080922-H-8sr&att.pdf — Long Beach City Council, August 16, 2022 (part 1 of 5)

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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
CHARLES PARKIN, City Attorney
411 W. Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802

RESOLUTION NO.

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE

CITY OF LONG BEACH ADOPTING, APPROVING AND

CERTIFYING A SUBSEQUENT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
REPORT (SEIR-03-21) TO THE GENERAL PLAN LAND USE

ELEMENT AND URBAN DESIGN ELEMENT

RECIRCULATED PROGRAM ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
REPORT (RPEIR-SCH# 2015051054), IN ACCORDANCE

WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT (CEQA), SECTION 15164

OF THE CEQA GUIDELINES, AND MAKING CERTAIN

CEQA FINDINGS AND DETERMINATIONS RELATIVE

THERETO, INCLUDING A FINDING THAT THE ADOPTED

GENERAL PLAN LAND USE ELEMENT RECIRCULATED

PROGRAM ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT (RPEIR)

MITIGATION MONITORING AND REPORTING PROGRAM

SHALL APPLY TO ANY PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN

PURSUANT TO THE CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION
PLAN (2205-02)(CAAP), AND THAT NO NEW OR
DIFFERENT MITIGATION MEASURES ARE REQUIRED;

AND APPROVING AND ADOPTING THE CLIMATE ACTION

AND ADAPTATION PLAN FOR THE CITY OF LONG BEACH

WHEREAS, on December 3, 2019, the City Council certified that the General Plan Land Use Element and Urban Design Element Recirculated Program Environmental Impact Report (RPEIR 03-16), together with a Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program (MMRP) and Statement of Overriding Considerations (State

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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
CHARLES PARKIN, City Attorney
411 W. Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802

Clearinghouse No. 2015051054), had been completed in accordance with the provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act, and state and local guidelines, and made certain findings and determinations relative thereto, and further adopted and approved said Land Use and Urban Design Elements making them integral components of the City's General Plan, in accordance with State law State law; WHEREAS, on January 5, 2021, the City Council confirmed the proposed Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (2205-02) (CAAP) and directed City staff to prepare a Draft Subsequent Environmental Impact Report (EIR-03-21) to the General Plan Land Use Element and Urban Design Element Program Recirculated Environmental Impact Report (RPEIR) (RPEIR-SCH# 2015051054) for the purpose of evaluating and considering the proposed CAAP;
WHEREAS, the CAAP, which is in alignment with the statewide goals adopted by Senate Bill 32 (SB-32), is a mechanism to establish a set of iterative programs and policies that will allow the City will achieve objectives to meet a statewide greenhouse gas emission (GHG) target/goal of forty percent (40%) below 1990 levels by 2030, and generally minimize the City's contribution to global GHG emissions (Action); and further allow the City to adapt to the impacts of climate change, while maintaining quality of life, prosperity, and equity for all of its residents and citizens (Adaptation); WHEREAS, the CAAP sets an additional aspirational goal of reaching net zero emissions by 2045, thereby matching the statewide 2045 carbon neutral goal established by Executive Order B-55-18 in 2018;
WHEREAS, the CAAP is also a required mitigation measure of the recently adopted General Plan Land Use and Urban Design Element (LUE/UD) Environmental Impact Report (EIR) which committed the City to adopting a CAAP with specified GHG reduction targets. GHG emissions are associated with growth anticipated by the LUE from activities such as additional vehicle trips and electricity usage associated with future development. As a mitigation measure to address GHG emissions associated with the LUE, the City has committed to adoption of a CAAP within three years of LUE adoption,

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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
CHARLES PARKIN, City Attorney
411 W. Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802

as well as subsequent monitoring of GHG emissions. Under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), adoption of a “qualified” CAAP will also allow future development projects that comply with the LUE to streamline their GHG review for CEQA purposes. By allowing projects to take advantage of environmental streamlining, the City will also be facilitating housing production and economic development to address the City’s housing shortage and homelessness crisis and lagging wages. For the CAAP to meet these obligations, it must detail a GHG reduction strategy that is reasonable, enforceable and meets the state’s numerical targets;
WHEREAS, the Development Services Department prepared the CAAP Draft SEIR to evaluate the environmental impacts that may result from implementation of the proposed CAAP, as well as a proposed update to the General Plan Safety Element which builds from the CAAP and is designed to address recent State legislation requiring cities to include goals, policies, objectives, and feasible implementation measures in the Safety Element that place a greater emphasis on climate change impacts, including increased risks related to wildfires and flooding;
WHEREAS, the Subsequent EIR constitutes the environmental review of the proposed CAAP and Safety Element as planning documents, but as such, are not related to any particular physical improvements or proposed development project(s) at this time. Any development projects or physical improvements incorporating features of the proposed CAAP would be subject to project-specific CEQA review; WHEREAS, Section 15162 of the CEQA Guidelines provides direction as to the circumstances in which a subsequent EIR shall be prepared including when, based on substantial evidence in light of the whole record, the lead agency determines that substantial changes are proposed in the project or program described and addressed in a prior EIR, or changes in the circumstances under which the project will be undertaken, that together would involve new significant environmental effects or more severe significant effects than previously identified, such that major revisions of the prior EIR are required;

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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
CHARLES PARKIN, City Attorney
411 W. Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802

WHEREAS, the Project has been reviewed in accordance with the provisions of CEQA;
WHEREAS, a Notice of Preparation (NOP) of a Draft Subsequent Environmental Impact Report (DSEIR) was issued on August, 23, 2021, soliciting public input regarding the environmental analysis of the Project; and WHEREAS, the DSEIR was prepared and circulated for public comment for 45 days, from March 18, 2022, to May 2, 2022. A full and complete copy of said DSEIR, together with any attachments or appendices thereto, is incorporated herein by this reference as though set forth herein in full, word for word; WHEREAS the DSEIR describes the effects of the proposed CAAP on the environment at a detailed level, identifies applicable mitigation measures as t previously described in the PEIR which would reduce each significant impact to the greatest extent possible or feasible, and in most cases to a level that is less than significant; but in some cases not reducing it to a less than a significant level, in which case appropriate mitigation measures will be imposed;
WHEREAS, a Notice of Availability (NOA) of the DSEIR was prepared on March 15, 2022, and copies of the DSEIR were provided to the State Office of Planning and Research–State Clearinghouse (SCH) for distribution to State Responsible Agencies, and was also provided to or made available to other interested agencies, organizations and persons to solicit comment on the DSEIR during a 45-day comment period ending on May 2, 2022;
WHEREAS, the DSEIR was made available to the public at the office of the Department of Development Services, Planning Bureau, at 411 W. Ocean Boulevard, 3rd Floor, Long Beach, California; and made available on the Planning Department’s public website on March 15, 2022;
WHEREAS, in accordance with the CEQA Guidelines Section 15132, the Final SEIR (FSEIR) document was prepared, which includes the full text of the DSEIR, as revised by the City as lead agency in response to public comments, or to otherwise

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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
CHARLES PARKIN, City Attorney
411 W. Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802

improve the draft, and said FSEIR was made available on the City's public website(s); WHEREAS, the Planning Commission of the City of Long Beach held a public hearing on May 19, 2022, and recommended to the City Council the approval and adoption of the Subsequent Environmental Impact Report (EIR-03-21) to the General Plan Land Use Element and Urban Design Element Program Environmental Impact Report (PEIR-SCH# 2015051054) (FSEIR).

WHEREAS, it satisfactorily appears from the record that proper notice of said public hearings were given in all respects, as required by law; WHEREAS, the City Council, as the decision-making body for the certification of the Final SEIR, held a public hearing on July 19, 2022, at which time verbal and written comments regarding the DSEIR and FSEIR were received and considered by the City Council;
WHEREAS, the Final SEIR did not include any additional significant new information or identify any new significant environmental impacts, a substantial increase in the severity of an environmental impact, or any other factors under CEQA Guidelines 15088.5 that would require recirculation of the SEIR.

NOW, THEREFORE, the City Council of the City of Long Beach resolves as follows:

Section 1. The City Council certifies that the above recitals are true and correct.

Section 2. The City Council of the City of Long Beach (City Council) certifies that the Final Subsequent Environmental Impact Report (EIR-03-21) to the General Plan Land Use Element and Urban Design Element Program Environmental Impact Report (PEIR-SCH# 2015051054) (FSEIR) has been completed in compliance with CEQA.

Section 3. The City Council certifies that it has been presented with all of the information described in the above recitals and has reviewed and considered this information and the Final Subsequent EIR prior to adopting this Resolution and

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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
CHARLES PARKIN, City Attorney
411 W. Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802

considering this approval.

Section 4. The City Council certifies that the Final Subsequent EIR reflects the City Council’s independent judgment and analysis and has been completed in compliance with CEQA; notice of the City’s hearings on the Draft Subsequent EIR and Final Subsequent EIR have been given as required by law and the actions were conducted pursuant to the State Planning and Zoning Law, CEQA, the State CEQA Guidelines and the City's CEQA Guidelines.

Section 5. All individuals, groups and agencies desiring to comment were given adequate opportunity to submit oral and written comments on the Draft and Final Subsequent EIR(s), which met or exceeded the requirements of State Planning and Zoning Law and CEQA, and all comments submitted during the public review and comment period on the Draft Subsequent EIR were responded to adequately in the Final Subsequent EIR. No new comments or information has been submitted during the hearing on the Final Subsequent EIR that would substantially change the analysis or conclusions of the Final Subsequent EIR.

Section 6. The City Council hereby finds that the adopted General Plan and Land Use Element Program Environmental Impact Report Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program shall apply to any projects undertaken pursuant to the CAAP that require project specific CEQA review; and that no new or different mitigation or monitoring measures are required.

Section 7. The City's Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (2205-02) (CAAP) is hereby approved and adopted, together with the "Findings" contained in Attachments "B" and "E", attached to the City Council Staff Report dated July 19, 2022.

Section 8. This resolution shall take effect immediately upon its adoption by the City Council, and the City Clerk shall certify the vote adopting this resolution. //
//

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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
CHARLES PARKIN, City Attorney
411 W. Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802

I hereby certify that the foregoing resolution was adopted by the City Council of the City of Long Beach at its meeting of , 20 , by the following vote:

Ayes: Councilmembers:

Noes: Councilmembers:

Absent: Councilmembers:

Recusal(s): Councilmembers:

City Clerk

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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
CHARLES PARKIN, City Attorney
411 West Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802-4664

RESOLUTION NO.

A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE

CITY OF LONG BEACH AUTHORIZING THE DIRECTOR OF

DEVELOPMENT SERVICES TO SUBMIT AMENDMENTS,

AS NECESSARY, TO ENSURE INTERNAL CONSISTENCY

WITH THE ADOPTED LOCAL COASTAL PROGRAM, TO

THE CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION, TOGETHER

WITH ALL RELEVANT SUPPORTING MATERIALS, FOR

THE COASTAL COMMISSION'S REVIEW, APPROVAL AND

CERTIFICATION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE

PROVISIONS OF PUBLIC RESOURCES CODE SECTION
30514 IN ORDER TO OBTAIN A FINDING OF

CONFORMANCE WITH THE CITY'S CERTIFIED LOCAL

COASTAL PROGRAM

WHEREAS, on July 19, 2022 , the City Council adopted a Resolution and approved the City's Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (2205-02) (CAAP); and likewise, approved and certified a Subsequent Environmental Impact Report (EIR-03-21) to the General Plan Land Use Element and Urban Design Element Program Environmental Impact Report (PEIR-SCH#2015051054) in accordance with the provisions of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Section 15164 of the CEQA Guidelines, and made certain CEQA Findings and Determinations relative thereto, including a finding that the General Plan Land Use Element Program Environmental Impact Report Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program shall apply to the approval of applicable Projects pursuant to the CAAP; and that no new or different mitigation measures are required;; WHEREAS, it is the desire of the City Council to submit amendments to the City's Local Coastal Program, as necessary, to the California Coastal Commission for its

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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
CHARLES PARKIN, City Attorney
411 West Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802-4664

review and certification in accordance with Public Resources Code Section 30514 to ensure consistency with the City's certified Local Coastal Program and to further ensure that any adopted amendments will be carried out in a manner fully consistent with the provisions of the California Coastal Act.

NOW, THEREFORE, the City Council of the City of Long Beach resolves as follows:

Section 1. The Director of Development Services of the City of Long Beach is hereby authorized to, and shall submit, to the California Coastal Commission a certified copy of any City Council adopted policy or amendments, together with all appropriate supporting materials, necessary to ensure consistency between the City's adopted General Plan and the Local Coastal Program that directly affect land use matters in the California Coastal Zone, with a request for the Coastal Commission's earliest review and action to obtain a finding of conformance with the City’s certified Local Coastal Program and the Coastal Commission's approval and certification as an amendment(s) to the City's Local Coastal Program that will take effect automatically upon Coastal Commission approval pursuant to the Public Resources Code.

Section 2. This resolution shall take effect immediately upon its adoption by the City Council, and the City Clerk shall certify the vote adopting this resolution. //
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OFFICE OF THE CITY ATTORNEY
CHARLES PARKIN, City Attorney
411 West Ocean Boulevard, 9th Floor
Long Beach, CA 90802-4664

I hereby certify that the foregoing resolution was adopted by the City Council of the City of Long Beach at its meeting of _____________________, 2022, by the following vote:

Ayes: Councilmembers:

Noes: Councilmembers:

Absent: Councilmembers:

Recusal(s): Councilmembers:

City Clerk
CITY OF Development Services
411 West Ocean Boulevard, 3,d Floor Long Beach, CA 90802 (562) 570-5237
January 5, 2021 -17

HONORABLE MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL
City of Long Beach
California
RECOMMENDATION:

Receive a report and confirm the proposed Climate Action and Adaptation Plan, and direct staff to prepare the subsequent Environmental Impact Report. (Citywide)

DISCUSSION
Overview and Background
The Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) is a mechanism for the City of Long Beach (City) to establish a set of iterative programs and policies for how the City will achieve two main objectives: (1) meet the statewide greenhouse gas (GHG) target of 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 and generally minimize its contribution to global GHG emissions (Action); and, (2) adapt to the impacts of climate change while maintaining quality of life, prosperity, and equity for all of its citizens (Adaptation). The City completed technical studies of climate stressors and communitywide vulnerabilities to inform development of the CAAP. The CAAP establishes a framework for creating or updating its policies, programs, practices, and incentives to reduce the City's GHG footprint while enhancing local economic, environmental, and social benefits. The proposed plan and all its technical appendices can be found in Attachments A and B.

The City has been a leader in sustainability through efforts that have included the adoption of the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan (2006) and the Sustainable City Action Plan (2010) and incorporation of sustainable policies into the City Mobility Element Update (2013) and General Plan Land Use Element Update (2019). In 2015, Mayor Robert Garcia signed the Compact of Mayors (now the Global Covenant of Mayors) signaling the City's commitment to an array of efforts to reduce its carbon footprint and better prepare for the impacts of climate change. As part of that commitment, in December 2016, the City Council initiated development of the City's first CAAP to meet State GHG reduction targets and provide a roadmap for preparing for climate change impacts, including intensifying heat waves, flooding, worsening air quality, and sea level rise.

Table 1 demonstrates forecasted GHG emissions in 2030 and the amount of GHG reduction that will be required to meet the State's 2030 goal. Business-as-usual forecasts, which project emissions in the absence of specific local action as outlined in the CAAP, estimate 2,176,931 Metric Tons of Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (MT C02e) generated in Long Beach in 2030. To meet the statewide target, Long Beach will need to reduce emissions to 1,984,272 MT C02e by 2030, thus necessitating a 192,659 MT C02e reduction to meet the target goal. The CAAP provides a suite of actions to guide the City in reaching this GHG reduction target by 2030.

Additionally, the City has set an aspirational goal of carbon neutrality by 2045 consistent with Attachment A

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State goals. The City would have to reduce its GHG emissions by more than 1.5 million MT C02e by 2045 to meet this goal.

I I
Business as Usual Forecast
1,984,272 MT C02e
2,176,931 MT C02e
Target Level
GHG Reductions Needed 192,659 MT COze
2045 GHG Goal
"
Net-carllon Neutrality ~
Business as Usual Forecast 1,513,047 MT C02e
Target Level oMT COze
GHG Reductions Needed 1,513,047 MT co,e
The Pathway to the GHG Reduction Target
Figure 1 illustrates the City's GHG emissions forecast (business-as-usual) compared to the reductions needed to achieve State targets. The forecasted business-as-usual decline in GHG emissions is largely a result of statewide actions influencing the City's electricity emissions and an estimated decrease in natural gas use in the energy sector. The difference between the emissions forecast and GHG reduction target in 2030 represents the 192,659 MT C02e reduction needed from business-as-usual forecasts to meet the 2030 GHG target goal. The dashed line goes to zero in 2045 representing the carbon neutrality goal.

Figure 1. City GHG Emissions Targets vs. Forecasts 2015·2050 3,000,000,.----------------------,2,500,000
~2,000,000t====~:~:::::::~;~::::jio1,500,000
u
I-
:>:1,000,ooo+--------~ --------~500,000+-------------'-~-----~ 2015 20302035 204020452050
Emissions Forecast GHG Reduction Target GHG Reduction Goal The CAAP is necessary to implement the vision and goals of the Mayor and City Council and enable the City to meet the above-stated targets. The CAAP is also a required mitigation measure of the General Plan Land Use Element (LUE) as detailed below.

Development Services, with the participation of many of the City's departments and bureaus, has conducted an extensive public engagement process and completed a Vulnerability Assessment and other technical studies to inform the CAAP, which resulted in the release of a draft CAAP in June 2019. The City Council heard updates on the CAAP from staff on March 19, 2019 and October 20, 2020. On March 19, 2019, the City Council further established a carbon neutrality goal by 2045. On October 20, 2020, the City Council directed staff to coordinate with City departments to finalize a preliminary list of GHG reduction measures that respective departments will commit to implementing as part of the CAAP, to ensure the City

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can meet its2030 GHG reduction target, incompliance with State law,aswell asother stated environmental goals.

TheProposed Plan
What is the CAAP?
The CAAP is a set of enforceable commitments for the City to reach State GHG emissions mandates by2030 and adapt to the impacts ofclimate change, while improving quality of life and supporting economic vitality. The CAAP also establishes aframework for creating and/or updating policies, programs, practices, andincentives for LongBeachtoreducetheCity's GHG footprint, andwill help ensure that Long Beach residents, businesses, and physical assets are better protected from the impacts of climate change. The plan includes a baseline communitywide GHG emissions inventory, forecasts offuture GHG emissions, and reduction targets. The Plan's mitigation actions identify the steps that will be taken to meet State reduction mandates, while the adaptation actions identify the measures the City will take to adapt to climate change impacts: extreme heat, air pollution, drought, flooding, and sea level rise. Mitigation actions reduce GHG emissions and are comprised of measures that will be taken in the building, transportation, and waste sectors, which are the sources of GHG emissions inLong Beach. Ofthe range ofmitigation actions identified inthe plan, asubset of those actions is quantified toward the City's 2030 GHG reduction target. While 2030 is the focus ofthe CAAP, the plan also identifies longer term actions that will helpthe City reduce its GHG emissions and adapt to climate change beyond the 2030 plan horizon year. The CAAP was developed with anequity lens, seeking toaddress disproportionate environmental burden and helping toensure benefit tocommunities mostimpacted byclimate change. TheCityseeks to reduce GHG emissions while promoting aprosperous local economy forall and highlighting actions that promote education, job training, and workforce development in emerging green industries for people most impacted byclimate change.

Why is a CAAP Needed?
In addition to addressing the effects of climate change, which are already impacting Long Beach, the CAAP will help the City comply with various local, regional, State, and federal regulations to reduce GHG emissions. As shown inTable 2,the City isobligated under AB 32 (The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006), SB 375 (The Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Actof2008), andvarious California Executive Orders todoitsparttoreduce GHG emissions. Generally, statewide targets aimtoreduce emissions to 1990levels by2020, 40 percent below 1990 levels by2030, and 80percent below 1990 levels by2050. The CAAP isa plan for Long Beach to reach the statewide GHG target of40 percent below 1990 levels by2030.
2020 AB32, Global Warming Solutions Act
(2006)
California met this target
statewide
1990 GHGlevels by 2020
SB32, Global Warming Solutions Act
(2006)
2045 Carbon neutrality by2045 Executive Order B-55-18 of 2018 The CAAPisaplan for Long
Beachto meet this target by
2030
2030 40% below 1990 levels by2030
Aspirational for Long Beach
2050 80% below 1990 levels by2050 Executive Order 5-3-05 of 2005 CAAP'splan horizon is2030

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The CAAP is also a mitigation measure of the recently adopted General Plan Land Use Element (LUE) Environmental Impact Report (EIR), which commits the City to adopting a CAAP with specified GHG reduction targets. GHG emissions are associated with growth anticipated by the LUE from activities such as additional vehicle trips and electricity usage associated with future development. As a mitigation measure to address GHG emissions associated with the LUE, the City has committed to adoption of a CAAP within three years of LUE adoption, and subsequent monitoring of GHG emissions. Under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), adoption of a "qualified" CAAP will also allow future development projects that comply with the LUE to streamline their GHG review for CEQA purposes. By allowing projects to take advantage of environmental streamlining, the City will also be facilitating housing production and economic development to address the City's housing shortage and homelessness crisis and lagging wages. For the CAAP to meet these obligations, it must detail a GHG reduction strategy that is reasonable, enforceable, and meets the State's numerical targets.

California has a history of demonstrated leadership in addressing climate change and is on track to meeting 2030 GHG reduction targets statewide. However, local climate action plans are needed to implement mitigation measures at the local level through local actions, help communities adapt to climate change, and advance equity. Examples of actions that occur at the local level are updating building and zoning codes and siting electric vehicle infrastructure.

Local climate action plans help cities be more resilient against current and future climate threats and help ensure that efforts address environmental justice such as enhancing climate funding opportunities to communities most impacted by climate change.

Climate Change Impacts
The CAAP identifies five climate impacts anticipated to affect Long Beach: extreme heat, poor air quality, drought, flooding, and sea level rise, and the plan seeks to mitigate against those impacts and generally improve the resiliency of the City in the face of worsening impacts. A Climate Stressors Review and Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment were conducted as part of development of the CAAP, which go into detail about each of these climate impacts.

Following is a quick overview of each of the climate stressors and their anticipated impacts in the City:
• Extreme Heat. Extreme heat is the climate impact that is anticipated to affect the greatest number of people in Long Beach, with approximately 275,000 residents living within extreme heat vulnerability zones. Heat waves will occur more frequently, be more intense, and be longer lasting. Extreme heat is associated with increased risk of heat-, cardiovascular-, and respiratory-related mortality, increased hospital admission and emergency room visits. Vulnerable populations include children, the elderly, people with respiratory diseases, and those who spend a lot of time outdoors. A social vulnerability analysis was conducted as part of the Vulnerability Assessment, which considered factors including race, income, education, age, and asthma. The distribution of socially vulnerable populations correlates with areas impacted by extreme heat in Central, West, and North Long Beach.

Ell Air Quality. Higher temperatures are anticipated to increase the frequency, duration, and intensity of conditions conducive to air pollution formation. Specifically, studies have

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shown that ozone concentrations increase when maximum daytime temperatures increase. The Greater Los Angeles and Long Beach Area already have among the worst air quality in the country. There are several local sources that impact air quality in the City, including the 710 and 405 freeways, neighboring refineries, the Port of Long Beach, and major industrial sources.
• Drought. An overall drying trend in the region will affect the City, resulting in longer and more frequent droughts. There is anticipated reduced snowpack and increased intensity of runoff events in watersheds that supply water to Long Beach. Higher temperatures will lead to higher water demand.

III Flooding: Riverine and Sea Level Rise. There are three sources of flooding in Long Beach: riverine flooding, urban flooding, and sea level rise and associated coastal storms. With precipitation events projected to increase in intensity as a result of climate change, riverine and urban flooding, which occurs around the Los Angeles and San Gabriel rivers and other parts of the stormwater collection system, may increase. Low lying areas including Belmont Shore, Naples, and the Peninsula are also already experiencing coastal flooding. Sea level rise models developed as part of CAAP development anticipate 11 inches of sea level rise in 2030, 24 inches in 2050, and 37- 66 inches in the mid-range and high-range scenarios in 2100. Sea level rise projections will be revised periodically based on available data; however, the projections based on information available at the time of the study help the City focus attention to where public infrastructure and other development may be affected. As sea levels rise, the City is expected to be more frequently impacted by higher storm tides, more extensive inland flooding, and increased coastal erosion. Flooding threatens safety, can have subsequent health impacts, and can result in damage to or loss of critical infrastructure.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory
Development Services staff prepared three types of GHG emissions inventories: production, consumption, and Iifecycle oil and gas. The production-based inventory is the inventory that is used for the purposes of establishing a communitywide baseline of GHG emissions and is the inventory from which GHG reduction targets are established. The latter two inventories were prepared for informational purposes. Additional information about each of the inventories is detailed below.

The production-based inventory, which is the standard of the Global Protocol for Community Scale GHG Emissions Inventories, is used for the purposes of forecasting and determining the City's reduction strategy. A production inventory takes into account emissions occurring from local activities and is designed to focus on opportunities for local action that are within the City's control. The consumption inventory takes into account Iifecycle emissions from consumption activities within the City. The consumption inventory was completed for informational purposes; however, there is a growing consensus about the importance of consumption inventories in helping communities more fully understand their contributions to global emissions through their consumption behaviors. The third type of inventory conducted was of the lifecycle emissions of oil and gas production and activities. Emissions associated with the lifecycle of oil and gas production occur both within and outside of the City and thus not all emissions associated with these activities are within the control of the City. This inventory was completed in response to

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public and City Council requests and provides a picture of emissions from oil and gas extraction activities both within and outside of Long Beach.

As shown in Table 3, the City's 2015 production GHG inventory estimated a total of 2.79 million MT C02e of jurisdictional emissions. The City's 2015 consumption inventory estimated a total of 7.08 million MT C02e and the City's 2015 oil and gas emissions inventory estimated a total of 8.30 MT C02e. It should be noted that the consumption and oil and gas emissions inventories are both Iifecycle inventories so are not directly comparable to the production inventory but provide insight into emissions-generating activities within Long Beach. 7,077,346 1
2,799,123
Oil and Gas Emissions Inventor Lifec cle 8,300,000 1
(1) Shown for informational purposes only, the productional inventory will be used for regulatory and progress-tracking purposes.

As shown in Figure 2, in the production inventory, emissions come from three main sectors:
stationary energy at 49 percent, transportation at 44 percent, and waste at 6 percent.

Figure 2. Long Beach 2015 Production Inventory
long Beach 2015
Jurisdictional Production Inventory
Emissions at aGlance
Other
Transportation
'"
Stationary Energy

49.2%
Waste

6.3%
Energy
tndustrtes
16%

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January 5, 2021

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• Stationary Energy. Stationary energy is made up of emissions from building electricity and natural gas use in residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings, as well as emissions from energy industries operating within Long Beach. Emissions from the buildings where people live and work, known as stationary energy or building emissions, accounts for 49 percent of Long Beach GHG emissions. Reductions in GHG emissions from the building sector can be made through three types of strategies:
constructing new buildings to stricter standards, energy efficiency improvements in existing buildings, and switching to a cleaner source of energy. New buildings constructed today are built under strict standards for energy usage and could be held to even higher standards. However, most stationary energy use is due to the GHGs associated with the continued use of older buildings. These emissions can be reduced through a combination of energy efficiency improvements or by switching to cleaner sources of electricity. Since 72 percent of Long Beach's housing stock was built before the year 1970, and 98 percent was built before the year 2000, this is a major issue in Long Beach.

The three sectors that are the source of emissions in the City are described briefly below:
• Transportation. Transportation is made up of emissions associated with passenger vehicles, buses, trucks, rail transit, freight rail, off-road vehicles, and aviation operations within the city limits. Port waterborne activity have been quantified but have been excluded from the jurisdictional inventory because emissions occurring from vessel operations at the Port are in part regulated at the State level by the California Air Resources Board (CARB), and the City does not have direct authority to dictate emissions reduction policies for private shipping companies that operate from the Port.

Even without maritime emissions, transportation still accounts for 45 percent of all GHG emissions in Long Beach. While transportation emissions are one of largest GHG contributors, they are also the area where the City has the least control due to pre- emption from State and Federal transportation and air quality regulations. Most emissions coming from the transportation sector are from gasoline vehicles. • Waste. Waste is made up of emissions from waste disposal as well as emissions from wastewater treatment. Solid waste disposal creates emissions when organic waste such as food scraps, yard trimmings, and paper and wood products are buried in landfills and decomposition occurs that emits methane, which is responsible for approximately 6 percent of the City's GHG inventory. The City and its franchise waste haulers are responsible for collecting solid waste from homes and businesses in Long Beach. The portion of waste that the City collects is currently processed at the Southeast Resource Recovery Facility (SERRF), where it is sorted to remove recyclables and then incinerated to generate electricity. Through this process, SERRF provides energy recovery that can offset additional use of non-renewable energy sources for electricity generation.

GHG Reduction Target
Business-as-usual forecasts estimate 2,176,931 MT C02e will be generated in the City in 2030 (Table 1). As seen in Table 1, to meet the statewide target, Long Beach will need to reduce emissions to 1,984,272 MT C02e by 2030. Thus, a 192,659 MT C02e reduction is needed to meet the 2030 target goal. This is estimated to be equivalent to emissions from 41,623

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passenger vehicles for one year or electricity use in 32,618 homes for one year. As seen in Table 4, on a service population basis, which counts individuals who live orwork in Long Beach, the 2030 GHG reduction target is from business-as-usual estimates of 3.34 MT C02e to 3.04 MT C02e. In other words, each person who lives or works in Long Beach would need to reduce their GHG emissions by about 9 percent in 2030 to reach target levels. In 2045, business-as- usual forecasts estimate 1.51 million MT C02e. To reach the aspirational goal of net carbon neutrality, these GHG emissions will need to be reduced to zero.

T bl 4 GHG R d tl Ta e e uc Ion arqe IV ervrce opu a Ion 2015 Emissions 4.5 MTC02e
2030 Business-as-Usual (BAU) Target 3.34 MTC02e
2030 Emissions Target Level 3.04 MTC02e
2030 Reductions Needed (BAU vs. Target) 0.3 MTC02e
tb S p It'
The CMP has many actions that reduce GHG emissions; however, only a subset of those actions are quantified toward reaching the State-mandated 2030 GHG target. Actions across building energy, transportation, waste, and other sectors are quantified toward the GHG reduction target, which are summarized below and detailed in Attachment C. • Building Energy Sector GHG Reductions. Within the building energy sector, actions quantified toward the GHG reduction target include:
o Greater use of renewable residential and commercial electricity achieved in part through Southern California Edison's commitment to an 80 percent carbon free energy supply by 2030 (which exceeds the State's Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) of 60 percent);
o Developing an increased amount of citywide solar potential; and, o The City purchasing 100 percent carbon-free electricity for all municipal accounts.

CD Transportation Sector GHG Reductions. Within the transportation sector, actions quantified toward the GHG reduction target include Port actions associated with its Clean Trucks Program and a 1 percent reduction in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) for passenger and light duty vehicles.
•• Waste Sector GHG Reductions. Within the waste sector, actions quantified toward the GHG reduction target include increased commercial recycling and commercial organics diversion.
• GHG Reductions from Oil Extraction. Within the building energy sector, actions quantified toward the GHG reduction target include emissions reductions associated with a 20 percent reduction from 2018 oil production levels by 2030 due to depletion.

