The negative effects of using diesel-powered school buses are well documented. Pollution levels inside school buses are greatly affected by the bus’s own exhaust and early childhood exposure to higher concentrations of particulate matter affects lung development and can cause respiratory health effects later in life.
Transitioning diesel-powered buses to electric power will have positive, long-term public health impacts for children.
AQ-3 Support the
development
of the Long
Beach Airport
Sustainability
Plan
Long Beach Airport is working on a Sustainability Plan that will include an evaluation of areas where the airport can improve existing programs or introduce new programs.
Longer term, as technologies evolve, there is likely to be an increasing number of opportunities to support the integration of electric airplanes into Long Beach Airport’s fleet. Regional flights are expected to be the strongest candidates for integration. For longer flights requiring jet fuel planes, the City will work with airlines to further promote their existing carbon offset programs
APPENDIX B
B
B-5
APPENDIX B
AQ-6 Implement the
San Pedro Bay
Ports Clean Air
Action Plan
The Port of Long Beach is a major hub for global, national, and regional trade. Port emission sources include ocean-going ships, harbor craft, cargo equipment, trains, and trucks. While these sources have historically relied on diesel fuel, there is an increasing number of options that are available and being deployed to reduce both GHG and air quality emissions. These include plugging ships into shore power while they are docked, reducing ship speeds, encouraging clean and alternative-fuel trucks, using more efficient locomotives, furthering the use of hybrid and electric cargo equipment and harbor craft, increasing energy efficiency and renewable power generation, investing in infrastructure to increase efficient movement of cargo, and continuing implementation of a Clean Trucks Program.
The Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach originally adopted the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan in November 2006 and updated the plan in 2010. Since its adoption, the plan has guided aggressive strategies that have been effective in reducing air pollution from port-related sources. In June 2017, Mayor Eric Garcetti of the City of Los Angeles and Mayor Robert Garcia of the City of Long Beach announced a joint declaration for creating a zero-emissions goods movement future – with ultimate goals of zero emissions for cargo handling equipment by 2030 and zero emissions for on-road drayage trucks serving the ports by 2035.
There is a significant amount of funding available from state sources such as the Hybrid Voucher Incentive Program and the Volkswagen Mitigation Environmental Trust (administered through CARB), Prop 39: School Bus Replacement Program (administered through the California Energy Commission) and the Carl Moyer Program and AB 617 Community Air Protection Funds (administered through SCAQMD). The eligible costs for these funds include lower emission or zero-emission school buses, electric charging infrastructure, and workforce training and development. Most of the programs prioritize disadvantaged communities (CalEnviroScreen).
APPENDIX B
B
B-6
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
DROUGHT ACTIONS
Action
Number
Action Title Additional Context
DRT-2 Enhance
outreach and
education
related
to water
conservation
The City has made significant strides through the initiation of a number of programs to respond to drought and meet and exceed state water use efficiency targets. This includes successful public outreach and education efforts to residents and businesses to conserve water. It also includes programs such as the L2G program, which provides incentives to transform lawns to drought-resistant gardens. In addition, the Long Beach Water Department has a user friendly, interactive website that features a variety of water conservation educational materials and programming that can be further built upon to enhance the use of various water conservation opportunities.
Long Beach has water restrictions and seasonal watering day rules in effect. As noted in DRT-1, AB 1668 and SB 606 set limits on per capita daily water use that are gradually reduced over time. Although these limits are imposed on the water suppliers’ end users, such as households and businesses that have a role to play in reducing water consumption. Education about choices and behaviors can go a long way to meeting citywide water conservation goals. Water conservation also has meaningful cost savings potential that will continue to be a core part of the Long Beach Water Department’s ongoing efficiency outreach and education.
APPENDIX B
B
DRT-1 Long Beach is located in the semi-arid region of Southern California, which relies on imported water, delivered via a process that uses 20 percent of the state’s electricity. Conserving water and increasing water use efficiency is imperative to reducing costs and resource usage now, while increasing water supply sustainability and resiliency for the future. In an effort to increase water use efficiency, the State of California enacted AB 1668 and SB 606 in 2018, bills that emphasize the efficiency of water use and efforts to maximize existing water supplies. The legislation sets an initial limit for indoor water use of 55 gallons per person per day in 2022 and gradually drops to 50 gallons per person by 2030. This legislation is not imposed upon individual citizens, but instead upon urban water suppliers.
The Water Resources Plan helps Long Beach move forward with water use efficiency programs that will ensure the 2030 target is met. Existing water use efficiency programs will change to help increase
Continue
development and
implementation
of water use
efficiency
programs and
implement
additional water
conservation
programs
B-7
APPENDIX B
DRT-4
DRT-5
Expand usage
of recycled
water and
greywater for
non-potable
use
Incorporate
increased
rainfall
capture and
other actions
to maximize
local water
supplies and
to offset
imported
The City’s Water Reclamation Plant recycles up to 25 million gallons of wastewater per day for reuse. The water is used at more than 60 sites for uses such as irrigation, replenishment of groundwater supply and protection from saltwater intrusion, and repressurization of oil-bearing strata off the coast. Water that is not used is discharged to Coyote Creek. To establish a more diverse and sustainable water supply, the City will identify ways to increase the supply and use of recycled water.
The City could expand upon the “Laundry to Landscape” pilot program that took place in 2012-2013 for greywater irrigation from washing machines. Proposition 68, Measure W, and Proposition 3 include funding that is potentially available for water infrastructure.
Rebates and incentives are available through MWD.
Some California cities have or are modifying construction codes to require new commercial developments to use recycled water from rainwater harvesting for irrigation and toilets. In addition, several California municipalities are harvesting rooftop rainwater for direct on-site indoor uses in city facilities, such as toilet and urinal flushing. California municipalities are also diverting water from the storm drain pipes and storing and treating the water for irrigation of adjacent park landscaping and for toilet flushing.
Currently, residential rebates for rain barrels are available to Long Beach residents through the MWD. In addition, the City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability offers free classes on rainwater harvesting.
APPENDIX B
B
B-8
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
SEA LEVEL RISE AND FLOODING ACTIONS
Action
Number
Action Title Additional Context
FLD-1 As a participant in the FEMA National Flood Insurance Program, the City already enforces a minimum design standard for the base flood elevation for first floor building elevations (Chapter 18.73 [Flood-Resistant Design and Construction] of the City’s Building Code). Many areas of the city adjacent to the coastline, inlets, or canals are currently located in FEMA-designated flood hazard areas. The Harbor District, neighborhoods surrounding Alamitos Bay, Belmont Shore, Lower Westside, and the Shoreline Marina are identified as vulnerable to a 100-year flood event based on existing conditions. Areas of the city identified as vulnerable to a 500-year flood event are significantly more expansive, and they include North Long Beach, Sunrise, Hamilton, Freeway Circle, Upper Westside, Arlington, Marina Pacifica, El Dorado South, South of Conant, Lakewood Village, and Los Altos neighborhoods. Although building codes can improve the chances that a structure will survive an extreme storm, additional regulation may be necessary to ensure adequate flood protection for the area. In updating the Floodplain Ordinance, addressing the city’s flood risks will be emphasized, and regulations and programs to promote long-term flood resilience for buildings located in the floodplain will be introduced.
The updated ordinance will include incentives for building owners to invest in resiliency improvements by either meeting or exceeding flood-resistant construction standards, even when they are not required by FEMA or the City’s Building Code. Incentives will include City-led pursuits of FEMA grants to subsidize floodproofing and elevating properties as well as the removal of regulatory obstacles to incorporate resiliency standards in design. The City will consider recommending accommodation strategies, such as elevation, before construction of hard protective structures. This precautionary approach will help make buildings safer in the long term, and will thus decrease the risk of future property damage. By exceeding minimum FEMA floodplain requirements, the City may also reduce flood insurance premiums through FEMA’s Community Rating System.
Update the
floodplain
ordinance
FLD-2 Incorporate
sea level rise
language into
citywide plans,
policies, and
regulations
Mainstreaming sea level rise adaptation into planning and decision-making processes requires a coordinated, citywide effort.
However, most decision-making responsibilities are allocated to specific functional areas or departments and follow relatively codified procedures, particularly where specialized knowledge is required. In general, city planning documents fall into two high- level categories: overarching planning documents and design guidelines. To help meet the City’s goal of enhancing resilience to future climate conditions, language addressing sea level rise
APPENDIX B
B
B-9
APPENDIX B
FLD-3 Establish a
flood impacts
monitoring
program
The flood impacts monitoring program can play an important role in monitoring the physical impacts of flooding over time, the associated costs, and the effectiveness of existing adaptation strategies, and in identifying the need for new adaptation strategies.
In addition, the citizen monitoring component will connect residents with city officials and emergency managers, providing a firsthand look at flood risks throughout the city. This uploaded data collected by residents can be geolocated and added to a map interface that is viewable by the public. During the event, the real-time data are useful for emergency managers and may improve response times.
Following the event, the City can review the information to address flooding hot spots and to monitor the effectiveness of implemented flood adaptation strategies.
impacts will be added to both types of documents.
Overarching documents, such as the General Plan, are high level and focus on the City’s priorities. It is particularly important to influence overarching plans that aim to enhance the capacity and performance of operations and assets, often with a longer-term, strategic perspective. These documents provide an opportunity to introduce, coordinate, and generate knowledge, and to present a vision of long-term resilience.
Design guidelines, such as design standards for capital projects, are detailed and provide guidance to technical practitioners. Existing building codes and minimum design standards are primarily based on historical weather data that do not account for changing climate conditions, such as the increasing frequency and magnitude of coastal flood events. Updating design criteria to consider future sea level rise conditions is a critical step toward integrating resilience as a core principle into the design of City infrastructure and facilities. Updating prevailing design guidelines, standards, and specifications allows the City to evaluate the risk tolerance of city assets and guides project design. Prioritizing the updating of design guidelines is particularly important to ensure opportunities to influence the construction or major renovation of assets with a long design life (e.g., bridges, stormwater infrastructure, seawalls, etc.).
FLD-4 Incorporate
adaptation
into City lease
negotiations
The City will leverage its position as a lessor to incentivize and/ or require adaptation actions for tenants who use City-owned buildings or land through lease agreements. Because some City- owned properties are located in areas vulnerable to flood exposure, adding flood adaptation requirements into lease negotiations will provide enhanced flood resilience for tenants and may avoid adverse environmental impacts. City leases also provide a vehicle
APPENDIX B
B
B-10
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 FLD-5
FLD-6
Update the
City’s existing
Stormwater
Management
Plan
Conduct
citywide beach
stabilization
study
The Stormwater Management Plan includes an inventory of stormwater assets, field investigations, hydraulic modeling, and recommendations for capital improvements and expanded inventory data collection and maintenance programs. Its stated primary purpose is to protect water quality by preventing pollutant discharges to receiving waters.
Updating the Stormwater Management Plan will include developing an up-to-date hydrological and hydraulic model of the City’s major watersheds that includes new information regarding changes in climate and rising tides. This will help the City better understand how its infrastructure will perform under changing storm scenarios.
The updated Stormwater Management Plan will also evaluate the invert elevations of stormwater outfalls located in tidally influenced areas and the existing capacity of the system to convey and drain excess stormwater.
The goal of evaluating multiple scenarios for beach nourishment is to determine an effective adaptive management approach in dealing with spatial alongshore variation and high erosion or deposition that routinely occurs in nourished beaches.
Ideally, a beach nourishment project will respond to seasonal changes in wave and current conditions, but is designed so the shoreline fluctuations remain relatively stable for the duration of the project design life. However, nourishment material is dynamic by nature, will be affected by large storm events and changing water levels, and will require periodic maintenance.
to include adaptation strategies that will address extreme heat, air quality, and drought, and achieve GHG reduction co-benefits.
A guidance document will be developed to assist City staff in understanding the key terms used to evaluate future climate impacts and in making informed decisions regarding lease permits.
Project examples and an internal checklist for staff reviewing applications will also be included.
FLD-7 Review and
conduct
studies of
combined
riverine/
coastal
flooding and
increased
severity of
rainfall events
on watershed
flooding
While existing 100-year floods occurring along the primary riverine waterways in Long Beach are contained within their channels by existing levees, overtopping risk could be exacerbated in the future by a combination of sea level rise and increased intensity of precipitation. With more intense precipitation events projected as a result of climate change, increased peak flows into major drainage channels (the Los Angeles River, Los Cerritos Channel, and the San Gabriel River) could cause overtopping of levees that were previously adequate. In addition, as sea levels increase, the zone of tidal influence will move further up the channels. If a major precipitation event coincides with a high tide, floodwaters will not be able to discharge the channels as quickly, which could result in overtopping at the riverine/coastal interface.
APPENDIX B
B
B-11
APPENDIX B
FLD-8 Enhance dunes Sand dunes are formed naturally when sand or sediment blown by wind accumulates against an obstacle, generally vegetation.
Healthy dune systems rely on the root systems of dune grasses and other vegetation to maintain their shape. Currently, the City of Long Beach operates a beach grooming program along Belmont Shore Beach. While grooming helps maintain the pristine appearance of the beach, flattening the sand each day prevents dunes from forming naturally, and clearing the buildup of seaweed deprives beach vegetation of an important source of nutrients.
Due to the lack of natural dunes, the City currently engineers sand berms each year to provide protection for adjacent communities from seasonal swells. However, because these berms do not have vegetation holding them together, they are eroded by tides and wave action each year and need to be replaced. By implementing a comprehensive active dune enhancement program as part of an adaptive management
approach that includes actions such as beach nourishment, the City will enable the growth of sand dunes as natural coastal protection along beaches that do not have a bluff behind them.
The City will pursue dune options that are best suited for the physical characteristics of the shoreline. For example, the southeastern tip of Alamitos Peninsula is characterized by a narrow beach that currently experiences significant seasonal erosion and may not be wide enough to support a natural dune. Alternative options (e.g., a hybrid dune/revetment feature and sand management strategies to keep sand in place) will be considered for this location.
Reliable modeling on how riverine floodplains will be impacted by changes in extreme precipitation patterns and sea level rise does not exist for Long Beach. For this CAAP, asset exposure to riverine flooding was assessed based on location within FEMA’s FLD-9 Inventory and
flood-proof
vulnerable
sewer pump
stations
One of the City’s priorities in the coming years will be enhancing the adaptive capacity of its wastewater infrastructure to increase the system’s resilience to flood damage. Many of the City’s pump stations are located in or near areas at risk of flood exposure and power outages, such as Belmont Shore and Naples, and areas around the Shoreline Marina in downtown. Pump stations rely on an uninterrupted power supply to maintain operation. A power failure may cause sewage overflows and backups may result. Because the likelihood of flooding will increase over time with sea level rise, the City will implement protective measures through capital projects to reduce flood damage for pump stations identified as vulnerable to future flood conditions.
As an initial step, the City will perform a detailed inventory of all pump stations identified as vulnerable to future flooding. The inventory will include updated information for critical electrical
APPENDIX B
B
B-12
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 FLD-10 Relocate/
elevate critical
infrastructure
To maintain essential assets and services for the economy, society, and health of the public, the City will identify critical assets vulnerable to sea level rise and either relocate them or incorporate protective adaptation measures to ensure assets can continue to maintain their functionality. The Ocean Protection Council’s March 2018 State of California Sea Level Rise Guidance recommended consideration of the H++ scenario, subsequent studies on urban/ riverine flooding recommended by the CAAP, and other identified relevant emerging information will be used to assess each facility’s exposure to flooding, including the expected timing of flood risk.
For example, facilities such as the fire stations in the Harbor District and in Belmont Shore and police stations in West Long Beach that need to remain in operation during or immediately following a flood event may be flood-proofed using a temporary barrier that is deployed prior to the storm event to provide protection of the facility during the storm. Other facilities such as Naples Bayside Academy and Charles F Kettering Elementary may also incorporate barriers, consider elevating or relocating the school, improve site stormwater drainage capacity, or raise electrical equipment in anticipation of future exposure. In cases where it is not feasible to relocate critical facilities outside of the flood vulnerability area, the City will prioritize regrading facility access roads so that they are above the projected flood elevation. As an added precaution, all critical facilities located in areas vulnerable to future flooding will be required to complete a continuity plan that describes appropriate design interventions necessary to maintain operation during or after flood events.
and mechanical components (e.g., elevation, condition, age) and entryway elevations that could serve as a flood pathway. For pump stations identified as vulnerable to flooding, the City will implement protective measures (such as floodproofing techniques and adding emergency generators to ensure uninterrupted power) through capital projects to reduce flood damage for pump stations identified as vulnerable to future flood conditions.
Flood adaptation strategies are likely to vary for each pump station, depending on local conditions (e.g., space constraints, cost- effectiveness, station criticality, projected flood depth). Potential floodproofing strategies may include the following: elevating pump housing entryways, sealing the building and entryways to projected flood depth, elevating electrical equipment, or replacing an existing pump with a submersible pump. All vulnerable pump stations should also be equipped with a flood-proof backup generator to maintain operability even during storm-induced power outages. If floodproofing techniques are not possible due to the configuration or location of components, the entire pump station may need to be relocated.
APPENDIX B
B
B-13
APPENDIX B
FLD-11 Elevate
riverine levees
Based on the results of FLD-07 (a study of increased watershed flooding due to climate change), portions of existing levees adjacent to the City’s channels and rivers (Los Angeles River, Los Cerritos Channel, and San Gabriel River) may need to be elevated or modified to provide enhanced flood protection. Consequences assessed should include the number of residents and businesses, as well as critical facilities and transportation assets within each flood path.
Multipurpose infrastructure can also improve the urban
ecosystem and enhance living conditions for local communities.
Complementary riverine modification projects may also include channel widening or watershed restoration, which would likely further enhance habitats and recreation co-benefits.
APPENDIX B
B
B-14
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Action
Number
BUILDING AND ENERGY ACTIONS
MITIGATION ACTIONS
BE-1
Action Title
Provide access
to renewably
generated
electricity
Additional Context
Reducing electricity-related emissions is a primary strategy for achievement of the State’s GHG targets, and is implemented through California’s Renewables Portfolio Strategy (RPS). An option available for reducing electricity-related emissions is joining the local CCA program’s CPA, which consists of Los Angeles and Ventura Counties and numerous other cities. Community Choice Aggregates purchase clean power for members, while traditional utilities, such as SCE, deliver it. Similar to SCE’s Green Rate, members have tiered rate options based on their desired share of renewable energy; however, data show that CCAs have much higher rates of participation in clean electricity usage, since clean electricity is set as the default. In addition to utility-scale options, Action BE-2 discusses building-scale solar energy development and Action BE-3 promotes community solar.
This section provides additional context for each of the mitigation actions found in Chapter 6.
BE-2
BE-3
Increase use of
solar power
Promote
community
solar and
microgrids
Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity.
It offers a renewable form of power that is plentiful, particularly in Southern California.
Solar power technology has been a key aspect of the City’s transition toward cleaner energy. The Civic Center produces its own renewable energy with rooftop photovoltaic panels that can generate 930 kWh/yr. In 2008, the Long Beach Airport installed six solar trees that track sun movement to produce electricity, generating 15,000 kWh/yr. A citywide solar power purchase agreement will facilitate solar installation of 5 MW at 10 City-owned facilities.
In addition to the utility-scale clean electricity options described in Action BE-1, the City can also facilitate development of local solar energy systems through community solar and microgrid projects.
Customers contract directly with the developers for their desired solar energy subscription amount, and SCE applies a bill credit for its share of the project’s monthly output. In addition to partnering with SCE to increase participation in its community solar program, the City can also promote participation through information sharing and sign-up drives at City-sponsored events to collect the contact information of interested residents on behalf of the solar developers. The City can work directly with solar developers to identify local opportunity sites and remove permitting barriers within the City’s control.
Based on the results of the Port microgrid project, the City will analyze opportunities for other microgrid systems in Long Beach.
The analysis will consider the location of existing and planned
APPENDIX B
B
B-15
APPENDIX B
renewable energy systems and critical facilities that require power during emergencies, such as hospitals. The City will also explore development of community resilience hubs (community centers), where solar and battery storage can be installed to ensure neighborhood residents have a location where they can access electricity during power outages or other emergencies.
BE-4 Develop a
residential
and
commercial
energy
assessment
and
benchmarking
program
Beginning in June of 2019, under AB 802 California began requiring all commercial and multifamily buildings over 50,000 square feet to perform energy benchmarking. Benchmarking will allow for the comparison of energy performance of a single building over time, relative to similar buildings or to a specific energy code.
This can be used effectively to identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency. Some cities such as Berkeley have established energy assessment and benchmarking programs that go beyond AB 802, combining annual energy benchmarking with regular energy assessments for larger buildings and requiring regular energy assessments for smaller buildings and homes. Improving building energy efficiency can reduce utility costs for residents and businesses, and can minimize the size requirements for on-site renewable energy systems. Energy assessments can help homeowners, property managers, and business owners understand which upgrades will provide the greatest energy savings and what payback period to expect. If sufficient GHG reductions are not being achieved from combined CAAP actions, the City will develop a mandatory retrocommissioning ordinance designed to fill the emissions reduction gap.
Opportunities to leverage existing resources and partnerships into the program will be evaluated and integrated into the program, such as the Office of Sustainability’s Residential Direct Install Program for disadvantaged communities, which will include home energy assessments performed by City-approved HERS raters. The City will partner with the Pacific Gateway Workforce Innovation Network and other related parties to increase the number of certified HERS raters in the community and to expand local green job development opportunities.
BE-5 Provide access
to energy
efficiency
financing,
rebates, and
incentives
for building
owners
Residents and businesses in Long Beach have access to a variety of rebates and other funding sources to help offset upfront costs for building energy efficiency improvements. SCE and Energy Upgrade California provide rebates for energy-efficient appliances, insulation, smart thermostats, and more. When funding was available, the City’s Energy Resources Department provided residential customers with information and assistance to access energy rebates when performing whole-house energy
APPENDIX B
B
B-16
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 BE-5 Provide access
to energy
efficiency
financing,
rebates, and
incentives
for building
owners
Residents and businesses in Long Beach have access to a variety of rebates and other funding sources to help offset upfront costs for building energy efficiency improvements. SCE and Energy Upgrade California provide rebates for energy-efficient appliances, insulation, smart thermostats, and more. When funding was available, the City’s Energy Resources Department provided residential customers with information and assistance to access energy rebates when performing whole-house energy conservation projects. SoCalREN provides technical assistance and financing options to single-family, multifamily, and commercial buildings. PACE financing is also available for property owners to make permanent upgrades for building energy and water efficiency or to install renewable energy systems and repay improvement costs as an assessment on their property tax bill.
conservation projects. SoCalREN provides technical assistance and financing options to single-family, multifamily, and commercial buildings. PACE financing is also available for property owners to make permanent upgrades for building energy and water efficiency or to install renewable energy systems and repay improvement costs as an assessment on their property tax bill.
BE-6
BE-7
Perform
municipal
energy and
water audits
Update
building codes
to incentivize
electric new
residential and
commercial
buildings
Local governments are not required to increase energy efficiency in municipal buildings, but efforts to do so will help California to achieve its emissions reduction goals and achieve cost savings.
The City has partnered with SCE and SoCalREN, a service of the County of Los Angeles, to complete high-level energy audits and comparative energy analyses of City facilities. The City’s overarching goal for these efforts is to identify and prioritize energy efficiency improvements.
Moving away from natural gas is critical because it is primarily made up of methane, a super pollutant that is 84 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than CO2 over the short term.
Cooking with natural gas has been shown to lead to severe indoor air quality degradation that has strong negative health impacts.
Beginning in 2020, under the California Building Energy Efficiency Standards, new single-family and small multifamily buildings will be required to meet zero net energy standards. In 2030, this requirement will be extended to commercial buildings and mid- and high-rise residential buildings. The City will evaluate building codes to incentivize electric new residential and commercial buildings. If sufficient GHG reductions are not being achieved from combined CAAP actions, the City will develop a mandatory building reach code designed to fill the emissions reduction gap.
APPENDIX B
B
B-17
APPENDIX B
BE-8 Implement
measures
to reduce
emissions
related to
oil and gas
extraction
Short-term measures for reducing emissions related to oil and gas extraction, as outlined in the CAAP Oil and Gas Technical Memorandum, are critical to reducing the City’s overall GHG emissions profile. In 2015, 13.3 million barrels of crude oil and
5.1 million MCF (thousand) of natural gas were extracted in Long Beach. This resulted in an estimated 8.3 million metric tons of CO2e in life cycle emissions, which is effectively 2.7 times greater than the City’s 2015 production-based inventory. Approximately 91 percent of these emissions occur downstream and midstream as a result of refining and transporting to consumers and end users of fuel, while the remaining 9 percent consists of upstream emissions associated with extraction (5 percent) and natural gas life cycle emissions (4 percent). It is estimated that 99 percent of the natural gas produced in Long Beach is combusted, and 1 percent escapes as fugitive emissions through leakage.
In addition, the CAAP Oil and Gas Technical Memorandum
contains a number of the long-term actions that are addressed in part through the existing mitigation actions included in this CAAP. These are intended to put Long Beach on a path to reduce and eventually eliminate oil and gas consumption in the city.
They include transportation electrification, building energy use reduction and increased energy efficiency, and City advocacy for policies and regulations that reduce oil and gas consumption beyond Long Beach.
APPENDIX B
B
B-18
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
TRANSPORTATION ACTIONS
Action
Number
Action Title Additional Context
T-1 In addition to evaluating opportunities within its own service area, the City will work with Long Beach Transit to explore options to improve and expand regional connector routes to key destinations.
Examples of regional connector routes from Long Beach to key destinations include: the temporary Metro 860 express shuttle from Downtown Long Beach to Downtown Los Angeles, the Long Beach Transit/UCLA Westwood Commuter Shuttle, the LAX Flyway, and FlixBus/Greyhound buses to Las Vegas, San Francisco, and San Diego. The City will also collaborate on STAR’s Future Emerging Mobility Zones, where on-demand service using smaller vehicles serves the needs of customers and can prioritize the disabled and those who currently use the “Dial-A-Lift” access services. Mobility zones are planned to be located near the Del Amo and Artesia Blue Line Stations, around Bellflower and Lakewood, and in the vicinity of Long Beach Towne Center and California State University, Long Beach.
Identification and implementation of customer safety
enhancements, done alongside increasing frequency and
connectivity of transit options, will be important, especially since many Long Beach survey respondents identified not feeling safe on transit as a barrier to their ridership. Safety improvements could include lighting at stops, bus video monitors, and signage that provides riders with emergency contact and “what to do” information. In addition, the presence of trained social workers on public transit lines is one way to support the homeless population and reduce minor crime violations.
Increase the
frequency,
speed,
connectivity,
and safety of
transit options
T-2 Expand and
improve
pedestrian
infrastructure
citywide
The City has taken many steps to improve pedestrian infrastructure.
In 2013, it approved the General Plan’s Mobility Element; in 2016, it approved the Downtown and TOD Pedestrian Master Plan; and in 2017, it approved the CX3 Pedestrian Plan. The City also worked with Metro to produce the Blue Line First/Last Mile: A Community- Based Process and Plan, which was adopted in 2018. All of these plans are appendices to the Mobility Element. While three of these plans focus on specific areas of Long Beach, the City will take a more comprehensive approach and develop a citywide Pedestrian Master Plan that incorporates street design standards from each plan.
In addition, pedestrian improvements within parks also play an important role in creating a complete pedestrian network and ensuring that all Long Beach residents have access to high-quality park space within a 10-minute walk.
APPENDIX B
B
B-19
APPENDIX B
T-3
T-4
Increase
bikeway
infrastructure
citywide
Implement
the Port of
Long Beach
Clean Trucks
Program
The City of Long Beach has taken many steps to improve its bicycle and e-scooter infrastructure. In 2017, the City adopted its Bicycle Master Plan as an appendix to the General Plan Mobility Element.
The plan outlines the City’s efforts to expand its 141 miles of existing bikeways, establish and expand its bike share program, and increase bicycle parking across the city. The success of these efforts has been noticed, as Long Beach has been recognized in past years as one of the most bike-friendly cities in the U.S. With the rise of e-scooters since 2018, the City has worked extensively with e-scooter companies to increase mobility for short-distance travel.
As detailed in the San Pedro Bay Ports’ 2017 Clean Air Action Plan Update, the Ports had never undertaken a program that was so transformational to a sector of the port industry; however, numerous challenges arose with implementing the Clean Trucks Program. There were many concerns with the ability of the trucking sector to take on the costs of upgrading its equipment and uncertainty as to the availability of enough clean trucks to meet the operational needs of the Ports.
Drayage is a low-margin industry and many of the truck owners were not well positioned to invest in newer, more expensive trucks. The high cost of new technology is beyond what most drivers can afford. During the previous Clean Trucks Program, a widespread drayage industry practice was for licensed motor carriers to purchase the trucks and lease them to drivers, with lease deductions taken directly from the payments to the drivers.
Some have argued that this practice was highly successful for achieving the rapid replacement of trucks. However, numerous drivers have complained, that these expenses and deductions left little remaining to cover living expenses.
It is critical that the drivers, the motor carrier companies, the Ports, the goods movement industry, cargo owners, agencies, and legislators all work together on solutions to address this problem so that transitioning to a sustainable cleaner truck fleet and drayage system does not place an undue burden on any particular party. In March 2020, the commissioners of both of the San Pedro Bay Ports approved a $20 fee per 40-foot loaded shipping container to be paid by cargo owners, including retailers and manufacturers, and agreed that the fees would go into a fund to help truckers switch to cleaner vehicles.
T-5 Develop an
Electric Vehicle
Infrastructure
Master Plan
The City can facilitate development of EV charging infrastructure to further support broad adoption of this technology. As a first step, Long Beach Sustainability recently received a SCAG planning grant to develop an EV study. After an initial study of existing conditions,
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T-9
Increase
density and
the mixing of
land uses
Integrate SB
743 planning
with the CAAP
process
According to the U.S. Census American Community Survey (2018), 75 percent of Long Beach residents drive alone, 9 percent carpool, 6 percent use public transit, and 2.5 percent walk to get to and from work. Seventy-five percent of the respondents to the CAAP survey also indicated that driving is their dominant transportation mode for all trips, but also indicated a strong preference for walkable, bikeable neighborhoods. Promoting sustainable neighborhoods encourages residents to access stores, healthy foods, and community services without a car. Inherently, sustainable neighborhoods mitigate GHG emissions by making residents less dependent on fossil-fueled vehicles and by lowering overall VMT.
Moreover, state regulations such as SB 375 push regional and local jurisdictions to strategically implement regional allocation of housing needs and regional transportation planning coordinated together to further reduce GHG emissions.
Reduced and shared parking offer a number of potentially important benefits, including a reduction in commercial and housing development costs, which can lead to more affordable housing options, increased walkability, and increased development near transit.
Research studies funded by SCAG, Metro, and CARB have explored various VMT mitigation strategies to determine which strategies are most effective.
the SCAG grant will deliver a plan that provides Long Beach- specific guidelines for EV infrastructure deployment after the implementation of an outreach and marketing strategy to engage the community in plan development. It will address multifamily dwellings, workplaces, fleets, commercial and public sites, and fast charging stations in strategic locations. The Plan will also identify policy recommendations for prioritized locations for and quantity of charging infrastructure, needed investment, and a timeline for deployment.
Implementation of this action can also include the development of EV car shares at affordable housing sites or a broader EV car share pilot program with incentives for low-income participants.
