City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
78 shortages through supply augmentation actions alone is limited, and the City will rely primarily on demand reduction measures, operational adjustments, and water conservation actions to address anticipated supply-demand imbalances during shortage conditions.
Table 8-4 summarizes the supply augmentation and operational actions that may be implemented at each of the six standard water shortage levels, along with the estimated reduction in the shortage gap associated with each action. The values presented represent planning-level estimates of the relative contribution each action may provide toward reducing supply shortages or improving operational reliability. Actual effectiveness will vary depending on drought severity, groundwater conditions, infrastructure reliability, and operational circumstances at the time of implementation.
Accordingly, the City will rely primarily on demand reduction measures, as described in Section 8.4.2, to achieve the required level of shortage response.
Table 8-4 Supply Augmentation and Other Actions (Submittal Table 8-2) Yes Is the Supplier completing this table using the standard six levels? (yes/no) Shortage
Level
Supply Augmentation
Methods and Other
Actions by Water
Supplier
How much is this going to reduce
the shortage gap?
Additional Explanation or Reference Volume or
Percentage
Shortage Gap
Reduction
Value (%)
1 Stored Emergency
Supply Percentage 5–10% Strategic use of existing storage and system balancing 1 System Operational
Adjustments Percentage 1–5% Operational optimization of groundwater wells and pumping schedules 2 Stored Emergency
Supply Percentage 5–10% Increased reliance on storage and operational flexibility 2 Groundwater Well
Optimization Percentage 5–10% Maximizing production from available municipal wells 3 Groundwater Well
Rehabilitation Percentage 5–10% Rehabilitation or restoration of existing well capacity where feasible 3 Stored Emergency
Supply Percentage 5–10% Continued strategic storage utilization 3 Operational
Adjustments Percentage 5–10% Pressure management and operational balancing 4 Groundwater Well
Optimization Percentage 10–15% Maximum practical utilization of available well capacity 4 Other Purchases or
Regional Coordination Percentage 1–5%
Evaluation of supplemental supplies or
regional coordination opportunities, if
available
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
79 Table 8-4 Supply Augmentation and Other Actions (Submittal Table 8-2) Yes Is the Supplier completing this table using the standard six levels? (yes/no) Shortage
Level
Supply Augmentation
Methods and Other
Actions by Water
Supplier
How much is this going to reduce
the shortage gap?
Additional Explanation or Reference Volume or
Percentage
Shortage Gap
Reduction
Value (%)
4 Stored Emergency
Supply Percentage 5–10% Maximum use of available storage capacity 5 Emergency
Operational Measures Percentage 10–15% Emergency operational adjustments and infrastructure prioritization 5 Groundwater System
Optimization Percentage 10–15% Maximum practical use of groundwater production and storage 6 Emergency Response
Actions Percentage 15–20%
Emergency response measures necessary
to maintain minimum health and safety
supplies
6 Other Actions Percentage 5–10% Emergency operational adjustments and response
8.4.2. Demand Reductions
The following section describes the demand reduction measures associated with each WSCP shortage level. These measures are based on the conservation provisions contained in the City’s adopted Water Shortage Contingency Plan and have been updated to align with the requirements of CWC Section 10632(a)(4) and the 2025 UWMP Guidebook.
The City’s demand reduction strategy is intended to reduce customer water use during shortage conditions while maintaining essential public health and safety needs and minimizing economic and social impacts to the community. Because the City relies exclusively on groundwater supplies from the Merced Subbasin, demand reduction measures are a critical component of maintaining groundwater supply reliability during drought conditions, operational disruptions, or emergency water shortage events.
Demand reduction actions are implemented in a progressive and cumulative manner such that each successive shortage level incorporates the response actions and restrictions associated with preceding levels. As shortage conditions intensify, the City transitions from voluntary conservation measures and public outreach efforts to increasingly stringent mandatory restrictions on non-essential water uses, particularly outdoor irrigation and discretionary uses of potable water. Water meter data, customer usage trends, groundwater conditions, and operational system performance will be monitored to evaluate the effectiveness of the implemented shortage response actions and determine whether additional measures are necessary.
State 1 – Potential Shortage
Stage 1 consists of mandatory water conservation measures that will be implemented during potential water supply shortage conditions. This stage emphasizes public outreach, customer awareness, and
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
80 enforcement of the City’s permanent water use ordinances to encourage efficient water use practices on a year-round basis. Stage 1 corresponds to a water supply shortage of up to 10 percent and is intended to achieve a minimum demand reduction of 5 percent. During this stage, the City will implement the following conservation measures:
x Customers shall be prohibited from wasting City water. Water waste resulting from inappropriate use, system leaks or other wasteful practices shall be corrected within forty-eight (48) hours following notification by the City. Prohibited water waste includes excessive water flow or runoff onto streets, sidewalks, gutters, ditches, or other paved surfaces resulting from the irrigation or watering of landscaping or vegetation.
x Outdoor irrigation of ornamental landscapes and turf with potable water shall be prohibited between the hours of 11:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m., except for drip irrigation systems designed to minimize evaporation and runoff.
x Outdoor irrigation shall not be permitted within forty-eight (48) hours following a measurable storm event.
x Washing of vehicles, building exteriors, sidewalks, driveways, parking areas, tennis courts, patios, or other paved surfaces without the use of a hose equipped with a positive shut-off nozzle, or in a manner that results in excessive runoff, shall be prohibited. x The use of "slip-n-slides" or other recreational water activities requiring a continuous flow of potable water shall be prohibited.