Adopting a set of actions that are estimated to provide reductions beyond the minimum of 192,659 MT C02e will provide flexibility and help the City ensure successful compliance with reduction targets. See Attachment B (CMP Appendix A) for the detailed pathway to achieving the GHG target.

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CAAP Monitoring
The City will inventory its GHG emissions on a bi-annual basis, report those emissions to the public, and monitor its progress toward meeting the 2030 GHG reduction target. If in the future the City is not making sufficient progress to meet its reduction target, the City must continue to consider and adopt more aggressive GHG reduction actions to ensure compliance. Therefore, the process of monitoring GHG emissions in relation to reduction targets will be iterative even once the plan is adopted.

City Leadership
The City is committed to demonstrating leadership in CAAP implementation by integrating climate action throughout department operations. Several of the CAAP adaptation and mitigation actions include components defining City leadership roles. An example is the City's commitment to transition municipal buildings and facilities to 100 percent renewable electricity and reducing natural gas consumption by 5 percent by 2030. Another is the City's commitment to perform energy and water audits in existing facilities and complete subsequent efficiency upgrades and incorporating CAAP goals into its budgeting and capital improvement programming. City leadership will further include efforts such as transitioning the City vehicle fleet to low and zero emissions vehicles, integrating sea level rise considerations into plans and policies, pursuing funding for urban greening, and engaging and providing education to City employees and the general public on climate action. The City will seek opportunities to create jobs and train residents in emerging green technologies including partnerships with local workforce and economic development entities and educational institutions.

The Process
Interdepartmental Coordination
The development of the CAAP involved extensive interdepartmental coordination and participation. Development Services staff have hosted all-Department meetings to share information and receive input on the CAAP. In a CAAP survey of 17 departments, 100 percent reported that they experienced climate impact to infrastructure assets or core services, 88 percent reported that they are engaging in GHG emission-reducing actions, and 53 percent are engaging in adaptive capacity actions. Of the climate stressors the City is experiencing, the greatest number of departments reported being impacted by extreme heat followed by major storm events. Departments provided comments on the draft plan in 2019 and staff incorporated feedback as appropriate.

Development Services staff have also conducted interdepartmental coordination to identify GHG reduction measures to be implemented by respective departments. This process included discussions with the Port, Energy Resources, Airport, Public Works, and Environmental Services Bureau to identify CAAP mitigation actions to quantify toward the City's GHG reduction target. The results of these discussions have been incorporated into the CAAP GHG reduction pathway in CAAP Appendix A (Attachment B) or have otherwise been included qualitatively in the plan.

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Inclusive Public Process
Staff have reached over 10,000 members of the public through over 60 outreach and engagement events in the process of developing the CAAP. Over the last three years, Development Services staff have convened scientific, business, and community working groups; partnered with institutions and schools; and, conducted extensive community outreach to receive input on CAAP development and to develop a plan of action. Through the CAAP public outreach process, staff sought to disseminate information and solicit feedback from the community at large, while also targeting outreach efforts on communities most impacted by climate change. Development Services staff hosted three open house events and attended numerous events occurring in communities throughout Long Beach to share information about the CAAP. Community events were held in each of the Council Districts. Select events were held in Spanish and Khmer. The plan calls for continued engagement with Long Beach population as well as specifically with communities most affected by climate change through CAAP implementation.

Governance
Development Services staff were tasked with leading the planning process for developing the CAAP since the plan is a mitigation measure of the General Plan LUE. However, effective implementation of the CAAP will require substantial cross-departmental collaboration to carry out the broad reach and scope of the plan including coordinating public infrastructure projects, aligning budgeting with CAAP goals, pursuing funding opportunities, developing new policies and programs, and conducting ongoing public education and engagement. CAAP implementation will be overseen by the City Manager's Office through a task force that will include climate designees from each department and coordinated by Development Services.

Development Services will additionally take the lead on planning-related implementation actions such as Zoning Code updates and CAAP compliance for future development projects as well as overall CAAP monitoring and updates as necessary.

Public Notice and Environmental Compliance
Although a public notice for this item is not required, a public meeting notice was published in the Long Beach Press-Telegram on December 17, 2020, notice posting was provided at City Hall, and electronically distributed through the City's LinkLB e-mail blast system and to individual stakeholders who have requested notification on this item.

After City Council's confirmation of the proposed CAAP, staff will prepare the subsequent Environmental Impact Report (EIR) and bring the plan back to City Council for certification of the EIR and final CAAP adoption in Fall 2021.

This matter was reviewed by Assistant City Attorney Michael Mais on December 14, 2020 and by Budget Analysis Officer Julissa Jose-Murray on December 9, 2020.

TIMING CONSIDERATIONS
City Council action is requested on January 5,2021. Timely action is required to meet the City's obligations under the General Plan Land Use Element Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program (LUE MMRP).

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January 5, 2021

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FISCAL IMPACT
This recommendation does not have a fiscal impact; however, implementation of its recommendations will have a fiscal impact in the future. The CAAP calls for City actions to focus on identifying opportunities to better align with the annual City budget, Capital Improvement Program, and other expenditures with CAAP actions. Funding for future resources related to the plan have not yet been identified and further detailed cost estimates will be determined as resources are identified. As these actions and objectives are pursued their financial implications will be disclosed and brought back to the City Council for approval.

This recommendation has no staffing impact beyond the normal budgeted scope of duties and is consistent with existing City Council priorities. There is no local job impact associated with this recommendation. While the CAAP does seek to help improve the local economy, the exact fiscal impact of these actions is dependent on future macro-economic conditions that will occur over two decades, and therefore, cannot be estimated at this time.

Approve recommendation.

SUGGESTED ACTION:

Respectfully submitted,
OSCAR W. ORCI

DIRECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT SERVICES
ATTACHMENTS: A - PROPOSED CAAP

B - PROPOSED CAAP PLAN APPENDICES
C - PROPOSED CAAP GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION PATHWAY (ApPENDIX A, EXCERPTED) APPROVED:
r-~
THOMAS B. MODICA

CITY MANAGER

November 2020

PROPOSED
Attachment A
佘

TABLE OF CONTENTS
E xecutive Summary ..................................................... 06 1 W hat is the Climate Action and
A daptation Plan ......................................................... ..... 26 2 H ow was the CAAP Developed? ............................. 36 3 U nderstanding Climate Change in
L ong Beach ...................................................................... 48 4 A daptation Actions ....................................................... 66 5 G HG Inventory, Forecasts and Targets ...............116 6 M itigation Actions ........................................................ 138 7 C ity Leadership and Funding ................................. 176 8 P erformance and Monitoring ................................. 184 佘

APPENDICES
App endix A
G reenhouse Gas Inventory Methodology
a nd 2030 Reduction Target Pathway ..................A-1 App endix B
A daptation and Mitigation Actions
- Additional Context ................................................... B-1 App endix C
L ong Beach Vulnerability Assessment ...............C-1 App endix D
C limate Stressor Review .......................................... D-1 App endix E
C ommunity Engagement ..........................................E-1 App endix F
P erformance Metrics .................................................. F-1

App endix G
O il and Gas Technical Memo .................................. G-1 Figure 1: Maps Showing Social Vulnerability ........................................................................29 Figure 2: The CAAP Builds Upon A History Of Local
Sustainability Accomplishments In Long Beach: ..............................................................33 Figure 3: The Climate Adaptation Process ...............................................................................38 Figure 4: The Climate Mitigation Process ................................................................................39 Figure 5: Summary Of Community And Stakeholder Engagement ......................41 Figure 6: The Greenhouse Effect ....................................................................................................51 Figure 7: Projected Days Of Extreme Heat (95 Degrees And Above) ..................53 Figure 8: Map Showing 100-Year And 500-Year Flood Plain And Community Assets
.....................................................................................................................................56 Figure 9: GDP And Emissions. California, In 2016 $ ..........................................................63 Figure 10: Locations Of Potential Long-Term Flood Protection Actions .......... 114 Figure 11: Locations Of Potential Long-Term Flood Protection Actions In Alamitos Bay Area
................................................................................................. ................................... 115 Figure 12: Long Beach Production Inventory Emissions Summary ..................123 Figure 13: Long Beach Averaage Household Carbon Footprint ...........................125 Figure 14: Long Beach Consumption Inventory Emissions Summary .............127 Figure 15: Production Versus Consumption Inventories
– Total Emissions .......................................................................................................................................129 Figure 16: Production Versus Consumption Inventory
– Per Capita Emissions ..........................................................................................................................129 Figure 17: Business-As-Usual Emissions Forecasts 2015 – 2050 .........................132 Figure 18: Timeline Of Long Beach Sustainability Activities ....................................135 Figure 19: Statewide Emissions Target Trajectory ............................................................135 Figure 20: Emissions Targets Versus Business-As-Usual
Forecasts 2015-2050 ...............................................................................................................................137 Figure 21: 2030 Reduction Target ..................................................................................................142 Figure 22: 2045 Reduction Goal ......................................................................................................144 Figure 23: Example Top-Down Monitoring Figure ........................................................... 188

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: How The CAAP Relates To Other City Plan .........................................................45 Table 2: GPC Protocol Scope Deﬁnitions For City Inventories .................................119 Table 3: Total Production Emissions Inventory By Subsector .................................. 121 Table 4: Jurisdictional Production Emissions Inventory By Subsector ..............124 Table 5: Consumption Emissions Inventory By Subsector .........................................128 Table 6: Production Versus Consumption Inventory Emissions By Sector ....128 Table 7: Business As Usual Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecasts 2015 - 2050 ............................................................................................................................133 Table 8: State Of California Greenhouse Gas Targets ....................................................135 Table 9: City Of Long Beach GHG Reduction Targets ...................................................137 Table 10: Top-Down Action Monitoring Process ................................................................187 Table 11: Example Implementation Tracking Metrics .................................................... 189

Executive Summary
ES
Executive Summary
Preparing Long Beach for climate change presents both daunting challenges and extraordinary opportunities. It will require changes to many things we take for granted—how we power our homes, how we get around, how businesses and industry are run, how and where buildings get built, what we consume, and what we throw away. But rather than just an inconvenient necessity, adapting Long Beach to climate change and reducing our contribution to its causes also presents an unprecedented opportunity to improve quality of life for all Long Beach residents and remedy long- standing inequities.

Through implementing a coordinated response to climate change, we can address public health disparities, foster economic opportunities, and realize a vision of Long Beach where everyone can live in thriving communities built on sustainability and resilience. Here we summarize the vision and actions for the Climate Action and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) that the City of Long Beach has developed through extensive stakeholder and community input.

CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN VISION

VISION

The vision of the Long Beach CAAP is to create a more
sustainable, resilient and equitable city by addressing climate change in a way that remedies existing environmental health disparities while also improving health,quality of life, and enhancing economic vitality throughout Long Beach.
8 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 ESExecutive Summary
• Low carbon, climate
resilient buildings and
neighborhoods
• Safe and adaptable
infrastructure
• Protected and enhanced
natural systems

The implementation of the CAAP will help Long Beach realize:
• A healthy, resilient and
ready population
• Residents and businesses
with minimized carbon
footprints
The City, in conjunction with relevant partners, will implement a range of actions to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and adapt to climate change impacts. The actions the City will take are organized overleaf by desired outcomes that represent the underlying values of the CAAP.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
9 ES
Executive Summary

HOW LONG BEACH WILL ACHIEVE THE

CAAP OUTCOMES
These themes are desired high level outcomes of the plan, and what will be done generally to achieve them. However, it is not an exhaustive list of all the actions, please see p20 through p23 for the full list.

ACTION
ACTION
NUMBER
Lowbcarbon,b
climateb
resilientb
buildingsband
neighborhoodsbb
THEME

SECTOR/

STRESSOR
Building +
Energy
Increase�use�of�solar�power�including�
by�promoting�community solar and
microgrids
Building +
Energy
Develop�a�residential�and�commercial�
energy�assessment and�benchmarking�
program�and�provide�energy�eﬃciency�
nancing,�rebates,and incentives�for�
building�owners��
Building +
Energy
Perform�municipal�energy�and�water�
audits
Air Quality Incentivize�installation�of�photocatalytic� tiles
Building +
Energy
Update�building�codes�to�incentivize�
electric�new�residential and commercial
buildings
Drought Continue�development�and�
implementation�of�water�use�
eﬃciency�programs�and�implement�
additional�water�conservation�programs
Extreme Heat Increase�presence�of�cool�roofs�and�
cool�walls
Extreme Heat Enhance�and�expand�urban�forest�cover�
and�vegetation
BE-2
BE-3
BE‐4b
BE‐5
BE‐6
BE-7
AQ‐1
DRT‐1
EH‐1
EH‐3
10 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 ESExecutive Summary
ACTION
ACTION
NUMBER
Safebandb
adaptableb
infrastructureb
THEME

SECTOR/

STRESSOR
EH-2
EH-7
DRT‐3
FLD‐2b
FLD‐4
FLD‐5
FLD‐9
FLD‐10b
FLD‐11
FLD-14
FLD-15
FLD-17
FLD-16
FLD-18
FLD-20
Extreme Heat Increasebpresencebofbreectivebstreets,b
surfaces, shade canopies, and bus
shelter amenitiesb
Drought Expandbusagebofbgreenbinfrastructureb
andbgreenbstreets
Sea Level Rise +
Flooding Addressbseablevelbrisebinbcitywidebplans,b
policies,band bregulationsbandbincorporateb
adaptationbstrategiesbintobCitybleaseb
negotiations
Sea Level Rise +
Flooding UpdatebthebCity'sbexistingbStormwaterb
ManagementbPlan
Sea Level Rise +
Flooding Relocate/elevatebcriticalbinfrastructure,b
includingbelevatingbriverinebleveesbandb
oodbproongbvulnerablebsewerbpumpb
stations
Sea Level Rise +
Flooding Elevatebstreets/pathwaysbandbretreat/
realignbbeachbparking lots
Sea Level Rise +
Flooding Retrot/extendbseabwallsbandbstormb
surgebbarriersbasbappropriate
DRT-5
FLD‐7
FLD-6
FLD-8
FLD-12
FLD-13
Protectedbandb
enhancedb
naturalb
systemsb
ACTION
ACTION

NUMBERTHEME

SECTOR/

STRESSOR
Sea Level Rise +
Flooding
Sea Level Rise +
Flooding
Drought Incorporate�increased�rainfall�capture�and�
other�actions to maximize local water
supplies and oﬀset imported water
Review�and�conduct�studies�on�the�eﬀects�
of�combined�riverine/coastal�ooding�and�
increased�severity�of�rainfall�events�on�
watershed�ooding
Conduct�a�citywide�beach�stabilization�
study,�enhance�dunes, expand beach
nourishment based on study ndings

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
11 ES
Executive Summary
Abhealthy,b
resilientb
andbreadyb
populationb
EH-4
EH‐5
EH‐6
EH‐6
AQ-2
AQ-7
DRT-2
DRT-4
FLD‐1
FLD‐3
FLD‐19
Drought
Drought
Extreme Heat
Extreme Heat
Extreme Heat
Extreme Heat
Air Quality
Air Quality
Installbadditionalbwaterbfountainsb
andbundertakebother actions to increase
public access to water
Identifybfuturebvulnerabilitybpotentialb
forbpowerboutagesbrelatedbtobextremeb
heatbandbdevelopbplansbtobpreventb
outages
Enhancebandbexpandbaccessibilitybtob
coolingbcenters
Improvebbeachbandbcoastalbtransitb
accessbduringbextreme heat events
Encourageburbanbagriculturebpracticesb
thatbreducebair quality pollution
Increasebmonitoringbandbregulationbofb
theboilbextraction and rening process
Enhanceboutreachbandbeducationb
relatedbtobwaterbconservation
Expandbusebofbrecyclingbwaterbandb
greybwaterbforbnon‐potable use
Sea Level Rise +
Flooding Updatebtheboodplainbordinance
Sea Level Rise +
Flooding Establishbaboodbimpactsbmonitoringb
program
ACTION
ACTION

NUMBERTHEME

SECTOR/

STRESSOR
Sea Level Rise +
Flooding Investigatebfeasibilitybofbmanagedb
retreatbinbtheblonger term
12 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 ESExecutive Summary
W‐2b
W‐3b
W‐4
Residentsbandb
businessesbwithb
minimizedb
carbon footprintb Building +
Energy
Provide�access�to�renewably�generated�
electricty
Building +
Energy
Implement�short‐term�measures�to�reduce�
emissions�related to oil and gas extraction
Waste Increase�recycling�in�multifamily�and�
commercial�development, in compliance
with state law
Waste Develop�an�organic�waste�collection�
program�and�identify�organics�processing�
options�such�as�composting,�mulching�or�
anaerobic�digestion
Air Quality Support�sustainability�planning�eﬀorts�at�
the�Long Beach�Airport�and�San�Pedro�
Bay�Ports�and�support�LBUSD�school�bus�
electrication�
Air Quality Electrify�local,�small�GHG�emitters�such�as� lawn�and garden equipment, outdoor
power equipment, and others
ACTION
ACTION

NUMBERTHEME

SECTOR/

STRESSOR
Transportation Expand�and�improve�pedestrian�and�
bikeway�infrastructure citywide
Transportation Implement�the�San�Pedro�Bay�Ports�
Clean�Trucks�Program
Transportation Increase�access�to�additional�electric�
vehicle�charging stations
Transportation Increase�employment�and�residential�
development�along�primary�transit�
corridors�and�increase�frequency�of�
public�transit�and�access to multimodal
transportation
Transportation Increase�density�and�mixing�of�land�uses� and�update�the�Transportation�Demand�
Management�Ordinance�to�require�
strategies�that encourage�multimodal�
transportation�use�
T-2
T-3
T-4
T‐5
T‐1b
T‐6
T‐7b
T‐8b
T‐9
BE‐1
BE-8
W-1
AQ‐3b
AQ‐5b
AQ‐6
AQ-4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
13 ES
Executive Summary
Stakeholder engagement was key to the process and had two main components – first, working with a series of stakeholder working groups, and second, extensive public outreach. The City is grateful to all those who provided input. Input from the scientific community input is reflected in the climate science, vulnerability assessment, and other technical appendices. Community input is reflected in the plan’s vision and goals, the policies and strategies that have been included and prioritized, and the way in which various actions are anticipated to be implemented.

HOW WE DEVELOPED THE PLAN –

LISTENING TO YOU
Early in the engagement process, staff set out to create an inclusive, community- centered planning process to broadly engage the Long Beach community, but with particular attention to those most affected by climate change. The community engagement strategy for the CAAP was based on an equity assessment conducted in partnership with other City departments, including Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and Marine, and the Health and Human Services Department.

14 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 ESExecutive Summary

COMMUNITY WORKING GROUP

SCIENTIFIC WORKING GROUP
3 meetings
California State University, Long Beach;
Long Beach Community College; the University
of California, Los Angeles; the Aquarium of
the Paciﬁc, the South Coast Air Quality
Management District, and RAND Corporation.

BUSINESS WORKING GROUP
24Businesses
2 meetings
2 meetings multiple meetings
Including architecture, engineering, utilities,
sustainability consultants, business associa-
tion leaders and the Chamber of Commerce.
•
•
•
Validate the project methodology;
Provide feedback and input on
local data;
Review results and early actions.
•
•
•

Provide input on climate-related;
their concerns
Review existing actions;
Recommend future opportunities.
•
•
•
Input on the public engagement
approach;
Provide input on Climate-related
concerns;
Review proposed actions.
10,260
TOTAL estimated participants
67 1,395
98 sign-ins

ESTIMATED

PARTICIPANTS
200#1
OPEN
HOUSE
97 sign-ins

ESTIMATED

PARTICIPANTS
200#2
OPEN
HOUSE
sign-ins events
107 sign-ins

ESTIMATED

PARTICIPANTS
500#3
OPEN
HOUSE
Long Beach
ClimateFest
13Independent Experts
20Local Community Groups
California State University, Long Beach;
Long Beach City College; Long Beach
Uniﬁed School District; St. Anthony’s High
School; Youth Leadership Long Beach; and
Aquarium of the Paciﬁc youth volunteers
Neighborhood associations, environmental justice
organizations, church and religious organizations,
clean energy advocates, community assets and
open space organizations, and health and
wellbeing organizations.

ENGAGED YOUTH LEADERS
13Educational Institutes

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
15 ES
Executive Summary
Sea Level Rise and Increased Precipitation
Extreme Heat
As part of the CAAP process, the most up-to-date science and local climate projections for the main climate change impacts—extreme heat, sea level rise, and precipitation— and two secondary impacts relating to air quality and drought were reviewed. The City used this information to carry out a Climate Vulnerability Assessment, which explored how these climate stressors will impact different types of city assets (see the graphic below). As climate models and projections are improved and updated with new data and observations, they will be used to inform future updates of the CAAP.

HOW CLIMATE CHANGE WILL IMPACT LONG BEACH
Rising
temperatures
worsen air
pollution
ChildrenElderly
Respiratory
Issues
Projected Sea Level
Rise
2030 2050
11 “ 24 “ 37 “
2100
Mid-Range
66 “
2100
High Range
Certain low-lying areas are
expected to be at greater risk
due to sea level rise in
combination with high tides,
storm events, and more
intense precipitation.

Rising seas and heavier storms
are expected to threaten our
shoreline and lead to increased
ooding inland.

Air quality varies greatly in Long Beach.

Impacts will be felt most by people sensitive
to poor air quality and communities adjacent
to emissions sources.

Projected days of extreme heat
(95 degrees and above)
As extreme heat gets worse, the urban heat
island eﬀect could accelerate.The urban heat
island eﬀect impacts low-income areas and
communitites of color in
North, Central and
West Long Beach
the most.

Temperature and precipitation changes are expected to worsen droughts and reduce snowpack and access to imported water, all while increasing demand for water.
1980 - 2000
4 Days
2008 - 2017
9 Days
Mid-Century
11 - 16 Days
End of
Century
11 -37 Days
16 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 ESExecutive Summary
Air Quality
Drought
Rising
temperatures
worsen air
pollution
ChildrenElderly
Respiratory
Issues
Projected Sea Level
Rise
2030 2050
11 “ 24 “ 37 “
2100
Mid-Range
66 “
2100
High Range
Certain low-lying areas are
expected to be at greater risk
due to sea level rise in
combination with high tides,
storm events, and more
intense precipitation.

Rising seas and heavier storms
are expected to threaten our
shoreline and lead to increased
ooding inland.

Air quality varies greatly in Long Beach.

Impacts will be felt most by people sensitive
to poor air quality and communities adjacent
to emissions sources.

Temperature and precipitation changes are expected to worsen droughts and reduce snowpack and access to imported water, all while increasing demand for water.
1980 - 2000
4 Days
2008 - 2017
9 Days
Mid-Century
11 - 16 Days
End of
Century
11 -37 Days
Although climate change is impacting the entire city, some communities within Long Beach already experience disproportionate environmental health burdens and have the highest social vulnerability to climate change. As Long Beach prepares for an uncertain climate future, the City will support these communities to make sure they can thrive.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
17 ES
Executive Summary
26%
Residential &
Commercial Buildings
25%
Manufacturing,
Construction, & Energy
6%
Waste
44%
Transportation
(Cars, trucks, etc.)
Notes: Residential & commercial buildings and manufacturing, construction and energy are consolidated as “stationary energy” in the Production Inventory. The Total Production Inventory also includes port waterborne activity emissions. (chapter 5) The reduction of GHG emissions is one of the primary objectives of the CAAP, and the goal is net zero emissions by 2045. An interim target for 2030 has been identified to help the City achieve this goal. Developing meaningful reduction strategies and evaluating their ability to meet a GHG target first requires an understanding of the community’s baseline and projected future emissions levels.

The City developed a production inventory that analyzes emissions from local activities such as vehicle travel, building energy use, and waste disposal. Emissions occurring from vessel operations at the Port of Long Beach are, in part, regulated at the state level by the California Air Resources Board (CARB), and the City of Long Beach does not have the direct authority to dictate emissions reduction policies for private shipping companies that operate from the port. For this reason, port waterborne activity is not considered for GHG target-setting purposes.

Where do Our Emissions Come From?

HOW LONG BEACH IMPACTS CLIMATE CHANGE
18 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 ESExecutive Summary
MT CO2e/SP/yr = Metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per service population (population + employment)
Our Carbon Challenge
The City developed a high-level consumption-based inventory to understand emissions resulting from the consumption of goods and services by city residents (for information purposes only). The City also analyzed the life cycle emissions associated with oil and gas extraction activities in Long Beach to present a holistic view of the City’s total contribution to global emissions and to help identify possible reductions in the long term. The City can most directly influence emissions related to the production-based inventory, and CAAP actions will aim at reducing emissions from this inventory.

Where We Started
2015

4.5 MT CO2e/SP/yr
Goal by 2030
40%
Reduction:

3.04 MT CO 2e/SP/yr
Net Zero
by
2045
100% Reduction!

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
19 ES
Executive Summary

HOW WE ARE GOING TO REDUCE OUR

VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE IMPACTS
Goal: All Long Beach communities have clean air and improved public health Air Quality
AQ-1
AQ-2
Emissions are reduced by
shifting to cleaner equipment
and vehicles.

AQ-6
AQ-3
AQ-4
AQ-5
AQ-7
Buildings and facilities actively
reduce air pollution as a
component of a broader
energy reduction strategy.

AQ
Air quality impacts from local
oil and gas operations are
minimized.

Support the development of the Long Beach Airport Sustainability Plan
Encourage urban agriculture practices that reduce air quality pollution Electrify small local emitters, such as lawn and garden equipment, outdoor power equipment, and others
Work with Long Beach Unied School District (LBUSD) to support school bus electrication
Implement the Port of Long Beach Clean Air Action Plan
Increase monitoring and regulation of oil extraction and rening process
Incentivize installation of photocatalytic tiles
OBJECTIVES ACTIONSNO.

Extreme

Heat
All residents have access to
services and programs to
withstand extreme heat
events
New and existing buildings,
streets, and public spaces
reduce extreme heat through
incorporation of cool surfaces
and green infrastructure

EH-1
EH-2
EH-6
EH-3
EH-4
EH-5
EH-7
EH-8
EH
Install additional water fountains and other actions to increase public access to water
Increase the presence of reective streets, cool surfaces, and shade canopies
Enhance and expand urban forest cover and vegetation
Identify future vulnerability potential for power outages related to extreme heat and develop plans to prevent such outages
Enhance and expand the accessibility of cooling centers Provide bus shelter amenities
Improve beach and coastal transit access during extreme heat events
Increase presence of cool roofs and cool walls
Public transit is a comfortable
and viable mobility option
during extreme heat events,
especially for transit-
dependent populations
Goal: Long Beach buildings, neighborhoods, and infrastructure are climate resilient, reduce the urban heat island eﬀect, and are set up to ensure and improve public health and safety in the face of extreme heat events OBJECTIVES ACTIONSNO.
20 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 ESExecutive Summary
Goal: Long Beach has a more sustainable and diverse water supply that reduces dependence on imported water and improves long-term water security
Maximize water eﬃciency
and conservation.

DRT
DRT-1
DRT-2
Maximize water that is
captured and reused locally.

Goal: Long Beach understands and is prepared for its future ood risk Sea Level Rise + Flooding
FLD-1
FLD-2
Adaptation strategies are
implemented to protect
vulnerable shoreline areas and
wastewater infrastructure
FLD-3
FLD-4
FLD-5
FLD-12
FLD-13
FLD-14
FLD-15
FLD-16
FLD-17
FLD-18
FLD-19
FLD-20
FLD-8
FLD-9
FLD-10
FLD-11
City plans and policies are
forward-looking and ensure
projects and investments
account for projected sea
level and  ooding impacts
FLD
Medium-Term Actions
(2030-2050)
Short-Term Actions (to 2030)
Long-Term Actions
(2050-2100)
Vulnerable infrastructure is
elevated or relocated
Long-term physical adaptation
strategies are selected and
implemented based on
additional research and
community adaptation
priorities, and prioritize natural
solutions whenever possible.

Additional long-term adaptation
options are evaluated using
the best available science.

Incorporate sea level rise language into citywide plans, policies, and regulations
Inventory and ood-proof vulnerable sewer pump stations Establish a ood impacts monitoring program
Incorporate adaptation into City lease negotiations
Update the City’s existing Stormwater Management Plan
Update and augment oodplain regulations as necessary
Enhance dunes
Relocate/elevate critical infrastructure
Elevate riverine levees
Elevate street hardscapes
Retreat/realign parking lots
Retrot/extend sea wall
Elevate streets/pathways
Expand beach nourishment
Construct living shoreline/berm
Extend/upgrade existing seawalls
Evaluate feasibility of storm surge barrier at Alamitos Bay Clear and suﬃcient
information is on hand to
identify and prioritize near-term
adaptation needs and best
practices
FLD-6
FLD-7
Conduct citywide beach stabilization study
Review and conduct studies of combined riverine/coastal ooding and increased severity of rainfall events on watershed ooding
Investigate feasibility of managed retreat
OBJECTIVES ACTIONSNO.

For Medium and Long Term Actions - see main plan document.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
21 ES
Executive Summary

HOW WE ARE GOING TO ACHIEVE OUR

GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION TARGETS
Goal: Long Beach buildings are energy-eﬃcient and our communities run on aﬀordable, renewable electricity
Transition to a carbon-free,
more resilient electricity
system
Building + Energy
BE-1
BE-2
Increase the energy
eﬃciencyof existing
buildings/facilities

Goal: Aﬀordable, safe, carbon-free transportation choices connect all Long Beach communities to opportunity, clean air, and improved health T-7
Implement the Port of Long Beach Clean Trucks Program
Develop an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Master Plan
Expand and improve pedestrian infrastructure citywide
Increase bikeway infrastructure citywide
Increase the frequency, speed, connectivity, and safety of transit options
Increase employment and residential development along
primary transit corridors
Increase the density and mixing of land uses
Integrate SB 743 planning with the CAAP process
Update the Transportation Demand Management Ordinance
T-1
T-2
Shift to low- and zero-
emissions vehicles to move
people and freight
T-3
T-4
T-5
Prioritize the development of
transit-oriented
neighborhoods

with a mix of
jobs, services, and housing
T-6
T-8
T-9
Decrease reliance on
personal motor vehicles
and increase transit, biking,
andwalking trips
Transportation
T
GHG Reductions 30,480 MT CO2e
OBJECTIVES ACTIONSNO.
22 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 ESExecutive Summary
Goal: Long Beach buildings are energy-eﬃcient and our communities run on aﬀordable, renewable electricity
Transition to a carbon-free,
more resilient electricity
system
Building + Energy
BE-1
BE-2
Increase the energy
eﬃciencyof existing
buildings/facilities

Develop an organic waste collection program for City-serviced accounts
Identify organic waste management options
Partner with private waste haulers to expand organic waste collection community-wide
Ensure compliance with state law requirements for multifamily and commercial property recycling programs
Collect all organic waste for
composting or clean energy
generation
Materials that can be recycled
are recycled
W
W-1
W-2
W-3
W-4
Waste
GHG Reductions 116,680 MT CO2e
Goal: Long Beach is a zero-waste city
OBJECTIVES ACTIONSNO.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
23 ES
Executive Summary
Upgrade to energy-efficient lighting and appliances and improve building i nsulation. Seek programs and rebates for conducting energy assessments, ins talling solar panels, etc.

T ake public transit, bicycle, and walk instead of driving when possible.