The Cities of Los Angeles and Sacramento implemented similar programs with cap-and-trade grant funding. This would allow all members of the community to share in the benefits of improved air quality from increased EV use.
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W-3 Partner
with private
waste haulers
to expand
organic waste
collection
community-
wide
As described in Action W-2, diverting organic waste from landfills is an important strategy in achieving California’s GHG emissions reduction target. Senate Bill 1383 defines specific targets for organic diversion and outlines the State’s implementation strategy. As part of this strategy, California enacted AB 1826 to require businesses that exceed solid waste disposal thresholds to recycle their organic waste. As of January 1, 2019, businesses producing 4 cubic yards or more of solid waste per week are required to arrange for organic waste recycling services for food waste, green waste, landscape and pruning waste, nonhazardous wood waste, and food-soiled paper.
AB 1826 also set green waste disposal thresholds for multifamily properties (five or more units). As of April 1, 2016, multifamily properties that generate 8 or more cubic yards of green waste (e.g., landscaping, pruning, wood waste) must implement organic waste diversion strategies.
Franchise waste haulers provide collection services to many of the city’s multifamily and commercial properties, while the City provides waste collection services to the remaining properties. In accordance with AB 1826, the City will continue to provide information on the Long Beach Recycles website to assist businesses and multifamily property managers in complying with the law’s requirements.
WASTE ACTIONS
Action
Number
Action Title Additional Context
W-1 The Public Works Department - Environmental Services Bureau provides recycling collection as part of the refuse services it provides to all single-family residential accounts in the city and to the multifamily and commercial accounts the bureau services.
The City’s private waste haulers provide recycling collection to customers that sign up for the service, and they communicate with impacted customers about the requirements of AB 341 and how they can achieve compliance. The City also provides information on the Long Beach Recycles website about AB 341 and tips for compliance. In accordance with state regulations, the City and private haulers will continue to conduct commercial recycling outreach to provide technical assistance on establishing recycling programs for properties that are out of compliance.
Ensure
compliance
with state law
requirements
for multifamily
and commercial
property
recycling
programs
W-4 Identify
organic waste
management
options
Actions W-1 and W-2 will result in increased organic waste collection and management in the future. The City will collaborate with other agencies, such as Los Angeles County, to identify potential locations for organic waste treatment facilities to handle future waste volumes and avoid the use of landfills due to capacity issues.
The City will then work to support and share this information with potential parties willing to go through the permitting process. If a
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CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 ihttps://ufmptoolkit.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/LongBeachUFMP.pdf iihttp://www.lbds.info/neighborhood_services/neighborhood_improvement/urban_forestry_ program.asp
iiiKPCC 2015. “SoCal Edison says mismanagement led to Long Beach outages.” B-23
facility is identified and ultimately established in Long Beach, the City will work to update waste hauler contracts and ensure that organic waste is hauled to locally sited facilities, which will help reduce transportation emissions.
Currently, the City identifies organic waste collection requirements for its franchise waste haulers to ensure a high-quality level of service community-wide. These requirements include providing information to the City on the collection of organic waste. To support implementation monitoring, the City will continue to work with its franchise waste haulers to measure and report the amount of organic waste collected and to track its treatment by method or facility.
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Appendix C
Long Beach
Vulnerability
Assessment
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
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Climate Change Vulnerability
Assessment Results
Long Beach Climate Action and Adaptation Plan
FINAL | November 12, 2018
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Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Section 1.
1.1 Purpose of the Vulnerability Assessment ..................................................................................... 3
1.2 Organization of the Assessment ................................................................................................... 4 Vulnerability Assessment Methodology .............................................................................................. 5 Section 2.
2.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Assessment Methodology ................................................ 5
2.1.1 Exposure .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Sensitivity ......................................................................................................................... 7
2.1.3 Adaptive Capacity ............................................................................................................ 8
2.2 Riverine and Urban Flooding ........................................................................................................ 8
2.3 Extreme Heat ................................................................................................................................ 9
2.4 Drought ......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.5 Air Quality ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Asset Data Collection ........................................................................................................................... 10 Section 3.
3.1 Data Collection Process ............................................................................................................. 10
3.2 Sectors and Asset / Population Types........................................................................................ 10
3.3 Port of Long Beach Harbor District ............................................................................................. 11 Mapping Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding ................................................................................. 12 Section 4.
4.1 Sea Level Rise Mapping ............................................................................................................. 12
4.2 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Subareas ........................................................................ 17 Vulnerability of Buildings and Facilities ............................................................................................ 21 Section 5.
5.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding ........................................................................................ 21
5.2 Riverine Flooding ........................................................................................................................ 25
5.3 Extreme Heat .............................................................................................................................. 25
5.4 Drought ....................................................................................................................................... 25
5.5 Vulnerability Summary for Buildings and Facilities ..................................................................... 26 Vulnerability of Parks & Open Space ................................................................................................. 28 Section 6.
6.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding ........................................................................................ 28
6.2 Riverine Flooding ........................................................................................................................ 37
6.3 Extreme Heat Events .................................................................................................................. 37
6.4 Drought ....................................................................................................................................... 37
6.5 Vulnerability Summary for Parks and Open Space .................................................................... 37 Vulnerability of Transportation Assets .............................................................................................. 40 Section 7.
7.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding ........................................................................................ 40
7.2 Riverine Flooding ........................................................................................................................ 46
7.3 Extreme Heat .............................................................................................................................. 46
7.4 Drought ....................................................................................................................................... 46
7.5 Vulnerability Summary for Transportation Assets ...................................................................... 46 Vulnerability of Energy Assets . .......................................................................................................... 47 Section 8.
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8.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding ........................................................................................ 47
8.2 Riverine Flooding ........................................................................................................................ 49
8.3 Extreme Heat .............................................................................................................................. 49
8.4 Drought ....................................................................................................................................... 49
8.5 Vulnerability Summary for Energy Assets .................................................................................. 49 Vulnerability of Stormwater Assets .................................................................................................... 50 Section 9.
9.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding ........................................................................................ 50
9.2 Riverine Flooding ........................................................................................................................ 53
9.3 Extreme Heat .............................................................................................................................. 53
9.4 Drought ....................................................................................................................................... 53
9.5 Vulnerability Summary for Stormwater Assets ........................................................................... 53 Vulnerability of Wastewater Assets .................................................................................................. 54 Section 10.
10.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding ........................................................................................ 54
10.2 Riverine Flooding ........................................................................................................................ 56
10.3 Extreme Heat .............................................................................................................................. 56
10.4 Drought ....................................................................................................................................... 56
10.5 Vulnerability Summary for Wastewater ...................................................................................... 57 Vulnerability of Potable Water Assets .............................................................................................. 58 Section 11.
11.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding ........................................................................................ 58
11.2 Riverine Flooding ........................................................................................................................ 60
11.3 Extreme Heat .............................................................................................................................. 60
11.4 Drought ....................................................................................................................................... 60
11.5 Vulnerability Summary for Potable Water Assets ....................................................................... 60 Public Health ....................................................................................................................................... 61 Section 12.
12.1 Sea Level Rise, Coastal Flooding, and Riverine Flooding ......................................................... 64
12.2 Extreme Heat .............................................................................................................................. 64
12.3 Air Quality ................................................................................................................................... 66
12.4 Drought ....................................................................................................................................... 67
12.5 Vulnerability Summary for Public Health .................................................................................... 67
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1.1 Purpose of the Vulnerability Assessment
The purpose of the vulnerability assessment is to understand to what extent climate stressors will impact various assets in Long Beach in order to prioritize in the development of adaptation strategies, as well as to inform decision making for future capital investment.
This assessment analyzed the vulnerability of assets to several climate stressors: Sea level rise (SLR) and coastal flooding, riverine flooding, extreme heat, drought, and poor air quality. The SLR and Coastal Flooding assessment was done with a relatively greater level of detail compared to other stressors given the detailed modeling available, the high level of risk in Long Beach, and the level of detail needed to understand the potential impacts of sea level rise and coastal flooding. Generally, more detailed data was available on City-owned assets, so they were assessed in greater detail. However, privately-owned assets, such as buildings and energy infrastructure were assessed at a high level.
Climate adaptation planning typically follows a cyclical process. This report represents steps one, two and three of the adaptation process depicted in Figure 1. The results of this assessment will inform the development of adaptation strategies in the next phase of the project.
Figure 1: Climate Adaptation Planning Process
Introduction Section 1.
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1.2 Organization of the Assessment
Section 2: This chapter describes the methodology of the assessment.
Section 3: This chapter summarizes the data collection process and asset inventory.
Section 4: This chapter describes the SLR mapping methodology used in the assessment and the results of a subarea assessment of SLR exposure.
Section 5 to 12: These chapters present the findings from the vulnerability assessment by asset sector.
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This section outlines the approach and methodology for the climate vulnerability assessment component of the Long Beach Climate Action and Adaptation Plan. The climate vulnerability assessment is based on an assessment of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity for critical1 physical assets and vulnerable populations. The purpose of the vulnerability assessment is to understand which assets and populations are the most vulnerable in order to prioritize those assets and communities for adaptation strategy development in the next phase of the project.
2.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Assessment
Methodology
2.1.1 Exposure
The exposure assessment for SLR and coastal flooding considered permanent inundation from the daily high tide and temporary flooding from the annual king tide and 100-year coastal storm conditions (100- year storm surge).
• Timeframes: As required by AB 691, timeframes include 2030, 2050 and 2100. • Projection Scenarios: 11, 24, 37, and 66 inches, based on National Research Council (NRC) 2012 report on West Coast SLR (described in greater detail below). • Mapping source: U.S. Geological Survey Coastal Storm Modeling System (CoSMoS)2
Sea Level Rise Projection Scenarios
Up until recently, the state of California utilized the National Research Council (NRC) 2012 sea level rise projections as best available science in state policy and guidance. In 2017, a new study was released by Griggs et al. (2017) with updated SLR projections for the California coast. The Griggs study informed the
1 Critical assets are those that are important in providing core services and functions of City departments. 2 CoSMoS, a Coastal Storm Modeling System created by the USGS, is a source for wave run up, sea level rise, and shoreline change modeling data.
Vulnerability Assessment Section 2.
Methodology
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development of the Ocean Protection Council’s (OPC) new sea level rise guidance document that was adopted in March 2018.
OPC developed future sea level rise projections at each tide station along the California coast. Table 1 presents sea level rise projections for Los Angeles. The OPC study incorporated a range of global emissions scenarios ranging from aggressive emissions reductions to no emissions reductions through end of century.
Table 1. Sea Level Rise Projections at Los Angeles, CA from OPC (2018) Year
(Emissions
Scenario)
Inches Above 1991-2009 Mean Sea Level (in)
Median
(50% probability
of exceedance)
Likely Range
(67% percent
likely range)
1-In-20 Chance
(5% probability
of exceedance)
1-In-200 Chance
(0.5% probability
of exceedance)
2030 4 2 to 6 7 8
2050 8 6 to 12 14 22
2100
(low emissions) 16 8 to 25 36 65
2100
(very high
emissions)
26 16 to 38 49 80
Source: OPC (2018)
Not only were the OPC (2018) SLR projections not yet available at the time of the vulnerability assessment, but the SLR projections from NRC (2012) show higher potential SLR for near-term planning horizons (2030 and 2050). Given the differences in projections, it was determined that for the sake of being conservative in developing a plan to preserve life and property, that the more aggressive forecast should be utilized. To understand the implications of a worst-case scenario, and to include a factor of safety, particularly for critical assets, the high-end of the NRC (2012) SLR range was selected for each planning timeframe. This rationale aligns with the State Guidance from the Ocean Protection Council (2011) and California Coastal Commission (2015). Because there is increased uncertainty (wider ranges of SLR) after 2050, both the projection (mid-range) and high-range magnitudes were selected to guide planning for 2100. In addition, including the mid-range 2100 allows for a range of SLR scenarios to better understand thresholds for exposure of assets or subareas of the city.
Table 2: Sea Level Rise Projections for Los Angeles, CA from NRC (2012) Year
Southern California
Projection Range
2030 5.8 ± 2.0 in 4.6 – 11.8 in
2050 11.2 ± 3.5 in 5.0 – 23.9 in
2100 36.7 ± 9.8 in 17.4 – 65.6 in
Source: NRC (2012)
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In summary, the following SLR scenarios were adopted for use in this study and Figure 2 shows how these scenarios align with the available SLR mapping layers from CoSMoS, which are measured in centimeters.
• 11 inches for year 2030 (high-range) or year 2050 (mid-range) = 25 cm SLR CoSMoS scenario* • 24 inches for year 2050 (high-range) = 50 cm SLR CoSMoS scenario • 37 inches for year 2100 (mid-range) = 100 cm SLR CoSMoS scenario • 66 inches for 2100 (high-range) = 150 cm SLR CoSMoS scenario
*Note that the 25 cm (11 inches) CoSMoS scenario exceeds the projected amount of SLR for 2030 for both the NRC (2012) and OPC (2018) projections; however, it is the lowest SLR scenario available from the CoSMoS modeling and was therefore selected to evaluate near-term SLR impacts in Long Beach.
2.1.2 Sensitivity
Sensitivity of physical assets (buildings, facilities, infrastructure, etc.) was assessed using a qualitative approach based on asset types. Assets that are found to not be exposed to sea level rise and coastal flooding are not assessed for sensitivity. Table 3 provides the criteria for the sensitivity ratings, and further details regarding specific asset-type sensitivities are provided in the asset section.
Table 3: Sensitivity Rating Scale for Physical Assets
None Low Moderate High
No impact to asset
function
Asset impacted but
still functional
Asset function
temporarily
compromised
Asset damaged and
no longer functional
Figure 2: CoSMoS and NRC Sea Level Rise Scenarios
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2.1.3 Adaptive Capacity
The adaptive capacity of physical assets was assessed using a qualitative approach by asset type. Table 4 provides the criteria for the sensitivity ratings, and further details regarding specific adaptive capacity considerations by asset-type are provided in the asset section.
Table 4: Adaptive Capacity Rating Scale for Physical Assets High Moderate Low
Asset is easily
repaired, modified, or
relocated.
Asset may be repaired,
modified or relocated,
but with some
challenges.
Asset may be repaired,
modified, or relocated,
but with significant
challenges.
2.2 Riverine and Urban Flooding
Precipitation can generate flooding in two distinct ways. Riverine flooding occurs during extreme, regional rainfall events as rivers, creeks, and channels discharge excess water from an entire watershed. The Los Angeles and San Gabriel rivers drain much of the Los Angeles Basin and discharge into San Pedro Bay.
This type of flooding could impact the City of Long Beach if high flows overtop and/or compromise the levees bordering these rivers. Precipitation can also generate localized urban flooding during high rainfall events if the City’s local stormwater collection system is overwhelmed and cannot drain the excess stormwater. This type of flooding tends to be localized near storm drains and other stormwater collection system components.
Riverine Flooding
Reliable modeling on how riverine floodplains will be impacted by changes in seasonal and extreme precipitation patterns does not exist for Long Beach. Therefore, asset exposure to riverine flooding was assessed based on location within the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) 100 and 500- year riverine floodplains, which were adopted in 2008.
3 With precipitation events projected to increase in
intensity as a result of climate change, riverine flooding may increase. These FEMA floodplains serve as proxies for areas that may be at risk to increased exposure to riverine flooding in the future. Additional hydrologic and hydraulic analysis of watersheds and drainages that flow through Long Beach, accounting for future projected changes in precipitation, would be required to conduct a more detailed evaluation of future riverine flooding vulnerabilities.
Urban Flooding
Climate change and SLR can also exacerbate localized urban flooding if stormwater collection, conveyance, and discharge systems are not sized appropriately for future conditions precipitation. In addition, discharge of stormwater to tidally-influenced waters such as Alamitos Bay may be impeded by higher water levels in the future. The vulnerability of the stormwater system to climate change and SLR was evaluated at a high level in this assessment by identifying stormwater outfalls that discharge to
3 Flood Insurance Rate Maps available here: http://www.longbeach.gov/pw/resources/engineering/flood- zone/
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tidally-influenced waters; however, a more detailed assessment of potential flooding impacts within the streets and neighborhoods would be required to evaluate this hazard in more detail.
Sensitivity and adaptive capacity of physical assets were assessed in the same way as described above for SLR and Coastal Flooding.
2.3 Extreme Heat
The number of extreme heat days (over 95 ̊F) in Long Beach per year is projected to increase from an average of four in the baseline period (1980-2000) to 11-16 days by mid-century and 11-37 by end-of century, depending on the emissions scenario (Sun et al. 2015). The impact of this change on both physical assets and on vulnerable populations was assessed qualitatively.
2.4 Drought
Climate change, through its impacts on precipitation and temperature, is predicted to increase the severity and length of future droughts statewide (CEC 2012). By the end of the century, all climatic models included in the California Climate Change Center’s Third Assessment predict regional drying, primarily from decreased precipitation and compounded by warming (CEC 2012). The impact of drought on physical assets and vulnerable populations was assessed qualitatively.
2.5 Air Quality
Higher temperatures are expected to increase the frequency, duration, and intensity of conditions conducive to air pollution formation (CNRA 2014). Specifically, studies have shown that ozone concentrations increase when maximum daytime temperatures increase (Kleeman et al. 2010). Since climate models project higher temperatures in the future for Long Beach, a “climate penalty” exists for ground level ozone, which means that greater State and regional emissions controls will be needed to meet a given air quality standard. The impacts of poor air quality were assessed qualitatively for vulnerable communities only, as air quality does not have direct impacts on physical assets.
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One of the first steps of the vulnerability assessment is to compile an inventory of the assets that are to be evaluated.
3.1 Data Collection Process
The first step in the asset inventory was a review of the departmental surveys to understand what assets Long Beach City departments consider critical to providing core services/functions. AECOM reviewed that list and developed an asset data request list for the City departments and collected publically available data for privately-owned assets, such as electricity assets and buildings. AECOM also reviewed publically available demographic data for vulnerable populations in Long Beach.
3.2 Sectors and Asset / Population Types
As summarized in Table 5, assets and populations were assessed across eight different sectors. Each sector focused on asset types of particular importance in Long Beach.
Table 5: Asset Sectors and Asset / Population Types
Sector Asset / Population Types
Buildings and Facilities City-Owned Buildings, Privately-Owned Buildings Parks and Open Space City Parks, Beaches, Wetlands, Marinas Transportation Roads, Bike Paths, Bridges
Energy Substations, Transmission, Generation Facilities, Natural Gas Mains
Wastewater Pump Stations, Sewer Main, Sewer Forced Main Stormwater Stormdrain Outfalls, Stormdrain Carriers, Stormwater Pump Stations
Potable Water Potable Facilities, Potable Mains
Public Health Vulnerable Populations
Asset Data Collection Section 3.
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3.3 Port of Long Beach Harbor District
Because the Port of Long Beach has its owns climate adaptation plan and has its own governance body and revenue sources, this vulnerability assessment focuses on the parts of the City of Long Beach that are not within the Port of Long Beach Harbor District (Harbor District). As such, the asset inventory does not specifically include Port-assets. However, City-owned infrastructure, such as buildings and facilities, that are located within the Harbor Districts were included. While adaptation strategy development will generally focus on assets outside the Harbor District, coordination between the Harbor District and the City of Long Beach on climate adaptation will be an on-going priority.
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This section describes the SLR Mapping and analysis that was used to evaluate the exposure of assets to permanent inundation (daily high tide), frequent temporary flooding (annual king tide), and rare temporary flooding (100-year storm surge).
4.1 Sea Level Rise Mapping
Daily, Annual, and Extreme Coastal Water Levels
A description of the daily high tide, annual king tide, and 100-year storm surge water levels is provided below:
• Daily high tide inundation. There are two high tides each day of unequal height in Long Beach. A commonly used measure of the average high tide is referred to as mean higher high water (MHHW), which is the average elevation of the higher of the two high tides each day. MHHW represents the typical high tide elevation on a daily basis. Areas that are exposed to daily high tide inundation are considered to be “permanently inundated” because of the frequency at which they are flooded (daily).
• Annual king tide flooding. King tides are the largest annual tide events and occur several days each year when a spring tide coincides with the moon being in its closes position to the Earth. In Long Beach, king tide events are approximately 1.5 feet above the average daily high tide. They can cause flooding of low-lying coastal areas, particularly if coinciding with a storm event that elevates tides above normal levels. Assets that are exposed to king tide flooding are considered to be “frequently flooded” because they would be temporarily flooded two to three times each year.
• 100-year storm surge flooding. The 100-year storm surge has a 1-percent chance of occurring in any given year. The 100-year storm surge event includes the effects of the astronomical tide, storm conditions (due to atmospheric pressure and meteorological effects), and precipitation. The influence of temporary flooding caused by wave runup is not included. Assets that are exposed to 100-year storm surge flooding are considered to be “rarely flooded” because they would be temporarily flooded only during very infrequently occurring extreme coastal storm events. The 100-year storm surge elevation is commonly used as an indicator to inform assessments of flood risk and includes the following components in Long Beach:
Mapping Sea Level Rise and Section 4.
Coastal Flooding
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• Sheltered embayments (such as within Port of Long Beach and Alamitos Bay): inundation extents include high tide and storm surge inundation of the shoreline; runoff from larger watersheds is also included.
• Open coast (such as Long Beach): inundation extents include high tide and storm surge inundation of the shoreline and inundation caused by storm wave conditions (i.e., wave setup); temporary flooding caused by wave runup is not included.
SLR Mapping Layers
Coastal flooding layers from the CoSMoS 3.0 model results in southern California were used to evaluate asset exposure to temporary flooding events by annual king tides and 100-year storm surge events for each SLR scenario (see chapter 2 for more detail). Data layers can be viewed online through the Our Coast our Future
4 data viewer or downloaded through the USGS website.5 SLR inundation layers and maps were not produced for permanent inundation scenarios as part of this assessment because Long Beach is not projected to be impacted by permanent inundation until higher amounts of SLR (greater than approximately 37” of SLR); however, the vulnerability analysis for each asset category includes discussion of permanent inundation impacts and asset sensitivity and adaptive capacity.
Limitations and Inundation Layer Revisions
The annual king tide and 100-year storm surge inundation layers developed by the USGS using the CoSMoS model provide a solid starting point to evaluate existing and future flood risk in Long Beach. It should be noted, however, that small-scale topographic features such as seawalls may not be accurately captured in the flood modeling and mapping. As a result, projected flooding in areas protected by seawalls may be overstated by the CoSMoS model. Areas protected by seawalls include the sheltered shorelines within Alamitos Bay, including Belmont Shore, Naples, and the Peninsula. To help address this issue, the SLR inundation mapping in these areas was modified as part of the vulnerability assessment by obtaining topography information on the crest elevation of the seawalls. Crest elevations were estimated by examining Lidar-based elevation data and field measurements of existing seawall heights relative to adjacent ground elevations. Approximate locations for seawalls within Alamitos Bay are shown in Figure 3. This information was used to update the SLR inundation maps to better reflect future flood risk in these areas by comparing the projected future water level scenarios for annual king tide and 100- year storm surge to the seawall elevations and removing low-lying areas of inundation located behind seawalls in cases where the typical elevation of the seawall exceeded the projected water level.
Estimated seawall elevations were approximately 8 to 11 ft NAVD88.
4 ourcoastourfuture.org
5 https://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/coastal_processes/cosmos/socal3.0/ CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
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Figure 3: Approximate locations of Seawalls within Alamitos Bay
Sea Level Rise Mapping Results
Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the results of the SLR mapping for Long Beach that was used in the exposure assessments described below. The maps show the projected extent of flooding for the King Tide and 100-year storm surge scenarios – both temporary flooding events that could impact Long Beach assets and communities in the near-term. Permanent inundation is not projected to occur within Long Beach until higher amounts of SLR (approximately the 37” SLR scenario) and was therefore not mapped in detail since the impacts of temporary flooding will be felt first and addressing these impacts would also address permanent inundation impacts as well. The flood extents shown in Figure 4 for the King Tide + 24” SLR scenario are similar to the permanent inundation extents that would occur for the daily high tide (MHHW) + 37” SLR scenario. Similarly, the flood extents shown in Figure 5 for the King Tide + 37” SLR scenario are similar to the permanent inundation extents that would occur for the daily high tide (MHHW) + 66” SLR scenario.
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Figure 4: SLR Mapping Results for 11 and 24 Inches of SLR with King Tide and 100-Year Storm
Note: The flooding extents for the King Tide + 24” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 37” SLR scenario.
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Figure 5: SLR Mapping Results for 37 and 66 Inches of SLR with King Tide and 100-Year Storm
Note: The flooding extents for the King Tide + 37” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 66” SLR scenario.
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4.2 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Subareas
The areas of exposure to SLR and Coastal Flooding in Long Beach can be divided into three different geographic areas: the Southeastern Subarea, Downtown Subarea, and Western Subarea. Figure 6 to Figure 8 were developed to better understand the various assets at risk in those areas and to support the development of neighborhood or district scale strategies that may help provide flood protection or build the resilience of multiple assets.
Figure 6 through Figure 8 show projected areas of temporary flooding due to King Tides with 11, 24, 37, and 66 inches of SLR. The summaries below provide a high-level overview of the areas of flooding and impacts to assets are discussed in greater detail in Sections 5 through 12.
Southeastern Subarea
As can be seen in Figure 6, the areas of darkest blue would be exposed to annual king tides earliest, with 11 inches of SLR. These areas include parts of Marina Pacifica, the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex, and the Alamitos Bay shoreline of the Peninsula. There are no major roads exposed during this scenario, but the Bayshore Walk along the Peninsula is exposed. With higher levels of SLR, Belmont Shore, Naples, the Peninsula, and the Marina Pacifica area are projected to experience king tide flooding, including the beaches and parks that provide active recreation and boating access.
Downtown Subarea
As can be seen in Figure 7, in the Downtown Subarea, parts of the Shoreline Marina, Rainbow Harbor, and Golden Shore Marine Reserve are projected to be exposed to future annual king tides. The Golden Shore Marine Reserve is projected to be flooded by king tides combined with 11 inches of SLR. The edges of the Marina and Harbor start to experience king tide flooding at 11 inches and with higher levels of SLR, the pedestrian paths and parks also flood. Alamitos Beach also experiences king tide flooding, resulting in a narrowing of the beach, particularly with higher levels of SLR. Assets in this area that may be impacted include the Aquarium of the Pacific, and the bike path around Shoreline Marina, and the sewer lift stations associated with the comfort stations around the Marina.
Western Subarea
As can be seen in Figure 8, the Western Subarea, which is largely an industrial area, is not anticipated to experience flooding due to king tides until end-of-century (37 and 66 inches of SLR) and the flood pathways would likely come through the Harbor District area. Adaptation efforts by the Harbor District may provide flood protection benefits for West Long Beach, and on-going coordination between the Harbor District and City of Long Beach is recommended. Assets in West Long Beach that are at-risk include a potable water facility, two police facilities, and a Health Resource Center serving individuals experiencing homelessness. Within the Harbor District, there are also two potable facilities, a solid waste facility, and multiple fire stations.
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Figure 6: Exposure to SLR in the Southeastern Subarea
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Figure 7: Exposure to SLR in the Downtown Subarea
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Figure 8: Exposure to SLR in the Western Subarea
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The Buildings and Facilities sector include two asset-types: City-owned buildings and facilities and privately-owned buildings. This section presents a summary of this sector’s vulnerabilities to climate stressors.
Asset Overview
The Buildings and Facilities sector includes City-owned buildings and facilities and privately-owned buildings. Depending on the height and use, buildings may be constructed out of wood, masonry, concrete, and/or steel and glass. In addition to the building structure, this assessment considers their mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems.
City-owned buildings and facilities include critical emergency response facilities, such as fire and police stations as well as buildings that serve vulnerable populations, such as health resource centers and schools. In addition to over 150 schools, there are over 160 City-owned buildings and facilities in Long Beach. Privately-owned buildings include residential, commercial, and industrial structures. Private hospital buildings were also assessed.
5.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding
Exposure of City-Owned Buildings and Facilities
Table 6 shows that a total of 10 City-owned buildings and facilities are projected to be exposed to annual king tides with 11 inches of SLR. These buildings are located along the Alamitos Bay Marina or within the Harbor District. Two of these 10 buildings are fire stations, which are critical for emergency response.
One of the fire stations is located in the Harbor District while the other fire station is located along the Alamitos Bay Marina (Figure 9).
A solid waste facility is also exposed to annual king tide flooding with 11 inches of SLR. This facility is the Southeast Resource Recovery Facility, which is owned by a joint powers agreement between the Sanitation Districts and the City of Long Beach and is located within the Harbor District. Several Marine Safety and Park, Recreation, & Marine facilities are also projected to be exposed to king tide flooding with 11 inches of SLR.
With 11 inches of SLR, in addition to the 10 buildings exposed to king tide events, seven additional buildings are projected to be exposed to the 100-year storm surge. These are a fire station, the Belmont Vulnerability of Buildings and Section 5.
Facilities
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Shore Library, the Naples Bayside Academy, and four Marine Safety and Park, Recreation & Marine Facilities.
With 66 inches of SLR (2100 high-range), up to 26 City buildings are exposed to annual king tides and an additional 13 are projected to be exposed to the 100-year storm surge.
The City’s Emergency Communications and Operations Center is not projected to be exposed to the studied levels of SLR and storm surge.
Table 6: Number of City Buildings and Facilities Exposed to Sea Level Rise and 100-year Storm Surge
2030 2050 2100 2100
(11” SLR) (24’’ SLR) (37” SLR) (66” SLR)
Annual
King
Tide
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Fire Station 2 1 3 1 4 1 4 3
Health Resource Center 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
Library 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
Marine Safety 3 2 5 0 5 3 6 2
Park, Rec, and Marine 3 2 4 1 5 3 7 2
Police Facility 0 0 0 2 2 0 3 0
Schools 0 1 1 2 3 0 3 5
Solid Waste Facility 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Other 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 10 7 15 7 22 8 26 13
*Note: The exposed assets for the King Tide + 24” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 37” SLR scenario. The exposed assets for the King Tide + 37” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 66” SLR scenario.
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Figure 9: Exposure of City Buildings to Sea Level Rise + 100 Year Storm Surge
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Exposure of Privately-Owned Buildings
With 11 inches of SLR, approximately 1.3 million square feet of buildings are projected to be exposed to annual king tides. Approximately half of these buildings are residential (624,100 square feet) and half are commercial (689,600 square feet). These buildings are primarily located in Marina Pacifica and along Shoreline Drive south of Ocean Boulevard. An additional 9.5 million square feet of buildings, primarily residential, are exposed to flooding from a 100-year storm surge with 11 inches of SLR. These buildings are primarily located in Naples Island, Belmont Shore, and the Peninsula.
Excluding buildings within the Harbor District, industrial buildings are not exposed to annual king tides until 37 inches of SLR, and none are exposed to the 100-year storm surge until 24 inches of SLR.
Without adaptation, by 2100, up to 17 million square feet of buildings are exposed to annual king tide flooding and an additional 4 million square feet are exposed to the 100-year storm surge.
No hospitals are projected to be exposed to the evaluated levels of SLR and storm surge.
