platforms to raise awareness of the benefits of cool roofing, including its role in cooling buildings, reducing heat-related health risks, and improving overall energy efficiency.
• Reduced impacts of climate change
• Reduced heat related injuries
• Reduced energy consupmtion
• Improved air quality
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.12: Explore developing a process to ensure access to City pools during high heat events by advertising them as cooling options alongside cooling centers, and, if pool use is restricted, temporarily expand access to those who might not typically have access, and prioritize vulnerable populations if capacity limits are reached.
• Reduced impacts of climate change
• Reduced heat related injuries
• Staff Time Medium
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-14
2025.HMP.13: Establish and maintain a mass notification system for the City, ensuring it is ready to deliver timely alerts and services during emergencies by conducting regular system setup, testing, and staff training. • Improved coordination with the community
• Reduced emergency management costs
• Reduced casualties/ injuries
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.14: Make active shooter training available in multiple languages, including English, by providing translated materials and conducting sessions in languages spoken by the Limited English Proficient (LEP) population within the City.
• Improved community understanding of hazard
vulnerabilities
• Reduced emergency management costs
• Reduced casualties/injuries
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.15: Conduct cybersecurity risk assessments of City systems to identify vulnerabilities and implement necessary measures and updates to protect against cyber threats.
• Improved understanding of hazard vulnerability
• Avoided loss of function
• $20,000 Medium
2025.HMP.16: Distribute outreach materials to residents on how to respond during power outages, including safety tips, emergency contacts, and resources for maintaining essential services.
• Improved community understanding of hazard
vulnerability
• Avoided loss of function costs
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.17: Coordinate with utility providers to establish a prioritization plan for power restoration to critical City facilities, ensuring rapid response during emergencies.
• Avoided loss of function costs
• Reduced community impact
• Increased coordination with regional partners
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.18: Assess the feasibility of expanding reclaimed water use and identify new locations on City properties for the installation of drought-tolerant landscaping to enhance water conservation and drought resilience. • Improved water resiliency
• Reduced impacts of climate change
• Avoided loss of function costs
• $10 million Low
2025.HMP.19: Explore possible incentives for alternative landscaping and other water saving initiatives for additional areas.
• Improved water resilliency
• Improved water source reliability
• General Fund/ Roughly $5 Million per project Medium
2025.HMP.20: Provide the public with updated information on the impacts of a release, including first response actions and community resources for relief, through accessible City platforms.
• Improved community understanding of hazard
vulnerabilities
• Reduced emergency management costs
• Reduced casualties/injuries
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.21: Organize and conduct awareness and training courses for City personnel, including courses from the Paradigm Pipeline Organization, to enhance preparedness and response capabilities for emergency situations. • Improved understanding of hazards
• Reduced Emegency Management costs
• Reduced injuries
• $10k in Contractor Costs Medium
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-15
2025.HMP.22: Conduct an updated commodity flow study to identify specific vulnerabilities in commercial transport routes, such as chokepoints or highrisk areas, and collaborate with regional agencies to develop contingency plans for mitigating disruptions that could affect public safety and businesses. • Improved understanding of hazards
• Avoided loss of function
• Reduced casualties/injuries
• Improved coordination with regional agencies
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.23: Expand coordination with Long beach Airport (and expand to other regional airports) to identify opportunities to reduce the vulnerability of residents to aviation incidents.
• Avoided emergency managemest costs
• Reduced casualties/injuries
• Imrproved coordination with local airports
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.24: Assess drainage capacities throughout the City to identify areas of concern and prioritize improvements to reduce flood risk and enhance stormwater management.
• Avoided loss of function
• Avoided environmental impact
• $3 Million Low
2025.HMP.25: Ensure public outreach materials, including City and County mental health resources, are available in multiple languages on City platforms to ensure equitable access to important information.
• Improved community understanding of hazard
vulnerabilities
• Reduced emergency management costs
• Reduced casualties/injuries
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.26: Identify elderly care facilities that may require assistance during evacuation scenarios and develop contingency plans to secure housing and shelter for impacted residents.
• Reduced community displacement with an
emphasis for vulnerable populations
• Reduced casualities/ injuries
• Avoided emergency management costs
• Staff Time High
2025.HMP.27: Reevaluate and update evacuation routes to ensure they are accessible, effective, and safe for all residents during an emergency event and provide the updated routes to the public through City communication platforms.
• Reduce community displacement with an
emphasis for vulnerable populations
• Reduced casualties/ injuries
• Avoided emergency management costs
• $60,000 Medium
City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-16

4.5 Implementation Strategy
Mitigation Actions classified as high-priority mitigation actions provide the most significant vulnerability reduction, as related to cost and probability, and are typically implemented before lower ranked improvements. The City, however, may find that under some circumstances that a mitigation action classified as low-priority mitigation actions may need to be implemented before a higher priority recommendation. The priority levels associated with each improvement are indicated on the “Mitigation Action Prioritization: Benefit-Cost Review” table in the previous section.
2018 Hazard Mitigation Plan Strategies
The HMPC reviewed the mitigation strategies and actions from the 2018 Hazard Mitigation Plan.

