Agenda packet — Lawndale City Council, December 4, 2023 (part 6 of 9)

City of Lawndale General Plan
The City’s General Plan was last comprehensively updated in 1992, the Housing Element was updated in 2022 (in accordance with state housing law). The 1992 General Plan contains the following Statemandated and optional elements:

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-8 Land Use and Planning • Land Use Element • Open Space Element
• Circulation Element • Conservation Element
• Safety Element • Air Quality Management Element
• Economic Development Element • Housing Element
• Noise Element
The General Plan is a planning document used to guide City growth and development for the immediate future. The General Plan consists of numerous elements and policies that work to shape the future changes in the City. The Land Use Element in the 1992 General Plan establishes the planned land use pattern for Lawndale based primarily on the community’s vision and goals for the future. Decision-makers and community members can look to the Land Use Element to understand the type of development allowed across different locations within Lawndale.

The Land Use Element designates the following land uses for the City; refer to Figure 3-3, Existing General Plan Land Use Map.

Single-Family Low Density: Permits a density range of 0-8.9 dwelling units per acre. This category is intended for single-family detached units on a minimum 5,000-square foot lot. Permits single-family detached homes and ancillary uses.

Single-Family Medium Density: Permits a density of 8.9-17.6 dwelling units per acre. This category is only intended to be applied to the areas of Lawndale where the predominate use is existing single-family units on 2,500-square foot lots. Permits single-family detached homes on 2,500-square foot lots and ancillary uses.

Multi-Family Low Density: Permits a density of 8.9 dwelling units per acre to 17.6 dwelling units per acre and allows two units on a minimum 5,000-square foot lot. Permits single-family detached, duplex/double unit, condominiums, townhomes, or any combination of the above and ancillary uses.

Multi-Family Medium Density: Permits a density range of 17.6 dwelling units per acre to 33 dwelling units per acre, on a minimum 5,000-square foot lot. Permits single-family detached, duplex/double unit, condominiums, townhomes, apartments, manufactured housing, or any combination of the above if deemed appropriate and compatible with surrounding land uses, and ancillary uses.

General Commercial: This designation provides the community with a wide variety of retail shops, restaurants, services, and office uses to meet the daily needs of the residents. The permitted floor area ratio, not to exceed 1.0, unless modified by the Hawthorne Boulevard Corridor Specific Plan.

Downtown Commercial: The purpose of this designation is to encourage urban nodes with commercial activity. This designation is applied specifically to the northerly side of the Hawthorne Boulevard and Manhattan Beach Boulevard intersection, and on the southerly side of the Marine Avenue and Hawthorne Boulevard intersection (see Hawthorne Boulevard Corridor Specific Plan).

Specialty Commercial: This designation can apply to sites that are a minimum five (5) acres in size and are located so as to be easily accessible and visible from major transportation corridors. The uses should have Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-9 Land Use and Planning a central theme and attract customers from outside the City as well as within Lawndale. Examples of suitable specialty commercial uses are a complex of stores catering to major household purchases, such as furniture, appliances, carpets, etc.; a variety of factory outlet stores; or assorted entertainment and eating establishments. The floor area ratio shall not exceed 0.3.

Light Industrial: This designation permits light manufacturing, assembly, packaging, fabrication, and processing of materials into finished products rather than the conversion of raw materials. The industrial activity shall be conducted primarily within structures and outside storage areas and assembly activity should be limited. The floor area ratio shall not exceed 0.5.

Open Space: This designation includes public parks, parks that are part of school sites, public and private outdoor recreational facilities, and landscaped open space areas.

Public Facilities: This category includes public school sites; Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad rightof-way; civic center; public maintenance yards; utility easements; library; and Prairie Avenue Recreation Center uses.

Public Facilities Overlay: This overlay is intended to identify existing and potential sites that are suitable for a public park, recreational facility, or any other public facility building or use. In the area adjacent to the Lawndale Civic Center, this overlay is intended to identify areas where possible expansion of City Hall and/or future public uses can occur.
2021-2029 Housing Element
The City of Lawndale has updated and adopted their Housing Element for the Sixth Cycle RHNA: 2021- 2029 Housing Element. The Lawndale 2021-2029 Housing Element identifies strategies and programs that focus on:
• Ensure that a broad range of housing types are provided to meet the needs of the existing and future residents;
• Ensure that housing is maintained and preserved;
• Increase opportunities for homeownership;
• Ensure the availability of housing-related services for special needs groups; and • Affirmatively furthering fair housing.

The City introduced two new mechanisms to allow for residential development to be created to implement the Housing Element on sites considered viable for housing development. The first is “Housing Overlay 100”, which will be applied to 16 nonresidential sites outside of the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area and allow for residential densities of up to 100 dwelling units per acre. The second is “Housing Overlay 150” which will be applied to 68 nonresidential sites inside the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area, and will allow for residential densities up to 150 dwelling units per acre.

Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan
The Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan (HBSP) oversees the development of the Hawthorne Boulevard corridor and the north side of both Artesia Boulevard and Redondo Beach Boulevard (see Figure 3-4, Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-10 Land Use and Planning Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan Map). The HBSP acts as a tool for implementing the goals and policies of the General Plan through the regulation of use, density, height, and other design standards to achieve the overall vision for the area. The Specific Plan was originally adopted in June 1999 and has undergone various amendments since its adoption. The Specific Plan includes General Commercial, Downtown Commercial, Public Facilities and Multi-Family Medium land use designations.

Hawthorne Boulevard serves as the City’s primary transportation route, corridor of economic activity, and the community focal point. It has been, and continues to be, the City’s central artery for circulation, commerce, employment, and social activity. Hawthorne Boulevard is oriented in a north-south direction, connecting the City of Lawndale with the cities of Hawthorne in the north and Torrance in the south.

City of Lawndale Zoning Ordinance
The City’s Zoning Ordinance is codified as Title 17, Zoning, of the Lawndale Municipal Code. The stated purpose of Title 17 is to designate, regulate, and restrict the location and use of buildings, structures, and land for residence, commerce, trade, industry, or other purposes; to regulate and limit the height, number of stories, and size of buildings and other structures hereafter erected or altered; to regulate and determine the size of yards and other open spaces; and to regulate and limit the density of population and, for said purposes, to divide the city into zones of such number, shape, and area as may be deemed best suited to carry out these regulations and to provide for their enforcement, in accordance with the comprehensive general plan.

Chapter 17.28, Special Use Permit, regulates the issuance of Special Use Permits (SUP). Land uses that require a SUP generally have a unique and distinct impact on the area in which they are located or are capable of impacts to adjacent properties unless given special review and conditions. SUPs may be approved, conditionally approved, or denied. Before granting a SUP, the approving body must find that the proposed project meets the conditions set forth in Section 17.28.014, Prerequisite Conditions, including, but not limited to, the presence of site features required to adjust the proposed use with the land and uses in the neighborhood, and consistency with the General Plan. In addition, all SUPs must meet the standard conditions set forth in Section 17.28.105, Standard Conditions, including, but not limited to, the provision of adequate exterior lighting for parking areas, provided such lighting does not disturb surrounding residential or commercial areas.

Chapter 17.30, Design Review, establishes a design review evaluation procedure that is intended to support orderly development by ensuring that proposed residential structures meet all aspects of the Zoning Code, are harmonious with the surrounding area within residential zones, and do not pose a threat to the public health, safety and general welfare of the City and its citizens. The design review procedure is decided upon by either the Community Development Director or Planning Commission, depending on the type of development and is decided according to design criteria established in Section 17.30.040, Design Criteria, which includes, but is not limited to: building height, bulk and other design features; site layout, orientation and location of structures; illumination and landscaping; respect for natural terrain and landscape; and substantial compliance with adopted design guidelines.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-11 Land Use and Planning City of Lawndale Residential Development Standards and Design Guidelines Adopted in 2019, the City of Lawndale Residential Development Standards and Design Guidelines contains both residential development standards and design guidelines intended to improve the quality of life throughout the City's residential neighborhoods; ensure that new development is compatible with surrounding developments; and assists the public in understanding and implementing principles of design.

5.11.3 SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA AND THRESHOLDS
Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines contains the Initial Study Environmental Checklist, which includes questions relating to land use and relevant planning. The issues presented in the Initial Study Environmental Checklist have been utilized as thresholds of significance in this section. Accordingly, a project may create a significant environmental impact if it would:
• Physically divide an established community (refer to Impact Statement LU-1); and • Conflict with any applicable land use plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect (refer to Impact Statement LU-2).

5.11.4 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
The General Plan Update is a comprehensive update of all of the Elements of the General Plan. The proposed land use plan identifies the type, location, and density/intensity of future development in the City; refer to Figure 3-4, General Plan Update Land Use Map. The proposed land use plan designates all land in the Planning Area to one of the land use designations below. • Low Density Residential • Industrial
• Medium Density Residential • Open Space
• High Density Residential • Public Facilities
• Commercial • Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan
Based on the proposed land use designations, density and intensity permitted for each parcel, and associated development assumptions, the proposed land plan would provide for increased development over existing (2022) conditions by 3,942 additional dwelling units and 808,864 additional square feet of non-residential uses; refer to Table 3-4.

LU-1: Would the project physically divide an established community? Impact Analysis: The proposed General Plan Update establishes the City’s vision for future growth and development. Goal LU-1 of the General Plan Update aims to achieve “A community with a fiscally sustainable mix of land uses that meets the diverse needs of Lawndale residents, offers a variety of housing, employment opportunities, and support the provision of public services.” The land uses allowed under the proposed General Plan (Figure 3-4 in Section 3.0, Project Description) provide opportunities for cohesive new growth at infill locations primarily within the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area, but would not create physical division within the community. Overall, the proposed Project would provide new development opportunities to support the vision for development consistent with the General Plan Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-12 Land Use and Planning Update and the State’s Housing Element Law, including accommodating the City’s RHNA. This is primarily accommodated through the implementation of the “Housing Opportunity Overlay” on sites currently identified for non-residential development and through the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan.

The Project does not introduce new roadways or new or significantly expanded infrastructure that would divide an established community. The General Plan Update Land Use Element includes policies and actions to support cohesive development that would not physically divide an established community. Specifically, Policy LU-2.1 would encourage the preservation of the basic pattern of existing land uses, preserving residential neighborhoods, while providing for the enhancement of mixed-use corridors. Policy LU-3.1 considers as part of the development review process the compatibility of new development with surrounding uses and the ability of new development to enhance the character of the surrounding area.

Action LU-3c, through the development review process, evaluates development proposals for land use and transportation network compatibility with existing surrounding or abutting development or neighborhoods.

The policies and actions listed below would ensure that future development is compatible with adjacent communities and land issues. The proposed General Plan would have a less than significant impact associated with the physical division of an established community.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

LAND USE ELEMENT
Policy LU-1.1: Sustainable Land Use Pattern. Provide an appropriate land use plan that promotes efficient development; fosters and enhances community livability and public health; sustains economic vitality; promotes efficient development and multiple transportation options; reduces pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and the expenditure of energy and other resources; and ensures compatibility between uses consistent with the land use designations identified in this Element and Land Use Map (LU-1).

Policy LU-2.1 Existing Land Use Pattern. Strive to maintain the basic pattern of existing land uses, preserving residential neighborhoods, while providing for enhancement of mixed-use corridors to accommodate desirable redevelopment plans and improve economic sustainability.

Policy LU-3.1 Surrounding Uses. Consider as part of the development review process the compatibility of new development with surrounding uses and the ability of new development to enhance the character of the surrounding area.

Action LU-3b Ensure all projects are reviewed and processed per the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines.

Action LU-3c Through the development review process, evaluate development proposals for land use and transportation network compatibility with existing surrounding or abutting development and neighborhoods.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-13 Land Use and Planning Policy LU-4.3: Site Planning. Require that new development use site planning techniques (e.g., the placement of proposed structures, building materials, landscaping, access ways) that consider the physical characteristics of its site and surrounding land uses, maximize access to sunlight and natural airflow between buildings, and optimize energy efficiency.

Action LU-4e: Implement the City’s existing development standards, or where not in place, create new standards (either through an update to the Zoning Code or update to the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan or other regulating tool) to regulate new construction and revisions to existing buildings. In particular, new development standards shall be created for higher density stand-alone residential projects and mixed-use projects to ensure that quality infill developments can be created within the areas identified for focused growth.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

LU-2: Would the project conflict with any applicable land use plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect? Impact Analysis:

STATE PLANS
The proposed General Plan Update was prepared in conformance with State laws and regulations associated with the preparation of general plans, including requirements for environmental protection.

Discussion of the proposed General Plan’s consistency with State regulations, plans, and policies associated with specific environmental issues (e.g., air quality, transportation, water quality, etc.) is provided in the relevant chapters of this Draft EIR. The State would continue to have authority over any State-owned lands in the vicinity of the City and the proposed General Plan Update would not conflict with continued application of State land use plans, policies, and regulations adopted to avoid or mitigate environmental effects.

REGIONAL PLANS
SCAG reviews environmental documents for regionally significant projects for their consistency with the adopted 2020 RTP/SCS. SCAG refers to CEQA Guidelines Section 15206, Projects of Statewide, Regional or Areawide Significance, in determining whether a project meets the criteria to be deemed regionally significant. The following criteria is relevant to the Project:

Criteria 1: A proposed local general plan, element, or amendment thereof for which an EIR was prepared.

The proposed Project involves components specified in Criteria 1; the General Plan Update is a comprehensive update of the 1992 General Plan. Therefore, it is concluded that the Project is regionally significant. SCAG’s 2020 RTP/SCS provides a framework for regional land use and transportation policy within the SCAG region through the horizon year of 2045. SCAG’s 2020 RTP/SCS goals and policies were adopted to help focus future investments on the best-performing projects and strategies to preserve, Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-14 Land Use and Planning maintain and optimize the performance of the existing transportation system. The goals of Connect SoCal fall into four core categories: economy, mobility, environment and healthy/complete communities. An analysis of the proposed Project’s consistency with the relevant SCAG 2020 RTP/SCS goals adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect is provided in Section 5.8, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Table 5.8-5, Project Consistency with the 2020-2045 RTP/SCS. As demonstrated in Table 5.8-5, the Project would be consistent with SCAG’s regional planning efforts and a less than significant impact would occur in this regard.

LOCAL PLANS
As set forth by State law, the General Plan serves as the primary planning document for the City and subordinate documents and plans would be updated to be consistent with the General Plan. Similar to the existing General Plan, the proposed General Plan Update focuses on a balanced land use pattern, creating a community where new development blends with existing neighborhoods, and promoting the City as a desirable place to live and work. The proposed General Plan Update carries forward and enhances policies and measures from the City’s existing General Plan that were intended for environmental protection, and would not remove or conflict with City plans, policies, or regulations adopted for environmental protection. The proposed General Plan Update would require modifications to the City’s Zoning Code to provide consistency between the General Plan and zoning; however, these modifications will not remove or adversely alter portions of the Lawndale Municipal Code that were adopted to mitigate an environmental effect.

It is noted, the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan (HBSP) applies to 95 acres of the City located along Hawthorne Boulevard. The Specific Plan was originally adopted in June 1999 and has undergone various amendments since its adoption. The Specific Plan includes General Commercial, Downtown Commercial, Public Facilities and Multi-Family Medium land use designations The General Plan Update Land Use Map (Figure 3-4) includes the addition of the land use designation of “Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan” for the HBSP. As part of the implementation of the General Plan Update and 2021-2029 Housing Element, the HBSP would be updated. Given the future land use changes expected to be proposed to the HBSP, the General Plan 2045 Buildout (Table 3-3) analyzes the HBSP as developing with an additional 3,540 dwelling units and 310,376 square feet of non-residential development.

Subsequent development and infrastructure projects would be required to be consistent with all applicable policies, standards, and regulations, including those land use plans, policies, and regulations adopted to mitigate environmental effects by the City as well as those adopted by agencies with jurisdiction over components of future development projects. The policies listed below would ensure that the General Plan Update does not conflict with any land use plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-15 Land Use and Planning options; reduces pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and the expenditure of energy and other resources; and ensures compatibility between uses consistent with the land use designations identified in this Element and Land Use Map (LU-1).

Policy LU-1.2: Balance Jobs and Housing. Balance levels of employment and housing within the community to provide more opportunities for Lawndale residents to work locally, reduce commute times, and improve air quality.

Policy LU-1.6: Uses to Meet Daily Needs. Encourage uses that meet daily needs, such as grocery stores, local-serving restaurants, and other businesses and activities, within walking distance of residences to reduce the frequency and length of vehicle trips.

Action LU-1e: Initiate a coordinated process to regularly review and adjust population assumptions and forecasts in conjunction with the Department of Finance, Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), and the County of Los Angeles in order to adequately plan for growth, including jobs-housing balance projections.

Policy LU-2.2: Focused Areas for New Development. Encourage new development to be focused within the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area and within the City’s Housing Opportunity Overlay sites to preserve the character of the community’s existing single-family uses, promote active transportation options, and create vibrant mixed-use activity nodes.

Policy LU-3.1: Surrounding Uses. Consider as part of the development review process the compatibility of new development with surrounding uses and the ability of new development to enhance the character of the surrounding area.

Action LU-3b: Ensure all projects are reviewed and processed per the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines.

Action LU-3c: Through the development review process, evaluate development proposals for land use and transportation network compatibility with existing surrounding or abutting development and neighborhoods.

Policy LU-4.3: Site Planning. Require that new development use site planning techniques (e.g., the placement of proposed structures, building materials, landscaping, access ways) that consider the physical characteristics of its site and surrounding land uses, maximize access to sunlight and natural airflow between buildings, and optimize energy efficiency.

Policy LU-4.4: Pedestrian-Scale Amenities. Support the installation of pedestrian-scale amenities throughout the City that contribute to a high-quality living environment, such as street furniture, fountains, pedestrian-scaled signs and lighting, murals or public art, landscaping, and sidewalk improvements.

Policy LU-4.7: Landscaping. Encourage, to the maximum extent feasible, project and streetscape landscaping be designed to include drought tolerant, native California plant species and the use of a drip, micro-spray or other low-flow irrigation systems.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-16 Land Use and Planning Action LU-4e: Continue to implement the City’s existing development standards, or create new standards if appropriate, to regulate new construction and revisions to existing buildings.

New standards shall be created for higher density stand-alone residential projects and mixed-use projects to promote quality infill developments.

Action LU-4f: Seek grant funding (“greening” grants) to help offset the cost of landscape improvements along community corridors, with a focus on Hawthorne Boulevard.

MOBILITY ELEMENT
Policy M-1.7: Traffic Calming on Local Streets. Encourage traffic calming strategies, such as diverters, median islands, and speed humps, and incorporation of traffic calming design in residential and school areas to slow traffic and promote safety, while not reducing parking supply.

Action M-1e: Monitor cut-through traffic on local streets, especially along residential areas and schools, and where appropriate evaluate the applicability of traffic calming tools and implement improvements as necessary.

Policy M-2.2: Agency Coordination. Coordinate with neighboring cities, telecom companies, and regional agencies such as County of Los Angeles, South Bay Cities Council of Governments, and Metro to meet the mobility needs of people living in, working in, or visiting Lawndale.

Policy M-2.3: Facility Connections. Plan and implement vehicular facilities, roadway treatments, active transportation facilities, transit routes, and goods movement network to relate to those in neighboring jurisdictions.

Action M-2a: Participate in regional planning forums to ensure that the City’s concerns are considered at the regional level.

Policy M-3.1: Complete Streets for Roadway Projects. Apply Complete Streets principles to all transportation improvements projects (e.g. safety, intelligent transportation systems, roads and intersections widening, transit facilities).

Policy M-3.2: Multimodal Connectivity. Link activity centers, employment centers, public facilities, and schools to transit and active transportation facilities, wherever feasible.

Policy M-3.3: Streetscape Improvements. Require roadway, sidewalk, and median improvements that enhance the visual character of the roadway system and promote pedestrian and bicycle safety.

Policy M-3.6: Safe Routes to School. Provide infrastructure improvements, enforcement and incentives to support Safe Route to School programs and promote walking and bicycling to local schools.

Action M-3a: When planning roadway facilities, incorporate the concept of complete streets. Complete streets include design elements for all modes that use streets, including autos, transit, pedestrians, and bicycles. Complete streets shall be developed in a context-sensitive Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-17 Land Use and Planning manner. For example, it may be more appropriate to provide a Class I bike path instead of bike lanes along a major arterial.

Policy M-5.1: Transit Use. Support programs encouraging public transit use by people living in, working in, or visiting Lawndale.

Policy M-5.2: Improve Local Public Transit Service. Work with Metro, Lawndale Beat Bus, and other local public transit providers to plan and improve local transit service and transit facilities, including bus stops, in the City.

Policy M-5.3: Transit Facilities. Require new developments to construct, when appropriate, transit facilities, including bus turn-outs, lighted bus shelters, and route information signage.

Policy M-5.4: C (Green) Line Service. Work with Metro to ensure C (Green) Line service (including headways and service hours) are sufficient to meet the needs of transit commuters to and from Lawndale.

Policy M-5.5: C (Green) Line Stations. Work with Metro to ensure the planned C (Green) Line extension project implementation is consistent with the City's Complete Streets, active transportation, and parking policies, and that it provides pedestrian and bicycle connectivity between neighborhoods within Lawndale and future stations.

Policy M-5.6: Effects of New Technologies on Transit Use. Monitor the development of new mobility technologies and the potential effects on transit demand and how users access public transit.

Action M-5a: Continue on-going coordination with transit authorities toward the expansion of transit facilities.

ActionM-5b: Work with Metro to increase transit service frequency, speed, and reliability and increase ridership and to strengthen linkages and access to the C line rail stations.

Policy M-6.1: Bicycle Master Plan. Implement the South Bay Bicycle Master Plan within City limits to provide active transportation facilities that can serve as an alternative to automobiles, including the Plan’s facility recommendations as shown in Figure M-2.

Policy M-6.2: Local Travel Network. Coordinate with the South Bay Cities Council of Governments to promote local micromobility modes by implementing the Local Travel Network plan and supporting efforts to integrate the network with adjacent cities, as shown in Figure M-3.

Policy M-6.4: Sidewalk and Bikeway Gaps. Create a connected and complete active transportation network by identifying and eliminating gaps in sidewalks and bikeways.

Policy M-6.5: Bicycle/Pedestrian Facilities at New Developments. Require new residential and nonresidential developments in the City to provide safe and attractive bicycle and pedestrian facilities, such as secure bicycle parking, pedestrian-scale lighting, street furniture, landscaping, and other improvements.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-18 Land Use and Planning Policy M-6.6: Effects of New Technologies on Active Transportation. Monitor the development of mobility new technologies and the potential effects on designing a transportation network that accommodates all modes and users.

Action M-6a: As part of development review and specific plans, review any existing gaps in active transportation infrastructure that inhibit mobility.

Action M-6b: Implement of the South Bay Bicycle Master Plan when roadways are being rehabilitated or resurfaces, as funding allows.

Action M-6c: Review and update the City’s Municipal Code, as necessary, to consider bicycle and pedestrian access as part of the site plan review for new development projects.

Policy M-7.1: Local Truck Routes. Maintain a network of local truck routes to facilitate goods movement to regional roads and to discourage the use of residential roads.

Policy M-7.2: Roadway Design. Maintain roadway design standards to facilitate access to light industrial and manufacturing areas along designated truck routes.

Action M-7a: Review and update the City’s designated truck routes as needed while considering the potential mobility conflicts and the location of sensitive land uses in the City.

Policy M-9.2: Transportation Demand Management. Require transportation demand management (TDM) strategies as mitigation measures for new projects that exceed the City's thresholds Vehicle Miles Traveled impact thresholds.

Policy M-9.3: Regional Coordination. Encourage regional agencies such as Metro, the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), and the South Bay Cities Council of Governments to promote TDM programs that reduce single occupancy vehicle travel.

Policy M-9.4: New Development. Work with developers to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and minimize congestion related to new development through improvements to the circulation system and on-site improvements that encourage public and active modes of travel.

Action M-9a: Review and update the City’s Municipal Code and related implementation documents, as necessary, to reflect TDM best practices.

Action M-9b: Require developments that are approved based on TDM plans to incorporate monitoring and enforcement of TDM targets as part of those plans.

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ELEMENT
Policy RM-1.9: Active Transportation Trails. Provide safe and accessible bicycle and pedestrian trails for the City’s residents by improving and promoting the establishment of trails utilizing alleys, streets, sidewalks, railroad right-of-way, and other open space areas.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-19 Land Use and Planning to access these facilities through safe walking, bicycling, and transit routes. Physical barriers such as I-405 should also be considered when evaluating service area and access.

Action RM-1g: Coordinate with LA Metro and associated entities regarding the multi-use trail and/or greenway proposed as part of Metro’s C Line (Green) extension project. The City should be actively engaged in the design and implementation of the project to ensure the project reflects community preferences, is compatible with surrounding uses, and maximizes connectivity for active transportation.

Action RM-1h: Consider the creative use of space for the median along Hathorne Boulevard to expand available open space and opportunities for physical fitness, including but not limited to, greenways, parklets, bike or pedestrian paths, and a fitness trail.

Policy RM-2.4: Source Reduction and Recycling Efforts. Participate in source reduction and recycling techniques to reduce the amount of solid waste sent to landfills and ensure adequate landfill capacity in the region.

Policy RM-2.5: Organic Waste. Work with appropriate service providers to collect and compost green waste, including landscaping, Christmas trees, composting and mulch, and other sources of organic waste, to distribute for use in parks, medians, and other municipal areas.

Action RM-2a: On an ongoing basis and in compliance with State law, ensure solid waste collection activities, facility siting and construction of transfer and/or disposal facilities, operation of waste reduction and recycling programs, and household hazardous waste disposal and education programs are consistent with the Los Angeles Countywide Integrated Waste Management Plan.

Policy RM-4.1: Regional Cooperation. Support regional efforts, including those organized through the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), the South Bay Cities Council of Governments (SBCCOG), and the California Air Resource Board (CARB) to implement the regional Air Quality Management Plan.

Policy RM-4.2: Measurement and Enforcement. Coordinate with the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) to support their ability to properly measure air quality at emission sources and enforce the standards of the Clean Air Act.

Policy RM-4.3: GHG Emissions. Align the City’s local GHG reduction targets with the statewide GHG reduction targets of Assembly Bill 32, and align the City’s GHG reduction goal with the statewide GHG reduction goal of Executive Order S-03-05.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-20 Land Use and Planning Policy RM-4.6: Land Use Planning. Encourage and incentivize higher density and mixed-use development opportunities within designated areas of the City to lessen the impacts of traffic congestion on local air quality. (See Land Use Element) Policy RM-4.8: Mitigation. Require the implementation of relevant mitigation measures for all future development upon identification of potential air quality impacts.

Policy RM-4.9: GHG Reduction. Consider and adopt new local policies and programs that will help to provide energy efficient alternatives to fossil fuel use and reduce consumption in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions consistent with the local measures identified in the City of Lawndale Climate Action Plan.

Policy RM-4.10: Public Engagement. Promote regional air quality programs in order to inform the public on regional air quality concerns and encourage the engagement of all residents in future planning decisions related to air quality.

Action RM-4a: Implement the local GHG reduction measures identified in the City of Lawndale Climate Action Plan (CAP), participate in future updates of the SBCCOG Climate Action Plan, and perform on-going monitoring and reporting of GHG reduction impacts. Develop a Climate Action Team to support and guide the City’s efforts to conserve energy and reduce emissions. Work with the SBCCOG and/or other local, Regional, State, and Federal agencies or utility to obtain funding necessary to implement, monitor, and report the CAP measures.

Action RM-4b: As applicable, review new industrial and commercial development projects during the CEQA process for potential air quality impacts to residences and other sensitive receptors.

Ensure that mitigation measures and best management practices are implemented to reduce significant emissions of criteria pollutants.

Action RM-4c: Review development, infrastructure, and planning projects for consistency with SCAQMD requirements during the CEQA review process. Require project applicants to prepare air quality analyses to address SCAQMD and General Plan requirements, as appropriate, which include analysis and identification of:

1. Air pollutant emissions associated with the project during construction, project operation, and cumulative conditions.

2. Potential exposure of sensitive receptors to toxic air contaminants.

3. Significant air quality impacts associated with the project for construction, project operation, and cumulative conditions.

4. Mitigation measures to reduce significant impacts to less than significant or the maximum extent feasible where impacts cannot be mitigated to less than significant.

Action RM-4d: Work with the South Coast Air Quality Management District, Southern California Association of Governments, the South Bay Cities Council of Governments, and the Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-21 Land Use and Planning California Air Resource Board to implement programs aimed at improving regional air quality.

Action RM-4e: Continue to review development projects to ensure that all new public and private development complies with the California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 24 standards as well as the energy efficiency standards established by the Lawndale Municipal Code.

Action RM-4f: Provide the necessary facilities and infrastructure to facilitate the use of low or zeroemission vehicles such as electric vehicle charging facilities at key City facilities as operations necessitate and/or as funding becomes available.

Action RM-4g: Evaluate and consider multi-modal transportation benefits to all City employees, such as free or low-cost monthly public transportation (bus) passes. Encourage employer participation in similar programs. Encourage new transit/shuttle services and use.

Action RM-4h: Establish programs that encourage community car-sharing and carpooling.

Action RM-4i: Support the establishment and expansion of a regional network of electric vehicle charging stations and encourage the expanded use of electric vehicles.

Action RM-4j: Encourage multi-family residential and non-residential development to increase the use of higher-albedo materials for surfaces including roofs, parking areas, driveways, roads, and sidewalks. Encourage developments with parking lot areas to shade these areas with vegetation or solar panels when appropriate. Support various programs to plant and maintain trees, which can also contribute to a reduction of urban heat islands.

Action RM-4k: Future development projects will be required to demonstrate consistency with SCAQMD construction emission thresholds. Where emissions from individual projects exceed SCAQMD thresholds, the following actions should be incorporated as necessary to minimize impacts. These measures do not exclude the use of other, equally effective mitigation measures as determined by a project specific Air Quality Assessment. • Require all off-road diesel equipment greater than 50 horsepower (hp) used for this Project to meet USEPA Tier 4 final off-road emission standards or equivalent. Such equipment shall be outfitted with Best Available Control Technology (BACT) devices including a California Air Resources Board Certified Level 3 Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) or equivalent. The DPF reduces diesel particulate matter and NOx emissions during construction activities.
• Require a minimum of 50 percent of construction debris be diverted for recycling. • Require building materials to contain a minimum 10 percent recycled content. • Require materials such as paints, primers, sealants, coatings, and glues to have a low volatile organic compound concentration compared to conventional products. If low VOC materials are not available, architectural coating phasing should be extended sufficiently to reduce the daily emissions of VOCs.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-22 Land Use and Planning Action RM-4l: Future development projects will be required to demonstrate consistency with SCAQMD’s operational emission thresholds. For projects where operational emissions exceed regulatory thresholds, the following measures may be used to reduce impacts. Note the following measures are not all inclusive and developers have the option to add or substitute measures that are equally or more appropriate for the scope of the project. • Develop a project specific TDM program for residents and/or employees that provides opportunities for carpool/vanpools.
• Provide onsite solar/renewable energy in excess of regulatory requirements. • Require that owners/tenants of non-residential or multi-family residential developments use architectural coatings that are 10 grams per liter or less when repainting/repairing properties.
• Require drip irrigation and irrigation sensor units that prevent watering during rain storms.
• Ensure all parking areas are wired for capability of future EV charging and include EV charging stations that exceed regulatory requirements.

Policy RM-5.1: Compliance with State Legislation. Comply with all State requirements regarding the generation of power and encourage energy providers to investigate the use or expansion of renewable sources of energy.

Policy RM-5.2: Green Building Standards Code. Ensure that new construction and major redevelopment complies with the most current version of the California Green Building Standards Code.

Policy RM-5.3: Renewable Energy. Promote the development and use of renewable energy resources to reduce dependency on fossil fuels.

Policy RM-5.4: Energy-Efficient Materials. Promote the use of energy-efficient materials, equipment, and design in public and private facilities and infrastructure.

Policy RM-5.5: Energy Conservation. Promote energy conservation and recycling by the public and private sectors.

Action RM-5a: Implement energy conservation measures in public buildings through the following actions:
a. Promote energy efficient buildings and site design for all new public buildings during the site development permit process; and
b. Install energy saving devices in new public buildings and retrofit existing public buildings.

Action RM-5b: During the development review process, encourage innovative building design, layout, and orientation techniques to minimize energy use by taking advantage of sun/shade Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-23 Land Use and Planning patterns, prevailing winds, landscaping and building materials that control energy usage, and solar design.

Action RM-5c: Continue to review development projects to ensure that all new public and private development complies with the California Code of Regulations, Title 24 standards as well as the energy efficiency standards established by the General Plan and the Municipal Code.

Action RM-5d: Promote the CEC Building Energy Benchmarking Program (AB 802) on the City’s website to help benchmark and monitor energy use for participating businesses seeking to increase energy efficiency and realize cost savings.

Action RM-5e: Identify and reduce government constraints to installation of renewable energy infrastructure and electric vehicle charging stations, as feasible, through incentives such as, streamlined permitting, and expedited inspection times.

Action RM-5f: Consider participation in a Community Choice Aggregation program, such as Clean Power Alliance, to help meet the City’s energy objectives.

Action RM-5g: Use the City’s website to promote existing incentivized programs such as Energy Upgrade California, financing programs such as Properly Assessed Clean Energy (PACE), and energy audits through state programs.

Action RM-5h: Partner with SBCCOG and relevant utilities on outreach events and to obtain educational content and promote on the City’s website.

PUBLIC SAFETY ELEMENT
Policy PS-7.1: Community Preparedness. Promote a well-prepared City that can effectively overcome natural disasters and scarcity of resources due to climate change.

Policy PS-7.2: Collaboration. Collaborate with local, regional, State and/or Federal jurisdictions and agencies on climate resiliency and adaptation strategies.

Policy PS-7.3: Ecological Recovery. Coordinate with Federal, State, and local agencies to establish ecological recovery programs.

Policy PS-7.4: Air Pollution. Work with responsible Federal, State, and County agencies to decrease air pollution emissions occurring within the air basin to reduce the risk posed by air pollution.

Policy PS-7.5: Energy Supply. Promote plans and programs that increase sustainable energy sources.

Policy PS-7.6: Drought Preparation. Implement necessary actions and programs to improve drought preparation and response for the most vulnerable community members.

Policy PS-7.7: Cooling Centers. Designate public buildings, specific private buildings, or institutions with air conditioning as public cooling shelters; extend hours at air-conditioned sites during periods of extreme heat or power outage (if the site is supported by a backup generator).

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-24 Land Use and Planning Policy PS-7.8: Storms. Provide access to flood protection resources and services (signage, sandbags, etc.) as feasible at designated public facilities during and after extreme weather events.

Policy PS-7.9: Special Assistance. Address the needs of individuals with limited mobility or limited access to transportation for access to safe and comfortable shelter during extreme heat events or other severe weather events.

Policy PS-7.10: Leadership. Demonstrate leadership in local climate planning efforts through a range of tangible actions and policies at the municipal operations level.

Policy PS-7.11: Greenhouse Gas Reductions. Reduce communitywide greenhouse gas emissions locally by actively supporting regional efforts to reduce greenhouse gases throughout the county.

Policy PS-7.12: Extreme Heat Vulnerabilities. Require that new developments, major remodels, and redevelopments address urban heat island issues and reduce urban heat island effects for the proposed project site and adjacent properties.

Policy PS-7.13: Ongoing Monitoring. Monitor climate change-related effects with local, regional, state, and/or Federal partners to provide information of effectiveness of existing infrastructure and programs.

Action PS-7a: Provide information and resources to the public and businesses regarding steps the City is taking to address the issue of climate change.

Action PS-7b: Expand the use of energy-efficient lighting, such as LEDs for City-owned light facilities.

Action PS-7c: Consider purchasing only electric or alternative-energy vehicles for the City vehicle fleet, as appropriate, based on the intended use of the vehicle.

Action PS-7d: Evaluate the feasibility for government-constructed and/or -operated new development to exceed the California Green Building Standards Code CalGreen Tier 1, or successor program, standards.

Action PS-7e: Promote the use of sustainable and carbon-neutral energy sources in new development.

Action PS-7f Explore using renewable energy and clean generation technologies such as solar, wind, biogas, or fuel cells to power City facilities where appropriate.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

5.11.5 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
Section 4.0, Basis of Cumulative Analysis, establishes growth and development within Los Angeles County as anticipated by SCAG as having the potential to interact with the proposed Project to the extent that a significant cumulative effect may occur. The geographic setting for land use and planning considers the SCAG region and the City.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-25 Land Use and Planning Would the project, combined with other related cumulative projects, physically divide an established community?
Impact Analysis: Development of cumulative projects in the City of Lawndale would be required to mitigate land use impacts on a project-by-project basis. Each project would be evaluated for consistency with the project site’s General Plan land use designation and zoning, adopted General Plan goals, policies, and actions, and other applicable regional land use plans, such as SCAG’s RTP/SCS. As analyzed above, the proposed General Plan Update would result in less than significant impact related to land use and relevant planning. Therefore, the incremental impact of the proposed Project, when considered in combination with development within the City and region, would not result in cumulatively considerable land use impacts.

The land uses allowed under the proposed General Plan provide opportunities for cohesive new growth at infill locations primarily within the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area, but would not create physical division within the community. The proposed General Plan Update does not include any new roadways, infrastructure, or other features that would divide existing communities. Each individual development project would be reviewed to determine its consistency and compatibility with the surrounding area and its potential to physically divide an established community. As the Project would not physically divide an established community, the Project’s incremental effects would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

Would the project, combined with other related cumulative projects, cause a significant environmental impact due to a conflict with any land use plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect? Impact Analysis: As discussed above, the proposed General Plan Update was prepared in conformance with State laws and regulations associated with the preparation of general plans, including requirements for environmental protection. As demonstrated above, the proposed Project would not cause a significant environmental impact due to a conflict with a land use plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purposes of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect. The proposed General Plan Update carries forward and enhances policies and measures from the City’s existing General Plan that were intended for environmental protection, and would not remove or conflict with City plans, policies, or regulations adopted for environmental protection. The proposed General Plan Update would require modifications to the City’s Zoning Code to provide consistency between the General Plan and zoning; however, these modifications will not remove or adversely alter portions of the Lawndale Municipal Code that were adopted to mitigate an environmental effect.

Similar to future development associated with the proposed Project, cumulative development projects would be evaluated for consistency with the project site’s General Plan land use designation and zoning; Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.11-26 Land Use and Planning General Plan goals, policies, and actions; and other applicable plans for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect. As analyzed above, the proposed Project would not cause a significant environmental impact due to a conflict with any land use plan, policy, or regulation adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect. Thus, the proposed Project’s incremental effects would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

5.11.6 SIGNIFICANT UNAVOIDABLE IMPACTS
Land use and planning impacts associated with the implementation of the General Plan Update would be less than significant. No significant unavoidable land use and planning impacts would occur as a result of the General Plan Update.

5.11.7 REFERENCES
City of Lawndale, 2021-2029 Housing Element, adopted February 2022.

State of California, Department of Finance, E-5 Population and Housing Estimates for Cities, Counties, and the State, January 2021-2023 with 2020 Census Benchmark, 2023.

Southern California Association of Governments, Connect SoCal: 2020-2045 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy, adopted September 3, 2020.

CITY OF LAWNDALE

GENERAL PLAN UPDATE
LEGEND
City of Lawndale
Sphere of Influence
Planning Area
Adjacent Incorporated Area
Existing Land Use
Single Family Residential
Duplex Residential
Multi-family Residential
Mobile Home Park
Commercial
Industrial
Government-Educational Uses
Government-Public Facilities
Institutional
Recreational
Miscellaneous
Sources: City of Lawndale; Los Angeles County.

Date: July 11, 2023.

Figure 5.11-1.

Existing Land Use Map
Dominguez Channel
Crenshaw Blvd
Prairie Ave
W Rosecrans Ave
Hawthorne Blvd
Prairie Ave
Inglewood Ave
Manhattan Beach Blvd
Rosecrans Ave
Redondo Beach Blvd
Yukon Ave
Marine Ave
Condon Ave
147th St
171st St
Ainsworth Ave
Jefferson Ave
W 168th St
S La C ien e g a Blvd
M cB a i n A ve
Cranbrook Ave
S Doty Ave
Gerkin Ave
S Shoup Ave
W 170th St
Bodger Ave
Kornblum A ve
Carnegie Ln
Vanderbilt Ln
W 140th St
165th St
144th St
W 162nd St Ramona Ave
163rd St
Prairie Ave
170th St
Doty Ave
Johnston Ave
Dow Ave
Kingsdale Ave
Mansel Ave
153rd St
S Lemoli Ave
156th St
Cerise Ave
W 152nd St
Robinson St
Perkins Ln
Felton Ln
W 145th St
Mackay Ln
Freeman Ave
Osage Ave
May Ave
W 157th St
Burin Ave
Grevillea Ave
Firmona Ave
W 154th St
Gates Ave
Graham Ave
Curtis Ave
Voorhees Ave
Ruhland Ave
Nelson Ave
144th Pl
173 rd S t
175th Pl
W 171st St
S Eriel Ave
W 163rd St
168th St
164th St
167th St
W 173rd St 173rd Pl
W 166th St
W 142nd St
141st St
W 147th St
W 149th St
W 161st St
W 160th St
154th St
14 8 th S t
Lemoli Ave
166th St
Eastwood Ave
Chadron Ave
162nd St Beland Blvd
W 159th St
Yukon Ave
160th St
Larch Ave
172nd St
Fo nth ill A ve
153rd Pl
W 146th St
161st St
Avis Ave
139th St
169th St
159th St
W 156th St
W 139th St
142nd St
S Ermanita Ave
S Faysmith Ave
1 4 7 th P l Roselle Ave
Cordary Ave
S Florwood Ave
W 153rd St
W 154th St
175th St
Pinckard Ave
Gibson Ln
405
Artesia Blvd
Mathews Ave
H a w t h o r n e
R e d o n d o B e a c h
G a r d e n a
To r ra n c e
0 500 1,000
Feet
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Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.12-1 Mineral Resources

5.12 MINERAL RESOURCES
This section identifies the existing mineral resource conditions within the Planning Area and provides an analysis of potential impacts associated with implementation of the General Plan Update.

5.12.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

MINERAL RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION
Pursuant to the Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975 (SMARA), the California State Mining and Geology Board oversees the Mineral Resource Zone (MRZ) classification system. The MRZ system characterizes both the location and known/presumed economic value of underlying mineral resources.

The mineral resource classification system uses four main MRZs based on the degree of available geologic information, the likelihood of significant mineral resource occurrence, and the known or inferred quantity of significant mineral resources. The four classifications are described in Table 5-12-1, Mineral Resources Classification System.

Table 5.12-1
Mineral Resources Classification System
Classification Description
MRZ-1
Areas where adequate information indicates that no significant mineral deposits are present, or where it is judged that little likelihood exists for their presence.

MRZ-2
Areas where adequate information indicates that significant mineral deposits are present, or where it is judged that a high likelihood exists for their presence.

MRZ-3 Areas containing mineral deposits, the significance of which cannot be evaluated.

MRZ-4
Areas where available information is inadequate for assignment to any other MRZ classification.

Source: California Department of Conservation, Guidelines for Classification and Designation of Mineral Lands, 2023a.

MINERAL RESOURCES
Mineral resources include commercially viable oil and gas deposits, and nonfuel mineral resources deposits. Nonfuel mineral resources include metals such as gold, silver, iron, and copper; industrial metals such as boron compounds, rare-earth elements, clays, limestone, gypsum, salt, and dimension stone; and construction aggregate, including sand, gravel, and crushed stone. California is the largest producer of sand and gravel in the nation. Figure 5.12-1, Mineral Resource Zones, shows resources by classification within the Planning Area. The Planning Area is designated as MRZ-1 and MRZ-3. MRZ-1 classifies areas where adequate information indicates that no significant mineral deposits are present. MRZ-3 is a classification for areas containing known or inferred mineral occurrences of undetermined mineral resource significance. MRZ-1 is found throughout the entire Planning Area, including the Sphere of Influence (SOI), and MRZ-3 is found in the southwestern corner of the Planning Area, within City limits.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.12-2 Mineral Resources

LOCATION OF PERMITTED AGGREGATE MINES
The California Office of Mine Reclamation periodically publishes a list of qualified permitted aggregate mines regulated under SMARA that is generally referred to as the AB 3098 List. The Public Contract Code precludes mining operations that are not on the AB 3098 List from selling sand, gravel, aggregates or other mined materials to State or local agencies. As of March 2023, there are 26 aggregate mines on the AB 3098 list in Los Angeles County; none of the 26 listed mines are within the Planning Area (California Department of Conservation 2023b).

5.12.2 REGULATORY SETTING
STATE
Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975
The California Department of Conservation Surface Mining and Reclamation Act of 1975 (Section 2710), also known as SMARA, provides a comprehensive surface mining and reclamation policy that permits the continued mining of minerals, as well as the protection and subsequent beneficial use of the mined and reclaimed land. The purpose of SMARA is to ensure that adverse environmental effects are prevented or minimized and that mined lands are reclaimed to a usable condition and are readily adaptable for alternative land uses; that the production and conservation of minerals are encouraged, while giving consideration to values relating to recreation, wildlife, range and forage, and aesthetic enjoyment; and that residual hazards to public health and safety are eliminated. These goals are achieved through land use planning by allowing a jurisdiction to balance the economic benefits of resource reclamation with the need to provide other land uses.

If a use is proposed that might threaten the potential recovery of minerals from an area that has been classified MRZ-2, SMARA would require the jurisdiction to prepare a statement specifying its reasons for permitting the proposed use, provide public notice of these reasons, and forward a copy of the statement to the State Geologist and the State Mining and Geology Board (Cal. Pub. Res. Code Section 2762). Lands classified MRZ-2 are areas that contain identified mineral resources.

5.12.3 SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA AND THRESHOLDS
Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines contains the Initial Study Environmental Checklist, which includes questions related to mineral resources. The issues presented in the Initial Study Environmental Checklist have been utilized as thresholds of significance in this section.

Accordingly, a project may create a significant environmental impact if it would:
● Result in the loss of availability of a known mineral resource that would be of value to the region and the residents of the state (refer to Impact Statement MR-1); and ● Result in the loss of availability of a locally-important mineral resource recovery site delineated on a general plan, specific plan, or other land use plan (refer to Impact Statement MR-2).

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.12-3 Mineral Resources

5.12.4 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
MR-1: Would the project result in the loss of availability of a known mineral resource that would be of value to the region and the residents of the state? Impact Analysis: The City has no known or identified mineral resources of regional or Statewide importance. As shown in Figure 5.12-1, the Planning Area is designated as MRZ-1 and MRZ-3. MRZ-1 classifies areas where adequate information indicates that no significant mineral deposits are present.

MRZ-3 indicates that the significance of the mineral deposits is undetermined. MRZ-1 is found throughout the entire Planning Area, including the SOI, and MRZ-3 is found in the southwestern corner of the Planning Area, within City limits. The land within MRZ-3 is currently developed and is within a highly urbanized area. Given that this land has already been disturbed and developed, and that the Project does not propose any site-specific development, there is no potential for resource extraction from the MRZ-3 area.

There are no known mineral deposits or resources in the Planning Area that are of significant value to the region or the State. Therefore, implementation of the proposed General Plan Update would have a less than significant impact on this environmental topic, and no mitigation is required.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: There are no relevant proposed General Plan Update goals, policies, and actions.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

MR-2: Would the project result in the loss of availability of a locally-important mineral resource recovery site delineated on a local general plan, specific plan, or other land use plan?
Impact Analysis: As shown in Figure 5.12-1, the Planning Area does not contain any “locally important mineral resource recovery sites.” The Planning Area does not contain a locally-important mineral resource recovery site delineated on a local general plan, specific plan or other land use plan. Implementation of the General Plan Update would not result in the loss of a designated mineral recovery site and as such, no impact would occur.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: There are no relevant proposed General Plan Update goals, policies, and actions.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: No Impact.

5.12.5 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
Section 4.0, Basis of Cumulative Analysis, identifies projected growth within the Planning Area and County with the potential to interact with the proposed Project to the extent that a significant cumulative effect relative to mineral resources may occur.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.12-4 Mineral Resources Would the project, combined with other relative cumulative projects, result in the loss of availability of a known mineral resource that would be of value to the region and the residents of the state?
Impact Analysis: The majority of land within the Planning Area is designated as MRZ-1, land where no significant mineral deposits are present, with a smaller portion designated as MRZ-3, land for which the significance of mineral resources cannot be determined. The land within the MRZ-3 is currently developed and is within a highly urbanized area, indicating there is little to no potential for resource extraction from the MRZ-3 area.

Further, there are no known mineral deposits or resources in the Planning Area that are of significant value to the region or the State. Therefore, implementation of the proposed General Plan Update, in combination with other relevant cumulative projects, would not contribute to cumulative impacts and impacts in this regard are not cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: There are no relevant proposed General Plan Update goals, policies, and actions.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less than Significant Impact.

Would the project, combined with other relative cumulative projects, result in the loss of availability of a locally-important mineral resource recovery site delineated on a local general plan, specific plan, or other land use plan?
Impact Analysis: The Planning Area does not contain any locally-important mineral resource recovery sites delineated on local general plans, specific plans and other land use plans. As such, future development projects, in combination with other relative cumulative projects, would not result in the loss of availability of a locally-important mineral resource recovery site. Impacts would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: There are no relevant proposed General Plan Update goals, policies, and actions.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: No Impact.

5.12.6 SIGNIFICANT UNAVOIDABLE IMPACTS
Mineral Resource impacts associated with the implementation of the General Plan Update would be less than significant. No significant unavoidable mineral resource impacts would occur as a result of the General Plan Update.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.12-5 Mineral Resources

5.12.7 REFERENCES
California Department of Conservation (DOC), Guidelines for Classification and Designation of Mineral Lands, 2023a.

California Department of Conservation (DOC), Division of Mine Reclamation, SAMARA Administration Units: AB 3098 List, https://www.conservation.ca.gov/dmr/smara-mines, accessed March 9, 2023b.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
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CITY OF LAWNDALE

GENERAL PLAN UPDATE
LEGEND
City of Lawndale
Sphere of Influence
Planning Area
Adjacent Incorporated Area
Mineral Resource Zones
MRZ-1: No significant mineral
deposits present or likely
MRZ-3: Mineral deposits
present, significance unknown
Sources: City of Lawndale; Los Angeles County; California Department of Mines and Geology Open File Report 94-14, 1994.

Date: June 22, 2023.

Figure 5.12-1.