State 2 – Minor Shortage
During Stage 2 water shortage conditions, the City is experiencing an estimated water supply shortage between 10 and 20 percent and implementation of additional mandatory conservation measures is necessary to achieve a minimum 10 percent reduction in water demand. During this stage, a water alert shall be declared, the water shortage conditions shall be communicated to the public, and customers shall be required to reduce water usage in order to preserve available supplies and maintain essential water service. In addition to the Stage 1 conservation measures, the City shall implement the following actions during Stage 2:
x Outdoor irrigation of ornamental landscapes or turf with potable water shall be limited to three (3) days per week in accordance with the following schedule based on street address numbering:
o Even-numbered addresses may irrigate only on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. o Odd-numbered addresses may irrigate only on Wednesdays, Fridays, and Sundays. o No outdoor irrigation shall occur on Mondays.
x Large commercial landscapes and City parks shall operate under watering schedules approved by the Public Works Department.
x Car washing shall be prohibited on Mondays, except at commercial car wash facilities equipped with recirculating water systems. All non-commercial vehicle washing shall be conducted using a bucket or a hand-held hose equipped with a positive self-closing shut-off nozzle.
State 3 – Moderate Shortage
During Stage 3, the City is experiencing a water supply shortage of between 20 and 30 percent. The City will continue and expand its public information and water conservation outreach efforts. Consumers shall
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
81 be required to achieve a mandatory water use reduction of 20 percent or greater. All requirements identified under Stages 1 and 2 shall remain in effect. In addition, the following measures shall be implemented:
x Outdoor irrigation of ornamental landscapes or turf with potable water shall be limited to two (2) days per week in accordance with the following schedule based on street address numbering:
o Even-numbered addresses may irrigate only on Tuesdays and Saturdays. o Odd-numbered addresses may irrigate only on Wednesdays and Sundays. o No outdoor irrigation shall occur on Mondays, Thursdays, or Fridays. x Large commercial landscapes and City parks shall also be limited to irrigation two (2) days per week in accordance with schedules approved by the Public Works Department. x Car washing shall be prohibited on Mondays, Thursdays, and Fridays, except at commercial car wash facilities equipped with recirculating water systems. All non-commercial vehicle washing shall be conducted using a bucket or a hand-held hose equipped with a positive self-closing shutoff nozzle. x The application of potable water to driveways, sidewalks, and other hardscapes is prohibited, except where necessary to address an immediate health or safety need or to comply with a permit condition issued by a state or federal agency.
x Restaurants shall serve drinking water only upon customer request. x Hotels, motels, and lodging establishments shall provide guests the option to decline daily laundering of towels and linens and shall prominently display notices informing guests of this option in each guestroom.
x The City shall contact its highest water users to encourage implementation of additional water conservation practices and demand reduction measures.
State 4 – Severe Shortage
During Stage 4 of a water supply shortage, the anticipated shortage is between 30 and 40 percent, and a 30 percent or greater reduction in water usage is required for the City to meet the immediate needs of its customers. The City will continue and expand its public information outreach and education programs, and consumers will be required to achieve a mandatory 30 percent or greater reduction water use. All requirements and restrictions identified in Stages 1 through 3 remain in effect. In addition, the following measures shall be implemented:
x Outdoor irrigation of ornamental landscapes or turf with potable water shall be limited to one (1) day per week in accordance with the following schedule for addresses ending in:
o Outdoor irrigation for even numbered addresses shall be permitted only on Saturday. o Outdoor irrigation for odd numbered addresses shall be permitted only on Sunday. o No outdoor irrigation shall occur on Monday through Friday. x Large commercial landscaping and City parks shall be limited to one (1) day of irrigation per week, as scheduled by the Public Works Department.
x Filling newly constructed or drained swimming pools with City water shall be prohibited. x Use of construction water from City fire hydrants shall be prohibited; however, treated effluent water from the WWTP may be made available for construction purposes, subject to City approval.
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
82 x Operation of decorative fountains and reflection ponds shall be discontinued until further notice, unless required to support aquatic life.
x Washing of automobiles, trucks, trailers, boats, airplanes and other mobile equipment shall be prohibited, except at commercial car washes and commercial service stations utilizing recirculating water systems, or where necessary to protect public health, safety, and welfare. x Water main flushing shall be limited to situations involving sand, odor, or taste complaint events or other public health and safety concerns.
State 5 – Critical Shortage
During Stage 5 of a water supply shortage, the anticipated shortage is between 40 to 50 percent, and a 50 percent or greater reduction in water usage is required for the City to meet the immediate needs of its customers. The City will continue and intensify its public information outreach and education programs, and consumers will be required to achieve a mandatory 50 percent or greater reduction in water use. All requirements and restrictions identified in Stages 1 through 4 shall remain in effect. In addition, the following measures shall be implemented:
x Appropriate media shall be immediately notified, and local roadway signage shall be posted to inform the public of current water use restrictions.
x All outdoor irrigation of ornamental landscapes or turf with potable water shall be prohibited.
This prohibition includes residential landscaping, commercial landscapes, City parks, and landscape median strips.
x Industrial and commercial businesses shall be required to curtail water consumption as necessary to maintain adequate water supplies of water for public health, safety, and welfare purposes.
x The use of potable water for dust control, earth compaction, and other outdoor construction activities shall be prohibited.
x Fire hydrants shall be used only for emergency purposes. x In the event of a total well failure or other catastrophic interruption to the City’s water supply system, emergency water supplies or disaster relief assistance from outside agencies may be required.
State 6 – Extreme Emergency Shortage
During Stage 6 of a water supply shortage, the anticipated shortage exceeds 50 percent, and a 60 percent or greater reduction in water usage is required for the City to meet the immediate needs of its customers.
The City will continue and expand its public information outreach and education programs and require customers to achieve a mandatory 60 percent or greater reduction in water use. All requirements and restrictions identified in Stages 1 through 5 shall remain in effect. In addition, the following measures shall be implemented:
x Commercial kitchens and food service establishments shall be required to utlize pre-rinse spray valves and other water-efficient equipment, where feasible. x Potable water service shall not be provided to new land development projects except under one or more of the following circumstances:
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
83 o A valid building permit has been issued for the project; o The project is necessary to protect public health, safety, and welfare; or o The applicant demonstrates that adequate conservation offsets or equivalent water savings will be implemented prior to the provision of new water service. x Additional restrictions and emergency response measures may be implemented by the Public Works Director, as necessary, following notice to customers.