Table 7: Square footage of Privately-Owned Buildings Exposed to Sea Level Rise and 100-year Storm Surge*
2030 2050 2100 2100
(11” SLR) (24’’ SLR) (37” SLR) (66” SLR)
Annual
King Tide
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King Tide*
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King Tide*
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King Tide
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Residential 624,100 8,520,200 7,226,300 3,661,800 10,458,200 1,599,900 11,923,200 3,112,900 Commercial 689,600 930,500 1,106,800 741,900 1,875,200 698,800 2,189,900 837,400 Industrial 0 0 0 1,186,800 2,035,500 866,200 2,946,100 69,100 All others 0 117,300 112,800 48,500 165,200 17,000 185,000 3,700 Total 1,313,700 9,568,000 8,445,900 5,639,000 14,534,100 3,181,900 17,244,200 4,023,100 Note: Excludes buildings located in the Harbor District *Note: The exposed assets for the King Tide + 24” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 37” SLR scenario. The exposed assets for the King Tide + 37” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 66” SLR scenario.
Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity of Buildings and Facilities Buildings that are exposed to temporary floodwaters are likely to sustain damage to the building fabric and mechanical and electrical components. Buildings that are exposed to permanent inundation by daily high tides may lose functionality due to repeated flooding events and loss of access. Therefore, as illustrated in Table 8, buildings have high sensitivity to both permanent inundation and temporary flooding.
Buildings have moderate adaptive capacity to temporary flooding as flood proofing measures or elevating structures may be effective in protecting the structure even if access may be temporarily compromised.
Buildings that are already located within the FEMA 100-year floodplain may already have some adaptive capacity built in due to floodplain regulations. However, for permanent inundation, only elevation or relocation of structures provide effective adaptation, but are more costly and challenging to implement than flood proofing of structures. If buildings are elevated, surrounding access modes, such as roads, driveways, and sidewalks would also need to be elevated to maintain access, pointing to the need for district or neighborhood-scale infrastructure solutions.
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Table 8: Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity of Buildings
Sea
Level Rise
(Permanent
Inundation)*
← Rationale
Sea Level Rise
(Temporary
Flooding)*
← Rationale
Sensitivity High
Buildings cannot be
accessed or used if
permanently inundated.
High
Building fabric will be
damaged with flooding.
Wave energy and erosion
could cause structural
damage.
Adaptive Capacity Low
Elevating or relocating
buildings is difficult and
costly.
Moderate Flood proofing buildings is
somewhat challenging.
*Note: Permanent inundation refers to inundation by the daily high tide (MHHW) and temporary flooding refers to flooding by the annual king tide or 100-year storm surge.
5.2 Riverine Flooding
In general, 100-year flood flows along the primary riverine waterways are contained within their channels by existing levees. Detailed modeling of the effect of SLR on riverine flood profiles was not conducted; however, such analysis could be conducted in the future to better understand combined riverine and coastal flood events within Long Beach. The list of buildings and facilities exposed to the FEMA 100-year storm is very similar to the 11 inches SLR + 100-year storm surge scenario described above. Figure 10 shows City-owned facilities, schools, and hospitals that are within the 100 and 500-year FEMA floodplain.
Given the large extent of the 500-year floodplain, considerably more buildings and facilities are at-risk to that scenario, including two hospitals, 11 fire stations, one police station, and 96 schools.
The sensitivity and adaptive capacity considerations are similar to the temporary flooding (SLR + Storm Surge) described considerations above.
5.3 Extreme Heat
Given the projected increased in extreme heat events, buildings may require additional energy for cooling. Buildings without air conditioning or with insufficient air conditioning could be uncomfortable and potentially unsafe for occupants during extreme heat events. If electrical outages are caused due to area- wide brownouts, building heating and cooling could be disrupted, in addition to all other electronic systems.
5.4 Drought
Under extreme conditions, foundations may be affected if the ground shrinks. This is most likely to happen with expansive soils that contain a large percentage of silt or clay. Damage to buildings may include cracks in the structure and sloping floors.
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5.5 Vulnerability Summary for Buildings and Facilities
With 11 inches of SLR, 10 City-owned buildings, 624,100 square feet of residential buildings, and 689,600 square feet of commercial buildings are projected to be exposed to annual king tides. No hospitals are projected to be exposed to the studied levels of SLR and 100-year storm surge. Several critical emergency response facilities are located in the 500-year floodplain. Buildings have high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity to permanent inundation. Buildings have high sensitivity and moderate adaptive capacity to temporary flooding (king tide, 100-year storm surge, and riverine flooding).
Buildings may require additional energy for cooling due to an increase in extreme heat.
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Figure 10: Exposure of Buildings and Facilities to Riverine Flooding
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The Parks and Open Space assets include City parks, beaches, and wetlands. These asset types are not mutually exclusive. For example, several City-owned parks feature wetlands and several beaches include parks. Assets that overlap different asset-types have been noted below.
6.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding
City Parks
Asset Overview
The City of Long Beach has over 200 parks citywide. City parks range in type from active recreation parks with playgrounds, courts, playing fields, and/or boating facilities while others are more passive with lawns, paths and/or native habitat. Other parks are more urban and include hardscaped plazas or promenades.
In addition to various types of landscaping sensitive to saltwater exposure, parks often include electrical components, such as lighting.
Exposure
With 11 inches of SLR, portions of 17 parks are projected to experience annual king tide flooding while an additional five are projected to experience temporary flooding due to 100-year storm surge (Table 9). Out of the 17 parks that are projected to be exposed to king tide flooding with 11 inches of SLR, one (Rosie’s Dog Beach) is projected to be 50% exposed to flooding, three are projected to be 20% exposed, and the remaining parks are projected to be 10% or less exposed (Table 10).
In Southeast Long Beach, several parks are projected to be exposed to annual king tides by 2030. Active recreation parks include Marine Stadium, Leeway Sailing Center, Bayshore Playground, and Jack Nichol, and Rosie’s Dog Beach. Urban parks with hardscaping include Belmont Pier and Plaza. Parks with native habitat include Jack Dunster Marine Reserve.
The Downtown Long Beach area also has several parks that are projected to experience annual king tide flooding with 11 inches of SLR. These are primarily passive recreation parks, featuring pedestrian paths and lawns, such as Rainbow Harbor Esplanade, Shoreline Aquatic, and Downtown Marina Mole. The Jack Dunster Marine Reserve features natural habitat for public recreation and education and is also projected to begin to experience flooding due to annual king tides when combined with 11 inches of SLR.
Vulnerability of Parks & Open Section 6.
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Table 9: Number of City-Owned Parks Exposed to Sea Level Rise Combined with King Tide and 100-year Storm Surge
2030 2050 2100 2100
(11” SLR) (24’’ SLR) (37” SLR) (66” SLR)
Annual
King
Tide
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Number of Parks 17 5 20 8 31 7 36 5
*Note: The exposed assets for the King Tide + 24” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 37” SLR scenario. The exposed assets for the King Tide + 37” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 66” SLR scenario.
Table 10: Percent of Park Area Exposed to Annual King Tide with 11 inches SLR Park Name
Percent
(rounded to nearest 10%)
Rosie's Dog Beach (Beach) 50%
Leeway Sailing Center 20%
Marine Stadium 20%
Maurice 'Mossy' Kent 20%
Downtown Marina Mole 10%
Harry Bridges Memorial Park At The Queen Mary 10%
Jack Dunster Marine Reserve (Wetlands) 10%
Marine Park (Mother's Beach) 10%
Alamitos At 72nd Less than 5%
Alamitos Heights Less than 5%
Belmont Pier And Plaza Less than 5%
Davies Launch Ramp Less than 5%
Golden Shore Marine Reserve (Wetlands) Less than 5%
Jack Nichol Less than 5%
Rainbow Harbor Esplanade Less than 5%
Shoreline Aquatic Less than 5%
South Shore Launch Ramp Less than 5%
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Figure 11: Exposure of Parks to Sea Level Rise + 100-Year Storm Surge
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Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity
Parks have high sensitivity to permanent inundation because they cannot be accessed and function as a park when inundated, and therefore permanent inundation would result in loss of the park. Parks have moderate sensitivity to temporary flooding from king tides and storm surge as access to the park may be lost temporarily, and damage to landscaping, architectural, and electrical components is possible. Unless designed to be salt-water resistant, park landscaping is generally sensitive to salt-water exposure.
However, when floodwaters recede, the park can be repaired, damaged vegetation replaced, and the park can be returned to use.
Parks have moderate adaptive capacity to permanent inundation, as it can be challenging to elevate or relocate a park. Elevating a large park would be particularly difficult given the amount of fill needed and the disruption/destruction to the existing vegetation. In addition, protecting or relocating mature trees is challenging. However, some parts of the parks could be converted to flooded landscapes and other parts of the park protected. Parks have high adaptive capacity to temporary flooding due to storm surge as modifications to landscaping, such as use of a salt tolerant planting palette, and flood proofing of architectural and electrical features may be possible to accommodate temporary flooding with minimal disruption.
Table 11: Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity Ratings for Parks
Sea
Level Rise
(Permanent
Inundation)*
← Rationale
Sea Level Rise
(Temporary
Flooding)*
← Rationale
Sensitivity High
Cannot function or be
accessed if permanently
inundated.
Moderate
Loss of access temporarily.
Damage possible to
landscaping, architectural, and
electrical components.
Adaptive Capacity Moderate
Somewhat challenging to
elevate or relocate park.
Portions of park could be
sacrificed to floodwaters while
others portions are elevated.
High
Modifications to landscaping
(salt tolerant plant species) and
architectural features available
to accommodate temporary
flooding.
*Note: Permanent inundation refers to inundation by the daily high tide (MHHW) and temporary flooding refers to flooding by the annual king tide or 100-year storm surge.
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Beaches
Asset Overview
Long Beach has four open coast beaches: Alamitos, Junipero, Belmont, and Peninsula, which are shown in Figure 12. Long Beach has three beaches within Alamitos Bay: Bayshore, Peninsula, and Mothers, which are shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12: Open Coast Beaches
Figure 13: Alamitos Bay Beaches
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Exposure
The exposure assessment for beaches focuses on beach width change at 11 inches (2030), 24 inches (2050), 37 inches (2100), and 66 inches (2100) of SLR. Change in beach width for open coast beaches was evaluated using CoSMoS 3.0 sandy shoreline projections for the “hold the line, no nourishment” scenario. Change in beach width for Alamitos Bay beaches was evaluated using permanent inundation projections obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Sea Level Rise Viewer6.
Beach width, as shown in Table 12, varies due to coastal dynamics and the presence of backshore features, such as parking lots that are built on the beach. When the sandy shoreline retreats up against a developed backshore feature, the beach width decreases to zero, and there is potential for complete loss of the sandy beach. Without interventions (such as beach nourishment), parts of Bayshore and Peninsula beaches in Alamitos Bay are projected to have zero width with 24 inches of SLR. All three Alamitos Bay beaches are projected to have zero width (complete loss) with 66 inches of SLR.
The open coast beaches are somewhat less susceptible to losses, but Junipero and Peninsula are projected to have zero width in some places (such as along beaches with backshore parking lots) under the 24 inches of SLR by 2050 scenario.
Table 12: Beach Exposure Assessment: Projected Beach Width Beach
Existing Width
(feet)
Projected Beach Width (feet)
2030
(11 "SLR)
2050
(24” SLR)
2100
(37” SLR)
2100
(66” SLR)
Open Coast
Alamitos 200 to 400 2 50 to 500 200 to 400 150 to 400 50 to 300 Junipero 100 to 550 50 to 500 0 to 350 0 to 400 0 to 250 Belmont Shore 350 to 850 300 to 800 250 to 750 200 to 650 100 to 600 Peninsula 150 to 700 100 to 700 0 to 600 0 to 600 0 to 350 Alamitos Bay
Bayshore 35 to 100 20 to 90 0 to 50 0 0
Peninsula 50 to 80 40 to 70 0 to 60 0 to 30 0
Mothers 110 to 160 95 to 145 85 to 120 75 to 105 0
Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity
As described above, Long Beach generally has two different types of beaches: open coast and sheltered.
Both types of beaches have high sensitivity to permanent inundation, as they cannot be used or function as beaches when underwater. They have moderate sensitivity to temporary flooding from king tides and storm surge. Although flooding, erosion, and debris may impair the use of the beach temporarily, the beach can return to functionality through natural recovery of sand and after repair and clean up.
6 https://coast.noaa.gov/slr/; Accessed September 2018.
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Beaches generally have low adaptive capacity to SLR for a number of reasons. Beaches in southern California typically have developed backshores (such as parking lots, roads, and homes), which impede the natural landward migration of the beach in response to SLR. In addition, the California coastline is generally sediment starved as a result of decades of reductions in sediment supply due to damming and coastal armoring, which trap sediment. As a result, beaches cannot respond to rising seas as they would under more natural conditions. Interventions such as sand re-nourishment are challenging and expensive.
Open coast beaches have greater adaptive capacity than sheltered beaches because wave action and currents can help bring in new sand and redistribute it naturally to help the beach respond to SLR and recover from storm events. In contrast, the Alamitos Bay beaches are especially susceptible to SLR inundation because natural processes such as waves are less able to redistribute sediment within the sheltered embayment. Table 162 summarizes the sensitivity and adaptive capacity ratings for beaches.
Table 13: Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity Ratings for Beaches
Sea
Level Rise
(Permanent
Inundation)*
← Rationale
Sea Level Rise
(Temporary
Flooding)*
← Rationale
Sensitivity High
Cannot be used or
accessed if permanently
inundated.
Moderate
Flooding, erosion, and
debris can impair use
temporarily.
Adaptive Capacity Low
Challenging and
expensive to renourish
beach. Backshore
development impedes
natural landward
migration of beach.
Moderate
Sand eroded off the
beach during storms can
be transported onshore
by waves and help beach
recover from storm
damage.
*Note: Permanent inundation refers to inundation by the daily high tide (MHHW) and temporary flooding refers to flooding by the annual king tide or 100-year storm surge.
Wetlands/Natural Habitats
Asset Overview
Wetlands in the City of Long Beach occur along the coastline, rivers and waterways, and in small scattered pockets amid developed areas. These present day wetlands are representative of remnant wetlands that historically occurred over much larger surface areas. Wetlands in Long Beach can be divided into freshwater wetlands and estuarine (part saline, part freshwater) wetlands. Riverine wetlands, a third category, are a combination of freshwater and estuarine wetlands, depending on the location in the river the wetland is, and whether it is upstream of the salt-zone (boundary line of tidal/salt water influence). Wetlands provide important habitat for wildlife and fish species. In addition to wildlife habitat, marshes provide coastal stability to reduce erosion, and act as nature’s sponges to absorb rising tides and reduce wave energy during storm events. Marshes play an important role in carbon storage capacity, chemical nutrient uptake, and as biofiltration for pollutants that occur in surface water runoff, treating the water onsite before the pollutants spread.
There are six named wetland and natural area sites that are assessed in this evaluation: The Jack Dunster Marine Biological Reserve, the Golden Shore Marina Reserve, Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex, the San Gabriel River, the Los Angeles River, and the Colorado Lagoon. These wetlands can be divided into estuarine: Jack Dunster Marine Biological Reserve, Golden Shore Marina Reserve, and the lower stretches of the San Gabriel and the Los Angeles rivers; and freshwater: the Colorado Lagoon, and the upstream portions of the San Gabriel and Los Angeles rivers. Several additional wetlands occur
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throughout the City, such as the freshwater pond south of the Del Lago gated community at Loynes Drive and Highway 1, and east of Highway 1 in the Bixby Village Golf Course, along with the freshwater wetlands associated with the El Dorado Nature Center.
Exposure
With 11 inches of SLR, wetlands that occur from the coastline and harbors, upriver to the 405 on the Los Angeles River and upriver to the 605 on the San Gabriel River will be impacted. These include the estuarine wetlands associated with the Los Angeles River and the Port of Long Beach area, and the estuarine wetlands associated with the San Gabriel River and Alamitos Bay.
The Jack Dunster Marine Reserve estuarine wetlands will be exposed to annual king tide flooding with 11 inches of SLR. This area is an important remaining wetland habitat in the City of Long Beach because it is some of the last remaining wetland habitat and provides a suite of ecosystem services.
The Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex is composed of estuarine and freshwater wetlands. The northern portion of the complex north of East 2nd Street and consisting of estuarine and freshwater wetlands is exposed to SLR at 11 inches. South of East 2nd Street, in the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex, freshwater wetlands are exposed to SLR at 66 inches. The freshwater pond south of the Del Lago gated community at Loynes Drive and Highway1 is exposed to annual king tide flooding at 66 inches.
The Colorado Lagoon is tidally connected to Marine Stadium through culverts under Marina Vista Park.
An evaluation of SLR impacts within Colorado Lagoon was not possible because the CoSMoS model does not simulate flow through water control structures (such as culverts) and information on the tidal characteristics within the lagoon was not available. The Colorado Lagoon Restoration Project will remove the culverts and construct an open channel connection to Marine Stadium, introducing full tidal exchange.
Components of the restoration project such as grading, foot bridge deck and supports, road crossings and elevations, etc. have been designed with considerations for SLR.
Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity
Estuarine Wetlands
Estuarine wetlands in Long Beach have a high sensitivity to SLR (permanent inundation). As the sea level rises, these wetlands will become inundated with sea water, which will ultimately drown the vegetation if natural sedimentation is unable to keep pace with SLR. Little to no upslope undeveloped land cover is present for upslope migration. As a result these estuarine wetlands may transition to open water habitat over time. The response of estuarine wetlands to SLR is an area of active research and could be explored further to better understand their vulnerability to SLR.
Estuarine wetlands in Long Beach have a low adaptive capacity to SLR (permanent inundation) because little to no undeveloped areas exist up slope for marsh migration. As a result, these wetlands would likely convert to open water environments. At the Jack Dunster Marine Biological Reserve, adaptive capacity is increased by a floating breakwater, which reduces the erosive currents from the Los Cerritos Channel.
Estuarine wetlands are generally less sensitive to temporary flooding by king tides and 100-year storm surge because they can tolerate occasional temporary flooding events.
Freshwater Wetlands
Freshwater wetlands in Long Beach overall have a high sensitivity to SLR. These wetland types would likely convert to estuarine wetlands, because the freshwater-saltwater zone edge on the surface and in CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
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the ground water would move upstream as the sea level rises. Associated freshwater species, including vegetation and wildlife, would not sustain in a saltwater influenced environment because their salt tolerance would be exceeded.
Freshwater non-riverine wetlands have a low adaptive capacity to salt water intrusion.
Riverine Wetlands
Riverine wetlands have high sensitivity to SLR. The downstream estuarine portion of riverine wetlands have high sensitivity to sea level rise because they would become inundated and generally lack the open upslope landscape to migrate upslope. The upstream freshwater stretch of riverine wetlands has high sensitivity to SLR due to salt water intrusion.
Riverine wetlands have a moderate adaptive capacity to sea level rise because these areas are refreshed by upstream runoff. Storm surges will bring in salt but then the freshwater flows from upriver would rinse these areas, allowing them more adaptive capacity than the other isolated freshwater wetlands.
Table 14: Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity Ratings for Wetlands
Sea
Level Rise
(Permanent
Inundation)*
← Rationale
Sea Level Rise
(Temporary
Flooding)*
← Rationale
Sensitivity High
Vegetation would become
regularly inundated. In a
constrained urban
environment, there is
limited room for habitat
migration.
Moderate
Erosion and debris can
impair wetlands
temporarily, but wetlands
can tolerate occasional
extreme storm flooding.
Adaptive Capacity Low
In a constrained urban
environment, there is
limited room for habitat
migration.
Moderate to
High
Healthy wetlands can
generally recover and
regenerate following
occasional extreme
storm flooding.
*Note: Permanent inundation refers to inundation by the daily high tide (MHHW) and temporary flooding refers to flooding by the annual king tide or 100-year storm surge.
Marinas
Vulnerability Summary
Marina assets typically include boat slips, docks, showers and restrooms, pump out stations, fuel services, equipment supply stores, storage, and shipyard facilities. There are a number of public marinas along the Long Beach shoreline (such as the Alamitos Bay Marina and Long Beach Shoreline Marina) that may be impacted by sea level rise and elevated water levels in the future. Sailing, fishing, boating, and waterfront bars and restaurants are an important part of Long Beach’s economy that could be impacted.
High water levels from king tides, storm surge, and sea level rise may impact marina operations in a number of ways. High tide events that overtop the marina shorelines may affect access to marina docks and boat slips. In addition, shoreline facilities such as showers, restrooms, and marina offices, etc. may be damaged by floodwaters. In addition, Long Beach Shoreline Marina is home to fire rescue, lifeguard rescue, and police boats. Higher water levels during extreme events could impact marine emergency response if these facilities are impacted. While most marina areas have floating docks and can therefore accommodate moderate water level fluctuations within their design range, during extreme water level events, docks may float off their pilings or gangways may become separated from docks and limit access.
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During combined wave and high tide events, protective structures such as breakwaters may become less effective as waves overtop the crest of these structures and allow waves to enter protected areas. The Long Beach Shoreline Marina has an offshore detached breakwater and an attached breakwater at Grissom Island that could lose effectiveness in the future due to sea level rise unless their crest elevations are raised. There is also a breakwater within the Alamitos Bay Marina that could be overtopped by high tides and boat wakes during future high water level events as a result of sea level rise.
6.2 Riverine Flooding
Parks, beaches, and wetlands exposed to the FEMA 100-year storm is very similar to the 11 inches SLR + 100-year storm surge scenario described above. Figure 14 shows City-parks that are within the 100 and 500-year FEMA floodplain. Given the large extent of the 500-year floodplain, considerably more parks are at-risk to that event.
The sensitivity and adaptive capacity considerations for riverine flooding are similar the temporary flooding (SLR + Storm Surge) described considerations above.
6.3 Extreme Heat Events
Vegetation in Parks and Open Space may be impacted by extreme heat events, but parks are likely to remain operational. The use of additional irrigation and/or change of vegetation to heat and drought tolerant plants may reduce the impact of extreme heat. Extreme heat often coincides with periods of drought, so increased irrigation may not be a preferred option. Parks and Open Spaces may experience loss of some species that are not able to tolerate higher temperatures. Parks and Open Spaces, in particular beaches, may experience increased visitation during extreme heat days, which could put stress on associated facilities such as parking and waste management.
6.4 Drought
Vegetation in Parks and Open Space may be impacted by drought, but parks are likely to remain operational. The use of additional irrigation and/or change of vegetation to heat and drought tolerant plants may reduce the impact of drought. The use of irrigation may not be preferred as water restrictions may be in place during a drought. The use of non-potable water for irrigation may be a preferred option.
Parks and Open Spaces may experience loss of some species that are not able to tolerate drought.
6.5 Vulnerability Summary for Parks and Open Space
With 11 inches of SLR, portions of 17 parks are exposed to annual king tides. One of those parks is projected to have 50% of the park area flooded, three are projected to have 20% exposed, and the rest are projected to have 10% or less exposed.
Although parks have high sensitivity to permanent inundation, they have moderate sensitivity and high adaptive capacity to temporary flooding due to king tides and storm surge. With 24 inches of SLR, there is potential for loss of portions of the Bayshore and Peninsula beaches within Alamitos Bay.
Beaches in this highly urbanized context have high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity to permanent inundation. They have moderate sensitivity and moderate adaptive capacity to temporary flooding due to king tides and storm surge.
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The Jack Dunster Marine Reserve estuarine wetlands and the Los Cerritos Wetlands Complex north of East 2nd Street will be exposed to annual king tides with 11 inches of SLR. Vegetation in Parks & Open space may be impacted by extreme heat and drought, but functionality of the parks is unlikely to be impacted.
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Figure 14: Exposure of Parks and Open Space to Riverine Flooding
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The transportation asset sector includes roads, bike paths, and bridges.
7.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding
Roads
Asset overview
Roads in Long Beach consist of highways, arterials, and neighborhood streets. Roads are constructed from asphalt or concrete. Roads also include lighting and other electrical equipment.
Exposure
With 11 inches of SLR, four miles of road are projected to be exposed to annual king tides. The majority of the roads that will be impacted at 11 inches are in the Long Beach Harbor District. Impacted roads in other areas are generally only slightly affected along portions in close proximity to existing water levels.
Impacted areas include stretches of Seaside Freeway, Highway 47, Pier A Way and Carrac Avenue.
These roads provide access to Port facilities, the NRG Power Station and other industrial operations. An additional 45 miles of road would be exposed to 100-year storm surge flooding with 11 inches of SLR.
Without adaptation, up to 98 miles of road could be exposed to annual king tide flooding by the end-of- century.
Table 15: Miles of Roads Exposed to Sea Level Rise and 100-year Storm Surge
2030 2050 2100 2100
(11” SLR) (24’’ SLR) (37” SLR) (66” SLR)
Annual
King Tide
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Roads (miles) 4 45 41 32 74 16 89 27
*Note: The exposed assets for the King Tide + 24” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 37” SLR scenario. The exposed assets for the King Tide + 37” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 66” SLR scenario.
Vulnerability of Transportation Section 7.
Assets
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Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity
As described in Table 15 below, roads that are permanently inundated cannot be used, as vehicles will not be able to navigate them and inundation would lead to degradation of the road and subgrade. As such, roads are highly sensitive to permanent inundation. Roads are moderately sensitive to temporary flooding by king tides or 100-year storm surge. They could be used as normal other than when temporary flooding occurs over a certain depth depending on vehicle clearance (for example cars have lower clearance than emergency vehicles). It should be noted, however, that over time, temporary flooding could lead to erosion and degradation of the roadway, thus requiring additional maintenance above a baseline amount in order to maintain functionality.
In terms of adaptive capacity, roads have low ability to change in response to permanent inundation, as the cost of elevating or relocating a road is high. Roads have more adaptive capacity when it comes to temporary flooding because, while challenging, measures can be taken to temporarily flood-proof the road, such as inflatable flood barriers. In addition, temporarily re-routing traffic because of flooding is also an option, drawing on the redundancies within the road network. In evaluating both sensitivity and adaptive capacity, several nuances should be considered. For one, low inundation depths on a temporary basis may affect the functionality of a road in only very minor ways. In such a scenario, there could be little impact other than a slow-down of traffic, making the road’s sensitivity to temporary flooding only minor. Similarly, the adaptive capacity of the road system might be high if a road that experiences temporary flooding is a minor road and if there are other roads in the system that provide essentially the same function.
Table 16: Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity of Roads
Sea
Level Rise
(Permanent
Inundation)
← Rationale
Sea Level
Rise
(Temporary
Flooding)
← Rationale
Sensitivity High
Roads cannot be
used if permanently
inundated.
Moderate
Roads would not be
usable during flood events
but would return to normal
once the flooding
subsides. Erosion
damage possible.
Adaptive Capacity Low
Elevating or
relocating roads is
difficult and costly.
Moderate
Temporary flood proofing
for storm events is
somewhat challenging.
*Note: Permanent inundation refers to inundation by the daily high tide (MHHW) and temporary flooding refers to flooding by the annual king tide or 100-year storm surge.
Bikeways
Asset Overview
Bikeways include Class I, II, and III bikeways. Class I are separated from the street or highway. Class II is a striped lane on a street, and Class III provides for shared use with motor vehicle traffic and is identified by signage. Bikeways are important for providing safe travel for bicyclists.
Exposure
With 11 inches of SLR, one mile of bikeway is projected to be exposed to annual king tides and an additional three miles are projected to be exposed 100-year storm surge flooding. The main bikeway that CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
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will be exposed to annual king tides with 11 inches of SLR is along Boathouse Lane next to the Jack Dunster Marine Biological Reserve (see Figure 6).
Sections of the bike path along the Alamitos, Junipero, and Belmont Shore Beaches would experience inundation at 37 inches of SLR (see Figure 6 and Figure 7).
The bike path around the Shoreline Marina is projected to experience inundation at 37 inches of SLR (see Figure 7).
Table 17: Miles of Bike Paths Exposed to Sea Level Rise and 100-year Storm Surge
2030 2050 2100 2100
(11” SLR) (24’’ SLR) (37” SLR) (66” SLR)
Annual
King
Tide
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide
Additional
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Bike paths (miles) 1 3 3 4 6 5 10 5
*Note: The exposed assets for the King Tide + 24” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 37” SLR scenario. The exposed assets for the King Tide + 37” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 66” SLR scenario.
Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity
Bike paths are highly sensitive to permanent inundation because inundation would result in permanent loss of use of the bike path. Bike paths are moderately sensitive to temporary flooding events as the paths can be used once flood waters recede. In exposed areas, wave action associated with a coastal storm event could damage bike paths, especially if the concrete path is built on a surface that is prone to erosion, such as sand.
In terms of adaptive capacity, depending on the length and width of the path, as well as the material it is made of, bike paths have some amount of adaptive capacity in both permanent and temporary flooding contexts. An adaptive measure focused on elevating the bike path certainly has costs associated with it, especially if such a measure requires bringing in materials from afar and / or laying new pavement surface, but bike paths tend to be relatively narrow, which means that the cost of elevating a bike path would be low in comparison to, for example, raising a road. Relocating bike paths as an adaptation measure also has costs associated with it, but if a suitable alternate road or surface is readily available, relocating the path could be as simple and cheap as painting markers in the new lane and putting up signage.
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Table 18: Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity of Bike paths
Sea
Level Rise
(Permanent
Inundation)*
← Rationale
Sea Level
Rise
(Temporary
Flooding)*
← Rationale
Sensitivity High Cannot be used if
regularly flooded. Moderate
Path could not be used
during temporary flooding
event. Storm surge could
damage or destroy paths.
Adaptive Capacity Moderate
Elevating or
relocating paths is
somewhat
challenging.
Moderate
Elevating or floodproofing
paths is somewhat
challenging.
*Note: Permanent inundation refers to inundation by the daily high tide (MHHW) and temporary flooding refers to flooding by the annual king tide or 100-year storm surge.
Bridges
Asset Overview
Bridges are made primarily of concrete and are comprised of distinct components such as approaches, a deck, a superstructure, and sub-structure (including piers). They may also have auxiliary equipment such as streetlights and other electrical and mechanical components, and often support some utility crossings.
Some bridges are owned by the City and others are owned by the State Department of Transportation (Caltrans). There are over 120 City-owned and over 110 State-owned bridges citywide. The bridges asset data used in this assessment is from Caltrans, which generally identifies the location of the bridge approach. This tends to represent the lowest part of the bridge.
Exposure
The available bridge data represents single points approximately located at the bridge approaches.
Because this data is not detailed enough to accurately assess flood impacts to bridges, a simplified approach was taken to identify bridges that may be exposed to future flood hazards. A 500-foot search radius was applied to the highest SLR scenario (66” SLR + storm surge) to assess which bridges are within a zone of vulnerability and would benefit from further analysis to evaluate exposure to future sea level rise-related inundation and flooding. 44 local bridges and 16 state bridges were identified within this SLR vulnerability area (Table 19). More detailed asset data and further analysis is required to identify which of these will be potentially impacted at each SLR scenario – for example, by comparing projected future water levels to bridge deck or soffit elevations and reviewing structural design plans to evaluate sensitivity to marine floodwaters. This level of analysis would require a comprehensive dataset of structural details related to the bridge design, which was not feasible to compile or evaluate as part of this study
Table 19: Number of Bridges Within 500 Feet Buffer of 66” of Sea Level Rise Plus 100-year Storm Surge
Number of Bridges Within 500ft of
66” SLR + 100-year Storm Surge (2100)
Local Bridges State Bridges
Bridges 44 16
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Figure 15: Potential Exposure of Bridges to Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge
Note: Map identifies local and state bridges located within 500 foot buffer zone of the 100-year storm surge plus 66” SLR flooding area.