Mineral Resource Zones
Crenshaw Blvd
Prairie Ave
W Rosecrans Ave
Hawthorne Blvd
Prairie Ave
Inglewood Ave
Manhattan Beach Blvd
Rosecrans Ave
Redondo Beach Blvd
Yukon Ave
Marine Ave
Condon Ave
147th St
171st St
Ainsworth Ave
Jefferson Ave
W 168th St
S La C ien e g a Blvd
M cB a i n A ve
Cranbrook Ave
S Doty Ave
Gerkin Ave
S Shoup Ave
W 170th St
Bodger Ave
Kornblum A ve
Carnegie Ln
Vanderbilt Ln
W 140th St
165th St
144th St
W 162nd St Ramona Ave
163rd St
Prairie Ave
170th St
Doty Ave
Johnston Ave
Dow Ave
Kingsdale Ave
Mansel Ave
153rd St
S Lemoli Ave
156th St
Cerise Ave
W 152nd St
Robinson St
Perkins Ln
Felton Ln
W 145th St
Mackay Ln
Freeman Ave
Osage Ave
May Ave
W 157th St
Burin Ave
Grevillea Ave
Firmona Ave
W 154th St
Gates Ave
Graham Ave
Curtis Ave
Voorhees Ave
Ruhland Ave
Nelson Ave
144th Pl
173 rd S t
175th Pl
W 171st St
S Eriel Ave
W 163rd St
168th St
164th St
167th St
W 173rd St 173rd Pl
W 166th St
W 142nd St
141st St
W 147th St
W 149th St
W 161st St
W 160th St
154th St
14 8 th S t
Lemoli Ave
166th St
Eastwood Ave
Chadron Ave
162nd St Beland Blvd
W 159th St
Yukon Ave
160th St
Larch Ave
172nd St
Fo nth ill A ve
153rd Pl
W 146th St
161st St
Avis Ave
139th St
169th St
159th St
W 156th St
W 139th St
142nd St
S Ermanita Ave
S Faysmith Ave
1 4 7 th P l Roselle Ave
Cordary Ave
S Florwood Ave
W 153rd St
W 154th St
175th St
Pinckard Ave
Gibson Ln
405
Artesia Blvd
Mathews Ave
H a w t h o r n e
R e d o n d o B e a c h
G a r d e n a
To r ra n c e
0 500 1,000
Feet
Dominguez Channel
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Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.13-1 Noise

5.13 NOISE

5.13.1 PURPOSE
This section identifies existing noise conditions within the Planning Area and provides an analysis of potential impacts associated with implementation of the General Plan Update.

This section is primarily based upon General Plan Update Noise Impact Study – City of Lawndale, prepared by MD Acoustics, LLC and dated July 12, 2023; refer to Appendix E, Noise Impact Study.

5.13.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

FUNDAMENTALS OF NOISE
Sound, Noise and Acoustics
Sound is a disturbance created by a moving or vibrating source and is capable of being detected by the hearing organs. Sound may be thought of as mechanical energy of a moving object transmitted by pressure waves through a medium to a human ear. For traffic or stationary noise, the medium of concern is air. Noise is defined as sound that is loud, unpleasant, unexpected, or unwanted.

Frequency and Hertz
A continuous sound is described by its frequency (pitch) and its amplitude (loudness). Frequency relates to the number of pressure oscillations per second. Low-frequency sounds are low in pitch (bass sounding) and high-frequency sounds are high in pitch (squeak). These oscillations per second (cycles) are commonly referred to as Hertz (Hz). The human ear can hear from the bass pitch starting at 20 Hz to the high pitch of 20,000 Hz.

Sound Pressure Levels and Decibels
The amplitude of a sound determines its loudness. The loudness of sound increases or decreases as the amplitude increases or decreases. Sound pressure amplitude is measured in units of micro-Newton per square meter (µN/m2
), also called micro-Pascal (µPa). One µPa is approximately one hundred billionths (0.00000000001) of normal atmospheric pressure. Sound pressure level (SPL or Lp) is used to describe in logarithmic units the ratio of actual sound pressures to a reference pressure squared. These units are called decibels abbreviated dB.

Addition of Decibels
Because decibels are on a logarithmic scale, sound pressure levels cannot be added or subtracted by simple plus or minus addition. When two sounds of equal SPL are combined, they will produce an SPL 3 dB greater than the single SPL. In other words, sound energy that is doubled produces a 3 dB increase. If two sounds differ by approximately 10 dB, the higher sound level is the predominant sound. When combining sound levels, estimates shown in Table 5.13-1, Decibel Addition, may be utilized.

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Table 5.13-1
Decibel Addition
When Two Decibel Values Differ by: Add This Amount to Higher Value Example 0 or 1 dB 3 dB 70+69=73 dB
2 or 3 dB 2 dB 74+71=76 dB
4 to 9 dB 1 dB 66+60=67 dB
10 dB or more 0 dB 65+55=65 dB
Source: California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol, September 2013.

Human Response to Changes in Noise Levels
In general, the healthy human ear is most sensitive to sounds between 1,000 Hz and 5,000 Hz, and it perceives a sound within that range as being more intense than a sound with a higher or lower frequency with the same magnitude. For purposes of this analysis, as well as with most environmental documents, A-scale weighting is typically used and is reported in terms of the A-weighted decibel (dBA). The A-scale was designed to account for the frequency-dependent sensitivity of the human ear. Typical A-weighted noise levels are shown in Table 5.13-2, Typical Noise Levels.

In general, the human ear can barely perceive a change in the noise level of 3 dB. As shown in Table 5.13- 3, Perceived Changes in Noise Levels, a change in 5 dB is readily perceptible, and a change in 10 dB is perceived as being twice or half as loud. As previously discussed, a doubling of sound energy results in a 3 dB increase in sound, which means that a doubling of sound energy (e.g., doubling the volume of traffic on a highway) would result in a barely perceptible change in sound level.

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Table 5.13-2
Typical Noise Levels
Common Outdoor Activities Noise Level (dBA) Common Indoor 110 Rock Band
Jet flyover at 1,000 feet
100
Gas lawnmower at 3 feet
90 Diesel truck at 50 feet at 50 mph Food blender at 3 feet 80 Garbage disposal at 3 feet
Noisy urban area, daytime
Gas lawnmower, 100 feet 70 Vacuum cleaner at 3 feet
Commercial area Normal speech at 3 feet
Heavy traffic at 300 feet 60
Large Business Office
Quiet urban daytime 50 Dishwasher in next room
Quiet urban nighttime 40 Theater, large conference room (background) Quiet suburban nighttime
30 Library
Quiet rural nighttime Bedroom at night, concert hall (background) 20 Broadcasting studio
10 Lowest Threshold of Human Hearing 0 Lowest Threshold of Human Hearing Source: California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol, September 2013.

Table 5.13-3
Perceived Changes in Noise Levels
Changes in Intensity Level, dBA Changes in Apparent Loudness 1 Not perceptible
3 Just perceptible
5 Clearly noticeable
10 Twice (or half) as loud
Source: California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol, September 2013.

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Noise Descriptors
Noise in our daily environment fluctuates over time. Some noise levels occur in regular patterns, others are random. Some noise levels are constant while others are sporadic. Noise descriptors were created to describe the different time-varying noise levels.

A-Weighted Sound Level: The sound pressure level in decibels as measured on a sound level meter using the A-weighted filter network. The A-weighting filter de-emphasizes the very low and very high-frequency components of the sound in a manner similar to the response of the human ear. A numerical method of rating human judgment of loudness.

Ambient Noise Level: The composite of noise from all sources, near and far. In this context, the ambient noise level constitutes the normal or existing level of environmental noise at a given location.

Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL): The average equivalent A-weighted sound level during a 24- hour day, obtained after the addition of five (5) decibels to sound levels in the evening from 7:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. and after the addition of ten (10) decibels to sound levels in the night between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m.

Decibel (dB): A unit for measuring the amplitude of a sound, equal to 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio of the pressure of the sound measured to the reference pressure, which is 20 micro-pascals. dBA: A-weighted sound level (see definition above).

Equivalent Sound Level (LEQ): The sound level corresponding to a steady noise level over a given sample period with the same amount of acoustic energy as the actual time-varying noise level. The energy average noise level during the sample period.

Habitable Room: Any room meeting the requirements of the California Building Code or other applicable regulations which is intended to be used for sleeping, living, cooking, or dining purposes, excluding such enclosed spaces as closets, pantries, bath or toilet rooms, service rooms, connecting corridors, laundries, unfinished attics, foyers, storage spaces, cellars, utility rooms, and similar spaces.

L(n): The A-weighted sound level exceeded during a certain percentage of the sample time. For example, L10 in the sound level exceeded 10 percent of the sample time. Similarly, L50, L90, and L99, etc.

Noise: Any unwanted sound or sound which is undesirable because it interferes with speech and hearing, is intense enough to damage hearing, or is otherwise annoying. The State Noise Control Act defines noise as "...excessive undesirable sound...".

Outdoor Living Area: Outdoor spaces that are associated with residential land uses typically used for passive recreational activities or other noise-sensitive uses. Such spaces include patio areas, barbecue areas, jacuzzi areas, etc., associated with residential uses; outdoor patient recovery or resting areas associated with hospitals, convalescent hospitals, or rest homes; outdoor areas associated with places of worship which have a significant role in services or other noise-sensitive activities; and outdoor school facilities routinely used for educational purposes which may be adversely impacted by noise. Outdoor areas usually not included in this definition are: front yard areas, driveways, greenbelts, maintenance Lawndale General Plan Update

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areas and storage areas associated with residential land uses; exterior areas at hospitals that are not used for patient activities; outdoor areas associated with places of worship and principally used for short-term social gatherings; and, outdoor areas associated with school facilities that are not typically associated with educational uses prone to adverse noise impacts (for example, school play yard areas).

Percent Noise Levels: See L(n).

Sound Level (Noise Level): The weighted sound pressure level obtained by use of a sound level meter having a standard frequency filter for attenuating part of the sound spectrum.

Sound Level Meter: An instrument, including a microphone, an amplifier, an output meter, and frequency weighting networks for the measurement and determination of noise and sound levels.

Single Event Noise Exposure Level (SENEL): The dBA level which, if it lasted for one second, would produce the same A-weighted sound energy as the actual event.

Tonal Sounds
A pure tone sound is a sound produced at or near a single frequency. Laboratory tests have shown that humans are more perceptible to changes in sound levels of a pure tone. For a noise source to contain a “pure tone,” there must be a significantly higher A‐weighted sound energy in a given frequency band than in the neighboring bands, thereby causing the noise source to “stand out” against other noise sources. A pure tone occurs if the sound pressure level in the one‐third octave band with the tone exceeds the average of the sound pressure levels of the two contagious one‐third octave bands by 5 dB for center frequencies of 500 Hertz (Hz) and above; by 8 dB for center frequencies between 160 and 400 Hz; and by 15 dB for center frequencies of 125 Hz or less.

Sound Propagation
As sound propagates from a source it spreads geometrically. Sound from a small, localized source (i.e., a point source) radiates uniformly outward as it travels away from the source in a spherical pattern. The sound level attenuates at a rate of 6 dB per doubling of distance. The movement of vehicles down a roadway makes the source of the sound appear to propagate from a line (i.e., line source) rather than a point source. This line source results in the noise propagating from a roadway in a cylindrical spreading versus a spherical spreading that results from a point source. The sound level attenuates for a line source at a rate of 3 dB per doubling of distance.

Research has demonstrated that atmospheric conditions can have a significant effect on noise levels when noise receivers are located 200 feet or more from a noise source. Wind, temperature, air humidity, and turbulence can further impact have far sound can travel.

Ground Absorption
As noise propagates from the source, it is affected by the ground and atmosphere. Noise models use hard site (reflective surfaces) and soft site (absorptive surfaces) to help calculate predicted noise levels. Hard site conditions assume no excessive ground absorption between the noise source and the receiver. Soft site conditions such as grass, soft dirt, or landscaping attenuate noise at a rate of 1.5 dB per doubling of distance. When added to the geometric spreading, the excess ground attenuation results in an overall Lawndale General Plan Update

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noise attenuation of 4.5 dB per doubling of distance for a line source and 7.5 dB per doubling of distance for a point source.

Sound Attenuation
Noise‐related land use issues are typically composed of three basic elements: (1) the noise source, (2) a transmission path, and (3) a receiver.

The appropriate acoustical treatment for a given project should consider the nature of the noise source and the sensitivity of the receiver. When the potential for a noise‐related problem is present, either avoidance of the noise‐related problem or noise control techniques should be selected to provide an acceptable noise environment for the receiver while remaining consistent with local aesthetic standards and practical structural and economic limits. Fundamental noise control options are described below.

Noise Barriers
Effective noise barriers can reduce noise levels by 10 to 15 dBA, cutting the loudness of traffic noise in half. To achieve that reduction, the barrier must be high enough and long enough to block the line-ofsight of the vehicles on the road. A noise barrier can still achieve up to a 5 dBA noise level reduction when it is tall enough to barely allow a line‐of‐sight of the vehicles. A noise barrier is most effective when placed close to the noise source or receiver. When the noise barrier is an earthen berm instead of a wall, the noise attenuation can be increased by another 3 dBA.

Setbacks
Noise exposure may be reduced by increasing the setback distance between the noise source and the receiving use. Setback areas can take the form of open space, frontage roads, recreational areas, and storage yards. The available noise attenuation from this technique is limited by the characteristics of the noise source but generally ranges between 4 and 6 dBA.

Site Design
Buildings can be placed on a property to shield other structures or areas affected by noise and to prevent an increase in noise levels caused by reflections. The use of one building to shield another can significantly reduce overall noise control costs, particularly if the shielding structure is insensitive to noise. An example would be placing a detached garage nearest the noise source to shield the house or backyard. Site design should guard against creating reflecting surfaces that may increase onsite noise levels. For example, two buildings placed at an angle facing a noise source may cause noise levels within that angle to increase by up to 3 dBA. The open end of U‐shaped buildings should point away from noise sources for the same reason. Landscaping walls or noise barriers located within a development may inadvertently reflect noise to a noise‐sensitive area unless carefully located.

Building Facades
When interior noise levels are of concern in a noisy environment, noise reduction may be obtained through the acoustical design of building facades. Standard construction practices provide a noise reduction of 10 to 15 dBA for building facades with open windows, and a noise reduction of approximately 25 dBA when windows are closed; refer to Table 5.13-4, Noise Reduction Afforded by Common Building Lawndale General Plan Update

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Construction. An exterior‐to‐interior noise reduction of 25 dBA can be obtained by requiring that building design include adequate ventilation systems, which would allow windows facing a noise source to remain closed, even during periods of excessively warm weather.

Where greater noise reduction is required, acoustical treatment of the building facade may be necessary.

Reducing relative window area is the most effective control technique, followed by providing acoustical glazing (e.g., thicker glass or increased air space between panes) within frames with low air infiltration rates, using fixed (i.e., non‐movable) acoustical glazing, or eliminating windows. Noise transmitted through walls can be reduced by increasing wall mass (e.g., using stucco or brick in lieu of wood siding), or isolating wall members by using double or staggered stud walls, while noise transmitted through doorways can be lessened by reducing door area, using solid‐core doors, or sealing door perimeters with suitable gaskets. Noise‐reducing roof treatments include using plywood sheathing under roofing materials.

Table 5.13-4
Noise Reduction Afforded by Common Building Construction Construction
Type Typical Occupancy General Description Range of Noise Reduction (dB)1 1 Residential, Commercial,
Schools
Wood frame, stucco, or wood sheathing
exterior. Interior drywall or plaster. Sliding
glass windows, with windows partially
open.
15-20
2 Same as 1 above Same as 1 above, but with windows closed. 25-30 3 Commercial, Schools Same as 2 above, but with fixed 0.25-inch plate glass windows. 30-35
4 Commercial, Industrial
Steel or concrete frame, curtain wall, or
masonry exterior wall. Fixed 0.25-inch
plate glass windows.
35-40
Source: California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), California Airport Land Use Planning Handbook, January 2002.

Landscaping
While the use of trees and other vegetation is often thought to provide significant noise attenuation, approximately 100 feet of dense foliage – with no visual path extending through the foliage – is required to achieve a 5 dBA attenuation of traffic noise. Thus, the use of vegetation as a noise barrier is not considered a practical method of noise control unless large tracts of dense foliage are part of the existing landscape.

Vegetation can be used, however, to acoustically “soften” intervening ground between a noise source and a receiver, increasing ground absorption of sound, and thus, increasing the attenuation of sound with distance. Planting trees and shrubs also offers aesthetic and psychological value, and it may reduce adverse public reaction to a noise source by removing the source from view, even though noise levels would be largely unaffected.

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GROUND-BORNE VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS
Ground-borne vibrations consist of rapidly fluctuating motions within the ground that have an average motion of zero. The effects of ground-borne vibrations typically only cause a nuisance to people, but at extreme vibration levels, damage to buildings may occur. Although ground-borne vibration can be felt outdoors, it is typically only an annoyance to people indoors where the associated effects of the shaking of a building can be notable. Ground-borne noise is an effect of ground-borne vibration and mainly exists indoors since it is produced from noise radiated from the motion of the walls and floors of a room and may also consist of the rattling of windows or dishes on shelves. Several different methods are used to quantify vibration amplitude. Typical human reaction and effect on buildings due to ground-borne vibration is shown in Table 5.13-5, Typical Human Reaction and Effect on Buildings Due to Ground-Borne Vibration.

PPV. Known as the peak particle velocity (PPV) which is the maximum instantaneous peak in vibration velocity, typically given in inches per second.

RMS. Known as root mean squared (RMS) can be used to denote vibration amplitude.

VdB. A commonly used abbreviation to describe the vibration level (VdB) for a vibration source.

Table 5.13-5
Typical Human Reaction and Effect on Buildings Due to Ground-Borne Vibration Vibration Level
Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) Human Reaction Effect on Buildings

0.006–0.019 in/sec Threshold of perception, possibility of intrusion
Vibrations unlikely to cause damage of
any type

0.08 in/sec Vibrations readily perceptible
Recommended upper level of vibration
to which ruins and ancient monuments
should be subjected

0.10 in/sec Level at which continuous vibration
begins to annoy people
Virtually no risk of “architectural” (i.e.,
not structural) damage to normal
buildings

0.20 in/sec Vibrations annoying to people in
buildings
Threshold at which there is a risk to
“architectural” damage to normal
dwelling – houses with plastered walls
and ceilings

0.4–0.6 in/sec
Vibrations considered unpleasant
by people subjected to continuous
vibrations and unacceptable to
some people walking on bridges
Vibrations at a greater level than
normally expected from traffic, but
would cause “architectural” damage
and possibly minor structural damage
Source: California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Transportation and Construction Vibration Guidance Manual, April 2020.

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Vibration Perception
Typically, developed areas are continuously affected by vibration velocities of 50 VdB or lower. These continuous vibrations are not noticeable to humans whose threshold of perception is around 65 VdB.

Outdoor sources that may produce perceptible vibrations are usually caused by construction equipment, steel-wheeled trains, and traffic on rough roads, while smooth roads rarely produce perceptible groundborne noise or vibration.

The California Department of Transportation has published one of the seminal works for the analysis of ground-borne noise and vibration relating to transportation- and construction-induced vibrations and although the Project is not subject to these regulations, it serves as useful tools to evaluate vibration impacts.

Vibration Propagation
There are three main types of vibration propagation: surface, compression, and shear waves. Surface waves, or Rayleigh waves, travel along the ground’s surface. These waves carry most of their energy along an expanding circular wave front, similar to ripples produced by throwing a rock into a pool of water. Pwaves, or compression waves, are body waves that carry their energy along an expanding spherical wave front. The particle motion in these waves is longitudinal (i.e., in a “push-pull” fashion). P-waves are analogous to airborne sound waves. S-waves, or shear waves, are also body waves that carry energy along an expanding spherical wave front. However, unlike P-waves, the particle motion is transverse, or sideto-side and perpendicular to the direction of propagation. As vibration waves propagate from a source, the vibration energy decreases in a logarithmic nature and the vibration levels typically decrease by 6 VdB per doubling of the distance from the vibration source. This drop-off rate can vary greatly depending on the soil, but has been shown to be effective enough for screening purposes, in order to identify potential vibration impacts that may need to be studied through actual field tests.

TRAFFIC NOISE PREDICTION MODEL
The FHWA Highway Traffic Noise Prediction model (FHWA-RD 77-108) was used to model and compare existing traffic noise levels to General Plan 2045 Buildout noise levels. The FHWA model arrives at the predicted noise level through a series of adjustments to the Reference Energy Mean Emission Level (REMEL). Roadway modeling assumptions utilized for the technical study are provided in Tables 8 and 9 of the Noise Impact Study provided in Appendix E. The vehicle mix indicates the percentage of automobiles, medium trucks, and heavy trucks for each segment.

EXISTING NOISE ENVIRONMENT
General Land Use Noise
Existing land uses within the Planning Area include single- and multi-family residential development, commercial, industrial, open space, and public facility land uses. Noise sources associated with existing land uses include residential maintenance, parking lot noise, heating, and cooling system (HVAC) noise, property maintenance noise, trash truck noise, loading and unloading noise, and recreational noise.

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Noise Measurements
Three long-term 24-hour noise measurements and 10 short-term 15-minute noise measurements were conducted throughout the Planning Area to document the existing noise environment. Figure 5.13-1, Noise Measurement Locations, shows the locations of these measurements.

Short-Term Noise Measurements
Ten short-term noise measurements (15-minute) were taken on May 24 and May 26, 2023, in order to document the daytime Leq level at different locations throughout the Planning Area. Measured noise levels ranged between 57.4 and 72.3 dBA Leq. Vehicle noise associated with Hawthorne Boulevard, Marine Avenue, and Rosecrans Avenue was the primary sources of ambient noise. Short-term noise measurement results are presented in Table 5.13-6, Short-Term Noise Measurement Summary.

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Table 5.13-6
Short-Term Noise Measurement Summary
Noise
Measureme
nt Location
Approximate
Location
Start
Time
A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA)
Leq Lmax Lmin L(2) L(8) L(25) L(50) L(90)
ST1
4317
Rosecrans
Avenue
5:37 PM 72.3 80.4 54.4 77.9 76.3 73.9 70.7 63.4
ST2 4221 Marine
Avenue
4:25 PM 69.7 82.7 53.7 74.9 73.1 70.9 68.3 61.8
ST3
15300
Hawthorne
Boulevard
4:03 PM 67.6 75.9 55.0 73.6 72.2 70.1 63.9 57.1
ST4
4241
Redondo
Beach
Boulevard
2:48 PM 64.9 78.5 49.0 71.0 69.0 66.2 62.8 55.0
ST5
16607
Hawthorne
Boulevard
12:43
PM

66.4 79.4 51.1 72.2 70.6 67.9 64.4 55.7
ST6 16605 Osage
Avenue
3:15 PM 60.4 66.5 57.0 63.5 61.9 60.8 60.1 58.9
ST7 4521 W 147th
Street
5:14 PM 57.8 75.7 47.5 66.0 60.7 56.1 52.9 49.3
ST8 4604 Marine
Avenue
4:50 PM 66.0 82.7 50.6 71.8 70.1 66.8 62.8 56.3
ST9
16725
Firmona
Avenue
1:27 PM 57.4 72.8 42.4 64.3 61.3 57.9 54.0 45.7
ST10 4130 154th
Street
3:42 PM 59.9 78.2 47.2 68.8 63.0 57.5 53.2 48.9
Source: MD Acoustics, LLC, General Plan Update Noise Impact Study – City of Lawndale, July 12, 2023.

Notes: 15-minute duration.
dBA = A-weighted decibels; Leq = equivalent noise level; Lmax = maximum noise level; Lmin = minimum noise level; Ln = noise level exceeded n percent of the measurement period.

Long-Term Noise Measurements
Three long-term noise measurements (24 consecutive hours) were taken in order to document the Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL) at different locations throughout the Planning Area. As shown in Table 5.13-7, Long-Term Noise Measurement Summary, the measured CNEL was 77.7 dBA CNEL at 55 feet from the centerline of Manhattan Beach Boulevard and 120 feet from the centerline of I-405, 74.8 dBA CNEL at 20 feet from the centerline of Freeman Avenue and 170 feet from the centerline of I-405, and 61.6 dBA CNEL at 50 feet from the railroad and 160 feet from the centerline of Artesia Boulevard. The primary noise source was vehicle traffic. Table 5.13-7 also outlines the daytime (7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.), evening (7:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m.), and nighttime (10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) Leq levels at each location.

These represent the average level over each time period (day/evening/night).

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Table 5.13-7
Long-Term Noise Measurement Summary
Noise
Measuremen
t Location
Approximate
Location Date Description
A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA)
Daytim
e Leq
Evenin
g Leq
Nighttim
e Leq CNEL
LT1
4538
Manhattan
Beach
Boulevard
05/24/23
-
05/25/23
I-405 & Manhattan
Beach Boulevard
traffic noise

72.8 72.8 70.4 77.7
LT2 16310 Freeman
Avenue
05/24/23
-
05/25/23
I-405 traffic noise 72.4 70.2 66.7 74.8
LT3 4626 W 173rd
Street
05/31/23
-
06/01/23
Artesia Boulevard
traffic noise 62.9 51.5 50.2 61.6
Source: MD Acoustics, LLC, General Plan Update Noise Impact Study – City of Lawndale, July 12, 2023.

Notes: 24hour duration.
dBA = A-weighted decibels; Leq = equivalent noise level; Lmax = maximum noise level; Lmin = minimum noise level; Ln = noise level exceeded n percent of the measurement period.

Existing Noise Modeling
The primary sources of noise in Lawndale are transportation-related noises. Major roadways create ambient noise levels that affect the overall quality of life in the community. Modeled existing noise levels provided in Table 5.13-8, Existing Exterior Noise Levels Along Roadways, and on Figure 5.13-2, Existing Roadway Noise Level Contours, confirm that there are currently sensitive land uses in the Planning Area that are exposed to noise levels above 65 dBA CNEL.

It should be noted that the modeled noise contours do not take into account factors such as existing buildings, walls, etc., that may reduce or, in some cases, amplify or reduce noise sources. The model also assumes hard site, when in reality, some of the City has soft site ground such as grass or dirt, which will reduce the noise levels. Measured noise levels provided in Table 5.13-6 and Table 5.13-7 do take into account existing structures as well as other existing noise sources.

Those areas in the City that currently experience sound levels greater than 65 dBA CNEL are typically near major vehicular transportation corridors. Traffic noise levels typically depend on three factors: (1) the volume of traffic, (2) the average speed of traffic, and (3) the vehicle mix (i.e., the percentage of trucks versus automobiles in the traffic flow). Vehicle noise includes noises produced by the engine, exhaust, tires, and wind generated by taller vehicles. Other factors that affect the perception of traffic noise include the distance from the highway, terrain, heavy vegetation, and natural and structural obstacles. While tire noise from automobiles is generally located at ground level, some truck noise sources may emanate from 12 feet or more above the ground.

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Table 5.13-8
Existing Exterior Noise Levels Along Roadways
Roadway Segment Limits CNEL, dBA Distance to Contour (feet) @50 ft1 70 dBA 65 dBA 60 dBA 55 dBA
Inglewood Ave Marine Ave to 153rd Pl 73.3 107 338 1,068 3,378 Inglewood Ave I-405 S Entrance to Manhattan Beach Blvd 75.4 172 544 1,720 5,439 Inglewood Ave Manhattan Beach Blvd to Artesia Blvd 75.5 178 562 1,777 5,619 Manhattan
Beach Blvd Inglewood Ave to Hawthorne Blvd 73.0 99 313 989 3,127 Artesia Blvd Inglewood Ave to Grevillea Ave 73.9 123 390 1,234 3,901 Hawthorne Blvd Marine Ave to Manhattan Beach Blvd 71.3 136 430 1,361 4,303 Hawthorne Blvd Manhattan Beach Blvd to 160th St 71.6 145 460 1,455 4,600 Hawthorne Blvd 162nd St to 166th St 72.6 184 582 1,839 5,816 Hawthorne Blvd 169th St to Redondo Beach Blvd 72.3 170 538 1,703 5,384 Rosecrans Ave Hawthorne Blvd to Prairie Ave 75.3 168 531 1,678 5,308 Redondo Beach
Blvd Hawthorne Blvd to Prairie Ave 71.8 75 237 749 2,369 Manhattan
Beach Blvd Freeman Ave to Prairie Ave 72.0 78 248 784 2,480 Prairie Ave Marine Ave to Manhattan Beach Blvd 73.0 100 316 999 3,160 Manhattan
Beach Blvd Prairie Ave to Crenshaw Blvd 70.7 59 187 591 1,867 Crenshaw Blvd Marine Ave to Manhattan Beach Blvd 71.9 78 246 778 2,461 I-405 West of Hawthorne Blvd 85.4 3,480 11,003 34,795 110,033 I-405 East of Hawthorne Blvd 85.2 3,315 10,483 33,152 104,835 Source: MD Acoustics, LLC, General Plan Update Noise Impact Study – City of Lawndale, July 12, 2023.

Notes: Exterior noise levels calculated at 5-feet above ground. Noise levels calculated from centerline of subject roadway. Contour distances do not take into account potential noise reduction from existing barriers such as buildings, walls or berms as a worst-case scenario for planning screening purposes. Overall levels are likely lower at sensitive receptors.

1. Hawthorne Boulevard & I-405 were calculated at 100 ft away.

Airport and Aircraft Noise
There are no airports located within the Planning Area, and the Planning Area is not located within any airport noise contours. The closest airport to the Planning Area is the Hawthorne Municipal Airport, also known as Jack Northrop Field, located approximately 1.4 miles northeast of the Planning Area. The Los Angeles International Airport is 2.5 miles from the Planning Area. The noise contours associated with these airports do not encroach into the Planning Area.

Vibration Sources
The main sources of vibration in the Planning Area are related to vehicles, construction, and railway.

Typical roadway traffic, including heavy trucks, rarely generates vibration amplitudes high enough to cause structural or cosmetic damage. Although not specifically within Lawndale, there have been cases in which heavy trucks traveling over potholes or other discontinuities in the pavement have caused vibration Lawndale General Plan Update

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high enough to result in complaints from nearby residents. These types of issues typically can be resolved by smoothing the roadway surface.

Construction activities that produce vibration that can be felt by adjacent land uses include the use of vibratory equipment, large bulldozers, and pile drivers. The primary source of vibration during construction is usually from a bulldozer. A large bulldozer has a peak particle velocity of 0.089 inches per second (87 VdB) at 25 feet.

One freight rail line runs through the City of Lawndale. According to the Federal Railroad Administration Crossing Inventory Forms, there are two daytime and two nighttime freight trains that pass through the City each day at a maximum of 20 miles per hour (mph). Existing buildings are about 50 feet from the centerline of the railway. Therefore, the expected maximum vibration at these buildings is 76 VdB (0.025 inches per second).

5.13.3 REGULATORY SETTING

FEDERAL
Noise Control Act of 1972
The Federal Office of Noise Abatement and Control originally was tasked with implementing the Noise Control Act. However, it was eventually eliminated leaving other Federal agencies and committees to develop noise policies and programs. Some examples of these agencies are as follows:
• The Department of Transportation (DOT) assumed a significant role in noise control through its various agencies.
• The Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is responsible to regulate noise from aircraft and airports. • The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is responsible to regulate noise from the interstate highway system.
• The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is responsible for the prohibition of excessive noise exposure to workers.

The Federal government advocates that local jurisdictions use their land use regulatory authority to arrange new development in such a way that “noise sensitive” uses are either prohibited from being constructed adjacent to a highway or that the developments are planned and constructed in such a manner that potential noise impacts are minimized.

Since the Federal government has preempted the setting of standards for noise levels that can be emitted by the transportation source, the City is restricted to regulating the noise generated by the transportation system through nuisance abatement Codes and land use planning.

The intent of a General Plan Noise Element is to set goals to limit and reduce the effects of noise intrusion and to set acceptable noise levels for varying types of land uses. To this end, the City has the authority to set land use noise standards and place restrictions on private activities that generate excessive or intrusive noise. However, it should be recognized that the City does not have the authority to regulate all sources of noise within the City and various other agencies may supersede City authority.

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Federal Highway Administration
Federal Highway Administration State routes and freeways that run through the City are subject to Federal funding and, as such, are under the purview of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The FHWA has developed noise standards that are typically used for Federally funded roadway projects or projects that require either Federal or Caltrans review. These noise standards are based on Leq and L10 values and are included in Table 5.13-9, FHWA Design Noise Levels.

Table 5.13-9
FHWA Design Noise Levels
Activity Category Description of Category Design Noise Levels Leq (dBA) L10 (dBA)
A
Lands on which serenity and quiet are of extraordinary
significance and serve an important public need and where the preservation of those qualities is essential if the area is to continue to serve its intended purpose. Examples
include natural parks or wildlife habitats.
57 (exterior) 60 (exterior)
B
Picnic areas, recreation areas, playgrounds, active sports areas, parks, residences, motels, hotels, schools, churches, libraries, and hospitals.
67 (exterior) 70 (exterior)
C
Developed lands, properties, or activities not included in Categories A or B, above. 72 (exterior) 75 (exterior)
D Undeveloped lands. -- --
E
Residences, motels, hotels, public meeting rooms, schools, churches, libraries, hospitals, and auditoriums. 52 (interior) 55 (interior) Source: FHWA Noise Standard (23 Code of Federal Regulations 772).

Notes: Either Leq or L10 (but not both) design noise levels may be used on a project.

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) issues formal requirements related specifically to standards for exterior noise levels along with policies for approving HUD-supported or assisted housing projects in high noise areas. In general, these requirements established three zones.

These include:
• 65 dBA Ldn or less - an acceptable zone where all projects could be approved, • Exceeding 65 dBA Ldn but not exceeding 75 dBA Ldn - a normally unacceptable zone where mitigation measures would be required, and each project would have to be individually evaluated for approval or denial. These measures must provide 5 dBA of attenuation above the attenuation provided by standard construction required in a 65 to 70 dBA Ldn area and 10 dBA of attenuation in a 70 to 75 dBA Ldn area, and
• Exceeding 75 dBA Ldn - an unacceptable zone in which projects would not, as a rule, be approved.

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The Federal Interagency Committee on Noise
The Federal Interagency Committee on Noise (FICON) developed guidance for the assessment of projectgenerated increases in noise levels that consider the ambient noise level. The FICON recommendations are based on studies of the percentage of persons highly annoyed by aircraft noise. These recommendations are often used for different types of environmental noise such as traffic noise. A readily perceptible 5 dBA or greater project-related noise level increase is considered a significant impact when the noise criteria for a given land use is exceeded. In areas where the existing noise levels range from 60 to 65 dBA, a 3 dBA barely perceptible noise level increase is considered significant. When the existing noise levels already exceed 65 dBA, any increase in community noise louder than 1.5 dBA or greater is considered a significant impact, since it likely contributes to an existing noise exposure exceedance.

STATE
California Department of Health Services
The California Department of Health Services (DHS) Office of Noise Control studied the correlation of noise levels and their effects on various land uses. As a result, the DHS established four categories for judging the severity of noise intrusion on specified land uses. These categories are presented in the State Land Use Compatibility for Community Noise Exposure table. As part of the General Plan Update the City has adopted a slightly modified version of this table to use as a planning tool. This table is discussed further and presented below.

Title 24 of the California Building Code
Section 1206.4 of the 2022 California Building Code (Cal. Code Regs., Title 24, Part 2), Chapter 12 (Interior Environment), establishes an interior noise criterion of 45 dBA CNEL in any habitable room. Per California Building Code, Chapter 2 (Definitions), a habitable space is A space in a building for living, sleeping, eating or cooking. Bathrooms, toilet rooms, closets, halls, storage or utility spaces and similar areas are not considered habitable spaces. This section applies to dwelling and sleeping units.

California Green Building Standards Code (2022), Chapter 5 (Non-residential Mandatory Measures) Section 5.507.4 (Acoustical Control), applies to all proposed buildings that people may occupy but are not residential dwelling units, with the exception of factories, stadiums, storage, enclosed parking structures, and utility buildings.

Buildings must comply with Section 5.507.4.1 or Section 5.507.4.2. Section 5.507.4.1 requires wall and roof-ceiling assemblies exposed to the noise source making up the building, or addition envelope or altered envelope, shall meet a composite Sound Transmission Class (STC) rating of at least 50 or a composite Outdoor to Indoor Transmission Class (OITC) rating of no less than 40, with exterior windows of a minimum STC of 40 or OITC of 30 when within the 65 CNEL noise contour of an airport, freeway, expressway, railroad, industrial source, or fixed-guideway source. If contours are not available, buildings exposed to 65 dB Leq(h) must meet a composite STC rating of at least 45 or OITC of 35 with exterior windows of at least STC 40 or OITC 30. Section 5.507.4.2 requires that the interior noise attributable to exterior sources must not exceed 50 dBA Leq(h) during any hour of operation. Section 5.507.4.3 requires that assemblies separating tenant spaces from tenant spaces or public places must have an STC of at least

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LOCAL
City of Lawndale General Plan
The existing City of Lawndale General Plan (1992 General Plan) Noise Element includes goals, policies, and implementation programs that are intended to avoid or reduce noise impacts related to transportation, stationary, and construction related noise sources. Within the 1992 General Plan Noise Element, Exhibit F, Noise and Land Use Compatibility, presents a land use compatibility chart for community noise originally prepared by the California Office of Noise Control (1987). Exhibit F identifies “normally acceptable,” “conditionally acceptable,” “normally unacceptable,” and “clearly unacceptable” exterior noise levels for various land uses. A “conditionally acceptable” designation implies new construction or development should be undertaken only after a detailed analysis of the noise reduction requirements for each land use is made and needed noise insulation features are incorporated in the design. By comparison, a “normally acceptable” designation indicates that standard construction can occur with no special noise reduction requirements. This land use compatibility chart is based on the 24-hour descriptor CNEL.

City of Lawndale Municipal Code
The City’s Noise Ordinance is designed to protect people from non-transportation noise sources such as construction activity; commercial, industrial, and agricultural operations; machinery and pumps; and air conditioners. Enforcement of the ordinance ensures that adjacent properties are not exposed to excessive noise from stationary sources. Enforcing the ordinance includes requiring proposed development projects to show compliance with the ordinance, including operating in accordance with noise levels and hours of operations limits placed on the project site. The City also requires construction activity to comply with established work schedule limits. The ordinance is reviewed periodically for adequacy and amended as needed to address community needs and development patterns.

The City of Lawndale’s Noise Ordinance consists of Chapter 8.20, Noise Control, of the Lawndale Municipal Code. The City’s Zoning Code (Title 17) also contains specific noise limits relating to specific uses.

Section 8.20.010, Sound-Amplifying Equipment Defined, defines sound-amplifying equipment as any machine or device for the amplification of the human voice, music, or any other sound, including automobile radios and warning devices.

Sections 8.20.020, Noncommercial Sound Trucks, 8.20.030, Commercial Sound Trucks or Advertising Vehicles, and 8.20.050, Sound-Producing Vehicles at Night, outline noise restrictions with regards to noncommercial sound trucks, commercial sound trucks or advertising vehicles, and sound-producing vehicles at night.

Section 8.20.060, Unnecessary, Annoying sounds Prohibited, states that “[n]o person shall make, cause or suffer, or permit to be made upon any premises owned, occupied or controlled by that person any noises or sounds which are unreasonably loud or physically annoying to persons of ordinary sensitivity, or which are so harsh or so prolonged or unnatural or unusual in their use, time or place as to occasion physical discomfort to other persons.” This section also states that the previous statement does not apply to noise or sounds generated in connection with any of the following:

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1. Emergency vehicle response sounds and/or sounds from necessary equipment utilized by members of law enforcement, the fire department, paramedics or other emergency responders for the purpose of responding to an emergency or necessary to restore, preserve, protect or save lives or property from imminent danger of loss or harm.

2. Safety and warning devices, including but not limited to, train horns and railroad crossing warning systems, which are consistent with applicable state and Federal laws.

3. The installation, maintenance, repair or replacement of public utilities or public infrastructure conducted by the city, other public entity or a public or private utility company, or their agents, contractors and employees, while undertaking a public works project, subject to the restrictions contained in Section 8.20.070 for allowable construction times.

4. School-related activities and/or programs, including, but not limited to, athletic and entertainment events and activities, provided said activities are conducted on the grounds of a public or private school or college or on other public property.

5. Noise from special community events provided said events are conducted by the city or pursuant to a permit or license issued by the city, including, but not limited to, occasional outdoor events/activities, outdoor gatherings, public dances, shows and sporting and entertainment events.

6. Any activity to the extent regulation thereof has been preempted by state or Federal law.

Section 8.20.070, Construction, subsection (A) outlines the allowable hours for construction as follows:

Construction activity may be conducted between the hours of seven a.m. and seven p.m., Monday through Friday (except national holidays), and eight a.m. and five p.m. Saturdays. Construction activity is prohibited at all other hours and on Sundays and national holidays. For purposes of this section, “construction” or “construction activity” shall include site preparation, demolition, grading, excavation, and the erection, improvement, remodeling or repair of structures, including operation of equipment or machinery and the delivery of materials associated with those activities.

Section 8.20.070, Construction, also lists scenarios where the provisions of subsection A do not apply.

Section 17.48.273, Construction Standards Regulating Apartment Houses, subsection (A) specifies that the interior of apartments in the R-4 zone must not exceed 45 dBA CNEL. Subsection (B) states that mechanical equipment in this zone will be screened from view and not exceed a maximum of 50 dBA.

Section 17.44.020, Encroachment Prohibited—Exceptions, subsection (K) regulates pool equipment to 40 dBA CNEL as measured from the property line. Subsection (L) regulations air conditioning equipment to 40 dBA CNEL as measured from the property line as well.

Section 17.96.040, Criteria and Standards, subsection (A)(12) states that small collection facilities shall not exceed noise levels of 55 dBA as measured at a residential property or 60 dBA as measured at other adjacent properties.

Section 17.80.070, Criteria and Standards, subsection (A)(16) states that the interior noise levels of condominiums will not exceed 40 dBA CNEL and sound insulation requirements.

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Section 17.94.040, Findings/Requirements, subsection (A)(19) limits the noise levels of adult-oriented businesses to 55 dBA as measured on the property line.

5.13.4 SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA AND THRESHOLDS
Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines contains the Initial Study Environmental Checklist, which includes questions related to noise and groundborne vibrations. The issues presented in the Initial Study Environmental Checklist have been utilized as thresholds of significance in this section. Accordingly, a project may create a significant environmental impact if it would result in:
• Generation of a substantial temporary or permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the vicinity of the project in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies (refer to Impact Statement NOI-1); • Generation of excessive groundborne vibration or groundborne noise levels (refer to Impact Statement NOI-2); and/or
• For a project located within the vicinity of a private airstrip land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise (refer to Impact Statement NOI-3).

5.13.5 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Transportation Noise Standards
The significance criteria for Transportation Noise Standards are based on published guidance from FICON, which have been incorporated into the proposed General Plan Update under Policy PS-6.4. Transportation noise may result in substantial increases in ambient noise levels if:
• Existing noise levels are within or below the “normally acceptable” noise criteria at the affected land use (see proposed General Plan Update Table PS-1, Land Use Compatibility for Community Noise Exposure) and the project creates a readily perceptible 5 dBA CNEL or greater projectrelated noise level increase; or • Existing noise levels fall within the “conditionally acceptable” noise criteria and the project creates a 3 dBA CNEL or greater project-related noise level increase; or • Existing noise levels exceed the “conditionally acceptable” noise criteria, and the project creates a community noise level impact of greater than 1.5 dBA CNEL.

Stationary Noise Standards
Stationary noise impacts would be considered significant if they exceed the levels outlined in the Lawndale Municipal Code, as outlined in Section 5.13.3.

Construction Noise Standards
Construction noise would be significant if:
• Construction activities occur outside of the permitted construction hours specified in Section

8.20.070(A) of the Lawndale Municipal Code.

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• Construction activities are not consistent with proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies and Actions relative to Noise.

NOI-1: Would the project result in the generation of a substantial temporary or permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the vicinity of the project in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies?
Impact Analysis:

TRANSPORTATION NOISE IMPACTS
Transportation noise includes noise from aircraft, railways, and roadways. The Planning Area is outside of any airport 65 dBA CNEL contours and therefore, there is no aircraft impact.

One freight rail line runs through the City. The General Plan Update would not increase railway operations within the Planning Area; however, existing buildings are about 50 feet from the centerline of the railway and include primarily residential uses. Therefore, there is the potential for sensitive uses to be exposed to railway noise.

The primary noise source in the Planning Area would continue to be vehicle traffic. Table 5.13-10, 2045 No Project Traffic Noise Levels (dBA, CNEL) and Table 5.13-11, 2045 Plus Project Traffic Noise Levels (dBA, CNEL) show the future noise levels at a distance of 50 feet from the centerline of studied roadways by the year 2040 for No Project and With Project conditions. The distances to the 55, 60, 65, and 70 dBA CNEL noise contours are also provided. Future traffic noise level contours are presented in Figure 5.13-3, 2045 No Project Noise Contours (CNEL) and Figure 5.13-4, 2045 With Project Noise Contours.

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Table 5.13-10
2045 No Project Traffic Noise Levels (dBA, CNEL)
Roadway Segment Limits
CNEL,
dBA Distance to Noise Contour
@ 50 ft1 70 dBA 65 dBA 60 dBA 55 dBA
Inglewood Ave Marine Ave to 153rd Pl 73.2 105 332 1,051 3,325 Inglewood Ave I-405 S Entrance to Manhattan
Beach Blvd 75.4 172 545 1,724 5,453
Inglewood Ave Manhattan Beach Blvd to Artesia
Blvd 75.4 172 545 1,722 5,446
Manhattan Beach
Blvd Inglewood Ave to Hawthorne Blvd 73.6 115 365 1,155 3,652 Artesia Blvd Inglewood Ave to Grevillea Ave 73.9 124 392 1,240 3,921 Hawthorne Blvd Marine Ave to Manhattan Beach
Blvd 71.1 128 405 1,282 4,055
Hawthorne Blvd Manhattan Beach Blvd to 160th St 71.6 145 457 1,445 4,571 Hawthorne Blvd 162nd St to 166th St 72.6 180 571 1,804 5,706 Hawthorne Blvd 169th St to Redondo Beach Blvd 72.3 168 531 1,679 5,309 Rosecrans Ave Hawthorne Blvd to Prairie Ave 75.7 187 590 1,866 5,900 Redondo Beach Blvd Hawthorne Blvd to Prairie Ave 72.5 88 279 883 2,794 Manhattan Beach
Blvd Freeman Ave to Prairie Ave 72.8 94 298 943 2,981
Prairie Ave Marine Ave to Manhattan Beach
Blvd 73.5 112 355 1121 3,545
Manhattan Beach
Blvd Prairie Ave to Crenshaw Blvd 71.1 65 205 647 2,046 Crenshaw Blvd Marine Ave to Manhattan Beach
Blvd 72.7 94 298 941 2,977
I-405 West of Hawthorne Blvd 85.4 3,466 10,960 34,658 109,600 I-405 East of Hawthorne Blvd 85.2 3,301 10,440 33,015 104,401 Source: MD Acoustics, LLC, General Plan Update Noise Impact Study – City of Lawndale, July 12, 2023.

1. Hawthorne Boulevard & I-405 were calculated at 100 ft away.

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Table 5.13-11
2045 Plus Project Traffic Noise Levels (dBA, CNEL)
Roadway Segment Limits
CNEL,
dBA Distance to Noise Contour
@ 50 ft1 70 dBA 65 dBA 60 dBA 55 dBA
Inglewood Ave Marine Ave to 153rd Pl 73.3 107 338 1,069 3,380 Inglewood Ave I-405 S Entrance to Manhattan
Beach Blvd 75.4 173 546 1,728 5,465
Inglewood Ave Manhattan Beach Blvd to Artesia
Blvd 75.4 173 491 1,553 4,911
Manhattan Beach
Blvd Inglewood Ave to Hawthorne Blvd 73.7 116 366 1,159 3,665 Artesia Blvd Inglewood Ave to Grevillea Ave 73.9 124 392 1,240 3,921 Hawthorne Blvd Marine Ave to Manhattan Beach
Blvd 71.2 133 421 1,330 4,207
Hawthorne Blvd Manhattan Beach Blvd to 160th St 71.7 149 472 1,494 4,723 Hawthorne Blvd 162nd St to 166th St 72.7 188 593 1,875 5,930 Hawthorne Blvd 169th St to Redondo Beach Blvd 72.3 168 532 1,683 5,323 Rosecrans Ave Hawthorne Blvd to Prairie Ave 75.7 186 588 1,861 5,884 Redondo Beach Blvd Hawthorne Blvd to Prairie Ave 72.5 88 279 883 2,794 Manhattan Beach
Blvd Freeman Ave to Prairie Ave 72.8 95 302 955 3,019
Prairie Ave Marine Ave to Manhattan Beach
Blvd 73.6 114 362 1145 3,620
Manhattan Beach
Blvd Prairie Ave to Crenshaw Blvd 71.2 66 208 658 2,080 Crenshaw Blvd Marine Ave to Manhattan Beach
Blvd 72.8 95 300 950 3,004
I-405 West of Hawthorne Blvd 85.7 3,712 11,740 37,124 117,397 I-405 East of Hawthorne Blvd 85.5 3,197 10,111 31,973 101,107 Source: MD Acoustics, LLC, General Plan Update Noise Impact Study – City of Lawndale, July 12, 2023.

1. Hawthorne Boulevard & I-405 were calculated at 100 ft away.

As shown in Table 5.13-10 and Table 5.13-11 and Figure 5.13-2, Figure 5.13-3 and Figure 5.13-4, by the year 2045, existing land uses adjacent to the studied roadways would be exposed to noise levels that exceed the City’s exterior standards of 65 dBA CNEL for sensitive uses. A significant impact would occur if the Project resulted in levels higher than 65 dBA CNEL and increased the overall roadway noise level by 3 dBA CNEL, which is a noticeable change in noise level.

Compared to existing traffic noise levels, 2045 without Project traffic volumes are expected to be up to

0.8 dBA CNEL louder than existing ambient noise levels at existing land uses and would result in inaudible Lawndale General Plan Update

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increases in ambient noise along the analyzed roadways; refer to Table 5.13-12, Change in Noise Along Roadways (dBA, CNEL @ 50’).

Compared to existing traffic noise levels, 2045 with Project traffic volumes are expected to be up to 0.9 dBA CNEL louder than existing ambient noise levels at existing land uses and would result in inaudible increases in ambient noise. Implementation of the Project would therefore result in a less than significant impact to roadway noise levels.