C onserve water by installing water-saving fixtures and adopting behavioral c hanges, such as reducing shower length, reducing flush frequency, and re using greywater (e.g., sink to garden).

Reduce the use of single-use disposables and compost food scraps at home t o reduce the waste sent to landfills.

Replace lawns with native and drought-tolerant gardens and landscaping.

U se blackout curtains to keep your home cool and be aware of local a ir-conditioned locations such as cooling centers.

Prepare your home for flooding by storing sandbags and elevating e quipment off the ground or floor. Sign up for Alert Long Beach for flood a lert notifications.

Shop locally at farmers markets, local businesses, and thrift stores to reduce t ransportation emissions and support the local economy.

Learn a nutritious, plant-based recipe. Commit to more meatless meals to h elp reduce the contribution of meat and dairy production to climate change.

Create an emergency plan with your household. Get to know your neighbors s o that all can be better connected in case of an emergency.

Keep a journal recording your observations of plants and animals near your h ome. Cultivate a practice of observing the effects of climate change i mpacts and witness how nature is responding. 1
Jo in an environmental organization that participates in advocacy, community s ervice such as local tree plantings and cleanups, environmental education, a nd other activities.

WHAT CAN YOU DO?
1Hineline, Mark L. Ground Truth: A Guide to Tracking Climate Change at Home.

University of Chicago Press, 2018.
24 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 ESExecutive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
25 What is the
Climate Action and
Adaptation Plan?
1 1
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................28 WHAT IS CLIMATE ACTION?
WHAT IS CLIMATE ADAPTATION?
WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE PLANNING? ........................................................28 WHY DO WE NEED THE CAAP? .................................................................. 31

WHAT IS OUR COMMUNITY VISION AND MISSION FOR
THE CAAP? ...........................................................................................................32 PLAN GOALS ....................................................................................................... 33 HOW DOES THE CAAP ALIGN WITH STATE POLICIES? ...................34 1What is the Climate Action
and Adaptation Plan

INTRODUCTION

The City of Long Beach’s Climate Action and
Adaptation Plan (CAAP) is a comprehensive
planning document outlining the City’s proposed
approach both to address climate impacts on the
city and to reduce the city’s impact on the climate
by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Climate change is already affecting Long Beach
residents, businesses, and neighborhoods
through extreme weather events like heat waves
and flooding, and climate change impacts, such
as poor air quality, are projected to worsen in the
coming years. Adapting Long Beach to climate
change and reducing the City’s contribution to
its causes are necessary. Planning for climate
change is also an opportunity to address
structural and systemic inequities that have led
to disproportionate environmental burdens on
low-income communities and communities of
color in the city. Through a coordinated response
to climate change that includes addressing public
and environmental health disparities, investing
in youth, and fostering jobs and economic
opportunity, Long Beach can move to a more
equitable, low-carbon, climate-resilient future
where everyone can live in thriving communities
that are built on sustainability and resilience.

This CAAP will guide the City in preparing for
and protecting the city and its residents from
future climate impacts. At the same time, the
CAAP will ensure that the City, all its residents
and businesses, and the greater Long Beach
community contribute towards both the State
of California’s climate goals and global efforts
to address the climate crisis that the world is
facing. The role of cities has never been more
important, as cities account for more than 70
percent of GHG emissions globally. The CAAP
is an important next step in furthering the
City’s leadership in sustainability. Through this
plan, the City is demonstrating its continued
commitment to and leadership in climate
action.

By addressing both mitigation and adaptation
together, the City has been able to consider how
actions can synergistically produce multiple co-
benefits. For example, by addressing existing
environmental health disparities, the City can
improve the quality of life and health of all its
residents. The CAAP includes the City’s first
community-wide GHG inventory and climate
vulnerability assessment, which provided the
fundamental local data and information from
which the CAAP’s actions were developed.

The CAAP includes a roadmap for implementing
new polices, programs, incentives, requirements,
projects, and initiatives in the immediate future,
as well as longer-term actions that will need to
be studied further while monitoring how the
climate continues to change and evaluating the
effectiveness of actions taken.

WHAT IS CLIMATE
ACTION?

WHAT IS CLIMATE
ADAPTATION?

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE
PLANNING?
Climate action (sometimes referred to as
mitigation) refers to actions taken to address
the causes of climate change and reduce the
impacts we (people) have on the climate system
by reducing our future GHG emissions. Climate
change is already taking place, and climate
adaptation refers to adjusting our behaviors,
systems, and infrastructure to reduce the
impact that the effects of climate change,
such as heat waves, worsening air quality, and
flooding, will have on infrastructure, services,
and the well-being of the community. In addition
to addressing these challenges, the CAAP
will enable the City to continue to be at the
forefront of sustainable planning. Sustainable
planning is about meeting the needs of the
present without compromising the future.
28 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 1What is the Climate Action
and Adaptation Plan
Sustainable Planning in an
Environmental Justice Context:

Although climate change will impact all of Long
Beach, some of the city’s communities already
experience disproportionate environmental
health burdens today. Long Beach is very diverse,
which can be a source of strength, vibrancy,
and resilience. However, it also has racial and
economic disparities that are manifested spatially
across the city. Tools such as CalEnviroScreen
help identify the California communities that
are most affected by many sources of pollution
and the areas where people are often especially
vulnerable to pollution’s effects. For Long Beach,
CalEnviroScreen shows how Central, West and
North Long Beach experience some of the highest
pollution impacts in California. It reveals that
many areas are worse off than 95 percent of the
state. Only 2.2 miles away, communities in eastern
Long Beach face a less cumulative burden than
85 percent to 90 percent of the state. Extreme
heat stemming from climate change is expected
to affect the greatest number of people in Long
Beach, and its impacts are more concentrated
in Central, West, and North Long Beach.

Paramount
Seal Beach
Carson
Signal Hill
Compton
Los Angeles
Pacific Ocean
Long Beach Harbor
Bellflower
Lakewood
Artesia
Hawaiian
Gardens
Los
Alamitos

§¨¦710
!(22
!(1
!(1
§¨¦
405
§¨¦
605
!(91
Anaheim St
7th St
4th St
Cherry Ave Redondo Ave
Santa Fe Ave
Willow St
Wardlow Rd
Artesia Blvd
Atherton St
Spring St
Carson St
South St
Pacific Ave Atlantic Ave
Orange Ave
Lakewood Blvd Bellflower Blvd
Palo Verde Ave
Long Beach Blvd
Sensitivity to extreme heat related to the
Urban Heat Island Effect from Climate-Smart
Cities Los Angeles Project
Social Vulnerability from Climate-Smart Cities
Los Angeles Project
Output from CalEnviroScreen 3.0
Figure 1: Maps showing social vulnerability
Vulnerability to Extreme Heat
Low
Medium
High
None
Vulnerability to Extreme Heat
Low
Medium
High
None
WHAT IS THE CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN?
29 1What is the Climate Action
and Adaptation Plan
It is no coincidence that the populations living in
these areas tend to be low-income communities of
color. Low-income communities and communities
of color in Long Beach are more likely to live in
areas with poor air quality, in regions with little
green space, and along the Los Angeles River
channel where the risk of urban flooding is
expected to increase. These geographic patterns
exist due to socioeconomic inequality caused
by long-standing discriminatory practices in
education, housing, employment, local political
representation, and access to resources. Low-
income communities of color were historically
excluded from neighborhoods with less
environmental pollution and greater public
investment, and these practices partly explain
why low-income communities of color today are
still concentrated in the portions of the city with
the poorest air quality and environmental health
indicators. Looking further back, it is important
to acknowledge that the land that became the
city of Long Beach, like other cities throughout
the region, state, and the country, was originally
occupied by Indigenous Peoples, in particular,
the Tongva/Gabrieleño and Acjachemen/Juaneño
Nations. We should recognize them as the first
stewards and traditional caretakers of this area
we now call Long Beach.

Inclusive planning is based on meaningful
community engagement and strategies to
address social inequities. While the CAAP
development process reached out to people
throughout the city, it placed a significant focus
on reaching those communities most impacted
by climate change, including young people and
communities of color. The CAAP’s strategies for
inclusive planning included:
• Partnering with youth groups, schools, and
community-based organizations to engage
and solicit input from the communities
most impacted by climate change
• Providing healthy and sustainable food
at events and giveaways that raise
environmental awareness and promote
sustainability, including the use of reusable
straws and bags, air filters and emergency
kits
• Providing health and dental screenings and
access to the wide-ranging resources and
services of government and educational
institutions at CAAP events
• Acknowledging native lands at CAAP events
• Facilitating co-learning processes to identify
issues, priorities, and solutions, such as best
practices from people’s lived experiences
• Conducting CAAP outreach in the places
where people already gather, including
health fairs and community and cultural
events
• Drawing from and identifying culturally
relevant examples of best practices locally
and globally from Latin America and Asia
• Using iterative and two-way, culturally
competent and multilingual engagement
• Using art and other creative strategies
for engaging a broader audience for
both in-person and online engagement
opportunities
For more details, see the Community Engagement
section of this chapter and the Community
Engagement appendix.

This plan is based on the knowledge and
insight gained from the community and these
inclusive planning strategies, and every action
in the CAAP includes an Equity Strategy or
strategies for guiding equitable implementation
of CAAP actions. To ensure successful
implementation of the CAAP, continued
engagement, co-learning, and assessment
of equity strategies are ongoing objectives.

30 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 1What is the Climate Action
and Adaptation Plan
According to research compiled by the UCLA
Fielding School of Public Health, climate change
is not only already impacting our health in Los
Angeles County, but will continue to impact our
social, cultural, and natural resources as extreme
climate events—heat waves, floods, storms, and
droughts—become more frequent and powerful.

That meta-analysis showed that 97 percent of
climate experts agree that humans are causing
climate change.i Therefore, the CAAP is needed
to help prepare and protect Long Beach from
climate change while reducing future GHG
emissions.

The CAAP will also help the City comply with
various local, regional, state, and federal
regulations to significantly reduce emissions.

The City is obligated under the California
Environmental Quality Act, Assembly Bill 32 (The
California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006),
Senate Bill (SB) 375 (The Sustainable Communities
and Climate Protection Act of 2008), and various
California Executive Orders to do its part to
reduce GHG emissions. Generally, statewide
targets aim to reduce emissions to 1990 levels by
2020, to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030,
and to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.

California SB 379 requires cities and counties
to include climate adaptation and resiliency
strategies in their General Plans to ensure the
safety and protection of their communities in the
future.

Finally, the CAAP will help the City meet its various
voluntary climate commitments. In November
2015, Long Beach Mayor Robert Garcia signed an
official commitment to the Compact of Mayors
(now called the Global Covenant of Mayors
for Climate and Energy), a global coalition to
collectively reduce GHG emissions and enhance
resilience to climate change. In order to comply
with the Global Covenant’s requirements, the
City of Long Beach must establish a plan for
climate action and a plan for adaptation. In
addition, in 2017 Mayor Garcia joined 406 mayors
across the United States in pledging to continue
WHY DO WE NEED THE CAAP?
the goals of the Paris Climate Agreement
to make sustainable changes to limit global
temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius
(2°C), and in 2019 Mayor Garcia encouraged the
City to achieve a 2045 carbon neutrality goal.

The CAAP is an important next step in furthering
the City’s leadership in sustainability.

Environmental sustainability entails
understanding the limitations of our finite
resources (e.g., water, fossil fuel, natural gas), and
adopting practices that limit or eliminate waste
and pollution. Long Beach has already adopted
significant green and sustainable approaches
to improve the health of residents, businesses,
neighborhoods, and the natural environment.

The CAAP will provide a roadmap for Long
Beach to continue towards its goal of a
more environmentally healthy, economically
prosperous, and equitable city. The plan will
include a prioritized list of policy, infrastructure,
and programmatic needs that will be pursued
to reduce the city’s carbon footprint and
prepare for the impacts of climate change.

WHAT IS THE CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN?
31 1What is the Climate Action
and Adaptation Plan
The vision of the Long Beach CAAP is to create
a more sustainable, resilient, and equitable
city by addressing climate change in a way that
also addresses existing environmental health
disparities while improving health and quality of
life and enhancing economic vitality throughout
Long Beach.

The CAAP process has been driven by a mission
to:
• Create an inclusive, community-centered
planning process to broadly engage the
Long Beach community, paying particular
attention to those most affected by climate
change, including low-income communities
and people of color, youth, and older adults.
• Communicate climate change impacts
in Long Beach by meeting residents and
community members where they already
gather, such as community events, cultural
festivals, senior centers, schools, and
trusted community organizations.
• Build capacity to co-define solutions and
priorities to inform the CAAP.
• Collaborate with internal (City departments)
and external stakeholders (community
members, business community,
neighborhood associations, the scientific
community).
• Commit to ensuring that the Long Beach
community and its physical assets are
better protected from the impacts of climate
change.

Long Beach has already taken a significant green
and sustainable approach to improving the
health of residents, businesses, neighborhoods
and the natural environment. For example, Long
Beach was one of the first cities to create a Port
Clean Air Action Plan (the 2006 San Pedro Bay
Ports Clean Air Action Plan), a Sustainable City
Commission (2007), an Office of Sustainability
(2008), a Sustainable City Action Plan (2010),
and a commitment to the Compact of Mayors
(2015). As a result, the City has been in the
process of incorporating sustainability in all
major policies to build resilience and ensure
Long Beach thrives for the next 100 years and
beyond. The City has also focused on creating
sustainable land use and transportation
systems. The City’s Mobility Element, adopted in
2013, focuses on providing active transportation
options throughout Long Beach neighborhoods.

The City has made significant investments in
bicycle, pedestrian, and transit-supporting
infrastructure in recent years. The City’s General
Plan Land Use Element update, adopted in
2019, supports this progress by promoting land
use patterns that concentrate density around
transit and promote active transportation
through a mix of uses and careful urban design.

WHAT IS OUR COMMUNITY VISION AND MISSION
FOR THE CAAP?
32 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 1What is the Climate Action
and Adaptation Plan
Based on community input throughout the
CAAP development process, the following
goals were established:
• Be inclusive and incorporate the views of
the entire community while prioritizing
populations that are vulnerable to and
disproportionately impacted by climate
change.
• Create a healthier community by addressing
climate change.
• Consider social, environmental, and
economic co-benefits holistically.
• Empower young people to be leaders in
creating a more sustainable community.

• Invoke a personal sense of responsibility in
residents and businesses.
• Create an actionable plan (with the
right balance between innovation and
practicality).
• Distinguish Long Beach as a leader in
climate mitigation and adaptation planning.

Figure 2 The CAAP builds upon a history of local sustainability accomplishments * The San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan was subsequently updated in 2010 and 2017.

Sustainable City
Action Plan
City Commitment to
Compact of Mayors
City Commitment
to 2045 Carbon
Neutrality Goal
City Commitment
to Paris Agreement
Incorporation of
Sustainable Policies
in Land Use Element
Update
Incorporation of
Sustainable Transportation
Policies in City Mobility
Element Update
San Pedro
Bay Ports
Clean Air
Action Plan
Formation of
City Office of
Sustainability
Formation of
Sustainable City
Commission
2006 2007 2008 20102009 2011 2012 2013 2015 2014 2016 2017 2019 2018

PLAN GOALS
WHAT IS THE CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN?
33 1What is the Climate Action
and Adaptation Plan

CLIMATE ADAPTATION

ACTION PLAN

EMISSIONS REDUCTION TARGETS TRANSPORTATION & LAND USE
Senate Bill 375 - Sustainable Communities
and Climate Protection Act (2008)
Executive Order-B-30-15 (2015)
Senate Bill 32 - California Global Warming
Solutions Act (2016)
Senate Bill 743 - California Environmental
Quality Act (CEQA) Transportation Impacts
(2013)
Assembly Bill 32 - California Global
Warming Solutions Act (2006)
California’s landmark climate change
mitigation legislation set initial statewide
greenhouse gas emissions targets and directs
the California Air Resources Board to periodically
update a Scoping Plan to outline the State’s plan
for achieving emissions reductions. The 2017
Scoping Plan Update recomments local
government goals of 6 metric tons C0
²e per capita by
2030 and 2 metric tons CO²e per capita by 2050.

Updated existing statewide green house gas
emissions reduction goals to 40 percent below
1990 levels by 2040, and 80 percent below 1990
levels by 2050.

Directs the California Air Resources Board to
set regional targets for the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions anddirects each
metropolitan planning organization in the
state to develop an integrated land use and
transportationstrategy with the goal of
reducing greenhousegas emissions.

Updates AB 32, requiring California to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below
1990 levels by 2030.

This legislation mandated a change (implemented
in 2019) in the focus of tranportation impact
analysisin CEQA from measuring impacts to
drivers to measuringthe impact of driving, in
order to promote the reductionof greenhouse
gas emissions and the development of
multimodal transportation networks.

Senate Bill 1078 - California Renewables
Portfolio Standard Program (2002)
Assembly Bill 691 - State lands: granted
trust lands: sea level rise (2013)
Senate Bill 379 - Land Use: General Plan:

Safety Element (2013)
Senate Bill 350 - Clean Energy and Pollution
ReductionAct (2015)

RENEWABLE ENERGY CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
Established the California Renewables Portfolio
Stndard Program, which required electric utilities
to meet 20 percent of their renewable power by
December 31, 2017.

The latest in a series of updates to California’s
Renewables Portfolio standard Program, which
requires retail sellers and publicly owned energy
utilities to procure 50 percent of their electricity-
from eligible renewable energy resources by 2030
Requires local holders of public trust lands,
including all coastal areas and tidelands, to
assess the impacts of sealevel rise and describe
how the local trustee intends to protect those
lands in a report to the Califronia State Lands
Commission.

Requires local governments to include climate
adaptation and resiliency strategies, including a
vulnerability assessment and implementation
measures, in the Safety Element of their General
Plans.

HOW DOES THE CAAP ALIGN WITH STATE POLICIES?
One of the drivers behind the Plan is to align with the various existing State policies guiding cities on how they can contribute to the overall State goals around climate change. The key policies are highlighted below.
34 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 1What is the Climate Action
and Adaptation Plan
WHAT IS THE CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN?
35 2 How was the CAAP
Developed?
2 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................38 STAKEHOLDER AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT ...........................40 CAAP RELATIONSHIP TO THE GENERAL PLAN ................................... 43 CAAP RELATE TO OTHER CITY PLANS .....................................................45 HOW TO READ THE ACTIONS ......................................................................46 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

INTRODUCTION

The CAAP was developed by the City in
partnership with the community over more
than 3 years, following the steps shown in the
illustrations below for the climate adaptation
planning and climate mitigation planning
processes. Community and stakeholder
engagement, which was an integral part of the
CAAP development process, is also described in
this chapter.

Climate Adaptation Process
1+2+3 Review Science, Inventory
Assets and Operations, and Assess
Vulnerability: Critical city assets were
assessed for vulnerability to sea level rise
(SLR), precipitation, wildfire, and extreme
heat. See Chapter 3 for further details.

4. Assess Risk: Once vulnerabilities had been
identified, their health, safety, and economic
consequences were assessed in line with State
requirements. See Chapter 3 for further details.

1 7
2 3
45 6
Review Science
Inventory Assets
& Operations
Assess
Vulnerability
Assess Risk
Monitor
Adaptive
Capacity &
Thresholds
Identify
Climate
Scenarios Function
Location
Condition
Exposure
Sensitivity
Adaptive
CapacityAdopt
Design
Permit
Construct
Physical
Governance
Information
Physical
Governance
Information
Implement
Adaption
Measures

STAKEHOLDER

ENGAGEMENT
Plan Adaption

5. Plan Adaptation: With input from
stakeholders, the community, and City
departments, a long list of actions was
developed to adapt critical assets and
neighborhoods to climate impacts. These
were then prioritized using community and
City input, in line with a set of performance
criteria/guiding principles developed for
the actions. See Chapter 4 for the full set of
adaptation actions selected for the CAAP.

6. Implementation: For short-term
actions, initial implementation steps
have been identified. These actions are
part of each action write-up in Chapter 4.

7. Monitor: Given the evolving nature
of climate science and observed climate
changes, the City will monitor updates on a
regular basis as well as the performance of
early implementation measures. See Chapter
8 for more details.

Figure 3: The Climate Adaptation Process
38 HOW WAS THE CAAP DEVELOPED
1 7
2 3
45 6
Monitoring
and
Measuring
GHG
Inventory Forecast
of Projected
Emissions
GHG
Reduction
Target
Strategy
Implementation
GHG = Greenhouse Gas
GHG
Mitigation
Strategy
Development
Analysis
of Existing
Actions

STAKEHOLDER

ENGAGEMENT
Climate Mitigation Process
1+2+3 Greenhouse Gas Inventory, Forecast
of Projected Emissions, and Reduction
Target: The City carried out its first GHG
inventory for this Plan to understand which
sectors will need to be focused on. See
Chapter 5 for further details.

4. Analysis of Existing Actions: The City
reviewed all current existing actions and
initiatives that are contributing to mitigation
and adaptation to understand the baseline to
build from.

5. Action Development: With input
from stakeholders, the community, and
City departments, a long list of actions
was developed that could provide GHG
reductions. These were then prioritized
using community and City input, in line
with a set of performance criteria/guiding
principles developed for the actions.

See Chapter 6 for the full set of mitigation
actions selected for the plan, and Chapter 7
for City leadership and financing strategies.

6. Strategy Implementation: For short
term actions, initial implementation
steps have been identified. These can be
found as part of each action write up in
Chapter 6.

7. Monitoring and Measuring: Performance
towards the City’s GHG reduction target
will be monitored in part by regular GHG
inventories. See Chapter 8 for further details.

Figure 4: The Climate Mitigation Process
39 2
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Stakeholder engagement was key to the process
and had two main components – first, working
with a series of stakeholder working groups, and
second, extensive public outreach. The City is
grateful to all those who provided input. Input
from the scientific community input is reflected in
the climate science, vulnerability assessment, and
other technical appendices. Community input is
reflected in the plan’s vision and goals, the policies
and strategies that have been included and
prioritized, and the way in which various actions
are anticipated to be implemented.

Stakeholder Working Groups –
Incorporating Local Expertise
Three stakeholder working groups were
convened throughout the process:
• A Scientific Working Group was convened
three times to validate the project
methodology, to provide feedback and
input on local data, and to review results
and early actions. The Scientific Working
Group included 13 independent experts
from California State University, Long
Beach; Long Beach Community College; the
University of California, Los Angeles; the
Aquarium of the Pacific, the South Coast
Air Quality Management District, and RAND
Corporation.
• A Business Working Group was convened
twice to provide input on their climate-
related concerns, existing actions, and
future opportunities. The group included
approximately 30 attendees from 24
businesses, including architecture,
engineering, utilities, sustainability
consultants, and various other local businesses.

Among the firms represented were firms
large and small, global and local. The group
also consulted with business association
leaders and the Chamber of Commerce.

• A Community Working Group was
convened twice to provide input on the
public engagement approach, climate-
related concerns, and actions. The group
included about 20 representatives from local
community groups.

Public Outreach – Listening to You
In addition to the stakeholder working groups,
the proposed CAAP has also been informed by
an extensive public engagement process, which
reached out to almost 10,000 residents at more
than 60 events, including community meetings,
open houses, resource fairs, and expert panel
discussions hosted throughout the city.

Early in the engagement process, staff set out to
create an inclusive, community-centered planning
process to broadly engage the Long Beach
community, but with particular attention to those
most affected by climate change. The community
engagement strategy for the CAAP was based on
an equity assessment conducted in partnership
with other City departments, including Long Beach
Parks, Recreation, and Marine, and the Health and
Human Services Department.

Throughout the outreach process, staff has held
various CAAP presentations and activities in
collaboration with the City Council offices and
other community partners. By “meeting people
where they are,” (e.g., at community events,
cultural festivals, neighborhood association
meetings, faith-based organizations) the City
made a concerted effort to engage Long Beach
residents and community members and to solicit
their input on the CAAP while sharing data and
information about local climate science projections
and climate change vulnerabilities in Long Beach.

Through partnerships with community-based
organizations, environmental groups, and
educational institutions, the City has
been able
to reach out to youth, multilingual communities,
and older adults. Here are a few highlights:

STAKEHOLDER AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
40 HOW WAS THE CAAP DEVELOPED
Open House Events
The City hosted three open house events at
key points in the engagement process to share
information being developed for the CAAP (e.g.,
the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory,
the vulnerability assessment, and mitigation and
adaptation actions) and to engage the public on
the topic of climate change in Long Beach. Each
open house was held in a different geographical
area of the city. Each included a sustainability
resource fair, with information and resources from
various City departments and public agencies,
and distributed free food and environmental

giveaways such as tote bags and reusable straws.

LB ClimateFest (Open House #3), held at Marine
Stadium, included distribution of the draft plan,
a showcase of environmental projects from local
students and emerging leaders, and chalk art of
a sea level rise scenario drawn on the ground to
engage attendees on the impacts of SLR in Long
Beach.

COMMUNITY WORKING GROUP

ESTIMATED

PARTICIPANTS
200#1
OPEN
HOUSE
97 sign-ins

ESTIMATED

PARTICIPANTS
200#2
OPEN
HOUSE
sign-ins events
107 sign-ins

ESTIMATED

ENGAGED YOUTH LEADERS
13Educational Institutes
Figure 5: Summary of Community and Stakeholder Engagement 41 2
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Panel Discussions
In partnership with local organizations, the City
hosted panel discussions on extreme heat and
SLR. Both events covered an overview of the CAAP,
specific climate hazards and their impacts in Long
Beach, and strategies for keeping residents safe
and healthy during extreme weather events.

Multilingual Outreach
Through partnerships and early conversations
with community-based organizations and local
leaders, staff co-created culturally appropriate
activities and ideas for collaboration to
implement at community resource fairs and
other community events. Through the outreach
process, staff continued to evaluate engagement
approaches to make them more linguistically
and culturally appropriate and to further
strengthen relationships between the City and
local communities. Interpretation services were
available at all CAAP public workshops and
events.

Engaging Youth Leaders
Recognizing that young people will be those most
impacted by climate change in the long term, the
City partnered with youth leadership programs
and local schools across Long Beach to engage
youth and emerging leaders in developing the
CAAP. As part of this effort, the City partnered
with California State University, Long Beach;
Long Beach City College; Long Beach Unified
School District; St. Anthony’s High School; Youth
Leadership Long Beach; and Aquarium of the
Pacific youth volunteers.

Art, Creativity, and Online Engagement
Art and creativity were central to engaging children
and their families. For example, at community
resource fair events, staff used drawing prompts
like “To me sustainability means...” to encourage
children and their families to draw ways that
climate change is affecting them at home or
to share strategies they have implemented
at home or at school to reduce their carbon
footprint. In addition, to supplement in-person
outreach, staff connected with residents and
community members digitally through periodic
e-newsletters and on social media using hashtags
such as #CAAPLB and #ClimateActionLB. Easy to
understand, animated videos and infographics
were created to further explain what the CAAP is
and why the City is developing it.

The Community Engagement Appendix provides
more details on the outreach process.

42 HOW WAS THE CAAP DEVELOPED
The CAAP is being incorporated into the Long
Beach General Plan as a mitigation measure
of the Land Use Element. Recognizing that the
State of California obligates the City to create
opportunities for increased housing and jobs
to meet the needs of a growing population, the
CAAP outlines requirements, incentives, and
potential policies to ensure more sustainable
development.

In order to meet their obligations under state
law, local governments may prepare a Plan for
Reduction of Greenhouse Gases that is consistent
with Assembly Bill 32 and Senate Bill (SB) 32 goals.

The development of such a plan can be used to
streamline the GHG analysis for future plans and
projects undergoing review pursuant to Section
15183.5 of the California Environmental Quality
Act (CEQA). CEQA review of subsequent plans
and projects that are consistent with the GHG
reduction strategies and targets in the CAAP
may take advantage of CEQA streamlining. This
approach allows jurisdictions to address GHG
emissions at a community-wide level to determine
the most effective and efficient methods to
reduce them, to identify the reduction measures
that would promote the goals of the General Plan,
and to employ the reduction measures that have
the most co-benefits (for improving mobility and
access, increasing local economic development,
reducing household and business utility and
transportation costs, improving public health).

Therefore, the CAAP has been included as a
mitigation measure in the General Plan Land Use
Element update, and the CAAP will be used as
the basis for future assessments of consistency
with this plan in lieu of a project-specific GHG
CEQA analysis for future projects. A project-
specific environmental document that relies
on this plan for its cumulative impacts analysis
would identify specific reduction measures
applicable to the project that are consistent with
the CAAP; it would also describe how the project
incorporates those measures. If the measures
are not otherwise binding and enforceable, they
must be incorporated as mitigation measures
or project conditions of approval, or as some
other mechanism to ensure implementation.

CAAP RELATIONSHIP TO THE GENERAL PLAN
Each of the actions described in the CAAP
provides details on implementing the GHG
reduction strategies, including the party or
parties responsible for implementation. The
actions in the CAAP include the GHG reduction
strategies that apply to the City itself. For each
action that is related to development projects,
the City will determine whether: (a) the project is
consistent; (b) the project with conditions would
be consistent; (c) the strategy is relevant for new
development, but not the subject project; or (d)
the project includes one or more replacement
strategies that would be equally or more effective
in reducing GHG emissions, and such replacement
strategy or strategies are not included in the CAAP
or required by any other regulation, standard,
design criteria, or other existing requirement.
ii See
Chapter 8 for a more detailed explanation of
action implementation and monitoring to ensure
the City achieves its adopted GHG target.

To meet the standards of a qualified GHG
reduction plan, Long Beach’s CAAP must achieve
the following criteria (which elaborate upon
criteria established in State CEQA Guidelines
Section climate mitigation 15183.5[b][1]):
• Complete a baseline emissions inventory
and project future emissions.
• Identify a community-wide reduction target.
• Prepare a CAP to identify strategies and
measures to meet the reduction target.
• Monitor the effectiveness of reduction
measures and adapt the plan to changing
conditions.
• Adopt the CAP in a public process following
environmental review.
43 2
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 In addition to CEQA streamlining, the CAAP is
included as part of the General Plan in order
to meet the requirements of SB 379, which
states that cities and counties must include
climate adaptation and resiliency strategies
in their General Plans to ensure the safety and
protection of their communities. In addition,
through the CAAP process, information was
gathered to develop a report to comply with SB
691, which requires local planning to address
SLR in the Tidelands area, and to comply with
SB 1000, which requires local governments to
identify disadvantaged communities and address
environmental justice in their General Plans.

Incorporating the CAAP into the General Plan is
important because the City Council and Planning
Commission use the goals and policies of the
General Plan as the basis for making decisions,
determining long-term objectives, generating
and evaluating budgets, planning capital
improvements, and prioritizing tasks.

The CAAP addresses each of these recommended
plan elements, as summarized below.

Chapter 5 includes the GHG inventory and
presents the 2015 base year emissions inventory
and forecasts, the City’s 2030 emissions target,
and the 2045 aspirational goal to achieve net
carbon neutrality. Chapter 6 contains three
subsections, one for each CAAP emissions sector
area, that describe the reduction actions that
will be implemented to achieve the GHG targets.

Chapter 7 includes City leadership, funding, and
financing strategies, and Chapter 8 describes the
City’s process for monitoring, evaluating, and
revising the CAAP to ensure that the estimated
strategy reductions do occur so that the targets are
achieved. As part of its CAAP, the City has included
an adaptation plan that identifies strategies the
City will pursue to adapt to and protect against
major anticipated climate change impacts —
extreme heat, worsening air quality, drought, and
SLR and flooding. See Chapter 4 for the mitigation
and adaptation strategies.