Table 8-5 summarizes the demand reduction actions that may be implemented by the City under each WSCP shortage level, including the estimated reduction in the shortage gap associated with each action.
Table 8-5 Demand Reduction Actions (Submittal Table 8-3) Yes Is the Supplier completing this table using the standard six levels? (yes/no) Shortage
Level
Demand Reduction
Actions
How much is this going to
reduce the shortage gap?
Additional Explanation or
Reference
Penalty,
Charge, or
Other
Enforcement?
Volume or
Percentage
Shortage Gap
Reduction
Value
1 Other - Customers must
repair leaks, breaks, and
malfunctions in a timely
manner
Percentage 10
Water waste through
inappropriate use, leaks or
other wasteful use must be
stopped within forty-eight
(48) hours' notice by the City.
Yes
1 Landscape - Limit
landscape irrigation to
specific times
Percentage 10
All outdoor irrigation or car
washing with potable water is
prohibited between the hours
of 11am to 8pm, except for
drip irrigation.
Yes
1 Landscape - Other
landscape restriction or
prohibition
Percentage 10
No outdoor irrigation is
permitted within forty-eight
(48) hours of a storm event.
Yes
1 Other - Require
automatic shut of hoses Percentage 10
Washing of vehicles, building
exteriors, sidewalks,
driveways, parking areas,
tennis courts, patios, or other
paved areas without the use
of a positive shut-off nozzle
on the hose which results in
excessive runoff is prohibited.
Yes
1 Other Percentage 10
The use of "slip-n-slides" and
other recreational activities
requiring a constant flow of
water are prohibited.
Yes
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
84 Table 8-5 Demand Reduction Actions (Submittal Table 8-3) Yes Is the Supplier completing this table using the standard six levels? (yes/no) Shortage
Level
Demand Reduction
Actions
How much is this going to
reduce the shortage gap?
Additional Explanation or
Reference
Penalty,
Charge, or
Other
Enforcement?
Volume or
Percentage
Shortage Gap
Reduction
Value
2 Landscape - Limit
landscape irrigation to
specific days
Percentage 20
Outdoor landscape watering
shall be limited to three times
per week on an odd-even
basis.
Yes
2 Landscape - Limit
landscape irrigation to
specific days
Percentage 20
Large commercial landscapes
and City parks shall have
individual watering schedules
approved by the Public Works
Department.
Yes
2 Other - Prohibit vehicle
washing except at
facilities using recycled
or recirculating water
Percentage 20
No car washing is allowed on
Mondays except for
commercial car washes
equipped with a recirculating
system. Car washing (except
commercial car washes) shall
be done by using a hand-held
bucket or a hand-help hose
equipped with a positive selfclosing water shut-off nozzle.
Yes
3 Landscape - Limit
landscape irrigation to
specific days
Percentage 30
Outdoor landscape watering
shall be limited to two times
per week.
Yes
3 Landscape - Limit
landscape irrigation to
specific days
Percentage 30
Large commercial landscapes
and City parks shall also be
limited to two days per week,
as scheduled by the Public
Works Department.
Yes
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
85 Table 8-5 Demand Reduction Actions (Submittal Table 8-3) Yes Is the Supplier completing this table using the standard six levels? (yes/no) Shortage
Level
Demand Reduction
Actions
How much is this going to
reduce the shortage gap?
Additional Explanation or
Reference
Penalty,
Charge, or
Other
Enforcement?
Volume or
Percentage
Shortage Gap
Reduction
Value
3 Other - Prohibit vehicle
washing except at
facilities using recycled
or recirculating water
Percentage 30
No car washing is allowed on
Mondays, Thursdays and
Fridays except for commercial
car washes equipped with a
recirculating system. Car
washing (except commercial
car washes) shall be done by
using a hand-held bucket or a
hand-help hose equipped
with a positive self-closing
water shut-off nozzle.
Yes
3 Other - Prohibit use of
potable water for
washing hard surfaces
Percentage 30
Application of potable water
to driveways and sidewalks is
prohibited, except where
necessary to address an
immediate health and safety
need or to comply with a
term or condition in a permit
issued by a state or federal
agency.
Yes
3 CII - Restaurants may
only serve water upon
request
Percentage 30 Restaurants shall serve water
only upon customer request. Yes
3 CII - Lodging
establishment must
offer opt out of linen
service
Percentage 30
Hotels, motels, and lodges
must offer guests the option
of not having towels and
linens laundered daily by
displaying notices
prominently in each
guestroom.
Yes
3 Reduce System Water
Loss Percentage 30
The City will contact its
highest water users to
encourage use of water
conservation methods.
Yes
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
86 Table 8-5 Demand Reduction Actions (Submittal Table 8-3) Yes Is the Supplier completing this table using the standard six levels? (yes/no) Shortage
Level
Demand Reduction
Actions
How much is this going to
reduce the shortage gap?
Additional Explanation or
Reference
Penalty,
Charge, or
Other
Enforcement?
Volume or
Percentage
Shortage Gap
Reduction
Value
3 Decrease Line Flushing Percentage 30
The City will evaluate its
water use for main flushing to
see if reductions are possible.
Yes
4 Landscape - Limit
landscape irrigation to
specific days
Percentage 40
Outdoor landscape watering
shall be limited to one day per
week.
Yes
4 Landscape - Limit
landscape irrigation to
specific days
Percentage 40
Large commercial landscaping
and City parks shall be limited
to one day per week, as
scheduled by the Public
Works Department.
Yes
4 Other water feature or
swimming pool
restriction
Percentage 40
Filling newly constructed or
drained swimming pools with
City water shall be prohibited.
Yes
4 Other - Prohibit use of
potable water for
construction and dust
control
Percentage 40 Construction water from City
fire hydrants shall be banned. Yes
4 Water Features -
Restrict water use for
decorative water
features, such as
fountains
Percentage 40
Further use of decorative
fountains or reflection ponds
shall be disconnected until
further notice.