Table 5.13-12
Change in Noise Along Roadways (dBA, CNEL @ 50’)
Roadway Segment
Existing 2045 No Project 2045 With Project
CNEL @
50' dBA1
CNEL
@ 50'
dBA
Change
in Noise
Level
CNEL
@ 50'
dBA
Change
in Noise
Level
Inglewood Ave Marine Ave to 153rd Pl 73.3 73.2 -0.1 73.3 0.0 Inglewood Ave I-405 S Entrance to Manhattan
Beach Blvd 75.4 75.4 0.0 75.4 0.0
Inglewood Ave Manhattan Beach Blvd to Artesia
Blvd 75.5 75.4 -0.1 75.4 -0.1
Manhattan Beach
Blvd Inglewood Ave to Hawthorne Blvd 73.0 73.6 0.6 73.7 0.7 Artesia Blvd Inglewood Ave to Grevillea Ave 73.9 73.9 0.0 73.9 0.0 Hawthorne Blvd Marine Ave to Manhattan Beach
Blvd 71.3 71.1 -0.2 71.2 -0.1
Hawthorne Blvd Manhattan Beach Blvd to 160th St 71.6 71.6 0.0 71.7 0.1 Hawthorne Blvd 162nd St to 166th St 72.6 72.6 0.0 72.7 0.1 Hawthorne Blvd 169th St to Redondo Beach Blvd 72.3 72.3 0.0 72.3 0.0 Rosecrans Ave Hawthorne Blvd to Prairie Ave 75.3 75.7 0.4 75.7 0.4 Redondo Beach Blvd Hawthorne Blvd to Prairie Ave 71.8 72.5 0.7 72.5 0.7 Manhattan Beach
Blvd Freeman Ave to Prairie Ave 72.0 72.8 0.8 72.8 0.8
Prairie Ave
Marine Ave to Manhattan Beach
Blvd 73.0 73.5 0.5 73.6 0.6
Manhattan Beach
Blvd Prairie Ave to Crenshaw Blvd 70.7 71.1 0.4 71.2 0.5 Crenshaw Blvd Marine Ave to Manhattan Beach
Blvd 71.9 72.7 0.8 72.8 0.9
I-405 West of Hawthorne Blvd 85.4 85.4 0.0 85.7 0.3
I-405 East of Hawthorne Blvd 85.2 85.2 0.0 85.5 0.3
Source: MD Acoustics, LLC, General Plan Update Noise Impact Study – City of Lawndale, July 12, 2023; Kittelson & Associates, Inc., 2023.

Notes: An impact would occur if the Project increased the roadway segment level by 3 dB or more (an audible difference) and resulting in a future level above 65 dBA CNEL.

1. Hawthorne Boulevard & I-405 were calculated at 100 ft away.

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Where future development projects under the General Plan Update may be exposed to noise levels that exceed the land use compatibility criteria, such as residential developments within the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area or sensitive land uses developed adjacent to the existing rail line, impacts could be mitigated to a level that is less than significant with the implementation of noise control measures, such as relocating residential outdoor recreational areas away from 60 dBA CNEL or greater areas or shielding outdoor areas using noise barriers. Additionally, the General Plan Update Public Safety Element includes policies and actions intended to minimize exposure to excessive noise, including noise associated with traffic. Specifically, proposed Policies PS-6.1 through PS-6.4 and proposed Action PS-6c would reduce potential noise impacts associated with transportation. Policy PS-6.1 requires adherence to the latest standards related to noise in the most current edition of the California Building Code to avoid or minimize noise pollution in the community. Policy PS-6.2 requires consistency with the land use compatibility standards contained in proposed Table PS-1 and the Lawndale Municipal Code. Policy PS6.3 requires the use of best practices in new development to mitigate excessive noise to the standards indicated in Table PS-1 and the Lawndale Municipal Code. Policy PS-6.4 requires acoustical studies for new discretionary developments and transportation improvements that have the potential to affect existing noise-sensitive uses, and for projects that would introduce new noise-sensitive uses into an area where existing noise levels may exceed the thresholds identified in the proposed Public Safety Element. Action PS-6c requires new development and transportation projects be reviewed for compliance with the noise requirements established in the proposed General Plan, including the standards established in Table PS-1 and the Lawndale Municipal Code, and, where necessary, mitigate excessive noise through best practices.

Following conformance with the existing regulatory framework, including the General Plan and Lawndale Municipal Code, impacts would be less than significant in this regard.

STATIONARY NOISE SOURCES
Implementation of the General Plan Update could result in the future development of land uses that generate noise levels in excess of applicable City noise standards for non-transportation noise sources.

While the General Plan Update does not explicitly propose any new noise-generating uses, the proposed Land Use Map would allow for the development of mixed-uses, increased residential development at higher densities, and new commercial development, which may result in new noise sources along major corridors, including Hawthorne Boulevard. Specific development projects and the details of future noisegenerating land uses that may be located in the Planning Area are not known at this time. Additionally, noise from existing stationary sources, as identified above, would continue to impact noise-sensitive land uses in the vicinity of the noise sources.

While no specific development projects are proposed under the General Plan Update, changes in land use may allow for more intensive noise-generating uses in closer proximity to noise-sensitive uses. Where this occurs, detailed noise studies would be required to ensure that noise control measures are implemented into the project design. Such measures could include the redesign of stationary noise sources away from sensitive uses, construction of sound walls or berms between noise generating uses and sensitive uses, using buildings to create additional buffer distance and screening, or other site design measures to ensure that non-transportation (stationary) noise sources do not cause exterior and interior noise levels to exceed allowable standards at sensitive receptors.

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The General Plan Update Public Safety Element includes policies and actions that are intended to reduce noise associated with stationary sources. Specifically, proposed Policies PS-6.3, PS-6.4, PS-6.8, and proposed Actions PS-6c, PS-6d, and PS-6e would reduce noise associated with stationary sources. Policy PS-6.3 requires the use of best practices in new development to mitigate excessive noise to the standards indicated in Table PS-1 and the Lawndale Municipal Code. Policy PS-6.4 requires acoustical studies for new discretionary developments and transportation improvements that have the potential to affect existing noise-sensitive uses, and for projects that would introduce new noise-sensitive uses into an area where existing noise levels may exceed the thresholds identified in the proposed Public Safety Element. Policy PS-6.8 requires the use of noise attenuation measures for all new commercial development expected to produce excessive noise. In existing cases where the City’s noise standards are exceeded, Policy PS-6.8 directs Code Enforcement to require compliance. Action PS-6c requires new development and transportation projects be reviewed for compliance with the noise requirements established in the proposed General Plan, including the standards established in Table PS-1 and the Lawndale Municipal Code, and, where necessary, mitigate excessive noise through best practices. Action PS-6d requires acoustical studies for all new discretionary projects, including those related to development and transportation, which have the potential to generate noise impacts which exceed the standards identified in the proposed General Plan. The studies must include representative noise measurements, estimates of existing and projected noise levels, and mitigation measures necessary to facilitate compliance with the proposed Public Safety Element. Action PS-6e requires review of locations of proposed projects with the potential to generate stationary noise in relation to sensitive receptors through the discretionary project review process, and limits delivery or service hours for stores and businesses with loading areas, docks, or trash bins that front, side, border, or gain access on driveways next to residential and other noise sensitive areas. Exceptions may only be approved if full compliance with the nighttime limits of the noise regulations is achieved. Implementation of the proposed policies and actions of the General Plan Update would reduce noise impacts from stationary noise sources to a less than significant level.

CONSTRUCTION NOISE
The degree of construction noise may vary for different projects associated with implementation of the General Plan, depending on the construction activities. Noise levels associated with construction also vary with the different phases of construction. In accordance with Section 8.20.070(A) of the Lawndale Municipal Code, construction is prohibited between the hours of 7:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. on weekdays, between the hours of 5:00 p.m. and 8:00 a.m. on Saturdays, or any time on Sunday or a Federal holiday.

Construction noise is exempt from the noise ordinance outside of those times.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has compiled data regarding the noise-generated characteristics of typical construction activities. The data is presented in Table 5.13-13, Typical Construction Noise Levels. These noise levels would diminish rapidly with distance from the construction site at a rate of 6 dBA per doubling of distance. For example, a noise level of 86 dBA measured 50 feet from the noise source would reduce to 80 dBA at 100 feet. At 200 feet from the noise source, the noise level would reduce to 74 dBA. At 400 feet, the noise source would reduce by another 6 dBA to 68 dBA.

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Table 5.13-13
Typical Construction Noise Levels
Equipment Powered by Internal Combustion Engines
Type Noise Levels (dBA) at 50 Feet
Earth Moving
Compactors (Rollers) 73 - 76
Front Loaders 73 - 84
Backhoes 73 - 92
Tractors 75 - 95
Scrapers, Graders 78 - 92
Pavers 85 - 87
Trucks 81 - 94
Materials Handling
Concrete Mixers 72 - 87
Concrete Pumps 81 - 83
Cranes (Movable) 72 - 86
Cranes (Derrick) 85 - 87
Stationary
Pumps 68 - 71
Generators 71 - 83
Compressors 75 - 86
Impact Equipment
Saws 71 - 82
Vibrators 68 - 82
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Reference Noise Levels.

Individual projects associated with implementation of the General Plan Update would result in short-term noise impacts associated with construction activities. Two types of short-term noise impacts could occur during construction activities, on-site and off-site.

Construction crew commute and the transport of construction equipment and materials to the site for future development projects would incrementally increase noise levels on access roads leading to the site.

Truck traffic associated with project construction would be limited to within the permitted construction hours, as listed in the City’s Municipal Code Section 8.20.070(A). Although there would be a relatively high single-event noise exposure potential at a maximum of 87 dBA Lmax at 50 feet from passing trucks, causing possible short-term intermittent annoyances, the effect on ambient noise levels would be less than 1 dBA when averaged over one hour or 24 hours. In other words, the changes in noise levels over one hour or 24 hours attributable to passing trucks would not be perceptible to the normal human ear.

Therefore, short-term construction-related impacts associated with worker commute and equipment transport on local streets leading to the project site would result in a less than significant impact on noisesensitive receptors along the access routes.

The site preparation phase, which includes grading and paving, tends to generate the highest noise levels, since the noisiest construction equipment is earthmoving equipment. Earthmoving equipment includes Lawndale General Plan Update

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excavating machinery such as backhoes, bulldozers, and front loaders. Earthmoving and compacting equipment includes compactors, scrapers, and graders. Typical operating cycles for these types of construction equipment may involve one or two minutes of full power operation followed by three or four minutes at lower power settings. Site-specific construction activities associated with future development is expected to require the use of scrapers, bulldozers, motor graders, and water and pickup trucks. The maximum noise level generated by each scraper is assumed to be approximately 87 dBA Lmax at 50 feet from the scraper in operation. Each bulldozer would also generate approximately 85 dBA Lmax at 50 feet.

The maximum noise level generated by the sound sources with equal strength increases the noise level by 3 dBA. The potential for noise reduction is project and site-specific. Construction noise would be an impact if construction occurred outside of the hours outlined in Section 8.20.070(A) of the Lawndale Municipal Code. Potential impacts would be site-specific, depending on the equipment used and distances to sensitive receptors.

The General Plan Update Public Safety Element includes policies and actions intended to reduce exposure to excessive noise, including construction noise. Policy PS-6.9 requires construction activities to reduce noise impacts on adjacent uses to the criteria identified to the maximum extent feasible by complying with Chapter 8.20 of the Lawndale Municipal Code and use best practices. Action PS-6f requires all construction activity to comply with the limits (maximum noise levels, hours and days of allowed activity) established in the Lawndale Municipal Code in order to reduce impacts associated with temporary construction noise to the extent feasible. With implementation of the General Plan Update policies and actions, and compliance with Section 8.20.070(A) of the Lawndale Municipal Code, impacts would be less than significant in this regard.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

General Plan Public Safety Element Table PS-1, Land Use Compatibility for Community Noise Exposure, presents a land use compatibility chart for community noise derived from a similar table originally prepared by the California Office of Noise Control (2017). This table is proposed to be included in the General Plan Update Public Safety Element. The table identifies “normally acceptable,” “conditionally acceptable,” “normally unacceptable,” and “clearly unacceptable” exterior noise levels for various land uses. A “conditionally acceptable” designation implies new construction or development should be undertaken only after a detailed analysis of the noise reduction requirements for each land use is made and needed noise insulation features are incorporated in the design. By comparison, a “normally acceptable” designation indicates that standard construction can occur with no special noise reduction requirements.

PUBLIC SAFETY ELEMENT
Policy PS-6.1: California Building Code. Adhere to the latest standards related to noise in the most current edition of the California Building Code to avoid or minimize noise pollution in the community.

Policy PS-6.2: Noise Exposure. Consider the noise compatibility of existing and future development when making land use planning decisions. Require development and infrastructure projects to be consistent with the land use compatibility standards contained in Table PS- Lawndale General Plan Update

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1 and the Lawndale Municipal Code to facilitate acceptable noise exposure levels for existing and future development.

Policy PS-6.3: Noise Mitigation. Require new development to mitigate excessive noise to the standards indicated in Table PS-1 and the Lawndale Municipal Code through best practices, including building location and orientation, building design features, placement of noisegenerating equipment away from sensitive receptors, shielding of noise-generating equipment, placement of noise-tolerant features between noise sources and sensitive receptors, and use of noise-minimizing materials.

Policy PS-6.4: Acoustical Studies. Require acoustical studies for new discretionary developments and transportation improvements that have the potential to affect existing noise-sensitive uses such as schools, hospitals, libraries, care facilities, and residential areas; and for projects that would introduce new noise-sensitive uses into an area where existing noise levels may exceed the thresholds identified in this element. For projects that are required to prepare an acoustical study, the following mobile and stationary noise source criteria shall be used to determine the significance of those impacts.

A. Mobile Noise Sources:
• Where existing traffic noise levels are within or below the “normally acceptable” noise criteria at the affected land use (see Table PS-1), a readily perceptible 5 dBA CNEL or greater increase in roadway noise will be considered significant; • Where existing traffic noise levels falls within the “conditionally acceptable” noise criteria at the sensitive land use, a +3 dBA CNEL or greater increase in roadway noise levels will be considered significant; and
• Where existing traffic noise levels exceed the “conditionally acceptable” noise criteria at the sensitive land use, a + 1.5 dBA CNEL or greater increase in roadway noise levels will be considered significant
B. Stationary and Non-Transportation Noise Sources
• A significant impact will occur if the project results in an exceedance of the noise level standards contained in this element, or the project will result in an increase in ambient noise levels by more than 3 dB, whichever is greater.

Policy PS-6.8: Commercial Noise. Require the use of noise attenuation measures, including screening and buffering techniques, for all new commercial development expected to produce excessive noise; in existing cases where the City’s noise standards are exceeded, work with Code Enforcement to require compliance.

Policy PS-6.9: Construction Noise. Require construction activities to reduce noise impacts on adjacent uses to the criteria identified to the maximum extent feasible by complying with Chapter

8.20 of the Lawndale Municipal Code and use best practices.

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Action PS-6c: Review new development and transportation projects for compliance with the noise requirements established in this General Plan, including the standards established in Table PS-1 and the Lawndale Municipal Code. Where necessary, require new development to mitigate excessive noise through best practices, including building location and orientation, building design features, placement of noise-generating equipment away from sensitive receptors, shielding of noise-generating equipment, placement of noise-tolerant features between noise sources and sensitive receptors, and use of noise-minimizing materials such as rubberized asphalt.

Action PS-6d: Require acoustical studies for all new discretionary projects, including those related to development and transportation, which have the potential to generate noise impacts which exceed the standards identified in this General Plan. The studies shall include representative noise measurements, estimates of existing and projected noise levels, and mitigation measures necessary to facilitate compliance with this element.

Action PS-6e: Review the locations of proposed projects with the potential to generate stationary noise in relation to sensitive receptors through the discretionary project review process. Limit delivery or service hours for stores and businesses with loading areas, docks, or trash bins that front, side, border, or gain access on driveways next to residential and other noise sensitive areas. Only approve exceptions if full compliance with the nighttime limits of the noise regulations is achieved.

Action PS-6f: Require all construction activity to comply with the limits (maximum noise levels, hours and days of allowed activity) established in the Lawndale Municipal Code in order to reduce impacts associated with temporary construction noise to the extent feasible.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

NOI-2: Would the project result in the generation of excessive groundborne vibration or groundborne noise levels?
Impact Analysis: The main sources of vibration in the Planning Area are related to vehicles, railways and construction. Typical roadway traffic, including heavy trucks, rarely generates vibration amplitudes high enough to cause structural or cosmetic damage. Although not specifically within Lawndale, there have been cases in which heavy trucks traveling over potholes or other discontinuities in the pavement have caused vibration high enough to result in complaints from nearby residents. These types of issues typically can be resolved by smoothing the roadway surface.

TRANSPORTATION VIBRATION
One freight rail line runs through the City of Lawndale. Existing buildings are about 50 feet from the centerline of the railway and include primarily residential uses. With regards to vibration impacts on new development near railroads, human disturbance is the primary concern. It is extremely rare for vibration levels from trains passing to result in structural damage to buildings. In addition, buses and other transit Lawndale General Plan Update

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vehicles are not anticipated to generate excessive vibration levels that would disturb sensitive receptors because these vehicles are traveling at lower speeds and do not generate substantial vibrations. The General Plan Update would not increase railway operations within the Planning Area. Additionally, the Project does not include any specific development proposals. The General Plan Update includes proposed Action PS-6h, which would require future residential projects located adjacent to railroad lines to follow Federal Transit Administration vibration screening distance criteria to prevent residential uses from being exposed to vibrations exceeding 72 VdB for frequent events (more than 70 events per day), 75 VdB for occasional events (30-70 events per day), or 80 VdB for infrequent events (less than 30 events per day).

With implementation of proposed Action PS-6h, this impact would be reduced to less than significant.

CONSTRUCTION VIBRATION
Construction activities that produce vibration that can be felt by adjacent land uses include the use of vibratory equipment, large bulldozers, and pile drivers. The primary sources of vibration during construction are usually vibratory rollers and large bulldozers. As shown in Table 5.13-14, Vibration Source Levels for Construction Equipment, a vibratory roller has a peak particle velocity (inches/second) of 0.21 and a large bulldozer has a peak particle velocity of 0.089 (inches per second) at 25 feet. The use of pile driving equipment can generate a peak particle velocity of 1.5 (inches per second) depending on the size and model.

Table 5.13-14
Vibration Source Levels for Construction Equipment
Equipment
Peak Particle Velocity Approximate Vibration Level
(inches/second) at 25 feet LV (VdB) at 25 feet
Pile driver (impact)

1.518 (upper range) 112

0.644 (typical) 104
Pile driver (sonic)

0.734 upper range 105

0.170 typical 93
Clam shovel drop (slurry wall) 0.202 94
Hydromill 0.008 in soil 66
(slurry wall) 0.017 in rock 75
Vibratory Roller 0.21 94
Hoe Ram 0.089 87
Large bulldozer 0.089 87
Caisson drill 0.089 87
Loaded trucks 0.076 86
Jackhammer 0.035 79
Small bulldozer 0.003 58
Source: Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment, May 2006.

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Table 5.13-15, Guidelines Vibration Damage Potential Threshold Criteria, provides maximum PPV levels (inches/second) to be used to determine if groundborne vibration may result in damage, depending on the type of structure. When evaluated in light of the estimated groundborne vibration levels presented in Table 5.13-14, it can be determined that construction activities in the Planning Area have the potential to result in significant impacts related to groundborne vibration associated with construction activities. This impact would be reduced to less than significant with the implementation of the General Plan Update Public Safety Element Policy PS-6.14 and Action PS-6k, which require vibration impact studies when construction utilizes pile drivers within 200 feet of existing buildings or vibratory rollers within 50 feet of existing buildings.

Table 5.13-15
Guidelines Vibration Damage Potential Threshold Criteria Structure and Condition
Maximum PPV (inches/second)
Transient Sources Continuous/Frequent
Intermittent Source
Extremely fragile historic buildings, ruins, ancient monuments 0.1 0.1 Fragile buildings 0.2 0.1
Historic and some old buildings 0.5 0.3
Older residential structures 0.5 0.3
New residential structures 1.0 0.5
Modern industrial/commercial buildings 2.0 0.5
Source: California Department of Transportation, Transportation and Construction Vibration Guidance Manual, April 2020.

Note: Transient sources create a single isolated vibration event, such as blasting or drop balls. Continuous/frequent intermittent sources include impact pile drivers, pogo-stick compactors, crack-and-seat equipment, vibratory pile drivers, and vibratory compaction equipment.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

PUBLIC SAFETY ELEMENT
Policy PS-6.14: Vibration Studies. Require vibration impact studies for new discretionary development and transportation improvements whose construction utilizes pile drivers within 200 feet of existing buildings or vibratory rollers within 50 feet of existing buildings.

Action PS-6h: Require new residential projects located adjacent to railroad lines to follow the FTA vibration screening distance criteria to prevent residential uses from being exposed to vibrations exceeding 72 VdB for frequent events (more than 70 events per day), 75 VdB for occasional events (30-70 events per day), or 80 VdB for infrequent events (less than 30 events per day).

Action PS-6k: Require vibration impact studies for all new discretionary projects, including those related to development and transportation, whose construction utilizes pile drivers within 200 feet of existing buildings or vibratory rollers within 50 feet of existing buildings. The Lawndale General Plan Update

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studies shall include a detailed mitigation plan to avoid any potential significant impacts to existing structures due to groundborne vibrations, based on the California Department of Transportation’s Construction Vibration Guidance Manual.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

NOI-3: For a project located within the vicinity of a private airstrip land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the project expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise?
Impact Analysis: Hawthorne Municipal Airport, also known as Jack Northrop Field, is an FAA-designated general aviation reliever airport owned by the City of Hawthorne. The airport is located approximately

1.4-miles northeast of the northeastern-most portion of the Planning Area. The City of Hawthorne General Plan Noise Element provides noise contours (Figures 5A and 5B) for Hawthorne, which include the airport.

The noise contours associated with the airport do not extend beyond the municipal boundaries of the City of Hawthorne. The Planning Area is not located within any adopted airport land use plan and is located outside of any airport 65 dBA CNEL contours. As such, there are no impacts related to private airports, public airports, airstrips, or adopted airport land use plans.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: There are no relevant proposed General Plan Update goals, policies, and actions.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: No Impact.

5.13.6 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
Section 4.0, Basis of Cumulative Analysis, establishes growth and development within Los Angeles County as anticipated by SCAG as having the potential to interact with the proposed Project to the extent that a significant cumulative effect may occur. The geographic setting for noise is typically localized and considers development within the City.

Would the project, combined with other related cumulative projects, generate a substantial temporary or permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the vicinity of the project in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies?
Impact Analysis:

TRANSPORTATION NOISE IMPACTS
Table 5.13-11 shows the cumulative noise levels associated with traffic on the local roadway network, including projects within the Planning Area. Cumulative conditions include traffic due to 2045 buildout of Lawndale General Plan Update

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the General Plan Update in addition to pass-through traffic from other jurisdictions. Table 5.13-12 shows the estimated noise level increases which may occur under cumulative conditions. As shown in Table 5.13- 11 and Table 5.13-12, by the year 2045, existing land uses adjacent to the studied roadways would be exposed to noise levels that exceed the City's exterior standards of 65 dBA CNEL for sensitive uses. A significant impact would occur if the Project resulted in levels higher than 65 dBA CNEL and increased the overall roadway noise level by 3 dBA CNEL, which is a noticeable change in noise level. As shown in Table

5.13-12, compared to existing traffic noise levels, 2045 without Project traffic volumes are expected to be up to 0.8 dBA CNEL louder than existing ambient noise levels at existing land uses and would result in inaudible increases in ambient noise along the analyzed roadways. Compared to existing traffic noise levels, 2045 with Project traffic volumes are expected to be up to 0.9 dBA CNEL louder than existing ambient noise levels at existing land uses and would result in inaudible increases in ambient noise.

Implementation of the Project would therefore not result in a cumulatively considerable impact relative to traffic noise.

STATIONARY NOISE
While the Project does not explicitly propose any new noise-generating uses, implementation of the Project could result in the future development of land uses that generate noise levels in excess of applicable City noise standards for non-transportation noise sources. Implementation of land use planning and policies and actions can minimize cumulative noise impacts related to stationary sources by avoiding the placement of noise generating equipment near noise-sensitive land uses and where unavoidable, including design measures to the degree practicable to avoid violating the noise criteria presented in Table PS-1 of the General Plan Update and the Lawndale Municipal Code. The General Plan Update includes policies and actions that are intended to reduce noise associated with stationary sources. Applicants of future development projects would be required to demonstrate compliance with the City’s Noise Ordinance and the policies and actions in the proposed General Plan Update Public Safety Element, including proposed Policies PS-6.3, PS-6.4, PS-6.8, and proposed Actions PS-6c, PS-6d, and PS-6e.

Conformance with the existing regulatory framework would reduce cumulative noise impacts from stationary noise sources to a less than significant level. Therefore, the proposed Project’s incremental contribution to cumulative impacts associated with stationary noise would not be cumulatively considerable.

CONSTRUCTION NOISE
Short-term construction noise and vibration is a localized activity and would affect only land uses that are immediately adjacent to a specific project site. Each construction project would have to comply with the local noise ordinance and General Plan Update policies and actions, including Policy PS-6.9,which requires construction activities to reduce noise impacts on adjacent uses to the criteria identified to the maximum extent feasible by complying with Chapter 8.20 of the Lawndale Municipal Code and use best practices, and Action PS-6f, which requires all construction activity to comply with the limits established in the Lawndale Municipal Code in order to reduce impacts associated with temporary construction noise to the extent feasible. Additionally, projects would comply with mitigation measures that may be prescribed pursuant to CEQA provisions that require significant impacts to be reduced to the extent feasible. Further, it is unlikely that all construction projects would occur simultaneously within the City. Therefore, the Lawndale General Plan Update

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proposed Project’s incremental contribution to cumulative impacts associated with construction noise would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation is required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

Would the project, combined with other related cumulative projects, generate excessive groundborne vibration or groundborne noise levels?
Impact Analysis: Short-term construction noise and vibration is a localized activity and would affect only land uses that are immediately adjacent to a specific project site. The General Plan Update includes policies and actions that are intended to reduce groundborne vibration and groundborne noise levels. In order to reduce potentially significant impacts related to groundborne vibration associated with construction activities of future site-specific development, project applicants would be required to comply with proposed General Plan Update Public Safety Element Policy PS-6.14 and Action PS-6k, which require vibration impact studies when construction utilizes pile drivers within 200 feet of existing buildings or vibratory rollers within 50 feet of existing buildings. The vibration impact studies would be required to include a detailed mitigation plan to avoid any potential significant impacts to existing structures due to groundborne vibrations. With implementation of the General Plan Update, potential significant impacts associated with the proposed Project related to construction vibration would be reduced to less than significant. Cumulative development projects within the City would also be reviewed to ensure projectspecific construction activities would not generate excessive groundborne vibration or noise levels. If it is determined that site-specific development associated with the cumulative projects would result in groundborne vibration or noise impacts, mitigation measures would be required to reduce the impact. As the Project’s potential for vibration impacts would be reduced to a less than significant level, the proposed Project’s incremental contribution to cumulative impacts associated with construction vibration would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation is required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

For a project located within the vicinity of a private airstrip land use plan or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, would the project, combined with other related cumulative projects, expose people residing or working in the project area to excessive noise?
Impact Analysis: As discussed above, the noise contours associated with the airport do not extend beyond the municipal boundaries of the City of Hawthorne. The Planning Area is not located within any adopted Lawndale General Plan Update

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airport land use plan and is located outside of any airport 65 dBA CNEL contours. As such, there are no impacts related to private airports, public airports, airstrips, or adopted airport land use plans. Therefore, proposed Project’s incremental contribution to cumulative impacts associated with airport noise would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: There are no relevant proposed General Plan Update goals, policies, and actions.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: No Impact.

5.13.7 SIGNIFICANT UNAVOIDABLE IMPACTS
Noise impacts associated with implementation of the General Plan Update would be less than significant.

No significant unavoidable noise impacts would occur as a result of the General Plan Update.

5.13.8 REFERENCES
California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol, September 2013.

California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), California Airport Land Use Planning Handbook, January 2002.

California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Transportation and Construction Vibration Guidance Manual, April 2020.

Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment, May 2006.

Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual, September 2018.

MD Acoustics, LLC, General Plan Update Noise Impact Study – City of Lawndale, July 12, 2023.

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CITY OF LAWNDALE

GENERAL PLAN UPDATE
LEGEND
City of Lawndale
Sphere of Influence
Planning Area
Adjacent Incorporated Area
Short-Term Monitoring
Location
Long-Term Monitoring
Location
Sources: MD Acoustics, LLC, 6/29/2023; City of Lawndale; Los Angeles County; ArcGIS Online World Imagery Map Service.

Date: July 10, 2023.

Figure 5.13-1.

Noise Measurement
Locations
Crenshaw Blvd
Prairie Ave
W Rosecrans Ave
Hawthorne Blvd
Prairie Ave
Inglewood Ave
Manhattan Beach Blvd
Rosecrans Ave
Redondo Beach Blvd
Yukon Ave
Marine Ave
Condon Ave
147th St
171st St
Ainsworth Ave
Jefferson Ave
W 168th St
S La C ien e g a Blvd
M cB a i n A ve
Cranbrook Ave
S Doty Ave
Gerkin Ave
S Shoup Ave
W 170th St
Bodger Ave
Kornblum A ve
Carnegie Ln
Vanderbilt Ln
W 140th St
165th St
144th St
W 162nd St Ramona Ave
163rd St
Prairie Ave
170th St
Doty Ave
Johnston Ave
Dow Ave
Kingsdale Ave
Mansel Ave
153rd St
S Lemoli Ave
156th St
Cerise Ave
W 152nd St
Robinson St
Perkins Ln
Felton Ln
W 145th St
Mackay Ln
Freeman Ave
Osage Ave
May Ave
W 157th St
Burin Ave
Grevillea Ave
Firmona Ave
W 154th St
Gates Ave
Graham Ave
Curtis Ave
Voorhees Ave
Ruhland Ave
Nelson Ave
144th Pl
173 rd S t
175th Pl
W 171st St
S Eriel Ave
W 163rd St
168th St
164th St
167th St
W 173rd St 173rd Pl
W 166th St
W 142nd St
141st St
W 147th St
W 149th St
W 161st St
W 160th St
154th St
14 8 th S t
Lemoli Ave
166th St
Eastwood Ave
Chadron Ave
162nd St Beland Blvd
W 159th St
Yukon Ave
160th St
Larch Ave
172nd St
Fo nth ill A ve
153rd Pl
W 146th St
161st St
Avis Ave
139th St
169th St
159th St
W 156th St
W 139th St
142nd St
S Ermanita Ave
S Faysmith Ave
1 4 7 th P l Roselle Ave
Cordary Ave
S Florwood Ave
W 153rd St
W 154th St
175th St
Pinckard Ave
Gibson Ln
405
Artesia Blvd
Mathews Ave
H a w t h o r n e
R e d o n d o B e a c h
G a r d e n a
To r ra n c e
1 7
2 3
8 10
1 2
6 4
3 9
5 Source: Esri, Maxar, Earthstar Geographics, and the GIS User Community 0 500 1,000
Feet
Dominguez Channel
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CITY OF LAWNDALE

GENERAL PLAN UPDATE
LEGEND
City of Lawndale
Sphere of Influence
Planning Area
Adjacent Incorporated Area
Road
Levels in dB(A)
< 45
45 - 50
50 - 55
55 - 60
60 - 65
65 - 70
>= 70
Sources: MD Acoustics, LLC, 6/29/2023; City of Lawndale; Los Angeles County; ArcGIS Online World Imagery Map Service.

Date: July 10, 2023.

Figure 5.13-2.

Existing Roadway
Noise Level Contours
H a w t h o r n e
Re d o n d o B e a c h
G a r d e n a
To r r an c e
Crenshaw Blvd
Inglewood Ave
Hawthorne Blvd
Prairie Ave
Manhattan Beach Blvd Redondo Beach Blvd
Rosecrans Ave
Marine Ave
405
0 500 1,000
Feet
Dominguez Channel
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CITY OF LAWNDALE

Date: July 10, 2023.

Figure 5.13-3.
2045 No Project
Noise Level Contours
H a w t h o r n e
Re d o n d o B e a c h
G a r d e n a
To r r an c e
Crenshaw Blvd
Inglewood Ave
Hawthorne Blvd
Prairie Ave
Manhattan Beach Blvd Redondo Beach Blvd
Rosecrans Ave
Marine Ave
405
0 500 1,000
Feet
Dominguez Channel
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CITY OF LAWNDALE

Date: July 10, 2023.

Figure 5.13-4.
2045 With Project
Noise Level Contours
H a w t h o r n e
Re d o n d o B e a c h
G a r d e n a
To r r an c e
Crenshaw Blvd
Inglewood Ave
Hawthorne Blvd
Prairie Ave
Manhattan Beach Blvd Redondo Beach Blvd
Rosecrans Ave
Marine Ave
405
0 500 1,000
Feet
Dominguez Channel
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5.14 POPULATION AND HOUSING

5.14.1 PURPOSE
This section identifies the existing population, housing, and employment for the Planning Area and Los Angeles County, as applicable, and provides an analysis of potential population and housing impacts associated with implementation of the General Plan Update.

5.14.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD GROWTH
Table 5.14-1, Population Projections (2022-2045), shows the current Los Angeles County and City of Lawndale populations as reported by the Department of Finance (DOF). The DOF population estimates are derived by multiplying the number of occupied housing units by persons per household. The 2022 persons per household estimates are based on 2020 Census benchmark data.

The 2045 population projections are forecasted by the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) as part of the Connect SoCal 2020-2045 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (2020-2045 RTP/SCS) and the companion technical report, the Demographics and Growth Forecast Report. SCAG’s 2020-2045 RTP/SCS, referred to as Connect SoCal, provides population, household, and employment data and projections for the counties in the SCAG region, including Los Angeles County. SCAG’s forecasts are based in part on jurisdictions’ existing land uses and General Plan land use designations. Population projections are calculated based on household growth and household size. Connect SoCal forecasts that the County and City populations would increase by approximately 18 and 10 percent, respectively, between 2022 and 2045.

Table 5.14-1
Population Projections (2022-2045)
Region Existing Conditions
(2022)1
Projected Future Conditions
(2045)2
Percent
Change
Los Angeles County 9,861,224 11,674,000 18.38%
Lawndale 31,301 34,400 9.90%
Source:

1. California Department of Finance (DOF), Report E-5 Population and Housing Estimates for Cities, and Counties, and the State, January 1, 2022.

2. Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), 2020-2045 RTP/SCS, Demographics and Growth Forecast, September 3, 2020b.

Notes: Existing conditions population for Lawndale does not include the Sphere of Influence (SOI) area.

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HOUSING UNITS
Similar to the region overall, the housing stock in Lawndale consists primarily of single-family homes. This home type makes up approximately two-thirds (66.2 percent) of all housing units in the City, which is a higher proportion than in all of Los Angeles County (54.5 percent). The City’s proportion of units within multifamily buildings—which includes duplexes and four-plexes as well as larger apartment buildings—is approximately 31.4 percent. In comparison, similar unit types make up 43.9 percent of housing in Los Angeles County. The breakdown of housing unit types is shown in Table 5.14-2, Existing Housing Supply Mix.

Table 5.14-2
Existing Housing Supply Mix
Category
20221
Los Angeles County Lawndale
Single-family units 1,981,094 6,818
Multi-family units 1,595,006 3,236
Mobile home 59,035 248
Total Housing Units 3,635,136 10,302
Occupied 3,443,284 9,971
Vacancy Rate 5.3% 3.2%
Persons per household 2.80 3.12
Source:

1. California Department of Finance (DOF), Report E-5 Population and Housing Estimates for Cities, and Counties, and the State, January 1, 2022.

Notes: Housing supply for Lawndale does not include the SOI area.

The DOF estimates housing units by adding new construction and land annexations; subtracting housing that is removed (e.g., demolition); and, adjusting for units lost or gained by conversions. Annual housing unit change data is supplied to the DOF by local jurisdictions and the U.S. Census Bureau. As indicated in Table 5.14-2, based on DOF estimates, the City’s housing stock as of January 2022 was an estimated 10,302 housing units.

Vacancy rates are a measure of general availability of housing. They also indicate how well the types of available units meet the housing market demand. The availability of vacant housing units provides households with choices of type and price to accommodate their specific needs. Low vacancy rates can result in higher prices, limited choices, and settling with inadequate housing. It may also contribute to overcrowding. A vacancy rate between 4.0 and 6.0 is considered “healthy.” As indicated in Table 5.14-2, the City’s 2022 vacancy rate was 3.2 percent. A low vacancy rate suggests households may have difficulty finding housing within their price range.

SCAG’s Connect SoCal (2020-2045 RTP/SCS) projects housing unit stock estimates for 2045. For Lawndale, the number of projected housing units in 2045 is 10,200; for Los Angeles County, the number of projected Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.14-3 Population and Housing housing units is 4,119,000. SCAG forecasts total housing need for each community in southern California based on three general factors:
(1) The number of housing units needed to accommodate future population and employment growth;
(2) The number of additional units needed to allow for housing vacancies; and (3) The number of very low, low, moderate, and above moderate-income units needed in the community.

Additional factors used to determine the Regional Housing Needs Assessment (RHNA) include tenure, the average rate of units needed to replace housing units demolished, proximity to high quality transit areas, and other factors.

EMPLOYMENT
As shown in Table 5.14-3, Labor Force Participation and Unemployment, the County's current employment totals 4,767,204 jobs and is forecast to increase by approximately 12.9 percent to 5,382,000 jobs between 2022 and 2045. Employment numbers are forecasted to increase from approximately 7,407 jobs to 8,300 jobs in 2045 within the City, an increase of approximately 12.1 percent.

Table 5.14-3
Labor Force Participation and Unemployment
Category Existing Jobs
(Employment)
Future Jobs
(Employment)3
2045 SCAG: Existing
Conditions %
Difference
Los Angeles County 4,767,2041 5,382,000 12.89%
Lawndale 7,4072 8,300 12.06%
Source:

1. Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), SCAG Local Profiles Report County of Los Angeles, May 2019.

2. Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), SCAG Local Profiles Report City of Lawndale, May 2019.

3. Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), 2020-2045 RTP/SCS, Demographics and Growth Forecast, September 3, 2020.

SCAG states that “a balance between jobs and housing in a metropolitan region can be defined as a provision of an adequate supply of housing to house workers employed in a defined area (i.e., community or subregion). Alternatively, a jobs/housing balance can be defined as an adequate provision of employment in a defined area that generates enough local workers to fill the housing supply.” Jobs and housing are considered in balance when a subregion has enough employment opportunities for most people who live there and enough housing opportunities for most of the people who work there. The jobs/housing balance is one indicator of a project’s effect on growth and quality of life in a project area.

SCAG uses the jobs/housing ratio to assess the relationship between housing and employment growth.

More specifically, Connect SoCal states that “an imbalance between employment and housing in a community is a key contributor to local traffic congestion. These types of origin/destination disparities may also be considered an impediment to environmental justice.” According to SCAG, improvements in Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.14-4 Population and Housing the jobs to housing balance may result in a reduction of transportation congestion and related air quality problems. Communities with more than 1.5 jobs per dwelling unit (DU) are considered “jobs rich” and those with fewer than 1.5 jobs per DU are considered “housing rich.” As identified in Table 5.14-4, Jobs to Housing Ratio, under existing conditions and projected 2045 conditions, both the County and City are considered housing rich. However, under existing conditions and projected 2045 conditions, the City has a much lower ratio of jobs to housing than the County. Both the County and the City would need more job growth to provide greater balance.

Table 5.14-4
Jobs to Housing Ratio
Municipality Existing Conditions (2022) Projected Conditions (2045)3 Los Angeles County
Jobs 4,767,2041 5,382,000
Housing units 3,635,1362 4,119,000
Jobs/house ratio 1.31 1.31
Lawndale
Jobs 7,4074 8,300
Housing units 10,3022 10,200
Jobs/house ratio 0.72 0.81
Source:

1. Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), SCAG Local Profiles Report County of Los Angeles, May 2019.

2. California Department of Finance (DOF), Report E-5 Population and Housing Estimates for Cities, and Counties, and the State, January 1, 2022.

3. Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), 2020-2045 RTP/SCS, Demographics and Growth Forecast, September 3, 2020.

4. Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), SCAG Local Profiles Report City of Lawndale, May 2019.

5.14.3 REGULATORY SETTING
STATE
Regional Housing Needs Assessment (RHNA)
State law requires that jurisdictions provide their fair share of regional housing needs. The State of California Department of Housing and Community Development (HCD) is mandated to determine the State-wide housing need. In cooperation with HCD, local governments and Councils of Governments (COGs) are charged with making a determination of the existing and projected housing needs as a share of the State-wide housing need of their city or region.

The Regional Housing Needs Assessment (RHNA) quantifies the housing need by income group within each jurisdiction during specific planning periods. The RHNA is incorporated into local General Plans. The RHNA allows communities to anticipate growth, so that collectively the region can grow in ways that Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.14-5 Population and Housing enhance quality of life, improve access to jobs, promote transportation mobility, and address social equity and fair share housing needs. The 6th Cycle Final RHNA Allocation Plan was adopted by the SCAG Regional Council on March 4, 2021 and covers the planning period from October 15, 2021 to October 15, 2029.

Table 5.14-5, Lawndale 6th Cycle Regional Housing Needs Allocation, shows the City’s 6th Cycle RHNA for the 2021-2029 planning period.

Table 5.14-5
Lawndale 6th Cycle Regional Housing Needs Allocation
Income Level Dwelling Unit Allocation
Very-low income 732
Low income 311
Moderate income 371
Above-moderate income 1,083
Total 2,497
Source: Southern California Council of Governments (SCAG), Pre-Certified Local Housing Data For the City of Lawndale, April 2021.

LOCAL
Southern California Association of Governments
Regional planning agencies such as SCAG recognize that planning issues extend beyond the boundaries of individual cities. Efforts to address regional planning issues such as affordable housing, transportation, and air pollution have resulted in the adoption of regional plans that affect the Planning Area.

SCAG has evolved as the largest council of governments in the United States, functioning as the Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) for six counties (Los Angeles, Orange, San Bernardino, Riverside, Ventura and Imperial) and 191 cities. The region encompasses an area more than 38,000 square miles. As the designated MPO, the Federal government mandates SCAG research and develop plans for transportation, growth management, hazardous waste management, and air quality. As a result, SCAG prepares comprehensive regional plans to address these concerns.

SCAG is responsible for the maintenance of a continuous, comprehensive and coordinated planning process resulting in a Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) and a Regional Transportation Improvement Program. SCAG is responsible for development of demographic projections and is also responsible for development of the integrated land use, housing, employment, transportation programs, measures, and strategies for the Air Quality Management Plan.

Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS) The passage of California Senate Bill (SB) 375 in 2008 requires that an MPO, such as SCAG, prepare and adopt a Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) that sets forth a forecasted regional development pattern which, when integrated with the transportation network, measures, and policies, will reduce greenhouse gas emissions from automobiles and light duty trucks (Government Code Section 65080(b)(2)(B)). The SCS outlines certain land use growth strategies that provide for more integrated land use and transportation Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.14-6 Population and Housing planning and maximize transportation investments. The SCS is intended to provide a regional land use policy framework that local governments may consider and build upon.

On September 3, 2020, SCAG’s Regional Council approved and fully adopted Connect SoCal (2020-2045 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy). Connect SoCal is a long-range visioning plan that builds upon and expands land use and transportation strategies established over several planning cycles to increase mobility options and achieve a more sustainable growth pattern. Connect SoCal outlines more than $638 billion in transportation system investments through 2045. It was prepared with input from local governments, county transportation commissions, tribal governments, non-profit organizations, businesses and local stakeholders within the counties of Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino and Ventura.

The 2020 RTP/SCS considers the role of transportation in the broader context of economic, environmental, and quality-of-life goals for the future, identifying regional transportation strategies to address mobility needs. The 2020 RTP/SCS describes how the region can attain the GHG emissionreduction targets set by CARB by achieving a 19 percent reduction by 2035 compared to the 2005 level.

Although the focus of the 2020 RTP/SCS is on GHG emission-reduction, compliance with and implementation of 2020 RTP/SCS policies and strategies would also have co-benefits of reducing per capita criteria air pollutant and TAC emissions associated with reduced per capita vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Improved air quality with implementation of the 2020 RTP/SCS policies would decrease reactive organic gases (ROG) (i.e., VOCs), CO, NOx, and PM2.5.

SCAG’s 2020 RTP/SCS builds on the land use policies that were incorporated into the 2016 RTP/SCS, and provides specific strategies for successful implementation. These strategies include implementing the Sustainable Communities Program (SCP) – Housing and Sustainable Development (HSD) which will both accelerate housing production as well as enable implementation of the Sustainable Communities Strategy of Connect SoCal; encouraging use of active transportation, or human powered transportation such as bicycles, tricycles, wheelchairs, electric wheelchairs/scooters, skates, and skateboards; and supporting alternative fueled vehicles. The 2020 RTP/SCS overall land use pattern reinforces the trend of focusing new housing and employment in infill areas well served by transit.

In addition, the 2020 RTP/SCS includes goals and strategies to promote active transportation and improve transportation demand management (TDM). The 2020 RTP/SCS strategies support local planning and projects that serve short trips, increase access to transit, expand understanding and consideration of public health in the development of local plans and projects, and support improvements in sidewalk quality, local bike networks, and neighborhood mobility areas. The 2020 RTP/SCS proposes to better align active transportation investments with land use and transportation strategies, increase competitiveness of local agencies for Federal and State funding, and to expand the potential for all people to use active transportation.

Growth Forecasts
SCAG’s Forecasting Section is responsible for producing socio-economic estimates and projections at multiple geographic levels and in multiple years. The Forecasting Section develops, refines, and maintains SCAG’s regional and small area socio-economic forecasting/allocation models. Adopted 2020 RTP/SCS Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.14-7 Population and Housing Growth Forecasts provide population, household, and employment data for 2045. The socio-economic estimates and projections are used by Federal and State mandated long-range planning efforts such as the RTP, Air Quality Management Plan, Regional Transportation Improvement Program, and the Regional Housing Needs Assessment. SCAG’s Adopted 2020 RTP/SCS Growth Forecasts are used to assess a project’s consistency with adopted plans that have addressed growth management from a local and regional standpoint; refer to Section 6.3, Growth-Inducing Impacts.

City of Lawndale 2021-2029 Housing Element
The Housing Element is one of the seven General Plan Elements that are mandated by the State of California (California Government Code Sections 65580 to 65589.8). California State law requires that the Housing Element consists of, “an identification and analysis of existing and projected housing needs and a statement of goals, policies, quantified objectives, financial resources, and scheduled programs for the preservation, improvement, and development of housing” (Government Code Section 65580).

The Housing Element is a guide for housing within Lawndale and provides an indication of the need for housing in the community in terms of affordability, availability, adequacy, and accessibility. The Housing Element provides a strategy to address housing needs and identifies a series of specific housing programs to meet community needs.

The City’s 6th Cycle Housing Element was adopted on September 19, 2022 and specifically addresses housing needs for Lawndale from October 15, 2021 through October 15, 2029, in line with the RHNA planning period adopted by SCAG. Lawndale’s share of the regional housing need for the 2021-2029 RHNA period was allocated by SCAG based on factors such as existing need, recent growth trends, income distribution, and capacity for future growth. The Housing Element identifies adequate land with appropriate zoning and development standards to accommodate its allocation of the regional housing need. Table 5.14-5, shows the City’s 6th Cycle RHNA for the 2021-2029 planning period.

The City introduced two new mechanisms to allow for residential development to be created to implement the Housing Element on sites considered viable for housing development. The first is “Housing Overlay 100”, which will be applied to 16 nonresidential sites outside of the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area and allow for residential densities of up to 100 dwelling units per acre. The second is “Housing Overlay 150” which will be applied to 68 nonresidential sites inside the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area, will allow for residential densities up to 150 dwelling units per acre.

City of Lawndale Municipal Code
Title 17 of the Lawndale Municipal Code contains the City’s Zoning Ordinance (Zoning Code). The Zoning Code carries out the policies of the General Plan by classifying and regulating the uses of land and structures within the City, consistent with the General Plan. Zoning provides a legal mechanism for local government regulation of the land uses described in the General Plan Land Use Map. In addition to providing specific regulations related to minimum lot size, building heights, setbacks, lot coverage, etc., for each zoning district, the Zoning Code also lists the uses that would be acceptable or could be considered in each district, as well as those that would be considered unacceptable. For some uses, further regulations are established. Zoning regulations designate the permitting process that applies for approval of land uses in the zoning district.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.14-8 Population and Housing Chapter 12.34, Park Development Fees, provides for the payment of park facilities impact fees applicable to dwelling units constructed, enlarged, or remodeled in the City.

The City of Lawndale Municipal Code Chapter 3.14, Utility Users Tax, imposes a tax for users of various utilities within the City in order to fund municipal utility services. Section 3.14.090, Water Users Tax, imposes a tax on every person in the City using water which is delivered through mains or pipes.

5.14.4 SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA AND THRESHOLDS
Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines contains the Initial Study Environmental Checklist, which includes questions related to population and housing. The issues presented in the Initial Study Environmental Checklist have been utilized as thresholds of significance in this section. Accordingly, a project may create a significant environmental impact if it would:
• Induce substantial unplanned population growth in an area, either directly (for example, by proposing new homes and businesses) or indirectly (for example, through extension of roads or other infrastructure) (refer to Impact Statement POP-1); and • Displace substantial numbers of existing people or housing, necessitating the construction of replacement housing elsewhere (refer to Impact Statement POP-2).

5.14.5 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
POP-1: Would the project induce substantial unplanned population growth in an area, either directly (for example, by proposing new homes and businesses) or indirectly (for example, through extension of roads or other infrastructure? Impact Analysis: The City and surrounding area, are highly urbanized and considered to be built-out. At buildout, the General Plan Update would accommodate approximately 3,942 new housing units and 808,864 square feet of new non-residential building square footage within the Planning Area compared to existing conditions, as shown in Table 3-4 in Section 3.0, Project Description. This new growth may increase the City’s population by approximately 9,482 residents and 2,738 jobs compared to the existing condition. The land uses allowed under the proposed General Plan (Figure 3-4 in Section 3.0) provide opportunities for cohesive new growth at infill locations primarily within the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area. Overall, the proposed Project would provide new development opportunities to support the vision for development consistent with the General Plan Update and the State’s Housing Element Law, including accommodating the City’s RHNA. This is primarily accommodated through the implementation of the “Housing Opportunity Overlay” on sites currently identified for non-residential development and through the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan.

Given the historical and current population, housing, and employment trends, growth in the City, as well as the entire State, is inevitable. The primary factors that account for population growth are natural increase and net migration. Other factors that affect growth include the cost of housing, the location of jobs, the economy, the climate, and transportation. Residential growth within the City would continue to occur based primarily on the demand of the housing market. Existing development within the City is served by existing roads, transit, infrastructure, and public services. Further, the area surrounding the Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.14-9 Population and Housing Planning Area is developed. There is the potential for infrastructure improvements within the Planning Area associated with site-specific development and overall development growth; however, General Plan implementation would not require the extension of roads or other infrastructure into an area that is not already served.