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Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity
Bridge components can exhibit different kinds of sensitivities to permanent inundation and temporary flooding and the extent of sensitivities depends on the depth of inundation and the elevation of components. For example, inundation or flooding of bridge approaches and decks could cause service disruption to on-road vehicular and pedestrian traffic as traffic would need to be rerouted. If the overtopping is shallow and isolated to the approach, traffic would have to slow down to use the bridge, but the bridge might be otherwise unaffected.
Other potential impacts of inundation or flooding on decks include debris overflow and pavement damage.
Continuous exposure to salt water by permanent inundation could lead to more rapid degradation of bridge components (such as pavement and reinforcing steel), thus requiring an additional level of maintenance. In particular, salt water could infiltrate electrical and mechanical components of traffic control/signal boxes and cause immediate or latent damage through degradation and corrosion. Scouring and erosion (washout) around the bridge abutments or piers due to storm events could also compromise the bridge.
Some of the affected bridges span water channels that are used by recreational and commercial vessels.
Depending on the extent of SLR and storm surge event, the water level may rise to a point where high mast vessels don’t have adequate clearance to pass underneath the bridges.
The sensitivity of bridges to permanent inundation is high. The sensitivity of bridge approaches and decks to temporary flooding is moderate as the bridge could potentially return to normal operation once the floodwaters recede.
In terms of adaptive capacity, adapting a bridge approach or deck to permanent inundation would require rebuilding and elevating it, which is quite costly. As such, bridges are considered to have low adaptive capacity to permanent inundation. Bridges have slightly higher adaptive capacity to temporary flooding because, in addition to potentially elevating the approaches and touchdowns, there are options for flood- proofing the components that would be inundated. Furthermore, the overall transportation system that includes these bridges offers limited redundancies or alternative routes if the bridges were to go out of service, particularly if other routes are similarly vulnerable to SLR and storm surge.
Table 20: Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity of Bridges
Sea
Level Rise
(Permanent
Inundation)*
← Rationale
Sea Level
Rise +
Storm Surge
(Temporary
Flooding)*
← Rationale
Sensitivity High
Access likely to be
impacted
permanently;
scouring and erosion
likely.
Moderate
Access likely to be impacted
temporarily. Scouring and
erosion likely.
Adaptive Capacity Low Elevating bridges is
difficult and costly. Moderate
Elevating bridges is costly.
Temporary floodproofing is
somewhat challenging.
*Note: Permanent inundation refers to inundation by the daily high tide (MHHW) and temporary flooding refers to flooding by the annual king tide or 100-year storm surge.
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7.2 Riverine Flooding
The transportation assets exposed to the FEMA 100-year storm is very similar to the 11 inches SLR + 100-year storm surge scenario described above. Given the large extent of the 500-year floodplain, considerably more transportation events are at-risk of exposure to flooding in that scenario. Over 600 miles of road are located in the 500-year floodplain.
The sensitivity and adaptive capacity considerations for riverine flooding are similar to the temporary flooding (SLR + Storm Surge) considerations described above.
7.3 Extreme Heat
The number of extreme heat days (over 95 ̊F) in Long Beach per year is projected to increase from an average of four in the baseline period (1980-2000) to 11-16 days by mid-century and 11-37 by end-of century, depending on the emissions scenario (Sun et al. 2015). Based on a report completed by the United States Department of Transportation, it is estimated that the risk of asphalt pavement softening increase when temperatures remain over 100 °F without cooling at night, particularly in areas with high truck traffic (USDOT 2012). Asphalt pavement softening may result in damage. If electrical outages were caused due to area-wide brownouts, traffic signals and streetlights could be affected, temporarily disrupting traffic movement.
7.4 Drought
Under extreme conditions, paving materials may be affected if the ground shrinks. This is most likely to happen with expansive soils that contain a large percentage of silt or clay. Damage to transportation assets may include cracks and warping of pavement. Subsidence due to the extraction of groundwater from an aquifer faster than it can be recharged can also damage transportation assets.
7.5 Vulnerability Summary for Transportation Assets
With 11 inches of SLR, 4 miles of road and 1 mile of bikeway are projected to be exposed to annual king tides.
Transportation assets generally have high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity to permanent inundation, but moderate sensitivity and moderate adaptive capacity to temporary flooding. However, bikeways may have high sensitivity to temporary flooding if they are constructed on a land that could be prone to erosion from storm surge, such as on a sandy beach or river levee (a condition that exists in Long Beach).
44 local bridges and 16 state bridges are located in an area that could potentially be exposed to a 100-year storm surge event with 66” of SLR.
Extreme heat may result in an increase in damage due to asphalt pavement softening, particularly in areas of high truck traffic.
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The Energy asset sector includes Generation Facilities, Transmission Lines, Electrical Substations, and Natural Gas Mains.
Asset Overview
Long Beach has over 200 miles of transmission lines citywide. They are owned and operated by Southern California Edison. Transmission lines carry high voltage power from generation facilities to substations.
They are most often carried on overhead lines.
Long Beach has approximately 42 substations citywide. They are owned and operated by Southern California Edison. Substations serve to transform electricity from the high voltage transmission network to the lower voltage distribution network. They consist of electrical equipment and may be on a pad outdoors or within a structure.
Long Beach has three generation facilities. The NRG Long Beach Generating Station is located in the Harbor District and is owned and operated by NRG. Hayes Generating Facility, located East of the San Gabriel River, is owned and operated by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. The Alamitos Energy Station, located West of the San Gabriel River, is owned and operated by AES California. It is being redeveloped and is anticipated to include improvements that would make it more resilient to sea level rise.
Long Beach also has several smaller storage containers and over 900 miles of natural gas mains citywide. They are owned and operated by the Long Beach Energy Resources Department and deliver natural gas to homes and businesses. Natural gas mains are located underground.
8.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding
Exposure
With 11 inches of SLR, the NRG Generating Station is projected to be exposed to annual king tides.
During a 100-year storm event with 11 inches of SLR, the Alamitos Generating Station would also be exposed, although it is being redeveloped.
One substation is projected to be exposed to annual king tide with 11 inches of SLR. It is called “Seabright” and is located near the Los Angeles River. With 66 inches of SLR, the “Marina” substation is projected to be inundated. It is located near the Davies Boat Launch in Alamitos Bay.
With 11 inches of SLR, eight miles of transmission lines could be exposed to annual king tides. While transmission lines are generally carried on overhead lines, the bases of the transmission towers supporting the lines may be exposed. They may not have been designed for regular inundation, which could cause access issues for maintenance purposes.
Vulnerability of Energy Assets Section 8.
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With 11 inches of SLR, one mile of natural gas mains would be exposed to annual king tide flooding with an additional 25 miles exposed during a 100-year storm surge with 11 inches of SLR.
Table 21: Energy Sector Assets Exposed to Sea Level Rise and 100-year Storm Surge
2030 2050 2100 2100
(11” SLR) (24’’ SLR) (37” SLR) (66” SLR)
Annual
King Tide
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King Tide
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Generation
Facilities
(number)
1 1 1 1 2 0 2 0
Electrical
Substations
(number)
1 0 1 1 1 2 2 2
Transmission
Lines (miles)
8 0 9 3 13 2 15 5
Natural Gas
Mains (miles)
1 25 21 19 41 11 53 21
*Note: The exposed assets for the King Tide + 24” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 37” SLR scenario. The exposed assets for the King Tide + 37” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 66” SLR scenario.
Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity
Energy infrastructure has high sensitivity to permanent inundation and temporary flooding, as extensive damage to electrical components is possible even with temporary exposure to salt water. Overhead transmission lines are generally not exposed to SLR, but if the base of the tower was not designed for permanent or temporary exposure to salt water, it could result in damage and problems with access for maintenance. Natural gas mains, which are underground pipes could be damaged by erosion or high groundwater.
The adaptive capacity of energy infrastructure to permanent inundation is generally moderate to low as elevating or relocating infrastructure is difficult and costly. Although still very costly to elevate, smaller pieces of energy infrastructure (e.g. substations) generally have higher adaptive capacity than large pieces of infrastructure, (e.g. generating facilities). Adaptive capacity for temporary flooding is somewhat higher and flood proofing mechanisms could help protect infrastructure at a lower cost.
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Table 22: Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity of Energy Assets
Sea
Level Rise
(Permanent
Inundation)
← Rationale
Sea Level Rise
(Temporary
Flooding)
← Rationale
Sensitivity High Cannot operate if
inundated High
Electric power systems may be
damaged or destroyed from
exposure to water.
Adaptive
Capacity Low
Elevating or
relocating energy
infrastructure is
difficult and very
costly.
Moderate
Elevating energy infrastructure
is very costly. Flood proofing
energy infrastructure, especially
large assets, is somewhat
challenging.
*Note: Permanent inundation refers to inundation by the daily high tide (MHHW) and temporary flooding refers to flooding by the annual king tide or 100-year storm surge.
8.2 Riverine Flooding
The transportation assets exposed to the FEMA 100-year storm are very similar to the 11 inches SLR + 100-year storm surge scenario described above. Given the large extent of the 500-year floodplain, considerably more energy assets are at-risk of exposure to flooding in that scenario. For example, an estimated 26 substations are located in the 500-year floodplain.
The sensitivity and adaptive capacity considerations for riverine flooding are similar to SLR + 100-year storm surge described in the considerations above.
8.3 Extreme Heat
Extreme heat events may result in higher electricity demand. At the same time, during extreme heat events electricity supply may be reduced due to reduced hydropower output and reduced transmission line and power plant efficiency. As a result, there is an increased risk of demand exceeding supply, which could result in area-wide brownouts or blackouts.
8.4 Drought
Generation facilities are sensitive to the loss of cooling water supply. The loss of hydropower generation during a drought may result in a greater reliance on fossil fuel powered energy generation, such as the generating facilities located in Long Beach.
8.5 Vulnerability Summary for Energy Assets
With 11 inches of SLR, 1 generation facility, 1 substation, 8 miles of transmission lines, and 1 mile of natural gas mains are projected to be exposed to annual king tide flooding. Energy assets generally have high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity to permanent inundation.
They have high sensitivity and moderate adaptive capacity to temporary flooding. Extreme heat may increase energy demand and could result in brownout if demand exceeds supply.
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The stormwater assets assessed include storm drain outfalls and storm drain carriers.
Asset Overview
Stormwater assets are part of the urban drainage system that conveys stormwater away from buildings and streets into pipes, channels, and finally through outfalls into water bodies, such as the ocean, bay or rivers. Storm drain carriers include pipes and open channels. There are over 440 miles of storm drain carriers in the city. Storm drain outfalls are the discharge point from the carrier to a body of water. There are over 400 storm drain outfalls citywide in Long Beach. Stormwater pump stations are used to pump away large volumes of water to prevent flooding. There are 55 stormwater pump stations in Long Beach.
9.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding
Exposure
With 11 inches of SLR, 18 storm drain outfalls may be exposed to annual king tides. An additional five may be exposed to 100-year storm surge flooding. It should be noted that this is a preliminary assessment of potential exposure and more detailed analysis would need to be conducted to determine exact elevations of outfalls with respect to projected sea level rise and the outfall conditions, such as whether they have backflow prevention devices. Exposure of outfalls to SLR could result in stormwater flooding upstream as the outfall is blocked from discharging, and water backs up into the drainage system. Many of the storm drain outfalls that would be exposed earliest are around Alamitos Bay (which drain Belmont Shore and Marina Pacifica) and along the Los Cerritos Channel. Other outfalls that would be exposed earliest are around the mouth of the Los Angeles River and Queensway Bay (which drain the downtown area).
With 11 inches of SLR, one stormwater pump station may be exposed to annual king tides. This pump station is located on the northeastern side of Naples Island at E 2 nd Street. An additional six may be
exposed to 100-year storm surge flooding. Five of these are located around Naples Island and Belmont Shore.
Exposure of storm drain carriers to sea level rise reduces their capacity and can cause upstream flooding.
Approximately 1 mile of storm drain carriers are projected to be exposed at 11 inches of SLR. An additional 14 miles would be exposed to 100-year storm surge flooding with 11 inches of SLR. Overland flooding of buried storm drain carriers can saturate soils and lead to increased infiltration into stormwater pipes or flooding of catch basins and reduce conveyance capacity.
Vulnerability of Stormwater Section 9.
Assets
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Table 23: Stormwater Assets Exposed to Sea Level Rise and 100-year Storm Surge
2030 2050 2100 2100
(11” SLR) (24’’ SLR) (37” SLR) (66” SLR)
Annual
King
Tide
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Storm Drain Outfalls
(number)
18 5 23 13 30 13 39 28
Stormwater Pump
Stations (number)
1 6 5 4 10 2 11 3
Storm Drain
Carriers (miles)
1 14 12 17 29 10 38 11
*Note: The exposed assets for the King Tide + 24” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 37” SLR scenario. The exposed assets for the King Tide + 37” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 66” SLR scenario.
Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity
Stormwater infrastructure has high sensitivity to permanent inundation as it can result in a permanent loss of drainage capacity near the coast. Stormwater infrastructure has moderate sensitivity to temporary flooding due to storm surge as there is a temporary loss of drainage capacity near the coast during the event, but the infrastructure can continue to function when floodwaters recede.
Stormwater infrastructure has low adaptive capacity to permanent inundation due to SLR as replacing or modifying (e.g. enlarging the drainage capacity) is somewhat challenging, particularly in a constrained urban environment. Stormwater infrastructure has better adaptive capacity to temporary flooding events as, in addition to modifying the infrastructure, devices such as backflow preventers can help in a temporary flood event.
Table 24: Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity of Stormwater Infrastructure
Sea
Level Rise
(Permanent
Inundation)*
← Rationale
Sea Level
Rise
(Temporary
Flooding)*
← Rationale
Sensitivity
High
Permanent loss of
stormwater
infrastructure capacity
near the coast
Moderate
Temporary loss of stormwater
infrastructure capacity near the
coast.
Adaptive
Capacity
Low
Elevating or modifying
stormwater
infrastructure is
challenging. Moderate
Elevating or modifying
stormwater infrastructure is
somewhat challenging for storm
events. Backflow prevention can
be useful for temporary flood
conditions.
*Note: Permanent inundation refers to inundation by the daily high tide (MHHW) and temporary flooding refers to flooding by the annual king tide or 100-year storm surge.
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Figure 16: Exposure of Stormwater Assets to Sea Level Rise + 100-year Storm Surge
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9.2 Riverine Flooding
The stormwater assets exposed to the FEMA 100-year storm is very similar to the 11 inches SLR + 100- year storm surge scenario described above. Given the large extent of the 500-year floodplain, considerably more stormwater assets are at-risk to that event. There are over 200 stormdrain outfalls located in the 500-year floodplain that could potentially be impacted.
The sensitivity and adaptive capacity considerations for riverine flooding are similar to the temporary flooding considerations described above. An increase in intense precipitation events could case increase flooding due to impacts on the stormwater system, particularly if an intense rainfall event is coupled with SLR or a high tide event, such as a King Tide. It is recommended that additional studies are carried out that model the impacts of combined SLR, storm surge, and heavy storm events on the stormwater system and flooding impacts. As an example, the Port of Long Beach studied the combined impacts of SLR, storm surge, and precipitation based flooding from the Dominguez Channel. The modeling found that under extreme conditions, more intensive riverine storm storms coupled with SLR could cause the Dominguez Channel to overtop its banks, resulting in extensive flooding to Port infrastructure.
9.3 E xtreme Heat
No direct impacts.
9.4 Drought
No direct impacts.
9.5 Vulnerability Summary for Stormwater Assets
With 11 inches of SLR, 18 storm drain outfalls, 1 stormwater pump station, and 1 mile of storm drain carriers are projected to be exposed to annual king tides. Stormwater assets generally have high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity to permanent inundation.
They have moderate sensitivity and moderate adaptive capacity to temporary flooding (king tide or 100-year storm surge).
Additional modeling needed to understand the potential flooding impact from combined SLR, storm surge, and riverine flooding events.
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The wastewater assets assessed include wastewater treatment plants, sewer pump stations, sewer forced main, and sewer gravity mains.
Asset Sector Overview
The wastewater system conveys wastewater from homes and businesses to a wastewater treatment plant for treatment then discharge. The majority of wastewater in Long Beach is treated at the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant, which is located in Carson. Because this plant is not located in Long Beach, its vulnerability could not be assessed as part of this study. SLR impacts to this plant would cascade to the entire wastewater system, so further study of the vulnerability of this plant is recommended. The remaining portion of the City’s wastewater is delivered to the Long Beach Reclamation Plant of the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts, which is located in Long Beach (7400 Willow Street). Where needed, pump stations move wastewater to higher elevations so that they can be transported by gravity flow (in sewer mains) to the wastewater treatment plant. Force mains convey wastewater under pressure to higher elevations from the downstream pump stations.
10.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding
Exposure
With 11 inches of SLR, no sewer pump stations are projected to be exposed to annual king tides by 2030.
However, with 11 inches of SLR, four pump stations are projected to be exposed to 100-year storm surge flooding. Three of these pump stations are owned by Long Beach Water Department and are located in the southeastern subarea (Marine Stadium, Belmont Shore, and Naples Island), and one is owned by the Parks, Recreation and Marine Department and is located at Shoreline Marina. With 66 inches of SLR, up to 15 pump stations are projected to be exposed to annual king tides.
With 11 inches of SLR, approximately 220 feet of force main and 280 feet of sewer mains are anticipated to be exposed to annual king tide flooding. These are located primarily around Naples Island and Marina Pacifica. By late century with 66 inches of SLR, up to 52 miles of sewer mains and five miles of force mains could be exposed to annual king tides.
The Long Beach Reclamation Plant is not exposed to the evaluated levels of SLR and storm surge.
Vulnerability of Wastewater Section 10.
Assets
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Table 25: Wastewater Assets Exposed to Sea Level Rise and 100-year Storm Surge
2030 2050 2100 2100
(11” SLR) (24’’ SLR) (37” SLR) (66” SLR)
Annual
King
Tide
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Pump Stations
(number) 0 4 2 8 9 6 14 3
Force Mains (miles) <1 2 2 2 4 0 4 2
Gravity Mains
(miles) <1 24 18 21 40 12 52 20
*Note: The exposed assets for the King Tide + 24” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 37” SLR scenario. The exposed assets for the King Tide + 37” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 66” SLR scenario.
Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity
Wastewater assets have moderate sensitivity to temporary flooding. The mains are closed systems, so they have low sensitivity to temporary flooding. However, pump stations have high sensitivity to temporary flooding because they are often underground and/or located at low elevations and include electrical and mechanical components that can be damaged with exposure to saltwater. Flood damage to the pump stations could result in sewage backflows into homes or businesses, or wastewater overflow onto surface streets.
Wastewater assets have high sensitivity to permanent inundation. Permanent inundation could result in infiltration into the sewer system that could reduce capacity and impact operations. In addition, saturation of the ground due to higher sea levels could result in displacement and potential damage to pipes.
Temporary flooding of pump stations may render them inoperable due to damage to mechanical and electrical components and loss of access.
Wastewater assets have moderate adaptive capacity to temporary flooding. Electrical equipment could be elevated and a redundant generator could be provided if located at a higher elevation or a separate storage area. In addition, temporary flood proofing measures, such as sandbags, could be employed.
Wastewater assets have low adaptive capacity to permanent inundation as both the equipment and adjacent ground would need to be elevated to maintain both operations and access.
Note: Wastewater treatment plants have high sensitivity to SLR, but Long Beach’s treatment plant is not located within the areas anticipated to be exposed by the of sea level rise and storm surge studied, and the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant is located outside of Long Beach, and further study is recommended.
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Table 26: Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity of Wastewater Assets*
Sea
Level Rise
(Permanent
Inundation)*
← Rationale
Sea Level Rise
(Temporary
Flooding)*
← Rationale
Sensitivity High
Cannot operate if
regularly inundated.
Electrical components
particularly sensitive.
Access would be
impaired.
Moderate
Storm damage could
temporarily impair
functionality, particularly
electrical components.
Access impaired temporarily.
Adaptive
Capacity Low
Elevating the
surrounding ground to
allow for access could be
expensive and
challenging.
Moderate
Elevating electrical
components and providing
redundant power source
could allow for continued
operation during temporary
flooding. Flood proofing
measures could be used.
*Note: Permanent inundation refers to inundation by the daily high tide (MHHW) and temporary flooding refers to flooding by the annual king tide or 100-year storm surge.
Excludes treatment plants as the Long Beach Reclamation Plant is not located within the areas anticipated to be exposed by the levels of SLR and storm surge studied and the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant is located outside of Long Beach and therefore out of the scope of this study.
10.2 Riverine Flooding
The wastewater assets exposed to the FEMA 100-year storm is very similar to the 11 inches SLR + 100- year storm surge scenario described above. Given the large extent of the 500-year floodplain, considerably more wastewater assets are at-risk to that scenario. Over 20 wastewater pump stations and the Long Beach Reclamation Plant are located in the 500-year floodplain.
The sensitivity and adaptive capacity considerations for riverine flooding are similar to the temporary flooding considerations described above.
10.3 Extreme Heat
Extreme heat events may cause minor increase in odor impacts. In addition, if electrical outages result from area-wide brownouts, sewer pumps will be disrupted, unless they are connected to backup generators.
10.4 Drought
Not direct impact, but reduced water usage decreases flows into the wastewater system, increasing sewer cleaning needs and system corrosion.
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10.5 Vulnerability Summary for Wastewater
With 11 inches of SLR, approximately 220 feet of force main and 280 feet of sewer mains are anticipated to be exposed to annual king tide flooding. These are located primarily around Naples Island and Marina Pacifica.
Wastewater assets generally have high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity to permanent inundation (annual king tide). They have moderate sensitivity and moderate adaptive capacity to temporary flooding (king tide and 100-year storm surge).
The Joint Water Pollution Control Plant is located outside of Long Beach city limits, and further study of climate change vulnerabilities is recommended.
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The potable water assets assessed include potable facilities, mains, and hydrants.
Asset Sector Overview
The Long Beach Water Department oversees the infrastructure that provides potable water to Long Beach homes and businesses through a system that includes a treatment plant, reservoirs, tanks, and interconnections (facilities), and main lines (mains). Potable mains are in most cases underground.
Hydrants supply water for firefighting purposes.
11.1 Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding
Exposure
With 11 inches of SLR, one potable facility (an interconnection) is projected to be exposed to annual king tides. It is located in the Harbor District and is an interconnection with the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) (see Figure 8). With 66 inches of SLR, four potable facilities could be exposed to annual king tides. These facilities are also interconnections with the City of Seal Beach Water District, LADWP, and the Harbor Department. The Groundwater Treatment Plant is not exposed to the studied levels of SLR and storm surge.
With 11 inches of SLR, 1 mile of potable mains are anticipated to be exposed to annual king tides and an additional 25 miles are projected to be exposed to 100-year storm surge flooding.
With 11 inches of SLR, four hydrants are anticipated to be exposed to annual king tides and an additional 213 are projected to be exposed to 100-year storm surge flooding. By late-century with 66 inches of SLR, nearly 500 hydrants may be exposed to annual king tides.
Vulnerability of Potable Water Section 11.
Assets
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Table 27: Potable Assets Exposed to Sea Level Rise and 100-year Storm Surge
2030 2050 2100 2100
(11” SLR) (24’’ SLR) (37” SLR) (66” SLR)
Annual
King
Tide
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide*
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Annual
King
Tide
Added
Exposure
Due to
Storm
Surge
Potable Facilities
(Number)
1 0 1 1 3 1 4 0
Potable Mains
(Miles)
1 25 21 21 42 14 56 24
Hydrants
(Number)
4 213 1 60 204 3 59 135 493 19
*Note: The exposed assets for the King Tide + 24” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 37” SLR scenario. The exposed assets for the King Tide + 37” SLR scenario are similar to the daily high tide (MHHW) + 66” SLR scenario.
Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity
Potable water assets have moderate sensitivity to temporary flooding. The potable water system is a closed and pressurized system, so damage to mains is unlikely. However, facilities, such as interconnections, may include electrical and mechanical equipment that can be damaged with exposure to saltwater.
Potable water assets have high sensitivity to permanent inundation. Prolonged exposure to saltwater could result in corrosion of the pipes. Given the pressurized system, buoyancy of the pipes and intrusion of salt water through cracks or joint connections are less of an issue. However, if there is a break in the system, then contaminated water could be pulled in. In addition, inundation could result in impaired access for maintenance and repairs.
Potable water assets are not likely to be damaged with temporary flooding, but the difficulty of accessing the assets for maintenance and repair may reduce their functionality and could result in safety issues. If the depth of inundation is high enough, access to hydrants may be impaired, which would hinder firefighting efforts.
Potable water assets have moderate adaptive capacity to temporary flooding (king tide and storm surge) as flood proofing sensitive assets is possible. Potable water assets have low sensitivity to permanent inundation, as elevating the surrounding ground or relocating water assets is costly and challenging.
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Table 28: Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity of Potable Water Assets
Sea
Level Rise
(Permanent
Inundation)
*
← Rationale
Sea Level Rise
(Temporary
Flooding)*
← Rationale
Sensitivity High
Access impaired if
permanently inundated;
potential water safety
issues.
Moderate
Damage to mains unlikely,
but damage to electrical and
mechanical components of
pump stations possible.
Adaptive
Capacity Low
Elevating or relocating
potable water assets is
costly and challenging.
Moderate
Flood proofing water supply
infrastructure is somewhat
challenging for storm surge
events.
*Note: Permanent inundation refers to inundation by the daily high tide (MHHW) and temporary flooding refers to flooding by the annual king tide or 100-year storm surge.
11.2 Riverine Flooding
The potable assets exposed to the FEMA 100-year storm is very similar to the 11 inches SLR + 100-year storm surge scenario described above. Given the large extent of the 500-year floodplain, considerably more potable water assets are at-risk in that scenario. Over 20 potable water facilities are located in the 500-year floodplain.
The sensitivity and adaptive capacity considerations for riverine flooding are similar the temporary flooding considerations described above.
11.3 Extreme Heat
No direct impacts, but extreme heat may result in higher water use for irrigation. If electrical outages result from area-wide brownouts, pumps will be disrupted, unless they are connected to backup generators.
11.4 Drought
The provision of water services could be compromised due to reduced water supply. Conservation measures and the development of alternative water sources, such as recycled water for non-potable uses, can reduce the impact.
11.5 Vulnerability Summary for Potable Water Assets
One potable facility (an interconnection), 1 mile of mains, and 4 hydrants are projected to be exposed to annual king tides with 11 inches of SLR.
Over 20 potable facilities are located in the 500-year floodplain Potable water assets have high sensitivity and moderate adaptive capacity to both permanent inundation and temporary flooding.
Drought may impact the provision of water services due to constrained water supply.
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The Public Health asset sector focuses on vulnerable populations.
Overview
More coastal flooding, increased extreme heat events, and worsened air quality may negatively affect human health. While all people are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, the degree of vulnerability is a function of demographic, socio-economic, health, and place-based conditions that influence an individual or community’s sensitivity to environmental change. Factors, such as age, race, income, and existing health conditions affect the ability of an individual to prepare, respond, and recover from an extreme weather event or climate stressor. Low-income communities and communities of color are particularly susceptible to natural disasters. Long Beach is very diverse, which is a source of strength, vibrancy, and resiliency. However, it has also has racial and economic disparities that are manifested spatially across the City. The following are some key considerations with regards to vulnerable populations in Long Beach.
Communities of Color
A high proportion of Long Beach residents identify as non-white or Hispanic/Latino. As of the 2010 census, the population is 41 percent Hispanic / Latino, 13 percent Black or African American, 13 percent Asian, and 1 percent Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (CLB 2013). These communities may experience health disadvantages. For example, the Black or African American community in Long Beach has the highest rates of hospitalization for heart disease, diabetes, and asthma compared to other races/ethnicities (CLB 2013).
Although all the four major racial and ethnic groups are represented in each zip code, certain populations are concentrated in certain parts of the City. Hispanics or Latinos represent nearly 50 percent or greater of the total population in North, West Central and Southwest Long Beach. The greatest concentration of Black or African Americans are in the North, West Central and Southwest neighborhoods. The greatest concentration of Asians are in the West Central and Southwest neighborhoods (CLB 2013).
Age
Elderly populations can be more vulnerable to extreme weather and climate stressors. They may be less able to evacuate as a higher proportion do not drive and may rely on public transportation. They may also have pre-existing health conditions that can be exacerbated by climate stressors. In Long Beach, almost 40 percent of people over the age of 65 report a disability compared to 10 percent of the overall Long Beach population. Approximately 9.3 percent of the Long Beach population is over the age of 65, which is slightly lower than the County of Los Angeles and State of California. Southeast, West Central, and East Long Beach have a higher percentage of older adults compared to other parts of the City (CLB 2013).
Public Health Section 12.
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Language
The inability to speak English well can affect an individual’s ability to communicate with service providers and make use of preparedness, response, and recovery resources. In Long Beach, 34 percent of households speak Spanish at home and 10 percent speak Asian or Pacific Islander Languages at home.
In Long Beach, English proficiency varies by age with people over the age of 65 most likely to report speaking English “not well” or “not at all” (38 percent) (CLB 2013).
Income
Low income communities face disproportionately higher rates of poor health outcomes and greater obstacles to achieving good health (LADCP 2015). Income varies across race and ethnic groups. Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino households had the lowest median incomes, about $10,000 less than the overall median income in Long Beach. Median income also varies by neighborhood, with higher incomes in the East and Southeast and lower incomes in the North, West Central, and Southwest. In addition, approximately 15.4 percent of all families in Long Beach live below the poverty line, which is 50 percent higher than the statewide poverty rate.
Social Vulnerability
The Climate-Smart Cities Los Angeles Project, with a Technical Advisory Team that included public health experts, local academic and research institutions, and community leaders developed a GIS decision support tool that includes social vulnerability index comprised of ten indicators. This index is based primarily on the Environmental Protection Agency’s EJSCREEN7 definition of demographic factors that indicate a community’s potential susceptibility to environmental stressors, which include: people of color, low income, educational attainment less than a high school degree, linguistic isolation, population under 5, and population over 64. The index includes three additional characteristics, which were added based on recommendations from the Technical Advisory Team: unemployment, asthma, and low birth weight. Figure 16 shows the result of this index for Long Beach, demonstrating higher levels of indicators of social vulnerability in Central, West, and North Long Beach.
7 EJSCREEN refers to Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool. https://www.epa.gov/ejscreen
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Figure 17: Indicators of Social Vulnerability
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12.1 Sea Level Rise, Coastal Flooding, and Riverine Flooding Storm surges and coastal flooding, often closely tied to extreme precipitation events and riverine flooding, have the potential to cause injury, loss of life, displacement and increased mental health burden (CDPH 2012). According to an analysis by the Aquarium of the Pacific, with 24 inches of SLR and a 100-year storm surge, over 22,000 residents are at risk of exposure to flooding (AOP 2015). In addition, the Southeastern portion of Long Beach, which is susceptible to coastal and riverine flooding, has a higher share of residents over the age of 65 than other parts of the City. Elderly people may be less able to evacuate and at higher risk of exacerbation of exiting health conditions as a result of a flooding. Sewage overflows could also result in water-borne illnesses following a flood event (CDPH 2012).