The 2018 Plan outlined mitigation strategies scheduled for completion in the near future and additional projects for consideration. However, as many of these projects are contingent on the City receiving grant funding to implement, some of these have yet to be implemented.

The HMPC for this update was composed entirely of new members, as staff turnover at the City meant very few of the previous participants remained involved. With fresh perspectives and an understanding of current challenges, the HMPC decided to take a more focused approach by streamlining the mitigation actions and setting achievable goals for this plan. To ensure greater clarity for future review, the new team focused on creating mitigation actions that were both specific and actionable, so that over the next five years, even with potential staff changes, future teams would easily understand and implement the strategies.

The HMPC opted to start fresh, creating a new list of actions that better align with today’s priorities rather than carrying over many of the past items. While some actions from the 2018 Plan were not carried over into this update, this was largely because they were considered ongoing efforts.

These ongoing actions continue to be part of the city's standard mitigation activities, which are regularly addressed through established processes and do not require new, separate implementation strategies. As such, these actions were not included as new items but remain integral to the city's continuous hazard mitigation efforts.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-17
Table 4.4 on the following page provides an overview of mitigation strategies from the 2018 Plan and indicates which actions were completed since the last update. As previously noted, only some of the original mitigation actions received the funding necessary for implementation.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-18
Table 4.4 Status Update of the 2018 Mitigation Strategies

MITIGATION ACTIVITY HAZARDS MITIGATED STATUS NOTES
Conduct Risk Assessments for Important City
buildings and infrastructure, develop, and
implement mitigation measures as necessary.

Multi-Hazard Ongoing
Assessments have been intitated at key locations,
with future improvements contigent on available
funding.

Identify and pursue funding opportunities to
develop and implement local and City mitigation
activities.

Multi-Hazard Ongoing
The City is continually seeking grant opportunities
and other funding sources to support mitigation
projects.

Develop and/or maintain public and private sector
partnerships to foster hazard mitigation activities. Multi-Hazard Ongoing Partnerships with local business and organzations
that support community-wide resillience are
ongoing.

Supporting inter-agency communication
improvements used by public safety that provides
during disasters or other emergencies.

Multi-Hazard Ongoing
Enhancing interoperability of public safety
communication systems is an ongoing focus for
coordination and response.

Secure important nonstructural components, such
as communications and IT equipment, building
electrical, mechanical, and HVAC equipment and
building contents (file cabinets, bookcases,
shelves) in City buildings to minimize damage,
disruption, and potential life safety impacts.

Earthquake Ongoing
Nonstructural retrofits (e.g., bracing furniture,
securing equipment) are ongoing, particularly in
facilities undergoing renovation or new
construction.In the next 2 years, the City will be
building electrical mechanical in the AC system.

Continue to enhance public education activities,
including an earthquake preparedness segment for
Lakewood City TV Channel 21, add earthquake
preparedness materials to Lakewood Online and
distribute materials by mail, at City Hall and
Libraries, and at a booth at Lakewood's annual Pan
American Festival.

Earthquake Ongoing
Public outreach is currently conducted through
City-sponsored programs, media contact, and
emerngey preparedness campaigns, but is
ongoing and can be improved upon.

City of Lakewood Hazard Mitigation Plan 4-19
Complete HAZUS Scenario Earthquake Loss
Estimates for several of the earthquake events
most likely to substantially impact Lakewood.

Earthquake Removed
Removed from current plan due to budget
limitations, but may be reconsidered if funding
becomes available.

Encourage and facilitate retrofitting of vulnerable
residential and commercial buildings, including low
income and elderly housing.

Earthquake Ongoing
The City is continously encouraging and
facilitating retrfoitting by reviewing plans and
conducting inspections.

Conduct seismic risk assessments for important
City-owned buildings, bridges, water systems and
wastewater collection system to identify
vulnerabilities, prioritize retrofits, and facilitate
retrofitting or replacement of vulnerable structures.

Lakewood City CouncilMay 27, 2025

Lakewood City Council
May 27, 2025