Yes
4 Other - Prohibit vehicle
washing except at
facilities using recycled
or recirculating water
Percentage 40
Washing of automobiles,
trucks, trailers, boats,
airplanes and other types of
mobile equipment not
occurring upon the
immediate premises of
commercial car washes and
commercial service stations
and not in immediate interest
Yes
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
87 Table 8-5 Demand Reduction Actions (Submittal Table 8-3) Yes Is the Supplier completing this table using the standard six levels? (yes/no) Shortage
Level
Demand Reduction
Actions
How much is this going to
reduce the shortage gap?
Additional Explanation or
Reference
Penalty,
Charge, or
Other
Enforcement?
Volume or
Percentage
Shortage Gap
Reduction
Value
of the public health, safety,
and welfare is prohibited.
4 Decrease Line Flushing Percentage 40
Main flushing is only done on
a sand, odor, or taste
complaint basis or due to
contamination and public
health reasons
Yes
5 Expand Public
Information Campaign Percentage 50
Immediately notify
appropriate media outlets,
and post local road signage
notifying the public of the
current water use restrictions.
Yes
5 Landscape - Prohibit all
landscape irrigation Percentage 50 All outdoor landscape watering shall be prohibited. Yes 5 CII - Other CII restriction
or prohibition Percentage 50
Industry and commercial
businesses shall be required
to curtail consumption to
maintain adequate supplies of
water for health and safety.
Yes
5 Other - Prohibit use of
potable water for
construction and dust
control
Percentage 50
Use of water for dust control,
earth compaction, and other
outdoor construction
activities is prohibited.
Yes
5 Other Percentage 50 Fire hydrants shall be used
only for emergency purposes.
Yes
6 CII - Commercial
kitchens required to use
pre-rinse spray valves
Percentage 60
Commercial kitchens are
required to use pre-rinse
spray valves.
Yes
6 Moratorium or Net Zero
Demand Increase on
New Connections
Percentage 60
Potable water service will not
be provided to new land
development projects
Yes
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
88 8.4.3. Operational Changes
During water shortage conditions, the City’s operations may be modified to support implementation of demand reduction measures and maintain reliable water service. Operational changes will be implemented based on the severity of the shortage level and corresponding reduction targets. The City will optimize available supplies through a combination of operational strategies and demand reduction actions to minimize the impacts of short-term water shortages.
As part of the AWSDA process, the City will evaluate existing operational procedures to identify opportunities for short-term adjustments that improve system efficiency and reduce water use. These operational measures may include, but are not limited to, the following:
x Expand public information and outreach efforts to educate customers on water shortage conditions, required conservation measures, and available resources to reduce water use. x Reduce water main flushing activities to only those necessary for water quality, regulatory compliance, or public health and safety purposes.
x Suspend routine hydrant flushing when Stage 2 or higher shortage conditions are declared, except as required for emergency response or system maintenance. x Review and verify the accuracy of water metering devices to ensure proper accounting of water use and minimize apparent losses.
x Increase water waste patrols, including the reassignment of staff from other departments, as necessary, to enforce conservation measures and identify excessive water use. x Implement or modify drought rate structures, surcharges, or emergency tiered pricing, as applicable, in accordance with Proposition 218 requirements and California law. x Conduct targeted outreach to high water users to promote conservation practices and reduce discretionary water use.
x Monitor construction meters and fire hydrant meters to ensure efficient use of water and address any identified misuse or waste.
8.4.4. Additional Mandatory Restrictions
The City’s WSCP also establishes locally appropriate mandatory restrictions intended to reduce discretionary water use and protect available groundwater water supplies during drought and emergency shortage conditions. These restrictions are implemented in accordance with the WSCP and are intended to supplement statewide water conservation requirements with locally applicable measures tailored to the City’s operational conditions and groundwater supply reliability needs.
Because the City relies exclusively on groundwater supplies, mandatory restrictions focus primarily on reducing non-essential outdoor water use, minimizing water waste, improving overall system efficiency, and preserving available supplies for essential public health and safety purposes. The restrictions are implemented progressively based on the severity of the water shortage condition, with more stringent limitations imposed as drought conditions worsen or operational reliability concerns increase.
Locally implemented mandatory restrictions may include limitations on landscape irrigation frequency, timing, and duration; prohibitions on irrigation practices that result in runoff to streets, gutters, sidewalks, or adjacent properties; and restrictions on outdoor irrigation during peak daytime hours. During more severe shortage conditions, outdoor landscape irrigation may be limited to designated days and hours or
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
89 prohibited entirely, except where necessary to preserve public health and safety or prevent the loss of permanent landscaping.
Additional mandatory restrictions may include prohibitions on washing sidewalks, driveways, parking areas, patios, and other hard-surfaced areas using potable water; restrictions on vehicle washing except at approved commercial facilities utilizing recirculating or recycled water systems; limitations on filling or refilling swimming pools, spas, and decorative water features; and restrictions on operation of ornamental fountains or similar water features unless equipped with recirculating systems. The City may also prohibit the use of potable water for dust control, earth compaction, and similar construction-related activities unless no feasible alternative source is available. Additional restrictions may include limitations on excessive water use, increased monitoring of high-water use accounts, restrictions on hydrant use except for emergency purposes, and other operational measures necessary to maintain system reliability during shortage conditions.
These restrictions are enforced through customer notification, public outreach, water waste patrols, and enforcement actions, as authorized by the City’s Municipal Code. Enforcement measures may include warnings, administrative citations, fines, or other enforcement actions consistent with applicable laws and regulations.
The City retains the authority to implement additional mandatory restrictions or emergency response measures, as applicable, to respond to severe drought conditions, catastrophic infrastructure failures, groundwater supply interruptions, or other emergency events to maintain essential water supplies for public health, safety, sanitation, and fire protection purposes.
8.4.5. Emergency Response Plan
CWC Section 10632(c) requires urban water suppliers to develop and maintain an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) that documents the actions to be undertaken to prepare for and respond to a catastrophic interruption of water supplies. A catastrophic interruption may result from natural or human-caused events that significantly disrupt the availability, treatment, or distribution of water. Such events may include, but are not limited to, extreme weather conditions, wildfires, earthquakes, infrastructure failures, or acts of terrorism.