12.2 Extreme Heat
Extreme heat events can increase heat-related mortality, cardiovascular-related mortality, respiratory morality, and increase hospital admission and emergency department visits. A number of factors contribute the vulnerability of an individual to extreme heat. Particularly vulnerable populations include children, the elderly, people with respiratory disease, and those who work outdoors (CDPH 2012; CNRA 2014). Environmental factors also influence vulnerability including neighborhoods with high levels of impervious surfaces and limited green space, and housing units that lack air conditioning or household access to a vehicle. The amount of green space per 1,000 residents varies considerably across Long Beach with Central, West, and North Long Beach having a lowest amount (CLB DHHS 2013). Data from the Climate Smart Cities Los Angeles tool on modeling of the urban heat island effect8 indicates that North and West Long Beach are more susceptible to high surface temperatures (Figure 17).
Analysis of census population data (from 2010) and the Climate Smart Cities Los Angeles heat vulnerability zone, indicate that approximately 275,000 residents of Long Beach live within the high vulnerability areas shown in Figure 17.
8 Based on land surface temperatures, weighted 75% daytime, 25% nighttime temperatures.
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Figure 18: Urban Heat Island Effect in Long Beach
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12.3 Air Quality
Air quality is especially relevant as a secondary climate stressor in Long Beach, as there are several sources that impact local air quality, including the 710 and 405 freeways, refineries, the Port of Long Beach, and major industrial sources (AOP 2015) and thousands of people whose health may be impacted by poor air quality. People who are especially sensitive to poor air quality include the young, elderly, those who have existing respiratory conditions, and those who work outside. Asthma and other cardiovascular and respiratory diseases may increase due to poor air quality (CNRA 2014; CDPH 2012).
Asthma hospitalizations rates are highest in West and North Long Beach (CLB DHHS 2013).
Air toxics are pollutants that cause cancer or other serious health effects. Diesel particulate matter (PM) accounts for 68.2% of the carcinogenic risk from exposure to air toxics in the Southern California air basin (SCAQMD 2015). Diesel PM is emitted from diesel engines including trucks, buses, cars, ships, and locomotive engines and is concentrated near ports, rail yards, and freeways. Exposure to diesel PM has been shown to have numerous adverse health effects, including cardiovascular and pulmonary disease and lung cancer (EPA and 2016). As illustrated in Figure 18, the areas of the Los Angeles Basin that are exposed to the most risk to air toxics are those near the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach (SCAQMD 2015). According to the AOP (2015) study, 86 out of 116 census tracts in the City of Long Beach have diesel PM emissions in the top 10% of census tracts in California.
Figure 19: Modeled Air Toxics Risk (MATES IV)
Source: South Coast Air Quality Management District
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12.4 Drought
Disrupted food and water supplies could result in hunger and malnutrition, particularly in low-income households, children, and the elderly (CDPH 2012).
12.5 Vulnerability Summary for Public Health
• Sea level rise, coastal flooding, and riverine flooding may result in injury, death, displacement, and mental health burden. The Southeastern neighborhoods, which are most susceptible to flooding, exhibit many demographic factors that make them less at risk to the health impacts of climate change (higher income, lower rates of respiratory disease, higher share of residents that identify as white), but also have a higher share of elderly residents, which are more vulnerable in extreme weather events.
• North, Central, and West Long Beach have the lowest amounts of greenspace and high urban heat island effect, which can further stress existing health conditions during extreme heat events. • West and North Long Beach have poor air quality and high levels of hospitalizations for asthma.
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References
AOP 2015. City of Long Beach Climate Resiliency Assessment Report. Prepared by the Aquarium of the Pacific (AOP), for the City of Long Beach, California: 88p.
City of Long Beach Department of Health and Human Services (CLB) 2013. Community Health Assessment. Available at: http://www.longbeach.gov/health/media-library/documents/planning-and- research/reports/community-health-assessment/community-health-assessment/ California Coastal Commission (2015). Sea Level Rise Policy Guidance. https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/assets/slr/guidance/August2015/0_Full_Adopted_Sea_Level_Rise_ Policy_Guidance.pdf
California Natural Resources Agency (CNRA). 2014. “Safeguarding California: Reducing Climate Risks.
An Update to the 2009 California Climate Adaptation Strategy.” Available at http://resources.ca.gov/climate/ safeguarding/.
California Department of Public Health (CDPH). 2012. Climate Action for Health: Integrating Public Health into Climate Action Planning. California Department of Public Health (CDPH) Report, 58p. Available online at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.464.9833&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
Griggs, G, Arvai, J, Cayan, D, DeConto, R, Fox, J, Fricker, HA, Kopp, RE, Tebaldi, C, Whiteman, EA (California Ocean Protection Council Science Advisory Team Working Group). 2017. Rising Seas in California: An Update on Sea-Level Rise Science. California Ocean Science Trust.
Los Angeles Department of City Planning (LADCP), 2015. “Plan for a Healthy Los Angeles: A Health and Wellness Element of the General Plan.
National Research Council (NRC). 2012. Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future. Prepared by the Committee on Sea Level Rise in California, Oregon, and Washington and the National Research Council Board on Earth Sciences and Resources and Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies.
Ocean Protection Council 2011. Resolution of the California Ocean Protection Council on Sea Level Rise.http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/OPC_SeaLevelRise_Resolution_Adopted031111 .pdf
Ocean Protection Council 2018. State of California Sea-Level Rise Guidance. 2018 Update. Prepared by:
California Natural Resources Agency and Ocean Protection Council.
South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) 2016. Final 2016 Air Quality Management Plan.
Available online at: http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/clean-air-plans/air-quality-management- plans/2016-air-quality-management-plan/final-2016-aqmp/final2016aqmp.pdf?sfvrsn=15 USDOT, 2012. The USDOT Center for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting – Gulf Coast Study, Phase 2 – Task 2.4: Assessing the Sensitivity of Transportation Assets to Climate Change in Mobile, Alabama.
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Appendix D
Climate Stressor
Review
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Table of Contents
Section 1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Background...............................................................................................................................1-1
1.2 Information Sources..................................................................................................................1-1
1.3 Modeling Climate Change ........................................................................................................1-2
1.4 Greenhouse Gas Emission Scenarios as Climate Model Inputs..............................................1-2
1.5 Downscaling of Global Circulation Models...............................................................................1-2 Section 2. Climate Change Stressors.................................................................................................................2-3
2.1 Sea Level Rise, Coastal Flooding, and Shoreline Change ......................................................2-4
2.1.1 Historical Events and Trends.......................................................................................2-4
2.1.2 Future Projections........................................................................................................2-7
2.2 Extreme Heat..........................................................................................................................2-10
2.2.1 Historical Events and Trends.....................................................................................2-10
2.2.2 Future projections......................................................................................................2-12
2.3 Precipitation............................................................................................................................2-13
2.3.1 Historical Events and Trends.....................................................................................2-14
2.3.2 Future Projections......................................................................................................2-15
2.4 Drought ...................................................................................................................................2-15
2.4.1 Historical Data and Trends........................................................................................2-15
2.4.2 Future Projections......................................................................................................2-16
2.5 Air Quality ...............................................................................................................................2-16
2.5.1 Historical Events and Trends.....................................................................................2-17
2.5.2 Future Projections......................................................................................................2-18 Section 3. Summary of Potential Local Impacts by Sector............................................................................3-19 Section 4. Conclusions and Next Steps...........................................................................................................4-21 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
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1.1 Background
The City of Long Beach is completing a climate vulnerability assessment to identify high level vulnerabilities, considering the City’s unique geographical, social, and economic characteristics. The vulnerability assessment will inform the development of adaptation strategies that reduce vulnerability and enhance resilience. As a part of the vulnerability assessment process, this memo presents a review of the most relevant climate change stressors for the City of Long Beach based on the scientific literature. This memo is not intended to be an exhaustive literature review, but rather highlight the historic climate trends, climate projections, and potential impacts from the scientific literature that are most applicable to Long Beach in order to inform the exposure component of the vulnerability assessment.
The memo starts with a review of three primary climate change stressors (sea level rise, precipitation, and extreme heat) and two secondary climate change stressors (drought and decreased air quality.) Primary climate change stressors are first-order local conditions that are directly affected by changes in global atmospheric and oceanic temperatures. Secondary climate stressors are conditions affected by complex interactions between primary variables and other factors. The relevance of each stressor to Long Beach is described. Then, historic trends are provided so that future climate projections may be understood in comparison to past variability. Next, climate change projections are provided for mid-century and end-of-century. Lastly, the memo provides a high level overview of potential impacts these stressors could cause based on the literature. These impacts will be further assessed and specified during the vulnerability assessment process.
It should be noted that this memo represents a review of best available science at the time of writing (August 2018). As the science on climate change continues to evolve and new studies are available, this memo may require updating.
1.2 Information Sources
This memo draws on the best available data and climate science and the potential effects for Long Beach and/or the Los Angeles (L.A.) region. Where region-specific studies are not available, California and U.S. studies were reviewed. Regional and state level studies are available through the California Energy Commission’s California Climate Change Center. To date, the California Climate Change Center has conducted three assessments, the latest released in July 2012, with a fourth assessment currently underway. The memo also draws on Cal-Adapt, a web-based climate data and information portal produced by the State of California’s scientific and research community. The site contains historic data (1950-2013) and projections (2010-2100) from a variety of sources that have downscaled global climate models for more fine-scale resolution. National climate change studies are available through the National Climate Assessment.
Section 1. Introduction
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1.3 Modeling Climate Change
General Circulation Models (GCM) are a tool used by climate researchers to better understand potential future changes in our global climate. GCMs incorporate the physical processes of the atmosphere, ocean, and land surface to simulate the response of the climate system to changing greenhouse gas (GHG) and sulfate aerosol emissions. These models are based on well-established physical principles and have been demonstrated to reproduce observed features of recent climate and past climate changes.
The science of climate change is continuously being revised as climate models are improved and updated with new data and observations. Such revisions improve our understanding of natural climate variability and the complexity of the global response to atmospheric greenhouse gases.
1.4 Greenhouse Gas Emission Scenarios as Climate Model Inputs Because the level of future emissions is unknown and will be affected by population, economic development, environmental changes, technology, and policy decisions, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), developed a range of possible future emissions that is used in climate models to provide scientific consistency in climate modeling efforts.
The IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report on Climate Change (AR5), released in 2014, adopted a new set of emissions scenarios referred to as Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). Relative to previous GHG emission scenarios, RCPs offer an enhanced representation of climate processes, including updates in data and advances in model development. The RCPs represent the change between incoming and outgoing radiation to the atmosphere caused by differences in atmospheric composition. The four RCPs – RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 6, and RCP 8.5 – are named after a possible range of radiative forcing in the year 2100 (+2.6, +4.5, +6.0, and +8.5 watts per square meter, respectively). Figure 1 describes each RCP scenario.
Figure 1: Summary of RCP Scenarios
1.5 Downscaling of Global Circulation Models
GCMs provide estimates of climate change at a global level because the resolution—approxim ately 200 kilometers (km)—is typically too coarse to provide detailed regional climate projections. Therefore, model outputs are refined through additional analysis or modeling to provide finer regional detail through a process known as “downscaling.” Downscaling is the term used to describe methods to generate locally relevant data from GCMs by connecting global-scale projections and regional dynamics (i.e., a 200 km GCM may be downscaled to a 25 km scale for a specific region). Downscaling GCM model output allows for more place-based projections of climate change at the state and local level; however, increased resolution does not necessarily equate to greater accuracy or reliability, as uncertainties remain in all climate projections.
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This section describes the relevance of each climate stressor to Long Beach, historical trends, and climate projections. The stressors analyzed include both primary climate stressors (sea level rise, temperature, and precipitation) as well as secondary climate stressors (drought and air quality). Table 1 summarizes the climate projections for Long Beach and/or the L.A. region. Where available, both mid-century and end-of-century projections are provided. More detailed discussion of each climate stressor is provided in the sections that follow.
Table 1: Summary of Climate Projections for Long Beach
Climate Projections
Sea Level
Rise
Mid-Century
• Projection 11.2 ± 3.5 inches
• Range 5.0 to 23.9 inches
(NRC 2012)1
End-of-Century
• Projection 36.7 ± 9.8 inches
• Range 17.4 to 65.6 inches
(NRC 2012) 1
• Higher storm tides, more extensive inland flooding, and increased coastal erosion during storm events due to higher sea levels (CNRA 2009)
Extreme Heat
Mid-Century
• +7 to +12 extreme heat2 days in Long Beach
• Avg. temperature + 3 to +4°F in L.A. region
(Sun et al. 2015)
End-of-Century
• +7 to +33 extreme heat2 days in Long Beach
• Avg. temperature +3 to +8 °F in L.A. region
• Avg. temperatures outside of historical (1981-
2000) variability, particularly in late summer
and early fall (Sun et al. 2015)
• Heat waves will occur more frequently, be more intense, and longer-lasting (Cayan et al. 2009) More humid heat waves with less cooling at night (Gershunov and Guirguis 2012) Precipitation
Mid-Century
• +6% to + 11% avg. annual precipitation in Long
Beach (Cal-Adapt 2017)
End-of-Century
• 1% to +25% avg. annual precipitation in Long
Beach (Cal-Adapt 2017)
• Near-zero change in avg. annual precipitation in L.A. region for both mid and end-of-century, but with large uncertainty. (Berg et al. 2015)
• Increase in intensity of precipitation events (CEC 2012; Pagan et al. 2014) • High year-to-year variability in annual precipitation to continue under climate change (Berg et al. 2015; Pierce et al. 2011)
Drought
• Overall regional drying trend with longer and more frequent droughts (CEC 2012; Pierce et al. 2011) • Higher temperatures leading to higher water demand (Pagan et al 2015) • Reduced snowpack and increased intensity of runoff events in watersheds that supply water to Long Beach (CEC 2012; Pagan et al 2015)
Air Quality
• Higher temperatures will increase air pollution formation (CNRA 2014) • An increase in wildfire and energy consumption in the region could worsen air quality (CEC 2006) • Higher temperatures, precipitation change, and increasing CO2 concentrations are expected to increase pollen and some airborne allergens (CNRA 2014; Fann et al. 2016) • Climate change may negatively impact indoor air quality through the growth and spread of pests, infectious agents, and disease vectors (Nazaroff 2013; Fann et al. 2016)
1. NRC (2012) was considered best available sea level rise science at the initiation of this plan and is therefore referenced in the sea level rise section of this memo. Since this project was initiated, the California Ocean Protection Council (OPC) released new sea level rise guidance that is also considered and summarized in this memo.
2. Sun et al defines extreme heat at 95 ̊F and above.
Section 2. Climate Change Stressors
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2.1 Sea Level Rise, Coastal Flooding, and Shoreline Change This section discusses sea level rise, which is a primary climate stressor, as well as coastal flooding and shoreline change, which are secondary climate stressors that are the result of complex interactions between sea level, wind, waves, and natural and human-altered landscapes.
The City of Long Beach is located within San Pedro Bay on the Pacific coast. The city shoreline is a combination of a 5.5 mile stretch of sandy beach along with a fortified shoreline within portions of the sheltered embayments and port. Portions of the city lie at a low elevation and have major industry along the water’s edge, notably the Port of Long Beach – the second busiest seaport in the United States – as well as transportation, water, and power infrastructure, beaches, marinas, homes, and businesses. Sea level rise will elevate the mean sea level baseline, thereby elevating tides, waves, and storm surge. Even a small increase in sea levels will increase the frequency of coastal storm flooding events. The effects of tides, storm waves, and sea level rise are additive and together combine to cause increased coastal flooding, inundation, and erosion (AOP 2015). Sandy beaches, such as Junipero Beach, Belmont Shore Beach, and Peninsula Beach, will consequently become increasingly susceptible to coastal erosion as sea levels rise (NRC 2012).
2.1.1 Historical Events and Trends
Sea Level Rise
Sea levels have been rising globally since the end of the last Glacial Maximum around 18,000 years ago. Driven primarily by thermal expansion of ocean water and melting land ice, global seas have risen 400-450 feet in this time (Griggs et al 2017). Over the past century, a network of more than 1,750 tide gauges has been gathering data on ocean water levels. Several approaches have been used to analyze these data to calculate an average global sea level rise, yielding rates from about 1.2 mm/year to 1.7 mm/year (approximately 0.05 to 0.07 inches/year) for the 20th century. However, since 1990 this global rate has more than doubled and continues to increase (Griggs et al 2017). Satellite observations show accelerating rates of ice loss from both the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, which combined, contain enough water to raise sea levels around 200 feet (Griggs et al 2017).
These rates reflect global mean sea level rise values, but there is tremendous regional variability due to local and regional processes such as vertical land motion, ocean and atmospheric patterns, and other effects. Analysis of approximately 90 years of tide data from 1923 to 2016 at the Los Angeles tide station (#9410660) by NOAA indicates a long-term trend of historic mean sea-level rise of approximately 0.96 mm/yr (0.04 +/-0.01 inches/year) (NOAA 2017).
Coastal Flooding
Prior to the construction of the Port of Long Beach in 1911, the City of Long Beach shoreline was composed of extensive mudflats, barrier islands, estuaries, and sand spits (Griggs et al 2005; Hapke et al 2006). The region is part of the San Pedro Littoral Cell, which is bordered by Palos Verdes to the northwest and Newport Canyon to the southeast. Historically, the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Rivers supplied the shoreline with sand and longshore transport was generally to the southeast with sand transported offshore into Newport Canyon. Palos Verdes provided some protection from winter storm waves approaching from the northwest making the area suited to development and a port.
Extensive development of the area and shoreline has significantly altered coastal processes, which is important to consider when identifying existing and future climate risks. The last of three large breakwaters was constructed in 1942, such that the majority of the Port and Long Beach shoreline is sheltered from waves. The area is still vulnerable to storms and waves, particularly when they approach the coast from a more westerly or southerly direction (as opposed to the typical northwest winter storm waves).
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Waves approaching from these directions can damage the breakwaters and propagate between gaps in the breakwaters that are used for navigation. These storms can be especially damaging during El Niño conditions, which can raise coastal sea levels 10 - 30 cm (0.33 - 0.95 ft) during the winter months (NRC 2012) and when the typical winter storm track shifts to the southwest. Multiple storms damaged the breakwaters and caused flooding and damage at the shoreline during the 1982-1983 El Niño winter. The breakwaters were again damaged when a southeaster struck the coast in January 1988. Historically, the most costly storm to impact the southern California coast is the 1939 southerly tropical storm, causing today’s equivalent of $34.1 million of damage and the only tropical storm in California’s history to make landfall (WRCC 2008; WRH 2010). The storm caused massive flooding in the low-lying areas of Long Beach (then unprotected by the breakwaters), damaging homes, and scattering large amounts of trash and debris along the beach (WRH 2010). Recently, Hurricane Marie produced waves of up to 20 feet causing extensive flooding in southeastern Long Beach in late August 2014, and causing an estimated $20 million in damages across southern California (Zelinsky & Pasch 2015). The waves significantly damaged a section of the Middle Breakwater leading to further damage within the Port of Long Beach from wave action (CLB Staff Survey 2017). While this storm did not make direct landfall in southern California, the size, period, and extreme southern angle of the waves made the event particularly damaging.
Figure 2: Port of Long Beach Damage from Hurricane Marie in 2014 Several inland locations within Alamitos Bay are protected from large storm waves but are flooded during high tides, particularly King Tides, which are the highest tides of the year. According to City staff, locations with recurrent King Tide flooding include Bay Shore Avenue, Colorado Lagoon, the Peninsula, and Alamitos Bay (Figure 3). According to a coastal flooding study by Strauss et al (2016), there were only 32 flood days between 1955-1984 compared to 133 flood days between 1985-2014 in La Jolla, California, the nearest location to Long Beach in the study. These additional flood days are largely attributed by the authors to anthropogenic climate change.
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Figure 3: Examples of King Tide Flooding
Shoreline Change
Human development also significantly altered natural shoreline change patterns. This is important to consider as the wide sandy beaches along much of Long Beach can partially function as a buffer against future sea level rise.
The channelization of the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Rivers significantly reduced the natural sediment supply to the Long Beach shoreline. Despite this, much of the sandy beach has accreted over the 20th century due to the breakwaters limiting wave-induced erosion, a system of sand retention structures including groins and jetties, and several ongoing beach nourishment and sand bypassing projects (Figure 4). Figure 2 shows historical shorelines derived from NOAA T-Sheets, historical photographs, and airborne topographic LiDAR data and illustrates the overall accretion trend. Long-term accretion rates range between +0.5 to 1.5 meters/year in much of the area resulting in a relatively wide, flat sandy beach (Hapke et al 2006). Although much of the sandy shoreline is currently accreting and will provide some protection against future sea level rise, historical shoreline trends may not be indicative of future shoreline change because the existing coastal processes, both natural and anthropogenic, may change and could be overwhelmed by more extreme future sea level rise.
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Figure 4: Historical Sandy Beach Shorelines in Long Beach Notes: Historical high water line shorelines (1872, 1932, and 1972) are compared to a historical mean high water line (1998) and show historical accretion along the beach during the 20th century.
Source: Hapke et al (2006) – (https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1251/#data/) The current breakwater and jetty configuration has left the southeastern tip of the Peninsula exposed to erosion, and several homes are threatened. This area is not adequately protected by the Long Beach Breakwater and waves attack the sandy beach from the south. The jetty at the San Gabriel river mouth inhibits northwest sand transport to naturally replenish this area. The City maintains a sandy beach here by bypassing sand from the accreting northwestern shoreline to the eroding southeastern shoreline (AOP 2015). In the winter and during large south swell events, an emergency sand berm is built to protect the homes from flooding.
Long Beach, once known as the “Sinking City,” has a history of subsidence primarily from oil and gas extraction from the Wilmington Oil Field. A subsidence bowl, centered around the Port of Long Beach, reached a depth of 29 feet before measures were taken to arrest the subsidence. Over 20 square miles of land adjacent to the shoreline from the Port of Long Beach to Seal Beach are affected by subsidence. Constant monitoring and control is still required by Long Beach Energy Resources (the City’soil and gas department) to maintain stability and will continue to be so into the future (CLB 2017). The lowered land elevation from subsidence increases the City of Long Beach’s vulnerability to storm flooding, sea level rise, and coastal erosion.
2.1.2 Future Projections
Sea Level Rise
Future sea level rise is expected to vary regionally due to differences in atmospheric and oceanographic process and vertical land motion. Various methods have been used to predict both future global sea level rise and regional sea level rise at numerous locations around the world. Up until 2018, the state of California utilized the National Research Council (NRC) 2012 sea level rise projections as best available science in state policy and guidance. In 2017, a new study was released by Griggs et al (2017) with updated modeled projections along the California coastline. This study informed the development of Ocean Protection Council’s(OPC) new sea level rise guidance document that was adopted in March 2018. The OPC is currently reviewing the new guidance document with stakeholders and state agencies to develop an approach to administer the new guidance. Since the Long Beach Climate Action and Adaptation Plan was initiated prior to adoption of the OPC (2018) guidance, NRC (2012)
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projections were adopted to inform the vulnerability assessment; however, for completeness, both studies are summarized and compared in this section.
NRC (2012) used multiple global climate models with different global emissions scenarios to develop regional future sea level rise projections for the Los Angeles area and three other locations along the west coast. The study produced a projection, reflective of an average of the models, and a range of the model projections for three future years: 2030, 2050, and 2100. Generally, regional sea levels in the Los Angeles area are projected to increase at slightly higher rates than global sea levels. Table 2 summarizes the NRC projections for the Los Angeles area while also providing a comparison with mean global sea level rise projections. The NRC projections for the years 2030, 2050, and 2100 are 6, 11, and 37 inches respectively.
Table 2: Mean Regional vs Global Sea Level Rise Projections Relative to the Year 2000 Year
Southern California Global
Projection Range Projection Range
2030 5.8 ± 2.0 in 4.6 – 11.8 in 5.3 ± 0.7 in 3.3 – 9.1 in 2050 11.2 ± 3.5 in 5.0 – 23.9 in 11.0 ± 1.3 in 6.9 – 19.0 in 2100 36.7 ± 9.8 in 17.4 – 65.6 in 32.6 ± 4.2 in 19.8 – 55.2 in Source: NRC (2012)
Note: The low value of the range for each year was computed by subtracting twice the standard deviation from the mean in the projection column, and adjusting to the difference between emission scenarios A1B and B1. The high value of the range was computed by adding twice the standard deviation to the mean, adjusting to the difference between emission scenarios A1FI and A1B, and adding the dynamical imbalance contribution (NRC 2012). Please refer to IPCC (2000) for more information on the emission scenarios.
Griggs et al (2017) completed an update to California’s sea level rise science that informed the OPC’s 2018 guidance document. Future sea level rise projections were developed at each tide station along the California coast. Table 3 presents sea level rise projections for Los Angeles, California. The study incorporated a range of global emissions scenarios ranging from aggressive emissions reductions (RCP 2.6) to no emissions reductions (RCP 8.5) through end of century. Multiple climate models for each global emissions scenario were evaluated to generate a range of future sea level rise predictions using a probabilistic approach. The advantage to this approach is it provides more detailed projections for asset managers to make risk-based decisions for sea level rise planning and design.
Table 3: Sea Level Rise Projections at Los Angeles, CA
Year
(Emissions
Scenario)
Inches Above 1991-2009 Mean Sea Level (in)
Median
(50% probability of
exceedance)
Likely Range
(67% percent
likely range)
1-In-20 Chance
(5% probability of
exceedance)
1-In-200 Chance
(0.5% probability
of exceedance)
2030 4 2 to 6 7 8
2050 8 6 to 12 14 22
2100 (RCP 2.6) 16 8 to 25 36 65
2100 (RCP 8.5) 26 16 to 38 49 80
Source: OPC (2018)
The NRC (2012) and OPC (2018) reports show similar regional sea level rise projections for comparable global emissions scenarios. The mid-range NRC (2012) projections for 2030, 2050, and 2100 are close to the OPC median projections. The high-range NRC projections for 2030 and 2050 are also comparable to the 0.5% exceedance OPC values; however, the OPC 0.5% exceedance projections for 2100 exceed the NRC high-range CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
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projection. The high-range OPC projection is 80 inches compared with 66 inches for NRC; however, the 66-inch value falls within the range of high-end projections for OPC (65 to 80 inches).
Coastal Flooding
In the next phase of the vulnerability assessment, SLR scenarios will be selected for further identification of asset- specific vulnerabilities. For illustrative purposes only, Figure 5 shows the areas in Long Beach that may be flooded during a 100-year tide event (i.e., the expected water level including astronomical tides, storm surge, and El Niño effects, but no wave effects) with one meter (39 inches) of sea level rise. This sea level rise projection is approximately equal to the mid-range NRC and OPC projections for 2100 and has a roughly 20% chance of being met or exceeded by 2100 under a high emissions scenario (RCP 8.5) according to OPC (2018). The figure illustrates a “bathtub” type analysis, where the floodwaters are simply projected inland to where ground elevations exceed the future 100-year flood level. The projected extent of inundation indicates the portions of Long Beach most susceptible to flooding impacts under a likely end-of-century sea level rise scenario.
Figure 5: Projected Flooding During 100-year Tide Event with 1-meter Sea Level Rise Source: NOAA
Rising seas and the associated increase in coastal flooding from waves, storm surge, and tides, potentially coupled with more intense coastal storms will increase the rate of coastal erosion and alter sediment transport patterns in the region (CNRA 2009). CoSMoS, a coastal storm modeling system created by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), is another source of future wave runup, sea level rise, and shoreline change modeling data. The USGS has conducted shoreline change modeling using CoSMoS for multiple future shoreline management scenarios, ranging from no beach nourishments and retreat from the shoreline to systematic beach nourishments and no retreat from the coast. As an example, Figure 6 displays the CoSMoS projected future
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shoreline change for multiple sea level rise scenarios assuming no future nourishments and a retreat from the shoreline. The figure illustrates that the entire beach will generally erode and that erosion will generally increase with higher amounts of sea level rise. In particular, the homes at the southeast tip of the peninsula and the facilities, parking lot, and park at Junipero Beach could be threatened under higher sea level rise scenarios.
Figure 6: Projected Shoreline Change due to Multiple Sea Level Rise Scenarios Assuming no Future Beach Nourishments
Source: USGS CoSMoS (https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/57f1d4f3e4b0bc0bebfee139) Among scientists, there is general consensus that climate change will affect the intensity, frequency, and paths of coastal storms. However, there is yet to be a clear consensus on what the nature of these changes will be in the North Pacific Ocean (NRC 2012). “Storminess” is an overarching term used by the NRC to include physical processes such as frequency and intensity of storms, shifts in storm tracks, magnitude of storm surges, and changes in wind speed and wave height. Evidence of observed changes in storminess in the 20th century historical record as well as future modeled projections have been found by researchers, but the interpretation of these results is difficult due to natural climate variability. Further research is needed to determine the validity and relevance of these storminess projections, particularly for the southern California shoreline.
2.2 Extreme Heat
While trends in average annual temperature are an important indicator of climate change, extreme temperature events have greater impacts on communities. Although Long Beach’s climate is greatly influenced by its coastal geography, which leads to cooler temperatures compared to inland and valley locations, extreme heat is still a major threat to human health. In addition, due to normally mild temperatures, Long Beach residents may be less prepared for heat waves than other places. Furthermore, as a highly urbanized area with lots of impermeable surfaces (e.g., pavements, roofs), Long Beach is susceptible to the urban heat island effect, which makes air temperatures even hotter.
2.2.1 Historical Events and Trends
According to data from Cal Adapt, from 1950 to 2013, Long Beach experienced an average of 3.3 extreme heat days per year, but with considerable inter-annual variability, as depicted in Figure 7 (Livenh et al. 2015).
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Figure 7: Number of Extreme Heat Days per Year, 1950-2013 Source: Livenh et al. 2015, via CalAdapt
Heatwaves are the tendency for multiple hot days in succession. In Long Beach, and California more broadly, heat waves have historically been dry (low humidity) and as a result, the temperature is high during the day, but cools off at night. However, since the 1980s, there has been an observed trend towards more humid, more intense, and longer lasting heat waves in California. Due to the increased humidity, heat waves have become more accentuated at night, meaning nighttime temperatures do not cool off (Gurshunov et al. 2009). Figure 8 below shows heat wave activity in California since 1950. The red line is based on maximum (daytime) temperature and the blue line is based on minimum (nighttime) temperatures. High nighttime temperatures limit the ability of people to cool down and recover, adding to the risk of illness and fatalities (CDPH 2012).
Figure 8: Daytime and Nighttime Accentuated Heat Waves
Source: California-Nevada Climate Application Program, 2015. “California Heat Waves” In 2006, California experienced a heat wave that was particularly intense and long-lasting. Los Angeles County recorded its highest ever temperature at 119 ̊F and high temperatures lasted for almost two weeks. Humidity levels in California were also unusually high during that event (Gurshunov et al. 2009). Approximately 163 deaths in Los Angeles County were attributed to the heat wave (Ostro et al. 2009). The increase in power demand also led to outages that affected more than 1 million households in Southern California (Barboza 2010b).
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In July 2015, high temperatures may have been a factor in equipment failures that caused two powers outages in downtown Long Beach that left thousands of residents and businesses without power for days. The power outage stranded people without medical devices, refrigeration, air conditioning or elevator service during a period of high temperatures. This was particularly challenging for seniors living in high-rise apartments (KPCC 2015).