44 HOW WAS THE CAAP DEVELOPED
City of Long
Beach
General Plan –
Land Use
Element
2019
Organization Plan Date Summary/Connection
Addressing and adapting to climate change is
one of the stated goals of the Land Use Element,
which will directly and indirectly reduce GHG
emissions though transit-oriented development
and mixed-use development, increased active
transportation, promotion of green technology,
and establishment of sustainable development
goals and policies.

City of Long
Beach
Hazard
Mitigation Plan
2017 Details the City’s vulnerability to earthquakes,
ﬂoods, windstorms, tsunamis, public health
crises, technological disasters, and drought,
along with strategies to mitigate disasters
before they strike.

City of Long
Beach
General Plan –
Mobility Element
2013 Includes complete streets and multimodal
transportation policies that have the potential
to reduce GHG emissions from private vehicles.

City of Long
Beach
Sustainable City
Action Plan
2010 Targets reductions and implementation steps
for municipal and private buildings, municipal
vehicles, solid waste, and water use.

City of Long
Beach
Local Coastal
Program*
1980
2016
Contains ground rules for development and
protection of coastal resources in the Long
Beach coastal zone.

Port of Long
Beach and
Port of Los
Angeles
San Pedro Bay
Ports Clean Air
Action Plan**
2017
Update
Sets port-related GHG reduction targets for
2030 and 2050. Strategies proposed include
establishing incentive programs for efficient
ships, installing shore power infrastructure,
revamping the Clean Trucks Program, and
encouraging cleaner and more efficient
locomotives and harbor craft.

Port of Long
Beach
* The Local Coastal Program will be updated to reﬂect the Land Use Element and the CAAP. ** The initial San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan was adopted in 2006 and updated in 2010; the current iteration followed in 2017.

Climate
Adaptation and
Coastal Resiliency
Plan
Sets forth vulnerability assessment and
adaptation strategies to protect Port assets
from future climate stressors, including extreme
heat, storm surge, and sea level rise.

Port of Long
Beach
Master Plan
Update
In
Progress
Outlines strategic goals, operational initiatives
and environmental policies, and evaluates the
consistency of future developments and land
uses with those goals, initiatives, and policies.

Relevant City of Long Beach Plans
Relevant Port of Long Beach Plans
HOW DOES THE CAAP RELATE TO OTHER CITY PLANS?
Many City plans touch on issues that are covered in this CAAP, and all City departments worked closely with the City’s Planning Bureau to ensure alignment as part of the CAAP development process. The table below identifies these City relationships and the synergies among the various City plans.

Table 1: How the CAAP relates to other city plans
45 2
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

HOW TO READ THE ACTIONS
The following graphic outlines the content of each action in Chapter 4: Adaptation Actions and Chapter 6: Mitigation Actions. The actions described will be implemented across time frames and with a range of partners. The actions will reduce GHG emissions and climate vulnerability and provide many co-benefits for Long Beach.

Implementation Lead: Development Services
Partners: ce
of Sustainability; SCE; Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and Marine Timeline: Short, Medium, and Long
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The City will consider instituting a requirement that cool roofs be used on new and replaced commercial and
residential roofs. The City will also develop a process for assessing the feasibility of cool and green roofs on future development projects and existing candidate buildings,
focusing on neighborhoods that would bene
t most from
reduced temperatures and additional green space. While
this action provides broader public health and quality
of life bene
ts, populations most impacted by climate
change, especially the sick, the young, and the elderly and low-income communities stand to bene
t the most.

Cool roofs and walls are made of materials that help
re
ect the sun’s energy, such as light-colored paints, roof tiles, coatings and shingles. Such materials e ectively reduce the amount of the sun’s energy that enters
a building. This keeps homes and businesses cooler,
and reduces the amount of additional cooling that
may be needed to keep internal air temperatures at a
healthy level (particularly during heat waves). Re
ective
surfaces also lower temperatures in the surrounding
neighborhood. Green roofs are covered partially or
completely with living plants. Their bene
ts include
cooler buildings, reduced GHG emissions, and reduced
stormwater runo
.

EH-1
Increase presence of cool roofs and cool walls
Increase the installation of cool roofs and cool walls to keep buildings and neighborhoods cooler.

Improved air quality
Increased thermal comfort
Reduced energy use and increased cost savings
Reduced GHG emissions
Co-bene ts:

Equity Strategy
Prioritize neighborhoods that are
most impacted by extreme heat,
focusing on communities burdened
with the poorest air quality.

Implementing Actions
EH-1.1: Update the building code to mandate
the installation of cool roofs on all new and
retro tted roofs.

EH-1.2: Explore opportunities to incentivize
the establishment of cool roofs on existing roofs.

Explore the feasibility of incentivizing the use of
green roofs on new and existing roofs, focusing
on areas with a high urban heat island e
ect and
taking CalEnviroScreen and other relevant factors
into consideration.

EH-1.3: Conduct education and outreach
about cool roofs and the associated resources
and incentives for commercial businesses,
residents, and roo
ng companies that operate
within the city.

The City departments and
other organizations that will
support the implementation
of the action.

Short (0-2 years)
Medium (2-5 years)
Long (5+ years)
Rough order of magnitude
costs;
Low ($0-$150k)
Medium ($150k-$1M)
High ($1M+)
Brief description of the action.

Further details may be found
in Appendix B.

The additional benets the
action may provide in addition
to GHG emission reductions or
reduction in climate
vulnerability.

The specic steps needed for
the action to be implemented.Summary of how the action
will attempt to address
inequities in Long Beach.

PARTNERS

CO-BENEFITS

DESCRIPTION

ACTIONSEQUITY

STRATEGY

TIME LINE
COST
46 HOW WAS THE CAAP DEVELOPED
47 2
Understanding
Climate Change
In Long Beach
3 Understanding
Climate Change
In Long Beach
3 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................50 THE CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE ..........................................................50

LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS AND
VULNERABILITES .............................................................................................. 51

EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH BURDENS AND
CLIMATE CHANGE .............................................................................................52 EXTREME HEAT ..................................................................................................52 SEA LEVEL RISE ..................................................................................................54 PRECIPITATION ...................................................................................................56 DROUGHT ............................................................................................................. 57 AIR QUALITY ........................................................................................................58

CLIMATE CHANGE, PUBLIC HEALTH, AND

HEALTH EQUITY
.................................................................................................59 OPPORTUNITIES ................................................................................................ 61

3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach

INTRODUCTION

Preparing Long Beach for climate change
presents both daunting challenges and significant
opportunities. It will require changes to many
things we take for granted—how we power our
homes, how we get around, how businesses
and industry are run, how and where buildings
get built, what we consume, and what we throw
away.

But rather than an inconvenient necessity,
reducing our contribution and adapting the
city to climate change calls for addressing
the structural and systemic inequities in our
community in order to realize a vision of Long
Beach where everyone has the opportunity to
live in thriving communities built on sustainability
and resilience. Through implementing a
coordinated response to climate change, we can
help move Long Beach towards a more equitable,
low-carbon, climate-resilient future.

This chapter begins with a brief explanation
of the science behind climate change and
summarizes the local impacts that are expected
in Long Beach. It highlights the City’s primary
vulnerabilities and the communities that are
particularly vulnerable due to socioeconomic,
racial, and environmental health disparities.

Finally, it concludes with a discussion of the
economic, social, and environmental co-benefits
associated with climate change adaptation and
mitigation.

THE CAUSES OF CLIMATE
CHANGE

The earth’s habitable climate is maintained by
the Greenhouse Effect – a blanket of gases that
trap heat in the atmosphere and keep surface
temperatures relatively stable. Greenhouse
gases (GHGs) trap warmth generated from solar
radiation, much as a car or a greenhouse heats
up in the sun.

If it were not for these gases, the earth’s surface
would be frigid and we would have no air to
breathe. However, since the Industrial Revolution
in the mid-1800s, human activities, such as the
burning of fossil fuels and the conversion of
natural lands into agriculture and settlements,
have resulted in the release of additional GHGs
into the atmosphere at an unprecedented rate.

Major GHGs include:
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – generated from the
burning of fossil fuels or organic matter
• Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) – a byproduct of the
burning of fossil fuels and the fertilization of
crops
• Methane (CH 4) – created from the
decomposition of waste and off-gassing
from livestock
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – originally
released into the atmosphere as refrigerants,
propellants, and cleaning solvents, but now
illegal under international law due to their
impact on the ozone layer; past emissions
remain in the atmosphere for several years
to more than a thousand years, depending
on the CFC
• Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) – now used
as a substitute for CFCs because they do
not contribute to ozone depletion, but do
contribute to global warming
• Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and Sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6) – byproducts of
industrial processes, including aluminum
production
50 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
Source: US EPA / Public domain
As part of the CAAP process, the most up-to-
date science and local climate projections for
three primary climate change stressors (extreme
heat, sea level rise (SLR), and precipitation) and
two secondary stressors (air quality and drought)
were reviewed (see the 2018 Long Beach
Climate Stressors Review, Appendix D). Primary
climate change stressors are first-order local
conditions that are directly affected by changes
in global atmospheric and oceanic temperatures.

Secondary climate stressors are conditions
affected by complex interactions between
primary variables and other factors.

The City also carried out a Climate Vulnerability
Assessment, which explored how the climate
stressors predicted for Long Beach will impact
different types of city assets. The study assessed
vulnerability (see the 2018 Climate Vulnerability
Assessment, Appendix C) based on the following
categories:

• Public Health
• Housing and Neighborhoods
• Buildings and Facilities
• Parks and Open Space
• Transportation Assets
• Energy Assets
• Stormwater Assets
• Wastewater Assets
• Portable Water Assets
Key information from both the Climate Science
Memo and Climate Vulnerability Assessment
is summarized below, organized by climate
stressor. It is important to note that the
science of understanding climate change is
being regularly revised, as climate models and
projections are improved and updated with
new data and observations. The outputs from
these climate models will inform future updates
of this CAAP. These revisions improve our
understanding of the impacts we can expect in
the future. However, this does not mean that
there is uncertainty around whether there will
be impacts or whether human activity is a major
contributing factor, but rather uncertainty about
the timing and extent of impacts.

LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS

AND VULNERABILITIES
Figure 6: The Greenhouse Effect
51 UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE IN LONG BEACH
3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
Though climate change will impact the entire
city environs, some communities within Long
Beach already experience disproportionate
environmental health burdens today. Long
Beach is very diverse, which can be a source of
strength, vibrancy, and resilience. However, it
also has racial and economic disparities that are
manifested spatially across the city. Tools such
as CalEnviroScreen help identify the California
communities that are most affected by many
sources of pollution and the areas where people
are often especially vulnerable to pollution’s
effects. For Long Beach, CalEnviroScreen shows
how Central, West and North Long Beach
have some of the highest pollution impacts in
California, and how many areas are worse off
than 95 percent of the state. It is not a coincidence
that the communities that live in these areas tend
to be low-income communities of color.

Low-income people and communities of color
in Long Beach are more likely to live in areas
with poor air quality, in regions with little green
space, and in areas along the Los Angeles River
channel where urban flood risk may increase.

The geography of differentiated risk is due to
socioeconomic inequality caused by historic racial
and economic injustices (discussed in the section
on Climate Change, Public Health, and Health
Equity). When reviewing the summary of how
future climate change is projected to impact Long
Beach, existing environmental health burdens
and social vulnerabilities to climate change should
be considered. In addition to the need to prioritize
communities with existing environmental health
burdens as well as communities that are most
vulnerable to the impacts of climate change,
lessons in resiliency need to be shared, including
how disproportionately impacted communities
have withstood the combined effects of
segregation and pollution to adapt and prepare
for changing conditions. As Long Beach prepares
for an uncertain climate future, the City must lift
up and learn from these communities to make
sure they can thrive.

Extreme Heat
Trends and Projections
Long Beach’s pleasant Mediterranean climate is
expected to warm considerably in the coming
decades, and the region will experience a greater
number of extreme heat days (>95 degrees
Fahrenheit [°F]). Cal-Adapt predicts that average
annual temperatures in the Los Angeles region
will increase 3-4°F by midcentury and 3-8°F by
the end of the century.
iii The average number of
extreme heat days each year has already increased
from the baseline average of 4 extreme heat days
per year in the period from 1980 to 2000,iii to the
average 9.2 extreme heat days per year recorded
between 2008 and 2017.iv Extreme heat days are
projected to increase even more by mid-century,
to 11 to 16 days per year by midcentury, and 11 to
37 extreme heat days per year by the end of the
century.
iii Heat waves will occur more frequently
and be longer lasting, v and more humidity will
mean less cooling at night. vi These changes will
have wide impacts on Long Beach’s environment,
infrastructure, and residents. Extreme heat will
also disproportionately affect already vulnerable
populations, including the elderly and infants
who are more susceptible to the health impacts
of extreme heat. It will also disproportionally
affect low-income households or households
where English is the second language, which are
less likely to have access to resources to cope
with extreme heat.

EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH BURDENS AND

CLIMATE CHANGE
52 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
1980 - 2000
4 Days
2008 - 2017
9 Days
Mid-Century
11 - 16 Days
End of
Century
11 -37 Days
Figure 7: Projected Days of Extreme Heat (95 degrees and above) Key Vulnerabilities
Of all the climate stressors Long Beach will face,
extreme heat is expected to be the greatest
health threat to the largest number of residents.

Analysis of census population data (from 2010)
and data from the Climate-Smart Cities Los
Angeles heat vulnerability zone indicates that
approximately 275,000 residents of Long Beach
live in the high-vulnerability areas. Extreme heat
events can increase heat-related, cardiovascular-
related, and respiratory-related mortality,
and they can increase hospital admission
and emergency department visits.

Particularly vulnerable populations include
children, the elderly, people with respiratory
diseases, people with physical disabilities, a
nd those who work outdoors.
viii (See the section
on Climate Change, Public Health, and Health
Equity in this plan for details on geographic
vulnerabilities to extreme heat in Long Beach.)
Increased electricity demand for air conditioning
during heat waves can cause power outages, which
can put vulnerable populations at even higher risk.

Traffic disruptions from a loss of power to traffic
lights can also result from the increased demand.

Heat-related power outages are already common
in Southern California. In the summer of 2015,
Long Beach residents experienced four separate
power outages. In July 2015, high temperatures
may have been a factor in equipment failures
that caused two powers outages in downtown
Long Beach that left thousands of residents and
businesses without power for days. The power
outage stranded people without medical devices,
refrigeration, air conditioning or elevator service
during a period of high temperatures. This was
particularly challenging for seniors living in high-
rise apartments.
viii
Low-income residents, who already spend a
higher proportion of their income on utilities,
will be hit hardest by increased power bills.

They are also more likely to live in substandard
housing with inefficient insulation or without any
air conditioning at all. Roads can be damaged by
asphalt, softening when temperatures remain
above 100°F with no cooling at night, particularly
in areas with high truck traffic.
ix
53 UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE IN LONG BEACH
3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
Sea Level Rise
Trends and Projections
Sea level rise is already occurring off of Long
Beach and is projected to accelerate over the
coming decades. Analysis of historical sea levels
at the nearest National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration tide gauge in Los Angeles
indicates a long-term trend of sea levels rising
at approximately 0.96 millimeter per year from
1923 to 2016.

The projections for future SLR considered in this
CAAP are from the National Research Council’s
(NRC’s) Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California,
Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and
Future,
x which represented a synthesis of the best
available SLR science when the CAAP planning
process began in 2017.

Note that the Ocean Protection Council’s (OPC’s)
new SLR guidance document was adopted
in March 2018. Not only were the OPC
xi SLR
projections not yet available at the time of the
vulnerability assessment, but the SLR projections
from NRC x show higher potential SLR for near-
term planning horizons (2030 and 2050). Given
the differences in projections, it was determined
that a conservative approach would be adopted
in developing a plan to preserve life and property
and that the more aggressive forecast should be
used. To understand the implications of a worst-
case scenario and to include a factor of safety,
particularly for critical assets, the high end of the
NRC
x SLR range was selected for each planning
time frame.

Examples of King Tides in Long Beach
54 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
This rationale aligns with the State Guidance
from the OPC (2011) and the California Coastal
Commission (2015). Because there is increased
uncertainty (wider ranges of SLR) after 2050
both the projection (mid-range) and high-range
magnitudes were selected to guide planning
for 2100. In addition, including the mid-range
magnitudes for 2100 allows for a range of SLR
scenarios to better understand thresholds for
exposure of city assets or subareas of the city.

The City also recognizes the OPC
xi H++ scenario,
which estimates a potential for 10 feet of SLR by
2100. Although the likelihood of this scenario is
unknown, it is important to consider, particularly
for high-stakes, long-term decisions, given that
the probabilistic projections listed above may
underestimate the likelihood of extreme SLR
resulting from loss of the West Antarctic ice
sheet, especially under high emissions scenarios.

This potential scenario suggests that the 66-inch
SLR projection could happen sooner than 2100.

Best practices in climate change adaptation
planning, as recommended by the State of
California Sea Level Rise Guidance,
xi are to use
worst-case projections for midcentury and to use
both middle-range to worst-case projections for
the end of-century analysis, because uncertainty
increases into the future.

The National Research Council (2012) indicates
that sea levels in Southern California are expected
to rise between 5.0 inches and 23.9 inches by
midcentury (2050) and between 17.4 inches and

65.6 inches by the end of the century (2100).
x The
CAAP’s SLR vulnerability assessment matched
these ranges to available SLR inundation model
data from the U.S. Geological Survey’s Coastal
Storm Modeling System to understand what
portions of the City are expected to be at risk, and
when they will be at risk. The City used inundation
scenarios of 11-inch SLR for 2030, 24-inch SLR for
midcentury, and both 37- and 66-inch SLR for the
end of the century.

The projected increases in mean sea level will
also result in secondary impacts – higher storm
tides, more extensive inland flooding, increased
coastal erosion during storm events, and
increased frequency of these events. Evidence of
these impacts is already being felt in Long Beach.

Key Vulnerabilities
For the low-lying coastal communities of Long
Beach, permanent inundation from SLR as
well as increased frequency and intensity of
temporary flooding from king tides and storm
surges will become a very real threat in the near
future. Approximately 1.3 million square feet
of buildings in Long Beach could be exposed to
annual king tides by 2030. Approximately half of
these buildings are residential (624,100 square
feet) and half are commercial (689,600 square
feet). These buildings are primarily located in
Marina Pacifica and along Shoreline Drive south
of Ocean Boulevard. An additional 9.5 million
square feet of buildings, primarily residential, are
exposed to flooding from a 100-year storm surge
by 2030. These buildings are primarily located in
Naples Island, Belmont Shore, and the Peninsula.

By 2050, up to 8.4 million square feet of buildings
could be exposed to annual king tide flooding.

City infrastructure exposed to flooding from king
tides by 2030 includes a solid waste facility; 17
city parks; 4 miles of roads that provide access
to Port of Long Beach facilities, the NRG power
station, and other industrial operations; a natural
gas power generation station; and 18 storm drain
outfalls, which could cause inland urban flooding
if they are inundated during a rainstorm. Sea
level rise will also cause increased erosion to,
and possibly the loss of, the city’s beaches and
coastal access points, which are central to the
lifestyle, culture, and economy of the Long Beach
community. Projections anticipate widespread
daily high tide flooding impacts by 2100 under
the no action scenario.

55 UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE IN LONG BEACH
3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach

Precipitation
Trends and Projections
Climate change will also have a substantial
impact on local precipitation patterns. Cal-Adapt,
the State of California’s official synthesis of the
latest climate models, predicts a 6 percent to 11
percent increase in average annual precipitation
in Long Beach by midcentury and a 1 percent to
25 percent increase by the end of the century.
xii
There is a wide range in the projections because
local climate is influenced by a wide variety of
factors and because there is uncertainty in the
model projections of future precipitation changes.

Changes in average annual precipitation are only
half the story. The impacts that will have the
most consequences for day-to-day life in Long
Beach will be increased intensity of rain events
leading to greater flood risk,
xiiixiv and high year-to-
year variability, which will affect the availability of fresh water. xvxvi
Key Vulnerabilities
For this CAAP, exposure to riverine flooding
was assessed based on the Federal Emergency
Management Agency’s (FEMA’s) 100- and 500-
year riverine floodplains. These FEMA floodplains
serve as proxies for areas that may be at risk
to increased exposure to riverine flooding in
the future. In general, 100-year floodwaters
flow along the primary riverine waterways and
are contained within their channels by existing
levees. However, the 500-year floodplain, which
represents a scenario that will become more
likely in the future due to the increased intensity
of precipitation events, covers a much larger
area, which includes certain disadvantaged
populations along the Los Angeles River. Within
the 500-year floodplain are two hospitals, 11 fire
stations, one police station, 96 schools, 600 miles
of roads, 26 power substations, more than 20
wastewater pump stations, and 20 potable water
facilities.

Urban flooding during precipitation events is
already a problem in Long Beach, and extreme
events today provide an example of what may
become more common in the future, when more
intense precipitation events are projected. In
January 2017, severe rainstorms overwhelmed
storm drains and resulted in widespread flooding
of streets and homes. More intense precipitation
events, coupled with higher tides due to SLR, will
worsen urban flooding in developed areas if no
action is taken to increase stormwater system
capacity so that discharge runoff can be collected
during combined flooding events.

Figure 8: Map showing 100-year and 500-year
flood plain and community assets
56 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
According to Long Beach Water, approximately
25 percent of the City’s water supply is from
the Colorado River and 15 percent is from the
Northern California Bay-Delta. Future drought
patterns are expected to result in regional
drying, continued reduction of the Sierra Nevada
snowpack, and snowmelt runoff earlier in the
season that will stress supplies from the Northern
California Bay-Delta. The Colorado River will
also face similar dynamics. Local water demand
is also expected to increase without a shift to
drought-tolerant plant species. The Los Angeles
region is expected to experience an overall
drying trend with longer and more frequent
droughts.
xiiixvi To respond to this challenging
dynamic, Long Beach will need to build on its
successful efforts to use existing water resources
more efficiently and to diversify its water supply.

Key Vulnerabilities
Higher temperatures will lead to drier soils and
drier vegetation in natural areas,
xiv which will
increase local wildfire risk. Additional examples
include increased water demand for irrigating
planted areas unless there is a major shift
towards planting drought-tolerant species. In
addition to regional drying, reduced snowpack
in the Sierra Nevada and snowmelt runoff earlier
in the season will threaten Long Beach’s water
supply.
xiiixiv

Images of flooding during January 2017
extreme precipitation events

Drought
Trends and Projections
Changes in drought patterns are a secondary
climate stressor that will be influenced by changes
in temperature and precipitation. Changes in
temperature and precipitation are predicted to
produce longer and more frequent droughts that
will have an impact on Long Beach’s water supply.
(source: twitter.com)
57 UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE IN LONG BEACH
3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
Air Quality
Trends and Projections
Air quality is another secondary climate stressor
that will be influenced by changes in weather and
other factors. Despite air quality improvements
in the past three decades, which resulted from
concerted efforts and increased regulation,
higher temperatures will increase the formation
of air pollution. Absent further air pollution
xvii
reduction efforts, by the end of the century, the
number of days when air quality standards in the
Los Angeles region are violated could increase
by 25 percent to 80 percent due to warming. xviii
Higher temperatures, precipitation change, and
increasing CO
2 concentrations are also expected
to increase pollen and some airborne allergens.

An increase in wildfires, even far from Long Beach,
could worsen air quality, as evidenced by the
dangerous air quality levels in Long Beach during
the wildfires in Southern California during the fall
of 2019. Increased energy consumption in the
region due to greater demand for air conditioning
could also negatively impact air quality
.xviii

Key Vulnerabilities
Air quality is especially relevant as a secondary
climate stressor in Long Beach, as there are
several sources that impact local air quality and
thousands of people. These sources include the
710 and 405 freeways, refineries, the Port of Long
Beach, and major industrial sites.
xix People who
are especially sensitive to poor air quality include
the young, the elderly, those who have existing
respiratory conditions, and those who work
outside. Air quality in Long Beach is considerably
worse near the Port and major freeways, and
near concentrations of low-income residents and
communities of color due to historic patterns
of marginalization and disinvestment. An
in-depth discussion of inequities in exposure
to the hazards induced by climate change is
presented in the following section.

58 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
Increased extreme heat events, flooding, and
worsened air quality may negatively affect
human health. While all people are vulnerable
to the impacts of climate change, the degree
of vulnerability is a function of place-based
conditions and demographic and socioeconomic
factors that influence an individual or community’s
sensitivity to environmental change. As described
above, communities in Central, West and North
Long Beach face a disproportionately high
exposure to many sources of pollution and are
more vulnerable to pollution’s effects.

This geography of differentiated risk is due to the
socioeconomic inequality caused by historic racial
and economic injustices, such as discrimination
in education, housing, employment, education,
local political representation, and access to
resources. Low-income communities of color
were historically excluded from Long Beach
neighborhoods with less environmental pollution
and greater public investment, and still today
are concentrated in the portions of the city with
the worst air quality and environmental health
metrics. These same communities not only bear
the highest environmental health burdens, but
they also have the highest social vulnerability to
climate change due to factors such as age, race,
and income. The existing health conditions in
low-income neighborhoods affect the ability of
individuals and low-income communities of color
to prepare for, respond to, and recover from an
extreme weather event or climate stressor.

Low-income individuals and communities of color
in Long Beach are not only more likely to live in
areas with poor air quality, but are also more
likely to live in areas with little green space and
along the Los Angeles River channel, where urban
flood risk may increase. People experiencing
homelessness are also likely to face additional
exposure to extreme heat, lack of access to
water, and even vector-borne diseases (e.g.,
mosquito-borne diseases). In addition, by the
end of the century, the Long Beach Multi-Service
Center, which serves individuals experiencing
homelessness, is projected to be exposed to king
tides.

These structural inequalities both increase
the risk that people will suffer climate-related
impacts and reduce their ability to cope with
and respond to climate stressors. Low-income
residents are also more likely to live in housing
with substandard insulation, inefficient air
conditioning, or no air conditioning at all, and are
more likely to be cost-burdened renters with no
other housing options. As temperatures increase,
they will need to spend more of their limited
income on utility bills. Low-income seniors and
children with limited mobility are particularly
at risk during heat waves. Flooding is more
disruptive for low-income residents, who are
less likely to have low-deductible insurance or
emergency savings to cover the cost of repairs.

Low-income residents and communities of
color are more likely to live in areas of the city
with little green space. Data from the Climate
Smart Cities Los Angeles tool on modeling of
the urban heat island effect indicates that North
and West Long Beach are more susceptible to
high surface temperatures and air pollution.

The amount of green space varies considerably
across Long Beach, and Central, West, and
North Long Beach have the lowest amount
.
xx

The following are some of the key considerations
regarding vulnerable populations in Long Beach.

CLIMATE CHANGE, PUBLIC HEALTH, AND HEALTH EQUITY
59 UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE IN LONG BEACH
3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
Language
Non-English speakers may struggle to
communicate with service providers and
experience difficulties making use of
preparedness, response, and recovery
resources. In Long Beach, 34 percent of
households speak Spanish at home and
10 percent speak Asian or Pacific Islander
Languages at home. English proficiency in the
city varies by age. People over the age of 65 are
most likely to report speaking English “not well”
or “not at all” (38 percent).
xx
Income
Low-income communities face
disproportionately higher rates of poor health
outcomes and greater obstacles to achieving
good health, and they are more likely to live
in neighborhoods with higher environmental
health burdens.
xxi Income varies across race and
ethnic groups, and people of color have lower
incomes and wealth than White communities.

Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino
households had the lowest median incomes—
about $10,000 less than the overall median
income in Long Beach.
xx Median income also
varies by neighborhood, with higher incomes
in East and Southeast Long Beach and lower
incomes in North, West Central, and Southwest
Long Beach. In addition, approximately 15.3
percent of all residents in Long Beach live below
the poverty line, which is 2 percent higher than
the statewide poverty rate of 12.8 percent.
xxii

Communities of Color
A majority of Long Beach residents are people
of color. As of the 2010 census, the population
is 41 percent Hispanic/Latino, 13 percent
Black or African American, 13 percent Asian,
and 1 percent Native Hawaiian or Pacific
Islander.
xx Communities of color in Long Beach
already experience health disadvantages.

For example, the Black or African American
community in Long Beach has the highest rates
of hospitalization for heart disease, diabetes,
and asthma compared to other races and
ethnicities. The asthma hospitalization rate for
Black or African American residents, which is
directly impacted by poor air quality, is nearly
three to four times that of the other races
and ethnicities.
xx In Long Beach, lack of access
to health insurance is highest among those
identifying themselves as Hispanic or Latino
(31.8 percent), followed by those identifying as
Black or African American (19.8 percent), Asian
(19.2 percent), and White (11.0 percent).
xx

Age
Elderly populations can be more vulnerable
to extreme weather and climate stressors.

They may be less able to evacuate, as a higher
proportion do not drive, often live alone, and
may rely on public transportation. They may
also have pre-existing health conditions that
can be exacerbated by climate stressors. In
Long Beach, almost 40 percent of people over
the age of 65 report a disability, compared to 10
percent of the overall Long Beach population.

Children are also disproportionately impacted
by certain climate change effects, including
extreme heat and air pollution. Central, West
and North Long Beach have disproportionately
younger populations, as the largest and highest
percentages of children live there compared to
other parts of the city.
60 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
Geography of Combined Social
Vulnerability
The Climate-Smart Cities Los Angeles Project
and its Technical Advisory Team, which included
public health experts, local academic and
research institutions, and community leaders,
developed a geographic information system
decision support tool that includes a social
vulnerability index consisting of 10 indicators.

This index is based primarily on the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency’s EJSCREEN
definition of demographic factors that indicate
a community’s potential susceptibility to
environmental stressors. These factors include
people of color, low income, educational
attainment less than a high school degree,
linguistic isolation, population under the age of 5,
and population over the age of 64.

The index includes three additional
characteristics—unemployment, asthma,
and low birth weight—which were added
based on recommendations from the Technical
Advisory Team.

The neighborhoods of Southeastern Long
Beach, which are most susceptible to SLR and
flooding, exhibit many demographic factors
that make them less at risk to the health
impacts of climate change (higher income,
lower rates of respiratory disease, higher share
of residents that identify as white), but also have
a higher share of elderly residents, who can be
more vulnerable during flood events due to
limited mobility.

North, Central, and West Long Beach
neighborhoods have the lowest amounts of
green space and experience a high urban heat
island effect, which can further stress existing
health conditions during extreme heat events.

West and North Long Beach have poor air
quality and high levels of hospitalizations for
asthma.

OPPORTUNITIES
While responding to climate change presents
the City with urgent challenges, addressing the
city’s vulnerabilities is an opportunity to tackle
issues and systemic inequities that residents
face today. Climate adaptation and mitigation
actions will have a wide range of co-benefits,
including improved air quality, improved access
to green space, and the potential for sustainable
economic growth and job opportunities for all
income and education levels. Policies that seek
to improve environmental justice outcomes for
Long Beach’s most vulnerable residents will
also lead to better outcomes for all.

Public Health Co-Benefits
As described in the previous section, differences
in health outcomes between residents are often
a result of socioeconomic and racial inequities.

Addressing these issues now will increase our
community’s resilience in the future, and vice
versa; actions taken to reduce our contribution
to climate change will also address public health
problems now.