Potential growth inducing impacts are also assessed based on a project’s consistency with adopted plans that have addressed growth management from a local and regional standpoint. As discussed above, SCAG is the responsible agency for developing and adopted regional housing, population, and employment growth forecasts for local Los Angeles County governments, among other counties. SCAG provides household, population, and employment projection estimates in five-year increments through 2045.

Table 5.14-6, General Plan Update Compared to SCAG, compares the General Plan Update growth projections with SCAG’s 2045 households, dwelling units, population and employment growth forecasts for the City.

Table 5.14-6
General Plan Update Compared to SCAG
Forecast Category 2045 General
Plan Update
SCAG 2045 Growth
Forecast GPU Difference Percent Change
Population 47,948 34,400 +13,548 39.4%
Households 14,8821 10,200 +4,682 45.9%
Dwelling Units 15,405 11,1281 +4,277 38.4%
Employment 9,208 8,300 +908 10.9%
Notes:

1. Based on 3.4% vacancy rate (California Department of Finance 2023).

As indicated in Table 5.14-6, SCAG projects that the City’s population will reach 34,400 persons by 2045.

The General Plan Update is projected to result in a population of approximately 47,948 persons (2045).

The City’s projected population would be approximately 39.4 percent greater than SCAG’s forecast.

Similarly, the City’s projected housing stock and employment would be approximately 38.4 percent and

10.9 percent greater than SCAG forecasts, respectively. As discussed above, the SCAG projections, which are compiled using a number of sources including adopted plans, historical trends, and interviews with local jurisdictions, tend to be more accurate on a regional level than on a local or city level. It is likely that through a combination of market changes, catalytic projects, updated land use direction in the General Plan, and other factors, Lawndale could capture either more or less of expected regional growth than forecasted by SCAG. Discrepancies between Project and regional forecasts can also be attributed to the RHNA process. The proposed Project is intended to implement the City’s 2021-2029 Housing Element; SCAG’s Connect SoCal growth forecasts through 2045 do not consider the regional housing need for the 2021-2029 period, as jurisdictional allocations were not known at the time of SCAG’s Connect SoCal adoption. The regional housing needs would be included as part of SCAG’s future growth forecasts.

The General Plan Update growth projections would exceed SCAG’s 2045 population, housing stock, and employment projections for the City of Lawndale. General Plan Update growth projections form the basis Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.14-10 Population and Housing of SCAG’s planning and policy documents, including regional growth forecasts. Thus, the growth anticipated with the General Plan Update would be considered in SCAG’s updated growth forecasts for the City.

The proposed General Plan Update includes policies and actions that mitigate environmental impacts associated with growth, such as air quality, noise, traffic, water supply, and water quality effects. Sections

5.1 through 5.20 and 6.0 provide a discussion of environmental effects associated with development allowed under the proposed General Plan Update. Each of these EIR sections include relevant policies and action items that would mitigate potential environmental impacts associated with growth, to the greatest extent feasible. Further, the General Plan Update accounts for the proposed Project’s anticipated population growth and establishes goals, policies, and actions to accommodate such growth. The proposed Land Use Element Goal LU-2 seeks to manage and direct growth so that the community and its neighborhoods are protected and enhanced.

With implementation of General Plan Update policies and actions intended to guide growth to appropriate areas and provide services necessary to accommodate growth, the land uses allowed under the proposed General Plan Update, the infrastructure anticipated to accommodate proposed land uses, and the goal and policy framework would not induce growth that would exceed adopted thresholds beyond those disclosed and analyzed throughout this EIR. Therefore, population and housing growth associated with the proposed General Plan Update would result a less than significant impact, as there are no additional potential environmental impacts beyond those analyzed and disclosed in this EIR that would result from growth accommodated by the proposed project. No additional mitigation is required.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

Action LU-1e Initiate a coordinated process to regularly review and adjust population assumptions and forecasts in conjunction with the Department of Finance, Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), and the County of Los Angeles in order to adequately plan for growth, including jobs-housing balance projections.

Goal LU-2: Managed Growth. A City that manages and directs growth to strategic locations so that the community and its neighborhoods are protected and enhanced.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.14-11 Population and Housing Policy LU-2.2: Focused Areas for New Development. Encourage new development to be focused within the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area and within the City’s Housing Opportunity Overlay sites to preserve the character of the community’s existing single-family uses, promote active transportation options, and create vibrant mixed-use activity nodes.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

POP-2: Would the project displace substantial numbers of existing people or housing, necessitating the construction of replacement housing elsewhere? Impact Analysis: While no specific development projects are proposed as part of the Lawndale General Plan Update, the General Plan Update will accommodate future growth in Lawndale, including new businesses, expansion of existing businesses, and new residential uses. New growth is anticipated to occur primarily within the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area. Overall, the proposed Project would provide new development opportunities to support the vision for development consistent with the General Plan Update and the State’s Housing Element Law, including accommodating the City’s 2021-2029 RHNA. This is primarily accommodated through the implementation of the “Housing Opportunity Overlay” on sites currently identified for non-residential development and through the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan.

The Project does not propose any site-specific development at this time; therefore, no existing residents would be displaced. Development and redevelopment of the identified parcels would occur gradually over time. The General Plan Update establishes goals, policies, and actions to ensure the compatibility of new and existing development, including housing. The proposed Land Use Element Goal LU-2 seeks to manage and direct growth so that the community and its neighborhoods are protected and enhanced. Goal LU-3 supports new development to be sensitively integrated with existing development. Policy LU-3.1 ensures the City considers the compatibility of new development with surrounding uses and the ability of new development to enhance the character of the surrounding area. Therefore, impacts of the proposed General Plan Update on the displacement of people or housing are considered less than significant and no mitigation is required. The policies listed below would further ensure that a range of housing types are provided in the City, and that housing conditions are evaluated as the housing supply ages.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.14-12 Population and Housing sustains economic vitality; promotes efficient development and multiple transportation options; reduces pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and the expenditure of energy and other resources; and ensures compatibility between uses consistent with the land use designations identified in this Element and Land Use Map (LU-1).

Goal LU-2: Managed Growth. A City that manages and directs growth to strategic locations so that the community and its neighborhoods are protected and enhanced.

Policy LU-2.3 Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan. Facilitate the redevelopment of Hawthorne Boulevard through implementation of the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan which encourages a mixture of quality multi-family housing development, local- and destination-type commercial uses, eateries, and civic uses such as cultural and performing art facilities in innovative development formats.

Action LU-2e Implement the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan to guide future development in this area. This includes reviewing and revising the implementation strategies identified in the Specific Plan as part of the Specific Plan’s comprehensive update, and prioritizing the most critical actions for funding and staff resources.

Policy LU-3.3 Code Compliance. Require land use compatibility through adherence to the policies, standards, and regulations in the Municipal Code, Zoning Code, and other regulations or administrative procedures that manage the form and relationship of projects and uses.

Policy LU-3.4 Residential Uses. Require that new residential development be designed to protect residents from potential conflicts with adjacent land uses, and other features including transportation facilities.

Action LU-3e Analyze land use compatibility through the development review process to require adequate buffers and/or architectural enhancements that protect sensitive receptors from intrusion of development activities that may cause unwanted nuisances and health risks.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.14-13 Population and Housing Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

5.14.6 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
Section 4.0, Basis of Cumulative Analysis, establishes growth and development within Los Angeles County as anticipated by SCAG as having the potential to interact with the proposed Project to the extent that a significant cumulative effect may occur. The geographic setting for population and housing considers the SCAG region and the City.

Would the project, combined with other related cumulative projects, induce substantial unplanned population growth in an area, either directly (for example, by proposing new homes, and businesses) or indirectly (for example, through extension of roads or other infrastructure)?
Impact Analysis: As discussed, although implementation of the General Plan Update would provide for increased population growth within the Planning Area when compared to SCAG’s growth forecasts, the proposed Project is intended to accommodate the City’s fair share of statewide housing needs, which are allocated by SCAG, based on regional numbers provided by HCD on a regular basis (every five to eight years). SCAG’s Connect SoCal growth forecasts through 2045 do not currently consider the regional housing need for the 2021-2029 period, as jurisdictional allocations were not known at the time of SCAG’s Connect SoCal adoption. However, the regional housing needs and associated General Plan growth projections will be included as part of SCAG’s future growth forecasts.

The land uses allowed under the proposed General Plan Update provide opportunities for infill development in the Planning Area, primarily in the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area, but would not create physical division within existing communities. New development and redevelopment projects would be designed to complement the character of existing neighborhoods and provide connectivity between existing development and new development within the cumulative analysis area. The proposed General Plan Update does not include any new roadways, infrastructure, or other features that would divide existing communities. Moreover, with implementation of General Plan Update policies and actions intended to guide growth to appropriate areas and provide services necessary to accommodate growth, the land uses allowed under the proposed General Plan Update, the infrastructure anticipated to accommodate proposed land uses, and the goal and policy framework would not induce growth that would exceed adopted thresholds, beyond those disclosed and analyzed throughout this EIR. Therefore, the proposed General Plan Update's incremental contribution to cumulative population impacts would be less than cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.14-14 Population and Housing Would the project, combined with other related cumulative projects, displace substantial numbers of existing people or housing, necessitating the construction of replacement housing elsewhere?
Impact Analysis: As discussed, implementation of the General Plan Update would not displace substantial numbers of existing people or housing, necessitating the construction of replacement housing elsewhere.

Sites designated with the Housing Opportunity Overlay have existing non-residential uses. The Project does not propose any site-specific development at this time; therefore, no existing residents would be displaced. Development and redevelopment of the identified parcels would occur gradually over time.

The General Plan Update establishes goals, policies, and actions to ensure the compatibility of new and existing development, including housing. Therefore, the proposed General Plan Update's incremental contribution to cumulative impacts associated with displacement of people or housing would be less than cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

5.14.7 SIGNIFICANT UNAVOIDABLE IMPACTS
Population and housing impacts associated with the implementation of the General Plan Update would be less than significant. No significant unavoidable population and housing impacts would occur as a result of the General Plan Update.

5.14.8 REFERENCES
California Department of Finance (DOF), Report E-5 Population and Housing Estimates for Cities, and Counties, and the State, January 1, 2023.

Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), 2020-2045 RTP/SCS, Demographics and Growth Forecast, September 3, 2020.

Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), SCAG Local Profiles Report County of Los Angeles, May 2019a.

Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), SCAG Local Profiles Report City of Lawndale, May 2019b.

Southern California Council of Governments (SCAG), Pre-Certified Local Housing Data For the City of Lawndale, April 2021.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-1 Public Services

5.15 PUBLIC SERVICES
This section identifies the existing public services within the Planning Area and provides an analysis of potential impacts associated with implementation of the General Plan Update.

Public Services include fire protection, police protection, schools, public parks, and libraries. Public parks are discussed in Section 5.16, Parks and Recreation, of this EIR.

5.15.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

FIRE PROTECTION AND EMERGENCY SERVICES
Fire Protection Services
The Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACoFD) provides full-service firefighting and emergency medical services to the Planning Area. LACoFD serves over four million residents in 60 cities and the unincorporated areas of the County, along with the City of La Habra located in Orange County (Los Angeles County Fire Department 2022). Fire protection services include fire, emergency medical, urban search and rescue, hazardous materials prevention and response, air operations, and other emergency response resources. In 2021, the LACoFD received a total of 403,924 calls within the LACoFD service area, including:
312,550 calls (77 percent) for emergency medical services (EMS); 11,373 calls (3 percent) for fire; 63,702 (16 percent) miscellaneous calls; 13,478 (3.3 percent) false alarm calls; 2,144 (0.5 percent) mutual aid calls; and 677 (0.2 percent) hazardous materials calls (Los Angeles County Fire Department 2022).

The Kenny Hahn Memorial Lawndale Fire Station No. 21 (Station 21), located at 4312 West 147th Street, serves the Planning Area; refer to Figure 5.15-1, Public Safety Facilities. Station 21 is staffed with a threeperson engine company (one Captain, one Fire Fighter Specialist, one Fire Fighter) and a two-person paramedic squad (two Fire Fighter/Paramedics) (Los Angeles County Fire Department 2023a).

According to LACoFD, during 2022, the average response time in the City was five minutes, two seconds, which is within the acceptable response time goals of the LACoFD (Los Angeles County Fire Department 2023a).

Los Angeles County Fire Department Programs
The LACoFD provides a number of educational programs to reduce fire risk and prepare residents for emergency response (Los Angeles County Fire Department 2023b).

Ready! Set! Go!
The LACoFD distributes an informational Ready! Set! Go! brochure, which provides residents with critical information on creating defensible space around their home, retrofitting homes with fire-resistant materials, and preparing to safely evacuate well ahead of a wildfire.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-2 Public Services F.I.R.E.

The LACoFD provides a Family Instructions for Rapid Escape (F.I.R.E.) guide and coloring book, so families can make their homes F.I.R.E. ready and learn how to safely escape. The F.I.R.E. guide contains instructions and a checklist to prepare one’s home for quick escape in the event of a fire.

Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) Training
The LACoFD offers a free Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)-approved 20-hour Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) training program to resident volunteers. CERT training provides residents with the skills and tools necessary to take care of themselves, their families, neighbors, and coworkers in the event of a disaster. In the event of an emergency, some CERT volunteers may become part of the disaster plan for local authorities.

POLICE PROTECTION
The City contracts with the Los Angeles County Sherriff’s Department (LASD) for its law enforcement services. Lawndale is served by a local substation (Lawndale Sheriff’s Center) located at 15331 Prairie Avenue; refer to Figure 5.15-1. The Lawndale Sheriff’s Center provides general law enforcement services specifically to the citizens and visitors of Lawndale. The South Los Angeles Sheriff’s Station, located at 1310 West Imperial Highway, Los Angeles, provides additional police protection services to the City and serves unincorporated El Camino Village within the Planning Area.

The Lawndale Sheriff’s Center provides the City with general law enforcement services including field patrol deputies, supervision, and traffic services. Specialized services such as Detective Bureau, Narcotics Bureau, Commercial Crimes Bureau, Family Crimes Bureau, Special Weapons Teams, and other such services are provided to the City by the South Los Angeles Station and/or other Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department resources.

The City does not have an adopted target officer-to-population service ratio. However, the City works closely with the Sheriff’s Department to determine and meet the community needs for adequate personnel and equipment to effectively combat crime, and meet existing and projected service demands.

As of April 2023, the Lawndale Sheriff’s Center was staffed with 19 sworn personnel and two professional staff (Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department 2023). As of April 2023, the South Los Angeles Sheriff’s Station was staffed with 141 sworn personnel and 38 professional staff. The Sheriff’s Department provides 24-hour per day coverage (Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department 2023).

The LASD generally adheres to the following, widely-accepted industry standard among law enforcement agencies for responding to emergent, priority, and routine calls for service: 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 60 minutes, respectively (Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department 2023). Current average response times for emergency, priority, and routine calls for service received from the proposed Planning Area are five, 20, and 60 minutes, respectively (these are approximate time ranges only and could be affected by traffic conditions; these response times are variable because the responding unit may be elsewhere within the Station's service area and not necessarily dispatched from the Station itself) (Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department 2023).

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-3 Public Services Crime Statistics
Available crime statistics were obtained for the most recent years available. In 2019, approximately 536 crimes (125 violent crimes and 411 property crimes) were reported in the City (Federal Bureau of Investigation 2023a). As such, the City had approximately 16.4 crimes per 1,000 people over the course of the year. This is lower than the rate for the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale Metropolitan Division, which had approximately 27.9 crimes per 1,000 people in 2019 (Federal Bureau of Investigation 2023b).

SCHOOLS
The Planning Area is primarily served by the Lawndale Elementary School District (LESD) and Centinela Valley Union High School District (CVUHSD). Environmental Charter High School leases a site in the City of Lawndale from LESD and provides a grade 9-12 program with emphasis on experiential, project-based learning. As shown in Table 5.15-1, Lawndale Schools, LESD includes six elementary and two middle schools; and CVUHSD includes two comprehensive high schools, two alternative high school, and one adult education school. For the 2021-2022 school year, 9,251 students were enrolled in grades kindergarten through 12 in schools within the Planning Area. LESD and CVUHSD also serve portions of the City of Hawthorne and unincorporated Los Angeles County.

Table 5.15-1
Lawndale Schools
School Grades Address Enrollment
(2021-2022)
Lawndale Elementary School District (LESD)
Jane Addams Middle School 6-8 4535 West 153rd Place 795 F. D. Roosevelt Elementary1 K-5 3533 West Marine Ave. 497 William Anderson Elementary K-7 4130 West 154th Street 596 William Green Elementary K-5 4520 West 168th Street 586 Billy Mitchell Elementary K-5 14429 Condon Avenue 417
Will Rogers Middle School 6-8 4110 West 154th Street 852 Lucille Smith Elementary K-5 4521 West 147th Street 363 Mark Twain Elementary K-5 3728 West 154th Street 564
Centinela Valley Union High School District (CVUHSD)
Lawndale High School 9-12 14901 Inglewood Avenue 1,984
Leuzinger High School 9-12 4118 West Rosecrans Avenue 1,836 Lloyd High School (Alternative) 10-12 4951 Marine Avenue 220 Centinela Valley Independent Study School
(Alternative)
9-12 4951 Marine Avenue 26
Centinela Valley Adult School 9-12 4951 Marine Avenue -- Other
Environmental Charter High School 9-12 16315 Grevillea Avenue 515 Source: California Department of Education, DataQuest, https://dq.cde.ca.gov/dataquest/, accessed March 8, 2023.

Notes:

1. F. D. Roosevelt Elementary School is located outside of the Planning Area but is a part of the LESD and serves the Planning Area.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-4 Public Services As described in the CVUHSD Level I Developer Fee Study, the CVUHSD has calculated the costs of modernized/expanded school facilities based on anticipated growth generated by new development within the CVUHSD district area, which includes the City of Lawndale (Jack Schreder & Associates 2017).

The CVUHSD Fee Study notes that school facility buildings typically have a useful life span of 20 years before modernization is needed; therefore, the CVUHSD Fee Study estimates modernization need over a 20-year period. Based on the adopted Housing Elements for Los Angeles County (Lennox and Alondra Park areas), the City of Hawthorne, and the City of Lawndale, the CVUHSD Fee Study anticipates 4,667 residential units to be constructed within the CVUHSD district area over a 20-year period. The CVUHSD Fee Study is based on the Statewide student yield averages calculated by the Office of Public School Construction, which utilizes a student yield factor of 0.2 students per household for high school students and 0.5 students per household for elementary/middle school students (Jack Schreder & Associates 2017; California Department of General Services 2012). The CVUHSD Fee Study also provides generation factors for commercial and industrial development. Projections are based on an average of 2.55 employees generated for every 1,000 square feet of commercial/industrial development and 0.27 district households generated for every employee. Development fees are shared between the CVUHSD and its elementary feeder districts, including the LESD, with 35 percent of fees allocated to the high school district and 65 percent of fees allocated to the feeder districts.

LIBRARY FACILITIES
The County of Los Angeles Public Library (LA County Library) provides library services to the County through its 85 library locations, four cultural resources centers, and three bookmobiles. The LA County Library services over 3.4 million residents living in unincorporated areas and 49 incorporated cities in Los Angeles County (Los Angeles County Library 2023a).

The Lawndale Library is a 17,360 square foot facility located at 14615 Burin Avenue within the City (Los Angeles County Library 2023b). It is a part of, and is operated by, the LA County Library system. The library principally serves City residents, though its users may also be drawn from adjacent cities and unincorporated areas.

PARKS
There are six parks, one community center, and one community garden within Lawndale; refer to Section

5.16 of this EIR for more information.

5.15.2 REGULATORY SETTING

FIRE PROTECTION & EMERGENCY SERVICES
State
California Building Code and California Fire Code
The California Building Code is a compilation of building standards, including fire safety standards for new buildings, which are provided in the California Fire Code. The California Fire Code is Chapter 9 of Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations. The California Fire Code provides regulations for safeguarding life and property from fire and explosion hazards derived from the storage, handling, and use of hazardous substances, materials, and devices. The provisions of this code apply to construction, alteration, Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-5 Public Services movement, enlargement, replacement, repair, equipment, use and occupancy, location, maintenance, removal, and demolition of every building or structure or any appurtenance connected or attached to such building structures throughout the state.

California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection
Under Title 14 of the Natural Resources of the California Code of Regulations (CCR), the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) has the primary responsibility for implementing wildfire planning and protection for State Responsibility Area (SRA) lands. CAL FIRE develops fire safe regulations and issues fire safe clearances for land within the SRA. The CAL FIRE Resource Management Program manages more than 31 million acres of California’s privately-owned wildlands, and provides emergency services in 36 of the State’s 58 counties via contracts with local governments.

In addition to fighting and planning for wildland fires, CAL FIRE’s responsibilities involve responding to other types of emergencies that may occur on a daily basis, including residential or commercial structure fires, automobile accidents, heart attacks, drowning victims, lost hikers, hazardous material spills on highways, train wrecks, floods, and earthquakes.

Under CCR Title 24, Regulations Development, the Office of the State Fire Marshal is responsible for promulgating regulations that promote fire and life safety for inclusion into the State Building Codes, including the California Building Code, California Fire Code, California Electrical Code, California Mechanical Code, California Plumbing Code, and California Historical Building Code. The process incorporates a great deal of public participation and is guided by the State Building Standards Law.

California Occupational Safety and Health Administration In compliance with CCR, Title 8, Sections 1270, Fire Prevention, and 6773, Fire Protection and Fire Equipment, the California Occupational Safety and Health Administration (Cal/OSHA) has established minimum standards for fire suppression and emergency medical services. The standards include guidelines on the handling of highly combustible materials, fire hose sizing requirements, restrictions on the use of compressed air, access roads, and the testing, maintenance, and use of firefighting and emergency medical equipment, among others.

Office of Emergency Services
The State of California passed legislation authorizing the Office of Emergency Services (OES) to prepare a Standard Emergency Management System (SEMS) program, which sets forth measures by which a jurisdiction should handle emergency disasters. Non-compliance with SEMS could result in the State withholding disaster relief from the non-complying jurisdiction in the event of an emergency disaster.

Mutual Aid Agreements of the California Emergency Services Act The California Disaster and Civil Defense Master Mutual Aid Agreement, as provided by the California Emergency Services Act, provides statewide mutual aid between and among local jurisdictions and the state. The statewide mutual aid system exists to ensure that adequate resources, facilities, and other supports are provided to jurisdictions whenever resources prove to be inadequate for a given situation.

Each jurisdiction controls its own personnel and facilities but can give and receive help whenever needed.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-6 Public Services Assembly Bill 1600 Mitigation Fee Act
A development impact mitigation fee is a monetary exaction other than a tax or special assessment that is charged by a local governmental agency to an applicant in connection with an approval of a development project for the purpose of defraying all or a portion of the cost of public facilities related to the development project (Government Code Section 66000(b)). The legal requirements for enactment of development impact fee program are set forth in Government Code Sections 66000‐66025 (the "Mitigation Fee Act"), the bulk of which were adopted as AB 1600 and thus are commonly referred to as “AB 1600 requirements.” A development impact fee is not a tax or special assessment; by its definition, a fee is voluntary and must be reasonably related to the cost of the service provided by the local agency.

AB 1600 mitigation fees imposed by county ordinance are required to be adjusted on an annual basis, with the exception of the Quimby and Fire fees. The mitigation fees are adjusted automatically on July 1st of each fiscal year, by a percentage equal to the appropriate engineering Construction Cost Index as published by Engineering News Record (ENR) for the preceding twelve months.

Local
County of Los Angeles All-Hazard Mitigation Plan (AHMP) The 2020 County of Los Angeles All-Hazard Mitigation Plan (AHMP) conforms to the requirements of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. The 2020 AHMP replaces the AHMP that was approved in 2014. The County developed the 2020 AHMP to cover mitigation responsibilities of County departments (including LACoFD). It helps ensure the most effective allocation of resources for the maximum benefit and protection of the public in time of emergency.

City of Lawndale Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP)
The City adopted the Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) in 2016 to assess natural hazard risk and incorporate mitigation strategies to reduce the potential impact from hazards. It complies with the Federal Disaster Mitigation Act (2000), and Federal Register 44 CFR Parts 201 and 206. The City's Emergency Preparedness Coordinator managed preparation of the LHMP in cooperation with the City’s other departments, community stakeholders, partner jurisdictions, agencies and organizations, and members of the public.

City of Lawndale Emergency Operations Plan (EOP)
The City adopted the Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) in 2011, which was updated in 2015. The EOP addresses the City’s planned response to natural or human-caused disasters, provides an overview of operational concepts, and identifies components of the City’s emergency/disaster management organization within the Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS), the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the Incident Command System (ICS). The EOP also describes the organizational structures, roles, responsibilities, policies and protocols for providing emergency support.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-7 Public Services City of Lawndale Municipal Code
Lawndale Municipal Code Chapter 2.44, Disaster Council, provides for the preparation and carrying out of plans for the protection of persons and property within the City in the event of an emergency; the direction of the emergency organization; and the coordination of the emergency functions of the City with all other public agencies, corporations, organizations and affected private persons.

Municipal Code Chapter 15.20, Fire Code, adopts and incorporates the California Fire Code, as amended by Title 32 the Los Angeles County Fire Code. The Fire Code sets fire safety related building standards and practices to safeguard life and property.

POLICE PROTECTION
State
California Penal Code
The California Penal Code establishes the basis for the application of criminal law in California.

SCHOOLS
State
Kindergarten-University Public Education Facilities Bond Act of 2002 (Prop 47) This act was approved by California voters in November 2002 and provides for a bond issue to fund necessary education facilities to relieve overcrowding and to repair older schools. Funds will be targeted at areas of greatest need and must be spent according to strict accountability measures. Funds will also be used to upgrade and build new classrooms in the California Community Colleges, the California State University, and the University of California in order to provide adequate higher education facilities to accommodate growing student enrollment.

Assembly Bill 2926
The State of California has traditionally been responsible for the funding of local public schools. To assist in providing facilities to serve students generated by new development projects, the State passed Assembly Bill (AB) 2926 in 1986. AB 2926 allowed school districts to collect impact fees from developers of new residential and commercial/industrial building space. Development impact fees were also referenced in the 1987 Leroy Greene Lease-Purchase Act, which required school districts to contribute a matching share of project costs for construction, modernization, or reconstruction.

Senate Bill 50 & Proposition 1A
Senate Bill (SB) 50 and Proposition 1A provide comprehensive school facilities financing and reform program, in part by authorizing a school facilities bond issue, school construction cost containment provisions, and an eight-year suspension of the Mira, Hart, and Murrieta court cases, which allowed local governments to deny new development on the basis of inadequate schools. Specifically, the bond funds were to provide for new construction and for reconstruction/modernization needs.

The provisions of SB 50 prohibit local agencies from denying either legislative or adjudicative land use approvals on the basis that school facilities are inadequate and reinstates the school facility fee cap for Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-8 Public Services legislative actions (e.g., General Plan amendments, specific plan adoption, zoning plan amendments) as was allowed under the Mira, Hart, and Murrieta court cases. SB 50 states that these fees are the exclusive means of considering as well as mitigating school impacts caused by new development. Accordingly, these fees limit the scope of impact review in an EIR, the mitigation that can be imposed, and the findings a lead agency must make in justifying its approval of a Project (Government Code Sections 65995-65996).

According to Government Code Section 65996, the development fees authorized by SB 50 are deemed to be “full and complete school facilities mitigation.” These provisions remain in place as long as subsequent State bonds are approved and available.

SB 50 also establishes three levels of Developer Fees that may be imposed upon new development by the governing board of a school district depending upon certain conditions within a district. Level One Fees are the statutory fees, which can be adjusted for inflation every two years. Level Two Fees allow school districts to impose fees beyond the base statutory cap, under specific circumstances. Level Three Fees come into effect if the State runs out of bond funds after 2006, which would allow school districts to impose 100 percent of the cost of the school facility or mitigation minus any local dedicated school monies. The school fee amounts provided for in Government Code Sections 65995, 65995.5, and 65995.7 would constitute full and complete mitigation for school facilities.

In order to accommodate students from new development projects, school districts may alternatively finance new schools through special school construction funding resolutions and/or agreements between developers, the affected school districts, and occasionally, other local governmental agencies. These special resolutions and agreements often allow school districts to realize school mitigation funds in excess of the developer fees allowed under SB 50.

The passage of Proposition 1A in 1998 created the School Facility Program (SFP), in order to streamline the process districts go through to obtain State funding. Pursuant to the SFP, funding for new construction and modernization is provided by the State in the form of per-pupil grants. Generally, projects also require local matching funds. The SFP also implemented numerous reforms intended to streamline the application process, simplify the State facilities program, and create a more transparent and equitable funding mechanism.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-9 Public Services

5.15.3 SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA AND THRESHOLDS
Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines contains the Initial Study Environmental Checklist, which includes questions related to public services. A significant impact will occur if implementation of the proposed Project would:
● Result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response to times or other performance objectives for any of the public services:
o Fire Protection (refer to Impact Statement PS-1);
o Police Protection (refer to Impact Statement PS-2);
o Schools (refer to Impact Statement PS-3);
o Parks (refer to EIR Section 5.16); and
o Other Public Facilities (refer to Impact Statement PS-4).

5.15.4 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
PS-1: Would the project result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times or other performance objectives for any of the public services:
• FIRE PROTECTION AND EMERGENCY SERVICES
Impact Analysis: Development accommodated under the General Plan Update would result in additional residents and businesses in the City. Based on the anticipated growth, as described in Section 3.0, Project Description, and summarized in Table 3-4, General Plan 2045 Buildout by Land Use Designation, 2045 buildout under the General Plan Update could yield a net change over existing conditions of an additional 3,942 housing units, an additional population of 9,482 people, an additional 808,864 square feet of nonresidential building square footage, and an additional 2,738 jobs within the Planning Area.

According to LACoFD, there are no plans to expand Station 21 and/or develop a new fire station for Lawndale. Future development projected in the General Plan Update may result in the need for additional LACoFD resources (i.e., additional staffing, equipment, expanded/new facilities). At this time, it is unknown whether LACoFD would need to expand or construct new facilities to meet the demand of future development in the Planning Area. Future development is assumed to occur over time through 2045; thus, any increase in demand for fire protection services would occur gradually as additional development and associated population growth is added to the City. The General Plan Update includes a range of policies and actions to ensure that fire protection and emergency services are provided in a timely fashion, are adequately funded, are coordinated between the City and the LACoFD, and that new development funds its fair share of services. Proposed Land Use Element Policy LU-1.5 directs the City to maintain appropriate sites for institutional and public facility uses that can accommodate the infrastructure and facilities Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-10 Public Services needed to serve the community. Action LU-1e directs the City to initiate a coordinated process to regularly review and adjust population assumptions and forecasts in conjunction with the DOF, SCAG, and County in order to adequately plan for growth. Policy LU-2.6 provides notification to adjacent jurisdictions and agencies of proposed land use actions within the Planning Area that may affect them and takes appropriate action to consider and respond to their concerns. Proposed Public Safety Element Policy PS1.5 supports policies and programs that facilitate the availability of adequate resources to respond to health, fire, and police emergencies. Action PS-1e directs the investigation and pursuit of available funding sources to fund safety programs, provide services, upgrade/construct facilities, and purchase equipment.

Policy PS-4.1 coordinates fire protection services with LACoFD so that sufficient capacity, stations, personnel, and equipment are available to meet needs in Lawndale for fire protection and related emergency services. Proposed Community Facilities Element Policy PF-1.1 requires that the capital improvement program be maintained and financed to ensure the timely implementation of the General Plan and the adequate and efficient provision of public facility and municipal improvements. Policy PF-1.2 ensures that new development and major redevelopment provides for and funds its fair share of the costs for the expansion of public infrastructure, public services, and other public facilities. Policy PF-1.10 directs the collaboration with the various regional facility and service providers to deliver high levels of service to Lawndale residents, and to plan for new development. Action PF-1a promotes the coordination with outside service providers and other agencies regarding their public facility plans and provides local input on goals, objectives, and projects. Action PF-1d requires any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities. Action PF-1e directs the City to participate in regional and sub-regional planning forums that may address matters affecting the quality of life in Lawndale and the region. LACoFD would continue to regularly monitor fire department resources to ensure that adequate facilities, staffing, and equipment are available to serve existing and future development and population increases. Further, as development occurs, a proportional increase in property tax, charges for LACoFD services, and other funding sources would increase and offset impacts of new development on LACoFD’s existing resources in the City.

Future site-specific development would be required to comply with applicable City, County, and State code and ordinance requirements for fire protection. The Lawndale Municipal Code Chapter 15.20, Fire Code, adopts and incorporates the California Fire Code, as amended by Title 32 the Los Angeles County Fire Code, by reference. As part of the development review process, site-specific development proposals would be required to comply with standard LACoFD conditions of approval. LACoFD Fire Prevention Division reviews site plans to ensure that access and water system requirements, which would enhance the proposed development’s fire protection, are adequate. Specifically, LACoFD addresses fire and life safety requirements for project construction at the fire plan check stage. This includes plan review of the design details of the architectural, structural, mechanical, plumbing, and electrical systems.

Implementation of all Fire Code requirements would reduce potential impacts concerning fire protection services associated with site-specific development.

As previously stated, new fire facilities would potentially be needed to serve growth contemplated in the General Plan Update. The environmental effect of providing the fire protection and emergency services is associated with the physical impacts of providing new and expanded facilities. The specific impacts of providing new and expanded facilities cannot be determined at this time, as the General Plan Update does Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-11 Public Services not propose or authorize development nor does it designate specific sites for new or expanded public facilities. However, the facilities would be primarily provided on sites with land use designations that allow such uses and the environmental impacts of constructing and operating the facilities would likely be similar to those associated with new development, redevelopment, and infrastructure projects anticipated under the General Plan Update. These impacts are described in the relevant sections (Sections

5.1 through 5.20, and 6.0) of this Draft EIR. Any future development under the General Plan Update would be required to comply with regulations, policies, and standards included in the General Plan Update, and would be subject to CEQA review as appropriate. Therefore, impacts related to the provision of fire protection and emergency services are less than significant.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

LAND USE ELEMENT
Policy LU-1.5: Public Services for Quality of Life. Maintain appropriate sites for institutional and public facility uses that can accommodate the infrastructure and facilities needed to serve the community.

Policy LU-2.6: Regional Growth. Notify adjacent jurisdictions and agencies of proposed land use actions within the Planning Area that may affect them and take appropriate action to consider and respond to their concerns.

PUBLIC SAFETY ELEMENT
Policy PS-1.5: Resources. Support policies and programs that facilitate the availability of adequate resources to respond to health, fire, and police emergencies.

Action PS-1e: Investigate and pursue available funding sources to fund safety programs, provide services, upgrade/construct facilities, and purchase equipment.

Policy PS-4.1: Fire Protection Services. Coordinate fire protection services with LACoFD so that sufficient capacity, stations, personnel, and equipment are available to meet needs in Lawndale for fire protection and related emergency services.

Policy PS-4.2: Development Review. Involve LACoFD in the development review process so that fire safety is addressed in new and modified developments.

Policy PS-4.4: Building Fire Codes. Require that all buildings and facilities within the City comply with local, State, and Federal regulatory standards such as the California Building and Fire Codes, as well as other applicable fire safety standards.

Action PS-4a: Require all new habitable structures be designed in accordance with the most recent California Building and Fire Code with local amendments adopted by the City.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-12 Public Services

COMMUNITY FACILITIES ELEMENT
Goal PF-1: Infrastructure and Public Services. A community with adequate, reliable public and quasipublic infrastructure and services to support existing and future development.

Policy PF-1.1: Capital Improvements. Maintain and finance the capital improvement program to ensure the timely implementation of the General Plan and the adequate and efficient provision of public facility and municipal improvements.

Policy PF-1.2: Fair Share. Require that new development and major redevelopment provide for and fund its fair share of the costs for the expansion of public infrastructure and services, recreational amenities and facilities, and other public facilities.

Policy PF-1.3: Public Facility Plans. Maintain and implement public facility master plans, in collaboration with appropriate Regional, State, and Federal laws, to identify infrastructure needs, funding sources, and implement improvements for public facilities and services in Lawndale.

Policy PF-1.4: Revenue Sources. Identify and proactively pursue all available sources of revenue to meet public infrastructure and services, recreational amenities and facilities, and other public facilities needs.

Policy PF-1.5: Infrastructure Rehabilitation. Regularly maintain and rehabilitate public facilities and critical infrastructure to extend its useful life; prioritize infrastructure improvements in areas targeted for near-term redevelopment and in areas designated as lower-income and/or disadvantaged communities.

Policy PF-1.8: Regional Issues. Continue to participate in the preparation of plans and programs addressing regional infrastructure and public services issues.

Policy PF-1.9: Cost Sharing. Explore equitable methods for sharing the costs of facilities or services that serve multiple jurisdictions in the South Bay Cities Council of Governments and/or Los Angeles County.

Policy PF-1.10: Regional Services Providers. Collaborate with the various regional facility and service providers to deliver high levels of service to Lawndale residents, and to plan for new development.

Policy PF-1.11: Capital Improvement Planning. Encourage agencies to carry out long-range capital improvement planning, which includes funding methods for the construction of projects that are compatible with regional land use planning goals and objectives.

Action PF-1a: Regularly coordinate with outside service providers and other agencies regarding their public facility plans and provide local input on goals, objectives, and projects.

Action PF-1b: Maintain records regarding the quality and status of public facilities and critical infrastructure and use this information to inform the capital improvement planning process.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-13 Public Services Action PF-1c: Study mechanisms for funding and phasing of new infrastructure.

Action PF-1d: Require any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities.

Action PF-1e: Participate in regional and sub-regional planning forums that may address matters affecting the quality of life in Lawndale and the region.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

PS-2: Would the project result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times or other performance objectives for any of the public services:
• POLICE PROTECTION
Impact Analysis: Development accommodated under the General Plan Update would result in additional residents and businesses in the City, which would increase demand for police protection services provided by LASD.

Additional facilities, personnel, and equipment may be required to maintain adequate levels of police protection within the City. Development assumed by the General Plan Update is expected to occur gradually over time through 2045; thus, any increase in demand for police protection services would similarly occur gradually as additional development and associated population growth is added to the Planning Area, which also depends on the economic market demands. As individual projects are proposed within the Planning Area, LASD service levels and staffing requirements would be evaluated on an annual basis to determine if additional staffing and/or facilities would be required. If the General Plan Update is adopted, LASD would utilize the projected growth in population, dwelling units, and nonresidential development to effectively plan for increases in population and police protection service demand.

The General Plan Update includes a range of policies and actions, to ensure that adequate police protection services are provided to serve growth associated with implementation of the General Plan Update. Proposed Land Use Element Policy LU-1.5 directs the City to maintain appropriate sites for institutional and public facility uses that can accommodate the infrastructure and facilities needed to serve the community. Action LU-1e directs the City to initiate a coordinated process to regularly review and adjust population assumptions and forecasts in conjunction with the DOF, SCAG, and County in order to adequately plan for growth. Policy LU-2.6 provides notification to adjacent jurisdictions and agencies of proposed land use actions within the Planning Area that may affect them and takes appropriate action to consider and respond to their concerns. Proposed Public Safety Element Policy PS-1.5 supports policies and programs that facilitate the availability of adequate resources to respond to health, fire, and police emergencies. Action PS-1e directs the investigation and pursuit of available funding sources to fund safety programs, provide services, upgrade/construct facilities, and purchase equipment. Proposed Community Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-14 Public Services Facilities Element Policy PF-1.1 requires that the capital improvement program be maintained and financed to ensure the timely implementation of the General Plan and the adequate and efficient provision of public facility and municipal improvements. Policy PF-1.2 ensures that new development and major redevelopment provides for and funds its fair share of the costs for the expansion of public infrastructure, public services, and other public facilities. Policy PF-1.10 ensures collaboration with the various regional facility and service providers to deliver high levels of service to Lawndale residents, and to plan for new development. Action PF-1a directs the coordination with outside service providers and other agencies regarding their public facility plans and provides local input on goals, objectives, and projects. Action PF-1d requires any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities. Action PF-1e directs the City to participate in regional and sub-regional planning forums that may address matters affecting the quality of life in Lawndale and the region.

The environmental effect of providing police protection services is associated with the physical impacts of providing new and expanded facilities. The specific impacts of providing new and expanded facilities cannot be determined at this time, as the General Plan Update does not propose or authorize development, nor does it designate specific sites for new or expanded public facilities. If new police facilities are needed to serve growth associated with future development anticipated by the General Plan Update, the facilities would most likely be provided on sites with land use designations that allow such uses and the environmental impacts of constructing and operating the facilities would likely be similar to those associated with new development, redevelopment, and infrastructure projects anticipated under the General Plan Update. These impacts are described in the relevant sections (Sections 5.1 through 5.20, and 6.0) of this Draft EIR. Any future development under the General Plan Update would be required to comply with regulations, policies, and standards included in the General Plan Update, and would be subject to CEQA review as appropriate. Therefore, impacts related to the provision of police protection services are less than significant.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

PUBLIC SAFETY ELEMENT
Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-15 Public Services Policy PS-1.5: Resources. Support policies and programs that facilitate the availability of adequate resources to respond to health, fire, and police emergencies.

Action PS-1e: Investigate and pursue available funding sources to fund safety programs, provide services, upgrade/construct facilities, and purchase equipment.

Policy PF-1.8: Regional Issues. Continue to participate in the preparation of plans and programs addressing regional infrastructure and public services issues.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-16 Public Services Action PF-1a: Regularly coordinate with outside service providers and other agencies regarding their public facility plans and provide local input on goals, objectives, and projects.

Action PF-1b: Maintain records regarding the quality and status of public facilities and critical infrastructure and use this information to inform the capital improvement planning process.

Action PF-1c: Study mechanisms for funding and phasing of new infrastructure.

Action PF-1d: Require any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities.

Action PF-1e: Participate in regional and sub-regional planning forums that may address matters affecting the quality of life in Lawndale and the region.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

PS-3: Would the project result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times or other performance objectives for any of the public services:
• SCHOOLS
Impact Analysis: Implementation of the General Plan Update could result in the development of up to 3,942 housing units over existing conditions. School districts typically use student generation factors to determine the potential number of students that would be generated by the amount of residential development in order to accurately anticipate the needs for new/expanded facilities. Table 5.15-2, LESD/CVUHSD School Districts Student Generation Rates, identifies the number of potential students that would be generated from development anticipated by the General Plan Update in 2045.

Table 5.15-2
LESD/CVUHSD School Districts Student Generation Rates
Grade Level
Student
Generation
Factor
Proposed Net
Increase
Dwelling Units
Total Students
Generated
Elementary/Middle School 0.5 3,942 1,971
High School 0.2 3,942 789
Total 2,760
Source: Jack Schreder & Associates, Level I Developer Fee Study for Centinela Valley Union High School District, May 26, 2017.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-17 Public Services Assuming all new development anticipated under the proposed General Plan Update occurs within the LESD and CVUHSD’s school boundary, the Project would generate approximately 2,760 students (1,971 elementary/middle school students and 789 high school students). As mentioned above, the CVUHSD presumes that school facilities have a useful life span of 20 years before modernization is needed in order to maintain the same level of service as previously existed; therefore, the costs of modernized/expanded school facilities are based on anticipated 20-year growth generated by new development within the CVUHSD district area.

The exact location of future development and associated student generation is currently unknown.

However, future development projected within the General Plan Update is anticipated to occur gradually through 2045 and would be largely based on market demand. Thus, any increase in demand for school services would occur gradually as additional development occurs in the Planning Area. The General Plan Update includes policies and actions, to ensure that adequate services are provided to serve growth associated with implementation of the General Plan Update. Proposed Land Use Element Policy LU-1.5 directs the City to maintain appropriate sites for institutional and public facility uses that can accommodate the infrastructure and facilities needed to serve the community. Action LU-1e directs the City to initiate a coordinated process to regularly review and adjust population assumptions and forecasts in conjunction with the DOF, SCAG, and County in order to adequately plan for growth. Policy LU-2.6 provides notification to adjacent jurisdictions and agencies of proposed land use actions within the Planning Area that may affect them and takes appropriate action to consider and respond to their concerns. Proposed Community Facilities Element Policy PF-1.1 requires that the capital improvement program be maintained and financed to ensure the timely implementation of the General Plan and the adequate and efficient provision of public facility and municipal improvements. Policy PF-1.2 ensures that new development and major redevelopment provides for and funds its fair share of the costs for the expansion of public infrastructure, public services, and other public facilities. Policy PF-1.10 ensures collaboration with the various regional facility and service providers to deliver high levels of service to Lawndale residents, and to plan for new development. Action PF-1a directs coordination with outside service providers and other agencies regarding their public facility plans and provides local input on goals, objectives, and projects. Action PF-1d requires any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities. Action PF-1e directs the City to participate in regional and sub-regional planning forums that may address matters affecting the quality of life in Lawndale and the region. Policy PF-6.1 encourages the maintenance of high-quality schools and diverse educational opportunities in Lawndale. Policy PF-6.3 directs the City to work with developers and the school districts to ensure the payment of fees, construction, and expansion of school facilities to address expected increases in school-age population. Action PF-6a directs the City to work with school districts to ensure adequate school facilities are provided and maintained in the community.

This includes consultation with school districts during the processing of development proposals and requiring the mitigation of impacts to schools in compliance with State law.

School districts assess development impact fees against residential and non-residential development to mitigate impacts resulting from the increase in demand for school related services. Pursuant to SB 50, payment of fees to the applicable school district is considered full mitigation for project impacts, including impacts related to the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, need for new or Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-18 Public Services physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, or other performance objectives for schools.

Therefore, individual development projects in accordance with the General Plan Update would be required to pay the statutory fees, so that school facilities can be constructed/expanded, if necessary, at the nearest sites to accommodate the impact of project-generated students, reducing impacts to a less than significant level.

The environmental effect of providing school services is associated with the physical impacts of providing new and expanded facilities. The specific impacts of providing new and expanded facilities cannot be determined at this time, as the General Plan Update does not propose or authorize development of new or expanded school facilities. If the school districts serving the City determine that new school facilities are needed to serve growth associated with future development anticipated by the General Plan Update, the schools would most likely be provided on sites with land use designations that allow such uses and the environmental impacts of constructing and operating the facilities would likely be similar to those associated with new development, redevelopment, and infrastructure projects anticipated under the General Plan Update. These impacts are described in the relevant sections (Sections 5.1 through 5.20, and

6.0) of this Draft EIR. Any future development under the General Plan Update would be required to comply with regulations, policies, and standards included in the General Plan Update, and development of school facilities would be subject to CEQA review as appropriate. Therefore, impacts related to the provision of schools are less than significant.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-19 Public Services Policy PF-1.2: Fair Share. Require that new development and major redevelopment provide for and fund its fair share of the costs for the expansion of public infrastructure and services, recreational amenities and facilities, and other public facilities.

Policy PF-1.8: Regional Issues. Continue to participate in the preparation of plans and programs addressing regional infrastructure and public services issues.

Action PF-1a: Regularly coordinate with outside service providers and other agencies regarding their public facility plans and provide local input on goals, objectives, and projects.

Action PF-1b: Maintain records regarding the quality and status of public facilities and critical infrastructure and use this information to inform the capital improvement planning process.

Action PF-1c: Study mechanisms for funding and phasing of new infrastructure.

Action PF-1d: Require any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities.

Action PF-1e: Participate in regional and sub-regional planning forums that may address matters affecting the quality of life in Lawndale and the region.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-20 Public Services Policy PF-6.1: Education and Learning. Continue to encourage the maintenance of high-quality schools and diverse educational opportunities in Lawndale.

Policy PF-6.2: Lifelong Learning. Proactively cooperate with the Lawndale Elementary School District and Centinela Valley Union High School District to encourage the provision of lifelong learning opportunities for persons living and working in Lawndale.

Policy PF-6.3: School Facilities. Work with developers and the school districts to ensure the payment of fees, construction, and expansion of school facilities to address expected increases in school-age population.

Action PF-6a: Continue to work with the school districts to ensure adequate school facilities are provided and maintained in the community. Specifically, the City should:
• During the processing of residential and non-residential development proposals, ensure the school districts are consulted regarding the potential impact of the project on educational services and facilities. When proposed developments cannot be served by existing facilities and services, the City shall work with the developer and the school district in exploring options for service provision and facility funding. • Prior to approving a project that is likely to generate students, require the applicant to mitigate school impacts to the full extent permitted by State law through land dedications, payment of fees, participation in a special assessment district, or any combination of the above.
• Cooperate with school districts to update population projections, student generation formulas, potential school sites, and facilities improvement plans.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

PS-4: Would the project result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times or other performance objectives for any of the public services:
• LIBRARY FACILITIES
Impact Analysis: Development accommodated under the General Plan Update would result in additional residents and businesses in the City, which would potentially increase the demand for public services, including library services. The Lawndale Library is a part of, and is operated by, the LA County Library system.

Future development anticipated by the General Plan Update may result in the need for additional LA County Library resources (i.e., additional staffing, equipment, expanded/new facilities). At this time, it is Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-21 Public Services unknown whether LA County Library would need to expand or construct new facilities to meet the demand of future development in the Planning Area. Future development is assumed to occur over time through 2045; thus, any increase in demand for library services would occur gradually as additional development and associated population growth is added to the City. The County’s library system would continue receiving support for library facilities and resources through the General Plan Update policies and actions. The General Plan Update includes policies and actions to ensure that library services are adequately funded, are coordinated between the City and the LA County Library, and that new development funds its fair share of services. Proposed Land Use Element Policy LU-1.5 directs the City to maintain appropriate sites for institutional and public facility uses that can accommodate the infrastructure and facilities needed to serve the community. Action LU-1e directs the City to initiate a coordinated process to regularly review and adjust population assumptions and forecasts in conjunction with the DOF, SCAG, and County in order to adequately plan for growth. Policy LU-2.6 provides notification to adjacent jurisdictions and agencies of proposed land use actions within the Planning Area that may affect them and takes appropriate action to consider and respond to their concerns. Proposed Community Facilities Element Policy PF-1.1 requires that the capital improvement program be maintained and financed to ensure the timely implementation of the General Plan and the adequate and efficient provision of public facility and municipal improvements. Policy PF-1.2 ensures that new development and major redevelopment provides for and funds its fair share of the costs for the expansion of public infrastructure, public services, and other public facilities. Policy PF-1.10 ensures collaboration with the various regional facility and service providers to deliver high levels of service to Lawndale residents, and to plan for new development. Action PF-1a directs coordination with outside service providers and other agencies regarding their public facility plans and provides local input on goals, objectives, and projects.

Action PF-1d requires any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities. Action PF-1e directs the City to participate in regional and sub-regional planning forums that may address matters affecting the quality of life in Lawndale and the region. Policy PF-6.6 directs the City to work with the LA County Library system to provide library facilities and services necessary to meet the needs of all segments of the community.