The urban heat island effect also contributes to extreme heat conditions in Long Beach. The urban heat island refers to the phenomenon that urban areas are often warmer than nearby rural areas due to the abundance of impervious and dark colored surfaces that absorb sunlight and release it back into the environment as heat. A study that modeled how urbanization in Los Angeles and San Diego Metropolitan areas contributes to warming found that averaged over the region during the month of July, urbanization increases the daytime (2pm) near- surface air temperature by 1.3 ̊C (2.3 ̊F) and nighttime air temperature by 3.1 ̊ C (5.6 ̊ F) (Vahmani et al. 2016).
Urbanization results in even greater surface temperature warming at night with an increase of 6.1 ̊ C (11.0 ̊ F).
The nighttime warming of air and surface temperatures are due to man-made materials, such as concrete, that absorb energy during the day and release it at night.
The most intense urban heat island effects are often seen in neighborhoods where dense land use and impervious, paved surfaces predominate and trees and vegetation are less common. Access to the cooling effects of urban greening and open space is often most limited for low-income urban communities (CDPH 2012).
A Tree Canopy study conducted by Loyola Marymount University found a statistically significant relationship between high surface temperatures and minimal tree canopy in coastal Los Angeles County. As illustrated in Figure 7, higher surface temperatures tend to be found in Central, West, and North Long Beach, which are also areas with less tree canopy (LMU 2015). The amount of green space varies greatly across different parts of Long Beach. East and Southeast (coastal) Long Beach has significantly more green space per person while North and West parts of Long Beach have significantly less (CLB 2013). Green space not only influences temperatures, but also air quality, which is discussed in the next section.
Figure 9: Surface Temperature and Tree Canopy in Coastal Los Angeles County Source: Loyola Marymount University Tree Canopy Study
2.2.2 Future projections
The number of extreme heat days (over 95 ̊F) in Long Beach per year is projected to increase from an average of four in the baseline period (1980-2000) to 11-16 days by mid-century and 11-37 by end-of century, depending on
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the emissions scenario (Sun et al. 2015). Projections for extreme heat days (over 95.8 ̊F) from Cal Adapt, which draw from Pierce et al. 2015, are slightly lower: six-eight extreme heat days by mid-century; nine-20 extreme heat days by end-of-century in Long Beach, depending on the emissions scenario. As demonstrated in Figure 10, as a coastal city, Long Beach will not experience an increase in extreme heat days as severe as inland and valley locations in the region. Despite this, it is important to note that Long Beach might be more vulnerable to extreme heat than other coastal cities in the Los Angeles area. Coastal cities in this region are typically cooled by onshore winds, which blow from west to east. The Long Beach shoreline generally faces southward and Palos Verdes to the west can block some of the cooling onshore winds. Figure 10 illustrates that Long Beach is significantly warmer than Santa Monica, which is a coastal city with a more typical westward-facing shoreline.
Figure 10: Average Number of Extreme Heat Days in Long Beach and around the LA Region Source: Sun et al. 2015
Heat waves will not only occur more frequently, but will also be more intense and long-lasting due to climate change (Cayan et al. 2009). The occurrence of heat waves having durations of five days or longer will become more frequent (20 times more frequent in some simulations) by end-of century (Cayan et al. 2009). Relative to baseline local conditions, heat waves are expected to become more extreme along the coast relative to other parts of the state (Gershunov and Guirguis 2012). This has health implications as people living near the coast may be less prepared and acclimatized to extreme heat than others.
Towards end-of-century, extreme heat days will be particularly frequent and intense in late summer and into fall (Sun et al 2015; Pierce et al. 2015). The extended duration of when extreme heat events could occur has a variety of planning implications, including cooling energy demand and emergency response readiness.
2.3 Precipitation
Changing precipitation patterns in response to climate change is a primary climate stressor. Long Beach lies within a semi-arid region consistent with a Mediterranean climatic pattern of dry summers and wet winters (CEC 2012). Precipitation patterns, including quantity, frequency, and distribution, affect both water supply and flooding from runoff during storm events.
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Precipitation can generate flooding in two distinct ways. Riverine flooding occurs during extreme, regional rainfall events as rivers, creeks, and channels discharge excess water from an entire watershed. The Los Angeles and San Gabriel rivers drain much of the Los Angeles Basin and discharge into San Pedro Bay. This type of flooding could impact the City of Long Beach if high flows overtop and/or comprise the levees bordering these rivers.
Precipitation can also generate localized urban flooding during high rainfall events if the City’slocal stormwater collection system is overwhelmed and cannot drain the excess stormwater. This type of flooding tends to be localized near storm drains and other stormwater collection system components.
Sea level rise can exacerbate localized, precipitation based flooding in a number of ways. The stormwater system in Long Beach is designed to convey stormwater away from developed areas into adjacent water bodies such as Alamitos Bay and San Pedro Bay. The vulnerability of the system to sea level rise and storm events depends on the system’s current storage and flow capacity, the elevation and location of the outfalls, and whether they are gravity drained or pumped. In general, stormwater pumping systems rely on uninterrupted power and many of the components are sensitive to water and salt exposure. The capacity to collect, convey, and discharge flows to the bay will be reduced by higher sea levels. Outfalls that are below future high tide or increased storm water levels may need to be elevated, have check valves installed to prevent backflow, or be pumped rather than gravity drained. Reduced discharge capacity and/or failures of pump stations could cause flooding of adjacent properties and disrupt access to homes, jobs, and recreation areas, leading to potentially significant consequences.
Without action, SLR poses the following threats to the stormwater system and adjacent areas:
• Urban flooding. The majority of the Long Beach stormwater system is gravity driven. Excess stormwater flows from higher elevations, including Belmont Heights, until reaching the bay. As low-lying stormwater outfalls become partially or completely inundated by rising water levels, drainage of stormwater can be impeded, resulting in inland urban flooding during storms. Difficulties draining stormwater can cause road closures, impede access to facilities, and damage private and public property. • Saltwater intrusion into the stormwater system. During large tide and storm events, saltwater may enter the stormwater system through open outfalls, leaky tide gates, overflow weirs, and through catch basins located in areas where coastal waters have overtopped the shoreline. Backflow of high tides into the stormwater system may cause surface flooding in low-lying areas that sit at elevations below the hydraulic grade line, even if shoreline protection systems are high enough to prevent overland coastal flooding. Saltwater may also cause premature corrosion of pipes and equipment in the system. • Elevated groundwater levels. As sea levels rise, so will groundwater levels. SLR causes saline water to intrude into underground reservoirs, raising the historical groundwater elevation ranges beyond what the Long Beach utilities were planned and built to accommodate.
2.3.1 Historical Events and Trends
Average annual precipitation recorded near Long Beach between 1950 and 2013 was 12.3 inches (Pierce et al. 2014). Seasonal averages ranged from 0.02 inches in July to 3.0 inches in February. Between 1970 and 2000, the Long Beach Airport experienced an average of 36 days per year with measurable precipitation (NCDC 2004).
Increased variability in annual precipitation is already becoming apparent with both the driest and wettest years on record having occurred in the last decade in the Los Angeles region (DWR 2008).
Storm frequency and intensity in Southern California have increased, consistent with statewide and national trends. Between 1948 and 2011, the frequency of extreme downpours increased by 35 percent in California south of the San Francisco Bay (Madsen and Wilson 2012). Consequently, an intense storm that formerly occurred in the region only once per year now occurs every nine months on average. During the same period, Southern California experienced a seven-percent increase in the amount of precipitation per storm. Increases in extreme precipitation events are likely caused by warmer storms and atmospheric rivers over the Pacific carrying large amounts of moisture to the California coast through winter storms (CEC 2012).
Historic flood events include major storms in March 1938, February 1941, and January 1956, which resulted in flooding along the San Gabriel River (LHMP 2004). There has not been recent flooding along the San Gabriel CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
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River due to channelization and flood control projects. In 1968, a high intensity rainfall coincided with high tide, causing flooding in Belmont Shore, Pacific Coast Highway near Pacific Avenue and the intersection of Orange and Wardlow Road (LHMP 2004).
A storm in January 2010, which was an El Niño year, overwhelmed the drainage system and caused flooding of residential neighborhoods and streets near Wilson High School, flooding of the 710 freeway, and the CSULB Student Union building (Barboza 2010). City staff report that flooding issues often relate to storm drain maintenance (for example, keeping storm drains clear of debris). According to a staff survey, the West Industrial Area suffered property losses due to flooding prior to installing a new storm drain system in 2012 (CLB Staff Survey 2017).
Most recently, the winter storms of 2017 caused street flooding, park flooding, beach closures, water quality issues, downed trees, and closure of the Main Library auditorium. Individuals experiencing homelessness were highly exposed to health hazards during this time (CLB Staff Survey 2017).
2.3.2 Future Projections
There is considerable uncertainty regarding the effects of climate change on precipitation and there is no general consensus among future precipitation models for Long Beach. Research conducted for California’s Third Climate Change Assessment projects a considerably drier climate in southern California by the mid-to-late century (CEC 2012) as a result of decreased precipitation, earlier snowmelt, and increased temperatures. A study that examined downscaled outputs of 16 GCMs predict that the total amount of precipitation along the Southern California coast will decline by an average of nine percent by mid-century (2060-2069) compared to a 1985-1994 baseline (Pierce et al 2011). Berg et al (2015) reports a near-zero change in average annual precipitation in the L.A. area for both mid-century and end-of-century projections. Pagan et al (2015) reports a large variation in total annual precipitation projections depending on the model. Cal-Adapt, which provides an average of several climate model calculations, projects a six to 11 percent increase in precipitation by mid-century and a one to 25 percent increase in precipitation by end-of-century for Long Beach (Cal-Adapt 2017). This range spans low (RCP 4.5) to high (RCP 8.5) emissions scenarios.
Regardless of average annual precipitation estimates increasing or decreasing, precipitation events are projected to increase in intensity, decrease in frequency, and be concentrated during the winter months (Pagan et al 2015).
The total number of days with rainfall per year is expected to decline by 13 percent on Southern California’s coast by the 2060s (Pierce et al 2011), therefore concentrating the annual precipitation into fewer rainfall events leading to greater runoff and other such impacts.
2.4 Drought
Drought is a secondary climate stressor that is driven by both climate conditions and social and economic stressors. This discussion focuses on the climate-related stressors of precipitation and temperature patterns.
Drought is particularly relevant as the City of Long Beach lies within a semi-arid climatic region that is already heavily dependent on imported water to meet local demand (Pagan et al 2015). As of 2015, 39 percent of the water supply is from imported sources, 54 percent from groundwater, which is also partially dependent on imported sources for recharge, and 7 percent is recycled (Pagan el al 2015). Regionally, the City of Long Beach is largely dependent on water imports from the Colorado River and Sierra Nevada watersheds for both reservoir storage and groundwater recharge; therefore, drought in the City of Long Beach is closely tied to drought and precipitation patterns in these watersheds (Pagan et al 2015).
2.4.1 Historical Data and Trends
A study of historic drought using tree ring data going back 1,200 years concluded that three-year droughts are not unusual in California and can occur with as little as a single year between events. Over the last 1,200 years, it was estimated that there were 37 occurrences of three-year droughts and 66 dry periods lasting between three
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and nine years (where a dry period is defined as being below the years’ 800 – 2014 mean precipitation levels).
Although periodic drought is normal for Southern California, 2014 was estimated to be the worst single drought year of the last 1,200 years in California (Griffin et al 2014). The recent 2011-2015 drought led the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWDSC) to enter into shortage conditions and enact the Water Supply Allocation Plan, which more closely manages supply and demand (Pagan et al 2015).
2.4.2 Future Projections
Climate change, through its impacts on precipitation and temperature, is predicted to increase the severity and length of future droughts (CEC 2012). By the end of the century, all climatic models included in the California Climate Change Center’s Third Assessment predict regional drying, primarily from decreased precipitation and compounded by warming (CEC 2012).
Both annual precipitation quantity and distribution affect aridity and drought. When total annual precipitation is concentrated into fewer events, reservoirs exceed their capacity and the ground becomes saturated, limiting groundwater recharge. Consequently, less water is retained within the watershed and more is lost to stormwater runoff than would be when annual precipitation is more evenly distributed throughout the year. Although average annual precipitation has for now remained relatively stable in the region, climate models project moderate annual precipitation increases as well as increased seasonal variability and intensity of precipitation events by the 2060s (Pierce et al 2011).
Temperature is the second significant driver of drought as higher temperatures increase snow melt, soil evaporation, and evapotranspiration, leading to drier soils and vegetation. Average annual temperatures in the Los Angeles region are projected to increase 3–4°F in the L.A. region by mid-century (Sun et al 2015).
As mentioned above, changes in climate in the Sierra Nevada and Colorado River Basin may have significant implications for water supply in Long Beach. One study predicts increased frequency of critically dry years in the Sierra Nevada watershed (CEC 2012). However, projections of climate change suggest that even if total precipitation does not change significantly, predicted warming will both reduce the amount of snowpack in these regions and increase the intensity and frequency of runoff and precipitation events (Pagan et al 2015). Intense precipitation events in these watersheds produce quantities of water in a short time frame that exceed the storage capacity of the reservoirs while reduced snowpack decreases the availability of the gradually released meltwaters throughout the drier summer months. In other words, the water from these critical supply areas is predicted to become less available to the City of Long Beach by mid-century (Pagan et al 2015). Even if precipitation does not decline overall in the region, the models still show drying based on the impacts of warming alone, including increased soil evaporation in the summer months and earlier snow melt in the Sierra Nevada, a major municipal water source (CEC 2012). Additionally, water rights allocations for the Colorado River Basin were based on a time period of unusually wet years. The State of California only holds surplus rights and the majority of this water goes to agriculture (MWDSC 2010). Reservoir levels along the Colorado River are expected to diminish up to 30% by 2050 (Barnett et al 2004) and as populations in Southern California expand, the municipalities will experience increased demand for a decreasing water supply.
2.5 Air Quality
Air quality is driven by emissions and climate factors. Emissions can come from vehicles, industries, power plants, and wildfires. Climatic factors that influence air quality include temperature, precipitation and wind. Other factors that contribute to poor air quality in Long Beach, and the region overall, include topography, intense traffic, and the urban heat island effect (AOP 2015). Air quality is especially relevant as a secondary climate stressor in Long Beach as there are several sources that impact local air quality, including the 710 and 405 freeways, refineries, the Port of Long Beach, and major industrial sources (AOP 2015) and thousands of people whose health may be impacted by poor air quality. People who are especially sensitive to poor air quality include the young, elderly, those who have existing respiratory conditions, and those who work outside.
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2.5.1 Historical Events and Trends
Ozone and particulate matter (PM) are two air pollutants that pose a significant threat to human health. Ground level ozone, often called smog, forms when volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react in sunlight. These pollutants come from vehicles, industries, power plants, and products like paints and solvents.
PM is a mixture of solids and liquid droplets floating in the air. They can be emitted directly from vehicles, power plants, industries, and wildfires, but most particles form in the atmosphere as a result of complex reaction of chemicals. Fine particles (PM 2.5) are particularly harmful to human health as they can penetrate deep into the lungs and even into the bloodstream.
Data reported in the AOP (2015) study show a recent downward trend in air pollution in the region. In the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana region, there has been a downward trend in ozone pollution since early 2000s, but there were still 67 days when ozone levels were unhealthy for sensitive groups in 2014 (AOP 2015). The South Coast Basin is designated an extreme non-attainment zone for the federal ozone standard. The EPA recognizes that California has unique challenges in addressing ozone pollution because of its topography, wildfires, and transportation and freight movement. As a result, the South Coast Air Basin is not required to meet 2008 federal standards until 2032 (EPA 2015).
Days that violate air quality standards in Los Angeles County tend to occur in the summer months when temperatures are higher (CLB 2013). This is because heat can increase the formation of air pollution, such as ozone. In addition, high temperatures are also associated with weak winds and atmospheric stagnation which can cause air pollution to build up. Due to wind patterns and topography, Long Beach does not experience as much ozone pollution as other parts of the region, particularly compared to inland areas (AOP 2015). From 2014 to 2016, Long Beach had only 1 day in violation of the federal 2015 standard for 8 hour-concentration of ozone (CARB 2017).
There has also been a downward trend in PM pollution since 2000 in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana region, but there were still 16 days in 2014 when PM2.5 reached unhealthy levels for sensitive groups (AOP 2015). During the past decade, Central Long Beach experienced a 35% decrease in PM2.5; however, the annual average is still above the California clean air standard (Meijgaard 2012).
Table 4 below shows the number of days above federal PM2.5 standards for three monitoring stations in Long Beach.
Table 4: Number of Days Where PM2.5 Exceeds Federal Standards Monitoring Station Site Number Address 2014 2015 2016
North Long Beach 70072 3648 N. Long Beach Blvd 2 3 0
Long Beach-Route 710 Near Road 70032 5895 Long Beach Blvd 0 7 0 South Long Beach 70110 1305 E. Pacific Coast HWY 2 4 0
Source: California Air Resources Board, 2017
Air toxics are pollutants that cause cancer or other serious health effects. Diesel PM accounts for 68.2% of the carcinogenic risk from exposure to air toxics in the Southern California air basin (SCAQMD 2015). Diesel PM is emitted from diesel engines including trucks, buses, cars, ships, and locomotive engines and is concentrated near ports, rail yards, and freeways. Exposure to diesel PM has been shown to have numerous adverse health effects, including cardiovascular and pulmonary disease and lung cancer (EPA 2016). As illustrated in Figure 11, the areas of the Los Angeles Basin that are exposed to the most risk to air toxics are those near the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach (SCAQMD 2015). According to the AOP (2015) study, 86 out of 116 census tracts in the City of Long Beach have diesel PM emissions in the top 10% of census tracts in California.
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Figure9: Modeled Air Toxics Risk (MATES IV)
Source: South Coast Air Quality Management District
2.5.2 Future Projections
Higher temperatures are expected to increase the frequency, duration, and intensity of conditions conducive to air pollution formation (CNRA 2014). Specifically, studies have shown that ozone concentrations increase when maximum daytime temperatures increase (Kleeman et al. 2010). Since climate models project higher temperatures in the future for Long Beach, a “climate penalty” exists for ground level ozone, which means that greater emissions controls will be needed to meet a given air quality standard. If air pollution emissions levels remain at 1990-2004 levels, California could experience an additional 6-30 days per year with ozone concentrations above state air quality standards by 2050, due to the effects of a warmer climate (Kleeman et al. 2010). Aggressive emissions reductions have been mandated to bring the region into attainment of federal air quality standards and these policies will continue to reduce emissions, such that emissions will not remain at historic levels (SCAQMD 2016). However, higher temperatures could make meeting federal air quality standards more challenging. An increase in wildfire frequency or severity and energy consumption in the region could also contribute to the “climate penalty” for air quality (CEC 2006).
In addition to air pollution emissions, air quality can be affected by pollen, which contains allergens. Models indicate that pollen will likely increase in many parts of the U.S., there may be shifts in the timing of allergen production, and there may be increases in allergen content or potency (CNRA 2014). Allergens can cause or aggravate health problems, including asthma and other debilitating respiratory diseases (CNRA 2014).
Climate change may also negatively impact indoor air quality. Outdoor air quality may worsen and enter buildings, emissions from indoor sources may be exacerbated by heat, there may be more exposure to mold, bacteria, and other contaminants due to flood events, and increased air conditioning use can lead to poor indoor air quality if not well maintained (Nazaroff 2013; Fann et al. 2016).
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Climate impacts are the result of interactions between climate stressors and physical assets (such as roads) and populations (such as the elderly). Table 5 provides an overview of major categories of potential climate change impacts for Long Beach, based on existing studies and an understanding of the types of assets and populations that exist in Long Beach. Where Long Beach-specific studies are not available, regional or state-wide studies are referenced. These are not the results of the Long Beach CAAP vulnerability assessment, but rather the vulnerability assessment will seek to build upon this summary of existing research to identify key local impacts with greater specificity based on an inventory of critical assets, an assessment of exposure to climate stressors, and asset and population sensitivities.
Table 5: Potential Local Climate Change Impacts by Sector Sector Potential Local Climate Change Impacts
Public Health • Increased risk of heat-related illnesses and death. Particularly vulnerable populations include:
children, the elderly, people with respiratory diseases, those who work outdoors, and poor, urban residents (CDPH 2012; CNRA 2014)
• Asthma and other cardiovascular and respiratory diseases may increase due to poor air quality and increased allergens (CNRA 2014; CDPH 2012) Asthma hospitalizations rates are highest in West and North Long Beach and lowest in East Long Beach (CLB DHHS 2013). • Communities in west-central and northern Long Beach are disproportionately more vulnerable to risk associated with pollution and climate change (AOP 2015; CalEPA 2017) • Flooding events may contribute to injury, death, displacement, mental health burden (CDPH 2012)
• Sewage overflow could result in water and food-borne illness (CDPH 2012) • Disrupted food and water supply could cause hunger and malnutrition, particularly in low- income, children, and elderly population (CDPH 2012)
• Changes in temperature and precipitation may lead to changes in the spread of vector-borne diseases and increase the number of disease carrying vectors (e.g. standing water and mosquitos) (CNRA 2014). The City is currently monitoring and treating approx.35 sites for insects (CLB DHHS 2013).
• Damage to transportation infrastructure could inhibit or delay emergency response Coastal
Resources
• Deterioration of marine ecosystem health due to pollution from sewer discharges and increased stormwater runoff (CNRA 2014)
• Beach inundation and erosion will increase from SLR and storm surge (AOP 2015; CNRA 2014)
• Inundation and loss of access to marinas from SLR and storm surge (CDBW 2010) • Portions of breakwaters could be compromised and overtopped during storms with SLR, leading to transmission of waves into harbor and damage to infrastructure (AOP 2015; POLB 2016)
• Damage to THUMS Oil Islands during coastal storms possible, especially with SLR (AOP 2015)
Section 3. Summary of Potential Local
Impacts by Sector
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Sector Potential Local Climate Change Impacts
• Marine ecosystems and marine economic sectors may be disrupted by ocean acidification (CNRA 2014)
Transportation • Damage to coastal roads, railways, bridges due to SLR, storm surge, and erosion (CDOT 2013; CNRA 2014)
• Damage to Port infrastructure and disruption of operations due to SLR and storm surge (POLB 2016)
• Airport runways may be damaged, operations disrupted due to flooding and extreme heat (CDOT 2013).
•
Damage to roads, highways, and rail from extreme heat (CDOT 2013; CNRA 2014) Energy • Increased peak electricity demand due to extreme heat (CNRA 2014) • Reduced electricity supply due to reduced hydropower output and reduced transmission line and power plant efficiency (CNRA 2014)
• Damage to coastal energy infrastructure from SLR and storm surge (CEC 2012) •
Increased risk of power outages due to increased extreme heat and wildfires (CNRA 2014) Water Supply • Reduced imported water supply due to reduced snowpack and drier conditions in the Sierra and Colorado watersheds (CNRA 2014; Pagan et al. 2015)
• Increased risks to groundwater aquifers due to SLR and increased salinity intrusion (CNRA 2014)
• Increased water demand due to higher temperatures (Pagan et al. 2015) • Increase in intense precipitation events may reduce groundwater recharge (Pagan et al. 2015)
• Damage to potable water infrastructure possible in a flood event (CDPH 2012) Stormwater/
Wastewater
Infrastructure
• SLR + storm event may overwhelm stormwater infrastructure causing flooding (Heberger et al. 2009)
• Damage to wastewater infrastructure and sewage backup and overflow in flooding event (CDPH 2012)
Housing &
Neighborhoods
• Higher temperatures exacerbated by urban heat island in neighborhoods without greening (CDPH 2012), which include Central, West and North Long Beach (green space per 1,000 varies by zip code from 0.26 to 19.21) (CLB DHHS 2013)
• Disruptions to the transportation system could impact neighborhood connectivity including access to jobs, goods, services, and healthcare.
• Southeastern neighborhoods are vulnerable to flooding due to SLR and storm surge (AOP 2015)
• Communities in west-central and northern Long Beach are disproportionately more vulnerable to risk associated with pollution and climate change (AOP 2015) • Increased risk of displacement and loss of home due to a flood event related to SLR, storm surge, or precipitation based flooding (CDPH 2012)
• Permanent property loss possible due to SLR where inundation and erosion occurs (CNRA 2014)
•
Biodiversity/
Habitat
• Increase in nonnative invasive species (CNRA 2014)
• Increase in mismatches of timing of migration, breeding, pollination, and other ecological processes and interactions (Kadir et al. 2013)
• Increases in tropical pathogens, parasites, and diseases due to higher temperatures (CNRA 2014)
• Loss of wetland habitat due to SLR (CNRA 2014). The Los Cerritos wetlands are particularly vulnerable given surrounding urban development (Cope 2015).
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This review has summarized the most relevant literature on the historical climate events, trends, and future projections for primary and secondary climate stressors in Long Beach. This information is intended to inform decisions on the projections that the City uses in the exposure analysis in the next phase of the vulnerability assessment. Sea level rise, extreme heat, and precipitation are the primary climate stressors considered in this memo. Long Beach is projected to experience 11.2 ± 3.5 inches of sea level rise by mid-century and 36.7 ± 9.8 inches by end-of-century (NRC 2012). Higher sea level rise is possible: up to 24 inches by mid-century and up to 66 inches by end-of-century (NRC 2012).The City’s risk tolerance, consistency with other studies, and critical asset lifespans should be taken into account in the selection of sea level rise projections for the exposure analysis. For extreme heat, projections show that the number of extreme heat days in Long Beach will increase from historical levels of approximately four days per year to 11-16 days by mid-century and 11-37 days by end-of century (Sun et al. 2015). There is less agreement in climate models on precipitation projections. Some studies show a drying trend in Southern California (Berg et al. 2015) while others show an increase in annual average precipitation for Long Beach (Pagan et al. 2015). Most models show that there will likely be fewer rainy days per year, but precipitation events will become more intense (CEC 2012; Pagan et al. 2015).
Drought and air quality are the secondary climate stressors considered in this review. Droughts are likely to be more frequent in the future (CEC 2012; Pierce et al. 2011). In addition, higher temperatures will lead to drier soils and vegetation and higher water demand (Pagan et al 2015). The mountains that supply water to Long Beach are projected to have reduced snowpack and increased intensity of runoff (CEC 2012; Pagan et al 2015). Air quality will be affected by a changing climate, particularly higher temperatures and increased wildfire which result in a “climate penalty,” making it more challenging to meet air quality standards compared to current climate conditions.
The impacts summary table demonstrates the range of potential impacts for Long Beach based on existing studies. The vulnerability assessment will seek to provide more detail on these impacts, in particular for critical assets, which will be identified in the subsequent asset inventory phase.
Section 4. Conclusions and Next Steps
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Swart, eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 570 pp.
Kadir, T., L. Mazur, C. Milanes. and K. Randles. 2013. Indicators of Climate Change in California. State of California. Available at
http://oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/epic/pdf/climatechangeindicatorsreport2013.pdf.
Kleeman, M. J., S. Chen, and R. A. Harley. 2010. Climate Change Impact on Air Quality in California. Report to the California Air Resources Board. Sacramento, California.
KPCC 2015. “SoCal Edison says mismanagement led to Long Beach outages.” Livenh, Ben, T. Bohn, D. Pierce, F. Munoz-Arriola, B. Nijssen, R. Vose, D. Cayan, L. Brekke. “A spatially comprehensive hydrometerological data set for Mexico and the U.S., and Southern Canada 1950- 2013. Accessed via Cal-Adapt.
Loyola Marymount University (LMU) 2015. Tree Canopy Assessment: Los Angeles Coastal Zone.
Available at: http://cures.lmu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Tree-Canopy-Report-Los-Angeles.pdf Madsen, Travis, and N. Wilson. 2012. Environment America Research & Policy Center, Frontier Group.
When It Rains, It Pours: Global Warming and the Increase in Extreme Precipitation from 1948 to 2011.
Meijgaard, Jerosen, J. Fielding, R. Shimkhada, P. Vadillo. Air Pollution and Community Health in Central Long Beach. Available at: http://www.health-forecasting.org/images/pdf/LB_Brief_2012_1005.pdf Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWDSC). 2010. Metropolitan Water District of Southern California’s Regional Urban Water Management Plan.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2017. Mean Sea Level Trend, 9410660 Los Angeles, California. Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?stnid=9410660 National Research Council (NRC). 2012. Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future. Prepared by the Committee on Sea Level Rise in California, Oregon, and Washington and the National Research Council Board on Earth Sciences and Resources and Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies.
Nazaroff, William. 2013. Exploring the consequences of climate change for indoor air quality.
Environmental Research Letters. 8 (2013) 015022.
Ocean Protection Council. 2018. State of California Sea-Level Rise Guidance 2018 Update.
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Ostro, Bart, L. Roth, R. Green, R. Basu. 2009. “Estimate the Mortality Effect of the July 2006 California Heat Wave.” A report from the California Climate Change Center. Available at:
http://www.energy.ca.gov/2009publications/CEC-500-2009-036/CEC-500-2009-036-D.PDF Pagan, B., J. Pal, C. Gao, J. Reichenberger, D. Kendall, M. Ashfaq, D. Rastogi, S. Kao, B. Naz, J.
Schubel. 2015. “City of Long Beach Climate Resiliency Assessment Report Appendix A. Drought Report.
Pierce, David., T. Das, D. Cayan, E. Maurer, N. Miller, Y.Bao, M. Kanamitsu, K. Yoshimura, M. Snyder, L.
Sloan, G. Franco, M. Tyree. “Probabilistic estimates of future changes in California temperature and precipitation using statistical dynamical downscaling.” Climate Dynamics.
Pierce, David., D. Cayan, B. Thrasher. 2014. Statistical Downscaling Using localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA). American Meteorological Society.
Port of Long Beach. 2016. Port of Long Beach Climate Adaptation and Coastal Resiliency Plan.
Samenow, Jason. “Los Angeles has worst heat wave in 25 years.” Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2015/10/12/los-angeles-has-worst- heat-wave-in-25-years/?utm_term=.183025e642ad
South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) 2016. Final 2016 Air Quality Management Plan.
Available online at: http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/clean-air-plans/air-quality-management- plans/2016-air-quality-management-plan/final-2016-aqmp/final2016aqmp.pdf?sfvrsn=15 Staff Survey 2017. City of Long Beach Climate Action and Adaptation Plan Department Questionnaire.
Strauss, B. H., Kopp, R. E., Sweet, W. V. and Bittermann, K. Unnatural Coastal Floods: Sea Level Rise and the Human Fingerprint on U.S. Floods Since 1950. Climate Central Research Report, pp. 1-16.
Sun F., Walton DB., Hall A. 2015. A Hybrid Dynamical – Statistical Downscaling Technique, Part II: End- of Century Warning Projections Predict a New Climate State in the Los Angeles Region. Journal of Climate, 28(12): 4618-4636.
United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2000. Sea Level and Climate. USGS Fact Sheet 002-00.
January.
Vahmani, P., F. Sun, A. Hall, G. Ban-Weiss. “Investigating the climate impacts of urbanization and the potential for cool roofs to counter future climate change in Southern California. Environmental Research Letters.
WRCC. 2008. California’s Top 15 Weather Events of the 1900’s. Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC) website, posted September 2008 (accessed 12/16/2015). Available online at:
http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/extreme-events/california/.