The City of Livingston maintains a separate ERP, last updated in December 2021, which establishes standardized emergency response, communication, recovery, and coordination procedures for the City’s water system. The ERP was developed to comply with applicable federal and state requirements, including the Safe Drinking Water Act, California Government Code Section 8607.2, and related drinking water security and emergency preparedness regulations.
The ERP identifies emergency response protocols and operational procedures for a variety of emergency scenarios, including natural disasters, water supply interruptions, power outages, SCADA or information technology system intrusions, hazardous material incidents, contamination threats, and other infrastructure-related emergencies. The ERP also establishes procedures for incident command, emergency communications, public notification, personnel safety, water quality monitoring, alternative water supplies, emergency water supply calculations, and system recovery actions.
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
90 The City’s ERP is integrated with the Standardized Emergency Management System (SEMS) and Incident Command System (ICS) framework utilized throughout California for multi-agency emergency response coordination. The ERP identifies key emergency response personnel and establishes coordination procedures with local, regional, and state agencies, including the Merced County Office of Emergency Services, SWRCB DDW, local law enforcement, fire protection agencies, and emergency response organizations.
The City considers catastrophic interruptions to be emergency conditions that may require implementation of higher levels of the WSCP, depending on the severity and anticipated duration of the event. Emergency conditions are evaluated as part of the City’s operational response procedures and AWSDA process. During an emergency event, the City may implement demand reduction measures, activate emergency interagency coordination procedures, utilize backup power systems, secure alternative water supplies, and issue public notifications or health advisories, as necessary, to protect public health and maintain essential water service.
The ERP includes detailed emergency action plans, communication protocols, evacuation procedures, emergency notification procedures, and recovery strategies intended to support rapid response and restoration of water service. The ERP also identifies critical system components, emergency equipment and supplies, alternative communication methods, and procedures for coordinating emergency repairs and resource procurement during disaster conditions.
The City intends to periodically review and update the ERP to reflect current regulatory requirements, updated system conditions, operational changes, and evolving emergency preparedness practices. Future updates to the ERP will continue to support coordination with local, regional, and state agencies and maintain consistency with the City’s WSCP, AWSDA procedures, and broader emergency management and resiliency planning efforts.
8.4.6. Seismic Risk Assessment and Mitigation Plan
Section 10632.5.(a)
In addition to the requirements of paragraph (3) of subdivision (a) of Section 10632, beginning January 1, 2020, the plan shall include a seismic risk assessment and mitigation plan to assess the vulnerability of each of the various facilities of a water system and mitigate those vulnerabilities. (b) An urban water supplier shall update the seismic risk assessment and mitigation plan when updating its urban water management plan as required by Section 10621. (c) An urban water supplier may comply with this section by submitting, pursuant to Section 10644, a copy of the most recent adopted local hazard mitigation plan or multihazard mitigation plan under the federal Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (Public Law 106-390) if the local hazard mitigation plan or multihazard mitigation plan addresses seismic risk.
The CWC Section 10632.5 requires urban water suppliers to assess the vulnerability of water system facilities to seismic hazards and identify measures to mitigate those vulnerabilities. This assessment is required to be updated as part of each UWMP cycle. Compliance with this requirement may be achieved through incorporation of information from an adopted Local Hazard Mitigation Plan (LHMP) or MultiHazard Mitigation Plan, provided that seismic risks are adequately addressed.
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
91 The City of Livingston has evaluated the potential impacts of seismic activity on its water system facilities, including groundwater wells, storage tank, pump stations, pipelines, electrical systems, and supervisory control infrastructure. Although the City is not located within a highly active seismic fault zone, regional seismic activity could still result in ground shaking, infrastructure damage, power outages, and interruptions to water service. Earthquakes of sufficient magnitude could damage pipelines, cause water main breaks, interrupt electrical service, impair groundwater production facilities, or reduce system pressures throughout portions of the distribution system.
The City’s water system incorporates several operational and infrastructure redundancies intended to improve resiliency during emergency events, including seismic emergencies. The City relies on multiple municipal groundwater wells located throughout the service area, which reduces dependence on a single water supply source or facility. This redundancy allows portions of the water system to remain operational if one or more wells or facilities become temporarily unavailable due to earthquake-related damage.
The City also maintains emergency backup power capabilities for critical well and water system facilities with emergency generators. In the event of a regional power outage caused by seismic activity or other emergencies, the emergency generators are intended to maintain operation of critical groundwater wells and support continued delivery of potable water to customers, to the extent practicable.
In addition, the City’s water distribution system contains isolation valves that allow portions of the system to be isolated in the event of water main breaks, pressure losses, or infrastructure damage. These operational controls allow the City to isolate damaged sections of pipeline while maintaining water service to the maximum number of customers possible during emergency conditions.
During a declared emergency, or when emergency conditions appear imminent, the Public Works Department and Utilities Division will implement emergency operational procedures consistent with the City’s WSCP and ERP. The ERP establishes procedures for emergency response coordination, damage assessment, emergency communications, water quality protection, restoration of service, and coordination with local, regional, and state agencies. The ERP also includes specific procedures and action plans related to earthquake response and recovery activities.
Table 8-6 summarizes typical emergency actions that may be implemented by the City during a seismic emergency or catastrophic interruption to the water system.
City of Livingston
2025 Urban Water Management Plan
Section 8 – Water Shortage Contingency Plan
92 Table 8-6 Emergency Actions During Seismic or Catastrophic Water Supply Emergencies Situation Steps to be Taken by City
Leak or Service Interruption
(resulting from earthquake,
pipeline failure, or other emergency
event)
Isolate damaged pipelines or facilities and shut down
affected portions of the system, as necessary, to control water loss and protect system integrity.
Repair or isolate damaged facilities to restore service to the maximum population possible. Disinfect repaired
facilities in accordance with applicable AWWA standards and increase disinfectant residuals, as necessary, to
protect water quality until normal service conditions are restored.