Action PF-6b directs the City to work with the LA County Library system to ensure that library development keeps pace with overall City development and population growth.

The environmental effect of providing library services is associated with the physical impacts of providing new and expanded facilities. The specific impacts of providing new and expanded facilities cannot be determined at this time, as the General Plan Update does not propose or authorize development nor does it designate specific sites for new or expanded public facilities. However, the facilities would be primarily provided on sites with land use designations that allow such uses and the environmental impacts of constructing and operating the facilities would likely be similar to those associated with new development, redevelopment, and infrastructure projects anticipated under the General Plan Update.

These impacts are described in the relevant sections (Sections 5.1 through 5.20, and 6.0) of this Draft EIR.

Any future development under the General Plan Update would be required to comply with regulations, policies, and standards included in the General Plan Update, and would be subject to CEQA review as appropriate. Therefore, impacts related to the provision of library services are less than significant.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-22 Public Services

Policy PF-1.8: Regional Issues. Continue to participate in the preparation of plans and programs addressing regional infrastructure and public services issues.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-23 Public Services Policy PF-1.10: Regional Services Providers. Collaborate with the various regional facility and service providers to deliver high levels of service to Lawndale residents, and to plan for new development.

Action PF-1a: Regularly coordinate with outside service providers and other agencies regarding their public facility plans and provide local input on goals, objectives, and projects.

Action PF-1b: Maintain records regarding the quality and status of public facilities and critical infrastructure and use this information to inform the capital improvement planning process.

Action PF-1c: Study mechanisms for funding and phasing of new infrastructure.

Action PF-1d: Require any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities.

Action PF-1e: Participate in regional and sub-regional planning forums that may address matters affecting the quality of life in Lawndale and the region.

Policy PF-6.6: Libraries. Work closely with the Los Angeles County Library system to provide library facilities and services necessary to meet the needs of all segments of the community.

Action PF-6b: Continue to work with the Los Angeles County Library system to ensure that library development keeps pace with overall City development and population growth.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

5.15.5 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
Section 4.0, Basis of Cumulative Analysis, establishes growth and development within Los Angeles County as anticipated by SCAG as having the potential to interact with the proposed Project to the extent that a significant cumulative effect may occur. The geographic setting for public services considers City as well as the service area for LACoFD, LASD, LESD, CVUHSD, and LA County Library.

Would the Project, combined with other relevant cumulative projects, result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, or the need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times or other performance objectives for any of the public services:
• Fire Protection
Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-24 Public Services Impact Analysis: As discussed, LACoFD provides fire protection services to the Planning Area. In addition, cumulative projects within the City would receive fire protection services from LACoFD. Similar to future development associated with Project implementation, cumulative development projects would be required to comply with standard LACoFD conditions of approval. LACoFD Fire Prevention Division reviews site plans to ensure that access and water system requirements, which would enhance the proposed development’s fire protection, are adequate. Specifically, LACoFD addresses fire and life safety requirements for project construction at the fire plan check stage. This includes plan review of the design details of the architectural, structural, mechanical, plumbing, and electrical systems.

Project implementation may require new or the expanded fire protection facilities. The specific impacts of providing new and expanded facilities cannot be determined at this time, as the Project does not propose or authorize development nor does it designate specific sites for new or expanded fire protection facilities. However, it is anticipated that if new facilities or expansion of facilities are determined necessary, the facilities would be primarily provided on sites with land use designations that allow such uses and the environmental impacts of constructing and operating the facilities would likely be similar to those associated with new development projects under the Project. Thus, the Project would not result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered fire protection facilities, or the need for new or physically altered fire protection facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts. Future development within the City and LACoFD service area would be reviewed to determine whether the development being proposed would require new or expanded facilities with the potential for causing significant environmental impacts. The provision of specific facilities or the expansion of facilities would undergo review pursuant to CEQA. Further, future projects implemented under the General Plan Update would be required to be consistent with the General Plan Update policies and actions pertaining to the provision of public services, including fire protection, and fire hazards. The polices and actions included within the General Plan Update and compliance with the existing regulatory environment would reduce the cumulative effect of the General Plan Update on the provision of fire facilities to a less than significant level. Thus, the Project’s incremental impacts to the provision of fire protection services would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-25 Public Services Impact Analysis: As discussed, LASD provides police protection services to the Planning Area. In addition, cumulative projects within the City would receive police protection services from LASD. Similar to future development associated with the Project, the LASD would review cumulative development projects development plans and applicants would be required to comply with any specific conditions related to safety and security specified by the LASD.

Project implementation may require new or the expanded police protection facilities. The specific impacts of providing new and expanded facilities cannot be determined at this time, as the Project does not propose or authorize development nor does it designate specific sites for new or expanded police facilities. However, it is anticipated that if new facilities or expansion of facilities are determined necessary, the facilities would be primarily provided on sites with land use designations that allow such uses and the environmental impacts of constructing and operating the facilities would likely be similar to those associated with new development projects under the Project. Thus, the Project would not result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered police facilities, or the need for new or physically altered police facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts. Future development within the City would be reviewed to determine whether the development being proposed would require new or expanded facilities with the potential for causing significant environmental impacts. The provision of specific facilities or the expansion of facilities would undergo review pursuant to CEQA. Further, future projects implemented under the General Plan Update would be required to be consistent with the General Plan Update policies and actions pertaining to the provision of public services, including police protection. The polices and actions included within the General Plan Update and compliance with the existing regulatory environment would reduce the cumulative effect of the General Plan Update on the provision of sheriffs’ facilities to a lessthan significant level. Thus, the Project’s incremental impacts to the provision of police protection services would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Impact Analysis: Students generated by the implementation of the Project, combined with other relevant cumulative projects within the City and LESD and CVUHSD service areas would combine to result in increased demand on schools within the area. As discussed, CVUHSD has calculated the costs of Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-26 Public Services modernized/expanded school facilities based on anticipated growth generated by new development within the CVUHSD district area, which includes the City of Lawndale.

As discussed, the exact location of future development and associated student generation is currently unknown. Future development associated with the Project is anticipated to occur gradually through 2045 and would be largely based on market demand. Thus, any increase in demand for school services would occur gradually as additional development occurs in the Planning Area. Future residential development associated with implementation of the Project would be required to comply with SB 50, which would fully mitigate potential impacts related schools. Similarly, the cumulative development projects would be required to pay the statutory fees, so that school facilities can be constructed/expanded, if necessary, to accommodate future students. Further, future projects implemented under the General Plan Update would be required to be consistent with the General Plan Update policies and actions pertaining to the provision of public services. The polices and actions included within the General Plan Update and compliance with the existing regulatory environment would reduce the cumulative effect of the General Plan Update on the provision of school facilities to a less-than-significant level. Therefore, the Project’s incremental impacts relative to the provision of schools would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact
Would the Project, combined with other relevant cumulative projects, result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, or the need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times or other performance objectives for any of the public services:
• Other Public Facilities
Impact Analysis: Future Project development and cumulative development may result in the need for additional LA County Library resources and other public facilities. As discussed, future development is assumed to occur over time through 2045; thus, any increase in demand for public services would occur gradually as additional development and associated population growth is added to the City. The General Plan Update includes policies to ensure that library services are adequately funded, are coordinated between the City and the LA County Library, and that new development funds its fair share of services.

Similar to the Project, cumulative development projects within the City would be required to comply with the General Plan Update policies and the established regulatory framework regarding the payment of fees. Any future development of library facilities or other public facilities to serve demand associated with implementation of the proposed Project and cumulative projects would be required to comply with applicable regulations, policies, and standards, and would be subject to CEQA review as appropriate.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-27 Public Services Further, future projects implemented under the General Plan Update would be required to be consistent with the General Plan Update policies and actions pertaining to the provision of public services. The polices and actions included within the General Plan Update and compliance with the existing regulatory environment would reduce the cumulative effect of the General Plan Update on the provision of libraries and other public facilities to a less than significant level. Thus, the Project’s incremental impacts relative to the provision of other public facilities would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact

5.15.6 SIGNIFICANT UNAVOIDABLE IMPACTS
Public Services impacts associated with the implementation of the General Plan Update would be less than significant; no significant unavoidable public service impacts would occur as a result of the General Plan Update.

5.15.7 REFERENCES
California Department of General Services, November 28, 2012 State Allocation Board Program Review Subcommittee, November 2012.

Federal Bureau of Investigation, Offenses Known To Law Enforcement, Table 8: California, by City, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/tables/table-8/table-8-statecuts/california.xls, accessed July 7, 2023a.

Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, Table 6: by Metropolitan Statistical Area, https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/tables/table-8/table-8-statecuts/california.xls, accessed July 7, 2023b.

Jack Schreder & Associates, Level I Developer Fee Study for Centinela Valley Union High School District, May 26, 2017.

Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACoFD), 2021 County of Los Angeles Fire Department Annual Report, July 2022.

Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACoFD), mail correspondence, Ronald Durbin, Chief, Forestry Division Prevention Services Bureau, March 22, 2023a.

Los Angeles County Fire Department, Educational Programs and Events, https://fire.lacounty.gov/, accessed July 7, 2023b.

Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department (LASD), mail correspondence, Robert Luna, Sheriff, April 19, 2023.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-28 Public Services Los Angeles County Library, About the Library, https://lacountylibrary.org/aboutus/, accessed March 8, 2023a.

Los Angeles County Library, Lawndale Library, https://lacountylibrary.org/lawndale-library/, accessed March 8, 2023b.

CITY OF LAWNDALE

GENERAL PLAN UPDATE
LEGEND
City of Lawndale
Sphere of Influence
Planning Area
Adjacent Incorporated Area
Fire Station
Sheriff Station
Sources: City of Lawndale; Los Angeles County.

Date: June 26, 2023.

Figure 5.15-1.

Public Safety Facilities
Kenny Hahn Memorial
Lanwdale Fire Station
No. 21
Lawndale
Sheriff's Center
Crenshaw Blvd
Prairie Ave
W Rosecrans Ave
Hawthorne Blvd
Prairie Ave
Inglewood Ave
Manhattan Beach Blvd
Rosecrans Ave
Redondo Beach Blvd
Yukon Ave
Marine Ave
Condon Ave
147th St
171st St
Ainsworth Ave
Jefferson Ave
W 168th St
S La C ien e g a Blvd
M cB a i n A ve
Cranbrook Ave
S Doty Ave
Gerkin Ave
S Shoup Ave
W 170th St
Bodger Ave
Kornblum A ve
Carnegie Ln
Vanderbilt Ln
W 140th St
165th St
144th St
W 162nd St Ramona Ave
163rd St
Prairie Ave
170th St
Doty Ave
Johnston Ave
Dow Ave
Kingsdale Ave
Mansel Ave
153rd St
S Lemoli Ave
156th St
Cerise Ave
W 152nd St
Robinson St
Perkins Ln
Felton Ln
W 145th St
Mackay Ln
Freeman Ave
Osage Ave
May Ave
W 157th St
Burin Ave
Grevillea Ave
Firmona Ave
W 154th St
Gates Ave
Graham Ave
Curtis Ave
Voorhees Ave
Ruhland Ave
Nelson Ave
144th Pl
173 rd S t
175th Pl
W 171st St
S Eriel Ave
W 163rd St
168th St
164th St
167th St
W 173rd St 173rd Pl
W 166th St
W 142nd St
141st St
W 147th St
W 149th St
W 161st St
W 160th St
154th St
14 8 th S t
Lemoli Ave
166th St
Eastwood Ave
Chadron Ave
162nd St Beland Blvd
W 159th St
Yukon Ave
160th St
Larch Ave
172nd St
Fo nth ill A ve
153rd Pl
W 146th St
161st St
Avis Ave
139th St
169th St
159th St
W 156th St
W 139th St
142nd St
S Ermanita Ave
S Faysmith Ave
1 4 7 th P l Roselle Ave
Cordary Ave
S Florwood Ave
W 153rd St
W 154th St
175th St
Pinckard Ave
Gibson Ln
405
Artesia Blvd
Mathews Ave
H a w t h o r n e
R e d o n d o B e a c h
G a r d e n a
To r ra n c e
0 500 1,000
Feet
Dominguez Channel
Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.15-30 Public Services This page intentionally left blank.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.16-1 Parks and Recreation

5.16 PARKS AND RECREATION
This section describes the availability and anticipated demand on parks and recreation opportunities within the Planning Area, and identifies and addresses potential impacts from implementation of the General Plan Update related to parks and recreational facilities.

5.16.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
The City of Lawndale Parks and Recreation Division, under the Community Services Department, oversees and manages parks and recreational facilities within the City.

PARKS
Similar to many cities in Los Angeles County, Lawndale is a developed community and therefore has limited opportunities to expand its parks and recreation resources. The two primary forms of parkland within the City are City-owned parks and parks that are contracted through a Joint Powers Agreement with the Lawndale Elementary School District for utilization by the City’s residents. There are six parks within Lawndale, as shown in Table 5.16-1, Existing Parkland and Recreational Uses in the Planning Area.

There are no parks located within the City’s Sphere of Influence (SOI).

Alondra Community Regional Park, located just outside of the Planning Area along the southern boundary of the SOI, also provides recreation opportunities to residents in Lawndale due to its close proximity. The 53-acre Alondra Park is part of the Los Angeles County parks system and includes amenities such as baseball/softball fields, playgrounds, picnic tables, a skate park, a splash pad, fishing lakes, fitness courses, outdoor stages, and basketball courts (Los Angeles County 2023).

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.16-2 Parks and Recreation Table 5.16-1
Existing Parkland and Recreational Uses in the Planning Area Name Acres Location Amenities
Hogan Park 0.75 4045 West 167th
Street
6 Picnic Tables, 2 Playgrounds, 2 Picnic Shelters,
1 Outdoor Fitness Space, 1 Restroom and Open
Green Space.

Hopper Park 0.63 4418 West 162nd
Street
2 Covered Picnic Areas, 1 Fitness Zone, 1 Full-size
Playground, 1 Mini Playground/Sand Play Area, 1
Restroom and Open Green Space.

Jane Addams Park* 4.59 15114 Firmona Avenue
3 Outdoor Basketball Courts, 3 Baseball
Diamonds, 1 Multi-use Athletic Field, 3
Playgrounds, 1 Wading Pool, 1 Recreation Office,
2 Restrooms, 1 Picnic Area and Open Green
Space.

Larry R. Rudolph Park 1.44 14725 Larch Avenue
1 Covered Picnic Area, 1 Fitness Zone, 1 Walking
Trail, 1 Playground, 1 View Deck, 1 Performance
Stage, 1 Restroom and Open Green Space.

Rogers/Anderson Park* 14.73 4161 West Manhattan
Beach Boulevard
6 Outdoor Basketball Courts, 1 Full-size Baseball
Field, 1 Soccer Field, 1 Multi-use Athletic Field, 2
Playgrounds, 1 Gymnasium, 1 Restroom and
Open Green Space.

William Green Park* 4.06 4558 West 168th
Street
6 Outdoor Basketball Courts, 1 Skin Softball
Diamond, 1 Multi-use Athletic Field, 1 Recreation
Office, 1 Community Room, 2 Playgrounds, 1
Restroom and Open Green Space.

Total 26.2
Sources: City of Lawndale, City Parks and Recreation Facilities, https://www.lawndalecity.org/cms/One.aspx?portalId=16676137&pageId=17108215, accessed March 8, 2023; Los Angeles County, Los Angeles Countywide Comprehensive Parks & Recreation Needs Assessment, May 2016.

Notes:
* Designates parks contracted through Joint Powers Agreement with the Lawndale School District.

COMMUNITY RECREATION FACILITIES
In addition to the six parks shown in Table 5.16-1, Lawndale has one community recreational center and one community garden. The primary community recreation facility in Lawndale is the Harold E. Hofmann Community Center, located at 14700 Burin Avenue. The approximately 41,000 square foot Community Center features a multi-purpose room with a stage, full-service kitchen, meeting rooms, a dance room, a computer room, an exercise room, common areas, terraces, and offices for the City’s Community Services Department. The Community Center offers programs, classes, and events for families and individuals of all ages. The McKenzie Community Garden, located at 4324 West 160th Street, consists of 44,200-squarefoot garden plots available for lease to residents, along with storage sheds, a picnic area, and a restroom.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.16-3 Parks and Recreation

5.16.2 REGULATORY SETTING
STATE
Mitigation Fee Act
The California Mitigation Fee Act, Government Code Sections 66000, et seq., allows cities to establish fees which would be imposed upon development projects for the purpose of mitigating the impact that the development projects have upon the City’s ability to provide specified public facilities. In order to comply with the Mitigation Fee Act, the City must follow four primary requirements: 1) Make certain determinations regarding the purpose and use of a fee and establish a nexus or connection between a development project or class of project and the public improvement being financed with the fee; 2) Segregate fee revenue from the General Fund in order to avoid commingling of capital facilities fees and general funds; 3) For fees that have been in the possession of the City for five years or more and for which the dollars have not been spent or committed to a project, the City must make findings each fiscal year describing the continuing need for the money; and 4) Refund any fees with interest for developer deposits for which the findings noted above cannot be made.

California Public Park Preservation Act of 1971
The California Public Park Preservation Act is the primary measure for protecting and preserving parkland in California. The legislation states that “No city, city and county, county, public district, or agency of the state, including any division department or agency of the state government, or public utility, shall acquire any real property, which property is in use as a public park at the time of such acquisition, for the purposes of utilizing such property for any non-park purpose, unless the acquiring entity pays or transfers to the legislative body of the entity operating the park sufficient compensation or land, or both.” Quimby Act
The Quimby Act of 1975, (California Government Code § 66477), commonly called the “Quimby Act”, allows a city or county to pass an ordinance that requires, as a condition of approval of a subdivision, either the dedication of land, the payment of a fee in lieu of dedication, or a combination of both for park and recreational purposes allows a city or county to require a maximum parkland dedication standard of three acres of parkland per 1,000 residents for new subdivision development unless the jurisdiction can demonstrate that the amount of existing neighborhood and community parkland exceeds that limit. In accordance with Section 66477, a jurisdiction may establish a parkland dedication standard based on its existing parkland ratio, provided required dedications do not exceed five acres per 1,000 persons.

LOCAL
Lawndale Municipal Code
Lawndale Municipal Code Chapter 12.34, Park Development Fees, provides for the payment of park facilities impact fees applicable to dwelling units constructed, enlarged, or remodeled in the City.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.16-4 Parks and Recreation

5.16.3 SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA AND THRESHOLDS
Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines contains the Initial Study Environmental Checklist, which includes questions related to recreational facilities and amenities as well as parks (listed under Public Services). The issues presented in the Initial Study Environmental Checklist for both parks and recreational facilities have been utilized as thresholds of significance in this section.

Accordingly, a project may create a significant environmental impact if it would:
● Increase the use of existing neighborhood and regional parks or other recreational facilities such that substantial physical deterioration of the facility would occur or be accelerated (refer to Impact Statement PR-1);
● Include recreational facilities or require the construction or expansion of recreational facilities which might have an adverse physical effect on the environment (refer to Impact Statement PR2); and/or ● Result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response to times or other performance objectives for any of the public services: Parks (refer to Impact Statement PR-2)?

5.16.4 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
PR-1: Would the project increase the use of existing neighborhood and regional parks or other recreational facilities such that substantial physical deterioration of the facility would occur or be accelerated?
Impact Analysis: Development accommodated under the General Plan Update is expected to result in increased population and employment growth within the Planning Area, and thus, an overall increase in the demand for parks and recreational facilities. Based on the anticipated growth, as described in Section

3.0, and summarized in Table 3-4, General Plan 2045 Buildout by Land Use Designation, 2045 buildout under the General Plan Update could yield a net change over existing conditions of an additional 3,942 housing units, resulting in an additional population of 9,482 people within the Planning Area. These new residents are expected to use park and recreational facilities, and this additional use may result in greater demands on parks and recreational facilities in the Planning Area such that deterioration of these facilities could occur or be accelerated. The additional demand on existing parks and recreational facilities would increase the need for maintenance and improvements. These improvements could have environmental impacts, although the exact impacts cannot be determined since the potential improvements are currently unknown.

As shown in Table 5.16-1, there are six parks totaling 26.2 acres within the Planning Area, indicating that the City currently provides approximately 0.7 acres of parkland for every 1,000 people, based on the current (2022) Planning Area population of 37,948. The City does not currently have an adopted standard of parkland acreage to residents. However, the General Plan Update does include the adoption of a parkland standard of 3.0 acres of parkland per 1,000 residents. The City’s existing parkland deficit, based on the Quimby Act minimum ratio of 3.0 acres of parkland per 1,000 residents, is currently being offset Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.16-5 Parks and Recreation through dedication fees, pursuant to Lawndale Municipal Code Chapter 12.34, Park Development Fees, which provides for the payment of park facilities impact fees applicable to dwelling units constructed, enlarged, or remodeled in the City. The provision of new parks and recreation facilities would help to reduce the potential for adverse impacts and physical deterioration of existing parks and recreation facilities, by providing additional facilities to accommodate the demand for parks and recreation facilities.

These new facilities would be provided at a pace and in locations appropriate to serve new development.

Development under the General Plan Update could indirectly lead to the construction of new parks and recreation facilities to serve new growth and to meet existing parks and recreation needs. The General Plan Update supports the creation of new parks and recreation facilities to accommodate a wide range of activities for all age groups. Proposed Resource Management Element Policy RM-1.1 strives to provide residents with a variety of useable and accessible public recreational lands, facilities, trails, open space, and amenities. Policy RM-1.2 strives to achieve a minimum parkland standard of three acres per 1,000 City residents. Policy RM-1.4 directs the City to actively pursue financing for parkland acquisition and maintenance, and allocate sufficient funding to park development to support the community’s recreational needs. Policy RM-1.5 directs City collaboration with school districts, local and regional agencies, and private developers to create partnerships and joint-use agreements that broaden the range of recreation facility options available to the public. Policy RM-1.8 recognizes the value of non-traditional public and semi-public open space and encourages creativity and innovation during the development and provision of additional open space or parks to supplement the City’s green space and parks. Action RM1a directs the City to periodically review and update the park development fee ordinance as necessary to better reflect current costs and needs to address park demand generated by infill development. Action RM-1b directs the City to pursue available resources to fund recreation facilities and parkland acquisition, development, and maintenance. Action RM-1c directs the creation of a Master Parks Plan to guide the provision and maintenance of parkland in the City. Action RM-1d works with the Lawndale Elementary School District to maximize the joint use of facilities and pursues additional partnerships with public and private entities, including adjacent jurisdictions, for the joint use of and expanded access to, regional parks, open space, and recreational programs.

The General Plan Update does not specifically propose any development projects, including parks. As a result, site-specific physical impacts of future park development and construction cannot be determined until projects are brought forward for review. As future parks and recreation projects are considered by the City, each project will be evaluated for conformance with the General Plan, Municipal Code, and other applicable regulations. Parks and recreation projects would also be analyzed for potential environmental impacts, consistent with the requirements of CEQA.

In addition to ensuring that new and expanded parks and recreation facilities are provided to accommodate new growth, the General Plan Update includes policies and actions to ensure that parks and recreation facilities are adequately maintained and improved to serve both existing and planned growth. Proposed Land Use Element Policy LU-1.5 requires the City to maintain appropriate sites for institutional and public facility uses that can accommodate the infrastructure and facilities needed to serve the community. Action LU-1e directs the City to regularly review and adjust population assumptions and forecasts in order to adequately plan for growth. Proposed Community Facilities Element Policy CF1.1 maintains and finances the capital improvement program to ensure the timely implementation of the Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.16-6 Parks and Recreation General Plan and the adequate and efficient provision of public facility and municipal improvements.

Policy CF-1.2 ensures that new development and major redevelopment provides for and funds its fair share of the costs for the expansion of public infrastructure, public services, and other public facilities.

Action CF-1d requires any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities.

Although implementation of the General Plan Update would cause an incremental increase in demand for parks in the future, this increase could be reduced to a less than significant level by the provision of public parkland and private on-site recreational amenities and through the payment of park fees, as established in Municipal Code Chapter 12.34, Park Development Fees. Compliance with and the implementation of applicable General Plan Update policies and actions and compliance with the City Municipal Code would ensure parks and recreational facilities would not be overused to the point of substantial deterioration.

As stated, the General Plan Update does not propose or approve the construction or expansion of parks or recreational facilities. Any new parks or recreational facilities that may be constructed in the future would be primarily provided on sites with land use designations that allow such uses and the environmental impacts of constructing and operating the parks and recreational facilities would likely be similar to those associated with new development, redevelopment, and infrastructure projects anticipated under the General Plan. These impacts are described in the relevant chapters (Sections 5.1 through 5.20, and 6.0) of this EIR. Any future development under the General Plan Update would be required to comply with regulations, policies, and standards included in the General Plan Update, and would be subject to CEQA review as appropriate. Therefore, impacts to parks and recreational facilities associated with implementation of the General Plan Update would be less than significant.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ELEMENT
Policy RM-1.1: Recreation Types. Provide residents a variety of useable and accessible public recreational lands, facilities, trails, open space, and amenities.

Policy RM-1.2: Parkland Standard. Achieve a minimum parkland standard of 3 acres per 1,000 City residents.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.16-7 Parks and Recreation Policy RM-1.4: Parkland Funding. Actively pursue financing for parkland acquisition and maintenance, and allocate sufficient funding to park development to support the community’s recreational needs.

Policy RM-1.5: Partnerships and Joint-Use Agreements. Collaborate with school districts, local and regional agencies, and private developers to create partnerships and joint-use agreements that broaden the range of recreation facility options available to the public.

Policy RM-1.8: Creative Open Space and Parks. Recognize the value of non-traditional public and semipublic open space and encourage creativity and innovation during the development and provision of additional open space or parks, including but not limited to plazas, parklets, pedestrian paths, patios, rooftop gardens, community gardens, parkways, green space integrated into parking structures, and temporary or semi-permanent gathering spaces, to supplement the City’s green space and parks.

Action RM-1a: Periodically review and update the park development fee ordinance as necessary to better reflect current costs and needs to address park demand generated by infill development.

Action RM-1b: Pursue available resources to fund recreation facilities and parkland acquisition, development, and maintenance, including but not limited to, State and Federal grants, special districts, private donations, gifts, and endowments.

Action RM-1c: Prepare and adopt a Master Parks Plan to guide the provision and maintenance of parkland. The Master Park Plan should be designed to serve as a statement of general policy and desired City standards for location and development of public parks and community open space areas, with definite time frames outlined.

Action RM-1d: Continue to work with the Lawndale Elementary School District to maximize the joint use of facilities and pursue additional partnerships with public and private entities, including adjacent jurisdictions, for the joint use of and expanded access to, regional parks, open space, and recreational programs.

COMMUNITY FACILITIES ELEMENT
Goal CF-1: Infrastructure and Public Services. A community with adequate, reliable public and quasipublic infrastructure and services to support existing and future development.

Policy CF-1.1: Capital Improvements. Maintain and finance the capital improvement program to ensure the timely implementation of the General Plan and the adequate and efficient provision of public facility and municipal improvements.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.16-8 Parks and Recreation Policy CF-1.2: Fair Share. Require that new development and major redevelopment provide for and fund its fair share of the costs for the expansion of public infrastructure and services, recreational amenities and facilities, and other public facilities.

Policy CF-1.3: Public Facility Plans. Maintain and implement public facility master plans, in collaboration with appropriate Regional, State, and Federal laws, to identify infrastructure needs, funding sources, and implement improvements for public facilities and services in Lawndale.

Policy CF-1.4: Revenue Sources. Identify and proactively pursue all available sources of revenue to meet public infrastructure and services, recreational amenities and facilities, and other public facilities needs.

Policy CF-1.5: Infrastructure Rehabilitation. Regularly maintain and rehabilitate public facilities and critical infrastructure to extend its useful life; prioritize infrastructure improvements in areas targeted for near-term redevelopment and in areas designated as lower-income and/or disadvantaged communities.

Action CF-1b: Maintain records regarding the quality and status of public facilities and critical infrastructure and use this information to inform the capital improvement planning process.

Action CF-1c: Study mechanisms for funding and phasing of new infrastructure.

Action CF-1d: Require any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

PR-2: Does the project include recreational facilities or require the construction or expansion of recreational facilities which might have an adverse physical effect on the environment?
Would the project result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times or other performance objectives for any of the public services: Parks? Impact Analysis: No site-specific projects are proposed under the General Plan Update. As stated, 2045 buildout under the General Plan Update could yield a net change over existing conditions of an additional 3,942 housing units and an additional population of 9,482 people. Based on the General Plan Update’s proposed standard of three acres per 1,000 residents, the increase in population due to implementation of the Project would require approximately 96.1 acres of additional parkland, for a total of 122.3 acres of parkland.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.16-9 Parks and Recreation Construction of these future parks could result in environmental impacts. At the time future parks are proposed, they would require a separate environmental review and compliance with regulations in existence at that time, which would address potential environmental impacts related to the construction and operation of new parks. Furthermore, these future parks would be subject to General Plan Update policies and actions intended to protect the environment and the programmatic mitigation framework established in this EIR. Proposed Land Use Element Policy LU-1.5 requires the City to maintain appropriate sites for institutional and public facility uses that can accommodate the infrastructure and facilities needed to serve the community. Action LU-1e directs the City to regularly review and adjust population assumptions and forecasts in order to adequately plan for growth. Policy LU-2.6 provides notification to adjacent jurisdictions and agencies of proposed land use actions within the Planning Area that may affect them and takes appropriate action to consider and respond to their concerns. Proposed Resource Management Element Policy RM-1.1 strives to provide residents a variety of useable and accessible public recreational lands, facilities, trails, open space, and amenities. Policy RM-1.4 directs the City to actively pursue financing for parkland acquisition and maintenance, and allocates sufficient funding to park development to support the community’s recreational needs. Policy RM-1.5 directs City collaboration with school districts, local and regional agencies, and private developers to create partnerships and jointuse agreements that broaden the range of recreation facility options available to the public. Action RM1a directs the City to periodically review and update the park development fee ordinance as necessary to better reflect current costs and needs to address park demand generated by infill development. Action RM-1b directs the City to pursue available resources to fund recreation facilities and parkland acquisition, development, and maintenance. Action RM-1c directs the creation of a Master Parks Plan to guide the provision and maintenance of parkland in the City. Action RM-1d works with the Lawndale Elementary School District to maximize the joint use of facilities and pursues additional partnerships with public and private entities, including adjacent jurisdictions, for the joint use of and expanded access to, regional parks, open space, and recreational programs. Proposed Community Facilities Element Policy CF-1.1 maintains and finances the capital improvement program to ensure the timely implementation of the General Plan and the adequate and efficient provision of public facility and municipal improvements.

Action CF-1d requires any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities. Therefore, upon compliance with environmental regulations established at the time future park and recreational projects are proposed, and adherence to General Plan Update policies and actions, the environmental impacts associated with the construction or expansion of recreational facilities would less than significant.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.16-10 Parks and Recreation Action LU-1e: Initiate a coordinated process to regularly review and adjust population assumptions and forecasts in conjunction with the Department of Finance, Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), and the County of Los Angeles in order to adequately plan for growth, including jobs-housing balance projections.

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ELEMENT
Policy RM-1.1: Recreation Types. Provide residents a variety of useable and accessible public recreational lands, facilities, trails, open space, and amenities.

Policy RM-1.4: Parkland Funding. Actively pursue financing for parkland acquisition and maintenance, and allocate sufficient funding to park development to support the community’s recreational needs.

Action RM-1a: Periodically review and update the park development fee ordinance as necessary to better reflect current costs and needs to address park demand generated by infill development.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.16-11 Parks and Recreation Policy CF-1.2: Fair Share. Require that new development and major redevelopment provide for and fund its fair share of the costs for the expansion of public infrastructure and services, recreational amenities and facilities, and other public facilities.

Action CF-1b Maintain records regarding the quality and status of public facilities and critical infrastructure and use this information to inform the capital improvement planning process.

Action CF-1c: Study mechanisms for funding and phasing of new infrastructure.

Action CF-1d: Require any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

5.16.5 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
Section 4.0, Basis of Cumulative Analysis, establishes growth and development within Los Angeles County as anticipated by SCAG as having the potential to interact with the proposed Project to the extent that a significant cumulative effect may occur. The geographic setting for parks and recreation facilities considers the City and County.

Would the project, combined with other relevant cumulative projects, result in substantial adverse physical impacts associated with the provision of new or physically altered governmental facilities, need for new or physically altered governmental facilities, the construction of which could cause significant environmental impacts, in order to maintain acceptable service ratios, response times or other performance objectives for any of the public services: Parks?
Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.16-12 Parks and Recreation Would the Project, combined with other relevant cumulative projects, increase the use of existing neighborhood and regional parks or other recreational facilities such that substantial physical deterioration of the facility would occur or be accelerated? Would the Project, combined with other relevant cumulative projects, include recreational facilities or require the construction or expansion of recreational facilities which might have an adverse physical effect on the environment?
Impact Analysis: Future development associated with the General Plan Update, combined with other relevant cumulative projects, would bring new residents to the Planning Area. These new residents are expected to use existing park and recreational facilities, and this additional use may result in greater demands on parks and recreational facilities in the Planning Area such that deterioration of these facilities could occur or be accelerated. Additionally, the additional demand on existing parks and recreational facilities would increase the need for maintenance and improvements. These improvements could have potential environmental impacts, although the exact impacts cannot be determined since the potential improvements are currently unknown. As future parks and recreation projects are considered by the City, each project will be evaluated for conformance with the General Plan Update, Municipal Code, and other applicable regulations. Parks and recreation projects would also be analyzed for potential environmental impacts, consistent with the requirements of CEQA.

As discussed, although implementation of the Project would cause an increase in demand for parks in the future, potential impacts could be reduced to a less than significant level through the payment of park fees, as established in Municipal Code Chapter 12.34, and adherence to local regulations established in the Municipal Code and General Plan Update policies and actions, which support the creation of new parks and recreation facilities, to accommodate a wide range of activities for all age groups. Similarly, cumulative development projects would be required to comply with Municipal Code and General Plan Update policies regarding parks and recreation facilities, including compliance with CEQA associated with any site-specific development of parks or recreational facilities. Thus, the Project’s incremental impacts associated with parks and recreational facilities would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

5.16.6 SIGNIFICANT UNAVOIDABLE IMPACTS
Park and recreation impacts associated with implementation of the General Plan Update would be less than significant. No significant unavoidable impacts to parks and recreation facilities would occur as a result of the General Plan Update.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.16-13 Parks and Recreation

5.16.7 REFERENCES
City of Lawndale, City Parks & Recreation Facilities,
https://www.lawndalecity.org/cms/One.aspx?portalId=16676137&pageId=17108215, accessed March 8, 2023.

City of Lawndale. Personal correspondence, Mike Estes, Director of Community Services. April 20, 2022.

Los Angeles County, Alondra Community Regional Park, https://parks.lacounty.gov/alondra-communityregional-park/#, accessed July 7, 2023.

Los Angeles County, Los Angeles Countywide Comprehensive Parks & Recreation Needs Assessment, Appendix A, May 2016.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
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CITY OF LAWNDALE

GENERAL PLAN UPDATE
LEGEND
City of Lawndale
Sphere of Influence
Planning Area
Adjacent Incorporated Area
Lawndale City Park
Los Angeles County Park
Sources: City of Lawndale; Los Angeles County.

Date: June 26, 2023.

Figure 5.16-1.

Parks and Recreation
Facilities
Crenshaw Blvd
Prairie Ave
W Rosecrans Ave
Hawthorne Blvd
Prairie Ave
Inglewood Ave
Manhattan Beach Blvd
Rosecrans Ave
Redondo Beach Blvd
Yukon Ave
Marine Ave
Condon Ave
147th St
171st St
Ainsworth Ave
Jefferson Ave
W 168th St
S La C ien e g a Blvd
M cB a i n A ve
Cranbrook Ave
S Doty Ave
Gerkin Ave
S Shoup Ave
W 170th St
Bodger Ave
Kornblum A ve
Carnegie Ln
Vanderbilt Ln
W 140th St
165th St
144th St
W 162nd St Ramona Ave
163rd St
Prairie Ave
170th St
Doty Ave
Johnston Ave
Dow Ave
Kingsdale Ave
Mansel Ave
153rd St
S Lemoli Ave
156th St
Cerise Ave
W 152nd St
Robinson St
Perkins Ln
Felton Ln
W 145th St
Mackay Ln
Freeman Ave
Osage Ave
May Ave
W 157th St
Burin Ave
Grevillea Ave
Firmona Ave
W 154th St
Gates Ave
Graham Ave
Curtis Ave
Voorhees Ave
Ruhland Ave
Nelson Ave
144th Pl
173 rd S t
175th Pl
W 171st St
S Eriel Ave
W 163rd St
168th St
164th St
167th St
W 173rd St 173rd Pl
W 166th St
W 142nd St
141st St
W 147th St
W 149th St
W 161st St
W 160th St
154th St
14 8 th S t
Lemoli Ave
166th St
Eastwood Ave
Chadron Ave
162nd St Beland Blvd
W 159th St
Yukon Ave
160th St
Larch Ave
172nd St
Fo nth ill A ve
153rd Pl
W 146th St
161st St
Avis Ave
139th St
169th St
159th St
W 156th St
W 139th St
142nd St
S Ermanita Ave
S Faysmith Ave
1 4 7 th P l Roselle Ave
Cordary Ave
S Florwood Ave
W 153rd St
W 154th St
175th St
Pinckard Ave
Gibson Ln
405
Artesia Blvd
Mathews Ave
H a w t h o r n e
R e d o n d o B e a c h
G a r d e n a
To r ra n c e
Hogan Park
Jane
Addams
Park
William
Green Park
Alondra Park
McKenzie
Community
Garden
Hopper Park
Harold E Hoffman
Community Center
Rogers/Anderson
Park
Rudolph Park
Bodger Park
0 500 1,000
Feet
Dominguez Channel
Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
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Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-1 Transportation

5.17 TRANSPORTATION

5.17.1 PURPOSE
This section describes the existing physical and operational conditions for the transportation system and provides an analysis of potential impacts to the transportation system associated with adoption and implementation of the General Plan Update. The impact analysis examines the roadway, transit, bicycle, and pedestrian components of the City’s transportation system. This section is based on the Lawndale General Plan CEQA Transportation Analysis, prepared by Kittelson & Associates, Inc., dated July 12, 2023, and included as Appendix F, Transportation Impact Analysis.

Under Senate Bill 743 as of July 1, 2020, local agencies may no longer rely on roadway/intersection delay and capacity-based analyses for California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) purposes. Agencies must analyze transportation impacts utilizing vehicle miles travelled (VMT), which measures the number of vehicle trips generated by a project and their average distance of travel to and from a project. These are calculated and assessed as rates (e.g., per capita for residential projects or per employee for commercial projects). The previous method of analyzing transportation impacts measured travel time delay at intersections and roadway segments and was assessed using a Level-of-Service (LOS) grade from LOS A to LOS F. Travel delay as measured by LOS is no longer a CEQA-related topic and is not discussed in this EIR.

5.17.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

EXISTING ROADWAY NETWORK
Freeways
Interstate 405 (I-405) is a major north-south interstate freeway that connects I-5 to coastal cities within the Los Angeles Basin, between west Los Angeles and Orange County. The freeway traverses the City of Lawndale from the northwest to the southeast.

Local Roadways
The City is supported by a network of core regional streets, including Hawthorne Boulevard, Inglewood Avenue, Prairie Avenue, Manhattan Beach Boulevard, Marine Avenue, Rosecrans Avenue, Redondo Beach Boulevard, and Artesia Boulevard, plus several smaller connecting streets that provide local connectivity.

Much of the street network was designed to prioritize cars over other modes of transportation. This is demonstrated by the abundance of public parking, wide streets and travel lanes, and limited pedestrian and bicycle connectivity and amenities. Key streets within the City are discussed below.

Hawthorne Boulevard is a major north-south roadway that spans the length of the City. It is a six to eight lane corridor (with three to four lanes in each direction) with on-street parking and a wide center median which is used for parking in some sections. The travel lanes are generally 12 to 14 feet wide, with wider outside lanes to accommodate on-street parking. On-street curbside parallel parking is permitted on both sides of Hawthorne Boulevard during specific timeframes. Two-hour parking is permitted in the center median outside the hours of 2:00 a.m. to 4:00 a.m. The surrounding land issues are primarily commercial, and the corridor provides direct access to I-405 south of Manhattan Beach Boulevard. Hawthorne Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-2 Transportation Boulevard acts as a major transit corridor, serving transit riders through LA Metro lines 40 and 740 (Rapid), as well as through Lawndale Beat’s Express and Residential Routes. The posted speed limit is 35 miles per hour. South of I-405, Hawthorne Boulevard is also known as California State Route 107 (SR-107).

Hawthorne Boulevard is under Caltrans jurisdiction; however, the City of Lawndale maintains it within City limits.

Inglewood Avenue is a major north-south connection through the City and forms the majority of Lawndale’s western boundary. Inglewood Avenue includes an interchange with I-405 south of Marine Avenue. South of I-405, where Inglewood Avenue abuts mostly residential land uses, the corridor is divided by a median. Three travel lanes are provided in each direction, with the outside lanes serving as flex lanes between through travel lanes and on-street parking. On-street parking is not permitted in the northbound direction from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. daily and Monday and Thursdays from 4:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. In the southbound direction, on-street parking is not permitted from 3:00 p.m. to 7:00 p.m. and on Wednesdays from 11:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. North of I-405, the surrounding land use include commercial properties, and the roadway has two to three lanes in each direction with a center turn lane and no onstreet parking. Between Marine Avenue and Rosecrans Avenue, there are several schools and a major commercial/shopping center. The posted speed limit is 40 miles per hour south of I-405 and 35 miles per hour north of I-405.

Prairie Avenue runs in the north-south direction and forms the eastern boundary of Lawndale. It primarily includes two travel lanes in each direction with a two-way center left-turn lane. On-street parking is available throughout the corridor, except for northbound, north of Manhattan Beach Boulevard. South of Marine Avenue, Prairie Avenue is mostly residential and is adjacent to Alondra Park and Golf Course, Will Rogers Middle School, and Anderson Elementary School. North of Marine Avenue, the roadway is surrounded by commercial uses, including a major shopping area at Rosecrans Avenue. The posted speed limit is 40 miles per hour.

Manhattan Beach Boulevard is an east-west corridor that connects Lawndale to Manhattan Beach to the west and Gardena to the east. It has two lanes in each direction, divided by a median. On-street parking is available on both sides of the street. Manhattan Beach Boulevard passes through an industrial area between Inglewood Avenue and I-405, crossing the Harbor Subdivision railway line. East of I-405, it provides access to residential areas and intermittent commercial development. Manhattan Beach Boulevard does not provide direct access to I-405. The posted speed limit is 40 miles per hour.

Marine Avenue is an east-west corridor with two lanes in each direction, undivided with an intermittent center left-turn lane. On-street parking is available in both directions except on Tuesday and Fridays from 4:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. Marine Avenue is mostly adjacent to commercial and light industrial land uses and provides access to several key destinations, including the LA Metro C Line (Green Line) station, Lawndale High School, and Jane Addams Park. The posted speed limit is 40 miles per hour.

Rosecrans Avenue is a major east-west corridor that forms the northern boundary of the City. Rosecrans Avenue has three travel lanes in each direction with a continuous center left-turn lane. On-street parking is available outside the hours of 6:30 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. on both sides of the road. Major commercial and residential developments and schools, including Leuzinger High School, are present along the corridor.

The posted speed limit is 40 miles per hour.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-3 Transportation Redondo Beach Boulevard runs along the southern boundary of the City and is a major thoroughfare connecting Lawndale to Gardena in the east. The corridor has two travel lanes in each direction with a continuous center left-turn lane. On-street parking is permitted throughout from 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., except Tuesdays and Fridays from 4:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m. Land uses along the corridor are primarily a mix of multi-family residential and commercial. The corridor also provides access to the I-405 freeway. The posted speed limit is 35 miles per hour.

Artesia Boulevard is an east-west corridor along the southern boundary of the city. Artesia Boulevard has three travel lanes in the eastbound direction and two travel lanes in the westbound direction with a raised center median. On-street parking is available in the westbound direction only. The corridor provides direct access to numerous commercial uses, including the South Bay Galleria mall. The posted speed limit is 35 miles per hour.

BICYCLE FACILITIES
The City of Lawndale does not currently provide any bicycle facilities on its street network. Facilities have been proposed through several documents and plans, including the South Bay Bicycle Master Plan (2011), the Los Angeles County Bicycle Master Plan (2012), and the LA Metro Bicycle Transportation Strategic Plan (2006). However, there are currently no bike-related projects included in Lawndale’s Capital Improvements Program.

Figure 5.17-1, Existing and Planned Bicycle Facilities, displays existing and planned bicycle facilities in the City and its immediate vicinity. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) categorizes bicycle facilities into four types, as described and depicted in the illustrations below. Note that while the graphics include typical widths for the various facilities, the exact configuration of a bike facility can vary depending on its location and the jurisdiction’s preferences.
• Class I Bikeway (Bike Path). Also known as a shared path or multi-use path, a bike path is a paved right-of-way for bicycle travel that is completely separate from any street or highway.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-4 Transportation • Class II Bikeway (Bike Lane). A striped and stenciled lane for one-way bicycle travel on a street or highway. This facility could include a buffered (typically painted) space between the bike lane and vehicle lane and the bike lane could be adjacent to on-street parking. • Class III Bikeway (Bike Route). A signed route along a street where the bicyclist shares the rightof-way with motor vehicles. This facility can also be designated using a shared-lane marking (sharrow).
• Class IV Bikeway (Separated Bike Lane). A bikeway for the exclusive use of bicycles including a separation required between the separated bikeway and the through vehicular traffic. The separation may include, but is not limited to, grade separation, flexible posts, inflexible physical barriers, or on-street parking.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-5 Transportation I-405 represents a major barrier for bicyclists in both the north/south and east/west directions. The only roadways that provide access under the freeway are Inglewood Avenue, Hawthorne Boulevard, Manhattan Beach Boulevard, 166th Street, and Redondo Beach Boulevard. The Metro rail right-of-way (ROW) also presents a challenge to bicyclists, especially in the residential area south of Manhattan Beach Boulevard. The only available railway crossings south of Manhattan Beach Boulevard are at 159th Street, 160th Street, 161st Street, 162nd Street, and 170th Street.

PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES
Most streets have paved sidewalks on both sides of the street. Crosswalks are generally provided at signalized or stop-controlled intersections on the arterial and collector roads. They are generally standard crosswalks and on all four approaches. Skewed crossings are common along principal arterials and cause longer pedestrian crossing times and distances. The City’s overall automobile-centric design creates long walking distances due to the nature of larger block sizes.

The City of Lawndale offers several types of facilities and amenities that support walking in the City. The availability and quality of pedestrian facilities vary throughout the City and were analyzed using seven key factors as shown in 5.17-1, Pedestrian Facility Conditions in Lawndale.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-6 Transportation Table 5.17-1
Pedestrian Facility Conditions in Lawndale
Factor Assessment Overview of Conditions
Sidewalks are generally provided on both sides of streets across the City. No significant gaps were identified across the City.

Sidewalks on local streets in residential neighborhoods throughout the City are generally in good condition, free of cracks or uplifts. While sidewalks are present along major corridors (such as Redondo Beach Boulevard, Manhattan Beach Boulevard, Inglewood Avenue, and Marine Avenue) conditions range from poor to fair, with some areas experiencing uplifts, cracks, and uneven surfaces.

Marked crosswalks are consistently provided at major intersections across the City. While marked crosswalks are provided at major intersections, approximately half of the intersections have faded markings.

Shading is provided across the City in the form of tree landscaping on both sides of local streets. Less shading is observed, however, on Rosecrans Avenue, Prairie Avenue, and Crenshaw Boulevard.

The City road network is generally flat without steep grade changes at the pedestrian level.

Within Lawndale’s residential neighborhoods, buffers consist of grass, trees, and other landscaping. Along major corridors, however, sidewalks are generally constructed adjacent to the roadways; many streets allow on-street parking.

Within Lawndale’s residential neighborhoods, the primary amenity is street landscaping. There are six neighborhood parks, including William Green Park, Roger Anderson Park, and Jane Addams Park, that are accessible to pedestrians. Major roads, however, offer few pedestrianlevel amenities, and retail is generally not pedestrian-facing.

Legend
Facilities are generally present and in good
condition Facilities are generally not present or in poor condition
Source: De Novo Planning, City of Lawndale General Plan Existing Conditions Report, 2023.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-7 Transportation

TRANSIT SERVICE
Transit service in the Planning Area is provided primarily by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro) and the Lawndale Beat. LA Metro provides bus and passenger rail service throughout Los Angeles County. The Lawndale Beat runs a fixed-route bus service throughout the City of Lawndale. The adjacent cities of Gardena and Torrance also provide local transit options that operate through Lawndale. Figure 5.17-2, Existing and Planned Transit Routes, displays existing and planned transit routes that serve Lawndale.

Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro) LA Metro provides bus, light rail, and heavy rail service for travel within Los Angeles County. LA Metro currently offers bus service throughout the City, including local and rapid fixed-route services. LA Metro’s transit stops are often shared stops with the Lawndale Beat. Three major shared transit stops are located just outside of the City limits: at the LA Metro C Line (Green Line) terminus near Marine Avenue and Redondo Beach Avenue; on Douglas Street north of Rosecrans Avenue; and at South Bay Galleria south of Artesia Boulevard.

Table 5.17-2, LA Metro Bus Service in Lawndale, describes the local LA Metro Bus routes in the City. While LA Metro does not offer rail service through Lawndale, the C Line (Green Line) ends just west of the City limits at the Redondo Beach Station on Marine Avenue, west of I-405. Metro has conducted an environmental analysis and is considering alignments to extend the C Line (Green Line) approximately 4.6 miles south through Lawndale into Torrance by 2028.

Table 5.17-2
LA Metro Bus Service in Lawndale
Route Route Type Description
40 Local Downtown Los Angeles to South Bay Galleria via Martin Luther King Boulevard and Hawthorne Boulevard
125 Local El Segundo to Norwalk Station via Rosecrans Avenue 210 Local Hollywood/Vine Station to South Bay Galleria via Crenshaw Boulevard 211/215 Local Inglewood to South Bay Galleria via Prairie Avenue/Inglewood Avenue Source: Lawndale General Plan CEQA Transportation Analysis, prepared by Kittelson & Associates, Inc., dated July 12, 2023.

Lawndale Beat
Lawndale Beat provides a local transit option through the operation of two fixed-route bus routes: Express Route and Residential Route. The Express Route offers service from LA Metro’s C Line (Green Line) Station on Marine Avenue to the Galleria at South Bay shopping area south of Artesia Boulevard on Hawthorne Boulevard. The Residential Route provides service to various residential areas, parks, schools, and shopping areas.