Urban greening, which will reduce the impact
of future extreme heat events on residents in
areas that are currently threatened by the urban
heat island effect, offers a myriad of benefits
for current residents. Proximity to green space
improves mental health by reducing stress and
anxiety, improves physical health by providing
recreation space, and increases community
cohesion by creating pleasant public spaces for
social interaction and gatherings. Increasing
the urban tree canopy also helps address
local air pollution, as trees absorb particulate
matter from the air and, by shading sidewalks,
encourage walking and biking.
61 UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE IN LONG BEACH
3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
growth need not be compromised to achieve
the State’s goal of an 80 percent reduction in
GHG emissions below 1990 levels by 2050.
xxiv
The State of California is making considerable
investments to drive technological innovation
and the decarbonization of the economy. The
State’s policies, along with the local actions
recommended in subsequent chapters in
this plan, present an enormous opportunity
for Long Beach to promote sustainable
economic development through infrastructure
projects, innovation and deployment of new
technologies, and the creation of green jobs for
various backgrounds and education levels.

Increased economic opportunities are
already emerging as investments are directed
towards meeting the State’s goals. Building
efficiency retrofits, decarbonization of energy
generation, construction of high-performance
buildings, rooftop and community solar
deployment, and transit infrastructure
are all examples of market responses to
climate change that are taking advantage of
current technologies to create jobs today.

Addressing climate change not only creates job
opportunities, it helps residents and businesses
save money on utilities and transportation—
savings that can be redirected to other areas of
the economy. More fuel-efficient vehicles and
public transportation will also help Long Beach
residents reduce their transportation costs.

Policies that seek to reduce carbon emissions
in the transportation sector can also
positively address health in a variety of ways.

Investments in public transit and walkable,
bikeable neighborhoods increase mobility and
accessibility, lead to more active and healthy
communities, reduce vehicle miles traveled,
and improve air quality. Similarly, expanding
electric vehicle infrastructure also leads to
a reduction in transportation emissions and
improved air quality as more electric vehicles
take to our roads.

Building efficiency, building decarbonization,
and increasing electricity generation from
renewable sources will also improve local air
quality.

In addition to directly addressing public health
disparities, climate adaptation and mitigation
actions have the potential to spur economic
development, create jobs, expand access to
economic opportunity, and mitigate income
inequality, thereby directly addressing one of the
underlying causes of public health disparities. A
discussion of the economic benefits of climate
change adaptation and mitigation is included in
the next section.

Economic Opportunities
A common misconception is that addressing
climate change and reducing GHG emissions will
harm economic growth. Evidence in California
contradicts this perception. When the State
of California passed Assembly Bill 32 in 2006,
many were skeptical that the State could reach
its ambitious climate goals without sacrificing
economic growth. Ten years later, California
not only reached its goal of reducing emissions
to 1990 levels by 2020, which was four years
earlier than planned, but did so while achieving
one of the largest economic expansions in state
history.
xxiii Studies conducted by the California
Air Resources Board show that economic
62 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
140
130
120
110
100
100 - 1990
90 80
70 GDP PER CAPITA

GHG PER CAPITA
2015-2016 CHANGE %
NEXT 10 CALIFORNIA GREEN INNOVATION INDEX. Data Source: California Air Resources Board.

California Greenhouse Gas Inventory - by Sector and Activity; Bureau of Economic Analysis.

U.S. Department of Commerce; U.S. Census Bureau. NEXT 10 / SF CA USA 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Figure 9: GDP and Emissions. California, in 2016 $
63 UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE IN LONG BEACH
3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
References
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iii Sun, F., D. B. Walton, and A. Hall A. 2015. A Hybrid Dynamical – Statistical Downscaling Technique, Part II: End-of Century Warning Projections Predict a New Climate State in the Los Angeles Region. Journal of Climate 28(12): 4618-4636. iv Your Weather Service. 2020. US Climate Data. Available: https://www.usclimatedata. v Cayan, D., M. Tyree, M. Dettinger, H. Hidalgo, T. Das, E. Maurer, P. Bromirski, N. Graham, and R. Flick. 2009 (March). Climate Change Scenarios and Sea Level Rise Estimates for the California 2008 Climate Change Scenarios Assessment. CEC-500-2009-014D. vi Gershunov, Alexander, and Kristen Guirguis. 2012. California Heat Waves in the Present and Future. Geophysical Research Letters 39(18710-).
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viii Sharon McNary, “SoCal Edison Says Mismanagement Led to Long Beach Outages,” 89.3 KPCC, Southern California: KPCC, November 17, 2015. Available: https://www.scpr.org/news/2015/11/17/55714/socal-edison-says-mismanagement-led-to-long- beach/.
ix U.S. Department of Transportation. 2012. Available: https://www.transportation.gov/ x National Research Council. 2012. Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington: Past, Present, and Future.

Prepared by the Committee on Sea Level Rise in California, Oregon, and Washington and the National Research Council Board on Earth Sciences and Resources and Ocean Studies Board Division on Earth and Life Studies. xi Ocean Protection Council. 2018. State of California Sea-Level Rise Guidance: 2018 Update. Available: http://www.opc.ca.gov/ webmaster/ftp/pdf/agenda_items/20180314/Item3_Exhibit-A_OPC_SLR_Guidance-rd3.pdf. xii California Energy Commission. 2017. Cal-Adapt. Available: https://cal-adapt.org/ xiii California Energy Commission. 2012. Our Changing Climate 2012: Vulnerability and Adaptation to the Increasing Risks from Climate Change in California. A Summary Report on the Third Assessment from the California Climate Change Center. CEC-500- 2012- 007.
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Drought Report. In City of Long Beach Climate Resiliency Assessment Report Appendices, A1-A60 (Long Beach Climate Resiliency Study: Impacts on Water Supply and Demand). Available: http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/downloads/AOPs_2015_Report_on_ Resiliency_--_Appendices_(1-7-16).pdf.
xv Berg, Neil, Alex Hall, Fengpeng Sun, Scott Capps, Daniel Walton, Baird Langenbrunner, and David Neelin. Twenty-First-Century Precipitation Changes over the Los Angeles Region. Journal of Climate 28.2:401-21. Available: https://journals.ametsoc.org/jcli/ article/28/2/401/106281/Twenty-First-Century-Precipitation-Changes-over xvi Pierce, David., D. Cayan, and B. Thrasher. 2014. Statistical Downscaling Using localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA). American Meteorological Society.
xvii California Natural Resources Agency. 2014. “Safeguarding California: Reducing Climate Risks. An Update to the 2009 California Climate Adaptation Strategy.” Available: http://resources.ca.gov/climate/ safeguarding/. xviii California Climate Change Center. 2006. Our Changing Climate: Assessing the Risks to California. A Summary Report from the California Climate Change Center. California Energy Commission. xix City of Long Beach. 2015. City of Long Beach Climate Resiliency Assessment Report. Prepared by the Aquarium of the Pacific, for the City of Long Beach, California.
xxCity of Long Beach Department of Health and Human Services. 2013. Community Health Assessment. xxi Los Angeles Department of City Planning. 2015 (March). Plan for a Healthy Los Angeles: A Health and Wellness Element of the General Plan. Available: https://planning.lacity.org/odocument/7f065983-ff10-4e76-81e5-e166c9b78a9e/Plan_for_a_Healthy_Los_ Angeles.pdf.
xxii U.S. Census Bureau. 2018. American Community Survey 2018, Table S1701. Available: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/ acs.
xxiii Next 10. 2018. Available: https://www.next10.org/. xxiv California Air Resources Board. 2014 (May). First Update to the Climate Change Scoping Plan. Available: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/ sites/default/files/classic//cc/scopingplan/2013_update/first_update_climate_change_scoping_plan.pdf. 64 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 3Understanding Climate
Change in Long Beach
65 UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE IN LONG BEACH
Image: Tetra Tech, Inc.

Adaptation
Actions
4 4
AT A GLANCE .......................................................................................................68 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 71 EXTREME HEAT ACTIONS ..............................................................................72 AIR QUALITY ACTIONS .................................................................................. ..83 DROUGHT ACTIONS .........................................................................................92 SEA LEVEL RISE AND FLOODING ACTIONS ...........................................99 SEA LEVEL RISE AND FLOODING LONG TERM ACTIONS .............. 112 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions

ADAPTATION OBJECTIVES AND ACTIONS AT A GLANCE
Extreme

AQ-6
AQ-3
AQ-4
AQ-5
AQ-7
Buildings and facilities actively
reduce air pollution as a
component of a broader
energy reduction strategy.

AQ
Air quality impacts from local
oil and gas operations are
minimized.

Support the development of the Long Beach Airport Sustainability Plan
Encourage urban agriculture practices that reduce air quality pollution
Electrify small local emitters, such as lawn and garden equipment, outdoor power equipment, and others
Work with Long Beach Unied School District (LBUSD) to support school bus electrication
Implement the Port of Long Beach Clean Air Action Plan
Increase monitoring and regulation of oil extraction and rening process
Incentivize installation of photocatalytic tiles

OBJECTIVES ACTIONS
68 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Goal: Long Beach has a more sustainable and diverse water supply that reduces dependence on imported water and improves long-term water security
Maximize water eﬃciency
and conservation.

DRT
DRT-1
DRT-2
Maximize water that is
captured and reused locally.

DRT-3
DRT-4
DRT-5
Drought
Continue development and implementation of water use eﬃciency programs and implement additional water conservation programs Enhance outreach and education related to water conservation Expand usage of green infrastructure and green streets
Expand usage of recycled water and greywater for non-potable use Incorporate increased rainfall capture and other actions to maximize local water supplies and oﬀset imported water
S N O I T C A NO.S E V I T C E J B O
69 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Goal: Long Beach understands and is prepared for its future ﬂ ood risk Sea Level Rise + Flooding
FLD-1
FLD-2
Adaptation strategies are
implemented to protect
vulnerable shoreline areas and
wastewater infrastructure
FLD-3
FLD-4
FLD-5
FLD-12
FLD-13
FLD-14
FLD-15
FLD-16
FLD-17
FLD-18
FLD-19
FLD-20
FLD-8
FLD-9
FLD-10
FLD-11
City plans and policies are
forward-looking and ensure
projects and investments
account for projected sea
level and ﬂooding impacts
FLD
Medium-Term Actions
(2030-2050)
Short-Term Actions (to 2030)
Long-Term Actions
(2050-2100)
Vulnerable infrastructure is
elevated or relocated
Long-term physical adaptation
strategies are selected and
implemented based on
additional research and
community adaptation
priorities, and prioritize natural
solutions whenever possible.

Additional long-term adaptation
options are evaluated using
the best available science.

Incorporate sea level rise language into citywide plans, policies, and regulations
Inventory and ﬂ ood-proof vulnerable sewer pump stations Establish a ﬂ ood impacts monitoring program
Incorporate adaptation into City lease negotiations
Update the City’s existing Stormwater Management Plan
Update and augment ﬂ oodplain regulations as necessary Enhance dunes
Relocate/elevate critical infrastructure
Elevate riverine levees
Elevate street hardscapes
Retreat/realign parking lots
Retroﬁt/extend sea wall
Elevate streets/pathways
Expand beach nourishment
Construc
t living shoreline/berm
Extend/upgrade existing seawalls
Evaluate feasibility of storm surge barrier at Alamitos Bay Clear and suﬃcient
information is on hand to
identify and prioritize near-term
adaptation needs and best
practices
FLD-6
FLD-7
Conduct citywide beach stabilization study
Review and conduct studies of combined riverine/coastal ﬂooding and increased severity of rainfall events on watershed ﬂooding
Investigate feasibility of managed retreat
OBJECTIVES ACTIONSNO.
70 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions

INTRODUCTION

This chapter includes adaptation actions
identified to improve the ability of Long Beach and
its residents and businesses to adapt to climate
change, and related impacts now and in the future.

Actions are organized into four climate impacts:
• Extreme Heat
• Air Quality
• Drought
• Sea level rise and flooding
These adaptation actions were developed based
on the 2018 Long Beach Climate Stressors Review
(Appendix D) and the Long Beach Climate Change
Vulnerability Assessment Results (Appendix C).

A range of factors were considered in the design
and selection of the various actions, including:
• The projected timeframe and estimated
likelihood of the vulnerability
• The importance and effectiveness of each
action in increasing resilience
• Technical feasibility and City
implementation capacity
• Public and stakeholder feedback
throughout the CAAP development
process
The City has placed a high priority on public
engagement and input to identify and select
actions. Major points of public emphasis included
selecting actions that have the potential for strong,
positive, and inclusive impacts on low-income
communities most impacted by climate change.

As a result, a majority of the actions include
implementation steps that will require the City to
prioritize these actions in areas of highest need.

Each action consists of an implementation lead
and partners, general timeline (short, medium,
long) and City costs (low, medium, high), co-
benefits, implementing sub-actions, and an equity
strategy. The City has included a preliminary set
of potential performance metrics associated with
each action in Appendix F.

These actions establish an initial roadmap
to withstand rising temperatures, flooding
associated with sea level rise and intense storm
events, and drought among others. Over time
as understanding of climate change science
evolves and local impacts are observed, the City
will evaluate the need for adjustment of existing
actions and the need for new ones. This process
will take place through regular CAAP monitoring
and reporting and future CAAP updates.

While Long Beach is already experiencing the
effects of climate change, adaptation to SLR and its
related impacts will require the City to incorporate
a long-term adaptive management approach
to its planning and investment decision making
processes. This will be particularly important due
to the long lifespan of infrastructure and land uses
that will need to be resilient in the face of future
SLR and related impacts that are not immediate
or near-term.
71 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
In the coming decades extreme heat is expected
to be the greatest climate-related health threat to
Long Beach residents, causing an increase in heat-
related mortality, cardiovascular, and respiratory
related mortality, and an increase in hospital
admissions and emergency department visits.

Extreme heat events disproportionately impact
vulnerable populations such as young children,
the elderly, people with respiratory diseases,
people with physical disabilities, and those that
work outdoors. Low-income households that
already spend a higher proportion of their income
on utilities and may live in energy inefficient,
substandard housing also are more at risk.

According to an analysis of 2010 U.S. Census and
Climate Smart Cities Los Angeles data, at least
275,000 Long Beach residents live within areas
that are highly vulnerable to extreme heat. As
temperatures and the number of extreme heat
days (>95°F) increase there is strong potential for
this number to increase. The number of extreme
heat days has increased from an average of 4
days per year in 1980-2000 to 9 days per year
from 2008-2017. Cal-Adapt predicts that average
annual temperatures in the Los Angeles region will
increase 3-4°F by mid-century and 3-8°F by end-of-
century and extreme heat days to 11-16 per year by
mid-century, and 11-37 per year by end-of-century.

EXTREME HEAT ACTIONS
The adaptation actions in this section establish
a roadmap for the City to implement new and
improved existing programs to address extreme
heat now and in the future. Prioritizing tree
planting in communities that are most vulnerable
to higher temperatures is an example of an
improvement that will be made to an existing
program. An example of a new effort includes
requirements for cool roofs and reflective surfaces
to reduce temperatures and save energy. As it
implements each action, the City will prioritize
specific populations and communities that are
most vulnerable to extreme heat.
72 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Extreme

EH-1
EH-2
EH-6
EH-3
EH-4
EH-5
EH-7
EH-8
EH
Install additional water fountains and other actions to increase public access to water
Increase the presence of reﬂective streets, cool surfaces, and shade canopies
Enhance and expand urban forest cover and vegetation
Identify future vulnerability potential for power outages related to extreme heat and develop plans to prevent such outages
Enhance and expand the accessibility of cooling centers Provide bus shelter amenities
Improve beach and coastal transit access during extreme heat events
Increase presence of cool roofs and cool walls
Public transit is a comfortable
and viable mobility option
during extreme heat events,
especially for transit-
dependent populations
Goal: Long Beach buildings, neighborhoods, and infrastructure are climate resilient, reduce the urban heat island eﬀect, and are set up to ensure and improve public health and safety in the face of extreme heat events S N O I T C A NO.S E V I T C E J B O
73 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Development Services
Partners: Long Beach Department of Health and Human Services; C ity of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; SCE; Long B each Parks, Recreation, and Marine
Timeline: Short and Medium
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The City will consider instituting a requirement
that cool roofs be used on new and replaced
commercial and residential roofs. The City
will also develop a process for assessing the
feasibility of cool and green roofs on future
development projects and existing candidate
buildings, focusing on neighborhoods that would
benefit most from reduced temperatures and
additional green space. While this action provides
broader public health and quality of life benefits,
populations most impacted by climate change,
especially the sick, the young, and the elderly and
low-income communities stand to benefit the
most.

Cool roofs and walls are made of materials
that help reflect the sun’s energy, such as light-
colored paints, roof tiles, coatings and shingles.

Such materials effectively reduce the amount
of the sun’s energy that enters a building. This
keeps homes and businesses cooler, and reduces
the amount of additional cooling that may be
needed to keep internal air temperatures at a
healthy level (particularly during heat waves).

Reflective surfaces also lower temperatures in
the surrounding neighborhood. Green roofs are
covered partially or completely with living plants.

Their benefits include cooler buildings, reduced
GHG emissions, and reduced stormwater runoff.

EH-1
Increase Presence of Cool Roofs and Cool Walls
Increase the installation of cool roofs and cool walls to keep buildings and neighborhoods cooler.

Equity Strategy
Prioritize neighborhoods that are most
impacted by extreme heat, focusing on
communities burdened with the poorest air
quality.

I mproved air quality
I ncreased thermal comfort
R educed energy use and increased cost
s avings
R educed GHG emissions
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
EH-1.1: Update the building code to mandate
the installation of cool roofs on all new and
retrofitted roofs.

EH-1.2: Explore opportunities to incentivize
the establishment of cool roofs on existing roofs.

Explore the feasibility of incentivizing the use of
green roofs on new and existing roofs, focusing
on areas with a high urban heat island effect and
taking CalEnviroScreen and other relevant factors
into consideration.

EH-1.3: Conduct education and outreach
about cool roofs and the associated resources and
incentives for commercial businesses, residents,
and roofing companies that operate within the city.
74 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Description
The City will identify priority areas for shade structures, cool pavement, and other reflective surfaces focusing on areas with high exposure to sunlight, heavy foot traffic, and populations vulnerable to heat. These areas may
include playgrounds in addition to streets and parking
lots. The City will consider disadvantaged communities
(using CalEnviroScreen) as candidate sites for shade
structures, cool pavement, and other reflective surfaces and include community engagement to inform cool street
planning where applicable.

Roads that have been treated with a grey-colored, water- based asphalt emulsion that reflects the sun’s rays instead of absorbing them, have shown to be an average of 10 to 15 degrees cooler than roads with traditional, untreated blacktop. Whereas traditional asphalt reflects around 10 percent of solar radiation and absorbs and radiates the remaining 90 percent as heat, cool pavement reflects
35 to 50 percent of the sun’s rays. Shade is also a highly effective way of reducing temperatures and improving
thermal comfort.

EH-2
Increase the Presence of Reflective Streets,
Cool Surfaces, and Shade Canopies
Treat paved surfaces such as streets, parking lots, and playgrounds with reflective surfaces and install shade canopies to reduce urban heat.

Equity Strategy
Identify corridors in the areas most impacted by
extreme heat and/or poor air quality to prioritize
them for shade, cool pavement, and other
reflective surfaces.

I ncreased life span for asphalt surfaces
I mproved air quality
R educed energy use and increased cost savings
R educed GHG emissions
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
EH-2.1: Identify and establish priority corridors
to focus effective pavement application where heat
impacts are most severe.

EH-2.2: Conduct community engagement
to identify playgrounds and parking lots that
would benefit from cool pavement and shade
installations.

EH-2.3: Identify necessary changes and
amend the City’s Municipal Code as appropriate to
incentivize or require the use of cool pavement on
projects.

EH-2.4: Identify and secure funds for capital
improvements to increase the presence of
reflective streets, surfaces, and shade canopies.

Implementation Lead: Public Works Department
Partners: Long Beach City College; Cal State Long Beach; parking lot owners; Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and Marine; LBUSD Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
75 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Neighborhood Services Bureau; Public Works Department; C ity of Long Beach Office of Sustainability
Partners: Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and Marine; Conservation Corps o f Long Beach; local community/neighborhood groups and stakeholders
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
Description
The City will increase the urban forest and expand and
enhance vegetation citywide to reduce the urban heat
island effect. The City will build upon the Urban Forest Management Plan, with attention to reducing urban heat
island conditions. The City will prioritize neighborhoods that are most impacted by extreme heat and poor air
quality and that have higher vulnerability because they lack a sufficient amount of urban forest and green space or have fewer resources to limit exposure to heat (e.g., shelter, air conditioning). Emphasis is placed on selecting drought-tolerant plants or California natives, which
require less water and offer multiple benefits.

Urban forest cover and vegetation can serve an important role in climate change adaptation by lowering temperatures and providing shade and evaporative cooling. This is
important because extreme heat is projected to increase in Long Beach, leading to intensification of the urban
heat island effect, which could exacerbate heat-related illnesses and infrastructure deterioration.

EH-3
Enhance and Expand Urban Forest Cover and
Vegetation
Expand and enhance urban forest cover and vegetation to mitigate urban heat island conditions.

I ncreased carbon sequestration
I mproved energy conservation
E nhanced wildlife habitat
I mproved air quality
I ncreased natural stormwater management
I ncreased access to green spaces
E nhanced aesthetic and property values
I ncreased creation of green jobs
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Prioritize the enhancement and expansion of
urban forest cover in neighborhoods that are
the most impacted by extreme heat and poor
air quality and that lack urban forest coverage
and green space.

Implementing Actions
EH-3.1: Update the Urban Forest Management
Plan with a focus on prioritizing reduction of urban
heat island conditions through both increased urban
forest and enhanced vegetation.

EH-3.2: Identify tree planting opportunities in
subwatershed areas with the lowest urban forest
cover to minimize stormwater runoff and help protect
the area from flooding during intense storm events.

EH-3.3: Identify and prioritize the planting of
drought-tolerant or California native trees to enhance
and expand urban forest cover and vegetation.

EH-3.4: Identify and involve community
stakeholders in the planning process to inform urban
forest cover needs and priorities.

EH-3.5: Evaluate the cost of water and other
infrastructure to provide ongoing maintenance for
trees, and seek ways to meet those costs through the
City’s budget process, Capital Improvement Program,
grants and other funding or financing opportunities.

EH-3.6: Incorporate tree planting into
partnerships with different groups, such as students
involved in group courses to design neighborhood
adaptation approaches to extreme heat.
76 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Existing Program: Equity Toolkit
The Long Beach Equity Toolkit is a framework for equity offering specific strategies that can be applied to make positive changes through the City’s policies, programs, and services. Acknowledging that a history of unfair laws and practices in Long Beach and the United States created many of the racial and social inequities that persist today, the toolkit supports the City in evaluating burdens, benefits, and outcomes for historically underserved or underrepresented communities while improving conditions for all citywide.

Existing Program: Tree Planting to Enhance the Urban Forest Cover The “I Dig Long Beach - 10,000 trees by 2022 Initiative,” which hosts neighborhood tree planting events and engages residents in planting, watering, and caring for new trees, has planted 5,000 trees in the city to date. This program is part of the City’s efforts to expand the urban forest and increase the canopy cover. 77 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Public Works Department
Partners: Long Beach Water Department; Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and M arine; LBUSD
Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The City will identify locations and complete installations of water fountains at City facilities, partnering with other agencies such as LBUSD as appropriate. The City will also conduct outreach and promote awareness on the benefits
of reusable water bottles in reducing plastic pollution, especially as it relates to the ocean and wetlands.

Climate change will bring more days of extreme heat,
which can lead to dehydration, heat-related illness, injury, or death. Drinking fluids is crucial to staying healthy.

Public water fountains offer access to free water and
reduce waste. Outdoor workers, the homeless, and older adults often do not get enough fluids and risk becoming dehydrated and sick, especially during the summer.

EH-4
Install Additional Water Fountains and Take
Other Actions to Increase Public Access to Water
Ensure that water fountains are available in all public facilities, parks, and beaches, and where feasible at other public amenities.

Equity Strategy
Prioritize public water access in areas most
impacted by extreme heat, with a focus on
opportunities to serve children, seniors, core
transit riders, and low-income communities.

R educed dependence on single-use plastic water
bottles
R educed plastic trash
R educed GHG emissions from single-use plastic
production
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
EH-4.1: Survey the location of public drinking
fountains in the city to determine where water
drinking fountains and water stations are needed or
in need of repair or replacement.

EH-4.2: Work with LBUSD to ensure that school
fountains are in a state of good repair.

EH-4.3: Work with WeTap to ensure that the
smart phone app provides the coordinates of public
water fountains.

EH-4.4: Support the Long Beach Water
Department’s efforts to spread awareness of its
various services and outreach and engagement
programs.

EH-4.5: Develop an education and awareness
campaign at beaches and through schools to
encourage people to carry refillable bottles. Explore
additional opportunities with other organizations,
such as the Long Beach Aquarium, to demonstrate
plastic pollution impacts.

Image: ArtCenter College of Design, Designmatters.

Image + Idea Course, spring 2020
78 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Communications; Public Works Partners: City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; SCE Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Medium
Description
The City will continue to work with SCE to assess potential grid vulnerabilities due to worsening extreme heat and
to develop and refine strategies and actions to prevent future power outages related to extreme heat. Depending on the results of the assessment, actions will be identified and prioritized to reduce pressure on the grid as well as to build Long Beach’s resilience to these power outages, such as by establishing microgrids. This will also include using the recently developed guidelines produced by
SCE for conducting maintenance outages in relation to
extreme heat events.

Extreme heat events result in increased use of air
conditioning, which causes strain on the transmission
lines and the electrical grid. Sagging of power lines in high heat events can cause safety and/or outage issues. This means heat waves can cause power outages that could
be inconvenient and even life threatening for vulnerable residents of Long Beach.

EH-5
Identify Future Vulnerability Potential for Power
Outages Related to Extreme Heat and Develop
Plans to Prevent Such Outages
E xpansion of renewable energy capacity
E nhanced grid stability
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Develop a power outage plan that prioritizes
emergency response and resiliency of the
elderly, young, and low-income communities.

Implementing Actions
EH-5.1: Collaborate with SCE to determine how
Long Beach can contribute to their existing efforts
to prevent and prepare for power outages related to
extreme heat.

EH-5.2: Develop a mitigation plan to prevent
and be prepared for future power outages related to
extreme heat.

EH-5.3: Identify and prioritize actions to build
resiliency into the local electrical infrastructure
through new actions or by partnering and expanding
upon existing SCE actions.

Continue to partner with Southern California Edison to assess current grid vulnerabilities related to extreme heat to prevent future potential power outages due to worsening heat waves because of climate change.
79 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Communications; Long Beach D epartment of Health and Human Services; Long Beach Parks, R ecreation, and Marine; Library Services Department
Partners: LBUSD; faith- and community-based organizations Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
Description
The City will evaluate the existing cooling center network to better understand the utilization characteristics of community centers and libraries. Factors to be evaluated include the hours of operation, capacity, characteristics such as presence of functioning HVAC systems, access
in neighborhoods most vulnerable to extreme heat,
community awareness of the centers, staff preparedness, transit accessibility, digital inclusion, and other variables.

The City will develop a set of strategies to increase the usage and effectiveness of the network and individual
centers. Improvements will be prioritized in low-income communities most vulnerable to extreme heat. The
City will also work with faith- and community-based
organizations to strengthen the public use of churches, temples, mosques, and other buildings as cooling centers.

As climate change increases the likelihood of frequent
and extreme heat events, indoor facilities (e.g., cooling centers) can provide relief for those who are impacted by heat illnesses, such as heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat strokes.

EH-6
Enhance and Expand Accessibility of Cooling
Centers
Evaluate the existing cooling center network, facilitate the usage of cooling centers citywide and identify areas of expansion, prioritizing the communities most vulnerable to extreme heat.

E nhanced use of public buildings
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Prioritize increasing access to cooling centers
for those most at-risk of heat-related injury,
illness and death, such as people experiencing
homelessness, seniors, young children and
infants, pregnant women, people with chronic
illnesses, transit riders, and outdoor workers.
4Adaptation Actions
Implementing Actions
EH-6.1: Evaluate the existing cooling center
network and identify various means to expand
access, prioritizing neighborhoods and households
most vulnerable to extreme heat.

EH-6.2: Partner with the school district and
faith- and community-based organizations to identify
and provide resources to existing and new cooling
centers.

Image: ArtCenter College of Design, Designmatters.

Image + Idea Course, spring 2020
80 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
Implementation Lead: Public Works Department; Long Beach Transit Partners: Outdoor advertising companies
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
Description
The City will work with Long Beach Transit to complete
a full assessment of bus stops to identify potential
improvements. This will include focusing on such right- of-way improvements as sidewalk width, bulb-outs,
and Americans with Disabilities Act accessibility, which are often prerequisites for bus stop improvements. In
addition, the City will ensure that the permitting and
installation process is carried out through completion.

High-quality bus stops that include a combination
of amenities, such as shade, seating, and hydration
stations, can provide transit riders a refuge from high temperatures. This is especially critical for transit-
dependent residents who rely on transit as their primary or only means of accessing key destinations and services.

Transit-dependent youth and the elderly, sick, and
disabled are particularly vulnerable to extreme heat.

Shaded, high-quality bus stops also play an important
role in attracting new transit riders and retaining existing ones, and increased transit ridership has strong air
EH-7
Provide Bus Shelter Amenities
I ncreased transit ridership
R educed GHG emissions
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Prioritize bus stop amenities and improvements
in neighborhoods with the largest populations
of core transit riders and those that are most
affected by extreme heat and many sources of
pollution, as identiﬁe d by CalEnviroScreen.

Implementing Actions
EH-7.1: Work with Long Beach Transit to identify
and prioritize bus stops without shade structures
on highly utilized routes that are in areas with high
heat vulnerability.

EH-7.2: Partner with Long Beach Transit to
engage with transit riders and other stakeholders
in identifying priority locations and desired bus
stop features.

EH-7.3: Pursue public and private funding
opportunities for bus shelter amenities, such as
the Low Carbon Transit Operations Program, and
through advertising companies.

EH-7. 4: Facilitate the permitting and installation
of new bus stop amenities.

Provide more bus shelter amenities to help prevent health effects from long sun exposure and to incentivize usage of public transportation. 81 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Long Beach Transit
Partners: California Coastal Commission; community organizations Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The City will support Long Beach Transit in evaluating a range of options to improve beach access during extreme heat events, with priority given to highly vulnerable
populations such as children, the elderly, people with
disabilities, and communities and neighborhoods that
are most susceptible to extreme heat. These options
could include improvements to existing fixed transit
routes, new fixed transit routes, shuttles or flexible transit service, and reduced or free transit rides.

During extreme heat events, coastal temperatures are
often significantly lower than those farther inland. For those residents who do not have access to a car or are
unable to drive, public transit that accesses the coast and beach offers a reprieve from high temperatures and
provides additional recreational opportunities.

EH-8
Improve Beach and Coastal Transit Access
During Extreme Heat Events
Identify options to improve beach and coastal transit access during extreme heat events, with priority given to communities and populations that are most affected by extreme heat.

I ncreased transit ridership
R educed GHG emissions
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Improve beach and coastal transit access for
the populations most vulnerable to extreme
heat, such as youth, the elderly, and people with
disabilities, and for the geographic areas of the
city most impacted by extreme heat conditions.