Conduct bacteriological sampling and monitoring until
satisfactory water quality results are confirmed.
Low Pressure Conditions (resulting
from earthquake, fire, power
outage, or system failure)
Increase groundwater production and system operations,
where feasible, to maintain system pressure and water
supply reliability.
Increase disinfectant residuals as a precautionary
measure against potential contamination caused by
pressure loss or intrusion.
Implement emergency conservation measures and
operational controls, as necessary.
Power Outage Activate emergency backup generators to maintain operation of critical groundwater wells and water system facilities.
Prioritize operation of essential facilities and implement emergency water use reduction measures, if necessary.
Increase monitoring of water quality and system
pressures during outage conditions.
Water Quality or Contamination
Concern
Implement emergency sampling and monitoring
procedures consistent with the ERP and applicable SWRCB requirements.
Issue public notifications or boil water advisories, if necessary, and coordinate with regulatory agencies
regarding corrective actions and restoration procedures.
8.4.7. Shortage Response Action Effectiveness
The City’s water system is fully metered, with meters installed at all active groundwater production wells and customer service connections. These meters provide the basis for monitoring groundwater production, system demand, and overall water use trends throughout the service area. Water use data is collected and reviewed regularly, with customer consumption totals compiled monthly for billing, operational monitoring, and water supply management purposes.
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93 City staff routinely evaluate water production, groundwater pumping conditions, and customer demand patterns to assess overall system performance and water supply conditions within the Merced Subbasin.
Based on this information, City staff may recommend adjustments to the current water shortage stage and implementation measures, as appropriate, to respond to changing water supply conditions or regulatory requirements associated with drought response and groundwater sustainability.
Under normal operating conditions, the City evaluates water supply and demand conditions on at least a monthly basis, allowing the City to identify seasonal trends, changes in customer demand, and year-toyear variations in groundwater production. This ongoing monitoring provides the foundation for evaluating the effectiveness of implemented shortage response actions and determining whether additional conservation measures may be necessary to achieve targeted demand reductions.
During water shortage conditions, demand reductions are evaluated relative to a defined baseline condition, such as normal-year demand or another applicable baseline established by the City consistent with State requirements. The effectiveness of individual and combined shortage response actions is estimated using planning-level assumptions and professional judgment and is summarized in Table 8-5.
These estimates reflect the anticipated contribution of both quantifiable measures, such as landscape irrigation restrictions and prohibitions on non-essential water use, as well as less quantifiable measures including public outreach, customer behavioral changes, and operational adjustments.
The overall effectiveness of the City’s shortage response actions depends on a combination of enforceable conservation measures, operational management, public outreach, and customer participation.
Continued education, communication, and enforcement will remain important components of the City’s WSCP and will support the City’s ongoing efforts to maintain water supply reliability and comply with groundwater sustainability requirements established under SGMA.
8.5. Communication Protocols
Section 10632 (a)(5)
Communication protocols and procedures to inform customers, the public, interested parties, and local, regional, and state governments, regarding, at a minimum, all of the following:
(A) Any current or predicted shortages as determined by the annual water supply and demand assessment described pursuant to Section 10632.1.
(B) Any shortage response actions triggered or anticipated to be triggered by the annual water supply and demand assessment described pursuant to Section 10632.1. (C) Any other relevant communications
In accordance with CWC Section 10632(a)(5), the City will implement communication protocols and procedures to inform customers, the public, interested parties, and local, regional, and state agencies regarding current and projected water shortages, associated shortage response actions, and other relevant information.
The City will provide timely notification of any current or anticipated water supply shortages identified through the AWSDA conducted pursuant to Section 10632.1. In addition, the City will communicate any
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94 shortage response actions that have been triggered or are anticipated to be implemented, including applicable conservation requirements, restrictions, and enforcement provisions.
Communication methods will include direct outreach to customers as well as broader public information efforts. The City will distribute bill inserts containing conservation information, maintain and update water shortage and conservation information on its website, and conduct public outreach through informational meetings or community engagement efforts, as appropriate. These communications will include practical guidance on reducing water use, such as identifying and repairing leaks, improving irrigation efficiency, installing high-efficiency fixtures, and participating in water conservation practices such as graywater reuse where feasible.
When a water shortage level is declared or modified, the City will provide formal notice to customers and post updates on its website. Depending on the severity of the shortage condition, additional communication methods may be utilized, including local media announcements, radio broadcasts, publication in community newsletters, door-to-door notifications, or supplemental mailings.
The City may also coordinate with local, regional, and state agencies, as appropriate, to ensure consistent messaging and compliance with statewide requirements. Communication efforts will be adjusted based on the severity of the shortage conditions to ensure that customers receive clear, timely, and actionable information to support compliance with required conservation measures.
8.6. Compliance and Enforcement
CWC Section 10632 (a)(6)
For an urban retail water supplier, customer compliance, enforcement, appeal, and exemption procedures for triggered shortage response actions as determined pursuant to Section 10632.2.
As required by CWC Section 10632(a)(6), the City has established compliance and enforcement procedures for implementation of the WSCP and associated shortage response actions. During declared water shortage conditions, the City may monitor customer water use and compliance with mandatory conservation measures through meter data, field inspections, water waste patrols, customer complaints, and operational observations by City staff.
The Public Works Director, or designee, is authorized to implement and enforce the conservation measures and shortage response actions identified in this WSCP, including activation of the applicable water shortage stage in response to actual or anticipated water supply conditions. The Public Works Director is also authorized to approve limited exceptions, variances, or temporary exemptions from specific shortage response measures where strict application would create an undue hardship, threaten public health and safety, or result in unreasonable impacts. Any approved exception or exemption shall be conditioned upon the requirement that water use remains reasonable and efficient and that the overall objectives of the WSCP continue to be achieved.
The City may monitor customer water use and investigate reported or observed violations of the water use restrictions established under the WSCP. Violations may include, but are not limited to, prohibited outdoor irrigation, water waste, failure to comply with mandatory conservation measures, unauthorized water use during declared shortage conditions, or noncompliance with emergency restrictions imposed during a declared water shortage stage.