The Express Route operates with a 40-minute headway, running from 7:20 a.m. to 5:55 p.m. on weekdays, 8:40 a.m. to 5:55 p.m. on Saturdays, and 9:20 a.m. to 3:55 p.m. on Sundays and holidays. The Residential Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-8 Transportation Route has a 50-minute headway, running from 7:00 a.m. to 6:39 p.m. on weekdays, 8:40 a.m. to 5:49 p.m. on Saturdays, and 10:20 a.m. to 5:49 p.m. on Sundays and holidays. Stops for both routes are often shared with LA Metro routes.

Other Transit Agencies
The neighboring cities of Gardena and Torrance operate fixed-route bus service that serves areas within and surrounding Lawndale. Gardena’s GTrans Line 1X runs along Marine Avenue through Lawndale, connecting Gardena to LA Metro’s C Line (Green Line); and Line 3 runs along Redondo Beach Boulevard to South Bay Galleria. Torrance Transit’s Lines 2, 8, and 13 also run through Lawndale along Artesia Boulevard, the City’s southern boundary.

FREIGHT AND GOODS MOVEMENT
The Surface Transportation Assistance Act (STAA) of 1982 defines a network of state facilities as truck routes which accommodate large trucks. I-405, which runs through Lawndale, is an STAA-designated truck route. Lawndale’s Municipal Code also designates several local roads as local truck routes. Changes to the truck route network are subject to public hearings and consideration by the Traffic Safety Commission and City Council prior to their adoption. These routes are described in Table 5.17-3, Existing Truck Routes and displayed in Figure 5.17-3, Existing Truck Routes.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-9 Transportation Table 5.17-3
Existing Truck Routes
On Road From Road To Road Direction of
Travel
Hawthorne Boulevard Redondo Beach Boulevard South of Rosecrans Avenue N/S Inglewood Avenue Artesia Boulevard South of Rosecrans Avenue N Marine Avenue South of 147th Street S
Prairie Avenue Redondo Beach Boulevard Rosecrans Boulevard S Rosecrans Avenue East of Inglewood Avenue Prairie Avenue E/W Marine Avenue I-405 Prairie Avenue W
Inglewood Avenue Prairie Avenue E
Manhattan Beach
Boulevard
Inglewood Avenue Prairie Avenue E/W
Artesia Boulevard Inglewood Avenue Redondo Beach Boulevard W Redondo Beach Boulevard Artesia Boulevard Prairie Avenue W I-405 North of Manhattan Beach
Boulevard
Redondo Beach Boulevard N/S
Source: De Novo Planning, City of Lawndale General Plan Existing Conditions Report, 2023.

Additional goods movement through the City is supported by the Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) Railroad. Currently, a freight rail runs through the City of Lawndale along the Harbor Subdivision line, crossing into Lawndale at Inglewood Avenue north of Manhattan Beach Boulevard and running south parallel to Condon Boulevard to the City limits. This route is currently being considered as a future alignment for the extension of LA Metro’s C Line (Green Line) light rail.

EXISTING VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED
Table 5.17-4, Existing Conditions (2023) VMT, shows the existing VMT levels in Lawndale and the existing Los Angeles Countywide average VMT per capita and VMT per employee. Two types of VMT were determined:
• VMT per Capita: This calculation represents the VMT for all home-based trips that originate within an area, divided by the area’s resident population.
• VMT per Employee: This calculation represents the VMT for all work-based trips that originate or end within an area, divided by that area’s employee population.

As shown in Table 5.17-4, the City’s existing VMT per capita is approximately 23 percent below the County average and the City’s existing VMT per employee is approximately 10 percent below the County average.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-10 Transportation Table 5.17-4
Existing Conditions (2023) VMT
Units Los Angeles County
2023 Existing Conditions
Lawndale
2023 Existing Conditions
VMT per Capita 12.81 9.87
VMT per Employee 18.13 16.26
Source: Source: Lawndale General Plan CEQA Transportation Analysis, prepared by Kittelson & Associates, Inc., dated July 12, 2023.

5.17.3 REGULATORY SETTING

FEDERAL
Americans With Disabilities Act
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) provides comprehensive rights and protections to individuals with disabilities. The goal of the ADA is to assure equality of opportunity, full participation, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency. To implement this goal, the United States Access Board has created accessibility guidelines for public rights-of-way. The guidelines address various issues, including roadway design practices, slope and terrain issues, pedestrian access to streets, sidewalks, curb ramps, street furnishings, pedestrian signals, parking, and other components of public rights-of-way.

The City of Lawndale is committed to ensure that people with disabilities have access to City programs, services, activities, and facilities. In all of its services, programs, events, activities, facilities, and public meetings, the City strives to eliminate any barriers that prohibit people with disabilities from full access to facilities.

Federal Highway Administration
The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is a Federal agency that focuses on national highway programs. FHWA administers and manages Federal highway programs and establishes national standards.

The FHWA publishes the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) which specifies the standards for street markings, traffic signals, and street signs in the United States. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) developed the 2014 California MUTCD (Rev. 6) based on the FHWA MUTCD.

STATE
California Department of Transportation
The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) is the primary State agency responsible for transportation oversight. One of its duties is the construction and maintenance of the State highway system. Caltrans has established standards for roadway traffic flow and developed procedures to determine if State-controlled facilities require improvements. For projects that may physically affect facilities or require access to a state highway, Caltrans requires encroachment permits before such activity Lawndale General Plan Update

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-11 Transportation may be undertaken. For projects that would not physically affect facilities but may influence traffic flow and levels of services at such facilities, Caltrans may recommend measures to mitigate the traffic impacts of such projects.

Additionally, the following Caltrans procedures and directives are relevant to transportation improvements in the City:
• Caltrans recently updated its transportation analysis guidelines to reflect a statewide shift from LOS to VMT. Caltrans has provided guidance in three recent publications: Vehicle Miles TraveledFocused Transportation Impact Study Guide (May 2020), Transportation Analysis Under CEQA:

Evaluating Transportation Impacts of State Highway System Projects (September 2020), and Transportation Analysis Framework: Evaluating Transportation Impacts of State Highway System Projects (September 2020).
• Traffic Safety Bulletin 20-02-R1 (Interim Local Development Intergovernmental Review Safety Review Practitioners Guide) provides instructions to Caltrans staff, lead agencies, developers, and consultants conducting safety reviews for proposed land use projects and plans affecting the state highway system. This guidance establishes the safety impact review expectations for Caltrans and lead agencies to comply with CEQA. This guidance is part of the shift away from using LOS or other similar metrics to assess transportation impacts.
• The Caltrans Project Development Procedures Manual outlines pertinent statutory requirements, planning policies, and implementing procedures regarding transportation facilities. It is continually and incrementally updated to reflect changes in policy and procedures. For example, the most recent revision incorporates the Complete Streets policy from Deputy Directive 64-R1, which is detailed below.
o Caltrans Deputy Directive 64 (2001) requires Caltrans to consider the needs of nonmotorized travelers, including pedestrians, bicyclists, and persons with disabilities, in all programming, planning, maintenance, construction, operations, and project development activities and products. This includes incorporation of the best available standards in all of the Department’s practices.
o Caltrans Deputy Directive 64-R1 (2014) requires Caltrans to provide for the needs of travelers of all ages and abilities in all planning, programming, design, construction, operations, and maintenance activities and products on the state highway system.

Caltrans supports bicycle, pedestrian, and transit travel with a focus on “complete streets” that begins early in system planning and continues through project construction and maintenance and operations.
• Caltrans Director’s Policy 22 (2001) establishes support for balancing transportation needs with community goals. Caltrans seeks to involve and integrate community goals in the planning, design, construction, and maintenance and operations processes, including accommodating the needs of bicyclists and pedestrians.
• Caltrans, as a responsible agency under CEQA, is available for early consultation on a project to provide guidance on applicable transportation analysis methodologies or other transportation Lawndale General Plan Update

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-12 Transportation related issues and is responsible for reviewing the traffic impact study for errors and omissions pertaining to the state highway facilities.

Assembly Bill 32, Senate Bill 32, and Senate Bill 375
Assembly Bill (AB) 32, also known as the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, committed California to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. In 2016, Senate Bill (SB) 32 added a new target: reducing statewide emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.

The California Air Resources Board (CARB) adopted its first Climate Change Scoping Plan (Scoping Plan) in 2008, which functions as a roadmap of CARB’s plans to achieve GHG reductions in California required by Assembly Bill (AB) 32 through subsequently enacted regulations. Updates to the Scoping Plan occurred in 2013, 2017, and 2022. The 2022 Scoping Plan Update was adopted by the CARB on December 15, 2022.

The 2022 Scoping Plan Update assesses progress towards the SB 32 GHG reduction target of at least 40 percent below 1990 emissions by 2030, while laying out a path to achieving carbon neutrality no later than 2045 and a reduction in anthropogenic emissions by 85 percent below 1990 levels.

SB 375 provides guidance for curbing emissions from cars and light trucks to help California comply with AB 32. There are five major components to SB 375:
• CARB will guide the adoption of GHG emission targets to be met by each Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) in the State.
• MPOs are required to create a Sustainable Communities Strategy (SCS) that provides a plan for meeting these regional targets. The SCS must be consistent with the Regional Transportation Plan (RTP).
• Regional housing elements and transportation plans must be synchronized on eight-year schedules. Also, the SCS and Regional Housing Needs Assessment (RHNA) must be consistent with each other.
• CEQA is streamlined for preferred development types such as mixed-use projects and transitoriented developments (TODs) if they meet specific requirements. • MPOs must use transportation and air emission modeling methodologies consistent with California Transportation Commission (CTC) guidelines.

California Complete Streets Act of 2008 (AB 1358)
Passed in 2008, California’s Complete Streets Act took effect in 2011 and requires local jurisdictions to plan for land use transportation policies that reflect a “complete streets” approach to mobility. “Complete streets” comprises a suite of policies and street design guidelines which provide for the needs of all road users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, transit operators and riders, children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities. From 2011 onward, any local jurisdiction—county or city—that undertakes a substantive update of the circulation element of its general plan must consider “complete streets” and incorporate corresponding policies and programs. In 2010, the California Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR) released guidelines for compliance with this legislation which provide direction on how circulation elements can best plan for a variety of travel modes such as transit, walking, bicycling, and freight.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-13 Transportation Senate Bill 743
On September 27, 2013, Senate Bill (SB) 743 was signed into law. SB 743 has fundamentally changed transportation impact analysis as part of CEQA compliance. In its Technical Advisory on Evaluating Transportation Impacts in CEQA (December 2018), OPR provides recommendations for jurisdictions to implement SB 743-compliant transportation analyses. OPR’s recommendations are not binding and lead agencies ultimately have the discretion to set or apply their own significance thresholds, provided they are based on significant evidence. Key guidance includes:
• VMT is the most appropriate metric to evaluate a project’s transportation impact. • OPR recommends tour- and trip-based travel models to estimate VMT, but ultimately defers to local agencies to determine the appropriate tools.
• OPR recommends measuring VMT for residential and office projects on a “per rate” basis.

Specifically, OPR recommends VMT per capita for residential projects and VMT per employee for office projects.
• OPR’s recommended impact threshold for residential and office projects is VMT per capita fifteen percent below the city or regional average (whichever is applied). In other words, an office project that generates VMT per employee that is more than 85 percent of the regional VMT per employee could result in a significant impact. This threshold is in line with statewide greenhouse gas emission reduction targets.
• For retail projects, OPR recommends measuring the net decrease or increase in VMT in the study area with and without the project. The recommended impact threshold is any increase in total VMT.
• Lead agencies ultimately have the discretion to set or apply their own significance thresholds, provided they are based on significant evidence.
• Cities and counties still can use metrics such as LOS for other plans, studies, or network monitoring. However, LOS and similar metrics cannot constitute the sole basis for CEQA impacts.

For land use and transportation projects, SB 743-compliant CEQA analysis became mandatory on July 1, 2020.

CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3 describes how transportation impacts are to be analyzed under SB 743.

It states that in general transportation impacts are best measured by evaluating the project’s vehicle miles traveled. For land use projects, VMT exceeding an applicable threshold of significance may indicate a significant impact.

The City of Lawndale has not adopted VMT criteria to evaluate transportation impacts under CEQA. For the purpose of this analysis, the Governor’s Office Planning and Research (OPR) technical advisory is being used for the traffic impact analysis guidelines. The technical advisory serves as a tool for the City to evaluate the effects a development will have on the City’s transportation infrastructure, identify improvements required to maintain the Level of Service (LOS) standards and address Section XV (Transportation/Traffic) of Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-14 Transportation Assembly Bill 417
In October 2013, AB 417 created a statutory CEQA exemption for bicycle plans in urbanized areas. Before the passage of this bill, cities and counties that prepared bicycle plans were required to carry out a CEQA review. AB 417 exempts the following types of bicycle projects in an urbanized area:
• Restriping of streets and highways;
• Bicycle parking and storage;
• Signal timing to improve intersection operations; and • Signage for bicycles, pedestrians, and vehicles.

However, not all bicycle plans are exempt if certain conditions are met (e.g., a new Class I bicycle trail through a sensitive natural area).

LOCAL
Southern California Association of Governments
Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) is a federally designated MPO and is made up of six counties and 191 cities. SCAG develops long-range regional transportation plans including sustainable communities’ strategies and growth forecast components, regional transportation improvement programs, regional housing needs allocations, and a portion of the South Coast Air Quality Management Plans.

On May 7, 2020, SCAG’s Regional Council adopted Connect SoCal, the 2020-2045 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy (RTP/SCS), which is an update of the previous 2016 RTP/SCS. The plan is a long-range visioning plan that builds upon and expands land use and transportation strategies established over several planning cycles to increase mobility options and achieve a more sustainable growth pattern. Connect SoCal outlines more than $638 billion in transportation system investments in the region through 2045, and charts a path toward a more mobile, sustainable, and prosperous region.

The 2020 RTP/SCS describes how the region can attain the GHG emission-reduction targets set by CARB by achieving a 19 percent reduction by 2035 compared to the 2005 level. Although the focus of the 2020 RTP/SCS is on GHG emission-reduction, compliance with and implementation of 2020 RTP/SCS policies and strategies would also have co-benefits of reducing per capita criteria air pollutant and TAC emissions associated with reduced per capita VMT. Improved air quality with implementation of the 2020 RTP/SCS policies would decrease reactive organic gases (ROG) (i.e., VOCs), CO, NOx, and PM2.5.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-15 Transportation In addition, the 2020 RTP/SCS includes goals and strategies to promote active transportation and improve transportation demand management (TDM). The 2020 RTP/SCS strategies support local planning and projects that serve short trips, increase access to transit, expand understanding and consideration of public health in the development of local plans and projects, and support improvements in sidewalk quality, local bike networks, and neighborhood mobility areas. The 2020 RTP/SCS proposes to better align active transportation investments with land use and transportation strategies, increase competitiveness of local agencies for Federal and state funding, and to expand the potential for all people to use active transportation.

SCAG also develops and maintains the regional travel demand model. Several local and county agencies have developed subregional travel demand models based on the SCAG model.

Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Agency (Metro) coordinates transportation planning efforts throughout Los Angeles County and programs local, regional, State and Federal funding for project implementation. Additionally, it prepares the Congestion Management Program (CMP), a plan mandated by California law to describe the strategies to address congestion problems on the CMP network, which includes State highways and principal arterials. The CMP Guidelines require analysis of the Metropolitan Transportation System (MTS) roadway and transit system and uses level of service standards to measure congestion and to determine how local governments meet CMP standards.

The 2020 Long Range Transportation Plan (LRTP) provides a detailed roadmap for how Metro will plan, build, operate, maintain, and partner for improved mobility in the next 30 years. The LRTP guides future funding plans and policies needed to move LA County forward for a more mobile, resilient, accessible and sustainable future. The adopted 2020 plan lays out a strategy for meeting transportation needs for all users in LA County and includes projects and other improvements for new and existing freeways, local streets, and public transit (paratransit, buses, rails, ferries), as well as facilities and programs to support bicycling and walking.

Metro has several countywide planning efforts that outline regional networks and provide guidance on best practices. These plans include the Countywide Multimodal Arterial Plan, the Countywide Goods Movement Plan, the Countywide Transit Plan, the Active Transportation Strategic Plan, and the First Last Mile Strategic Plan.

South Bay Bicycle Master Plan
The 2011 South Bay Bicycle Master Plan, prepared for the Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition and the South Bay Bicycle Coalition, aims to develop and maintain a cohesive and connected bicycle network and policy strategy for the cities of El Segundo, Gardena, Hermosa Beach, Lawndale, Manhattan Beach, Redondo Beach, and Torrance. The plan proposes the installation of 213 additional miles of bike facilities, including over 20 miles of bicycle facilities within Lawndale. The plan generally recommends adding Class II bicycle lanes to the City’s arterial streets and designating key collector and local streets as “bike-friendly streets.”
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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-16 Transportation South Bay Cities Council of Governments
The South Bay Cities Council of Governments (SBCCOG) is a joint powers authority government agency of 16 cities and Los Angeles County. SBCCOG developed the Local Travel Network (LTN) to support the growing local use of “micromobility” and the use of zero-emission, slow speed vehicles. Such devices include neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs)—which appear similar to golf carts, e-bikes, non-motorized pedal bikes, e-scooters, e-bikes and other “novelty” zero-emission, slow speed mobility devices such as one-wheels (electric skateboards).

In May 2021, the SBCCOG board passed a resolution that directed the SBCCOG to begin implementation of the Local Travel Network in the South Bay. The scope of creating a 243-mile LTN necessitated it be implemented in phases. The initial phase was separated into two corridor projects:
• Phase 1: El Segundo, Manhattan Beach, Hermosa Beach, and Redondo Beach • Phase 2: Hawthorne, Lawndale, Gardena, Inglewood, Carson, Lomita, Torrance, areas of unincorporated Los Angeles County as well as the communities of Wilmington, Harbor City, and San Pedro.

Lawndale Municipal Code
Municipal Code Chapter 10.50, Truck Routes, establishes designated truck routes for the primary use of commercial truck traffic through the City of Lawndale, specifically designated for use by licensed vehicles exceeding ten-thousand-pound gross weight.

Section 17.36.220, Temporary Storage of Construction Materials, and Section 17.36.230, Temporary Storage- City Construction Materials and Other Public Agency Construction Materials, regulate construction materials and equipment. In particular, Section 17.36.220 requires construction activities to keep adjacent sidewalks, public streets, and, alleys, to be kept free of trash, dirt, debris, or other material for the duration of the construction, as well as sixty days following substantial completion of such construction. Section 17.36.230 allows property in any zone to be used for the storage of materials, equipment and/or for a contractor’s temporary office for any city construction project and/or other public agency construction projects.

Lawndale Parkway Design Policy Guidelines
First developed in 2018 and updated in July 2020, the Lawndale Parkway Design Policy Guidelines outlines specific guidelines and standards for parkways in the City. Parkways are defined as a portion of the public right-of-way that includes the strip of land between the street and the walkway. In Lawndale, property owners adjacent to the parkway are responsible for maintaining the area, except for street trees that are maintained by the City.

5.17.4 SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA AND THRESHOLDS
Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines contains the Initial Study Environmental Checklist, which includes questions related to transportation. A significant transportation impact would occur if the Project would:

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-17 Transportation • Conflict with an applicable plan, ordinance, or policy addressing the circulation system, including transit, roadway, bicycle, and pedestrian facilities (refer to Impact Statement TR-1); • Conflict or be inconsistent with CEQA Guidelines section 15064.3, subdivision (b) (refer to Impact Statement TR-2);
• Substantially increase hazards due to a geometric design feature (e.g., sharp curves or dangerous intersections) or incompatible uses (e.g., farm equipment) (refer to Impact Statement TR-3); and/or
• Result in inadequate emergency access (refer to Impact Statement TR-4).

VEHICLE MILES TRAVELED THRESHOLDS
As previously discussed, the City has not adopted VMT thresholds and has not published guidelines for the preparation of transportation studies. Under CEQA, lead agencies have the discretion to choose the most appropriate methodology to evaluate VMT and have discretion to choose their own significance thresholds. The Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR) provided a Technical Advisory containing guidelines related to VMT analysis methodology, thresholds, and mitigation. In Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) counties, OPR recommends that the significance threshold for residential and office projects be based on comparisons of VMT/capita and VMT/employee generated by the project to regional and city-wide average values. Lead agencies are encouraged in Section 15064.7 of the CEQA Guidelines to adopt significance thresholds through a formal adoption process but may also apply thresholds on a case-by-case basis. Since the City has not officially adopted VMT thresholds and guidelines for the preparation of transportation studies, this analysis relies on guidance from the OPR technical advisory to evaluate CEQA guidelines for VMT.

OPR recommended thresholds for residential and office land uses as follows:
• Residential: A project exceeding a level of 15% below existing VMT per capita for the city or region may indicate a significant transportation impact.
• Office: A project exceeding a level of 15% below existing regional VMT per employee may indicate a significant transportation impact.

For typical land development projects, such as residential, office, and commercial spaces, the VMT comparison is normally relative to the existing year (e.g., 2023). Since the General Plan Update is anticipated to take multiple years to be implemented and developed, it is more appropriate to calculate the project-generated VMT under the long-term 2045 horizon year (which would be consistent with the anticipated implementation of the General Plan). Based on this approach, if the VMT per capita or VMT per employee is lower in the horizon year with the General Plan Update than the respective metrics under existing conditions, the General Plan Update would have a less than significant impact on VMT. In summary, the following VMT thresholds apply as project impacts:
• The General Plan Update’s residential generated VMT under 2045 horizon year conditions would be compared to 15 percent below the baseline region-wide VMT/capita average to determine impact significance.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-18 Transportation • The General Plan Update’s office generated VMT under 2045 horizon year conditions would be compared to 15 percent below the baseline region-wide VMT/employee average to determine impact significance.

A cumulative impact consists of an impact which is created as a result of the combination of the Project with other projects causing related impacts. A plan/project has cumulatively considerable environmental effects (i.e., is significant) when the incremental effects of the plan/project are significant when viewed in connection with the effects of other projects, including probable future projects. According to OPR’s Technical Advisory, a project that falls below an efficiency-based threshold (such as VMT per capita or VMT per employee) that is aligned with long-term environmental goals and relevant plans would have no cumulative impact distinct from the project impact. Accordingly, a finding of a less than significant project impact would imply a less than significant cumulative impact. A significant cumulative impact may also occur if the project is not consistent with the RTP/SCS. In summary, a significant cumulative VMT impact would occur if the Project threshold is exceeded, or if the Project is determined to be inconsistent with the RTP/SCS.

Travel Demand Model
Existing (2023) VMT and future VMT were estimated using the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) travel demand model. Calculations for the VMT for the Project were determined for the transportation analysis zones (TAZs) that most closely represent the study area including the City limits and Sphere of Influence.

The daily activity patterns in the travel model are based on a statistical analysis of a household travel survey, where a representative sample of households were asked to track all daily activities and trips by all members of their household. The travel model was calibrated to these surveyed travel patterns, and also validated by its ability to replicate counted traffic volumes, transit ridership, and total VMT from traffic count sources.

The version of the SCAG model that has been used for VMT analysis in most communities in the SCAG region has a base year of 2012 and a forecast year of 2040.

Modeled Scenarios
The following scenarios were reviewed and developed to provide VMT and roadway segment forecasts:
• 2023 Existing Conditions: corresponds to an interpolation between the SCAG model 2012 base year and the 2045 forecast conditions.
• 2045 No Project: corresponds to 2045 horizon year conditions under the existing (currently adopted) General Plan. It consists of the adopted general plan network and land uses, and assumes allowable land use buildout with current zoning. Outside of the Lawndale Planning Area, the forecasts use the 2040 SCAG RTP land use forecast.
• 2045 Project: corresponds to 2045 conditions with maximum development potential with the General Plan Update, including the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan. Outside of the Lawndale Planning Area, the forecasts use the 2040 SCAG RTP land use forecast.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-19 Transportation

5.17.5 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
TR-1: Would the project conflict with a program plan, ordinance or policy addressing the circulation system, including transit, roadways, bicycle and pedestrian facilities? Impact Analysis:

CIRCULATION SYSTEM
No specific development projects are proposed as part of the Lawndale General Plan Update. The update will accommodate future growth in the City, including new businesses, expansion of existing businesses, and new residential uses. New growth is anticipated to occur primarily within the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area. The General Plan Update Mobility Element does not propose any roadway changes or increases in roadway capacity.

The Mobility Element developed as part of the General Plan Update contain goals, policies, and actions that support access to and the performance of the circulation system. Specifically, proposed Mobility Element Goal M-1 promotes a safe circulation system for the Planning Area. Policy M-1.5 ensures that new developments in the City provide appropriate and feasible improvements to improve traffic flow and roadway operations. Policy M-1.7 encourages the development of traffic calming strategies to slow traffic and promote safety. Action M-1b directs the City to continue to update and implement projects in the City’s Capital Improvement Plan to maintain the roadway network. As a result, implementation of the General Plan Update would not conflict with applicable plans, polices, or ordinances related to vehicle circulation, and its impact on the City’s circulation system is considered less than significant.

BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION
The proposed Mobility Element references and incorporates the South Bay Bicycle Master Plan and the SBCCOG Local Travel Network, which include bicycling and walking improvements, and facilities that will improve non-motorized accessibility and connectivity throughout the City. The proposed Mobility Element includes new planned bike facilities on several key roadways including but not limited to Hawthorne Boulevard, Inglewood Avenue, Prairie Avenue, Rosecrans Avenue, Manhattan Beach Boulevard, and Artesia Boulevard. Implementation of the General Plan Update would also enhance the pedestrian experience by providing a more walkable and denser environment, especially in the HBSP area.

The Mobility Element developed as part of the General Plan Update contains goals, policies, and actions that support access to and the performance of bicycle and pedestrian facilities. Specifically, Mobility Element Policy M-3.1 requires the City to apply Complete Street principals, which are streets that are designed to provide safe travels for all modes of travel, to all transportation improvement projects. Policy M-6.4 directs the City to identify and eliminate gaps in sidewalks and bikeways to create a more complete active transportation network. Policy M-6.5 requires new developments in the City to provide bicycle and pedestrian facilities. Action M-6b directs the City to implement the South Bay Bicycle Master Plan during roadways projects as funding allows. The implementation of policies and actions contained in the General Plan Update would ensure that the Project would not conflict with a program plan, ordinance, or policy addressing bicycle facilities. Therefore, the Project’s impact is considered less than significant.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-20 Transportation

PUBLIC TRANSIT SYSTEM
The City does not have defined measures of effectiveness for public transit service and circulation. The proposed General Plan Update would be expected to increase demand for travel via public transit given the proposed development and expected increase in residents and employees. This population and job growth within the City could increase the demand for public transit but also result in increased levels of vehicular traffic which could slow transit operations and impact transit reliability. The Mobility Element developed as part of the General Plan Update includes policies to support and enhance transit service.

Specifically, Mobility Element Policy M-5.2 encourages the City to coordinate with local public transit provides to plan and improve local transit service and transit facilities. Policy M-5.3 requires that new developments construct transit facilities when appropriate. The implementation of policies and actions contained in the General Plan Update would ensure that the Project would not conflict with a program plan, ordinance, or policy addressing the public transit system. Therefore, the Project’s impact is considered less than significant.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

MOBILITY ELEMENT
Goal M-1: Local Circulation System. A community served by a safe circulation system with adequate traffic flow on arterial roadways and minimized adverse traffic effects on residential neighborhoods.

Policy M-1.5: Development-Related Traffic Impacts. Impose conditions on new development to provide appropriate and feasible improvements to enhance and/or prevent the impediment to traffic flow, parking, ADA accessibility and roadway operations.

Policy M-1.7: Traffic Calming on Local Streets. Encourage traffic calming strategies, such as diverters, median islands, and speed humps, and incorporation of traffic calming design in Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-21 Transportation residential and school areas to slow traffic and promote safety, while not reducing parking supply.

Action M-1a: Periodically review and assess the vehicular level of service along City facilities to determine, what, if any, improvements are warranted to maintain a safe and efficient flow of traffic throughout the City of Lawndale. Based on a thorough review of facility operations and funding availability, improvements should be included in the City’s Capital Improvement Plan and/or required as part of project approval through the development review process.

Action M-1b: Continue to update and implement projects in the City’s Capital Improvement Plan to maintain and repair roadways; construct and improve roadways to build out the roadway network to ensure adequate levels of service.

Goal M-3: Complete Streets. A community with a well-designed and built transportation network that is safe, accessible, comfortable, and convenient for all transportation modes and users
Policy M-3.1: Complete Streets for Roadway Projects. Apply Complete Streets principles to all transportation improvements projects (e.g. safety, intelligent transportation systems, roads and intersections widening, transit facilities).

Policy M-3.2: Multimodal Connectivity. Link activity centers, employment centers, public facilities, and schools to transit and active transportation facilities, wherever feasible.

Policy M-3.3: Streetscape Improvements. Require roadway, sidewalk, and median improvements that enhance the visual character of the roadway system and promote pedestrian and bicycle safety.

Policy M-3.6: Safe Routes to School. Provide infrastructure improvements, enforcement and incentives to support Safe Route to School programs and promote walking and bicycling to local schools.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-22 Transportation Policy M-5.1: Transit Use. Support programs encouraging public transit use by people living in, working in, or visiting Lawndale.

Policy M-5.3: Transit Facilities. Require new developments to construct, when appropriate, transit facilities, including bus turn-outs, lighted bus shelters, and route information signage.

Policy M-5.6: Effects of New Technologies on Transit Use. Monitor the development of new mobility technologies and the potential effects on transit demand and how users access public transit.

Action M-5a: Continue on-going coordination with transit authorities toward the expansion of transit facilities.

ActionM-5b: Work with Metro to increase transit service frequency, speed, and reliability and increase ridership and to strengthen linkages and access to the C line rail stations.

Goal M-6: Active Transportation. A community with a comprehensive network of pedestrian and bicycle facilities that encourages active transportation.

Policy M-6.4: Sidewalk and Bikeway Gaps. Create a connected and complete active transportation network by identifying and eliminating gaps in sidewalks and bikeways.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-23 Transportation Policy M-6.6: Effects of New Technologies on Active Transportation. Monitor the development of mobility new technologies and the potential effects on designing a transportation network that accommodates all modes and users.

Action M-6a: As part of development review and specific plans, review any existing gaps in active transportation infrastructure that inhibit mobility.

Action M-6b: Implement of the South Bay Bicycle Master Plan when roadways are being rehabilitated or resurfaces, as funding allows.

Action M-6c: Review and update the City’s Municipal Code, as necessary, to consider bicycle and pedestrian access as part of the site plan review for new development projects.

Policy RM-1.10: Service Area Radius. Focus new park facilities in areas that are outside a 1/2-mile walking radius from an existing or proposed park or bike trail, and enhance options for residents to access these facilities through safe walking, bicycling, and transit routes. Physical barriers such as I-405 should also be considered when evaluating service area and access.

Policy RM-4.4: Transportation Options. Promote alternative modes of transportation to reduce vehicular emissions and improve air quality. (See Mobility Element) Policy RM-4.5: Walkability. Encourage pedestrian-scale development and pedestrian-friendly design features to reduce vehicle emissions. (See Mobility Element) Policy RM-4.6: Land Use Planning. Encourage and incentivize higher density and mixed-use development opportunities within designated areas of the City to lessen the impacts of traffic congestion on local air quality. (See Land Use Element) Action RM-4g: Evaluate and consider multi-modal transportation benefits to all City employees, such as free or low-cost monthly public transportation (bus) passes. Encourage employer participation in similar programs. Encourage new transit/shuttle services and use.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-24 Transportation Action RM-4h: Establish programs that encourage community car-sharing and carpooling.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ELEMENT
Policy ED-4.2: Streetscape Improvements. Enhance aesthetics and “curb appeal” of the Hawthorne corridor with strategic investments such as landscaping, outdoor lighting, wayfinding, entry and building façade improvements, and other initiatives that increase its attractiveness for businesses and consumers.

Policy ED-4.3: Accessibility. Enhance City and regional connectivity by supporting multimodal transportation options along Hawthorne Boulevard and other major City thoroughfares.

Action ED-4c: Implement strategies and actions in the Mobility Element and the Hawthorne Specific Boulevard Plan that promote infrastructure improvements and land use policies that will enhance economic activity and accessibility.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

TR-2: Would the project conflict or be inconsistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3, subdivision (b)?
Impact Analysis: A significant Project VMT or cumulative VMT impact would occur:
• Project Threshold: if the Project’s 2045 VMT per capita or VMT per employee exceeds 15 percent below the existing Los Angeles countywide average VMT per capita, or VMT per employee, respectively.
• Cumulative Threshold: if the Project threshold is exceeded, or if the Project is determined to be inconsistent with the RTP/SCS.

Table 5.17-5, VMT Generated by Land Uses, summarizes the VMT results for the 2023 existing conditions, the applicable thresholds to evaluate potential project impacts, and the future two VMT scenarios.

Table 5.17-5
VMT Generated by Land Uses
Units Los Angeles County
2023 Existing Conditions
Lawndale
2023 Existing Conditions
Lawndale
2045 Project
VMT per Capita 12.81 9.87 9.19
VMT per Employee 18.13 16.26 14.78
Source: Source: Lawndale General Plan CEQA Transportation Analysis, prepared by Kittelson & Associates, Inc., dated July 12, 2023.

Future conditions with the Project would result in decreased VMT per employee and VMT per capita in comparison to existing conditions. The 2045 Project VMT per capita is approximately 28 percent less than the existing Los Angeles countywide average VMT per capita and the 2045 Project VMT per employee is approximately 18 percent less than the existing Los Angeles countywide average VMT per employee. Thus, Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-25 Transportation the proposed General Plan Update would not exceed 15 percent below the existing Los Angeles countywide average VMT per capita or VMT per employee and therefore would result in a less than significant Project VMT impact.

The reductions of VMT from 2023 Existing Conditions to 2045 Project Conditions indicate that future development under the General Plan Update, in particular the proposed mixed-use development within the Hawthorne Boulevard Specific Plan area, would provide more opportunities for Lawndale residents and employees to access jobs and services within shorter distances. The shorter trip distances reduce VMT by vehicles, and also increase the likelihood that trips would be made by non-auto modes such as bicycling and walking. Improved transit service and accessibility to transit also help to reduce VMT even as travel activity increases.

A significant cumulative VMT impact would occur if the Project threshold is exceeded or if the Project is determined to be inconsistent with the 2020 RTP/SCS. As detailed in this section, the Project VMT threshold is not exceeded. In addition, the Project is consistent with SCAG’s 2020 RTP/SCS.

Implementation of the proposed Project would increase the local and regional housing supply to meet regional housing needs and locate housing in a transit-rich area. Additionally, the Project helps further the goals of SCAG’s 2020 RTP/SCS. An analysis of the proposed Project’s consistency with the relevant SCAG 2020 RTP/SCS goals adopted for the purpose of avoiding or mitigating an environmental effect is provided in Section 5.8, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Table 5.8-5, Project Consistency with the 2020-2045 RTP/SCS.

The Project does not exceed the Project VMT threshold and is consistent with the relevant SCAG’s 2020 RTP/SCS goals. Therefore, the Project’s cumulative impacts related to VMT would be less than significant.

The Land Use and Mobility elements developed as part of the General Plan Update includes policies to support the reduction of VMT, including increasing the balanced mix of residential and employment opportunities within the City with the proposed land uses.

Overall, implementation of the Project would result in reductions in VMT per capita and VMT per employee compared to 2023 existing conditions; impact thresholds would not be exceeded. Therefore, with respect to consistency with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3, subdivision (b), the impact of the Project would be less than significant and no mitigation would be required.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-26 Transportation Policy LU-1.2: Balance Jobs and Housing. Balance levels of employment and housing within the community to provide more opportunities for Lawndale residents to work locally, reduce commute times, and improve air quality.

MOBILITY ELEMENT
Goal M-3: Complete Streets. A community with a well-designed and built transportation network that is safe, accessible, comfortable, and convenient for all transportation modes and users
Policy M-3.1: Complete Streets for Roadway Projects. Apply Complete Streets principles to all transportation improvements projects (e.g. safety, intelligent transportation systems, roads and intersections widening, transit facilities).

Policy M-3.2: Multimodal Connectivity. Link activity centers, employment centers, public facilities, and schools to transit and active transportation facilities, wherever feasible.

Policy M-3.3: Streetscape Improvements. Require roadway, sidewalk, and median improvements that enhance the visual character of the roadway system and promote pedestrian and bicycle safety.

Policy M-3.6: Safe Routes to School. Provide infrastructure improvements, enforcement and incentives to support Safe Route to School programs and promote walking and bicycling to local schools.

Policy M-5.1: Transit Use. Support programs encouraging public transit use by people living in, working in, or visiting Lawndale.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-27 Transportation Policy M-5.3: Transit Facilities. Require new developments to construct, when appropriate, transit facilities, including bus turn-outs, lighted bus shelters, and route information signage.

Action M-5a: Continue on-going coordination with transit authorities toward the expansion of transit facilities.

Action M-5b: Work with Metro to increase transit service frequency, speed, and reliability and increase ridership and to strengthen linkages and access to the C line rail stations.

Goal M-6: Active Transportation. A community with a comprehensive network of pedestrian and bicycle facilities that encourages active transportation.

Policy M-6.4: Sidewalk and Bikeway Gaps. Create a connected and complete active transportation network by identifying and eliminating gaps in sidewalks and bikeways.

Policy M-6.6: Effects of New Technologies on Active Transportation. Monitor the development of mobility new technologies and the potential effects on designing a transportation network that accommodates all modes and users.

Action M-6a: As part of development review and specific plans, review any existing gaps in active transportation infrastructure that inhibit mobility.

Action M-6b: Implement of the South Bay Bicycle Master Plan when roadways are being rehabilitated or resurfaces, as funding allows.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-28 Transportation Action M-6c: Review and update the City’s Municipal Code, as necessary, to consider bicycle and pedestrian access as part of the site plan review for new development projects.

Policy M-9.1: Vehicle Miles Traveled Guidelines. Require vehicle miles traveled (VMT) analysis for the purposes of environmental review under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).

The City shall continue to maintain Level of Service (LOS) standards for the purposes of planning and designing street improvements.

Action M-9a: Review and update the City’s Municipal Code and related implementation documents, as necessary, to reflect TDM best practices.

Action M-9b: Require developments that are approved based on TDM plans to incorporate monitoring and enforcement of TDM targets as part of those plans.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-29 Transportation Policy RM-4.4: Transportation Options. Promote alternative modes of transportation to reduce vehicular emissions and improve air quality. (See Mobility Element) Policy RM-4.5: Walkability. Encourage pedestrian-scale development and pedestrian-friendly design features to reduce vehicle emissions. (See Mobility Element) Policy RM-4.6: Land Use Planning. Encourage and incentivize higher density and mixed-use development opportunities within designated areas of the City to lessen the impacts of traffic congestion on local air quality. (See Land Use Element) Action RM-4g: Evaluate and consider multi-modal transportation benefits to all City employees, such as free or low-cost monthly public transportation (bus) passes. Encourage employer participation in similar programs. Encourage new transit/shuttle services and use.

Action RM-4h: Establish programs that encourage community car-sharing and carpooling.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

TR-3: Would the project substantially increase hazards due to geometric design features (e.g., sharp curves or dangerous intersections) or incompatible uses (e.g., farm equipment)? Impact Analysis: A significant Project impact would occur if the Project substantially increases hazards due to a geometric design feature (e.g., sharp curves or dangerous intersections) or incompatible uses (e.g., farm equipment).

The Project does not propose changes to the Citywide roadway network and configuration. Geometric design features would generally be limited to individual projects’ internal roadway networks, as well as driveways along City roads. Hazards are typically assessed at the individual project level when an actual design and construction of a circulation facility is proposed. Site-specific developments would be reviewed by the City to ensure adequate ingress and egress would be provided and site distance standards would be implemented. The City’s design and construction standards and specifications provide for coordinated and standardized development of city facilities, including roadways. The standards apply to, regulate, and guide the design and preparation of plans, and the construction of streets, highways, alleys, drainage, traffic signals, site access, and related public improvements. As individual projects would undergo review by the City for approval and construction and would have to meet design guidelines, potential safety design hazards associated with land development projects would be addressed and result in less than significant impacts.

Prior to implementation, any improvements would be subject to a detailed review and future consideration by the City’s Public Works engineering staff and other relevant City departments. An evaluation of the roadway alignments, intersection geometrics, and traffic control features would be needed at the project design level. Roadway improvements would have to be made in accordance with the City’s roadway design guidelines and meet design guidelines in the California Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices and the Caltrans Roadway Design Manual.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-30 Transportation The types of uses included as part of the General Plan Update are generally similar to existing and surrounding uses and thereby are compatible with the existing uses in the Planning Area and in the surrounding area. In addition, the Mobility Element developed as part of the General Plan Update contains policies in support of roadway network safety and reducing design hazards. This includes proposed Mobility Element Policy M-3.5 and Action M-3e which promotes managing and improving the City’s transportation network to be safe, accessible and consistent with ADA and to include ADA accessible features as part of roadway infrastructure projects. Proposed Mobility Element M-3.4 encourages roadway design to include traffic calming measures to maintain safe vehicular speeds. Proposed Land Use Element Policy LU-3.1 considers the compatibility of new development with surrounding uses when reviewing development proposals. The implementation of goals, policies and actions contained in the General Plan Update and compliance with the Lawndale Municipal Code would ensure that new development in the Planning Area would not substantially increase hazards due to geometric design features or incompatible uses. Therefore, the impact of the Project with respect to design and incompatible use hazards would be considered less than significant.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

Goal LU-3: Land Use Compatibility. A community where new development is sensitively integrated with existing development, including residential neighborhoods, and minimizes impacts on surrounding land uses.

Policy LU-3.4: Residential Uses. Require that new residential development be designed to protect residents from potential conflicts with adjacent land uses, and other features including transportation facilities.

Action LU-3b: Through the development review process, evaluate development proposals for land use and transportation network compatibility with existing surrounding or abutting development and neighborhoods.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-31 Transportation

Policy M-3.4: Traffic Calming on Residential Streets. Encourage traffic calming strategies and incorporation of traffic calming design in residential areas to slow traffic and promote safety.

Policy M-3.5: ADA Accessibility. Implement a transportation network that is safe, accessible, and consistent with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), to allow mobility-impaired users, such as disabled persons and seniors, to safely travel within the City.

Policy M-3.6: Safe Routes to School. Provide infrastructure improvements, enforcement and incentives to support Safe Route to School programs and promote walking and bicycling to local schools.

Action M-3e: Include ADA-accessible facilities as part of roadway infrastructure projects.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

TR-4: Would the project result in inadequate emergency access? Impact Analysis: A significant project impact would occur if it results in inadequate emergency access. It is noted that the Project does not propose site-specific development; emergency accessibility is typically assessed at the project level.

Future development within the Planning Area is not anticipated to result in the substantial modification of roadways surrounding specific development sites or the placement of any permanent physical barriers on adjacent roadways. There is the potential that traffic lanes located immediately adjacent to a development site may be temporarily closed or controlled by construction personnel during construction activities. However, any temporary construction activity would adhere to Municipal Code Section

17.36.220, Temporary Storage of Construction Materials, which requires sidewalks, public streets, and, alleys adjacent to construction sites to be kept free of debris or other materials that could interfere with circulation for the duration of construction activities, as well as sixty days following substantial completion Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-32 Transportation of such construction. Additionally, the applicant of any proposed development would be required to submit appropriate plans for plan review to ensure compliance with zoning, building, and fire codes prior to the issuance of a building permit. LACoFD would review the proposed development for access requirements, minimum driveway widths, fire apparatus access roads, fire lanes, signage, access devices and gates, access walkways, among other requirements to ensure adequate emergency access would be provided to and within the site. The proposed development would be required to comply with all applicable Building and Fire Code requirements and would submit construction plans to the Fire Department’s Engineering Building Plan Check Unit for review and approval prior to issuance of any building permit. Approval by the Fire Department would ensure that construction and operation of future projects associated with implementation of the General Plan Update would not result in inadequate emergency access. In addition, the Public Safety and Mobility Elements developed as part of the General Plan Update contains policies in support of emergency access along local roads.

The proposed Mobility Element Goal M-3 promotes striving to maintain sufficient access and mobility for all modes of travel and users of the roadway network. The proposed Public Safety Element Policy PS-1.6 encourages improvements to emergency access and circulation throughout the community. Policy PS-4.3 requires all new developments to provide adequate access for emergency vehicles and evacuation as part of the development review process. The implementation of goals, policies and actions contained in the General Plan Update and compliance with the Lawndale Municipal Code would ensure that new development in the Planning Area would not result in inadequate emergency access. Therefore, the impact of the General Plan Update with respect to emergency access would be considered less than significant.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

MOBILITY ELEMENT
Policy M-2.1: Freeway Interchanges. Coordinate with Caltrans to develop appropriate configurations and operations at Interstate 405 interchange intersections to minimize congestion on City streets and create safe conditions.

Policy M-2.2: Agency Coordination: Coordinate with neighboring cities, telecom companies, and regional agencies such as County of Los Angeles, South Bay Cities Council of Governments, and Metro to meet the mobility needs of people living in, working in, or visiting Lawndale.

Goal M-3: Complete Streets. A community with a well-designed and built transportation network that is safe, accessible, comfortable, and convenient for all transportation modes and users.

Action M-3e: Include ADA-accessible facilities as part of roadway infrastructure projects.

PUBLIC SAFETY ELEMENT
Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-33 Transportation Policy PS-1.6: Emergency Access. Investigate and seek out opportunities to improve emergency access and circulation throughout the community.

Policy PS-4.3: Emergency Access. Require all new developments provide adequate access for emergency vehicles and evacuation as part of the development review process.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

5.17.6 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
Section 4.0, Basis of Cumulative Analysis, establishes growth and development within Los Angeles County as anticipated by SCAG as having the potential to interact with the proposed Project to the extent that a significant cumulative effect may occur. The cumulative projects’ setting for transportation considers the region and projects within the City.

Would the project, combined with other related cumulative projects, conflict with a program, plan, ordinance, or policy addressing the circulation system, including transit, roadway, bicycle, and pedestrian facilities?
Impact Analysis: A significantly cumulative impact would occur if the Project and cumulative projects conflict with a program, plan, ordinance, or policy addressing the circulation system, including transit, roadway, bicycle, and pedestrian facilities. Overall, the Project is a programmatic land use plan and is not proposing any changes to the circulation system. Any future development within the City would be assessed for consistency with local policies and ordinances, including the Municipal Code and General Plan goals and policies, as appropriate. Therefore, the Project’s incremental contribution to cumulative impacts related to transit, roadway, bicycle, and pedestrian facilities would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

Would the project, combined with other related cumulative projects, conflict or be inconsistent with CEQA Guidelines Section 15064.3, subdivision (b)?
Impact Analysis: As described above, with implementation of the General Plan Update under the City’s cumulative buildout conditions, the 2045 Project VMT per capita is approximately 28 percent less than the existing Los Angeles countywide average VMT per capita and the 2045 Project VMT per employee is approximately 18 percent less than the existing Los Angeles countywide average VMT per employee. With implementation of the Project, the City’s VMT per capita would not exceed 15 percent below the Los Angeles countywide average. Implementation of the Project would therefore not result in a cumulatively considerable impact relative to VMT.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-34 Transportation A significant cumulative VMT impact would occur if the Project threshold is exceeded or if the Project is determined to be inconsistent with the 2020 RTP/SCS. As discussed, the Project would be consistent with the SCAG’s 2020 RTP/SCS and would contribute toward furthering the goals of SCAG’s 2020 RTP/SCS.

As the Project does not exceed the Project VMT threshold and is consistent with the relevant SCAG’s 2020 RTP-SCS goals, the proposed Project’s incremental contribution to cumulative VMT impacts would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

Would the project, combined with other related cumulative projects, substantially increase hazards due to geometric design features (e.g., sharp curves or dangerous intersections) or incompatible uses (e.g., farm equipment)?
Impact Analysis: As described above, the types of uses that would be allowed as part of Project implementation are generally similar to existing and surrounding uses and thereby are compatible with the existing uses in the Planning Area and in the surrounding area. Additionally, site-specific developments would be reviewed by the City to ensure adequate ingress and egress would be provided and site distance standards would be implemented. Implementation of the Project would therefore not contribute to a cumulatively considerable impact relative to an increase in hazards due to a geometric design feature.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

Would the project, combined with other related cumulative projects, result in inadequate emergency access?
Impact Analysis: A cumulatively significant project impact would occur if implementation of the Project with cumulative projects would result in inadequate emergency access. As noted, the Project does not propose site-specific development; emergency accessibility is typically assessed at the project level.

The Project does not propose changes to the citywide roadway network and configuration that would affect local emergency access. The proposed Project along with the cumulative development projects could result in the temporary closure or control of traffic lanes located immediately adjacent to a development site during construction activities. Any temporary closure would be required to comply with the Lawndale Municipal Code.

Similarly, the applicant of any proposed development would be required to submit appropriate plans for plan review to ensure compliance with zoning, building, and fire codes prior to the issuance of a building Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.17-35 Transportation permit. LACoFD would review all development projects for access requirements, minimum driveway widths, fire apparatus access roads, fire lanes, signage, access devices and gates, access walkways, among other requirements to ensure adequate emergency access would be provided to and within the site.

Therefore, the proposed Project’s incremental contribution to cumulative impacts relative to emergency access would not be cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

5.17.7 SIGNIFICANT UNAVOIDABLE IMPACTS
Transportation impacts associated with implementation of the General Plan Update would be less than significant. No significant unavoidable transportation impacts would occur as a result of the General Plan Update

5.17.8 REFERENCES
Kittelson & Associates, Inc., Lawndale General Plan CEQA Transportation Analysis, July 12, 2023.

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Sources: City of Lawndale; Los Angeles County.

Date: March 21, 2023.

Crenshaw Blvd
Prairie Ave
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Hawthorne Blvd
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Inglewood Ave
Manhattan Beach Blvd
Rosecrans Ave
Redondo Beach Blvd
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CITY OF LAWNDALE

GENERAL PLAN UPDATE
Figure 5.17-1.

Existing and Planned
Bicycle Facilities
LEGEND
Existing Bike Facilities
Class I Bike Paths
Class II Bike Lanes
Class III Bike Routes
Class IV Protected Bike Lanes
Proposed Bike Facilities
Class I Bike Paths
Class II Bike Lanes
Class III Bike Routes
Class IV Protected Bike Lanes
City of Lawndale
Sphere of Influence
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CITY OF LAWNDALE

GENERAL PLAN UPDATE
LEGEND
City of Lawndale
Sphere of Influence
Planning Area
Adjacent Incorporated Area
Unincoporated Los Angeles
County
LA Metro Bus Stop Location
LA Metro Local or Limited Line
LA Metro Rapid Line
LA Metro C Line (Green Line)
LA Metro C Line (Green Line)
Proposed Extension
Alternative
Lawndale Beat Route
GTrans and Torrance Local
Routes
Sources: City of Lawndale; Los Angeles County; Kittelson & Assoc.