Implementing Actions
EH-8.1: Evaluate the beach and coastal transit
access of communities and neighborhoods that are
most vulnerable to extreme heat events.

EH-8.2: Identify options to improve the beach
and coastal transit access of communities and
neighborhoods that are vulnerable to extreme heat
events.

EH-8.3: Partner with Long Beach Transit to
identify strategies and funding mechanisms to
expand or increase the frequency of transit services
in order to improve beach access for communities
that are the most vulnerable to extreme heat.
82 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions

AIR QUALITY ACTIONS

Air pollution is a major threat to public health and carries increased risk for vulnerable populations. In a 2006
assessment, the Long Beach Health Department found
that 14 percent of residents suffer from asthma which is

2.5 percent higher than Los Angeles and 6 percent higher than the entire U.S. The report found that people of color and low-income communities were disproportionately
impacted. All air quality actions taken by the City will prioritize vulnerable communities.
i
Regional air quality has improved substantially over the past three decades, but it is still a major health issue in Long Beach, in particular for communities near freeways, industry, and the Port of Long Beach. Climate change has the potential to make air quality worse, negating some
improvements in air quality that have been achieved and reducing the effectiveness of future efforts. Warming
could increase the number of days violating air quality standards in the region by as much as 25-80 percent
by end-of-century. Additionally, an increase in wildfires in the broader region could also lead to dangerous air
quality levels. The combination of higher temperatures, precipitation change, and increasing CO2 concentrations is expected to increase pollen and some airborne
allergens.

The City of Long Beach has made improved air quality
a core priority through existing efforts such as the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan, efforts to improve transit service, and efforts to spur the development of walkable, transit-oriented communities. The CAAP both
continues and builds upon these and other efforts.

The air quality adaptation actions target air pollution reductions from a variety of sources such as buses,
landscaping equipment, the Long Beach Airport, and food transportation. Combined with the air pollution reduction co-benefits that are expected to result from the mitigation actions, the CAAP has the potential to lead to substantial improvements in air quality and public health.

Goal: All Long Beach communities have clean air and improved public health Air Quality
AQ-1
AQ-2
Emissions are reduced by
shifting to cleaner equipment
and vehicles.

AQ-6
AQ-3
AQ-4
AQ-5
AQ-7
Buildings and facilities actively
reduce air pollution as a
component of a broader
energy reduction strategy.

AQ
Air quality impacts from local
oil and gas operations are
minimized.

Support the development of the Long Beach Airport Sustainability Plan
Encourage urban agriculture practices that reduce air quality pollution
Electrify small local emitters, such as lawn and garden equipment, outdoor power equipment, and others
Work with Long Beach Unied School District (LBUSD) to support school bus electrication
Implement the Port of Long Beach Clean Air Action Plan
Increase monitoring and regulation of oil extraction and rening process
Incentivize installation of photocatalytic tiles

OBJECTIVES ACTIONS
i http://www.calhealthreport.org/2016/03/07/breathing-
air-into-asthma-prevention-in-long-beach/
83 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Development Services
Partners: Long Beach Department of Health and Human Services; Harbor Department; S outh Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD)
Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
To improve air quality, the City will support the installation of photocatalytic tiles by actively pursuing grant funding options to incentivize the installation of photocatalytic tile products. Typically embedded into cool roofing products, these tiles are covered with titanium-dioxide-coated
granules that act as a catalyst for sunlight-activated
chemical reactions that convert smog (nitrogen oxide
[NOx]) into other substances, such as calcium nitrate
and water. This action will include collaborating with
SCAQMD, community partners, developers, and other
stakeholders to identify projects that could incorporate photocatalytic tiles as part of a more holistic emissions reduction strategy that prioritizes the neighborhoods
and communities near the Port and the Interstate 710 (I- 710) corridor, which are heavily impacted by air pollution.

AQ-1
Incentivize Installation of Photocatalytic Tiles
Support the installation of photocatalytic tiles to improve air quality.

R educed air pollution through use of
s mog-reducing granules, when combined with
r eflective material, as well as lower both indoor
an d outdoor temperature
R educed greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Evaluate the air quality beneﬁt s of installing
photocatalytic tiles in neighborhoods with
high pollution levels and prioritize projects
that will provide the greatest beneﬁt s in Long
Beach communities with the poorest air
quality.

Implementing Actions
AQ-1.1: Work with SCAQMD, community
groups, and stakeholders to identify projects that
could incorporate photocatalytic tiles as part of a
more holistic emissions reduction strategy.

AQ-1.2: Pursue funding to retrofit
existing buildings, new developments, and/
or redevelopments that could incorporate
photocatalytic tiles as part of a more holistic
emissions reduction strategy.

AQ-1.3: Partner with SCAQMD to monitor air
pollutant reductions resulting from the installation
of photocatalytic tiles.

AQ-1.4: Contingent on initial success, explore
code changes to require or incentivize photocatalytic
tiles in communities with poor air quality.
84 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; Long Beach Water Department Partners: Library Services Department
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The City will provide new incentives that encourage the overall expansion of urban agriculture in home and
community gardens. Local urban agriculture has the
potential to improve air quality and access to healthy food for Long Beach residents. Food imported from outside
the region is generally transported long distances by
trucks and ships that produce substantial quantities of air pollution. In addition, urban agriculture can incorporate drought-tolerant practices that further increase the
water and emissions efficiency of local food production.

The Long Beach Water Department has a robust Lawn-to-
Garden (L2G) program that provides rebates for replacing grass with drought-tolerant gardens. Expanding the L2G
program to include urban agricultural components may
include identifying incentives for drought-tolerant seeds and plants, rain capture and drip irrigation systems, and other water conservation equipment.

AQ-2
Encourage Urban Agriculture Practices that
Reduce Air Quality Pollution
Continue to incentivize urban agriculture practices and projects in community and home gardens that increase local food production and reduce air quality impacts from food transportation.

I ncreased local food security and strengthened
l ocal food system
I ncreased public health benefits resulting from
h ealthy food access
Decreased urban heat island effect
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Support urban agriculture as a means of
enhancing local food access and decreasing
neighborhood food insecurity, and prioritize
options for renters.

Implementing Actions
AQ-2.1: Develop new incentives that encourage
the expansion of urban agriculture in home and
community gardens.

AQ-2.2: Explore ways to incorporate urban
agriculture components in the L2G program,
including incentives.

AQ-2.3: Evaluate ways to reduce barriers to
urban agriculture in home and community gardens,
including amending the zoning code, waiving and
reducing fees, and providing guidance on City
processes.

AQ-2.4: Develop educational and training
opportunities for drought-tolerant urban agriculture.
85 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Long Beach Airport
Partners: City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; airlines; aviation industry companies Timeline: Long
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
Description
The City will support the development and implementation of the Long Beach Airport Sustainability Plan to ensure the success of the airport’s efforts to reduce emissions from ground vehicles and equipment, including expanding
zero emission vehicle fleets, increasing electric-charging infrastructure, and pursuing Airport Carbon Accreditation.

Over the long term, the City will also support efforts to explore the feasibility of longer-term technologies for the integration of electric airplanes into the airport’s fleet.

Overall, the aviation industry accounts for 11 percent of all transportation-related GHG emissions in the United
States, which are a result of burning jet fuel and releasing NOx and carbon dioxide (CO
2). By transforming Long
Beach Airport into a center of GHG reduction innovation, the City will both improve local air quality and become a national leader in climate mitigation.

AQ-3
Support the Development of the Long Beach
Airport Sustainability Plan
Work with Long Beach Airport to support the development of the Long Beach Airport Sustainability Plan, with a focus on reducing emissions from vehicles and equipment at the airport.

R educed GHG emissions
I ncreased potential for energy savings
I ncreased energy efficiency
Re duced waste
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Implement actions that improve air quality for
impacted communities around Long Beach
Airport.

Implementing Actions
AQ-3.1: Work with Long Beach Airport to
support the development and implementation of
the Long Beach Airport Sustainability Plan, which
includes reducing fuel use, reducing facility waste
output, and replacing on- and off-road vehicles and
equipment with zero- or low-carbon alternatives at
the Long Beach Airport.

AQ-3.2: Encourage airlines to help customers in
buying carbon offsets through their ticket purchase
process.

AQ-3.3: Support the long-term integration of
sustainable fuels and electric-powered airplanes
operating out of Long Beach Airport.

Existing Program: Sustainability at Long Beach Airport
In August 2018, the Long Beach City Council directed Long Beach Airport to work with its airlines and other partners to become an incubator of clean technology in aviation, with the goal of becoming a carbon-neutral facility. The City, which is the airport’s owner and operator, has begun to develop a Long Beach Airport Sustainability Plan to reduce the airport’s carbon footprint through actions that address air emissions, energy, water conservation, water quality, and solid waste and recycling. The Airport Modernization Program includes sustainability improvements ranging from facility upgrades to energy efficiency enhancements. 86 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: P ublic Works Department; Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and Marine Partners: SC AQMD; California Air Resources Board (CARB) Timeline: Short and Medium
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
City staff will support the replacement of small fossil- fuel-powered engine equipment with electric-powered
equipment. These small off-road engines, which are
primarily used for lawn, garden, commercial utility, and other outdoor power equipment (e.g., generators, utility carts), contribute greatly to local air pollution. At least 50 cities across the state already have some sort of
regulation on lawn and garden equipment.

As of 2017, the population of small engines in California (16.7 million) is estimated to be greater than that of light- duty passenger cars (13.7 million). This engine population consists of 77 percent residential lawn and garden
equipment, 9 percent commercial lawn and garden
equipment, 11 percent federally regulated construction/ farming equipment, and 3 percent other equipment types
(e.g., generators, utility carts). In Long Beach, the amount of fossil-fuel-powered small engines operated by the City, by commercial landscapers, and by residential owners
is unknown. As an initial step, the City will immediately implement the recommendation of the Board of Health
and Human Services that City-owned fossil-fuel-powered
leaf blowers be model years 2007 or newer and be
65 decibels (sound level) or less. This will be followed by a process to identify options to require all-electric equipment to be used in the future in City operations
and City-owned equipment as well as privately owned
equipment.

Description
AQ-4
Electrify Small Local Emitters, Such as Lawn
and Garden Equipment, Outdoor Power
Equipment, and Others
Support the replacement of small, fossil-fuel-powered engine equipment with electric-powered equipment.

R educed noise from leaf blowers, lawn mowers,
an d other landscaping equipment
R educed GHG emissions
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Work with the regulatory agencies to provide
assistance and incentives for private phase
out to reduce ﬁna ncial barriers for commercial
landscapers and residents as needed.

Implementing Actions
AQ-4.1: Conduct outreach and education efforts
to inform the general public of the emissions impacts
of this equipment and work with SCAQMD to publicize
its Electric Lawn and Garden Equipment Incentive
and Exchange Program and Residential Lawn Mower
Rebate Program.

AQ-4.2: . Collaborate with SCAQMD and CARB
to advance regulations restricting the use of small
fossil-fuel-powered emitters.

AQ-4.3: Phase out City-owned fossil-fuel-
powered lawn and garden equipment, and establish
requirements for vendors contracted by the City to
do the same.
87 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: LBUSD
Partners: CARB; California Energy Commission; SCAQMD; Southern California Edison (SCE); L ong Beach Transit
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
Description
LBUSD discontinued daily school bus transportation in
2013. However, school buses are still used for transporting students to field trips and athletic events. School buses are also regularly used by students enrolled in the
district’s Special Education Program. LBUSD is working on programs to transition to electric buses, including working with vendors that already have renewable natural gas
electric buses. In partnership with LBUSD and others, the City will explore opportunities to support the transition of the school bus fleet from diesel-powered to electric vehicles. Moving forward, the City will identify ways to support LBUSD in exploring opportunities to transition
its current diesel-powered fleet, , including applying for incentives for buses and supportive infrastructure such as charging stations.

The negative impacts of using diesel-powered school
buses are well documented and are known to affect
lung development and have respiratory health effects
over time. Transitioning diesel-powered buses to electric power will have positive, long-term public health impacts on children and neighborhoods along bus routes.

AQ-5
Work With LBUSD to Support School Bus
Electrification
Explore opportunities to support the LBUSD in transitioning the district’s school bus fleet from diesel-powered to electric vehicles.

R educed GHG emissions
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Target efforts to phase out diesel-powered
buses for electric buses in school and bus route
service areas with the poorest air quality.

Implementing Actions
AQ-5.1: Identify ways to support LBUSD and
other partners in applying for funding from state and
local sources to transition from diesel-powered to
electric buses.

AQ-5.2: Evaluate air quality impacts on specific
school and bus route service areas to prioritize
planning efforts.
88 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Harbor Department
Partners: D rayage truck owners; terminal operator; intermodal rail yards Timeline: Ongoing
Potential Cost Level: L ow to High
Description
The Port will continue to implement the San Pedro
Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan, which contains a
comprehensive set of strategies focused on improving
air quality. This includes achieving up to 100 percent
compliance with state requirements for ships to use
shore power or alternative capture technologies while
docked. It also includes continuing implementation of
the Clean Trucks Program and adoption of a suite of
additional actions. The Port will continue to work in
partnership with its tenants; regional, state, and federal agencies; and other stakeholders to implement the plan, invest in developing and deploying clean technologies,
and advocate for needed policies and funding. The
Port has engaged with environmental groups and local
communities to encourage input and provides regular
public updates on plan implementation.

The San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan provides
a suite of strategies organized into the categories of
clean vehicles and equipment technology and fuels,
freight infrastructure planning and investments, freight efficiency, and energy resource planning. Actions include plugging ships into shore power while docked; reducing
ship speeds; increasing the percentage of clean and
alternative-fuel trucks accessing the Port; increasing the use of more efficient locomotives, hybrid and electric
cargo equipment, and harbor craft; increasing energy
efficiency and renewable power generation; investing
in infrastructure to increase the efficient movement of cargo; and continuing the implementation of a Clean
Trucks Program.

AQ-6
Implement the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air
Action Plan
Continue to implement the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan and align with the City’s overall GHG emissions reduction targets.

Equity Strategy
Prioritize actions that improve air quality for
impacted communities surrounding the Port
and along industrial corridors, and meaningfully
include those communities in decisions about
how actions should be implemented.

R educed GHG emissions
I mproved public health
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
AQ-6.1: Collaborate with the Port to implement
Clean Air Action Plan strategies, maximizing
air quality improvements and GHG emissions
reductions.

AQ-6.2: Support the Port in implementing and
expanding the Green Ports Collaborative.

AQ-6.3: Support the Port’s investments in the
Technology Advancement Program to encourage
green technology development and piloting.

AQ-6.4: Continue to provide quarterly and
annual progress reports that are available to the
public.

AQ-6.5: Collaborate with the Port to further
reduce shipping-related emissions through use of
100% emissions-free cargo handling equipment by
2030 and implementation of state’s shore power
regulation for at-berth vessels.
89 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Existing Program: San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan The San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan accelerates the Port’s progress toward a zero-emissions future.

Since 2005, port-related air pollution emissions in San Pedro Bay have dropped 87 percent for diesel particulate matter, 56 percent for nitrogen oxides, and 97 percent for sulfur oxides. In 2017, the Mayors of the City of Los Angeles and City of Long Beach announced a joint declaration for creating a zero-emissions goods movement future, with goals of zero emissions for cargo-handling equipment by 2030 and zero emissions for on-road drayage trucks serving the ports by 2035.

San Pedro Bay
GoogleEarth 2020
90 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: E nergy Resources Department; Long Beach Department of Health and H uman Services
Partners: City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; CARB; California Air Pollution C ontrol Officers Association (CAPCOA)
Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The State of California has some of the strictest air
emission policies in the United States. In 2013, the
Interagency Refinery Task Force was formed, and
CARB and the California Air Pollution Control Officers
Association (CAPCOA) were tasked with monitoring
refineries across the entire state. Their March 2019 Report stated the need to increase air monitoring systems to
gather relevant, reliable air quality data in real time to help make informed safety decisions. This is a priority for the State and impacts Long Beach and its residents. The City will increase its participation in this process and help grow this air monitoring network. The City will also audit all methane emissions from active or abandoned oil wells to check for possible noncompliance and make this data
available to the public.

AQ-7
Increase Monitoring and Regulation of Oil
Extraction and Refining Process
Establish air monitors outside of active wells that are within the Long Beach city limits. Conduct an audit survey of all methane emissions to check possible emissions coming from either active or abandoned oil wells.

A vailability of data to inform both state and
r egional regulators and others looking to protect
t heir health
I f leaks identified through the monitoring, could
l ead to a reduction in fugitive methane emissions,
a g as with a potent global warming potential
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Using CalEnviroScreen and other appropriate
data tools, identify locations for air monitors
in neighborhoods that are the most impacted
by poor air quality.

Implementing Actions
AQ-7.1: Work with CARB and CAPCOA while
developing the air monitoring program for oil wells.

AQ-7.2: Establish air monitors outside of active
wells and create a schedule to regularly check their
methane emissions. Conduct audits at wells to
monitor compliance.

AQ-7.3: Regularly send air monitoring reports
to regulators and CARB for review.

AQ-7. 4: Make air monitoring data available to
the public.

Existing Program: West Long
Beach Air Quality Monitoring
The Wilmington/Carson/West Long Beach community
was designated by the California Air Resources Board
for year one Assembly Bill (AB) 617 implementation.

AB 617 is a law that focuses on reducing air pollution
in California’s environmental justice communities. As
part of this effort, stakeholders in West Long Beach
contributed to the development of a Community Air
Monitoring Plan that will inform actions to reduce
local exposure to harmful air pollutants.
91 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions

DROUGHT ACTIONS

Changes in temperature and precipitation are predicted
to produce longer and more frequent droughts that will
have an impact on Long Beach’s water supply. According
to Long Beach Water, approximately 60 percent of the
City’s water supply is from local ground water, 25 percent is from the Colorado River, and 15 percent is from the
Northern California Bay-Delta. Future drought patterns
are expected to result in regional drying. This is expected to include continued reduction of the Sierra Nevada
snowpack and snowmelt runoff earlier in the season
that will stress supplies in the Northern California Bay- Delta. The Colorado River will also face similar dynamics.

Local water demand is also expected to increase absent
a shift to drought tolerant plant species. To respond
to this challenging dynamic Long Beach will need to
build on its successful efforts to use existing water
resources more efficiently and diversify its water supply.

The City has made significant strides through the
initiation of a number of programs to respond to drought and meet and exceed state water use efficiency targets.

This includes successful public outreach, education,
and incentives to residents and businesses to conserve
water. The City’s Water Reclamation Plant recycles up
to 25 million gallons of wastewater per day for reuse.

The water is used at over 60 sites and for uses such as irrigation, both replenishment of groundwater supply
and protection from saltwater intrusion, and re-
pressurization of oil-bearing strata off the coast. What is not used is discharged to Coyote Creek.

To establish a more diverse and sustainable water supply the City will identify ways to increase the supply and use of recycled water, expand green infrastructure and streets, and increase the capture and storage of rainfall. These actions have numerous potential co-benefits such as
water and energy savings, expansion of green space, and reduced urban heat island effects. The City will prioritize programs and infrastructure that benefit communities
most impacted by climate change.

Goal: Long Beach has a more sustainable and diverse water supply that reduces dependence on imported water and improves long-term water security
Maximize water eﬃciency
and conservation.

DRT
DRT-1
DRT-2
Maximize water that is
captured and reused locally.

DRT-3
DRT-4
DRT-5
Drought
Continue development and implementation of water use eﬃciency programs and implement additional water conservation programs Enhance outreach and education related to water conservation Expand usage of green infrastructure and green streets
Expand usage of recycled water and greywater for non-potable use Incorporate increased rainfall capture and other actions to maximize local water supplies and oﬀset imported water
S N O I T C A NO.S E V I T C E J B O
92 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Drought Actions
Implementation Lead: Long Beach Water Department
Partners: City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; Metropolitan Water District of Southern C alifornia (MWD)
Timeline: S hort
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
Description
Building upon Long Beach’s Water Resources Plan and
Urban Water Management Plan, the City will identify
and move forward with further water conservation
programming and efficiency measures to help reduce
overall usage. Water use efficiency programs provide cost savings to customers through water utilities and through electricity and gas utilities, due to the reduced need for these resources to transport and heat water. Mitigating utility cost burdens will play a role in controlling costs for residents and businesses.

Long Beach’s Water Resources Plan and Urban Water
Management Plan are intended to ensure that Long
Beach will achieve the water use reduction and efficiency targets set by the State of California. Identifying additional strategies will help reduce reliance on imported water
and reduce GHG emissions, since importing water to
Southern California accounts for 20 percent of the state’s electricity.1
DRT-1
Continue Development And Implementation Of
Water Use Efficiency Programs And Implement
Additional Water Conservation Programs
Continue development and implementation of additional water use efficiency and conservation programs to help reduce water use.

R educed GHG emissions through conservation of
g as and electricity needed to distribute and heat
water
I ncreased protection of upstream rivers and
w ildlife habitat
R educed urban runoff and thus reduced pollution
o f coastal waters (based on reduced landscape
irrigation)

Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Conduct targeted water efficiency program
outreach to ensure that low-income
communities beneﬁt f rom cost savings.

Implementing Actions
DRT-1 .1: Monitor Assembly Bill 1668 and Senate
Bill 606 on water restriction and conservation.

DRT-1.2: Identify partners and participants
for water use efficiency outreach and education.

Conduct outreach to residents to ensure they
understand the programs that are available and the
eligibility requirements.

DRT-1.3: Establish water use efficiency
programs tailored to commercial, industrial, and
institutional water users.

DRT-1.4: Identify potential incentives and
requirements that can be included in City contracts
to reduce the use of potable water and spur access
to and use of recycled/reclaimed water for uses
such as sidewalk pressure washing and landscape
irrigation.

DRT-1.5: Establish programs to invest in City
infrastructure that can create water efficiency, such
as irrigation systems and water-reuse systems in
parks.

DRT-1.6: Conduct an analysis of program
and rebate participation by census tracts to spur
greater participation in new and existing programs
within the low-income communities most impacted
by climate change.
1 http://www.lbwater.org/Residential%20
Existing Program: Certified Blue
Restaurant Program
The Certified Blue Restaurant program supports and
recognizes Long Beach restaurants for achieved water
efficiency. Restaurants can receive a no-cost, on-site
efficiency survey, free water-efficient devices, and an assessment for other possible rebates.
93 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Long Beach Water Department
Partners: City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; Library Services Department Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The City will build upon its existing water conservation educational programs and consider launching an ad
campaign focusing on water conservation at home,
the importance of water to the region, and how water
conservation translates to cost savings for Long Beach
residents. The City will seek opportunities to enhance its water conservation trainings and workshops. Outreach
and education will consider targeting high water usage
behaviors to reduce consumption and low-income
communities to share the resources and cost savings
associated with water conservation. Water conservation
should complement efforts to maximize local water
supplies and improve water efficiency. Water conservation efforts can aim to share various water conservation
practices and resources with residents and businesses.

DRT-2
Enhance Outreach and Education Related to
Water Conservation
Enhance public outreach campaigns to promote water conservation and efficient water use.

I ncreased conservation of gas and electricity
n eeded to distribute and heat water,
r esulting in reduced GHG emissions
R educed water, electricity, and gas utility costs
to residents
I ncreased opportunities to coordinate
community engagement with other Climate
A ction and Adaptation Plan (CAAP) initiatives
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Ensure that low-income and drought-
vulnerable communities receive
information about the cost savings and
other bene ﬁt s from water conservation.

Identify and implement ways to maximize
costs savings and other bene ﬁt s for those
communities.

Implementing Actions
DRT-2.1: Identify partners and participants for
water conservation outreach and education.

DRT-2.2: Continue to develop outreach and
educational programming.

DRT-2.3: Continue the existing educational
campaign to achieve citywide goals for residential
water use reductions.
94 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Public Works Department; Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and Marine Partners: City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; Harbor Department Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Medium to High
Description
Green infrastructure – such as permeable pavement,
bioretention areas, bioswales, or vegetated strips – can often be easily retrofitted into existing infrastructure, as evidenced by the Long Beach Water Department’s Lawn-
to-Garden program. The City will identify and implement strategies to diversify the water supply, reduce demand on existing infrastructure, and increase resiliency during droughts as well as heavy rainstorms. Examples of green infrastructure and green streets include approaches such as permeable pavement, bioretention areas, bioswales,
and vegetated strips.

To start, the City will study and identify locations that are best suited for green infrastructure (i.e., areas that are prone to frequent flooding during rainfall events) and
alleys or streets that are best suited for grey to green conversion. In addition, the City will start to identify potential incentives and requirements that can be
included in City contracts and on new developments.

DRT-3
Expand Usage Of Green Infrastructure And
Green Streets
Incorporate green infrastructure and green streets to diversify water supply, increase natural and stormwater capture, prevent urban runoff, reduce the demand on existing infrastructure, reduce the heat island effect, and increase sustainability and resiliency.

Equity Strategy
Prioritize investments in communities with
the least green space and the greatest
climate risks, and that are located in the
most vulnerable subwatershed areas.

I ncreased green space
R educed urban heat island effect
I mproved water quality
I mproved walkability
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
DRT-3.1: Study and identify locations that are
best suited for green infrastructure, such as areas
that are prone to frequent flooding during heavy
rainfall events.

DRT-3.2: Study and identify alleys or streets
that are best suited for grey to green conversion for
inclusion in the City’s Capital Improvement Program
and other investment prioritization. Conduct
outreach to residents to discover any existing
concerns with the alley or street, such as frequent
flooding, low lighting, or pedestrian and bicycle
safety, and to understand how the space could best
be used by the community.

DRT-3.3: Identify potential incentives and
requirements that can be included in City contracts
and in new developments to increase the amount
of stormwater capture and reduce the amount of
impervious areas in projects.

DRT-3.4: Develop a green infrastructure design
or technologies guide to facilitate and encourage the
use of green infrastructure in new developments.
95 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Public Works Department; Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and Marine Partners: City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; MWD; Water Replenishment D istrict of Southern California; Long Beach Water Department Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Medium to High
Description
Currently 6 million of the 25 million gallons of water
treated per day at the Long Beach Water Reclamation
Plant is reused at more than 60 reuse sites, which
include schools and parks, and there is public support
for continuing and expanding this use. The City will
identify and implement strategies to expand the usage
of recycled water and greywater for non-potable use,
such as landscape irrigation. This would establish a more diverse water supply portfolio, which would increase
resiliency to drought and reduce reliance on imported
water. Initial strategies will include identifying partners and participants for recycled water and greywater
outreach and education to ensure residents understand
the available programs and eligibility. In addition, the City will also explore potential incentives and requirements that can be included in City contracts to reduce the use of potable water.

DRT-4
Expand Usage of Recycled Water and
Greywater for Non-Potable Use
Increase and incentivize recycled water and greywater use to establish a more diverse water supply portfolio.

Equity Strategy
Prioritize investments in low-income
communities and the most vulnerable
subwatershed areas.

R educed GHG emissions from importing water
I ncreased water and energy savings
E xpanded green space
R educed urban heat island effects
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
DRT-4.1: Identify partners and participants
for recycled water and greywater outreach and
education. Conduct outreach to residents to ensure
they understand the programs and the eligibility
requirements.

DRT-4.2: Identify potential incentives and
requirements that can be included in City contracts
to reduce the use of potable water and spur access
to and use of recycled or greywater for uses such as
irrigation.

DRT-4.3: Conduct analysis of program and
rebate participation to spur greater participation
in new and existing programs and expand the
greywater infrastructure system.

DRT-4.4: Identify options to incentivize or
require greywater use for irrigation and incorporate
greywater into new building standards.
96 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Existing Program: LB-MUST
In April 2016, the City Council approved a $28 million Cooperative Implementation Agreement with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) for the design and construction of an innovative stormwater treatment plant. The Long Beach Municipal Urban Stormwater Treatment Recycle Facility, or LB-MUST, will be built along the east bank of the Los Angeles River in the area between 4th and 7th Streets and will capture polluted urban runoff before it enters the river. This will stop pollution from entering the river and beaches, provide a source of water for use in create recreational space along the river.

Existing Program: Long Beach Water Department
The Long Beach Water Department installs, operates, and maintains the city’s water distribution and sanitary sewer systems. Groundwater is pumped using groundwater wells located throughout the city and is enough to fulfill around 60 percent of Long Beach’s water needs. The rest of the water supply in Long Beach, about 40 percent, comes from imported sources. The two main imported water sources are the Colorado River watershed and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Bay Delta. That water is imported into the region by the MWD. In addition, the Long Beach Water Department operates and maintains more than 700 miles of sanitary sewer lines that collect and deliver over 40 million gallons of wastewater per day for treatment. 97 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Equity Strategy
Ensure that low-income and drought-
vulnerable communities can bene ﬁt from
cost savings and augmenting household
water supply through rainfall capture.

Implementation Lead: Public Works Department; Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and Marine Partners: City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; MWD; Water Replenishment District o f Southern California; Long Beach Water Department
Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
Description
Long Beach receives its potable water supply from
two main sources – groundwater and imported water.

Roughly 60 percent of the Long Beach water supply is
local groundwater. The rest of the City’s drinking water comes from two imported water sources: the Colorado
River and Northern California’s Sacramento-San Joaquin
Bay Delta region.

The City will pursue strategies that include identifying incentives and exploring regulatory options to encourage rainfall capture, and other actions that maximize local water supplies that can be incorporated in new developments
when possible. The City will capture rainwater for use
on-site when possible. The City will consider expanding community outreach and participation in rainwater
collection and reuse, and will prioritize rainfall capture programs that benefit disadvantaged communities (as
identified by CalEnviroScreen).

DRT-5
Incorporate Increased Rainfall Capture and
Other Actions to Maximize Local Water Supplies
and Offset Imported Water
Increase and incentivize rainfall capture and other actions to establish a more diverse water supply portfolio and maximize local water supplies from stormwater capture, recycled water, and groundwater.

R educed GHG emissions from importing water
I ncreased conservation of gas and electricity
n eeded to distribute and heat water
R educed stormwater runoff and demand on
e xisting infrastructure
I ncreased benefits to parks and recreational
o pportunities through irrigation with harvested
rainwater
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
DRT-5.1: Identify potential incentives and
requirements for water reuse strategies, such as rainfall capture and harvesting in private developments.

DRT-5.2: Explore opportunities to integrate
rainfall capture and harvesting in City facilities or by entities with whom the City has contracts.

DRT-5.3:Identify partners and participants for
rainfall capture outreach and education. Conduct
outreach to residents about available programs and
eligibility, and target qualifying low-income renters
and homeowners.

DRT-5.4: Apply for funding to supplement the
existing MWD rebate for rain barrels and cisterns.

DRT-5.5: Conduct an analysis of existing
program and rebate participation to inform efforts
toward greater participation in new and existing
programs to increase rainfall capture and harvesting.
98 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions

SEA LEVEL RISE AND

FLOODING ACTIONS
Mean sea levels off the coast of Long Beach rose by
approximately one millimeter per year from 1923 to
2016 according to tide gauge data, for a total of around

3.7 inches. This is expected to accelerate in the coming decades. Relative to the year 2000, Long Beach could
experience approximately 11-inch of sea level rise (SLR) by 2030, 24-inch by 2050, and 66-inch by 2100. Low-lying areas, such as Belmont Shore, Naples, and the Peninsula are already experiencing coastal flooding, particularly during combined high tide and rain events. As sea levels continue to rise, these areas of the City are expected to be more frequently impacted by higher storm tides, more extensive inland flooding and increased coastal erosion during storm events.