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95 Pursuant to California Code of Regulations (CCR), Title 23, Section 864, any violation of a prohibited use or mandatory conservation measure established under the City’s WSCP constitutes an infraction and may be punishable by administrative fines or penalties. Consistent with CCR Section 864, the City may impose the following escalating enforcement actions and penalties for violations occurring within a 12-month period:
x First Violation: The customer shall receive a written warning notifying the customer of the violation and advising that subsequent violations may result in monetary penalties or additional enforcement actions.
x Second Violation: The customer shall be subject to an administrative penalty of one hundred dollars ($100).
x Third Violation: The customer shall be subject to an administrative penalty of two hundred dollars ($200).
x Fourth and Subsequent Violations: The customer shall be subject to an administrative penalty of up to five hundred dollars ($500) for the fourth and each subsequent violation occurring within a 12-month period.
In addition to monetary penalties, the City may implement additional enforcement actions during severe or emergency shortage conditions, including installation of flow restrictors, temporary suspension of water service for repeated noncompliance, or other actions authorized by the City Municipal Code or applicable state regulations.
Customers may appeal enforcement actions, penalties, or denial of exemption requests by submitting a written appeal to the Public Works Director within ten (10) calendar days of the issuance of the notice of violation or enforcement action. The appeal shall describe the basis for the appeal and include any supporting documentation. The Public Works Director, or designee, shall review the appeal and issue a written determination. The decision of the Public Works Director shall be considered final unless otherwise provided by the City Municipal Code.
The City may grant temporary exemptions or variances from specific water use restrictions where necessary to protect public health and safety, maintain essential governmental or commercial operations, address construction-related requirements, preserve significant landscaping or trees, or comply with other legal or regulatory obligations. Any approved exemption shall be limited in duration and scope and may include conditions necessary to minimize water use and maintain compliance with the objectives of the WSCP.
8.7. Legal Authorities
CWC Section 10632 (a)(7)
(A) A description of the legal authorities that empower the urban water supplier to implement and enforce its shortage response actions specified in paragraph (4) that may include, but are not limited to, statutory authorities, ordinances, resolutions, and contract provisions. (B) A statement that an urban water supplier shall declare a water shortage emergency in accordance with Chapter 3 (commencing with Section 350) of Division 1. [see below]
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96 (C) A statement that an urban water supplier shall coordinate with any city or county within which it provides water supply services for the possible proclamation of a local emergency, as defined in Section 8558 of the Government Code.
Water Code Section Division 1, Section 350
Declaration of water shortage emergency condition. The governing body of a distributor of a public water supply, whether publicly or privately owned and including a mutual water company, shall declare a water shortage emergency condition to prevail within the area served by such distributor whenever it finds and determines that the ordinary demands and requirements of water consumers cannot be satisfied without depleting the water supply of the distributor to the extent that there would be insufficient water for human consumption, sanitation, and fire protection.
In accordance with CWC Section 10632(a)(7), the City has established the legal authority necessary to implement and enforce the shortage response actions identified in this WSCP. These authorities include applicable provisions of the CWC, CCR, the Livingston Municipal Code, ordinances, and actions adopted by the City Council through resolutions and emergency declarations.
The Public Works Director, or designee, is authorized to implement and enforce water conservation measures and activate the appropriate water shortage stage when necessary to protect public health, safety, welfare, and the reliability of the City’s water supply system.
Pursuant to CWC Section 350, the City Council shall declare a water shortage emergency condition whenever it determines that normal water demands cannot be met without depleting available supplies needed for human consumption, sanitation, and fire protection. During a declared emergency, the City may implement mandatory water use restrictions and additional emergency conservation measures consistent with CWC Section 353.
The City shall also coordinate, as appropriate, with Merced County and other local agencies regarding the possible proclamation of a local emergency pursuant to Government Code Section 8558 when severe water shortage conditions or catastrophic events threaten the City’s water supply reliability.
8.8. Financial Consequences of WSCP Activation
CWC Section 10632(a)(8)
A description of the financial consequences of, and responses for, drought conditions, including, but not limited to, all of the following:
(A) A description of potential revenue reductions and expense increases associated with activated shortage response actions described in paragraph (4).
(B) A description of mitigation actions needed to address revenue reductions and expense increases associated with activated shortage response actions described in paragraph (4). (C) A description of the cost of compliance with Chapter 3.3 (commencing with Section 365) of Division
1. [retail urban suppliers only]
All of the City’s water service connections are metered; therefore, the City’s water fund operating revenue is closely tied to water use and may be significantly impacted by conservation measures implemented under the WSCP. During shortage conditions, expenditures may increase due to enhanced outreach,
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97 enforcement, and operational activities, while revenues from water sales may decrease as a result of reduced customer demand.
To mitigate these financial impacts, the City may adjust its rate structure, including implementation of drought-related surcharges or emergency pricing mechanisms, to maintain adequate revenue levels. The City may also utilize reserve funds to offset temporary revenue shortfalls and minimize the need for immediate rate increases.
A comprehensive evaluation of water rates and financial conditions will be conducted at the time of a shortage and presented to the City Council for consideration and approval. Additionally, the City may consider deferring non-essential capital improvements or implementing temporary rate adjustments until normal supply conditions are restored.
8.9. Monitoring and Reporting
CWC Section 10632(a)(9)
For an urban retail water supplier, monitoring and reporting requirements and procedures that ensure appropriate data is collected, tracked, and analyzed for purposes of monitoring customer compliance and to meet state reporting requirements.
In accordance with CWC Section 10632(a)(9), this section describes the monitoring and reporting procedures used to implement the WSCP and evaluate the effectiveness of shortage response actions.
The City continuously monitors its water supply conditions, including groundwater production and customer water demands. These data values are evaluated on at least a monthly basis and more frequently during periods of anticipated or declared water shortages. If a supply shortage is projected, the City will implement the appropriate WSCP stage, as declared by the City Council, based on the results of its AWSDA and ongoing operational monitoring.