Date: June 27, 2023.

Figure 5.17-2.

Existing and Planned
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0 500 1,000
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Dominguez Channel
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CITY OF LAWNDALE

GENERAL PLAN UPDATE
LEGEND
City of Lawndale
Sphere of Influence
Planning Area
Adjacent Incorporated
Area
Unincoporated Los
Angeles County
Existing Truck Routes
Existing Freight Rail
System
Sources: City of Lawndale; Los Angeles County; Kittelson & Assoc.

Date: June 27, 2023.

Figure 5.17-3.

Existing Truck Routes
0 500 1,000
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Dominguez Channel
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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.18-1 Tribal Cultural Resources

5.18 TRIBAL CULTURAL RESOURCES

5.18.1 PURPOSE
This section identifies existing tribal cultural resources within the Planning Area, and provides an analysis of potential impacts associated with implementation of the General Plan Update.

This section is primarily based upon the Cultural and Paleontological Resource Study for the General Plan Update: City of Lawndale, Los Angeles County (Cultural Study), prepared by Duke Cultural Resources Management, LLC and dated October 2020 and updated July 2023; refer to Appendix D, Cultural and Paleontological Resources Assessment.

One comment was received during the NOP comment period regarding tribal cultural resources. The comment was received from the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC). The NAHC provides recommendations for cultural resources assessments and recommends consultation with California Native American tribes that are traditionally and culturally affiliated with the Planning Area as early as possible in order to avoid inadvertent discoveries of Native American human remains and best protect tribal cultural resources.

Cultural resources, specifically historic and archeological resources, are discussed in Section 5.5, Cultural Resources.

5.18.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW
The Planning Area is located within the boundaries of Gabrielino or Tongva Indians. The Gabrielino Indians are named because of their association with the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel. The Gabrielino are one of the least known Native American groups in California. Generally, their territory included all of the Los Angeles Basin, parts of the Santa Ana and Santa Monica Mountains, along the coast from Aliso Creek in the south to Topanga Canyon in the north, and San Clemente, San Nicolas, and Santa Catalina Islands.

The Gabrielino spoke a dialect of the Cupan group of the Takic language family. This language was part of the larger Uto-Aztecan language stock which migrated west from the Great Basin. The Gabrielino shared this language with their neighboring groups to the south and east.

Groups of Gabrielino lived in villages that were autonomous from other villages. Each village had access to hunting, collecting, and fishing areas. Villages were typically located in protected coves or canyons near water. Acorns were the most important food for the Gabrielino, although the types and quantity of different foods varied by season and locale. Other important sources of food were grass and many other seed types, deer, rabbit, jackrabbit, woodrat, mice, ground squirrels, quail, doves, ducks and other fowl, fish, shellfish, and marine mammals.

Typically, Gabrielino women gathered and men hunted, although work tasks often overlapped. Each village had a chief who controlled religious, economic, and warfare authorities. The chief had an assistant and an advisory council who assisted in important decisions and rituals. Each of these positions was Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.18-2 Tribal Cultural Resources hereditary being passed down from generation to generation. According to mapping of Gabrielino villages undertaken by McCawley, no known villages would be located within the City of Lawndale. The two nearest Gabrielino villages, which may compose large areas rather than just a single location, are Swaanga, approximately 10 miles to the southeast, and Waachnga, approximately five miles to the northwest. The Kirkman-Harriman Pictorial and Historical Map of Los Angeles also does not identify any Gabrielino villages within the City.

TRIBAL CULTURAL RESOURCES
As discussed in Section 5.5, Cultural Resources, a search of the California Historic Resources Inventory System (CHRIS) at the South Central Coastal Information Center (SSCIC) located at the California State University, Fullerton was conducted on June 9, 2020. The records search covered the entire City of Lawndale. In addition, a variety of other sources were consulted and a reconnaissance field survey was conducted in order to gather baseline data on the present state of previously recorded cultural resources within the Planning Area.

Results of the SSCIC records search did not indicate the presence of recorded tribal cultural resources within the Planning Area; refer to Table 5.5-1.

NATIVE AMERICAN CONSULTATION
The City conducted Native American consultations under Senate Bill (SB) 18 (Chapter 905, Statutes of 2004), which requires local governments to consult with Tribes prior to making certain planning decisions and requires consultation and notice for a general and specific plan adoption or amendments in order to preserve, or mitigate impacts to, cultural places that may be affected. In addition to SB 18 consultation, the City conducted tribal consultations under the provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) (Public Resources Code section 21080.3.1 subdivisions (b), (d) and (e)), also known as Assembly Bill (AB) 52, which requires consulting for projects within the City’s jurisdiction and within the traditional territory of the Tribal Organizations who have previously requested AB 52 consultations with the City.

As part of the General Plan Update, a Tribal Consultation List Request was submitted to the NAHC. The NAHC responded on May 17, 2021 and included a list of Native American individuals or tribal organizations that may have knowledge of cultural resources within or near the Project site. On July 14, 2021, the City sent letters via certified mail to five Native American individuals and/or Tribal Organizations in compliance with AB 52 and SB 18; refer to Appendix H, Tribal Consultation Communications. No Tribal Organizations responded requesting formal consultation with the City.

5.18.3 REGULATORY SETTING

FEDERAL
National Historic Preservation Act
Enacted in 1966 and amended in 2000, the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) declared a national policy of historic preservation and instituted a multifaceted program, administered by the Secretary of the Interior, to encourage the achievement of preservation goals at Federal, State, and local levels. The NHPA authorized the expansion and maintenance of the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.18-3 Tribal Cultural Resources established the position of State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) and provided for the designation of State Review Boards, set up a mechanism to certify local governments to carry out the purposes of the NHPA, assisted Native American tribes to preserve their cultural heritage, and created the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP).

National Register of Historic Places
Developed in 1981 pursuant to Title 36 CFR Section 60, the NRHP provides an authoritative guide to be used by Federal, State and local governments, private groups and citizens to identify the nation’s cultural resources and to indicate what properties should be considered for protection from destruction or impairment. It should be noted that the listing of a private property on the NRHP does not prohibit any actions which may otherwise be taken by the property owner with respect to the property. The listing of sites in California to the National Register is initiated through an application submitted to the State Office of Historical Preservation. Applications deemed suitable for potential consideration are handled by the State Historic Preservation Officer. All NRHP listings for sites in California are also automatically added to the California Register of Historical Resources by the State of California. The listing of a site on the NRHP does not generally result in any specific physical protection. Among other things, however, it does create an additional level of CEQA (and NEPA, the National Environmental Protection Act) review to be satisfied prior to the approval of any discretionary action occurring that might adversely affect the resource.

American Indian Religious Freedom Act
This American Indian Religious Freedom Act became law in 1978 (Public Law 95-341, 42 USC 1996) in order to protect and preserve for American Indians their inherent right of freedom to believe, express and exercise their traditional religions. These religious rights extend to, but are not limited to, access to sites, use and possession of sacred objects and the freedom to worship through ceremonials and traditional rites.

Under this regulation, Federal agencies and departments are charged with evaluating their policies and procedures in consultation with native traditional religious leaders in order to eliminate interference with the free exercise of native religion. Agencies must determine and make appropriate changes necessary to protect and preserve Native American religious cultural rights and practices, and to accommodate access to and use of religious sites “to the extent that the use is practicable and not inconsistent with an agency’s essential functions.” The intent is to protect Native Americans’ First Amendment right to “free exercise” of religion.

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
Enacted in 1990 under Title 25 U.S. Section 3001, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) describes the rights of Native American lineal descendants, Indian Tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations with respect to treatment, repatriation and disposition of Native American cultural items for which they can show a relationship of lineal descent or cultural affiliation. The statute also requires Federal agencies and museums receiving Federal funds to inventory holdings of Native American human remains and funerary objects and provide written summaries of other cultural items. In an attempt to recognize the religious and cultural significance of such sites and to protect their sacred integrity, it also provides for greater protection of Native American burial sites and more careful control Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.18-4 Tribal Cultural Resources over the removal of Native American human remains, funerary objects, sacred objects and items of cultural patrimony on Federal and tribal lands.

STATE
California Environmental Quality Act
CEQA requires a lead agency determine whether a project may have a significant effect on historical resources (Public Resources Code Section 21084.1). A historical resource is a resource listed in, or determined to be eligible for listing, in the CRHR, a resource included in a local register of historical resources, or any object building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript that a lead agency determines to be historically significant (State CEQA Guidelines, Section 15064.5[a][1-3]).

A resource is considered historically significant if it meets any of the following criteria:
1) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage;
2) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past; 3) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or possesses high artistic values; or 4) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

In addition, if it can be demonstrated that a project would cause damage to a unique archaeological resource, the lead agency may require reasonable efforts be made to permit any or all of these resources to be preserved in place or left in an undisturbed state. To the extent that resources cannot be left undisturbed, mitigation measures are required (Public Resources Code Section 21083.2[a], [b], and [c]).

Public Resources Code Section 21083.2(g) defines a unique archaeological resource as an archaeological artifact, object, or site about which it can be clearly demonstrated that, without merely adding to the current body of knowledge, there is a high probability that it meets any of the following criteria:
• Contains information needed to answer important scientific research questions and that there is a demonstrable public interest in that information; • Has a special and particular quality such as being the oldest of its type or the best available example of its type; or
• Is directly associated with a scientifically recognized important prehistoric or historic event or person.

California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR)
Created in 1992 and implemented in 1998, the CRHR is “an authoritative guide in California to be used by State and local agencies, private groups, and citizens to identify the State’s historical resources and to indicate what properties are to be protected, to the extent prudent and feasible, from substantial adverse change.” Certain properties, including those listed in or formally determined eligible for listing in the NRHP and California Historical Landmarks numbered 770 and higher, are automatically included in the CRHR.

Other properties recognized under the California Points of Historical Interest program, identified as significant in historical resources surveys or designated by local landmarks programs, may be nominated Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.18-5 Tribal Cultural Resources for inclusion in the CRHR. A resource, either an individual property or a contributor to a historic district, may be listed in the CRHR if the State Historical Resources Commission determines that it meets one or more of the criteria modeled on the NRHP criteria.

Public Resources Code Section 5097 (Related to Cultural Resources) California Public Resources Code (PRC) Section 5097 addresses the disposition of Native American burials in archaeological sites and protects such remains from disturbance, vandalism, or inadvertent destruction; establishes procedures to be implemented if Native American skeletal remains are discovered during construction of a project; and establishes the California Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) to resolve disputes regarding the disposition of such remains. It has been incorporated into Section 15064.5(e) of the CEQA Guidelines.

PRC Sections 5097.9 through 5097.991 establish that no public agency or private party using or occupying public property (or operating on under a public license, permit, grant, lease or contract made after July 1, 1977) shall in any manner interfere with the free expression or exercise of Native American religion as provided in the U.S. Constitution and the California Constitution. It also prohibits such agencies and parties from causing severe or irreparable damage to any Native American sanctified cemetery, place of worship, religious or ceremonial site or sacred shrine located on public property, except on a clear and convincing showing that the public interest and necessity so require it.

These sections also establish the state’s NAHC. The NAHC is tasked with working to ensure the preservation and protection of Native American human remains, associated grave goods and cultural resources. Towards this end, the NAHC has a strategic plan for assisting the public, development communities, local and Federal agencies, educational institutions and California Native Americans to better understand problems relating to the protection and preservation of cultural resources and to serve as a tool to resolve these problems. In 2006, PRC Sections 5097.91 and 5097.98 were amended by Assembly Bill 2641 to authorize the NAHC to bring legal action when necessary to prevent damage to Native American burial grounds or places of worship. It also established more specific procedures to be implemented in the event that Native American remains are discovered.

California Government Code Sections 6254(r) and 6254.10 Section 6254(r) explicitly authorizes public agencies to withhold information from the public relating to “Native American graves, cemeteries, and sacred places maintained by the Native American Heritage Commission.” Section 6254.10 specifically exempts from disclosure requests for “records that relate to archaeological site information and reports, maintained by, or in the possession of the Department of Parks and Recreation, the SHRC, the State Lands Commission, the NAHC, another state agency, or a local agency, including the records that the agency obtains through a consultation process between a Native American tribe and a state or local agency.”
California Health and Safety Code (Sections 7050.5, 7051, and 7054) Sections 7050.5, 7051, and 7054 of the California Health and Safety Code collectively address the illegality of interference with human burial remains (except as allowed under applicable sections of the PRC), as well as the disposition of Native American burials in archaeological sites and protects such remains from disturbance, vandalism, or inadvertent destruction; establishes procedures to be implemented if Native Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.18-6 Tribal Cultural Resources American skeletal remains are discovered during construction of a project, treatment of the remains prior to, during and after evaluation, and reburial procedures.

Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC)
The NAHC, created by statute in 1976 (AB 4239), is a nine-member body, appointed by the Governor to identify, catalog, and protect cultural resources (i.e., places of special religious or social significance to Native Americans, and known graves and cemeteries of Native Americans on private lands) in California.

The NAHC is charged with the duty of preserving and ensuring accessibility of sacred sites and burials, the disposition of Native American human remains and burial items, maintaining an inventory of Native American sacred sites located on public lands (i.e., Sacred Lands File), and reviewing current administrative and statutory protections related to these sacred sites.

Senate Bill 18
Signed into law in 2004, Senate Bill (SB) 18 requires that cities and counties notify and consult with California Native American Tribes about proposed local land use planning decisions for the purpose of protecting traditional tribal cultural sites. Cities and counties must provide general and specific plan amendment proposals to California Native American Tribes that have been identified by the Native American Heritage Commission as having traditional lands located within the city’s boundaries. If requested by the Native American Tribes, the city must also conduct consultations with the tribes prior to adopting or amending their general and specific plans.

Assembly Bill 52 (Gatto, 2014)
On September 25, 2014, Governor Brown signed AB 52. In recognition of California Native American tribal sovereignty and the unique relationship of California local governments and public agencies with California Native American tribal governments, and respecting the interests and roles of project proponents, of the stated goals of AB 52 are the following:
1) Recognize that California Native American prehistoric, historic, archaeological, cultural, and sacred places are essential elements in tribal cultural traditions, heritages, and identities. 2) Establish a new category of resources in CEQA called “tribal cultural resources” that considers the tribal cultural values in addition to the scientific and archaeological values when determining impacts and mitigation.
3) Establish examples of mitigation measures for tribal cultural resources that uphold the existing mitigation preference for historical and archaeological resources of preservation in place, if feasible.
4) Recognize that California Native American tribes may have expertise with regard to their tribal history and practices, which concern the tribal cultural resources with which they are traditionally and culturally affiliated. Because CEQA calls for a sufficient degree of analysis, tribal knowledge about the land and tribal cultural resources at issue should be included in environmental assessments for projects that may have a significant impact on those resources. 5) In recognition of their governmental status, establish a meaningful consultation process between California Native American tribal governments and lead agencies, respecting the interests and roles of all California Native American tribes and project proponents, and the level of required Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.18-7 Tribal Cultural Resources confidentiality concerning tribal cultural resources, at the earliest possible point in CEQA environmental review process, so that tribal cultural resources can be identified, and culturally appropriate mitigation and mitigation monitoring programs can be considered by the decision making body of the lead agency.
6) Recognize the unique history of California Native American tribes and uphold existing rights of all California Native American tribes to participate in, and contribute their knowledge to, the environmental review process pursuant to CEQA.
7) Ensure that local and tribal governments, public agencies, and project proponents have information available, early in CEQA environmental review process, for purposes of identifying and addressing potential adverse impacts to tribal cultural resources and to reduce the potential for delay and conflicts in the environmental review process. 8) Enable California Native American tribes to manage and accept conveyances of, and act as caretakers of, tribal cultural resources.
9) Establish that a substantial adverse change to a tribal cultural resource has a significant effect on the environment.

AB 52 establishes a tribal consultation procedure designed to incorporate tribal knowledge into the CEQA environmental review and decision-making processes. Under AB 52, California tribes have the ability to establish, through a formal notice letter, a standing request to consult with a lead agency regarding any proposed project subject to CEQA in the geographic area with which the tribe is traditionally and culturally affiliated. Within 14 days of determining that an application for a project is complete or of a decision by a public agency to undertake a project, a lead agency must provide formal notification to the designated contact or tribal representative of traditionally and culturally affiliated California Native American tribes that have requested notice. Notice to the tribes must include a brief project description, the project location, and the lead agency’s contact information. A tribe then has 30 days to request consultation. If the tribe does not respond in that period or writes to decline consultation, the lead agency has no further obligation. If the tribe requests consultation, the lead agency must begin the consultation within 30 days and prior to the release of a negative declaration, mitigated negative declaration, or environmental impact report for that proposed project.

5.18.4 SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA AND THRESHOLDS
Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines contains the Initial Study Environmental Checklist, which includes questions related to tribal cultural resources. The issues presented in the Initial Study Environmental Checklist have been utilized as thresholds of significance in this section. Accordingly, a project may create a significant environmental impact if it would:
• Cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource, defined in Public Resources Code section 21074 as either a site, feature, place, cultural landscape that is geographically defined in terms of the size and scope of the landscape, sacred place, or object with cultural value to a California Native American tribe, and that is:
o Listed or eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources, or in a local register of historical resources as defined in Public Resources Code section 5020.1(k) (refer to Impact Statement TCR-1); or
Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.18-8 Tribal Cultural Resources o A resource determined by the lead agency, in its discretion and supported by substantial evidence, to be significant pursuant to criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resources Code Section 5024.1. In applying the criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resources Code Section 5024.1, the lead agency shall consider the significance of the resource to a California Native American tribe (refer to Impact Statement TCR-1).

5.18.5 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
TCR-1: Would the project cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource, defined in Public Resources Code section 21074 as either a site, feature, place, cultural landscape that is geographically defined in terms of the size and scope of the landscape, sacred place, or object with cultural value to a California Native American tribe, and that is:
• Listed or eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources, or in a local register of historical resources as defined in Public Resources Code section 5020.1(k)?
• A resource determined by the lead agency, in its discretion and supported by substantial evidence, to be significant pursuant to criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resources Code Section 5024.1. In applying the criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resources Code Section 5024.1, the lead agency shall consider the significance of the resource to a California Native American tribe.

Impact Analysis: No archeological or tribal cultural resources have been identified within the City. The Cultural Resources Assessment concludes the lack of identified resources is likely to be a consequence of development occurring prior to the implementation of CEQA, rather than a lack of archaeological sites.

The Planning Area is located within the traditional territory of the Gabrielino or Tongva Indians. At the time of publication of this EIR, no Tribal Organizations have requested formal consultation with the City with regards to the Project.

Prehistoric archaeological sites and isolates are tribal cultural resources; additionally, plants and other natural resources, as well as geographic locations can also be tribal cultural resources. Grading of original in situ soils could expose buried tribal cultural resources and features including sacred sites. While the General Plan Update does not directly propose site-specific development with the potential to directly impact a tribal cultural resource, future development allowed under the General Plan Update could cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of previously undiscovered tribal cultural resources. This is considered a potentially significant impact.

The General Plan Update Resource Management Element includes policies and actions addressing tribal cultural resources. Proposed Policy RM-3.1 requires the protection of areas containing significant historic, archaeological, and paleontological resources, as defined by the California Public Resources Code. Policy RM-3.2 encourages the City to promote community identity and local history by identifying, documenting, and appropriately archiving tangible and intangible cultural resources so they can be recognized, accessed, and appreciated by future generations. Policy RM-3.5 requires consultation with Native Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.18-9 Tribal Cultural Resources American tribes that may be impacted by proposed development and land use policy changes, in accordance with State, local, and Tribal intergovernmental consultation requirements. Action RM-3a requires the City to assess development proposals for potential impacts to sensitive historic, archaeological, tribal cultural, and paleontological resources pursuant to CEQA. Action RM-3e requires, for all development proposals within areas with the potential to contain prehistoric/historic resources, a study to be conducted by a professional archaeologist to determine if significant archaeological resources are potentially present and if the project will significantly impact these resources. If significant impacts are identified, the City may require the project to be modified to avoid the impacts, or require mitigation measures to mitigate the impacts. Mitigation may involve archaeological investigation and resources recovery. Action RM-3g requires, in the event of discovery or recognition of any human remains in any location other than a dedicated cemetery, that the City halt excavation or disturbance of the site or any nearby area reasonably suspected to overlie adjacent human remains until the County Coroner has been informed and has determined that no investigation of the cause of death is required. If the remains are of Native American origin, no further excavation or disturbance of the site or any nearby area reasonably suspected to overlie adjacent human remains is permitted until the descendants from the deceased Native Americans have made a recommendation to the landowner or the persons responsible for the excavation work, for means of treating or disposing of, with appropriate dignity, the human remains and any associated grave goods as provided in Public Resources Code section 5097.98, or the Native American Heritage Commission was unable to identify a descendant or the descendant failed to make a recommendation within 24 hours after being granted access to the site.

Potential impacts to tribal cultural resources associated with future development would be reduced through implementation of General Plan Update policies and actions. Subsequent development and infrastructure projects would be analyzed for potential environmental impacts, consistent with the requirements of CEQA, pursuant to the City’s entitlement review process. Subsequent discretionary projects implemented in accordance with the General Plan Update would be subject to the provisions of AB 52 and may require tribal consultation with California Native American tribes that are traditionally and culturally affiliated with the Planning Area and who have previously requested AB 52 consultations with the City. Future AB 52 consultation may identify tribal cultural resources not yet found and formally recorded that could be impacted by subsequent projects. Compliance with the General Plan Update policies and actions and existing regulations would not cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource and impacts would be less than significant.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ELEMENT
Policy RM-3.1: Preservation. Protect areas containing significant historic, archaeological, and paleontological resources, as defined by the California Public Resources Code.

Policy RM-3.2: Documentation. Promote community identity and local history by identifying, documenting, and appropriately archiving tangible and intangible cultural resources so they can be recognized, accessed, and appreciated by future generations.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.18-10 Tribal Cultural Resources Policy RM-3.5: Tribal Consultation. In accordance with State, local, and Tribal intergovernmental consultation requirements, consult with Native American tribes that may be impacted by proposed development and land use policy changes, as necessary.

Action RM-3a: Continue to assess development proposals for potential impacts to sensitive historic, archaeological, tribal cultural, and paleontological resources pursuant to the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).

Action RM-3e: For all development proposals within areas with the potential to contain prehistoric/historic resources, the City shall require a study to be conducted by a professional archaeologist. The objective of the study will be to determine if significant archaeological resources are potentially present and if the project will significantly impact these resources. If significant impacts are identified, the City may require the project to be modified to avoid the impacts, or require mitigation measures to mitigate the impacts.

Mitigation may involve archaeological investigation and resources recovery.

Action RM-3g: In the event of discovery or recognition of any human remains in any location other than a dedicated cemetery, the City shall halt excavation or disturbance of the site or any nearby area reasonably suspected to overlie adjacent human remains until the County Coroner has been informed and has determined that no investigation of the cause of death is required. If the remains are of Native American origin, there shall be no further excavation or disturbance of the site or any nearby area reasonably suspected to overlie adjacent human remains until the descendants from the deceased Native Americans have made a recommendation to the landowner or the persons responsible for the excavation work, for means of treating or disposing of, with appropriate dignity, the human remains and any associated grave goods as provided in Public Resources Code section 5097.98, or the Native American Heritage Commission was unable to identify a descendant or the descendant failed to make a recommendation within 24 hours after being granted access to the site.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

5.18.6 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS
Section 4.0, Basis of Cumulative Analysis, identifies projected growth within the Planning Area and County with the potential to interact with the proposed Project to the extent that a significant cumulative effect relative to tribal cultural resources may occur. The cumulative projects’ regional geologic setting and tribal cultural resource deposit sensitivity would be similar; however, the local geologic setting and tribal cultural significance would vary according to the site location and specific conditions.

Would the project, combined with other related cumulative projects, cause a substantial adverse change in the significance of a tribal cultural resource, defined in Public Resources Code section 21074 as either a site, feature, place, cultural landscape that is geographically Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.18-11 Tribal Cultural Resources defined in terms of the size and scope of the landscape, sacred place, or object with cultural value to a California Native American tribe, and that is:
• Listed or eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources, or in a local register of historical resources as defined in Public Resources Code section 5020.1(k); or
• A resource determined by the lead agency, in its discretion and supported by substantial evidence, to be significant pursuant to criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resources Code Section 5024.1. In applying the criteria set forth in subdivision (c) of Public Resources Code Section 5024.1, the lead agency shall consider the significance of the resource to a California Native American tribe? Impact Analysis: Tribal cultural resource impacts are site specific and generally do not combine to result in cumulative impacts. Construction of the individual development projects allowed under the land use designations of General Plan Update may result in the discovery and removal of tribal cultural resources.

The General Plan Update policies and actions, as well as Federal, State, and local regulations, would reduce the risk to tribal cultural resources in the region. As discussed above, site-specific development with the potential to impact tribal cultural resources would require a resource assessment and coordination with the tribes to determine the potential for tribal cultural resources and identification of mitigation measures to reduce potential impacts associated with the proposed development. Adherence to the General Plan Update policies and actions, and existing Federal, State and local regulations would avoid and/or minimize a cumulative loss of tribal cultural resources. Therefore, the General Plan Update’s incremental contribution to cumulative tribal cultural resource impacts would be less than cumulatively considerable.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions: Refer to the General Plan goals, policies, and actions cited above.

Mitigation Measures: No mitigation measures are required.

Level of Significance: Less Than Significant Impact.

5.18.7 SIGNIFICANT UNAVOIDABLE IMPACTS
Tribal cultural resources impacts associated with the implementation of the General Plan Update would be less than significant. No significant unavoidable tribal cultural impacts would occur as a result of the General Plan Update.

5.18.8 REFERENCES
Duke Cultural Resources Management, LLC, Cultural and Paleontological Resource Study for the General Plan Update: City of Lawndale, Los Angeles County, October 2020, updated July 2023.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-1 Utilities and Service Systems

5.19 UTILITIES AND SERVICE SYSTEMS

5.19.1 PURPOSE
This section identifies existing water supply, water consumption, and distribution infrastructure; the nature and location of wastewater conveyance and treatment facilities and existing related infrastructure; stormwater discharge and drainage; solid waste services; and electric power, natural gas, and telecommunications services within the Planning Area and provides an analysis of potential impacts associated with implementation of the General Plan Update.

5.19.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING

WATER SUPPLIES
Key Terms
Acre-feet (AF): The volume of one acre of water to a depth of one foot. Each acre-foot of water is equal to approximately 325,851.4 gallons.

BGS: Below ground surface.

GPD: Gallons per day.

GPM: Gallons per minute.

Groundwater: Water that is underground and below the water table, as opposed to surface water, which flows across the ground surface. Water beneath the earth’s surface fills the spaces in soil, gravel, or rock formations. Pockets of groundwater are often called “aquifers” and are the source of drinking water for a large percentage of the population in the United States. Groundwater is often extracted using wells which pump the water out of the ground and up to the surface. Groundwater is naturally replenished by surface water from precipitation, streams, and rivers when this recharge reaches the water table.

MG: Million gallons
MGD: Million gallons per day
Surface water: Water collected on the ground or from a stream, river, lake, wetland, or ocean. Surface water is replenished naturally through precipitation, but is lost naturally through evaporation and seepage into soil.

Water Distribution System
The Planning Area is served by the Golden State Water Company (GSWC) Southwest System (Golden State Water Company 2021). The City is located within GSWC’s Southwest System Service Area, which serves the cities of Gardena and Lawndale; parts of the cities of Carson, Compton, El Segundo, Redondo Beach, Hawthorne and Inglewood; and the adjacent unincorporated communities of Athens, Del Aire, El Camino Village, Lennox and Gardena Heights. The GSWC Southwest 2020 Urban Water Management Plan (UWMP) was prepared in accordance with the California Urban Water Management Planning Act, Water Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-2 Utilities and Service Systems Code Sections 10610 through 10657. The 2020 UMWP addresses GSWC’s water management planning efforts to assure adequate water supplies to meet forecast demands through 2045. According to the 2020 UWMP, GSWC’s Southwest System services an area of approximately 25.2 square miles containing 47,013 residences.

Water Infrastructure
The City is underlain by potable and non-potable water infrastructure owned and maintained by GSWC and West Basin Municipal Water District (WBMWD), respectively. GIS records provided by GSWC indicate there is approximately 59 miles of pipelines ranging in diameter from 2-inches to 16-inches within the City’s boundary as shown on Figure 5.19-1, Existing Water Infrastructure (West Yost Associates 2020).

According to the 2020 UWMP, the Southwest area receives potable water from local groundwater and imported water purchased from the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD).

Groundwater is pumped from GSWC’s 13 active wells, which pump local groundwater from the Central subbasin and West Coast subbasin of the Coastal Plain of Los Angeles Groundwater Basin, and have a combined capacity of 13,400 gallons per minute. This groundwater is injected with 12.5 percent liquid sodium hypochlorite and 19 percent ammonia hydroxide to provide a disinfectant residual in the distribution system. All wells are also fluoridated, and five wells are treated for manganese removal.

Treated groundwater is then blended with water purchases from WBMWD and Central Basin Municipal Water District (CBMWD), which are both in turn supplied by MWD. Purchased water is delivered through 12 interconnections with WBMWD and CBMWD and is already treated to potable standards upon delivery to GSWC. The Southwest System does not include any treatment facilities besides at wellheads. The System also has 13 emergency interconnections to allow sharing of supplies during short term emergencies or during planned shutdowns of primary supply sources. These interconnections are with the City of Hawthorne, City of Inglewood, California Water Service Company, Liberty Utilities, and Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. Each of these is for emergencies only and is not used in normal operations.

GSWC Southwest receives recycled water supplies from the WBMWD. WBMWD delivers water from the West Basin Recycled Water Project where water is collected from the City of Los Angeles’ Hyperion Waste Water Treatment Plant and treated to meet Title 22 standards for delivery and use. Secondary effluent from the Hyperion Wastewater Treatment Plant is pumped via the Hyperion Secondary Effluent Pump Station, which is owned and maintained by WBMWD, to WBMWD’s main treatment facility, the Edward C. Little Water Recycling Facility. WBMWD owns all the existing recycled water pipelines that fall within the boundaries of the City and is planning to expand its distribution system to continue offsetting potable water demands in its service area (West Yost Associates 2020).

Projected Water Demands and Supply
GSWC Southwest’s water assets consist of adjudicated groundwater supplies, leased or purchased groundwater supplies, purchased water from CBMWD and WBMWD, and recycled water. Table 5.19-1, 2020 Annual Potable Water Supplies for the GSWC Southwest Service Area by Source, provides an assessment of GSWC Southwest’s current (2020) potable water supplies.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-3 Utilities and Service Systems Table 5.19-1
2020 Annual Potable Water Supplies for the GSWC Southwest Service Area by Source Water Supply Water Supplier Volume (AF)
Purchased or Imported
Water
Central Basin Municipal Water District 1,522
Purchased or Imported
Water
West Basin Municipal Water District 17,533
Groundwater Central Subbasin in the Coastal Plain of Los Angeles Groundwater Basin
3,010
Groundwater West Coast Subbasin in the Coastal Plain of Los Angeles Groundwater Basin
4,162
Total -- 26,227
Source: Golden State Water Company (GSWC), Southwest Service Area 2020 Urban Water Management Plan, July 2021.

GSWC Southwest’s groundwater rights and future leases within the Central Basin are shared among all GSWC systems in the basin. Therefore, the actual pumping amounts for wells in each system could vary based on GSWC’s overall water supply management. Access to local groundwater and imported water affords GSWC flexibility to meet demands in all of its systems. In addition to GSWC’s allowed pumping allocation in the Central Basin and adjudicated rights in the West Coast Basin, GSWC also has the ability to annually lease groundwater rights. Leased groundwater quantities are determined annually for all GSWC systems that obtain groundwater from the basin. While quantifiable estimates of groundwater leases are not available for future years, projections are based on historical pumping amounts, including leased groundwater, and assume that available unpumped groundwater will continue to be available as in the past. Table 5.19-2, Projected Water Supplies for the GSWC Southwest Service Area (AFY), provides an assessment of GSWC Southwest’s projected potable water supplies.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-4 Utilities and Service Systems Table 5.19-2
Projected Water Supplies for the GSWC Southwest Service Area (AFY) Water Supply 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Purchased Imported Water
(from CBMWD)
2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100
Purchased Imported Water
(from WBMWD)
21,000 21,000 21,000 21,000 21,000
Groundwater (from Central
Subbasin)
16,439 16,439 16,439 16,439 16,439
Groundwater (from West
Coast Subbasin)
7,502 7,502 7,502 7,502 7,502
Groundwater (from West
Coast Subbasin - leased)
5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000
GSWC Southwest Projected
Water Supply*
52,041 52,041 52,041 52,041 52,041
GSWC Southwest Projected
Supply Use
26,939 27,347 27,761 28,181 28,608
Source: Golden State Water Company (GSWC), Southwest Service Area 2020 Urban Water Management Plan, July 2021.
* Note that these supplies represent the total potable supplies available to GSWC Southwest but include supplies shared within GSWC service areas within the West Coast Basin and Central Basin.

GSWC’s 2020 UWMP shows growth projections for the number of service connections and water use for the years 2025 through 2045 in 5-year increments and were developed using an approach based on projections from the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG). The SCAG-based water use projections are based on the population and housing growth rates, which used the City of Hawthorne as representative of the Southwest System. SCAG (Hawthorne) household projections were used to determine the growth in single family and multi-family service connections. Similarly, single-family account growth rates were used to determine the growth for commercial, industrial, institutionalgovernment, agricultural irrigation, landscape, and other service connections. The SCAG-based methodology does not include geographic growth such as tariff area expansion.

The projected water use for the Southwest System’s retail service area was calculated by applying the corresponding water use factors to the projected number of retail service connections in each UWMP category. Table 5.19-3, Projected Demands for Potable Water – GSWC Southwest, presents the data from the 2020 UWMP for the projected potable water demands for the Southwest System through the year 2045.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-5 Utilities and Service Systems Table 5.19-3
Projected Demands for Potable Water – GSWC Southwest
Use Type 2025 (AFY) 2030 (AFY) 2035 (AFY) 2040 (AFY) 2045 (AFY) Single Family 9,427 9,570 9,715 9,862 10,011
Multi Family 8,738 8,870 9,005 9,141 9,279
Commercial/ Institutional 6,763 6,866 6,970 7,075 7,182 Industrial 404 410 416 422 429
Landscape 422 428 435 442 448
Other 0 0 0 0 0
Water Loss 1,185 1,203 1,221 1,239 1,258
Total 26,939 27,347 27,761 28,181 28,608
Source: Golden State Water Company (GSWC), Southwest Service Area 2020 Urban Water Management Plan, July 2021.

The 2020 UWMP’s Tables 5-2 and 5-3 conclude that GSWC Southwest’s supplies are expected to meet demands in normal-, single dry-, and multiple dry-year conditions through 2045; see Table 5.19-4, GSWC Southwest Service Reliability Assessment for Normal-, Single Dry-, and Multiple Dry-Years.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-6 Utilities and Service Systems Table 5.19-4
GSWC Southwest Service Reliability Assessment for Normal-, Single Dry-, and Multiple Dry-Years Demand and Supply Projections (in
acre-feet) 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Normal Year
Service Area Supply 26,939 27,347 27,761 28,181 28,608
Service Area Demand 26,939 27,347 27,761 28,181 28,608
Difference 0 0 0 0 0
Single-Dry Year
Service Area Supply 29,633 30,082 30,537 31,000 31,469
Service Area Demand 29,633 30,082 30,537 31,000 31,469
Difference 0 0 0 0 0
Multiple-Dry Years (Year 1)
Service Area Supply 29,633 30,082 30,537 31,000 31,469
Service Area Demand 29,633 30,082 30,537 31,000 31,469
Difference 0 0 0 0 0
Multiple-Dry Years (Year 2)
Service Area Supply 29,722 30,172 30,629 31,093 31,469
Service Area Demand 29,722 30,172 30,629 31,093 31,469
Difference 0 0 0 0 0
Multiple-Dry Years (Year 3)
Service Area Supply 29,812 30,263 30,721 31,187 31,469
Service Area Demand 29,812 30,263 30,721 31,187 31,469
Difference 0 0 0 0 0
Multiple-Dry Years (Year 4)
Service Area Supply 29,902 30,354 30,814 31,280 31,469
Service Area Demand 29,902 30,354 30,814 31,280 31,469
Difference 0 0 0 0 0
Multiple-Dry Years (Year 5)
Service Area Supply 29,992 30,446 30,907 31,375 31,469
Service Area Demand 29,992 30,446 30,907 31,375 31,469
Difference 0 0 0 0 0
Source: GSWC, Southwest Service Area 2020 Urban Water Management Plan, July 2021.

According to the 2020 UWMP, water use projections for 2025 to 2045 are based on 55 gallons per capita per day (gpcd). Based on the current (2022) estimated Planning Area population of 37,948, existing water use within the Planning Area is approximately 2.1 million gallons per day (MGD), or 6.4 acre-feet per year (AFY).

WASTEWATER
Key Terms
Effluent: Effluent is an outflowing of water from a natural body of water, or from a man-made structure.

Effluent in the man-made sense is generally considered to be water pollution, such as the outflow from a sewage treatment facility or the wastewater discharge from industrial facilities. In the context of waste Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-7 Utilities and Service Systems water treatment plants, effluent that has been treated is sometimes called secondary effluent, or treated effluent.

NPDES: Water pollution degrades surface waters making them unsafe for drinking, fishing, swimming, and other activities. As authorized by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program controls water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States. Point sources are discrete conveyances such as pipes or manmade ditches. Individual homes that are connected to a municipal system, use a septic system, or do not have a surface discharge do not need an NPDES permit; however, industrial, municipal, and other facilities must obtain permits if their discharges go directly to surface waters.

WWTP: Wastewater treatment plant. Treatment of wastewater may include the following processes:
screening to remove large waste items; grit removal to allow sand, gravel, and sediment to settle out; primary sedimentation where sludge can settle out of the wastewater; secondary treatment to substantially degrade the biological content of the sewage; tertiary treatment to raise the quality of the effluent before it is discharged; and, discharge.

Wastewater Treatment and Sewer Collection
The City of Lawndale, along with the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts (LACSD), provide wastewater services to the Planning Area. The City of Lawndale owns and operates local wastewater transmission lines within City limits, as shown on Figure 5.19-2, Existing Sewer Infrastructure. According to the City’s 2014 Sewer System Management Plan, the City’s Public Works Department manages the City-owned sanitary sewer collection system, which serves a population of approximately 32,000 residences (City of Lawndale 2014). The sanitary sewer collection system consists of 34 miles of gravity sewer lines ranging from eight to 12 inches in diameter and no pump stations. The City’s local gravity sewer lines discharge into LACSD’s facilities for conveyance to the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant (JWPCP). The City is responsible for ensuring that the public sewer infrastructure is correctly designed, adequately sized, and easily maintained.

The City is part of the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works’ (LACDPW) Consolidated Sewer Maintenance District (CSMD) and, therefore, relies on the staff and resources of the LACDPW for the maintenance of its collection sewer system. The CSMD has maintained the City’s facilities for more than 60 years and utilizes the Lawndale Yard as its primary sewer operation and maintenance services provider.

The CSMD is not a special district and does not own any infrastructure. LACDPW’s Sewer Maintenance Division is responsible for operational maintenance services of the City's sewer collection system, including cleaning, closed-circuit television inspection, manhole inspection, and repairs of the system. The CSMD also provides a supporting role in reviewing all proposed sewer plans for new developments in the City to ensure that they conform to County design standards and to ensure that requirements for acceptability for maintenance are met.

The LACSD owns, operates, and maintains an interconnected network of trunk sewers which convey wastewater to Joint Outfall System (JOS) treatment facilities. The City falls completely within the LACSD’s District Number 5 service area. The LACSD’s trunk system forms the backbone of the conveyance system.

The JOS includes the Joint Outfall trunk sewers, which are typically high-capacity sewers with diameters Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-8 Utilities and Service Systems as large as 144-inches, and the LACSD trunk sewers, which generally feed the larger trunk sewers. LACSD owns and maintains approximately 9.1 miles of sewers within the City, including two Joint Outfall trunk sewers along with other various LACSD trunk lines; refer to Figure 5.19-2.

Wastewater Treatment Capacity
The City does not directly provide any wastewater treatment services. The City’s local sewers discharge into the LACSD facilities for treatment and disposal. All sewage produced within the City is treated at LACSD’s JWPCP, which provides both primary and secondary wastewater treatment for an average dry weather flow (DWF) of 280 MGD (West Yost Associates 2020). The JWPCP has a design capacity of 400 MGD. The plant serves a population of approximately 3.5 million people throughout Los Angeles County, including the City.

The treated wastewater is disinfected with hypochlorite and discharged to the Pacific Ocean through a network of outfalls. These outfalls extend 1.5 miles off the coast of Southern California near the Palos Verdes Peninsula to a depth of 200 feet. All of the JWPCP treated effluent is discharged because the JWPCP only provides primary and secondary treatment and do not meet Title 22 standards for using recycled water.

In general, wastewater flows are expected to increase in proportion to population growth within the JOS service area. Population forecasts are derived from projections by SCAG. As part of the LACSD’s 2012 Clearwater Program Master Facilities Plan, these projections are then converted to flows using per capita generation rates. Contract and industrial flows are separately projected and added into the projected flow totals. As show in Table 5.19-5, Annual Projected Buildout Flow vs. Current Treatment Capacity (MGD), the projected average flows at the JWPCP for 2050 are estimated to be 423 MGD, which is 23 MGD more than the plant’s current permitted capacity. The LACSD continues to monitor and adjust its projected flows and would expand treatment capacity as needed based on these updates. No current plant expansion is being planned as ongoing water conservation efforts throughout the region continue to lower current wastewater flows. In addition, as part of its Clearwater Program Master Facilities Plan, LACSD has identified a recommended plan to expand the treatment capacity of San Jose Creek Water Reclamation Plant to address projected capacity exceedance and meet the needs of the JOS service area through the year 2050; refer to the Clearwater Program Master Facilities Plan (Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts 2012).

Table 5.19-5
Annual Projected Buildout Flow vs. Current Treatment Capacity (MGD)1 Treatment Plant Projected
Buildout Flow2 Current Treatment Capacity3
JWPCP 423 400
Source: West Yost Associates, Background Report for Infrastructure Analysis for the City of Lawndale General Plan Update, December 31, 2020.

Notes:

1. Projected wastewater flow and current treatment capacity are based on the 2012 Clearwater Program Master Facilities Plan.

2. Projected buildout wastewater flow is for the year 2050.

3. Current treatment capacity is for the year 2015.

Lawndale General Plan Update

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-9 Utilities and Service Systems According to the LACSD’s 2012 Clearwater Program Master Facilities Plan, the residential/commercial percapita wastewater generation rate within the JOS service area is 83 gpcd (Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts 2012). Based on the current (2022) estimated Planning Area population of 37,948, the Planning Area currently generates approximately 3.1 MGD of wastewater.

STORMWATER AND DRAINAGE
The information in this section focuses on the potential for the General Plan Update to result in the demand for new or expanded stormwater drainage facilities. Section 5.10, Hydrology and Water Quality, includes an expanded analysis of water quality, flooding, and other stormwater related issues.

Stormwater and Flood Control Facilities
Storm drain infrastructure in the City is jointly owned and operated by the City and County. The Los Angeles County Flood Control District (LACFCD) provides flood control services and drainage infrastructure within unincorporated County areas and 86 incorporated cities, including the City of Lawndale (Los Angeles County Flood Control District 2023). LACFCD maintains a network of catch basins, storm drains, laterals, and the Dominguez Channel to convey stormwater out of the Planning Area and eventually discharge to the Pacific Ocean via Los Angeles Harbor. Figure 5.19-3, Existing Stormwater and Flood Control Facilities, shows stormwater infrastructure within the Planning Area. According to LACFCD’s GIS database, there are approximately 11.8 miles of LACFCD-owned gravity mains within the City (West Yost Associates 2020). The City owns and maintains a number of smaller catch basins, storm drains, and laterals that directly flow into the LACFCD system, eventually discharging into the Pacific Ocean via Los Angeles Harbor.

SOLID WASTE
The City has a contract with Republic Services to collect solid waste, recycling, and green waste within City limits (City of Lawndale 2023). Universal Waste Systems, Inc. currently provides trash collection and recycling services to the unincorporated area of El Camino Village within the Sphere of Influence (LACDPW 2023a). With minor exceptions for certain homeowners’ associations, these two waste haulers handle all residential, commercial, and industrial collections within the Planning Area.

Key Terms
Class I landfill: A landfill that accepts for disposal 20 tons or more of municipal solid waste daily (based on an annual average); or one that does not qualify as a Class II or Class III municipal solid waste landfill.

Class II landfill: A landfill that (1) accepts less than 20 tons daily of municipal solid waste (based on an annual average); (2) is located on a site where there is no evidence of groundwater pollution caused or contributed by the landfill; (3) is not connected by road to a Class I municipal solid waste landfill, or, if connected by road, is located more than 50 miles from a Class I municipal solid waste landfill; and (4) serves a community that experiences (for at least three months each year) an interruption in access to surface transportation, preventing access to a Class I landfill, or a community with no practicable waste management alternative.

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Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-10 Utilities and Service Systems Class III landfill: A landfill that is not connected by road to a Class I landfill or a landfill that is located at least 50 miles from a Class I landfill. Class III landfills can accept no more than an average of one ton daily of ash from incinerated municipal solid waste or less than five tons daily of municipal solid waste.

Transfer station: A facility for the temporary deposit of some wastes. Transfer stations are often used as places where local waste collection vehicles will deposit their waste cargo prior to loading into larger vehicles. These larger vehicles will transport the waste to the end point of disposal or treatment.

Waste Management Plan: A Waste Management Plan (WMP) is a completed WMP form, approved by the City, submitted by the applicant for any covered project. Prior to project start, the WMP shall identify the types of construction and demolition (C&D) debris materials that will be generated for disposal and recycling. A completed WMP contains actual weight or volume of the material disposed recycled receipts.

Waste Disposal Facilities
In 2019, the majority (89 percent) of waste from the City went to four waste disposal facilities: Olinda Alpha Landfill (34 percent); Sunshine Canyon Landfill (25 percent); El Sobrante Landfill (16 percent); and Southeast Resource Recovery Facility (14 percent) (CalRecycle 2023a). The City disposed of approximately 6,462 tons at Olinda Alpha Landfill, 4,655 tons at Sunshine Canyon Landfill, and 2,940 tons at El Sobrante Landfill. Other landfills that received a relatively small amount of waste from the City in 2019 include:
• Frank R. Bowerman Sanitary Landfill (1,523 tons);
• Azusa Land Reclamation Co. Landfill (210 tons);
• Chiquita Canyon Sanitary Landfill (206 tons);
• Antelope Valley Public Landfill (80 tons); and
• Simi Valley Landfill & Recycling Center (2 tons).

In addition, 2,691 tons were disposed of at the Southeast Resource Recovery Facility, a transformation facility that uses mass burn technology to reduce the volume of solid waste by about 80 percent, while recovering electrical energy (Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts 2023).

Olinda Alpha Landfill
The Olinda Alpha Landfill is a Class III solid waste landfill located just outside of Brea, California. The property spans approximately 565 acres, with approximately 453 acres allocated for waste disposal (CalRecycle 2023b). The Olinda Alpha Landfill has a daily permitted maximum of 8,000 tons per day (TPD) and a remaining capacity of 17.5 million cubic yards as of 2020. The landfill has enough projected capacity to serve residents and businesses until approximately 2036.

Sunshine Canyon Landfill
The Sunshine Canyon Landfill is a Class III solid waste landfill located in Los Angeles, California. The property spans approximately 1,036 acres with approximately 363 acres allocated for waste disposal (CalRecycle 2023c). The Sunshine Canyon Landfill has a daily permitted maximum of 12,100 TPD and a remaining capacity of 77,900,000 cubic yards as of 2018. The landfill has enough projected capacity to serve residents and businesses until approximately 2037.

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-11 Utilities and Service Systems El Sobrante Landfill
The El Sobrante Landfill is a Class III solid waste landfill located just outside of Corona, California. The property spans approximately 1,322 acres with approximately 468 acres allocated for waste disposal (CalRecycle 2023d). The El Sobrante Landfill has a daily permitted maximum of 16,054 TPD and a remaining capacity of 143,977,170 cubic yards as of 2018. The landfill has enough projected capacity to serve residents and businesses until approximately 2051.

Southeast Resource Recovery Facility
The Southeast Resource Recovery Facility is a Transformation Facility located in the City of Long Beach.

The facility is a waste-to-energy facility that uses mass burn technology to reduce the volume of solid waste by about 80 percent, while recovering electrical energy (Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts 2023). Refuse is inspected prior to combustion and non-combustible materials are recycled or disposed of in the same manner as other waste in the City of Long Beach. Treated combustion ash is used at a local landfill as road base material. The Southeast Resource Recovery Facility has a daily permitted maximum of 2,240 TPD (CalRecycle 2023e).

Solid Waste Generation Rates and Volumes
The California Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989 (AB 939), requires each city or county’s source reduction and recycling element to include an implementation schedule showing that a city or county must divert 50 percent of solid waste from landfill disposal or transformation on and after January 1, 2000.

SB 1016, passed in 2008, required the 50 percent diversion requirement to be calculated in a per capita disposal rate equivalent. AB 341, passed in 2012, requires that California increase its diversion rate to 75 percent by 2020.

The California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle) tracks and monitors solid waste generation rates on a per capita basis. Per capita solid waste generation rates and total annual solid waste disposal volumes for the City of Lawndale between 2015 and 2021 are shown in Table 5.19-6, Solid Waste Generation Rates in City of Lawndale.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-12 Utilities and Service Systems Table 5.19-6
Solid Waste Generation Rates in City of Lawndale
Year
Waste Generation Rate
(pounds/person/day) Total Disposal Tonnage
(tons/year) Per Resident Per Employee
2015 2.0 9.1 15,825.70
2016 2.2 9.8 16,205.01
2017 2.9 14.5 19,440.34
2018 2.3 11.5 17,288.56
2019 2.7 12.7 18,770.93
2020 2.9 13.9 20,790.63
2021 2.1 11.4 15,322.66
Cal Recycle Target Rate <3.4 <21.1 --
Source: California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle), Jurisdiction Per Capita Disposal Trends, https://www2.calrecycle.ca.gov/LGCentral/AnnualReporting/ReviewReports, accessed March 10, 2023f.

The City has complied with State requirements to reduce the volume of solid waste through recycling and reuse of solid waste. As shown in Table 5.19-6, the City’s per capita disposal rates have consistently satisfied the target rate established by CalRecycle of 3.4 pounds/person/day for residents and 21.1 pounds/person/day for employees. The per capita disposal rate is used as one of several factors that CalRecycle considers in determining a jurisdiction’s compliance with the intent of AB 939. It allows CalRecycle and jurisdictions to focus on successful implementation of diversion programs. CalRecycle data also shows that the City of Lawndale has increased landfill diversion programs for solid waste, from 38 diversion programs in 2007 to 40 in 2021.