WRH. 2010. A History of Significant Weather Events in Southern California, Organized by Weather Type.
NOAA’s Western Region Headquarters (WRH) website, updated February 2010 (accessed 12/16/2015): 199p. Available online at: www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/document/weatherhistory.pdf.
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Zelinsky DA, Pasch RJ. 2015. Hurricane Marie (EP 132014) 22-28 August 2014, National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report. NOAA and National Weather Service (NWS) Report # EP132014 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
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APPENDIX D
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Appendix E
Community
Engagement
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
APPENDIX E
E
In 2017, City of Long Beach staff set out to create
an inclusive, community-centered planning
process that would engage the Long Beach
community broadly, but give particular attention
to those most affected by climate change.
In partnership with other City departments,
including Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and
Marine and the Health and Human Services
Department, staff developed the community
engagement strategy based on an equity
assessment.
The planning process sought to develop
knowledge related to climate impacts and to
collaboratively define priorities and solutions
that would inform the Climate Action and
Adaptation Plan (CAAP) and keep residents safe
and healthy. The City’s community engagement
efforts have reached more than 10,000
community members at nearly 60 events,
including open house events, community
meetings, panel discussions, resource fairs,
cultural fairs, and partnerships with local
schools and universities.
The community engagement efforts are
also a result of collaboration with every City
department and Council District office.
Open House Workshops
Three CAAP open house workshops were
held. At these educational, family-friendly,
and interactive, events, community members
were encouraged to share their feedback and
generate solutions to local climate change
impacts.
At each public workshop, City staff honored the
community’s time and expertise by offering a
sustainability resource fair, refreshments, and
free CAAP-branded giveaways. In addition,
each workshop was hosted at community-
friendly, trusted, and easily accessible locations.
Interpreters and translated materials were
available at each open house event.
Open House #1
On June 2, 2018, at Martin Luther King Jr. Park,
the City hosted the first public workshop for
the CAAP. At the event, staff shared detailed
presentations on the results of the Long Beach
greenhouse gas inventory and vulnerability
assessment. More than 200 attendees were
invited to weigh in on CAAP goals, priorities, and
approaches. In addition, the workshop included:
• A sustainability resource fair attended by
various City departments, public agencies,
and community partners to share wide-
ranging sustainability information and
resources with attendees
• Augmented-reality mobile games
• Garden tours of the Long Beach Peace
Garden
• Free health resources, including dental
screenings and blood pressure readings
Open House #2
On January 26, 2019, at the Michelle Obama
Neighborhood Library, the City hosted the second
public workshop for the CAAP and convened
more than 200 community stakeholders. This
event focused on engaging the community on
potential mitigation measures and adaptation
strategies for consideration in the plan. As
part of the event, a free sustainability resource
fair was hosted in the Learning Garden at the
library. The fair featured sustainability, health,
and community resources from various City
departments.
Open House #3 (LB ClimateFest)
On June 1, 2019, the City hosted LB ClimateFest,
bringing together more than 500 community
members, City departments and community
partners and activating the Marine Stadium
parking lot for the final CAAP workshop.
The event included a student showcase of
environmental science fair projects from
participating Long Beach Unified School District
CAAP COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
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(LBUSD) students, St. Anthony’s High School
students, and participants in the Aquarium of the
Pacific’s youth program. The event featured the
release of the draft plan, a sustainability resource
fair that showcased local student projects, food,
and music. The parking lot was transformed
into a chalk art exhibit on the 2100 sea level rise
prediction and attendees were encouraged to
add to the artwork. The event opened with this
native land acknowledgement:
We begin today by acknowledging that we are holding
our gathering on the land of the Tongva/Gabrieleño
and the Acjachemen /Juaneño Nations who have
lived and continue to live here. We recognize the
Tongva and Acjachemen Nations and their spiritual
connection to the ocean and the land as the first
stewards and the traditional caretakers of this area
we now call Long Beach. As we begin, we thank them
for their strength, perseverance, and resistance.
We also wish to acknowledge the other Indigenous
Peoples who now call Long Beach their home for
their shared struggle to maintain their cultures,
languages, worldviews, and identities in our diverse
city.
Stakeholder Working Groups
Scientific, business, and community working
groups also helped to shape the CAAP
and deliberately sought to incorporate
environmental justice principles. See page E-6
for a list of individuals who participated in these
working groups.
Scientific Working Group
The Scientific Working Group was convened to
validate the project methodology and to provide
feedback and input on local data as well as to
review results and early actions. The Scientific
Working Group included 13 independent experts
from California State University, Long Beach;
Long Beach City College (LBCC); University
of California, Los Angeles; the Aquarium
of the Pacific; the South Coast Air Quality
Management District; and RAND Corporation.
Business Working Group
The Business Working Group was convened to
obtain input on the climate-related concerns
of business owners and companies that do
business and operate in the City and to learn
about the sustainability actions they can take
currently and the future opportunities to reduce
carbon emissions. Members were drawn from
approximately 25 businesses representing
the various disciplines of architecture,
engineering, utilities, and sustainability. The
group included firms large and small, global
and local, and engaged in consultation with
business association leaders and the Chamber
of Commerce. In addition to the efforts of the
Business Working Group, City staff also engaged
the business community in partnership with
business associations and through the Office of
Sustainability’s Green Business Program.
Community Working Group
The Community Working Group was convened
to provide input on the public engagement
approach and climate-related concerns and
actions. The group included more than 20
representatives from local community-based
organizations.
Panel Events
The City also hosted panel events on sea level
rise and flooding, and extreme heat. Both events
were recorded by the City’s LBTV team and have
been available for viewing on the City’s YouTube
channel:
Sea Level Rise Panel
On January 14, 2019, at Best Western Golden
Sails, the City hosted a panel discussion titled
“Sea Level Rise in Long Beach and What Residents
Can Do to Prepare.” The panel featured Jerry
Schubel, CEO and President of the Aquarium
of the Pacific, and Jeff Jeannette, Owner/
Architect of Jeannette Architects. More than 400
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CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
APPENDIX E
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people attended the presentations and panel
discussion, which covered sea level rise and the
local projections for Long Beach, strategies for
adapting homes to sea level rise and flooding,
and the City’s efforts to develop a CAAP.
Extreme Heat Panel
On March 30, 2019, at Silverado Park in West
Long Beach, the City hosted a panel discussion —
“Extreme Heat: Staying Safe and Solving Climate
Change in Long Beach”— in collaboration with
the Long Beach Health and Human Services
Department, the Long Beach Fire Department,
and the Long Beach Gray Panthers. The event
featured information on how extreme heat
from climate change causes power outages,
heat stroke and heat exhaustion, and missed
work/school. It also featured stories from older
adults who were living in the city during the
2015 downtown power outages (likely a result
from extreme heat), and talks on how residents
can prepare for both extreme heat and extreme
weather events.
Community Partnerships And
Multilingual Outreach
Partnering with local neighborhood associations,
faith-based groups, and community-based
organizations, staff participated in more than 60
community meetings across the city.
There was a concerted effort to engage directly
with Long Beach residents and community
members at places where they already gather.
For example, to “meet people where they are,”
staff coordinated presentations, small group
discussions, and in-person interactions at:
• Community events (e.g., health and
sustainability resource fairs)
• Council District meetings
• Cultural festivals (e.g., the Cambodian New
Year Festival)
• Faith-based groups
• Local farmers’ markets
• Neighborhood, civic, and parent associations
• Senior centers
• Youth programs
City staff considered the cultural
appropriateness of all engagement activities
and outreach materials and adapted them for a
multilingual audience.
In June 2019, City staff were invited as featured
speakers to the monthly meeting of Latinos in
Action. As part of the meeting, City staff gave
presentations on the CAAP and facilitated
activities that would lead to developing solutions
locally. The meeting was entirely in Spanish,
with Spanish to English translators. City staff
and the Latinos in Action team collaborated on
the agenda, which included activities to solicit
community feedback on the CAAP, a game
of Lotería (similar to bingo), and an extended
question and answer portion on the CAAP, the
broader planning process, and how the CAAP
connects to other city plans. Dinner, raffles, and
free giveaways were also provided.
Early in the outreach process, City staff also
met with staff from the United Cambodian
Community to identify culturally appropriate
activities to further strengthen relationships
between the City and the local Cambodian
community. These activities included
participating in the annual Cambodian New
Year Festival and health and resource fairs in
Cambodia Town, and conducting presentations
for the organization’s members.
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Youth And Emerging Leaders
Recognizing that climate change will impact
young people most, now and into the future,
the City partnered with local educational
institutions and youth programs across Long
Beach to engage youth and emerging leaders
in developing the CAAP. Partnerships have
included:
CSULB Climathon
The City participated in the Climathon Challenge
at California State University, Long Beach
(CSULB). In 2018, the Climathon Challenge
focused on solutions to create sustainable
housing, specifically solutions that will help
meet the objectives set forth in the City’s CAAP.
As part of the challenge, City staff provided
detailed presentations on the CAAP and a broad
overview of sustainable housing across the city.
In 2019, the Climathon Challenge focused on
creating sustainable solutions to food insecurity,
food waste, and food sourcing, and the City
participated by sharing a broad overview of the
C A A P.
Long Beach City College
On Earth Day 2019, City staff gave a presentation
on the CAAP to the Long Beach City College –
Environmental Movement Action Club. Long
Beach City College has also been involved at
resource booths at CAAP events, providing
information on the numerous emerging water-
saving and recycling efforts by the college’s
facilities and maintenance departments at both
LBCC campuses in the city.
LBUSD Science and Engineering Fair
In May 2019, City staff participated in LBUSD’s
annual Science and Engineering Fair both as
project reviewers for sustainability innovation
projects and as event exhibitors sharing
information on climate impacts to Long Beach.
The sustainability innovation projects from the
Science and Engineering Fair were featured as
part of the student showcase at LB ClimateFest,
which was held on June 1, 2019.
St. Anthony’s High School – AP
Environmental Science Class
Over the spring 2019 semester, City staff
collaborated with the AP Environmental Science
class at St. Anthony’s High School on semester-
long projects. Project prompts included:
• Create a video based on local science that
shows how climate change has impacted
your community (e.g., extreme heat, air
quality, flooding, power outages, and green
jobs).
• Develop, conduct, and present a campaign to
engage the local community with solutions
according to the vulnerability assessment
and climate stressors.
• Develop, present, and lead a half-day
summit for local middle school and high
school students on topics related to the
C A A P.
• Create a marketing campaign through social
media, mass emails, and newsletters for
citywide distribution.
Final projects were showcased at LB ClimateFest
on June 1, 2019.
Public Health Week Career Paths
As part of National Public Health Week in April
2019, the City partnered with the Health and
Human Services Department to engage high
school students in public health career paths.
As part of the event, 230 health and medical
path students from Beach, McBride, Long
Beach Polytechnic, and Jordan high schools
and the Linked Learning Program were invited
to the Health Department were invited to
participate in interactive stations focusing
on emergency management, environmental
health, clinical health, and the CAAP.
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Youth Leadership Long Beach
In 2019 and 2020, the City partnered with
Leadership Long Beach’s Youth Institute, an
environmentally focused community leadership
program for high school students to host a
day-long field trip to City Hall with a focus on
“Government, Public Service, and Sustaining our
City.” In both years, City staff participated in the
career forum; shared information on career paths
to working in the fields of sustainability, urban
planning, and related fields; gave presentations
on the CAAP, including interactive activities
to provide feedback on CAAP mitigation and
adaptation strategies; and took part in a mock
City Council debate on micromobility options in
the city (i.e., electric scooters).
Aquarium of the Pacific –
Teen Science Café
In April 2019, City staff partnered with youth
volunteers from the Aquarium of the Pacific to
share more information about the CAAP and to
host a community conversation on how youth
leaders have experienced climate change in their
community, what climate action in Long Beach
looks like to them and what the City should do
to address climate change impacts. Participants
included youth and emerging leaders both in
middle school and high school.
USC Capstone in Public Administration
In 2020, students in the University of
Southern California’s (USC’s) Master’s in Public
Administration program completed their
capstone project on the topic of cooling centers
as an adaptation action of the CAAP. Students
assessed the network of cooling centers in
Long Beach and developed a survey that could
be used to assess residents’ familiarity and
experience with and access to cooling centers.
ArtCenter College of Design Pasadena
In 2019, the City participated in an ArtCenter
DesignStorm on Sea Level Rise in Long Beach
coordinated by the Aquarium of the Pacific, The
Nature Conservancy, and the U.S. Geological
Survey. Over three days, student teams created
adaptation design models for sea level rise
in Long Beach, including design models for
amphibious housing, living seawalls, a sea-
based park, and aquaculture. In 2020, the City
was a knowledge partner for an ArtCenter Image
+ Idea course, where students created posters,
animations, comics, and other materials to
communicate issues related to climate change
in Long Beach.
Broader Citywide Engagement
Throughout the engagement process, City
staff conducted presentations at City Council
study sessions and various City commission
meetings, including meetings of the Planning
Commission, the Sustainable City Commission,
the Environmental Committee of the City
Council, and the Board of Water Commissioners.
In February 2020, City staff also presented to
the California Coastal Commission, a highlight of
the extensive and inclusive outreach completed
to date.
Marketing And Online
Engagement
Print and digital engagement included:
• Project website: longbeach.gov/caaplb
• Social media hashtags: #CAAPLB and
#ClimateActionLB
• 5x7 Counter cards (translated into Spanish,
Khmer, and Tagalog)
• E-newsletters
• Animated CAAP videos
• Billboard and print/digital newspaper ads
E-5
APPENDIX E
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E
• Brochures and infographics/fact sheets
(translated into Spanish, Khmer, and Tagalog)
• Tchotchke/promotion items – tote bags,
metal straws, and CAAP caps
Following is a list of individuals who
participated in the various working groups:
Scientific Working Group
• Dr. George Ban-Weiss, Professor of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, USC
• Dr. Suzanne Dallman, Professor of
Geography, CSULB
• Katharine Davis-Reich, Associate
• Director, UCLA Institute of the Environment
and Sustainability
• Dr. David Eisenman, Professor of Medicine
and Public Health, UCLA; LA County Public
Health Department
• Scott Epstein, Program Supervisor, SCAQMD
• Dr. Timu Gallien, Professor of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, UCLA
• Kim Hatch, Professor of Geography and
Environmental Science, LBCC
• Aaron Klemm, Chief of Energy, Sustainability
and Transportation, CSU Chancellor’s Office
• Dr. Lily House-Peters, Professor of
Geography, CSULB
• Dr. Rob Lempert, Principal Researcher,
RAND
• Dr. Jerry Schubel, President and CEO,
Aquarium of the Pacific
• Dr. Dean Toji, Professor of Asian and Asian
American Studies, CSULB
• Dr. Christine Witcraft, Professor of Biological
Sciences, CSULB
Business Working Group
• Tom Bowman, Bowman Change
• Ann Carpenter, Braid Theory
• Alan Burks, Environ
• Norm Cauntay, Edward Jones
• Megan Christensen, Bryson Financial
• Tiffany Davy, Fourth Street Business
• Improvement District
• James Delmonaco, P2S Engineering
• April Economides, April Economides
Consulting
• Julia Emerson, Sempra Utilities
• Michelle Engelman Berns, Long Beach
Grocery Coop
• Ignacio M. Fernandez, Southern California
Edison
• Mark Graham, Metropolitan Water District
• Gina Goodhill, Tesla
• Stephen Groner, SGA Marketing
• Sean Gunning, SLS Engineers
• Sara Hickman, Retail Design Collaborative
and Studio 111
• Dean Hill, Boeing Facilities
• Agata Hinc, 3COTECH
• Shannon Heffernan, Studio 111
• Aaron Holloway, Moffatt + Nicholl
• Lily House-Peters, CSULB
• Tasha Hunter, Uptown Business
Improvement District
• Kat Janowicz, 3COTECH
• John Lee, Southern California Edison
• Dr. Jennifer Lentz, Aquarium of the Pacific
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CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
APPENDIX E
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• Jonathan Lo, Virgin Orbit
• Wade Martin, CSULB
• Willetta McCulloh, Environ Architecture
• Ruth Meghiddo, Farm Urbana
• Austin Metoyer, Downtown Long Beach
Alliance
• Jan Miller, Long Beach Convention and
Visitors Bureau
• Judy Nelson, Long Beach Chamber of
Commerce
• Monorom Neth, Midtown Property and
Business Owners Association
• Faviola Ochoa, Southern California Gas
• Jennifer Pezda, Southern California Gas
Company
• Alan Pullman, Studio 111
• Greg Robinson, Virgin Orbit
• John Rouse, Aquarium of the Pacific
• Clay Sandidge, Muni-Fed Energy, INC
• Sinara Sagn, United Cambodian Community
of Long Beach
• Ryan Serrano, Earth Steward Ecology
• Shruti Shankar, Studio 111
• Marcia Tolentino
• Joshua Torres, Southern California Edison
• Brian Ulaszewski, City Fabrick
• Stella Ursua, Green Education Inc.
• Morgan Wheeler, Long Beach Convention
and Visitors Bureau
• Lisa West, Councilwoman Suzie Price
• Paul Wingco, CSULB
• Susan Wise, Susan Wise Law
• Jerard Wright, BizFed
• Adeline Yoong, Southern California Edison
Community Working Group
• Lauren Ahkiam, LAANE, Don’t Waste Long
Beach
• Laurie Angel, Jane Addams Neighborhood
Association
• Whitney Amaya, East Yard Communities for
Environmental Justice
• Holland Brown, Alamitos Heights
Improvement Association and Ground
Education
• Anna Christensen, Long Beach Area Peace
Network
• Patricia Chen, Unitarian Universalist Church
of Long Beach
• Kirsten Cox, Long Beach Progressive
Revolution
• Tiffany Davy, Long Beach Alliance for Clean
Energy
• Karl Eggers, Walk Bike Long Beach
• Phil Geison, Long Beach Area Peace Network
• Joan Greenwood, Wrigley Area
Neighborhood Alliance
• Elizabeth Lambe, Los Cerritos Wetlands
Land Trust
• Dr. Robert Kalayjian, Citizens’ Climate Lobby
• Pedora Keo, California Nurses Association
• Nelson Kerr, Long Beach Health Department
• John Kindred, Long Beach Environmental
Alliance/Long Beach Gray Panthers
• Christa Indriolo, California Nurses
Association
• Robert Nothoff, Don’t Waste Long Beach
• Sokha Ny, Long Beach Environmental
Alliance, LB 350, LB Gray Panthers
• Karen Reside, Long Beach Gray Panthers
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APPENDIX E
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• Joel Reynoza, City of Long Beach Department
of Health and Human Services-Homeless
Services
• Alejandro Sanchez-Lopez, City Of Long
Beach
• Victor Sanchez, LAANE
• Kevin Shin, Walk Bike Long Beach
• Dave Shukla, Long Beach Alliance for Clean
Energy
• Bill Sive, Long Beach Gray Panthers
• Alice Stevens, Long Beach 350
• Dinesa Thomas-Whitman, Habitat for
Humanity of Greater Los Angeles
• Taylor Thomas, East Yard Communities for
Environmental Justice
• Elsa Tung, Long Beach Forward
E-8
Appendix F
Additional
Performance Metrics
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
APPENDIX F
F
This appendix details a range of potential performance metrics that may be considered in measuring the progress of CAAP mitigation and adaptation actions. The City is unlikely to track all of these metrics and, through the implementation process, will identify those metrics that best assist in measuring progress towards goals. Benefits associated with mitigation and adaptation actions typically can only be measured over the long term; the following metrics actions attempt to measure more near term, measurable effects. As it relates to mitigation, tracking of the core actions that will be quantified to achieve the City’s GHG reduction target is detailed in Appendix A. Mitigation and adaptation metrics will be revised based on data availability, streamlining with data already collected by City departments, and their utility in assessing programs, co-benefits, GHG reductions, etc.
ADAPTATION ACTIONS - POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE METRICS
F-1
AQ‐01:ƢIncentivizebinstallationbofb
photocatalyticbtiles
# pilot photo catalytic roofsprojects and associated
reduction in NOxbandbozone
AQ‐02:ƢEncourageburbanbagricultureb
practicesbthatbreducebairbquality
bb
#bmeasuresbadoptedbthatbencourageburbanbagricultureb
practices
Electricity,bnaturalbgas,bandbwaterbuseb
%belectricbvehiclesbandbgroundbsupportbequipmentb
electried
%bdiversionbofbwastebfrombdisposal
# of incentives utilized from SCAQMD Commercial
Electric Lawn andbGardenbIncentivebandbExchangeb
Programb
City‐ownedbsmallbemitterbequipmentbtransitionedbtob
electric
AQ‐05:
WorkbwithbLBUSDbtobsupportb
schoolbbusbelectricationb
# ofdiesel buses switched to electricpower and
associated reductionbinbairbpollutants
#bofbzerobemissionsbheavy‐dutybdrayagebtrucks
%bofbshipsbutilizingbshorebpower
%bofbzeroborbreducedbemissionbcargobequipmentbbb
%bofbshipsbparticipatingbinbVesselbSpeedbReductionb
Program
ParticipationbbybshipsbthatbqualifybforbGreenbShipb
Incentives
AQ‐07:ƢIncreasebmonitoringbandb
regulation bofboilbextractionband
rening process b
#bairbqualitybmonitorsbinstalled
AQ‐04:ƢElectrifyblocal,bsmallbemittersb
such basblawnbandbgarden
equipment, outdoor bpowerb
equipment, bandbothersbb
AQ‐06:ƢImplementbthebSanbPedrobBayb
PortsbCleanbAirbActionbPlan
ADAPTATION ACTIONS
CLIMATE STRESSOR KEY PERFORMANCE METRICS
ExtremecHeat Number of hospitalizations for heat-related sickness during extremebheatbeventsb
AircQuality Measurebofblocalbairbpollutantsb
Drought Numberbofbgallonsbofbwaterbusedbperbpersonbperbday Usagebofbrecycledbwaterbandbgreywaterb
Flooding Critical infrastructure retrotted or relocated to protect from oodingb
ACTION POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE METRICS
EXTREME HEAT
EH-01:Ƣ Increasebpresencebofbcoolbroofsb
and bcoolbwalls
Regulatorybchangebtobrequirebcoolbroofsbandbcoolbwalls
Updated City standards plant to use reective materials for streets andbsurfaces
#blanebmilesbofbpavementbtreatedbwithb“coolbpavement"b
bybthebCity
#bofbtreesbexistingbandbplantedb
%btreebcanopybcoverage
# of trees existing/planted and% tree canopy cover age
in neighborhoods vulnerable to extreme heat and
lowest tree canopy coverage
EH‐04:bInstallbadditionalbwaterb
fountains bandbotherbactionsbto
increaseb publicbaccessbtobwaterbb
Number of drinking fountains and water rell stations
existing and installedbtotalbandbinbextremebheatb
vulnerabilitybzones
Assessmentbofbgridbvulnerabilitiesb
Actions developed to prevent future power outages
related to extremebheat
# of publicly accessible cooling centers in the City and within extremebheatbvulnerabilitybzones
Accessibility measures including hours of operation and proximity tobtransit
Visitorbcountbtobcoolingbcentersbduringbextremebheatb
eventsb
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbshadebstructures
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbseating
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbreal‐timebarrivalbinformation
Number of newtransit options (routes, services, passes, etc.) created to improve beach and coastal transit access during extreme heatbevents
#bridersborbenrolleesbinbnewbtransitboptions
EH‐07:
ƢProvidebbusbshelterbamenitiesb
EH‐06:ƢEnhancebandbexpandb
accessibilitybofbcoolingbcenters
EH‐08:ƢImprovebbeachbandbcoastalb
transitbaccessbduring bextreme
heatbeventsbb
EH‐05:ƢIdentifybfuturebvulnerabilityb
potential bforbpowerboutagesb
relatedbto extremebheatbandb
develop bplansbtobpreventbsuchb
outagesb
EH‐02:ƢIncreasebpresencebofbreectiveb
streets,bsurfaces,bandbshadeb
canopies
EH‐03:ƢEnhancebandbexpandburbanb
forestbcover
AIR QUALITY
AQ‐03:ƢSupportbthebdevelopmentbofb
thebLongbBeachbAirportb
Sustainability Plan
AQ‐01:ƢIncentivizebinstallationbofb
photocatalyticbtiles
# pilot photo catalytic roofsprojects and associated
reduction in NOxbandbozone
AQ‐02:ƢEncourageburbanbagricultureb
practicesbthatbreducebairbquality
bb
#bmeasuresbadoptedbthatbencourageburbanbagricultureb
practices
Electricity,bnaturalbgas,bandbwaterbuseb
%belectricbvehiclesbandbgroundbsupportbequipmentb
electried
%bdiversionbofbwastebfrombdisposal
# of incentives utilized from SCAQMD Commercial
Electric Lawn andbGardenbIncentivebandbExchangeb
Programb
City‐ownedbsmallbemitterbequipmentbtransitionedbtob
electric
AQ‐05:
WorkbwithbLBUSDbtobsupportb
schoolbbusbelectricationb
# ofdiesel buses switched to electricpower and
associated reductionbinbairbpollutants
#bofbzerobemissionsbheavy‐dutybdrayagebtrucks
%bofbshipsbutilizingbshorebpower
%bofbzeroborbreducedbemissionbcargobequipmentbbb
%bofbshipsbparticipatingbinbVesselbSpeedbReductionb
Program
ParticipationbbybshipsbthatbqualifybforbGreenbShipb
Incentives
AQ‐07:ƢIncreasebmonitoringbandb
regulation bofboilbextractionband
rening process b
#bairbqualitybmonitorsbinstalled
AQ‐04:ƢElectrifyblocal,bsmallbemittersb
such basblawnbandbgarden
equipment, outdoor bpowerb
equipment, bandbothersbb
AQ‐06:ƢImplementbthebSanbPedrobBayb
PortsbCleanbAirbActionbPlan
ADAPTATION ACTIONS
CLIMATE STRESSOR KEY PERFORMANCE METRICS
ExtremecHeat Number of hospitalizations for heat-related sickness during extremebheatbeventsb
AircQuality Measurebofblocalbairbpollutantsb
Drought Numberbofbgallonsbofbwaterbusedbperbpersonbperbday Usagebofbrecycledbwaterbandbgreywaterb
Flooding Critical infrastructure retrotted or relocated to protect from oodingb
ACTION POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE METRICS
EXTREME HEAT
EH-01:Ƣ Increasebpresencebofbcoolbroofsb
and bcoolbwalls
Regulatorybchangebtobrequirebcoolbroofsbandbcoolbwalls
Updated City standards plant to use reective materials for streets andbsurfaces
#blanebmilesbofbpavementbtreatedbwithb“coolbpavement"b
bybthebCity
#bofbtreesbexistingbandbplantedb
%btreebcanopybcoverage
# of trees existing/planted and% tree canopy cover age
in neighborhoods vulnerable to extreme heat and
lowest tree canopy coverage
EH‐04:bInstallbadditionalbwaterb
fountains bandbotherbactionsbto
increaseb publicbaccessbtobwaterbb
Number of drinking fountains and water rell stations
existing and installedbtotalbandbinbextremebheatb
vulnerabilitybzones
Assessmentbofbgridbvulnerabilitiesb
Actions developed to prevent future power outages
related to extremebheat
# of publicly accessible cooling centers in the City and within extremebheatbvulnerabilitybzones
Accessibility measures including hours of operation and proximity tobtransit
Visitorbcountbtobcoolingbcentersbduringbextremebheatb
eventsb
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbshadebstructures
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbseating
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbreal‐timebarrivalbinformation
Number of newtransit options (routes, services, passes, etc.) created to improve beach and coastal transit access during extreme heatbevents
#bridersborbenrolleesbinbnewbtransitboptions
EH‐07:
ƢProvidebbusbshelterbamenitiesb
EH‐06:ƢEnhancebandbexpandb
accessibilitybofbcoolingbcenters
EH‐08:ƢImprovebbeachbandbcoastalb
transitbaccessbduring bextreme
heatbeventsbb
EH‐05:ƢIdentifybfuturebvulnerabilityb
potential bforbpowerboutagesb
relatedbto extremebheatbandb
develop bplansbtobpreventbsuchb
outagesb
EH‐02:ƢIncreasebpresencebofbreectiveb
streets,bsurfaces,bandbshadeb
canopies
EH‐03:ƢEnhancebandbexpandburbanb
forestbcover
AIR QUALITY
AQ‐03:ƢSupportbthebdevelopmentbofb
thebLongbBeachbAirportb
Sustainability Plan
APPENDIX F
APPENDIX F
F
F-2
AQ‐01:ƢIncentivizebinstallationbofb
photocatalyticbtiles
# pilot photo catalytic roofsprojects and associated
reduction in NOxbandbozone
AQ‐02:ƢEncourageburbanbagricultureb
practicesbthatbreducebairbquality
bb
#bmeasuresbadoptedbthatbencourageburbanbagricultureb
practices
Electricity,bnaturalbgas,bandbwaterbuseb
%belectricbvehiclesbandbgroundbsupportbequipmentb
electried
%bdiversionbofbwastebfrombdisposal
# of incentives utilized from SCAQMD Commercial
Electric Lawn andbGardenbIncentivebandbExchangeb
Programb
City‐ownedbsmallbemitterbequipmentbtransitionedbtob
electric
AQ‐05:
WorkbwithbLBUSDbtobsupportb
schoolbbusbelectricationb
# ofdiesel buses switched to electricpower and
associated reductionbinbairbpollutants
#bofbzerobemissionsbheavy‐dutybdrayagebtrucks
%bofbshipsbutilizingbshorebpower
%bofbzeroborbreducedbemissionbcargobequipmentbbb
%bofbshipsbparticipatingbinbVesselbSpeedbReductionb
Program
ParticipationbbybshipsbthatbqualifybforbGreenbShipb
Incentives
AQ‐07:ƢIncreasebmonitoringbandb
regulation bofboilbextractionband
rening process b
#bairbqualitybmonitorsbinstalled
AQ‐04:ƢElectrifyblocal,bsmallbemittersb
such basblawnbandbgarden
equipment, outdoor bpowerb
equipment, bandbothersbb
AQ‐06:ƢImplementbthebSanbPedrobBayb
PortsbCleanbAirbActionbPlan
ADAPTATION ACTIONS
CLIMATE STRESSOR KEY PERFORMANCE METRICS
ExtremecHeat Number of hospitalizations for heat-related sickness during extremebheatbeventsb
AircQuality Measurebofblocalbairbpollutantsb
Drought Numberbofbgallonsbofbwaterbusedbperbpersonbperbday Usagebofbrecycledbwaterbandbgreywaterb
Flooding Critical infrastructure retrotted or relocated to protect from oodingb
ACTION POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE METRICS
EXTREME HEAT
EH-01:Ƣ Increasebpresencebofbcoolbroofsb
and bcoolbwalls
Regulatorybchangebtobrequirebcoolbroofsbandbcoolbwalls