Monitoring of customer water use is conducted using metered consumption data and billing records. The City evaluates water use trends by customer class to assess progress toward achieving required demand reduction targets. Water savings resulting from WSCP implementation are quantified by comparing current water use to baseline conditions, which may include historical averages, prior months, or the same period in previous years, as appropriate. The City may also consider external factors such as weather variability, seasonal demand patterns, and operational conditions in evaluating performance.
If demand reductions are not sufficient to meet established targets, the City may conduct more detailed analyses at the individual customer level to identify excessive use or potential non-compliance.
Enforcement actions, if necessary, will be implemented in accordance with the City’s adopted ordinances and WSCP provisions.
The City will document and report the effectiveness of shortage response actions to the City Council on a regular basis during WSCP implementation. In addition, the City will comply with all applicable state reporting requirements, including submission of AWSDA reports, monthly and annual drought reports and any other required reports to DWR.
Consistent with past practices, including those documented in the City’s prior UWMPs, monitoring and reporting results will also be communicated to customers through ongoing public outreach efforts, such
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98 as notices, billing inserts, and updates on the City’s website, to promote transparency and encourage continued water use efficiency.
8.10. WSCP Refinement Procedures
CWC Section 10632 (a)(10)
Reevaluation and improvement procedures for systematically monitoring and evaluating the functionality of the water shortage contingency plan in order to ensure shortage risk tolerance is adequate and appropriate water shortage mitigation strategies are implemented as needed.
In accordance with CWC Section 10632(a)(10), the City will periodically reevaluate and update its WSCP to ensure that shortage risk tolerance remains appropriate and that response actions are effective and current. The WSCP is implemented as an adaptive management framework. The City will use results from its annual water shortage assessment, as well as monitoring and reporting activities, to evaluate the effectiveness of implemented actions and identify opportunities for improvement. This ongoing evaluation supports informed decision-making by the City staff and the City Council and promotes efficient and consistent management of water shortages.
The City will review WSCP triggers, shortage level structure, and response actions as needed based on operational experience, changing conditions, and lessons learned during implementation. Potential updates may include modifications to shortage stage criteria, adjustments to response measures, or incorporation of new strategies to improve effectiveness.
Any proposed revisions to the WSCP will be presented at a publicly noticed City Council meeting. The City will consider input from the public and the City Council prior to adoption. Updates to the WSCP will be formally approved by resolution of the City Council.
8.11. Special Water Feature Distinction
CWC Section 10632 (b)
For purposes of developing the water shortage contingency plan pursuant to subdivision (a), an urban water supplier shall analyze and define water features that are artificially supplied with water, including ponds, lakes, waterfalls, and fountains, separately from swimming pools and spas, as defined in subdivision (a) of Section 115921 of the Health and Safety Code.
In accordance with CWC Section 10632(b), the City distinguishes artificially supplied water features, including ponds, lakes, waterfalls, and decorative fountains, from swimming pools and spas, as defined in Section 115921(a) of the California Health and Safety Code.
Artificially supplied water features may be subject to additional restrictions during water shortage conditions because some features may be capable of utilizing non-potable or recycled water supplies.
Swimming pools and spas are evaluated separately due to potable water health and safety requirements.
For purposes of the WSCP, restrictions applicable to decorative fountains, ponds, pools, spas, and similar water features are identified within the applicable water shortage stages to ensure appropriate conservation measures are implemented based on the severity of the shortage condition.
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99 8.12. Plan Adoption, Submittal, Availability, and Amendment Procedures CWC Section 10632 (c)
The urban water supplier shall make available the water shortage contingency plan prepared pursuant to this article to its customers and any city or county within which it provides water supplies no later than 30 days after adoption of the water shortage contingency plan.
CWC Section 10642.
…Prior to adopting either [UWMP and WSCP], the urban water supplier shall make both the plan [UWMP] and water shortage contingency plan available for public inspection and shall hold a public hearing or hearings thereon…After the hearing or hearings, the plan [UWMP] or water shortage contingency plan shall be adopted as prepared or as modified after the hearing or hearings.
CWC Section 10640.
(b) …The supplier shall likewise periodically review the water shortage contingency plan as required by paragraph (10) of subdivision (a) of Section 10632 and any amendments or changes required as a result of that review shall be adopted pursuant to this article [Article 3 Sections 10640 -10645] CWC Section 10644(a)(2)(b)
If an urban water supplier revises its water shortage contingency plan the supplier shall submit to the department a copy of it water shortage contingency plan prepared pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 10632 [required elements of a WSCP] no later than 30 days after adoption, in accordance with protocols for submission and using electronic reporting tools developed by the department.
In accordance with CWC Sections 10632(c), 10642, 10640(b), and 10644(a)(2), the City ensures that its WSCP is adopted, maintained, and made publicly available in compliance with statutory requirements.
Pursuant to Section 10642, the City made the WSCP available for public inspection and conducted a duly noticed public hearing prior to adoption. Following the public review process, the City Council formally adopted the WSCP on April 19, 2022, in conjunction with the 2020 UWMP, by Resolution No. 2022-21.
In accordance with Section 10632(c), the City makes the WSCP available to customers and to any city or county within which it provides water service no later than 30 days following adoption. The WSCP is publicly accessible through the City’s website and will continue to be made available for all future updates.
Consistent with Section 10644(a)(2), the adopted WSCP was submitted to the DWR within 30 days of adoption using the required electronic reporting tools.
In accordance with Section 10640(b), the City will periodically review and evaluate the WSCP and implement amendments as necessary to reflect updated conditions, regulatory requirements, and operational experience. Any revisions to the WSCP will be adopted following a publicly noticed City Council meeting and will be submitted to DWR and made publicly available within 30 days of adoption, consistent with applicable CWC requirements.
The WSCP will continue to be updated, adopted, and implemented in coordination with future UWMP updates to ensure consistency between planning documents and continued compliance with state law.