Hazardous Waste Disposal
Household hazardous waste are products that are flammable, corrosive, reactive or toxic. Examples of household hazardous waste include: automotive fluids, propane, paint and solvents, medical sharps, fertilizers, pool chemicals, cleaning products, pesticides, herbicides, and nonempty aerosol cans. Los Angeles County operates permanent household hazardous waste collection facilities that offer service on a regular basis and temporary one-day and two-day household hazardous waste events throughout the year to collect household hazardous waste. The closest permanent household hazardous waste collection facility to Lawndale is the Hyperion S.A.F.E. Center in Playa Del Rey (LACDPW 2023b).

Separately, as of October 19, 2012, Assembly Bill 1343 established the PaintCare program. The program makes proper paint disposal more convenient for the public by setting up hundreds of new paint drop-off sites at retailers throughout the State. Electronic waste (e-waste) is anything with a circuit board or battery. It is illegal to dispose of e-Waste in any of the regular carts. Residents can legally dispose of these items at designated collection facilities or e-waste recycling events. Universal wastes are hazardous wastes that contain mercury, lead, cadmium, copper, and other substances hazardous to human and environment health. In general, universal waste may not be discarded in solid waste landfills. Residents Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-13 Utilities and Service Systems and businesses can generally contact a waste disposal service to arrange a pick-up of E-waste or universal waste.

ELECTRIC POWER, NATURAL GAS, AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Infrastructure to deliver electricity and natural gas service throughout the Planning Area is currently in place, and can generally provide these services to new development on request.

Electric Power
Electrical power to the Planning Area is provided by Southern California Edison (SCE). SCE provides electrical services to residences and businesses throughout Southern California. SCE’s is one of the nation’s largest electric utilities delivering power to 15 million people in 50,000 square-miles across central, coastal and Southern California including 180 incorporated cities and 15 counties (Southern California Edison 2023). SCE maintains approximately 12,635 miles of transmission lines, 91,375 miles of distribution lines (less streetlight miles), 1,433,336 electric poles, 720,800 distribution transformers, and 2,959 substation transformers. SCE obtains electricity from various generating sources that utilize natural gas, fossil fuels, hydroelectric sources, nuclear energy, and renewable resources, such as solar and wind.

Natural Gas
The Southern California Gas Company (SoCalGas) provides natural gas service to the Planning Area.

SoCalGas is the nation's largest natural gas distribution utility and delivers gas services to 21.8 million consumers through 5.9 million meters in more than 500 communities (Southern California Gas Company 2023). SoCalGas service territory encompasses approximately 24,000 square miles in diverse terrain throughout Central and Southern California, from Visalia to the Mexican border.

Telecommunications
The Planning Area is served by multiple telecommunications providers. Providers in the Planning Area include Spectrum, T-Mobile, AT&T, and Frontier, which both provide internet access, telephone, and television services (Highspeedinternet.com 2023).

5.19.3 REGULATORY SETTING

WATER SUPPLIES
State
California Department of Health Services
The California Department of Health Services, Division of Drinking Water and Environmental Management, oversees the Drinking Water Program. The Drinking Water Program regulates public water systems and certifies drinking water treatment and distribution operators. It provides support for small water systems and for improving their technical, managerial, and financial capacity. It provides subsidized funding for water system improvements under the State Revolving Fund and Proposition 50 programs.

The Drinking Water Program also oversees water recycling projects, permits water treatment devices, supports and promotes water system security, and oversees the Drinking Water Treatment and Research Fund for MTBE and other oxygenates.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-14 Utilities and Service Systems California Code of Regulations
California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 22, Chapter 15, Article 20 requires all public water systems to prepare a Consumer Confidence Report for distribution to its customers and to the Department of Health Services. The Consumer Confidence Report provides information regarding the quality of potable water provided by the water system. It includes information on the sources of the water, any detected contaminants in the water, the maximum contaminant levels set by regulation, violations and actions taken to correct them, and opportunities for public participation in decisions that may affect the quality of the water provided.

Consumer Confidence Report Requirements
CCR Title 22, Chapter 15, Article 20 requires all public water systems to prepare a Consumer Confidence Report for distribution to its customers and to the Department of Health Services. The Consumer Confidence Report provides information regarding the quality of potable water provided by the water system. It includes information on the sources of the water, any detected contaminants in the water, the maximum contaminant levels set by regulation, violations and actions taken to correct them, and opportunities for public participation in decisions that may affect the quality of the water provided.

Sustainable Groundwater Management Act
The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (Water Code Section 10720 et seq.) was enacted in 2014.

The Act, and related amendments to California law, require that all groundwater basins designated as high- or medium-priority in the California Department of Water Resources’ (DWR) California Statewide Groundwater Elevation Monitoring (CASGEM) program and that are subject to critical overdraft conditions must be managed under a new Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP), or a coordinated set of GSPs, by January 31, 2020. High- and medium-priority basins that are not subject to critical overdraft conditions must be managed under a GSP by January 31, 2022. Where GSPs are required, one or more local groundwater sustainability agencies (GSAs) must be formed to cover the basin and prepare and implement applicable GSPs. The Act does not apply to basins that are managed under a court-approved adjudication, or to low-or very-low-priority basins.

A GSA has the authority to require registration of groundwater wells, measure and manage extractions, require reports and assess fees, and to request revisions of basin boundaries, including establishing new subbasins. The preparation of a GSP by a GSA is exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). Each GSP must include a physical description of the covered basin, such as groundwater levels, groundwater quality, subsidence, information on groundwater-surface water interaction, data on historical and projected water demands and supplies, monitoring and management provisions, and a description of how the plan would affect other plans, including city and county general plans.

The Act defines groundwater as “water beneath the surface of the earth within the zone below the water table in which the soil is completely saturated with water but does not include water that flows in known and definite channels.” A groundwater extraction facility is defined as “a device or method for extracting groundwater from within a basin” Water Code Section 10721(g-h). GSPs are reviewed by the DWR to ensure that, over a period of 20 years, “sustainable groundwater management” is achieved. As defined Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-15 Utilities and Service Systems by the Act, sustainable groundwater management means that groundwater uses within basins managed by a GSP would not cause any of the following “undesirable results”:
• Chronic lowering of groundwater levels (not including overdraft during a drought, if a basin is otherwise managed);
• Significant and unreasonable reductions in groundwater storage; • Significant and unreasonable seawater intrusion;
• Significant and unreasonable degradation of water quality; • Significant and unreasonable land subsidence; and
• Surface water depletions that have significant and unreasonable adverse impacts on beneficial uses (Water Code Section 10721(w)).

Water Conservation Act of 2009
Water Code Sections 10800, et seq. creates a framework for future planning and actions by urban (and agricultural) water suppliers to reduce California’s water use. The law requires urban water suppliers to reduce Statewide per capita water consumption by 20 percent by 2020. Additionally, the State is required to make incremental progress towards this goal by reducing per capita water use by at least 10 percent by 2015. Each urban retail water supplier was required to develop water use targets and an interim water use target by July 1, 2011. Each urban retail water supplier was required, by July 2011, to include in their water management plan the baseline daily per capita water use, water use target, interim water use target, and compliance daily per capita water use.

Efficiency Standards
CCR Title 24 contains the California Building Standards, including the California Plumbing Code (Part 5), which promotes water conservation. CCR Title 20 addresses Public Utilities and Energy and includes appliance efficiency standards that promote water conservation. In addition, several California laws listed below require water-efficient plumbing fixtures in structures:
• CCR Title 20 Section 1604(g) establishes efficiency standards that give the maximum flow rate of all new showerheads, lavatory faucets, sink faucets, and tub spout diverters; • CCR Title 20 Section 1606 prohibits the sale of fixtures that do not comply with established efficiency regulations;
• CCR Title 24 Sections 25352(i) and (j) address pipe insulation requirements, which can reduce water used before hot water reaches equipment or fixtures. Insulation of water-heating systems is also required; and
• Health and Safety Code Section 17921.3 requires low-flush toilets and urinals in virtually all buildings.

Urban Water Management Planning Act
The Urban Water Management Planning Act has as its objectives the management of urban water demands and the efficient use of urban water. Under its provisions, every urban water supplier is required Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-16 Utilities and Service Systems to prepare and adopt an urban water management plan. An “urban water supplier” is a public or private water supplier that provides water for municipal purposes either directly or indirectly to more than 3,000 customers or supplying more than 3,000 AF of water annually. The plan must identify and quantify the existing and planned sources of water available to the supplier, quantify the projected water use for a period of 20 years, and describe the supplier’s water demand management measures. The urban water supplier should make every effort to ensure the appropriate level of reliability in its water service sufficient to meet the needs of its various categories of customers during normal, dry, and multiple dry years. The Department of Water Resources must receive a copy of an adopted urban water management plan.

Senate Bill (SB) 610 and Assembly Bill (AB) 901
The State Legislature passed SB 610 and AB 901 in 2001. Both measures modified the Urban Water Management Planning Act.

SB 610 requires additional information in an urban water management plan if groundwater is identified as a source of water available to an urban water supplier. It also requires that the plan include a description of all water supply projects and programs that may be undertaken to meet total projected water use. SB 610 requires a city or county that determines a project is subject to CEQA to identify any public water system that may supply water to the project and to request identified public water systems to prepare a specified water supply assessment. The assessment must include, among other information, an identification of existing water supply entitlements, water rights, or water service contracts relevant to the identified water supply for the proposed project, and water received in prior years pursuant to these entitlements, rights, and contracts.

AB 901 requires an urban water management plan to include information, to the extent practicable, relating to the quality of existing sources of water available to an urban water supplier over given time periods. AB 901 also requires information on the manner in which water quality affects water management strategies and supply reliability. The bill requires a plan to describe plans to supplement a water source that may not be available at a consistent level of use, to the extent practicable. Additional findings and declarations relating to water quality are required.

Senate Bill (SB) 221
SB 221 adds Government Code Section 66455.3, requiring that the local water agency be sent a copy of any proposed residential subdivision of more than 500 dwelling units within five days of the subdivision application being accepted as complete for processing by the city or county. It also adds Government Code Section 66473.7, establishing detailed requirements for establishing whether a “sufficient water supply” exists to support any proposed residential subdivisions of more than 500 dwellings, including any such subdivision involving a development agreement. When approving a qualifying subdivision tentative map, the city or county must include a condition requiring availability of a sufficient water supply. The applicable public water system must provide proof of availability. If there is no public water system, the city or county must undertake the analysis described in Government Code Section 66473.7. The analysis must include consideration of effects on other users of water and groundwater.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-17 Utilities and Service Systems Local
Greater Los Angeles County Integrated Regional Water Management Plan (IRWMP) The 2014 Greater Los Angeles County IRWMP is a regional plan designed to improve collaboration in water resources management. The IRWMP identifies a comprehensive set of solutions to: reduce the Region’s reliance on imported water; comply with water quality regulations by improving the quality of urban runoff, stormwater, and wastewater; protect, restore and enhance natural processes and habitats; increase watershed friendly recreational space for all communities; reduce flood risk in flood prone areas by either increasing protection or decreasing needs using integrated flood management approaches; and adapt to and mitigate against climate change vulnerabilities.

Golden State Water Company Southwest 2020 Urban Water Management Plan Urban water suppliers such as GSWC Southwest are required to prepare and adopt an UWMP every five years. The UWMP provides water suppliers with a reliable management action plan for long-term resource planning to ensure adequate water supplies are available to meet existing and future water supply needs.

The UWMP must demonstrate water supply reliability in a normal year, single dry year, and droughts lasting at least five years over a twenty-year planning horizon. GSWC Southwest’s 2020 UWMP integrates local and regional land use planning, regional water supply, infrastructure, and demand management projects to address short-term and long-term water conditions and management.

City of Lawndale Municipal Code
The City of Lawndale Municipal Code Chapter 3.14, Utility Users Tax, imposes a tax for users of various utilities within the City in order to fund municipal utility services. Section 3.14.090, Water Users Tax, imposes a tax on every person in the City using water which is delivered through mains or pipes.

Municipal Code Chapter 8.40, Water Conservation, allows the City Council to declare voluntary and mandatory water restrictions, as appropriate to water supply conditions. The stages include: conservation watch, drought watch, and drought emergency.

Municipal Code Title 15, Buildings and Construction, adopts various uniform building and construction codes. Chapter 15.28, Green Building Standards Code, adopts the 2022 California Green Building Standards Code, also referred to as CALGreen. CALGreen includes regulations to improve water efficiency and conservation.

Municipal Code Chapter 17.88, Water Efficient Landscape, promotes water-efficient landscaping by establishing standards for the design, maintenance, and install of water efficient landscapes in new and substantially altered or expanded existing development projects.

WASTEWATER
Federal
Clean Water Act
The Clean Water Act (CWA) (33 United States Code Section 1251 et seq.) is the cornerstone of water quality protection in the United States. The statute employs a variety of regulatory and non-regulatory Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-18 Utilities and Service Systems tools to sharply reduce direct pollutants discharges into waterways, finance municipal wastewater treatment facilities, and manage polluted runoff. These tools are employed to achieve the broader goal of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters so that they can support “the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water” (United States Environmental Protection Agency n.d.).

The CWA regulates discharges from “non-point source” and traditional “point source” facilities, such as municipal sewage plants and industrial facilities. The CWA makes it illegal to discharge pollutants from a point source to the waters of the United States. CWA Section 402 creates the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) regulatory program. Point sources must obtain a discharge permit from the proper authority (usually a state, sometimes EPA, a tribe, or a territory). NPDES permits cover industrial and municipal discharges, discharges from storm sewer systems in larger cities, storm water associated with numerous kinds of industrial activity, runoff from construction sites disturbing more than one acre, mining operations, and animal feedlots and aquaculture facilities above certain thresholds.

All so-called “indirect” dischargers are not required to obtain NPDES permits. An indirect discharger is one that sends its wastewater into a city sewer system, so it eventually goes to a sewage treatment plant.

Although not regulated under NPDES, “indirect” discharges are covered by the CWA “pretreatment” program.

State
State Water Resources Control Board/Regional Water Quality Control Board In California, all wastewater treatment and disposal systems fall under the overall regulatory authority of the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) and the nine California Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCBs), who are charged with the responsibility of protecting beneficial uses of State waters (ground and surface) from a variety of waste discharges, including wastewater from individual and municipal systems. The Planning Area falls within the jurisdiction of the Santa Ana RWQCB.

The RWQCB’s regulatory role often involves the formation and implementation of basic water protection policies. These are reflected in the individual RWQCB’s Basin Plan, generally in the form of guidelines, criteria and/or prohibitions related to the siting, design, construction, and maintenance of on-site sewage disposal systems. The SWRCB’s role has historically been one of providing overall direction, organizational and technical assistance, and a communications link to the State legislature.

The RWQCBs may waive or delegate regulatory authority for on-site sewage disposal systems to counties, cities or special districts. Although not mandatory, it is commonly done and has proven to be administratively efficient. In some cases, this is accomplished through a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), whereby the local agency commits to enforcing the Basin Plan requirements or other specified standards that may be more restrictive. The RWQCBs generally elect to retain permitting authority over large and/or commercial or industrial on-site sewage disposal systems, depending on the volume and character of the wastewater.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-19 Utilities and Service Systems Local
Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts Master Connection Fee Ordinance The LACSD Master Connection Fee Ordinance imposes fees for connecting to the LACSD wastewater system, or for increasing the strength or quantity of wastewater discharged from connected facilities, and to provide for the collection of those fees. Revenue from the Ordinance is used to fund LACSD’s capital facilities and the JOS capital facilities.

Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts Wastewater Treatment Surcharge Program The LACSD charges an annual fee for wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal services for all companies that discharge more than one million gallons of wastewater to the public sewerage system during the fiscal year, or have high strength waste.

City of Lawndale Sewer System Management Plan (2014)
The City’s Sewer System Management Plan contains policies and procedures related to the design and maintenance of the City’s sewer system to prevent sanitary sewer overflows. The Plan describes responsivities, preventive maintenance activities, conditions assessments, and standards for construction and design of sanitary sewers within the City.

City of Lawndale Municipal Code
Municipal Code Title 13, Public Services, addresses wastewater and storm drains within the City. Chapter

13.04, Sanitary Sewers and Industrial Waste Code, adopts Title 20, Division 2 of the Los Angeles County Code as the Sanitary Sewer and Industrial Waste Ordinance for the City of Lawndale. The ordinance regulates discharges of wastewater, including industrial waste discharges, into sanitary sewers within the City. Chapter 13.08, Sewer Capacity – Peak-flow Charges, also known as the City of Lawndale Sewer Charge Code, recognizes that the City’s existing sewers were not designed to accommodate the increased flow of sewage from certain areas being developed, and establishes a means of providing adequate sewers required for future development. The Sewer Charge Code establishes a charge to be collected from properties that propose to discharge to the public sewer quantities of sewage in excess of the quantity for which the system was designed; and to establish a fund in which these charges may be deposited and from which monies will be available for the sanitary sewer reconstruction program. Section 13.08.070 prevents a building permit from being issued if the anticipated sewage from the proposed use is found by the City Engineer to exceed the capacity available in the public sewer. Section 13.08.080 requires that the size and grade of each public sewer must be such as to provide sufficient capacity for peak flow rates of discharge at all times. Section 13.08.090 outlines the required information and charges necessary for building permit applicants.

STORMWATER AND FLOOD CONTROL FACILITIES
Federal
Clean Water Act
The CWA, initially passed in 1972, regulates the discharge of pollutants into watersheds throughout the nation. Section 402(p) of the act establishes a framework for regulating municipal and industrial Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-20 Utilities and Service Systems stormwater discharges under the NPDES Program. Section 402(p) requires that stormwater associated with industrial activity that discharges either directly to surface waters or indirectly through municipal separate storm sewers must be regulated by an NPDES permit.

The SWRCB is responsible for implementing the CWA and does so through issuing NPDES permits to cities and counties through regional water quality control boards. Federal regulations allow two permitting options for storm water discharges (individual permits and general permits). Pursuant to Section 402 of the CWA and the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, municipal stormwater discharge in the Planning Area is subject to the Waste Discharge Requirements (WDRs) of the MS4 Permit (R4-2012-0175).

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits are required for discharges to navigable waters of the United States, which includes any discharge to surface waters, including lakes, rivers, streams, bays, oceans, dry stream beds, wetlands, and storm sewers that are tributary to any surface water body. NPDES permits are issued under the CWA, Title IV, Permits and Licenses, Section 402 (33 USC 466 et seq.).

The RWQCB issues these permits in lieu of direct issuance by the Environmental Protection Agency, subject to review and approval by the EPA Regional Administrator (EPA Region 9). The terms of these NPDES permits implement pertinent provisions of the CWA and the Act’s implementing regulations, including pre-treatment, sludge management, effluent limitations for specific industries, and antidegradation. In general, the discharge of pollutants is to be eliminated or reduced as much as practicable so as to achieve the Clean Water Act’s goal of “fishable and swimmable” navigable (surface) waters.

Technically, all NPDES permits issued by the RWQCB are also Waste Discharge Requirements issued under the authority of the CWA.

These NPDES permits regulate discharges from publicly owned treatment works, industrial discharges, stormwater runoff, dewatering operations, and groundwater cleanup discharges. NPDES permits are issued for five years or less, and therefore must be updated regularly. To expedite the permit issuance process, the RWQCB has adopted several general NPDES permits, each of which regulates numerous discharges of similar types of wastes. The SWRCB has issued general permits for stormwater runoff from construction sites statewide. Stormwater discharges from industrial and construction activities in the Planning Area can be covered under these general permits, which are administered jointly by the SWRCB and RWQCB.

Construction throughout the Planning Area could disturb more than one acre of land surface for centralized and regional structural BMPs (and possibly for those distributed structural BMPs larger than one acre), affecting the quality of stormwater discharges into waters of the United States. The City would therefore be subject to the NPDES General Permit for Stormwater Discharges Associated with Construction and Land Disturbance Activities (Order 2009-0009-DWQ, NPDES No. CAS000002, Construction General Permit, as amended by Order 2010-0014-DWQ and Order 2012-0006-DWQ). The Construction General Permit regulates discharges of pollutants in stormwater associated with construction activity to waters of the United States from construction sites that disturb one or more acres Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-21 Utilities and Service Systems of land surface, or that are part of a common plan of development or sale that disturbs more than one acre of land surface.

The Construction General Permit requires the development and implementation of a SWPPP that includes specific BMPs designed to prevent pollutants from contacting stormwater and keep all products of erosion from moving off-site into receiving waters. The SWPPP BMPs are intended to protect surface water quality by preventing the off-site migration of eroded soil and construction-related pollutants from the construction area.

State
California Water Code
California’s primary statute governing water quality and water pollution issues with respect to both surface waters and groundwater is the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act of 1970 (Division 7 of the California Water Code) (Porter-Cologne Act). The Porter-Cologne Act grants the SWRCB and each of the Regional Water Quality Control Boards (RWQCBs) power to protect water quality, and is the primary vehicle for implementation of California’s responsibilities under the Federal Clean Water Act. The PorterCologne Act grants the SWRCB and the RWQCBs authority and responsibility to adopt plans and policies, to regulate discharges to surface and groundwater, to regulate waste disposal sites, and to require cleanup of discharges of hazardous materials and other pollutants. The Porter-Cologne Act also establishes reporting requirements for unintended discharges of any hazardous substance, sewage, or oil or petroleum product.

Each RWQCB must formulate and adopt a Water Quality Control Plan (Basin Plan) for its region. The regional plans are to conform to the policies set forth in the Porter-Cologne Act and established by the SWRCB in its State water policy. The Porter-Cologne Act also provides that a RWQCB may include within its regional plan water discharge prohibitions applicable to particular conditions, areas, or types of waste.

State Water Resource Control Board (State Water Board) Storm Water Strategy The Storm Water Strategy is founded on the results of the Storm Water Strategic Initiative, which served to direct the State Water Board’s role in storm water resources management. The Storm Water Strategy developed guiding principles to serve as the foundation of the storm water program; identified issues that support or inhibit the program from aligning with the guiding principles; and proposed and prioritized projects that the Water Boards could implement to address those issues. The State Water Board staff created a strategy-based document called the Strategy to Optimize Management of Storm Water (STORMS). STORMS includes a program vision, missions, goals, objectives, projects, timelines, and consideration of the most effective integration of project outcomes into the Water Board’s Storm Water Program.

Local
Water Quality Control Plan (Basin Plan) for the Los Angeles Region A Basin Plan is designed to preserve and enhance water quality and protect the beneficial uses of all regional waters. The Basin Plan is a resource for the Regional Board and others who use water and/or discharge wastewater in the region that the Basin Plan is designed to cover. Other agencies and Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-22 Utilities and Service Systems organizations involved in environmental permitting and resource management activities also use the Basin Plan. Finally, the Basin Plan provides valuable information to the public about local water quality issues.

The Los Angeles Region (Region 4) has jurisdiction over the coastal drainages between Rincon Point (on the coast of western Ventura County) and the eastern Los Angeles County. The Basin Plan for the Coastal Watersheds of Los Angeles and Ventura Counties covers coastal Los Angeles County, including the Planning Area.

Dominguez Channel Watershed Management Area – Enhanced Watershed Management Program The Dominguez Channel Watershed Management Area Enhanced Watershed Management Program (EWMP) was developed pursuant to the requirements set forth by Order No. R4-2012-0175, Los Angeles County Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit (MS4 Permit). The EWMP identifies water quality priorities and watershed control measures for compliance with all Dominguez Channel TMDLs. The EWMP Plan, along with a Coordinated Monitoring Plan, serves as a guiding document for implementing water quality improving infrastructure, policies, and programs. The City of Lawndale is a participating member in the EWMP.

City of Lawndale Municipal Code
Municipal Code Title 13, Public Services, addresses wastewater and storm drains within the City. Chapter

13.12, Storm Water and Urban Runoff Pollution Control, establishes stormwater runoff controls and best management practices (BMPs) to prevent and/or reduce the quantity of pollutants from being discharged into the Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4).

SOLID WASTE
Federal
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) was enacted in 1976 to address the huge volumes of municipal and industrial solid waste generated nationwide. After several amendments, the Act as it stands today governs the management of solid and hazardous waste and underground storage tanks (USTs). RCRA, enacted in 1976, is an amendment to the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965. RCRA has been amended several times, most significantly by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984. RCRA is a combination of the first solid waste statutes and all subsequent amendments. RCRA authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate waste management activities. RCRA authorizes states to develop and enforce their own waste management programs, in lieu of the Federal program, if a state's waste management program is substantially equivalent to, consistent with, and no less stringent than the Federal program.

State
California Integrated Waste Management Act (AB 939 and SB 1322) The California Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989 (AB 939 and SB 1322) requires every city and county to prepare a Source Reduction and Recycling Element to its Solid Waste Management Plan that Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-23 Utilities and Service Systems identifies how each jurisdiction will meet the mandatory State waste diversion goals of 25 percent by 1995 and 50 percent by 2000. The purpose of AB 939 and SB 1322 is to “reduce, recycle, and re-use solid waste generated in the state to the maximum extent feasible.” The term “integrated waste management” refers to the use of a variety of waste management practices to safely and effectively handle the municipal solid waste stream with the least adverse impact on human health and the environment. The Act has established a waste management hierarchy, as follows: Source Reduction; Recycling; Composting; Transformation; and Disposal.

California Integrated Waste Management Board Model Ordinance Subsequent to the Integrated Waste Management Act, additional legislation was passed to assist local jurisdictions in accomplishing the goals of AB 939. The California Solid Waste Re-use and Recycling Access Act of 1991 (§42900-42911 of the Public Resources Code) directs the California Integrated Waste Management Board to draft a “model ordinance” relating to adequate areas for collecting and loading recyclable materials in development projects. The model ordinance requires that any new development project, for which an application is submitted on or after September 1, 1994, include “adequate, accessible, and convenient areas for collecting and loading recyclable materials.” For subdivisions of single family detached homes, recycling areas are required to serve only the needs of the homes within that subdivision.

California Mandatory Commercial Recycling Law (AB 341)
Assembly Bill (AB) 341 directed CalRecycle to develop and adopt regulations for mandatory commercial recycling. CalRecycle initiated formal rulemaking with a 45-day comment period beginning Oct. 28, 2011.

The final regulation was approved by the Office of Administrative Law on May 7, 2012. The purpose of AB 341 is to reduce GHG emissions by diverting commercial solid waste to recycling efforts and to expand the opportunity for additional recycling services and recycling manufacturing facilities in California.

Beginning on July 1, 2012, businesses have been required to recycle, and each jurisdiction has implemented programs that include education, outreach, and monitoring. Jurisdictions were required to start reporting on their 2012 Electronic Annual Report (due August 1, 2013) on their initial education, outreach, and monitoring efforts, and, if applicable, on any enforcement activities or exemptions implemented by the jurisdiction.

In addition to Mandatory Commercial Recycling, AB 341 sets a statewide goal for 75 percent disposal reduction by the year 2020. This is not written as a 75 percent diversion mandate for each jurisdiction.

The 50 percent disposal reduction mandate still stands for cities, counties, and State agencies (including community colleges) under AB 939. CalRecycle continues to evaluate program implementation as it has in the past through the Annual Report review process for entities subject to either AB 939.

Assembly Bill 1826 Mandatory Commercial Organics Recycling In October 2014 Governor Brown signed AB 1826, requiring businesses to recycle their organic waste on and after April 1, 2016, depending on the amount of waste they generate per week. This law also requires that on and after January 1, 2016, local jurisdictions across the state implement an organic waste recycling program to divert organic waste generated by businesses, including multifamily residential dwellings that Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-24 Utilities and Service Systems consist of five or more units (please note, however, that multi-family dwellings are not required to have a food waste diversion program). Organic waste (also referred to as organics) means food waste, green waste, landscape and pruning waste, nonhazardous wood waste, and food-soiled paper waste that is mixed in with food waste. This law phases in the mandatory recycling of commercial organics over time, while also offering an exemption process for rural counties. In particular, the minimum threshold of organic waste generation by businesses decreases over time, which means an increasingly greater proportion of the commercial sector will be required to comply.

Starting on January 1, 2019, businesses that generate four cubic yards or more of commercial solid waste per week shall arrange for organic waste recycling services. By Summer/Fall 2021, if CalRecycle determines that the statewide disposal of organic waste in 2020 has not been reduced by 50 percent of the level of disposal during 2014, the organic recycling requirements on businesses will expand to cover businesses that generate two cubic yards or more of commercial solid waste per week. Additionally, certain exemptions may no longer be available if this target is not met.

Senate Bill 1383 Short-lived Climate Pollutants: Organic Waste Methane Emissions Reductions In September 2016, Governor Brown signed SB 1383, establishing methane emissions reduction targets in a statewide effort to reduce emissions of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCP) in various sectors of California’s economy. The bill codifies the California Air Resources Board’s Short-Lived Climate Pollutant Reduction Strategy, established pursuant to SB 605, in order to achieve reductions in the statewide emissions of short-lived climate pollutants. Actions to reduce short-lived climate pollutants are essential to address the many impacts of climate change on human health, especially in California’s most at-risk communities, and on the environment.

As it pertains to solid waste, SB 1383 establishes targets to achieve a 50 percent reduction in the level of the statewide disposal of organic waste from the 2014 level by 2020 and a 75 percent reduction by 2025.

The law grants CalRecycle the regulatory authority required to achieve the organic waste disposal reduction targets and establishes an additional target that not less than 20 percent of currently disposed edible food is recovered for human consumption by 2025.

Local
City of Lawndale Municipal Code
The City of Lawndale Municipal Code Chapter 8.28, Solid Waste – Collection and Management, establishes regulations for solid waste collection of residential and non-residential uses, and construction/demolition waste. Article VII regulates construction and demolition debris and requires diversion of at least sixty-five percent of all demolition and construction debris generated, unless a lower rate is approved by the City as a part of the project’s waste reduction and recycling plan (WRRP). Applicants for a covered building or demolition permit must submit a WRRP as part of the permit process. Section 8.28.290, Threshold Requirements, establishes the thresholds for covered projects.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-25 Utilities and Service Systems

ELECTRICAL POWER, NATURAL GAS, AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Federal
Federal Energy Regulation Commission
The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission duties include the regulation of the transmission and sale of electricity and natural gas in interstate commerce, licensing of hydroelectric projects, and oversight of related environmental matters.

State
California Public Utilities Commission
Established in 1911, the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) regulates privately owned electric, natural gas, telecommunications, water, railroad, rail transit, and passenger transportation companies.

The commission is organized into several advisory units, an enforcement division, and a strategic planning group. SJP, SCE, and SoCalGas are regulated by the CPUC.

Local
City of Lawndale Municipal Code
The City of Lawndale Municipal Code Chapter 3.14, Utility Users Tax, imposes a tax for users of various utilities within the City in order to fund municipal utility services, including electricity, gas, and telephone.

5.19.4 SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA AND THRESHOLDS
Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines contains the Initial Study Environmental Checklist, which includes questions related to utilities and service systems. The issues presented in the Initial Study Environmental Checklist have been utilized as thresholds of significance in this section. Accordingly, a project may create a significant environmental impact if it would:
• Require or result in the relocation or construction of new or expanded water, wastewater treatment or storm water drainage, electric power, natural gas, or telecommunications facilities, the construction or relocation of which could cause significant environmental effects (refer to Impact Statement USS-1);
• Have sufficient water supplies available to serve the project and reasonably foreseeable future development during normal, dry and multiple dry years (refer to Impact Statement USS-2; • Result in a determination by the wastewater treatment provider which serves or may serve the project that it has adequate capacity to serve the project’s projected demand in addition to the provider’s existing commitments (refer to Impact Statement USS-3); • Generate solid waste in excess of State or local standards, or in excess of the capacity of local infrastructure, or otherwise impair the attainment of solid waste reduction goals (refer to Impact Statement USS-4); and/or
• Not comply with Federal, state, and local management and reduction statutes and regulations related to solid waste (refer to Impact Statement USS-5).

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-26 Utilities and Service Systems

5.19.5 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
USS-1: Would the Project require or result in the relocation or construction of new or expanded water, wastewater treatment or storm water drainage, electric power, natural gas, or telecommunications facilities, the construction or relocation of which could cause significant environmental effects?
Impact Analysis:

WATER
In regard to water facilities, the General Plan Update is expected to result in population and employment growth within the Planning Area, and thus, an overall increase in demand on water supply, which would necessitate construction of future water supply infrastructure. Based on the anticipated growth, as described in Section 3.0, Project Description, and summarized in Table 3-4, General Plan 2045 Buildout by Land Use Designation, buildout under the General Plan Update could yield a net change over existing conditions of an additional 3,942 housing units, an additional population of 9,482 people, an additional 808,000 square feet of non-residential building square footage, and an additional 2,738 jobs within the Planning Area. This increased demand for water infrastructure would be located within areas that are already developed and serviced by the GSWC.

Since no specific development projects are proposed as part of the General Plan Update, the environmental effects from constructing or expanding facilities are unknown at this time. All water infrastructure construction activities associated with future development would be subject to compliance with existing local, State, and Federal laws, ordinances, and regulations, which would ensure impacts are reduced to less than significant levels. The City would continue to coordinate with GSWC to ensure adequate water distribution facilities are available to serve future development. Lawndale Municipal Code Section 3.14.090, Water Users Tax, imposes a tax on water users in the City and would help fund necessary infrastructure improvements. Furthermore, these future water facilities would be subject to General Plan Update policies and actions intended to ensure the provision of water and that potential environmental impacts associated with the implementation of new or expanded infrastructure would be reduced.

Proposed Resource Management Element Policy RM-6.1 promotes residential, commercial and institutional water conservation strategies using multiple innovative strategies and contemporary best practices. Action RM-6c directs the City to work with local water agencies and service providers to:
implement groundwater recharge programs; participate in water conservation programs; establish water conservation education programs; require water efficient landscaping; expand the production and use of reclaimed water; and require water conservation devices in new development and rehabilitation projects.

Proposed Community Facilities Element Policy CF-1.3 directs the City to maintain and implement public facility master plans, in collaboration with appropriate regional, State, and Federal laws, to identify infrastructure needs, funding sources, and implement improvements for public facilities and services in Lawndale. Policy CF-1.8 directs City participation in the preparation of plans and programs addressing regional infrastructure and public services issues. Action CF-1a directs City coordination with outside service providers and other agencies regarding their public facility plans and to provide local input on goals, objectives, and projects. Policy CF-1d requires any new development or major redevelopment that Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-27 Utilities and Service Systems would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities. Policy CF-2.1 coordinates with local water districts when considering land use changes in order to assist the districts in planning for adequate capacity to accommodate future growth. Policy CF-2.2 encourages the use and expansion of recycled water. Policy CF-2.3 considers the impacts of climate change in projections used to establish which water supply, distribution facilities, and conservation efforts are necessary to sustain future water demands. Action CF-2a requires the development review process to ensure sufficient water supply and water infrastructure capacity is available to serve the proposed development prior to approval of the project. The implementation of existing regulations and General Plan Update policies and actions would reduce impacts associated with the relocation or construction of new or expanded water facilities to a level that is less than significant.

WASTEWATER
In regard to wastewater, the General Plan Update is expected to result in increased population and employment growth within the Planning Area, and thus, an overall increase in demand on the existing sewer system associated with increased sewage flows.

The Planning Area is urbanized and contains existing wastewater infrastructure. As discussed above, the City’s local sewers discharge into the LACSD facilities and are conveyed for treatment at LACSD’s JWPCP.

The JWPCP has a capacity of 400 MGD and treats approximately 260 MGD of wastewater, resulting in a remaining capacity of 140 MGD. The facility currently has capacity to serve the Planning Area. As shown in Table 5.19-5, LACSD projects an average flow of 423 MGD at the JWPCP for 2050, which exceeds the plant’s current permitted capacity by 23 MGD. Based on the anticipated growth under the General Plan Update, as described in Section 3.0, and summarized in Table 3-4, buildout under the General Plan Update could yield a net change over existing conditions of an additional population of 9,482 people within the Planning Area. Using the wastewater generation rate of 83 gpcd from LACSD’s 2012 Clearwater Program Master Facilities Plan, growth associated with implementation of the General Plan Update would generate

3.9 MGD of wastewater within the Planning Area, a net increase of 0.8 MGD (25.8 percent) over existing conditions.

As part of LACSD’s Clearwater Program Master Facilities Plan, an assessment of future needs was conducted by comparing projected tributary flows within the JOS versus conveyance system capacity. The conveyance capacity was determined using the static GIS conveyance system model’s baseline configuration. A capacity need was identified in those sewer line segments for which the static GIS conveyance system model determined that the depth of peak dry weather flow within the sewer was equal to, or greater than, 90 percent of the sewer’s diameter. According to LACSD’s Clearwater Program Master Facilities Plan, it is estimated that 12.1 miles of City-used Joint Outfall trunk sewers would need to be hydraulically relieved by 2050. No set timeline has been established for when those lines would be improved. The LACSD continues to monitor and adjust its projected flows and would expand conveyance infrastructure and treatment capacity as needed based on these updates. As the regional sewage conveyance agency, LACSD would take the lead in conducting any additional analyses and development of any necessary improvement plans. At such time, LACSD would utilize SCAG’s population projection data as part of its projections, such that any change in the City’s land use plans or population projections would ultimately be incorporated into any future analysis depending on the timing of such data updates.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-28 Utilities and Service Systems The General Plan Update does not include specific development proposals; therefore, the environmental effects of future wastewater collection systems are unknown at this time. At the time future projects are proposed, they would be required to ensure sufficient local and trunk sewer capacity exists to serve the specific development. Pursuant to Lawndale Municipal Code Section 13.08.070, a building permit would not be issued if the anticipated sewage from a proposed project is found by the City Engineer to exceed the capacity available in the public sewer. Lawndale Municipal Code Chapter 13.08, Sewer Capacity – Peak-flow Charges, provides for sewer connection and facilities expansion fees for the City’s local wastewater transmission lines. Additionally, LACSD charges annual wastewater sewer fees through its Wastewater Treatment Surcharge Program, as well as sewer connection fees through its Connection Fee Program, in order to maintain and expand LACSD’s wastewater services.

The General Plan Update includes policies and actions to ensure adequate wastewater services and facilities are available, and that potential environmental impacts associated with the implementation of new or expanded infrastructure would be reduced. Proposed Community Facilities Element Policy CF-1.3 directs the City to maintain and implement public facility master plans, in collaboration with appropriate regional, State, and Federal laws, to identify infrastructure needs, funding sources, and implement improvements for public facilities and services in Lawndale. Policy CF-1.8 directs City participation in the preparation of plans and programs addressing regional infrastructure and public services issues. Action CF-1a directs City coordination with outside service providers and other agencies regarding their public facility plans and to provide local input on goals, objectives, and projects. Policy CF-1d requires any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities. Policy CF-3.1 directs the City to work with appropriate service providers to promote safe and reliable wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure to serve existing and future development. Policy CF-3.2 directs coordination with the CSMD to encourage facilities to provide sufficient capacity for Lawndale, and that wastewater infrastructure within the City is adequately monitored and maintained. Policy CF-3.3 proposes the City take a comprehensive approach to water infrastructure that integrates sewer system planning with potable and recycled water systems, stormwater systems, and increased conservation awareness. Policy CF-3a directs the City to require that sufficient wastewater infrastructure capacity is available to serve proposed development prior to approval of the project; ensure the project applicant has paid the required fees prior to occupancy of any new development; and to periodically review the fee schedules for sewer connections and revise fees as necessary to cover the cost of related services and facilities. The implementation of existing regulations and General Plan Update policies and actions would reduce impacts associated with the relocation or construction of new or expanded wastewater facilities to a level that is less than significant.

STORMWATER
The Planning Area is generally developed and served by existing stormwater drainage and conveyance facilities. As described above, storm drain infrastructure in the City is jointly owned and operated by the City and the LACFCD. The Planning Area is primarily developed, with limited areas of pervious surfaces.

Although future development activities have the potential to slightly increase impervious areas within the Planning Area, the majority of development activities under the proposed General Plan Update would consist of infill and redevelopment on currently urbanized sites. Therefore, implementation of the Project would not substantially increase the rate or amount of surface runoff. Federal, State and local regulations Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-29 Utilities and Service Systems would require individual projects to provide necessary on-site storm drain infrastructure and any off-site infrastructure improvements. The specific impacts of providing new and expanded drainage facilities cannot be determined at this time, as the Project does not propose or approve any specific development project nor does it designate specific sites for new or expanded public facilities.

Stormwater drainage and conveyance facilities would be evaluated at the project-level in association with subsequent development projects. However, the facilities would be primarily provided on sites with land use designations that allow such uses and the environmental impacts of constructing and operating the facilities would likely be similar to those associated with new development, redevelopment, and infrastructure projects under the General Plan Update. As future development and infrastructure projects are considered by the City, each project would be evaluated for conformance with the General Plan, Municipal Code, and other applicable regulations. Subsequent development and infrastructure projects would also be analyzed for potential environmental impacts, consistent with the requirements of CEQA.

As such, this is a less than significant impact and no additional mitigation is required.

The General Plan Update policies and actions would further ensure that there is adequate stormwater drainage and flood control infrastructure to serve future development under the General Plan Update, and would ensure that future drainage and flood control infrastructure projects do not result in adverse environmental impacts. Proposed Resource Management Element Policy RM-6.4 directs the City to work cooperatively with local water agencies to effectively and efficiently manage stormwater runoff as part of the City’s multi-pronged water conservation strategy. Proposed Community Facilities Element Policy CF1.3 directs the City to maintain and implement public facility master plans, in collaboration with appropriate regional, State, and Federal laws, to identify infrastructure needs, funding sources, and implement improvements for public facilities and services in Lawndale. Policy CF-1.8 directs City participation in the preparation of plans and programs addressing regional infrastructure and public services issues. Action CF-1a directs City coordination with outside service providers and other agencies regarding their public facility plans and to provide local input on goals, objectives, and projects. Policy CF1d requires any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities. Action CF-4d reviews development projects to identify potential storm drain and drainage impacts and requires developments to include measures to ensure that off-site runoff is not increased beyond pre-development levels during rain and flood events. Action CF-4e requires project designs to minimize drainage concentrations, minimize impervious coverage, utilize pervious paving materials, utilize LID strategies, and utilize BMPs to reduce stormwater runoff. The implementation of existing regulations and General Plan Update policies and actions would reduce impacts associated with the relocation or construction of new or expanded stormwater facilities to a level that is less than significant.

ELECTRICAL, NATURAL GAS, AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
In regard to electrical, natural gas, and telecommunication services, the Planning Area is within the service areas of SCE, SoCalGas, and various telecommunication providers. The Planning Area is generally developed and existing electrical, natural gas, and telecommunications infrastructure exists within the Planning Area. New growth anticipated by the General Plan Update would require increased electrical, natural gas, and telecommunications services, potentially resulting in the new construction or relocation Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-30 Utilities and Service Systems of facilities. The environmental effects of future expansions of electrical, natural gas, and telecommunication facilities would be evaluated with each development proposal and would require a separate environmental review related to the construction and operation of new electrical, natural gas, and telecommunications infrastructure. Future implementing projects under the General Plan Update would have to coordinate with each utility provider to establish service, provide any necessary extensions of facilities, and comply with regulations in existence at that time. As future development and infrastructure projects are considered by the City, each project will be evaluated for conformance with the General Plan, Municipal Code, and other applicable regulations. Furthermore, these future facilities would be subject to General Plan Update policies and actions intended to ensure adequate provision of services and facilities and that potential environmental impacts associated with the implementation of new or expanded electrical, natural gas, and telecommunications infrastructure would be reduced.

Proposed Resource Management Element Policy RM-5.4 promotes the use of energy-efficient materials, equipment, and design in public and private facilities and infrastructure. Action RM-5a implements energy conservation measures in public buildings. Action RM-5b encourages innovative building design, layout, and orientation techniques to minimize energy use. Action RM-5c directs the City to review development projects to ensure compliance with the California Code of Regulations, Title 24 standards as well as the energy efficiency standards established by the General Plan and the Municipal Code. Proposed Community Facilities Element Policy CF-1.3 directs the City to maintain and implement public facility master plans, in collaboration with appropriate regional, State, and Federal laws, to identify infrastructure needs, funding sources, and implement improvements for public facilities and services in Lawndale. Policy CF-1.8 directs City participation in the preparation of plans and programs addressing regional infrastructure and public services issues. Action CF-1a directs City coordination with outside service providers and other agencies regarding their public facility plans and to provide local input on goals, objectives, and projects. Policy CF-1d requires any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities. Policy CF-5.1 directs the City to work cooperatively with utility providers to promote the provision of adequate telecommunications services and facilities to serve the needs of existing and future residents and businesses. Action CF-5a directs the City to confer with telecommunications providers regarding major development plans and participate in the planning of the extension of utilities. The implementation of existing regulations and General Plan Update policies and actions would reduce impacts associated with the relocation or construction of new or expanded electrical, natural gas, and telecommunications facilities to a level that is less than significant.

Proposed General Plan Update Goals, Policies, and Actions:

LAND USE ELEMENT
Action LU-1e: Initiate a coordinated process to regularly review and adjust population assumptions and forecasts in conjunction with the Department of Finance, Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), and the County of Los Angeles in order to adequately plan for growth, including jobs-housing balance projections.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-31 Utilities and Service Systems Policy LU-2.6: Regional Growth. Notify adjacent jurisdictions and agencies of proposed land use actions within the Planning Area that may affect them and take appropriate action to consider and respond to their concerns.

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ELEMENT
Policy RM-5.4: Energy-Efficient Materials. Promote the use of energy-efficient materials, equipment, and design in public and private facilities and infrastructure.

Policy RM-5.5: Energy Conservation. Promote energy conservation and recycling by the public and private sectors.

Policy RM-6.1: Conservation. Promote residential, commercial and institutional water conservation strategies using multiple innovative strategies and contemporary best practices.

Policy RM-6.2: Landscaping. Encourage all public and private landscaping in new development and significantly altered redevelopment projects to be designed to reduce water demand, prevent erosion, decrease flooding, and reduce pollutants through the installation of irrigation systems, the selection of appropriate plant materials, and proper soil preparation.

Policy RM-6.4: Stormwater. Work cooperatively with local water agencies to effectively and efficiently manage stormwater runoff as part of the City’s multi-pronged water conservation strategy.

Action RM-6b: In cooperation with the State, Regional and local water agencies and suppliers, participate in programs that seek to expand the availability and use of recycled water for irrigation where feasible and legally permitted. Cooperate with these agencies to establish standards and regulations for the use of recycled water in development projects.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-32 Utilities and Service Systems Action RM-6c: Work with local water agencies and service providers, regional wholesalers, and private developers to encourage water conservation in the following ways:
• Implementing groundwater recharge programs;
• Participating in water conservation programs operated by the local and Regional water districts;
• Establishing water conservation education programs;
• Requiring Water-Efficient Landscaping for public and private areas, including parks and recreational facilities, in accordance with the Water-Efficient Landscape requirements;
• Expanding the production and use of reclaimed (recycled) water; • Requiring the incorporation of water conservation devices, including low flush toilets, flow restriction devices, and water conserving appliances in both new public and private development projects and rehabilitation projects.

Policy CF-1.2: Fair Share. Require that new development and major redevelopment provide for and fund its fair share of the costs for the expansion of public infrastructure and services, recreational amenities and facilities, and other public facilities.

Policy CF-1.8: Regional Issues. Continue to participate in the preparation of plans and programs addressing regional infrastructure and public services issues.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-33 Utilities and Service Systems Policy CF-1.9: Cost Sharing. Explore equitable methods for sharing the costs of facilities or services that serve multiple jurisdictions in the South Bay Cities Council of Governments and/or Los Angeles County.

Policy CF-1.10: Regional Services Providers. Collaborate with the various regional facility and service providers to deliver high levels of service to Lawndale residents, and to plan for new development.

Policy CF-1.11: Capital Improvement Planning. Encourage agencies to carry out long-range capital improvement planning, which includes funding methods for the construction of projects that are compatible with regional land use planning goals and objectives.

Action CF-1a: Regularly coordinate with outside service providers and other agencies regarding their public facility plans and provide local input on goals, objectives, and projects.

Action CF-1b: Maintain records regarding the quality and status of public facilities and critical infrastructure and use this information to inform the capital improvement planning process.

Action CF-1c: Study mechanisms for funding and phasing of new infrastructure.

Action CF-1d: Require any new development or major redevelopment that would put local and/or regional facilities at or near capacity to upgrade those facilities.

Action CF-1e: Participate in regional and sub-regional planning forums that may address matters affecting the quality of life in Lawndale and the region.

Policy CF-2.1: Water Supply Needs. Coordinate with local water districts when considering land use changes in order to assist the districts in planning for adequate capacity to accommodate future growth.

Policy CF-2.2: Use of Recycled Water. Encourage the use of recycled water in development projects and landscaping; implement best practices (e.g., dual plumbing) to expand recycled water use when safe, financially feasible, and available.

Policy CF-2.3: Climate Change Impacts. Consider the impacts of climate change in projections used to establish which water supply, distribution facilities, and conservation efforts are necessary to sustain future water demands.

Policy CF-2a: Through the development review process, require that sufficient water supply and water infrastructure capacity is available to serve the development prior to approval of the project, pursuant to Water Code Section 10910 and Government Code Section 66473.7.

Policy CF-2c: In cooperation with the State, Regional, and Local water agencies and suppliers, participate in programs that seek to expand the availability and use of recycled water for irrigation where feasible and legally permitted.

Lawndale General Plan Update

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT
Public Review Draft | August 2023 5.19-34 Utilities and Service Systems Policy CF-3.1: Wastewater System. Work with appropriate service providers to promote safe and reliable wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure to serve existing and future development.

Policy CF-3.2: Adequate Infrastructure. Coordinate with the County of Los Angeles Consolidated Sewer Maintenance District to encourage facilities to provide sufficient capacity for Lawndale, and that wastewater infrastructure within the City is adequately monitored and maintained.

Policy CF-3.3: Integrated Systems Planning. Develop a comprehensive approach to water infrastructure that integrates sewer system planning with potable and recycled water systems, stormwater systems, and increased conservation awareness.

Action CF-3a: Through the development review process, continue to cooperate with the County of Los Angeles Consolidated Sewer Maintenance District to ensure adequate wastewater facilities are provided and maintained in the community. Specifically, the City should:
• Require that sufficient wastewater infrastructure capacity is available to serve the development prior to approval of the project;
• Ensure the project applicant has paid the required fees prior to occupancy of any new development; and
• Periodically review the fee schedules for sewer connections and revise fees as necessary to cover the cost of related services and facilities.

Lawndale City CouncilDecember 4, 2023

Lawndale City Council
December 4, 2023