Homes, businesses, and City infrastructure, including
roads, parks, buildings, the stormwater system, and
utilities will increasingly be vulnerable to flood exposure.

By 11-inch of SLR, critical assets at risk include, three fire stations in the Harbor District and along the Alamitos
Bay Marina, marine safety facilities in the Harbor District, and a solid waste facility. Four miles of roads within the Harbor District would also be exposed under 11-inch of
SLR from king tide flooding alone and an additional 45
miles from storm surge resulting from a 100-year storm.

Although all beaches will likely experience erosion effects due to rising seas, by 11-inch of SLR, Alamitos Bay Beach, Mother’s Beach, Belmont Shore Beach, and Peninsula
Beach are largely exposed during king tide events.

Without adaptation, exposure is expected to increase. By 2100 (66-inch of SLR), the number of critical facilities at risk increases to seven fire stations, three police facilities, and eight marine safety facilities. During king tide
events, 89 miles of roadway would be exposed to king
tide flooding with an additional 27 miles exposed due to storm surge flooding. Beaches likely to experience major erosion expand to include Alamitos Beach, Junipero
Beach, Rosie’s Dog Beach, and Long Beach City Beach.

The City will employ an adaptive management approach
to address existing and future impacts from sea level rise.

The foundation of this approach includes monitoring,
keeping track of the latest projections, and updating plans for the near, medium, and long-term on a regular basis.

The suite of adaptation actions includes establishing the monitoring program, integrating consideration of SLR and related impacts into City policies, plans, and programs, investing in resilient infrastructure and buildings, and striving to preserve coastal access and recreation among others. It will also require increased collaboration with regional, state, and federal partners to identify and fund adaptation strategies.
99 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Goal: Long Beach understands and is prepared for its future ﬂ ood risk Sea Level Rise + Flooding
FLD-1
FLD-2
Adaptation strategies are
implemented to protect
vulnerable shoreline areas and
wastewater infrastructure
FLD-3
FLD-4
FLD-5
FLD-12
FLD-13
FLD-14
FLD-15
FLD-16
FLD-17
FLD-18
FLD-19
FLD-20
FLD-8
FLD-9
FLD-10
FLD-11
City plans and policies are
forward-looking and ensure
projects and investments
account for projected sea
level and ﬂooding impacts
FLD
Medium-Term Actions
(2030-2050)
Short-Term Actions (to 2030)
Long-Term Actions
(2050-2100)
Vulnerable infrastructure is
elevated or relocated
Long-term physical adaptation
strategies are selected and
implemented based on
additional research and
community adaptation
priorities, and prioritize natural
solutions whenever possible.

Additional long-term adaptation
options are evaluated using
the best available science.

Incorporate sea level rise language into citywide plans, policies, and regulations
Inventory and ﬂ ood-proof vulnerable sewer pump stations Establish a ﬂ ood impacts monitoring program
Incorporate adaptation into City lease negotiations
Update the City’s existing Stormwater Management Plan
Update and augment ﬂ oodplain regulations as necessary Enhance dunes
Relocate/elevate critical infrastructure
Elevate riverine levees
Elevate street hardscapes
Retreat/realign parking lots
Retroﬁt/extend sea wall
Elevate streets/pathways
Expand beach nourishment
Construct living shoreline/berm
Extend/upgrade existing seawalls
Evalu ate feasibility of storm surge barrier at Alamitos Bay Clear and suﬃcient
information is on hand to
identify and prioritize near-term
adaptation needs and best
practices
FLD-6
FLD-7
Conduct citywide beach stabilization study
Review and conduct studies of combined riverine/coastal ﬂooding and increased severity of rainfall events on watershed ﬂooding
Investigate feasibility of managed retreat
OBJECTIVES ACTIONSNO.
100

ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Planning and Building
Partners: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA); California Coastal Commission Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The City will update and augment, as necessary,
floodplain regulations that address the fact that sea level rise will increase the height of floodwaters and the inland extent of floodplains in Long Beach. Regulations will
include new base flood elevation requirements informed
by current science. Future updates to the ordinance will be informed by the latest projections and local impact
monitoring. Longer-term updates may consider managed
retreat if projections and observed local impacts warrant it. Regulations will include incentives for building owners to invest in resiliency improvements by either meeting or exceeding flood-resistant construction standards, even
when they are not required by FEMA or a City building
code.

Floodplain regulations will encourage building owners
living and/or working in the floodplain to design or
retrofit buildings to reduce damage from existing and
future floods and potentially reduce long-term flood
insurance costs. Overall, implementation of the action
would improve the ability of the city’s flood-prone
neighborhoods to withstand and recover quickly from
coastal flooding.

The Local Coastal Program will also be amended as
needed.

FLD-1
Update and Augment Floodplain Regulations as
Necessary
Update and augment floodplain regulations as necessary to limit, elevate, or provide floodproofing standards for development in areas designated as vulnerable to flooding in order to minimize physical damage to development.

C oordinated regulations with energy building
r etrofit improvements
R educed flood insurance rates, potentially, of
5 t o 45 percent
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Evaluate risk and design assistance programs
for building or retrofitting to a higher flood
protection standard, with an emphasis on
areas with social vulnerability to climate
change, as defined by the Long Beach
Vulnerability Assessment and other relevant
information.

Implementing Actions
FLD-1.1: Update Chapter 18.40 (Building Code)
of the Long Beach Municipal Code and/or create new
regulations, if necessary, to respond to future sea
level rise conditions, referencing (FEMA) standards
and other relevant guidelines as appropriate.

FLD-1.2: Develop minimum design standards to
be considered for long-term flood protection, based
on CAAP flooding maps and the most up-to-date
projections as they become available.

FLD-1.3: Ensure other building code regulations
(e.g., setbacks, building heights) are consistent with
the updated standards developed for the Floodplain
Ordinance.

FLD-1.4: Pursue FEMA grant program
opportunities for adapting public facilities to flood
impacts and other resilience investments.

FLD-1.5: Educate the public about resources
available to individual property owners seeking to
elevate and flood-proof their properties, including
FEMA grant programs and potential insurance
premium benefits.

FLD-1.6: Design flood protection assistance
programs for low-income communities affected by
flooding impacts, as feasible.
101
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Planning and Building; Public Works Department Partners: Varies based on planning document
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The City will incorporate consideration of sea level rise impacts and adaptation strategies into relevant plans,
policies, and regulations in order to integrate sea level rise into a citywide planning framework. Consideration of sea level rise in various contexts by all city departments for various types of planning purposes (e.g., infrastructure planning, transportation planning, land use planning) is important. This effort will require coordination with and possible training for staff from the various departments responsible for relevant plans, policies, and regulations.

Incorporating language related to sea level rise in City policies, plans, and guidelines can ensure that future
investments by the City consider potential flood impacts and incorporate adaptation strategies, as appropriate.

SB 379 requires cities and counties to include climate
adaptation and resiliency strategies in the Safety
Elements of the General Plan. The Local Coastal Program will also be amended as needed.

FLD-2
Incorporate Sea Level Rise Language into
Citywide Plans, Policies, and Regulations
Equity Strategy
Plan for flooding impacts, with an emphasis
on areas with social vulnerability to climate
change as defined by the Long Beach
Vulnerability Assessment and other relevant
information.

I ncreased longevity of the project from
c onsideration of sea level rise
I ncreased assistance with future applications
t o FEMA
C ompliance with SB 379
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
FLD-2.1: Identify and update as appropriate
relevant city plans, policies, and regulations that
should be prioritized due to sea level rise conditions, such as the Local Coastal Plan. Otherwise, incorporate
sea level rise language in plans as they are updated.

FLD-2.2: Coordinate with and train staff from
the various departments responsible for relevant
plans, policies, and regulations.

FLD-2.3: Use CAAP sea level rise inundation
maps and the most up-to-date projections, as they
become available, to inform plan updates currently
being prepared by the City.

Incorporate sea level rise adaptation into relevant plans, policies, and regulations (e.g., the General Plan, neighborhood plans, Local Coastal Program, design standards for capital projects).

Image: ArtCenter College of Design, Designmatters.

Image + Idea Course, spring 2020
102

ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Description
Implementation Lead: Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Communications; Public Works D epartment; Technology and Innovation Department; City of Long Beach O ffice of Sustainability; Tidelands Capital Improvement Division; Long Beach P arks, Recreation & Marine
Partners: Local schools; neighborhood associations; community organizations; local b usinesses; residents
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
The City will establish a program in which it will monitor flood impacts with support from the public. City efforts will include identifying existing and potential data sources to track sea level rise trends and flooding impacts in different areas of Long Beach. The program will monitor changes
in sea level, storm event data, and the impacts of specific flooding events. In addition to direct impacts on property and infrastructure, the City will establish a framework to track City resources used in responding to flooding events, such as resources for repair, maintenance, and cleanup, and to track the effectiveness of existing adaptation strategies.

The program will also include a complementary measure
— a citizen monitoring component designed to harness
the potential of citizen reporting through crowdsourcing platforms such as smartphone photos, webcams, and
social media posts. The City will perform annual data
reporting that includes data from both the City and the citizen monitoring, and will use the data to inform the selection of adaptation trigger points and appropriate
adaptation strategies.

FLD-3
Establish a Flood Impacts Monitoring Program
Establish a flood impacts monitoring program to monitor flood damage and inform the selection and deployment of adaptation and resilience strategies.

Equity Strategy
Ensure low-income communities are well
represented in the data collected through the
flood impacts monitoring program in order
to inform and prioritize improvements that
enhance their resiliency.

I ncreased engagement of the public in flood
r esponse from including them in efforts to
g round truth the accuracy of flood projections
Improved City flood response based on site- or
n eighborhood-specific data
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
FLD-3.1: Identify and use data sources such
as tide gauges to track sea level rise and flooding
impacts and trends.

FLD-3.2: Evaluate opportunities to install flood-
monitoring technology to increase understanding of
local impacts.

FLD-3.3: Develop and implement a public
crowdsource flood impact monitoring platform
and develop a process for evaluating submissions
for incorporation in infrastructure improvements.

Target outreach to low-income communities
impacted by flooding to ensure an equitable
geographic distribution of collected data.

FLD-3.4: Continue conversations with the
Technology and Innovation Department about
creating a public crowdsource flood impact
monitoring program for the Go Long Beach app.

FLD-3.5: Complete annual or biannual
evaluation and data reporting.
103
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Economic Development Department; Harbor Department; Lon g Beach Airport
Partners: Public Works Department; Tidelands; Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and M arine; Coastal Commission; City lease holders
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The City will develop and include an adaptation section in City lease applications and lease renewal negotiations.

The new section will include a simplified map of flood
vulnerability, extreme heat, and air quality zones
or proximity to major emissions sources. For flood
vulnerability, questions regarding the proposed location, cost, maximum life span of the infrastructure, and
potential consequences of climate impacts, will guide
tenants to the appropriate adaptation measures. The City will establish incentives and/or requirements to address extreme heat, air quality, drought, and reduce GHG
emissions, which will be based on the exposure to climate change impacts and the potential benefits of adaptation strategies.

FLD-4
Incorporate Adaptation into City Lease
Negotiations
Equity Strategy
Assess City-owned property based on social
vulnerability to climate change, as defined
by the Long Beach Vulnerability Assessment
and other relevant information, to inform
adaptation measures and priorities.

R educed service interruptions for tenants located
i n flood zones
I ncreased awareness of flood risks for potential
tenants
R educed GHG emissions from opportunity to
i ncorporate other GHG mitigation and adaptation
strategies
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
FLD-4.1: Identify and develop mapping and
GIS resources to best communicate the anticipated
impacts of sea level rise, flooding, extreme heat, and
air quality on City-owned property.

FLD-4.2: Establish leasing guidelines that
include incentives, requirements, or a combination
thereof, to incorporate adaptation components (and
mitigation co-benefits) into new and renewed leases.

FLD-4.3: Develop sea level rise and flood
provisions for tenant lease agreements.

FLD-4.4: Develop internal guidance and train
City staff on how to perform evaluations effectively
and provide information to applicants.

Include requirements and incentives for implementing adaptation strategies into new and renewed leases on City-owned land.

Dr. Jerry Schubel, President & CEO of the Aquarium of the Pacific discusses sea level rise.
104

ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Public Works Department
Partners: Los Angeles County; Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and Marine Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
Description
The City will update its Stormwater Management Plan to
account for and adapt to additional flood risks associated with climate change, including sea level rise and more
frequent and intense rain events. In addition to protecting water quality, the City will work with Los Angeles County to update the Stormwater Master Plan to prioritize efficient conveyance of excess stormwater to prevent inland
flooding. Based on the findings of the evaluation, capital improvement projects to increase drainage efficiency
and protect new and existing electrical and mechanical
equipment (e.g., pump stations) from potential flood
damage will be identified.

FLD-5
Update the City’s Existing Stormwater
Management Plan
Update the City’s existing Stormwater Management Plan to account for flood risks associated with climate change and develop a funding/implementation plan for fully fund storm drain and pump station improvements.

Equity Strategy
Assess the Stormwater Management Plan
from perspective of social vulnerability
to climate change, as defined by the Long
Beach Vulnerability Assessment and other
relevant information to prioritize projects and
solutions in areas of greatest need.

I ncreased longevity of projects from consideration
o f sea level rise and riverine flooding
I ncreased assistance with future FEMA applications
C ompliance with SB 379
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
FLD-5.1: Review and identify sections of
the Stormwater Management Plan that could be
updated with sea level rise language.

FLD-5.2: Review and incorporate data collected
from the flood impacts monitoring program.

FLD-5.4: Explore opportunities for tree
planting in sub-watershed areas with the lowest
urban forest cover to minimize stormwater runoff
and help protect the area from flooding during
intense storm events.

FLD-5.3: Assess, prioritize, and seek funding
for stormwater management projects in low-income
communities impacted by flooding. Identify co-
benefit strategies for such projects, including urban
greening.
105
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
I ncreased recreational opportunities for residents
a nd tourists
Implementation Lead: Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and Marine; Public Works Department Partners: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE); California Coastal Commission, U.S.

G eological Service; local universities
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The City will perform a citywide beach stabilization study of how beaches may respond to sea level changes. The
study will inform sound engineering and a cost-effective approach to planning for a future nourishment schedule.

Beach nourishment refers to the introduction of sediment onto a beach and is primarily used to offset eroding
conditions. Several scenarios will be considered in the modeling, including volumes of sand, material placement, sand composition, and the addition of hard engineering
structures (e.g., groins and breakwaters) to promote the accumulation and longevity of placed sand.

Beach nourishment has been an ongoing component
of the City’s efforts to manage beaches. To maintain
property protection and the recreational benefits of the City’s beaches in the face of rising sea levels, engineering intervention will be necessary.

FLD-6
Conduct Citywide Beach Stabilization Study
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Seek to increase beach stability with
attention to public access to facilitate
recreational opportunities and relief for all
people during extreme heat days.

Implementing Actions
FLD-6.1: Establish partnerships to cooperatively
complete a stabilization study for regional beaches.

FLD-6.2: Conduct a citywide beach stabilization
study and identify priority areas and strategies for
beach nourishment and/or sand retention to inform
future projects.

Conduct a citywide study to assess the feasibility of a combined nourishment and sand retention program. The study will estimate the sand volumes required to keep pace with sea level rise, costs, and potential sources of sand.
106

ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Public Works Department; USACE; Los Angeles County Partners: Other municipalities within the Los Angeles River Watershed and San G abriel River Watershed
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
Description
The City will carry out or partner on new studies and/
or review existing studies of combined riverine/coastal flooding. The studies should provide both hydrologic and hydraulic analyses of watersheds and drainages that flow through Long Beach, and account for future projected
changes in precipitation and sea level rise. The analyses will provide a more detailed understanding of future
riverine flooding vulnerabilities. Urban flooding variables, such as the condition of stormwater infrastructure and
the extent to which its characteristics exacerbate or
mitigate flooding, will be factored in as well.

These analyses will help the City assess the potential
impacts that flooding at the riverine/coastal interface will have on the surrounding neighborhoods and
infrastructure. Similarly, a study of the impacts of
changes in precipitation on watershed flooding will be
used to understand how future flood conditions could
increase flooding along river channels and in urban
neighborhoods and to develop prioritized locations and
timelines for elevating levees.

FLD-7
Review and Conduct Studies of Combined
Riverine/Coastal Flooding and Increased Severity
of Rainfall Events on Watershed Flooding
Review and conduct studies to understand the potential influence of sea level rise and increased precipitation on flood risk at the riverine/coastal interface and along river channels.

R edeveloped channels that could provide recreation,
o pen space, and/or habitat, and benefit
d isadvantaged communities in West and North
L ong Beach
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Evaluate flooding in the neighborhoods
along the three major river channels; these
neighborhoods have high social vulnerability
to climate change, based on the Long Beach
Vulnerability Assessment.

Implementing Actions
FLD-7.1: Identify and review existing studies of
combined riverine/coastal flooding.

FLD-7.2: Conduct a study of combined riverine/
coastal flooding to understand how flooding at the
riverine and coastal interface will impact surrounding
neighborhoods and infrastructure. Integrate
consideration of urban flooding variables into the
study to understand combined impacts.

FLD-7. 4: Based on studies of combined riverine/
coastal flooding and increased precipitation impacts
on watershed flooding, work with partners such as
Los Angeles County to prioritize the locations and
timelines for elevating levees and to prioritize other
adaptive strategies, such as watershed restoration or
green infrastructure, to reduce flood impacts.

FLD-7.3: Conduct a study of the impacts of
increased precipitation on watershed flooding to
understand how future flood conditions could
increase flooding along river channels.
107
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and Marine Partners: Public Works Department; California Coastal Commission Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Medium to High
Description
The City will convert seasonal storm berms to year-
round dunes through active dune restoration as part of
an adaptive management strategy. Dune restoration
activities will include planting native beach vegetation, installing sand fencing to capture additional sand, and discontinuing beach grooming along the landside portion of each beach. Because residents of Long Beach have
come to expect the beaches to be devoid of vegetation,
educational signage will be necessary to communicate
the purposes and advantages of dune restoration.

The communities of Belmont Shore and Alamitos
Peninsula are vulnerable to flooding from a 100-year
storm surge after 11 inches of sea level rise, and to
flooding from a king tide after 24 inches of sea level
rise. Both areas are fronted by coastal beaches, which
could provide improved protection from storm surges
if strategies are implemented to support the growth of
sand dunes as a buffer.

FLD-8
Enhance Dunes
Equity Strategy
Increase beach stability with attention
to public access to facilitate recreational
opportunities and relief during extreme heat
days for all people.

E nhanced dunes may provide habitat benefits
D ecreased disruption to beach habitat and species,
as beach grooming will be discontinued
R educed City expenditure over time on annual sand
b erm engineering
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
FLD-8.1: Implement active dune enhancement
strategies, including the planting of native beach
vegetation and building of wooden fences to help
retain sand.

FLD-8.2: Discontinue beach grooming to allow
dunes and dune vegetation to form.

FLD-8.3: Protect dune restoration areas by
using fences and build dune crossovers for beach
access.

FLD-8.4: Develop multilingual public
messaging materials and signage to communicate
the purpose of dune enhancement.

FLD-8.5: Consider combinations of options to
provide flood/erosion protection in Belmont Shore
and the southeast tip of Alamitos Peninsula.

Convert seasonal storm berms to year-round dunes through active dune restoration as part of an adaptive management strategy. Discontinue beach grooming and plant native dune species to allow natural vegetation to stabilize dunes and hold sand. 108

ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Public Works Department
Partners: Long Beach Water Department; Long Beach Parks, Recreation, and Marine; D epartment of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Communications Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low to High
Description
Given the increased likelihood of future flooding due to sea level rise, the City will perform a detailed inventory of all sewer pump stations to assess the potential for
flood damage at these stations. Pump stations rely on
an uninterrupted power supply to maintain operations. A power failure due to flooding may cause sewage overflows, and backups may result. Many of the City’s pump stations are located in or near areas at risk of flooding and power outages, such as Belmont Shore, Naples, and the area
in downtown around the Shoreline Marina. For pump
stations identified as vulnerable to flooding, the City will implement protective measures through capital projects
to reduce flood damage to pump stations identified as
vulnerable to future flood conditions. Such measures
include incorporating floodproofing techniques (such as elevating pump housing entryways, sealing buildings and entryways to projected flood depth, elevating electrical equipment) and adding emergency generators to ensure
an uninterrupted supply of power. If floodproofing
techniques are not possible due to the configuration or location of components, the entire pump station may
need to be relocated.

FLD-9
Inventory and Flood-Proof Vulnerable Sewer
Pump Stations
Assess potential for flood damage at all sewer pump stations, and for pump stations identified as vulnerable to flooding, apply floodproofing techniques and add emergency generators.

Equity Strategy
Prioritize floodproofing of pumps in the low-
income communities most vulnerable to
flooding.

P rotection of water quality by preventing the failure
o f sewer pump stations, which could have serious
e nvironmental and public health consequences
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
FLD-9.1: Assess potential for flood damage and
timing of vulnerability for each sewer pump station.

FLD-9.2: For pump stations identified as
vulnerable, apply floodproofing techniques, elevate,
or relocate as necessary.

FLD-9.3: Equip all vulnerable pump stations
with a flood-proof backup generator to ensure
continued operation during power outages.
109
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Public Works Department; Financial Management; Tidelands; Long B each Parks, Recreation, and Marine
Partners: Long Beach Fire Department; Long Beach Police Department; LBUSD; Long B each Department of Health and Human Services; local hospitals Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: High
Description
To maintain essential assets and services for the economy, society, and health of the public, the City will identify critical assets that are vulnerable to sea level rise and either relocate them or incorporate protective adaptation measures to ensure the assets continue to maintain their functionality. Critical assets include buildings, such as fire stations, hospitals, schools, police stations, and key government facilities, as well as critical components of transportation, wastewater, potable water, and energy
distribution systems.

Many of these critical facilities have limited adaptive capacity and long-life spans that require an adaptive
management approach that is informed by the potential
impacts of extreme sea level rise scenarios. For assets identified as vulnerable to potential flood exposure, the City will perform a more in-depth study of the critical infrastructure to evaluate the elevations of components sensitive to flood exposure, potential flood entry points (e.g., doors, vents), and the cost of asset replacement.

The study will help inform decisions regarding applicable approaches to adaptation.

Whenever possible, the City will prioritize relocation of critical infrastructure and services to a less vulnerable area. As an alternative, the City may retrofit existing infrastructure facilities to reduce the risk of flood
impacts. Examples of retrofitting include: elevation
and protection of electrical control systems, elevation of access routes, installation of a flood-proofed power generator, interventions to protect underground utilities and telecommunications from water damage, backflow
prevention for buildings, and floodproofing of building entries that could become a flood pathway.

FLD-10
Relocate/Elevate Critical Infrastructure
Equity Strategy
Protect access to public services and
facilities, focusing on neighborhoods with
high social vulnerability based on the Long
Beach Vulnerability Assessment.

U ninterrupted critical services during storm events
Co-benefits:

Implementing Actions
FLD-10.1: For critical facilities identified
as vulnerable to inundation from sea level rise
and/or coastal storm flooding, evaluate whether
implementation of a shoreline protection strategy
(e.g., raising shoreline elevations, restoring dunes,
etc.) would provide long-term protection for the site.

FLD-10.2: If shoreline protection strategies were
not identified for the asset, perform an asset-level
study for each critical facility identified as vulnerable to sea level rise flooding to evaluate potential site-
specific strategies to increase flood resilience.

FLD-10.3: For facilities identified as vulnerable,
recommend floodproofing techniques or the raising
or relocating of the facility as necessary.

FLD-10.4: Prioritize implementation of upgrades
based on expected timing of the inundation.

Carry out more detailed studies to assess the need to raise or relocate critical infrastructure outside of the sea level rise vulnerability zone. 110

ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Implementation Lead: Public Works Department; USACE
Partners: Los Angeles County Harbor Department; Port of Los Angeles; Los Angeles C ounty Flood Control District; Long Beach County Flood Control District; C alifornia Coastal Commission; California State Lands Commission; U.S. Fish an d Wildlife Service
Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Medium to High
Description
Based on the results of FLD-7 (study increased watershed flooding due to climate change), portions of existing levees adjacent to the City’s channels and rivers (Los Angeles River, Los Cerritos Channel, and San Gabriel River) may need to be elevated or modified to provide enhanced
flood protection. As flood protection structures along
the major river channels are owned and managed by
an array of public entities, including USACE, Los Angeles County, and others, modification projects will require a high degree of interagency and regulatory coordination.

Therefore, design and permitting should begin well before overtopping is expected to occur. The City will work with these agencies and other relevant partners to prioritize channel modification projects based on an assessment
of the consequences and likely timing of flooding at each portion that is at risk.

As part of this process there may be design opportunities for multipurpose uses such as open space integrated with commercial and residential development.

FLD-11
Elevate Riverine Levees
Based on results of a riverine flood study (FLD-7), work with partner agencies to elevate channel banks and levees to provide enhanced flood protection.

P rotection of water quality by preventing the failure
o f sewer pump stations, which could have serious
e nvironmental and public health consequences
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Evaluate flooding in neighborhoods along
the three major river channels that have
high social vulnerability to climate change,
based on the Long Beach Vulnerability
Assessment. Prioritize projects in socially
vulnerable communities and maximize
the inclusion of co-benefits such as urban
greening.

Implementing Actions
FLD-11.1: Work with partner agencies to
identify portions of major river channels at risk
of overtopping based on riverine flooding studies
performed in action FLD-7.

FLD-11.2: Work with partners to prioritize at-
risk portions of channel levees based on timing of
potential flooding.

FLD-11.3: Work with partners to ensure
the design process is informed by input from
stakeholders on design alternatives.

FLD-11.4: Work with partners to implement
channel modification projects with owners of flood
control structures and project leads.

FLD-11.5: Seek creative funding options to
prioritize investments that bring co-benefits, such as
green space, and opportunities for active and passive
recreation to communities with limited access.
111
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions

SEA LEVEL RISE AND FLOODING LONG TERM ACTIONS
Long-term adaptation actions for sea level rise and riverine flooding are anticipated to occur from 2050 to 2100. The table below briefly summarizes information about the actions, which will be selected and implemented based on Structural/Physical (See Maps Overleaf)
FLD-12 Expand beach
nourishment
Based on ndings from
the beach stabilization
study, beaches
identied as suitable
could be elevated and
preserved through
beach nourishment
actions designed to
meet regulatory and
permitting
requirements of
relevant state and
federal agencies.

Beaches oﬀer
recreational
opportunities for
inland residents
and low-income
communities
impacted by
extreme heat,
particularly on
hot days. If
climate change
exacerbates heat
in Long Beach,
beaches will
become an even
more valuable
resource for
inland residents.

Bay View
Beach and
Peninsula
Beach
Increased tourism
FLD-13 Construct a
living shore-
line/berm
The shoreline could be
elevated to tie in with the
landscape and park
facilities to prevent
ooding of inland areas
while continuing to
provide beach access.

Mothers Beach
provides
residents with
park and beach
access, particu-
larly on hot days,
and could
become an even
more important
resource as
climate change
exacerbates heat
in Long Beach.

Mothers
Beach
Mothers Beach is
used heavily on the
weekdays and
weekends by city
residents and
visitors for
swimming, dragon
boat racing,
picnicking, and
other forms of
recreation.

Protecting this park
and beach would
protect other areas
in Naples from
ooding and also
preserve the park.

FLD-14 Elevate street
hardscapes
Street hardscapes such
as curbs could be
elevated and extended to
eliminate gaps that could
become ood pathways.

The businesses
along 2nd Street
serve many
residents and
visitors.

Bay Shore
Drive in
Alamitos
Bay
Long-term
preservation of
access to
restaurants, shops,
and the library on
2nd Street.

Elevating the curb
may also provide
ood protection
for additional
inland assets.

Action
No.

Action
Title
Action
Description
Speciﬁc
Location
(where
applicable)
Potential
Co-Beneﬁts
Equity Impacts
and Other
Considerations
112

ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
additional research and community adaptation priorities that are yet to be determined. Each of the actions will be evaluated from an equity lens to ensure that climate change impacts and adaptation benefits to low-income communities are considered.

Action
No.

Action
Title
Action
Description
Speciﬁc
Location
(where
applicable)
Potential
Co-Beneﬁts
Equity Impacts
and Other
Considerations
FLD-15 Elevate
streets/path-
ways
Waterfront streets and
paths may need to be
elevated to protect
transportation routes
and provide ood
protection for
infrastructure behind
the road/path.

This action
would protect
schools and the
re department,
which provide
critical services
for community
members in
need throughout
the region.
2 Areas:
- Communi-
ties adjacent
to Alamitos
Bay,
including
Belmont
Shore,
Naples, and
Marina
Pacica
- Long Beach
Shoreline
Marina
This action could
also be combined
with drainage
improvements to
reduce ooding
associated with
heavy rainfall.

This action would
provide
enhanced shel-
tering from wave
overtopping that
could occur
during coastal
storm events.

FLD-16 Retrot/
extend walls
The existing wall may
currently provide some
ood protection, but it is
segmented and was not
designed for ood
protection. It could be
retrotted or rebuilt to
provide adequate
protection against sea
level rise (SLR).

Residents,
visitors, and the
general public
use Appian Way
to access beach
areas and visit
the Belmont
Shore neighbor-
hood. Protecting
these areas will
preserve access.

E. Paoli Way
near the
Marine
Stadium
The Marine
Stadium and E.

Paoli Way are a
pathway for
ooding and
inundation under
future SLR.

Upgrading the
wall here would
protect Appian
Way (a major
connecting road)
and several
inland
neighborhoods.

FLD-17 Retreat/
realign
parking lots
Relocate, reduce size of,
or realign parking lots as
beach narrows.

Preservation of
parking lots
retains access for
those who do
not live within
walking distance
of the beach.

Beachfront
parking lots
Action would
protect parking
lots from erosion
and reduce the
habitat impacts of
beach narrowing.

FLD-18 Extend/
upgrade
existing
seawalls
Sheet pile seawalls could
be expanded to other
areas of the Naples
shoreline that are not
being addressed by the
current upgrade.

Consider options
that balance
infrastructure
improvements
with natural
adaptation
solutions, as
appropriate.

Treasure
Island, areas
to the east
near the
Yacht Club,
and areas to
the north
(which could
also be
protected by
a berm if
space allows)
Would result in
long-term
preservation of
access to local
public beaches
and businesses.
113
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 4 Adaptation Actions
Informational
FLD-19 Investigate the
feasibility of
managed
retreat
Explore managed
retreat options for
vulnerable shoreline
infrastructure through
land acquisition and
relocation programs.

Communities
adjacent to
Alamitos Bay,
including
Belmont
Shore,
Naples, and
Marina
Pacica
Managed retreat
may create more
space for ood
events and
alleviate ood
conditions on
adjacent
properties.

FLD-20 Evaluate the
feasibility of a
storm surge
barrier at
Alamitos Bay
Conduct a feasibility
study to evaluate
construction of a storm
surge / tide gate barrier
at the entrance to
Alamitos Bay.

Action would
protect all inland
areas along the
Alamitos Bay
shoreline from
storm surge
ooding.

Alamitos Bay
Action
No.