Updated City standards plant to use reective materials for streets andbsurfaces
#blanebmilesbofbpavementbtreatedbwithb“coolbpavement"b
bybthebCity
#bofbtreesbexistingbandbplantedb
%btreebcanopybcoverage
# of trees existing/planted and% tree canopy cover age
in neighborhoods vulnerable to extreme heat and
lowest tree canopy coverage
EH‐04:bInstallbadditionalbwaterb
fountains bandbotherbactionsbto
increaseb publicbaccessbtobwaterbb
Number of drinking fountains and water rell stations
existing and installedbtotalbandbinbextremebheatb
vulnerabilitybzones
Assessmentbofbgridbvulnerabilitiesb
Actions developed to prevent future power outages
related to extremebheat
# of publicly accessible cooling centers in the City and within extremebheatbvulnerabilitybzones
Accessibility measures including hours of operation and proximity tobtransit
Visitorbcountbtobcoolingbcentersbduringbextremebheatb
eventsb
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbshadebstructures
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbseating
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbreal‐timebarrivalbinformation
Number of newtransit options (routes, services, passes, etc.) created to improve beach and coastal transit access during extreme heatbevents
#bridersborbenrolleesbinbnewbtransitboptions
EH‐07:
ƢProvidebbusbshelterbamenitiesb
EH‐06:ƢEnhancebandbexpandb
accessibilitybofbcoolingbcenters
EH‐08:ƢImprovebbeachbandbcoastalb
transitbaccessbduring bextreme
heatbeventsbb
EH‐05:ƢIdentifybfuturebvulnerabilityb
potential bforbpowerboutagesb
relatedbto extremebheatbandb
develop bplansbtobpreventbsuchb
outagesb
EH‐02:ƢIncreasebpresencebofbreectiveb
streets,bsurfaces,bandbshadeb
canopies
EH‐03:ƢEnhancebandbexpandburbanb
forestbcover
AIR QUALITY
AQ‐03:ƢSupportbthebdevelopmentbofb
thebLongbBeachbAirportb
Sustainability Plan
AQ‐01:ƢIncentivizebinstallationbofb
photocatalyticbtiles
# pilot photo catalytic roofsprojects and associated
reduction in NOxbandbozone
AQ‐02:ƢEncourageburbanbagricultureb
practicesbthatbreducebairbquality
bb
#bmeasuresbadoptedbthatbencourageburbanbagricultureb
practices
Electricity,bnaturalbgas,bandbwaterbuseb
%belectricbvehiclesbandbgroundbsupportbequipmentb
electried
%bdiversionbofbwastebfrombdisposal
# of incentives utilized from SCAQMD Commercial
Electric Lawn andbGardenbIncentivebandbExchangeb
Programb
City‐ownedbsmallbemitterbequipmentbtransitionedbtob
electric
AQ‐05:
WorkbwithbLBUSDbtobsupportb
schoolbbusbelectricationb
# ofdiesel buses switched to electricpower and
associated reductionbinbairbpollutants
#bofbzerobemissionsbheavy‐dutybdrayagebtrucks
%bofbshipsbutilizingbshorebpower
%bofbzeroborbreducedbemissionbcargobequipmentbbb
%bofbshipsbparticipatingbinbVesselbSpeedbReductionb
Program
ParticipationbbybshipsbthatbqualifybforbGreenbShipb
Incentives
AQ‐07:ƢIncreasebmonitoringbandb
regulation bofboilbextractionband
rening process b
#bairbqualitybmonitorsbinstalled
AQ‐04:ƢElectrifyblocal,bsmallbemittersb
such basblawnbandbgarden
equipment, outdoor bpowerb
equipment, bandbothersbb
AQ‐06:ƢImplementbthebSanbPedrobBayb
PortsbCleanbAirbActionbPlan
ADAPTATION ACTIONS
CLIMATE STRESSOR KEY PERFORMANCE METRICS
ExtremecHeat Number of hospitalizations for heat-related sickness during extremebheatbeventsb
AircQuality Measurebofblocalbairbpollutantsb
Drought Numberbofbgallonsbofbwaterbusedbperbpersonbperbday Usagebofbrecycledbwaterbandbgreywaterb
Flooding Critical infrastructure retrotted or relocated to protect from oodingb
ACTION POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE METRICS
EXTREME HEAT
EH-01:Ƣ Increasebpresencebofbcoolbroofsb
and bcoolbwalls
Regulatorybchangebtobrequirebcoolbroofsbandbcoolbwalls
Updated City standards plant to use reective materials for streets andbsurfaces
#blanebmilesbofbpavementbtreatedbwithb“coolbpavement"b
bybthebCity
#bofbtreesbexistingbandbplantedb
%btreebcanopybcoverage
# of trees existing/planted and% tree canopy cover age
in neighborhoods vulnerable to extreme heat and
lowest tree canopy coverage
EH‐04:bInstallbadditionalbwaterb
fountains bandbotherbactionsbto
increaseb publicbaccessbtobwaterbb
Number of drinking fountains and water rell stations
existing and installedbtotalbandbinbextremebheatb
vulnerabilitybzones
Assessmentbofbgridbvulnerabilitiesb
Actions developed to prevent future power outages
related to extremebheat
# of publicly accessible cooling centers in the City and within extremebheatbvulnerabilitybzones
Accessibility measures including hours of operation and proximity tobtransit
Visitorbcountbtobcoolingbcentersbduringbextremebheatb
eventsb
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbshadebstructures
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbseating
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbreal‐timebarrivalbinformation
Number of newtransit options (routes, services, passes, etc.) created to improve beach and coastal transit access during extreme heatbevents
#bridersborbenrolleesbinbnewbtransitboptions
EH‐07:
ƢProvidebbusbshelterbamenitiesb
EH‐06:ƢEnhancebandbexpandb
accessibilitybofbcoolingbcenters
EH‐08:ƢImprovebbeachbandbcoastalb
transitbaccessbduring bextreme
heatbeventsbb
EH‐05:ƢIdentifybfuturebvulnerabilityb
potential bforbpowerboutagesb
relatedbto extremebheatbandb
develop b
plansbtobpreventbsuchb
outagesb
EH‐02:ƢIncreasebpresencebofbreectiveb
streets,bsurfaces,bandbshadeb
canopies
EH‐03:ƢEnhancebandbexpandburbanb
forestbcover
AIR QUALITY
AQ‐03:ƢSupportbthebdevelopmentbofb
the bLongbBeachbAirportb
Sustainability Plan
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
APPENDIX F
F
F-3
Measure of water consumption against State
water efficiency targets
Participation�in�Certied�Blue�Restaurant�
program
Participation�in�Green�Business�program
#�of�individuals�and�businesses�reached
#�of�education�and�outreach�events
Requirements and incentives developed for
new development to expand�the�use�of�
green�infrastructure
#�City�green�infrastructure�and�streets�
projects
Requirements and incentives developed for
new development to expand�the�use�of�
recycled�water
%�use�of�recycled�water�and�grey�water�in�
City �facilities
DRT‐05: Incorporate�increased�rainfall�capture�to�
offset�imported�water
Requirements and incentives developed for
new development to integrate�rainfall�
capture�and�harvest
#�of�rainfall�capture/storage�installations
FLOODING
FLD‐01: Update�the�oodplain�ordinance Established�ordinance FLD‐02: Incorporate�sea�level�rise�language�into�
citywide �plans,�policies,�and regulations�
Strategies, policies, and regulations updated
or developed to incorporate�sea�level�rise�
language
Established�ood�impacts�monitoring�
program
#�of�annual�crowdsourced�documentations
FLD‐04: Incorporate�adaptation�into�City�lease�
negotiations
Updated�leasing�guidelines�to�incorporate�
adaptation
FLD‐05: Update�the�City’s�existing�Stormwater�
Management�Plan
Updates�to�Stormwater�Management�Plan
FLD‐06: Conduct�citywide�beach�stabilization�study Completed�study FLD‐07: Review�and�conduct�studies�of�combined�
riverine/coastal�ooding and �increased�
precipitation�impacts�on�watershed�
ooding�
Completed�studies
FLD‐08: Enhance�dunes #��of Dunes�enhanced
Inventory of sewer pumpstations prioritized
by highest vulnerability
#�of�retrotted�sewer�pump�stations
# of Facilities/infrastructure�identied�for�
retrot/relocation�
# of Facilities/infrastructure�retrotted/
relocated�
# of Facilities�with�continuity�plan�to�
maintain�operations
FLD‐11: Elevate�riverine�levees Prioritized�levees�and�adaptation�strategies FLD‐10: Relocate/Elevate�critical�infrastructure
DRT‐03: Expand�usage�of�green�infrastructure�
and �green�streets
DRT‐04: Expand�usage�of�recycled�water�and�
grey�water�for�non‐potable�use
DRT‐01: Continue�development�and�
implementation�of�water�use�efficiency
programs�and�implement�additional �
water�conservation�programs�
DRT‐02: Enhance�outreach�and�education�related�
to�water�conservation
FLD‐03: Establish�a�ood�impacts�monitoring�
program
FLD‐09: Inventory�and�ood‐proof�vulnerable�
sewer�pump �stations
DROUGHT
Measure of water consumption against State
water efficiency targets
Participation�in�Certied�Blue�Restaurant�
program
Participation�in�Green�Business�program
#�of�individuals�and�businesses�reached
#�of�education�and�outreach�events
Requirements and incentives developed for
new development to expand�the�use�of�
green�infrastructure
#�City�green�infrastructure�and�streets�
projects
Requirements and incentives developed for
new development to expand�the�use�of�
recycled�water
%�use�of�recycled�water�and�grey�water�in�
City �facilities
DRT‐05: Incorporate�increased�rainfall�capture�to�
offset�imported�water
Requirements and incentives developed for
new development to integrate�rainfall�
capture�and�harvest
#�of�rainfall�capture/storage�installations
FLOODING
FLD‐01: Update�the�oodplain�ordinance Established�ordinance FLD‐02: Incorporate�sea�level�rise�language�into�
citywide �plans,�policies,�and regulations�
Strategies, policies, and regulations updated
or developed to incorporate�sea�level�rise�
language
Established�ood�impacts�monitoring�
program
#�of�annual�crowdsourced�documentations
FLD‐04: Incorporate�adaptation�into�City�lease�
negotiations
Updated�leasing�guidelines�to�incorporate�
adaptation
FLD‐05: Update�the�City’s�existing�Stormwater�
Management�Plan
Updates�to�Stormwater�Management�Plan
FLD‐06: Conduct�citywide�beach�stabilization�study Completed�study FLD‐07: Review�and�conduct�studies�of�combined�
riverine/coastal�ooding and �increased�
precipitation�impacts�on�watershed�
ooding�
Completed�studies
FLD‐08: Enhance�dunes #��of Dunes�enhanced
Inventory of sewer pumpstations prioritized
by highest vulnerability
#�of�retrotted�sewer�pump�stations
# of Facilities/infrastructure�identied�for�
retrot/relocation�
# of Facilities/infrastructure�retrotted/
relocated�
# of Facilities�with�continuity�plan�to�
maintain�operations
FLD‐11: Elevate�riverine�levees Prioritized�levees�and�adaptation�strategies FLD‐10: Relocate/Elevate�critical�infrastructure
DRT‐03: Expand�usage�of�green�infrastructure�
and �green�streets
DRT‐04: Expand�usage�of�recycled�water�and�
grey�water�for�non‐potable�use
DRT‐01: Continue�development�and�
implementation�of�water�use�efficiency
programs�and�implement�additional �
water�conservation�programs�
DRT‐02: Enhance�outreach�and�education�related�
to�water�conservation
FLD‐03: Establish�a�ood�impacts�monitoring�
program
FLD‐09: Inventory�and�ood‐proof�vulnerable�
sewer�pump �stations
DROUGHT
APPENDIX F
APPENDIX F
F
F-4
Measure of water consumption against State
water efficiency targets
Participation�in�Certied�Blue�Restaurant�
program
Participation�in�Green�Business�program
#�of�individuals�and�businesses�reached
#�of�education�and�outreach�events
Requirements and incentives developed for
new development to expand�the�use�of�
green�infrastructure
#�City�green�infrastructure�and�streets�
projects
Requirements and incentives developed for
new development to expand�the�use�of�
recycled�water
%�use�of�recycled�water�and�grey�water�in�
City �facilities
DRT‐05: Incorporate�increased�rainfall�capture�to�
offset�imported�water
Requirements and incentives developed for
new development to integrate�rainfall�
capture�and�harvest
#�of�rainfall�capture/storage�installations
FLOODING
FLD‐01: Update�the�oodplain�ordinance Established�ordinance FLD‐02: Incorporate�sea�level�rise�language�into�
citywide �plans,�policies,�and regulations�
Strategies, policies, and regulations updated
or developed to incorporate�sea�level�rise�
language
Established�ood�impacts�monitoring�
program
#�of�annual�crowdsourced�documentations
FLD‐04: Incorporate�adaptation�into�City�lease�
negotiations
Updated�leasing�guidelines�to�incorporate�
adaptation
FLD‐05: Update�the�City’s�existing�Stormwater�
Management�Plan
Updates�to�Stormwater�Management�Plan
FLD‐06: Conduct�citywide�beach�stabilization�study Completed�study FLD‐07: Review�and�conduct�studies�of�combined�
riverine/coastal�ooding and �increased�
precipitation�impacts�on�watershed�
ooding�
Completed�studies
FLD‐08: Enhance�dunes #��of Dunes�enhanced
Inventory of sewer pumpstations prioritized
by highest vulnerability
#�of�retrotted�sewer�pump�stations
# of Facilities/infrastructure�identied�for�
retrot/relocation�
# of Facilities/infrastructure�retrotted/
relocated�
# of Facilities�with�continuity�plan�to�
maintain�operations
FLD‐11: Elevate�riverine�levees Prioritized�levees�and�adaptation�strategies FLD‐10: Relocate/Elevate�critical�infrastructure
DRT‐03: Expand�usage�of�green�infrastructure�
and �green�streets
DRT‐04: Expand�usage�of�recycled�water�and�
grey�water�for�non‐potable�use
DRT‐01: Continue�development�and�
implementation�of�water�use�efficiency
programs�and�implement�additional �
water�conservation�programs�
DRT‐02: Enhance�outreach�and�education�related�
to�water�conservation
FLD‐03: Establish�a�ood�impacts�monitoring�
program
FLD‐09: Inventory�and�ood‐proof�vulnerable�
sewer�pump �stations
DROUGHT
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
APPENDIX F
F
F-5
MITIGATION ACTIONS
Increase in ridership on Long Beach Transit, Metro Blue Line, and regional transit routes
Increase in operating hours
# increase of rapid bus and regional connector routes
Increase in safety perception from transit riders
Decrease in crime on transit
Free/reduced price transit passes for CSULB and LBCC students T-4: Implement the San Pedro
Bay Ports Clean Trucks
Program
% of zero emissions heavy-duty drayage trucks
T-9: Integrate SB 743 planning
with CAAP process
VMT reduction
% increase in population and employment density within ½ mile of high-frequency transit routes
Quantication of additional capacity for development in TOD areas
% change in travel mode for short trips (e.g., less than 2 miles) made by walking, biking, transit, or personal mobility device T-8: Increase density and
mixing of land uses
T-1: Increase frequency, speed,
connectivity, and safety of
transit options
% change in travel mode for short trips (e.g., less than 2 miles) made by walking or personal mobility device
% change in vehicle-pedestrian accidents
# of improved crosswalks (e.g., signalized, non-signalized, scrambles)
# of installed traffic calming measures (e.g., medians,
roundabouts, bulb-outs, curb extensions)
T-2: Expand and improve
pedestrian infrastructure
citywide
% of city population that can walk to bikeshare stations within 5 minutes
% change in usage of Long Beach Bike Share (# of rides and miles)
% change in e-scooter ridership (# of rides and miles)
# of new miles of bikeways delivered by class
T-3: Increase bikeway
infrastructure
Quantication of additional capacity for development in TOD areas
# of city permits issued for TOD development
# of housing units permitted in transit areas
# of affordable housing units permitted in transit areas Increase in population and employment density in transit station areas and along transit corridors
T-6: Increase employment and
residential development
along primary transit
corridors
# of employees participating in the TDM program
% or # of employers that participate in TDM programs
# of TDM requirements leveraged through new development permits
T-7: Update the Transportation
Demand Management
Ordinance
Number of publicly accessible EV charging stations
Number of publicly accessible EV charging stations installed in disadvantaged communities (CalEnviroScreen)
Number of building permits issued for private property EV charging stations
T-5: Develop an Electric Vehicle
Infrastructure Master Plan
TRANSPORTATION
MITIGATION ACTIONS - POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE METRICS
% of residential customers that purchase 100% renewable electricity
% of non-residential customers that purchase 100%
renewable electricity
BE-2: Increase use of solar power Regulatory change to increase the use of solar power # of identied local opportunity sites
kWh per year generated by community solar facilities located within Long Beach
# of critical facilities connected to islandable microgrid power (that can stand alone from the grid)
# housing units that received an energy audit
# certied HERS raters in the community
# municipal building/facility audits completed
Electricity and natural gas use
BE-7: Update building codes to
incentivize electric new
residential
Updated building code to incentivize electric new residential and commercial buildings
BE-8: Implement near-term
measures to reduce
emissions related to oil
and gas extraction
# measures implemented to reduce oil and gas emissions
BE-1: Provide access to
renewably generated
electricity
BE-3: Promote community solar
and microgrids
Established energy resource center
# of residents and businesses engaged by the City through the energy resource center
Use of nancial incentives, rebates, and other programs and associated nancial/energy savings
BE-5: Provide access to energy
efficiency nancing,
rebates, and incentives
for building owners
BE-6: Perform municipal energy
and water audits
BE-4: Develop a residential and
commercial energy
assessment and
benchmarking program
BUILDING + ENERGY
Waste reduction and recycling outreach materials
developed and distributed
% compliance of multi-family and commercial properties
Organic waste outreach materials developed and distributed % of organic waste diverted from landlls and SERRF
% compliance of multi-family and commercial properties
Tons of organic waste collected from multi-family and
commercial properties
Organic waste outreach materials developed and distributed Identied process for organic waste disposal
Tons of organic waste sent to different facility typesW-4: Identify organic waste management options
W-1: Ensure compliance with
state law requirements for
multi-family residential
and commercial property
recycling programs
W-3: Partner with private waste
haulers to expand organic
waste collection
community wide
W-2: Develop a residential
organic waste collection
program for City-serviced
accounts
WASTEAQ‐01:ƢIncentivizebinstallationbofb
photocatalyticbtiles
# pilot photo catalytic roofsprojects and associated
reduction in NOxbandbozone
AQ‐02:
ƢEncourageburbanbagricultureb
practicesbthatbreducebairbquality
bb
#bmeasuresbadoptedbthatbencourageburbanbagricultureb
practices
Electricity,bnaturalbgas,bandbwaterbuseb
%belectricbvehiclesbandbgroundbsupportbequipmentb
electried
%bdiversionbofbwastebfrombdisposal
# of incentives utilized from SCAQMD Commercial
Electric Lawn andbGardenbIncentivebandbExchangeb
Programb
City‐ownedbsmallbemitterbequipmentbtransitionedbtob
electric
AQ‐05:
WorkbwithbLBUSDbtobsupportb
schoolbbusbelectricationb
# ofdiesel buses switched to electricpower and
associated reductionbinbairbpollutants
#bofbzerobemissionsbheavy‐dutybdrayagebtrucks
%bofbshipsbutilizingbshorebpower
%bofbzeroborbreducedbemissionbcargobequipmentbbb
%bofbshipsbparticipatingbinbVesselbSpeedbReductionb
Program
ParticipationbbybshipsbthatbqualifybforbGreenbShipb
Incentives
AQ‐07:ƢIncreasebmonitoringbandb
regulation bofboilbextractionband
rening process b
#bairbqualitybmonitorsbinstalled
AQ‐04:ƢElectrifyblocal,bsmallbemittersb
such basblawnbandbgarden
equipment, outdoor bpowerb
equipment, bandbothersbb
AQ‐06:ƢImplementbthebSanbPedrobBayb
PortsbCleanbAirbActionbPlan
ADAPTATION ACTIONS
CLIMATE STRESSOR KEY PERFORMANCE METRICS
ExtremecHeat Number of hospitalizations for heat-related sickness during extremebheatbeventsb
AircQuality Measurebofblocalbairbpollutantsb
Drought Numberbofbgallonsbofbwaterbusedbperbpersonbperbday Usagebofbrecycledbwaterbandbgreywaterb
Flooding Critical infrastructure retrotted or relocated to protect from oodingb
ACTION POTENTIAL PERFORMANCE METRICS
EXTREME HEAT
EH-01:Ƣ Increasebpresencebofbcoolbroofsb
and bcoolbwalls
Regulatorybchangebtobrequirebcoolbroofsbandbcoolbwalls
Updated City standards plant to use reective materials for streets andbsurfaces
#blanebmilesbofbpavementbtreatedbwithb“coolbpavement"b
bybthebCity
#bofbtreesbexistingbandbplantedb
%btreebcanopybcoverage
# of trees existing/planted and% tree canopy cover age
in neighborhoods vulnerable to extreme heat and
lowest tree canopy coverage
EH‐04:bInstallbadditionalbwaterb
fountains bandbotherbactionsbto
increaseb publicbaccessbtobwaterbb
Number of drinking fountains and water rell stations
existing and installedbtotalbandbinbextremebheatb
vulnerabilitybzones
Assessmentbofbgridbvulnerabilitiesb
Actions developed to prevent future power outages
related to extremebheat
# of publicly accessible cooling centers in the City and within extremebheatbvulnerabilitybzones
Accessibility measures including hours of operation and proximity tobtransit
Visitorbcountbtobcoolingbcentersbduringbextremebheatb
eventsb
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbshadebstructures
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbseating
%bofbbusbstopsbwithbreal‐timebarrivalbinformation
Number of newtransit options (routes, services, passes, etc.) created to improve beach and coastal transit access during extreme heatbevents
#bridersborbenrolleesbinbnewbtransitboptions
EH‐07:
ƢProvidebbusbshelterbamenitiesb
EH‐06:ƢEnhancebandbexpandb
accessibilitybofbcoolingbcenters
EH‐08:ƢImprovebbeachbandbcoastalb
transitbaccessbduring bextreme
heatbeventsbb
EH‐05:ƢIdentifybfuturebvulnerabilityb
potential bforbpowerboutagesb
relatedbto extremebheatbandb
develop b
plansbtobpreventbsuchb
outagesb
EH‐02:ƢIncreasebpresencebofbreectiveb
streets,bsurfaces,bandbshadeb
canopies
EH‐03:ƢEnhancebandbexpandburbanb
forestbcover
AIR QUALITY
AQ‐03:ƢSupportbthebdevelopmentbofb
thebLongbBeachbAirportb
Sustainability Plan
APPENDIX F
APPENDIX F
F
F-6
MITIGATION ACTIONS
Increase in ridership on Long Beach Transit, Metro Blue Line, and regional transit routes
Increase in operating hours
# increase of rapid bus and regional connector routes
Increase in safety perception from transit riders
Decrease in crime on transit
Free/reduced price transit passes for CSULB and LBCC students T-4: Implement the San Pedro
Bay Ports Clean Trucks
Program
% of zero emissions heavy-duty drayage trucks
T-9: Integrate SB 743 planning
with CAAP process
VMT reduction
% increase in population and employment density within ½ mile of high-frequency transit routes
Quantication of additional capacity for development in TOD areas
% change in travel mode for short trips (e.g., less than 2 miles) made by walking, biking, transit, or personal mobility device T-8: Increase density and
mixing of land uses
T-1: Increase frequency, speed,
connectivity, and safety of
transit options
% change in travel mode for short trips (e.g., less than 2 miles) made by walking or personal mobility device
% change in vehicle-pedestrian accidents
# of improved crosswalks (e.g., signalized, non-signalized, scrambles)
# of installed traffic calming measures (e.g., medians,
roundabouts, bulb-outs, curb extensions)
T-2: Expand and improve
pedestrian infrastructure
citywide
% of city population that can walk to bikeshare stations within 5 minutes
% change in usage of Long Beach Bike Share (# of rides and miles)
% change in e-scooter ridership (# of rides and miles)
# of new miles of bikeways delivered by class
T-3: Increase bikeway
infrastructure
Quantication of additional capacity for development in TOD areas
# of city permits issued for TOD development
# of housing units permitted in transit areas
# of affordable housing units permitted in transit areas Increase in population and employment density in transit station areas and along transit corridors
T-6: Increase employment and
residential development
along primary transit
corridors
# of employees participating in the TDM program
% or # of employers that participate in TDM programs
# of TDM requirements leveraged through new development permits
T-7: Update the Transportation
Demand Management
Ordinance
Number of publicly accessible EV charging stations
Number of publicly accessible EV charging stations installed in disadvantaged communities (CalEnviroScreen)
Number of building permits issued for private property EV charging stations
T-5: Develop an Electric Vehicle
Infrastructure Master Plan
TRANSPORTATION
MITIGATION ACTIONS
Increase in ridership on Long Beach Transit, Metro Blue Line, and regional transit routes
Increase in operating hours
# increase of rapid bus and regional connector routes
Increase in safety perception from transit riders
Decrease in crime on transit
Free/reduced price transit passes for CSULB and LBCC students T-4: Implement the San Pedro
Bay Ports Clean Trucks
Program
% of zero emissions heavy-duty drayage trucks
T-9: Integrate SB 743 planning
with CAAP process
VMT reduction
% increase in population and employment density within ½ mile of high-frequency transit routes
Quantication of additional capacity for development in TOD areas
% change in travel mode for short trips (e.g., less than 2 miles) made by walking, biking, transit, or personal mobility device T-8: Increase density and
mixing of land uses
T-1: Increase frequency, speed,
connectivity, and safety of
transit options
% change in travel mode for short trips (e.g., less than 2 miles) made by walking or personal mobility device
% change in vehicle-pedestrian accidents
# of improved crosswalks (e.g., signalized, non-signalized, scrambles)
# of installed traffic calming measures (e.g., medians,
roundabouts, bulb-outs, curb extensions)
T-2: Expand and improve
pedestrian infrastructure
citywide
% of city population that can walk to bikeshare stations within 5 minutes
% change in usage of Long Beach Bike Share (# of rides and miles)
% change in e-scooter ridership (# of rides and miles)
# of new miles of bikeways delivered by class
T-3: Increase bikeway
infrastructure
Quantication of additional capacity for development in TOD areas
# of city permits issued for TOD development
# of housing units permitted in transit areas
# of affordable housing units permitted in transit areas Increase in population and employment density in transit station areas and along transit corridors
T-6: Increase employment and
residential development
along primary transit
corridors
# of employees participating in the TDM program
% or # of employers that participate in TDM programs
# of TDM requirements leveraged through new development permits
T-7: Update the Transportation
Demand Management
Ordinance
Number of publicly accessible EV charging stations
Number of publicly accessible EV charging stations installed in disadvantaged communities (CalEnviroScreen)
Number of building permits issued for private property EV charging stations
T-5: Develop an Electric Vehicle
Infrastructure Master Plan
TRANSPORTATION
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020
APPENDIX F
F
% of residential customers that purchase 100% renewable electricity
% of non-residential customers that purchase 100%
renewable electricity
BE-2: Increase use of solar power Regulatory change to increase the use of solar power # of identied local opportunity sites
kWh per year generated by community solar facilities located within Long Beach
# of critical facilities connected to islandable microgrid power (that can stand alone from the grid)
# housing units that received an energy audit
# certied HERS raters in the community
# municipal building/facility audits completed
Electricity and natural gas use
BE-7: Update building codes to
incentivize electric new
residential
Updated building code to incentivize electric new residential and commercial buildings
BE-8: Implement near-term
measures to reduce
emissions related to oil
and gas extraction
# measures implemented to reduce oil and gas emissions
BE-1: Provide access to
renewably generated
electricity
BE-3: Promote community solar
and microgrids
Established energy resource center
# of residents and businesses engaged by the City through the energy resource center
Use of nancial incentives, rebates, and other programs and associated nancial/energy savings
BE-5: Provide access to energy
efficiency nancing,
rebates, and incentives
for building owners
BE-6: Perform municipal energy
and water audits
BE-4: Develop a residential and
commercial energy
assessment and
benchmarking program
BUILDING + ENERGY
Waste reduction and recycling outreach materials
developed and distributed
% compliance of multi-family and commercial properties
Organic waste outreach materials developed and distributed % of organic waste diverted from landlls and SERRF
% compliance of multi-family and commercial properties
Tons of organic waste collected from multi-family and
commercial properties
Organic waste outreach materials developed and distributed Identied process for organic waste disposal
Tons of organic waste sent to different facility typesW-4: Identify organic waste management options
W-1: Ensure compliance with
state law requirements for
multi-family residential
and commercial property
recycling programs
W-3: Partner with private waste
haulers to expand organic
waste collection
community wide
W-2: Develop a residential
organic waste collection
program for City-serviced
accounts
WASTE
APPENDIX F
APPENDIX F
F
Appendix G
Oil and Gas
Technical Memo
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 AECOM 415.796.8100 tel
300 California Street 415.796.8200 fax
San Francisco, CA 94104
www.aecom.com
Long Beach Oil and Gas Technical Memorandum
First Released: 5/31/19; Revised: 7/24/20 and 11/23/20
AECOM prepared this Memorandum (memo) to help the City of Long Beach understand lifecycle emissions associated with oil and gas extraction operations occurring within the city boundary. This analysis can provide a more holistic view of the City’s contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and complements the previous analysis of the city’s GHG emissions provided through the more traditional production- and consumption-based inventories.
The memo is organized into 6 sections that address the following goals:
1. To understand the GHG footprint of gas and oil operations in Long Beach,
2. To understand how the carbon intensity of these operations in Long Beach compares with oil extraction elsewhere in California and internationally,
3. To give an overview of what happens to the oil and gas that is extracted in Long Beach,
4. To describe how oil and gas operations in Long Beach are regulated by the State,
5. To provide descriptions of best practices in technological interventions to minimize lifecycle emissions from gas and oil operations, and
6. To give a high-level overview of recommendations to transition away from gas and oil activity over time.
This memo is a focused, high level analysis of lifecycle oil intensity that used the Oil Climate Index (OCI) methodology for assessing the lifecycle impacts of global oils. The memo does not include a cost or cost effectiveness analysis, quantification of the potential lifecycle GHG reductions, or an assessment of the recommendations’ impact on the city’s oil and gas economy (e.g., revenue, employment).This evaluation also does not include considerations about specific economic benefits to the City from its oil production activities, local public health impacts, domestic energy security, human rights records of oil producing countries, or other socio-political factors.
This memo was amended with information provided by the City of Long Beach Energy Resources Department.
Executive Summary
In 2015, 13.3 million barrels of crude oil and 5.1 million Mcf of natural gas were extracted in Long Beach. The lifecycle emissions resulting from this energy production total 8.3 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO
2e), which is 2.7 times greater than the city’s 2015 production-based GHG emissions inventory.1 The city’s oil and gas lifecycle emissions were estimated based on an upstream emissions factor from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) specific to the Long Beach oil field, and midstream and downstream emissions factors from the Oil Climate Index (OCI) for a proxy oil field (California Wilmington) in lieu of a Long Beach-specific analysis, which has not been analyzed in the OCI. Based on the resulting lifecycle emissions factor, the total carbon intensity of oil extracted in Long Beach is the 14
th highest out of 75 global oils surveyed in the OCI.
Approximately 96 percent of the city’s oil and gas lifecycle emissions are attributed to oil, with the remaining 4 percent resulting from natural gas. It is estimated that 100 percent of natural gas extracted 1 The City’s production-based inventory, sometimes referred to as a scope-based inventory, was developed to be consistent with the Basic level requirements for a community inventory as outlined in the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC)
APPENDIX G
G
APPENDIX G
Memorandum
November 23, 2020