Action
Title
Action
Description
Speciﬁc
Location
(where
applicable)
Potential
Co-Beneﬁts
Equity Impacts
and Other
Considerations
Figure 10: Locations of potential long-term flood protection actions 114

ADAPTATION ACTIONS
4Adaptation Actions
Figure 11: Locations of potential long-term flood protection actions in Alamitos Bay area 115
GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and
Targets
5 5
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................118 EMISSIONS INVENTORY DIFFERENCES ................................................118 2015 PRODUCTION INVENTORY.............................................................. 119 2015 CONSUMPTION INVENTORY ..........................................................124

COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION AND
CONSUMPTION INVENTORIES ..................................................................128 OIL AND GAS LIFE CYCLE EMISSIONS ANALYSIS RESULTS .........130 PRODUCTION EMISSION FORECASTS ................................................. 131 GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION TARGET SETTING ........................134 GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION TARGETS .........................................136 5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

INTRODUCTION

The reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
is one of the primary objectives of the Long
Beach CAAP. Developing meaningful reduction
strategies and evaluating their ability to meet a
GHG target first requires an understanding of
the community’s baseline year and projected
future emissions levels. This chapter describes
the sources and scale of emissions generated
by activities in Long Beach, using a baseline year
of 2015 to reflect current conditions, and how
emissions are estimated to grow through 2050.

It also describes the City’s emissions reduction
target for 2030 and its aspirational GHG goal for
2045 to demonstrate the reductions needed in
each target year from implementation of local
actions. This is the first time that the City has
calculated a community-wide inventory or set a
GHG reduction target.

To provide a robust understanding of its GHG
profile, the City analyzed emissions through three
different lenses. The primary emissions analysis
was through development of a production-
based inventory that represents emissions
occurring from local activities, such as vehicle
travel, home energy use, and waste disposal. The
production-based inventory is the foundation for
the City’s emissions forecasts and target setting,
and it is the inventory against which CAAP
implementation will be measured, as is typical
for a CAAP. The City also developed a high-
level, consumption-based inventory to better
understand the upstream emissions that occur
as a result of residents’ travel and consumption of
energy, water, goods, and services. This analysis
primarily focuses on households and takes into
account the emissions embedded in the food
residents eat, the products they purchase, and
the fuels they use. It also accounts for some City
operations. Finally, the City analyzed the life cycle
emissions associated with oil and gas extraction
activities in Long Beach. This analysis estimates
the total emissions that occur as a result of local
fossil fuel production. Each inventory analyzes
the community’s emissions in a different way,
and so the results of the three inventories cannot
be summed into one comprehensive emissions
total. Although the production-based inventory is
used for the CAAP, as it is the Global Covenant of
Mayors’ protocol as well as standard practice, the
results of each inventory informed the CAAP and
were used to define the CAAP’s specific actions.

The emissions results presented in this chapter
are expressed as metric tons of carbon dioxide
equivalent per year (MT CO
2e/yr) to provide a
standard measurement that incorporates the
varying global warming potential (GWP) values
of different GHGs. The GWP describes how much
heat a GHG can trap in the atmosphere relative
to carbon dioxide, which has a GWP of 1. For
example, methane has a GWP of 28, which means
that 1 metric ton of methane will trap 28 times
more heat than 1 metric ton of carbon dioxide,
which makes it a more potent GHG.

EMISSIONS INVENTORY

DIFFERENCES
Several City departments have prepared
their own department or facility-specific GHG
emissions inventories that follow methodological
guidance designed for those specific facilities. This
CAAP, however, represents a community-wide
GHG inventory that follows the Global Protocol
for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission
Inventories (GPC) to support consistency in
community-wide inventory preparation and
comparison. The result of this use of differing
methodologies is that the City’s various GHG
inventories are not directly comparable to each
other. For example, the port waterborne activity
emissions reported in the total production
inventory differ from the total emissions reported
in the Port of Long Beach GHG inventories
because each inventory differs as to the scope
of emissions to be analyzed and, in some cases,
uses different quantification methods. Readers
should note that each of the City’s inventories
has been prepared to serve a specific purpose,
and while the CAAP overlaps topically with some
of these other sources, the community-wide GHG
inventory does not replace those other facility-
specific analyses or plans.

118

GHG INVENTORY, FORECASTS AND TARGETS
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
2015 PRODUCTION INVENTORY
Long Beach’s community emissions inventory
follows the guidance provided in the GPC, which
is the globally accepted framework for calculating
and reporting community GHG emissions. It is
also the standard used by the Global Covenant
of Mayors, the world’s largest cooperative effort
among mayors and city officials to reduce global
GHG emissions, track progress, and prepare for
the impacts of climate change. The City of Long
Beach joined the Global Covenant of Mayors in
2015. Therefore, this inventory is used as the
basis for the Long Beach CAAP.

The GPC requires cities to report their emissions
by GHG, sector and subsector, and scope.

The scopes framework helps to differentiate
emissions occurring physically within the city
(Scope 1) from those occurring outside the city
(Scope 3), and from the use of energy supplied
by grids (e.g., electricity) that may cross city
boundaries (Scope 2).

Scope 1 GHG emissions from sources located
within the city boundary
Fuel use in buildings, transport, and
industry Waste generated within the
city’s boundary
Use of grid-supplied energyScope 2 GHG emissions occurring as a consequence of the use of grid-supplied
electricity, heat,steam, and/or cooling
within the city boundary
Scope 3 All other GHG emissions that occur
outside the city boundary as a result
of activities taking place within the
city boundary
Waste (including wastewater)
generated within the city’s boundary
Scope Deﬁnition BASIC Requirement
Source:Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories Table 2: GPC Protocol Scope Definitions for City Inventories The GPC also provides two levels of reporting,
referred to as BASIC and BASIC+, for the sources
of the emissions analyzed. Table 2 presents the
three emissions scopes analyzed in the GPC
framework, along with the BASIC inventory
reporting requirements. Long Beach developed
a total production inventory that achieves the
BASIC reporting requirements and allows a
comparison of the city’s emissions with those of
other cities that follow the GPC methodology.

BASIC+ reporting requires more comprehensive
coverage of emissions sources, including some
sources over which a city has limited control to
reduce emissions. During preparation of the
Long Beach BASIC inventory, data were collected
for several of these additional BASIC+ emissions
sources and analyzed separately from the City’s
BASIC level inventory to provide an additional
emissions perspective. One example would be
emissions from airplanes landing at Long Beach
Airport, which are federally regulated and over
which the City has limited control. In the BASIC
inventory, those airplane emissions are not
included, but emissions associated with airport
operations that are in the City’s control, such as
ground transport, are included.
119
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Emission Sectors
The community production inventories are
organized into three emissions categories, or
sectors, based on their sources:
• Stationary Energy: Emissions from
building electricity and natural gas use in
residential, commercial, institutional, and
industrial buildings, as well as emissions
from energy industries operating within
the city limits
• Transportation: Emissions associated
with passenger vehicles, buses, trucks,
rail transit, freight rail, off-road vehicles,
port waterborne activity (omitted from
the jurisdictional inventory), and aviation
operations within the city limits
• Waste: Emissions from waste disposed in
landfills or incinerated, and emissions from
wastewater treatment
Jurisdictional Emissions Sources
One of the primary purposes of a community
emissions inventory is to inform city climate
policy development, and the CAAP was designed
to focus on opportunities for local action that are
within the City’s and the community’s control.

Therefore, for target setting and monitoring
purposes this CAAP focuses on “jurisdictional
emissions” – those emissions sources over which
the City and community have some amount of
influence. These jurisdictional emissions sources
are primarily aligned with the BASIC inventory
described above, except for the removal of port-
based waterborne activities like cargo shipping.

Emissions occurring from vessel operations at
the Port of Long Beach are, in part, regulated
at the state level by the California Air Resources
Board (CARB), and the City of Long Beach does
not have the direct authority to dictate emissions
reduction policies for private shipping companies
that operate from the port. For this reason, the
City has removed port waterborne activity from
the emissions inventory analyzed in this CAAP.

Emissions associated with energy use in port
facilities and with on-road trucking activities
associated with the port are still included in the
CAAP inventory and analyzed for GHG target-
setting purposes. The Port of Long Beach not only
develops its own annual emissions inventories,
but also developed a Clean Air Action Plan that is
designed to improve air quality and reduce GHG
emissions associated with port activities.

Production Inventory Results
To provide a complete emissions analysis, the
City evaluated its total production inventory
(including the port waterborne activity) according
to the BASIC and BASIC+ reporting frameworks.

As shown in Table 3, the city’s BASIC emissions
totaled 3,100,468 MT CO
2e/yr in 2015, which
equates to 6.6 MT CO2e per Long Beach resident in
2015 (MT CO2e/capita) and 5.0 MT CO2e per service
population (SP) (i.e., residents plus employees).

The BASIC+ emissions sources analyzed for 2015
totaled 3,366,173 MT CO
2e/yr (or 7.2 MT CO 2e/
capita and 5.4 MT CO 2e/SP), and reflect the
BASIC inventory emissions with the addition of
transboundary aviation and transboundary port
waterborne activity emissions.
120

GHG INVENTORY, FORECASTS AND TARGETS
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
Sector/Subsector
2015 Emissions – BASIC 2015 Emissions – BASIC+1
% of BASIC+
Total
MT CO2e% of BASIC
Total
MT CO
2e
Stationary Energy 1,377,291 44.4% 1,377,291 40.9%
Residential Energy 428,245 13.8% 428,245 12.8%
Natural Gas 241,176 7.8% 241,176 7.2%
Electricity 187,070 6.0% 187,070 5.6%
Commercial and Institutional Buildings Energy 300,818 9.7% 300,818 9.0% Natural Gas 109,593 3.5% 109,593 3.3%
Electricity 191,225 6.2% 191,225 5.7%
Manufacturing Industries and Construction Energy 399,089 12.9% 399,089 11.8% Natural Gas 74,853 2.4% 74,853 2.2%
Electricity 324,235 10.5% 324,235 9.6%
Energy Industries 219,899 7.1% 219,899 6.5%
Fugitive Emissions from Natural Gas 29,240 0.9% 29,240 0.9% Transportation 1,546,326 49.9% 1,812,031 53.8%
On-Road Transportation 1,213,601 39.1% 1,213,601 36.1%
Gasoline Vehicles 960,661 31.0% 960,661 28.5%
Diesel Vehicles 252,940 8.2% 252,940 7.5%
Railways 11,883 0.4% 11,883 0.4%
Aviation 4,550 0.1% 186,738 5.5%
Port Waterborne Activity 301,345 9.7% 384,862 11.4%
Off-Road Equipment 14,947 0.5% 14,947 0.4%
Waste 176,850 5.7% 176,850 5.3%
Solid Waste Methane Commitment 173,164 5.6% 173,164 5.1% Solid Waste Incineration 95 0.0% 95 0.0%
Wastewater Treatment and Discharge 3,592 0.1% 3,592 0.1% TOTAL 3,100,468 100% 3,366,173 100%
Per Capita 6.6 - 7.2 -
Per Service Population (residents + employees) 5.0 - 5.4 - 1 Per the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories, a complete BASIC+ inventory includes calculation of several additional emissions sources beyond those in the BASIC inventory. Long Beach has also calculated the BASIC+ emissions from transboundary journeys in the aviation and waterborne navigation subsectors because the supporting data were collected with data for the BASIC calculations. This column does not reﬂect a complete BASIC+ inventory, but does provide emissions information beyond the scope of the BASIC inventory. 1 Per the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories, a complete BASIC+ inventory includes calculation of several additional emissions sources beyond those in the BASIC inventory. Long Beach has also calculated the BASIC+ emissions from transboundary journeys in the aviation and waterborne navigation subsectors because the supporting data were collected with data for the BASIC calculations. This column does not reflect a complete BASIC+ inventory, but does provide emissions information beyond the scope of the BASIC inventory.

Table 3: Total Production Emissions Inventory by Subsector 121
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Sector/Subsector
2015 Jurisdictional Production Emissions
(inventory used in CAAP analysis)
MT CO2e % of Total
1 Figure 1 on the following page illustrates the City’s 2015 production inventory results by sector and subsector.

Stationary Energy 1,377,291 49.20%
Residential Energy
Natural Gas
Electricity
Commercial and Institutional Buildings Energy
Natural Gas
Electricity
Manufacturing Industries and Construction Energy
Natural Gas
Electricity
Energy Industries
Fugitive Emissions from Natural Gas
Transportation 1,244,981 44.48%
On-Road Transportation 1,213,601
Gasoline Vehicles 960,661
Diesel Vehicles 252,940
Railways 11,883
Aviation 4,550
Off-Road Equipment 14,947
Waste 176,850 6.32%
Solid Waste Methane Commitment 173,164
Solid Waste Incineration 95
Wastewater Treatment and Discharge 3,592
TOTAL 2,799,123 100.00%
Per Capita 6.0 -
Per Service Population (residents + employees) 4.5 -
428,245
241,176
187,070
300,818
109,593
191,225
399,089
74,853
324,235
219,899
29,240

15.30%

8.62%

6.68%

10.75%

3.92%

6.83%

14.26%

2.67%

11.58%

7.86%

1.04%

43.36%

34.32%

9.04%

0.42%

0.16%

0.53%

6.19%

0.00%

0.13%
Table 4: Jurisdictional Production Emissions Inventory by Subsector Table 4 presents the jurisdictional inventory on
which the CAAP target setting and analysis are
based, and which excludes the port waterborne
activity. The jurisdictional inventory totals
2,799,123 MT CO
2e in 2015. This equates to 6.0 MT
CO2e/capita and 4.5 MT CO2e/SP in 2015. Stationary
energy was the largest emissions source in the
inventory (49 percent), with transportation
contributing most of the remainder (44 percent).

Energy and transportation emissions account
for nearly 95 percent of the inventory, which
indicates that local reduction efforts should
122

GHG INVENTORY, FORECASTS AND TARGETS
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets

Long Beach 2015
Jurisdic�onal Produc�on Inventory
Emissions at a Glance
Transporta�on

44.5%
Waste

6.3%
2,799,123
MT CO2e
Sta�onary Energy

49.2%
Fugi�ve
Emissions
2%
Manufacturing
Industries
29%
Energy
Industries
16%
Commercial and
Ins�tu�onal
Buildings
22%
On-road
Gasoline
Vehicles
77%
On-road
Diesel
Vehicles
20%
Other
Transporta�on
3%
Wastewater
Treatment
2%
Residen�al
Buildings
31%
Solid Waste
Disposed in
Landﬁlls
98%
Figure 12: Long Beach Production Inventory Emissions Summary 123
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 focus on these areas to maximize progress
toward the City’s GHG reduction targets. Waste
sector emissions make up the remainder and
are important to consider in the context of the
City’s long-term carbon neutrality goal. In the
rest of this chapter, all references to production
inventory refer to the jurisdictional production
inventory shown in Table 4. Figure 12 illustrates
the City’s 2015 production inventory results by
sector and subsector.
2015 CONSUMPTION

INVENTORY
A consumption-based inventory attempts
to account for emissions inside and outside
a community that occur from consumptive
activities in the community. The City’s
consumption inventory was prepared based on
guidance in the ICLEI U.S. Community Protocol
for Accounting and Reporting of Greenhouse Gas
Emissions (Community Protocol) and input from
City staff. The Community Protocol describes
a consumption inventory methodology that is
applied at the household level to estimate a
household carbon footprint. In other words, how
much carbon is generated in the production and
use of goods and services by households in Long
Beach? The inventory analysis represents a high-
level estimate based on the average household
emissions factors for the City of Long Beach
provided in CARB’s Cool California household
carbon calculator. Based on this methodology, the
inventory primarily represents emissions from
the sum of all household consumption in the city,
with local government emissions also included
where data were available from the City’s 2015
Local Government Operations inventory.
124

GHG INVENTORY, FORECASTS AND TARGETS
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets

Air Travel
Const.

Water
Natural
Gas
Electricity
Other
Houshold tons CO2eq/year
Bett
tons CO2eq/year
54 Other
Furniture
Clothing
All
Meat
Car MFG
Car
Fuel
Figure 13: Long Beach Average Household Carbon Footprint Local businesses and industries are not directly
included in the consumption inventory because
emissions from the goods and services they
produce are represented as household emissions
from the consumption of goods and services.

As with the production inventory, the consumption
inventory is organized into categories of
emissions sources. Cool California organizes
emissions into travel, home, food, goods, and
services. For purposes of comparison against
the City’s production inventory, the consumption
inventory results are reported here as:
• Energy: Emissions associated with household
and government operations energy use,
including the production and distribution of
energy sources to buildings and as energy
used to provide water and to construct
buildings
• Transportation: Emissions associated with
fuel use in household vehicles and the City’s
vehicle fleet, public transit, and air travel; the
production and distribution of vehicle fuels;
and the manufacture of cars
• Goods and Services: Emissions associated
with all household goods and services
consumption, including emissions from
the production and distribution of food
and the extraction of raw materials for the
production of goods (e.g., clothing, furniture)
and emissions associated with businesses
providing services to residents of Long Beach

Figure 13 is an example of the average household
emissions outputs provided by Cool California. In
addition to the subsector labels shown, the travel
sector includes emissions from public transit;
the home sector includes an “other” emissions
category; and the food sector includes emissions
from dairy, fruits and vegetables, and cereals.

In developing the consumption inventory, city-
specific data were used where possible to further
contextualize the analysis to Long Beach. For
example, community vehicle travel data collected
for the production inventory were used instead
of the default car fuel assumptions that are built
into Cool California calculations. Similar changes
were made for the electricity, natural gas, and
waste subsectors.

Travel
54 tons CO2e/year
15 10
5 0
Source: CoolCalifornia.org, 2019
Home Food Goods Services
125
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Table 5: Consumption Emissions Inventory by Subsector
Sector MT CO2e % of Total
2015 Emissions
Energy 1,284,173 18%
Electricity 534,063 8%
Natural Gas 348,138 5 %
Water 117,371 2 %
Construction 284,600 4%
Transportation 2,230,704 32 %
Vehicle Fuel 1,764,092 25%
Car Manufacturing 216,760 3%
Public Transit 13,237 <1%
Air Travel 236,615 3%
Goods and Services 3,562,469 50 %
Food 1,272,429 18%
Goods 1,229,408 17 %
Services 1,060,633 15 %
TOTAL 7,077,346 100%
Per Capita 15.1 -
Consumption Inventory Results

The city’s consumption emissions inventory
totaled 7,077,346 MT CO 2e/yr in 2015, which is
more than double the production inventory.

As shown in Table 5, goods and services are
the largest contributor of emissions in the
community, followed by transportation and
then energy. Note that emissions associated
with the transportation of goods are included
in the goods and services category rather than
in the transportation category. Consumption
emissions total 15.1 MT CO
2e/capita. Figure 14
illustrates the emissions by sector and subsector.

126

GHG INVENTORY, FORECASTS AND TARGETS
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
Food
36%
Natural Gas
27%
Services
30%
Goods
34%
Goods & Services
50%
Sta�onary Energy
18%Transporta�on
32%
Construc�on
22%
Water
9%
Electricity
42%
Car Fuel
79%
Air Travel
11%
Public Transit
<1%
Car Manufacturing
10%
7,077,346
MT CO2e
Long Beach 2015
Consump�on Inventory
Emissions at a Glance
Figure 14: Long Beach Consumption Inventory Emissions Summary 127
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION AND

CONSUMPTION INVENTORIES
The community to which emissions from the
consumption of goods is attributed highlights the
primary difference between a production and
consumption inventory. In a production-based
inventory, a city with a large manufacturing
industry producing goods would account for
the energy used during production, even if the
goods are exported for use elsewhere. In a
consumption-based inventory, the city in which
the consumers of goods live would account for
those emissions, even if the goods consumed in
the community were imported from elsewhere.

The current industry standard in climate
action planning is to evaluate a community’s
production-based inventory because they reflect
emissions over which local governments have
more direct control and because the supporting
quantification methodologies and reporting
frameworks are more fully developed at this
time. However, there is a growing consensus
about the importance of consumption inventory
analysis to complement production inventories
in helping communities more fully understand
their contributions to global emissions.

Table 6 shows the results of the City’s 2015
production and consumption inventories. The
inventories are organized into three sectors
for comparative purposes, although these
sectors do not support a direct apples-to-
apples comparison. As shown, the consumption
inventory is more than 2.5 times larger than the
production inventory. The primary difference in
the two is in the waste/goods and services sector.

Waste emissions in the production inventory
represent end-of-use emissions when goods are
disposed in a landfill or incinerator. Goods and
services emissions in the consumption inventory
reflect the complete life cycle of goods, including
emissions from upstream production (e.g., raw
material extraction, manufacturing, shipping) as
well as downstream disposal.

Based on the results of this emissions comparison,
the greatest opportunities to reduce consumption
emissions are to pursue low-emissions diets (e.g.,
reduced meat and dairy consumption, which
contribute 39 percent and 15 percent of food
emissions, respectively), minimize purchases of
goods and services, and increase the use of pre-
owned goods or the purchase of products that
minimize packaging and are produced locally.

Figures 15 and 16 on the following page illustrate
the production and consumption inventory
results.

Table 6: Production versus Consumption Inventory Emissions by Sector Sta tion ary Ene rgy 1 1, 377,291 49 % 1,284,173 18%
T ransportation 1,244,981 44% 2,230,704 32%
Waste / G oods an d Se rvices 2 176,850 6% 3,562,469 50% TOTAL 2,799,123 100% 7,077,346 100%
Per Ca pita 6. 0 - 15. 1 -
.

Sector Production
M T CO2e
Production
(%)
Consumption
M T CO
2e
Consumption
(%)
2015 Emissions
1 Energy emissions in the production inventory include energy use from residential, commercial & local government, and industrial subsectors. The consumption inventory only includes household and local government energy use, which results in lower total energy emissions.
2 These sectors from the production and consumption inventories are not directly compatible but are closely related as they represent emissions associated with the consumption and disposal of goods.

Values may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.

Sta tion ary Ene rgy 1 1, 377,291 49 % 1,284,173 18%
T ransportation 1,244,981 44% 2,230,704 32%
Waste / G oods an d Se rvices 2 176,850 6% 3,562,469 50% TOTAL 2,799,123 100% 7,077,346 100%
Per Ca pita 6. 0 - 15. 1 -
.

Sector Production
M T CO
2e
Production
(%)
Consumption
M T CO
2e
Consumption
(%)
2015 Emissions
1 Energy emissions in the production inventory include energy use from residential, commercial & local government, and industrial subsectors. The consumption inventory only includes household and local government energy use, which results in lower total energy emissions.
2 These sectors from the production and consumption inventories are not directly compatible but are closely related as they represent emissions associated with the consumption and disposal of goods.

Values may not sum to 100 percent due to rounding.
128

GHG INVENTORY, FORECASTS AND TARGETS
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets

-
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000MT CO2e/yr
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
Energy Transportation Waste / Goods and Services
Production Consumption
MT CO2e/capita

6.0 15.1
-

2.0 4.0

6.0 8.0

10.0 12.0

14.0 16.0
Production Consumption
Figure 15: Production versus Consumption Inventory – Total Emissions Figure 16: Production versus Consumption Inventory – Per Capita Emissions 129
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Understanding the life cycle emissions sources
helps to identify the City’s opportunities for
intervention. Upstream emissions occur at the oil
fields within the city boundary, where the City has
issued well permits for petroleum operations. The
City has made a number of investments to reduce
GHG and air pollutant emissions and mitigate the
environmental impacts of extraction activities.

Further opportunities to reduce these emissions
could include energy efficiency improvements
in the extraction process or increased leak
monitoring and detection. Oil extracted in Long
Beach is refined into various end products,
which are consumed inside and outside the city.

Through this CAAP, the City is pursuing actions
that would reduce local consumption of fossil fuels
from building energy efficiency improvements,
reduced vehicular travel, and expansion of
electric vehicle technology. However, the City’s
ability to influence the use of Long Beach oil
products outside of the city is limited. Similarly,
the oil-refining process occurs outside the City’s
jurisdiction, and thus the City’s ability to influence
these midstream emissions is also limited.

The City’s long-term strategy to address oil and
gas life cycle emissions will need to be multi-
pronged and collaborative. The strategy will
need to include local action to replace fossil fuel
consumption in Long Beach with clean electricity
and other renewable energy sources; supporting
efforts that minimize global demand for the
types of oil and gas resources extracted in the
city, which would lead to a reduction in local oil
and gas extraction; and investments in future
carbon capture technology. In the long term, to
maximize carbon emission reductions, the City
must explore ways to decrease and eventually
phase out local oil and gas extraction.

As its third type of emissions analysis, the City
analyzed the life cycle emissions associated
with oil and gas extraction operations occurring
within the city boundary. This analysis supports a
more holistic view of the City’s total contribution
to global emissions and complements the
production and consumption inventories. The
analysis is summarized below. The City of Long
Beach Oil and Gas Memo provides additional
information, including data sources, methods,
and detailed analysis.

In 2015, oil fields in the city produced more than 13
million barrels of crude oil and 5 billion cubic feet
of natural gas. The resulting life cycle emissions
total 8.3 million MT CO
2e, which is almost 3 times
greater than the city’s production inventory
emissions. The life cycle emissions represent
different phases of the oil supply chain, including
upstream extraction activities at the city’s oil
fields, midstream refining activity occurring
outside of the city, and downstream end use
of the fuels produced, such as vehicle gasoline
and diesel, which can be consumed inside and
outside of the city. The life cycle emissions were
estimated using a CARB-developed upstream
emissions factor specific to the Long Beach oil
fields and midstream and downstream emissions
factors for the nearby Wilmington oil field, which
were collected from the Oil-Climate Index.

Approximately 96 percent of the city’s oil and gas
life cycle emissions are attributed to crude oil,
and the remaining 4 percent result from natural
gas. The analysis estimated that all the natural
gas extracted in Long Beach is consumed in
the community and that all of the oil extracted
in Long Beach is consumed within California. Of
the total life cycle emissions, 76 percent occur
downstream (i.e., transport to consumers and the
end use of the fuel), 14 percent occur midstream
(i.e., oil refining), and 5 percent occur upstream
(i.e., extraction); the remaining 4 percent are life
cycle natural gas emissions.

OIL AND GAS LIFE CYCLE

EMISSIONS ANALYSIS RESULT
130

GHG INVENTORY, FORECASTS AND TARGETS
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets

PRODUCTION EMISSION

FORECASTS
The production inventory was used to develop
community-wide emissions forecasts for the
2030, 2040, and 2050 planning time frames.

These “business-as-usual” forecasts estimate
how emissions could change in the future if
no local action is taken, such as through CAAP
implementation. Emissions forecasts can provide
useful insights about the scale of reductions
necessary to achieve the City’s emissions targets
and represent a best estimate of the future for
the purposes of CAAP development.

Emissions were forecast using a variety of factors
that represent the drivers of emissions growth
in the community, such as local population
growth, employment, and travel demand
modeling. The forecasts also take into account
the implementation of several important
components of the State’s GHG reduction
strategy, including the Renewables Portfolio
Standard Program, a state law that requires
increasing amounts of renewable electricity
in California and various vehicle efficiency
standards that will reduce emissions from on-
road transportation to help achieve California’s
2030 GHG targets.

For forecasting in the electricity sector, the City
assumed a 60 percent Renewable Portfolio
Standard (RPS) by 2030 as mandated statewide
by Senate Bill (SB) 100. Since the City prepared
the GHG inventory and forecasts, Southern
California Edison (SCE) set a goal of an 80
percent carbon free energy supply by 2030. SCE’s
emissions factors, which are consistent with a
greater carbon-free component of the energy
supply and other measures to meet and exceed
state GHG goals, were included in evaluating
the GHG reduction potential of action BE-1 and
will be monitored as the City conducts future
inventories and forecasts. Other available local
data on energy, transportation, and waste will
also be considered, as appropriate, in inventory
and plan updates and in the evaluation of GHG
reductions and other benefits of CAAP actions.
131
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 MT CO2e/yr

0 500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
2015 2030 2040 2050
49%
51%
41% 31%
44%
41%
49%
57%
6%
8%
11%
13%
Waste Transportation Energy
Figure 17: Business-as-Usual Emissions Forecasts 2015 – 2050 Figure 17 illustrates the City’s emissions forecasts
by sector through 2050 and shows that emissions
are estimated to decrease through 2050. The
forecasted decline is largely a result of statewide
actions influencing the City’s electricity emissions
and an estimated decrease in natural gas use
in the energy sector. A higher local carbon-free
component than the State RPS of 60 percent
by 2030 would result in some additional GHG
reductions within the energy sector in the 2030
and 2040 business-as-usual scenarios beyond
what is shown in Figure 17. By 2045, the business-
as-usual emissions forecast accounts for SB 100’s
requirement that California’s electricity be derived
from carbon-free sources. Vehicle efficiency
improvements that reduce on-road transportation
emissions serve to partially offset emissions
growth in other transportation subsectors.

All other emissions sources are forecast to
experience growth from 2015 to 2050.

Table 7 on the following page shows the emissions
forecasts by sector and subsector in 2015,
2030, 2040, and 2050. Per capita emissions are
estimated to decrease through 2050 from 6.0 MT
CO
2e/capita in 2015 to 3.1 MT CO2e/capita in 2050,
while per SP emissions are estimated to decrease
from 4.5 MT CO 2e/service population to 2.2 MT
CO2e/SP in the same period.
132

GHG INVENTORY, FORECASTS AND TARGETS
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
Table 7: Business as Usual Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecasts 2015 - 2050 Sector Emissions MT CO2e
Stationary Energy 1,377,291 1,104,313 702,391 456,608
Stationary Energy % of Total 49% 51% 41% 31%
Residential Building Energy 428,245 327,162 213,538 136,957 Natural Gas 241,176 184,498 165,594 136,957
Electricity 187,070 142,664 47,945 -
Commercial and Institutional Building Energy 300,818 238,760 129,472 61,312 Natural Gas 109,593 81,780 74,452 61,312
Electricity 191,225 156,981 55,019 -
Manufacturing Industries and Construction Energy 399,089 329,692 150,682 49,640 Natural Gas 74,853 62,109 56,662 49,640
Electricity 324,235 267,583 94,020 -
Energy Industries 219,899 184,205 184,205 184,205
Fugitive Emissions from Natural Gas 29,240 24,494 24,494 24,494 Transportation 1,244,981 887,732 840,924 843,529
Transportation % of Total 44% 41% 49% 57%
On-Road Transportation 1,213,601 851,784 803,878 804,735 Railways 11,883 13,211 13,988 15,472
Aviation 4,550 7,110 7,110 7,110
Off-Road Equipment 14,947 15,627 15,948 16,212
Waste 176,850 184,887 188,715 191,768
Waste % of Total 6% 8% 11% 13%
Solid Waste Methane Commitment 173,164 181,043 184,768 187,820 Solid Waste Incineration 95 99 101 103
Wastewater Treatment and Discharge 3,592 3,744 3,845 3,845 TOTAL 2,799,123 2,176,931 1,732,030 1,491,905
Per Capita 6.0 4.5 3.6 3.1
Per Service Population (residents + employees) 4.5 3.3 2.6 2.2 2015 2030 2040 2050
133
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 The City is already a leader in environmental
sustainability and climate initiatives. Figure 18
illustrates a timeline with several examples of
the City’s sustainability-related activities, which
include the following actions related to GHG
commitments:
• In 2015, Mayor Robert Garcia signed
the Compact of Mayors (now the Global
Covenant of Mayors) to join the world’s
largest coalition of city governments to
address climate change.
• In 2017, Mayor Garcia joined 406 mayors
across the United States in pledging to
continue the goals of the Paris Climate
Agreement to make sustainable changes to
limit global temperature rise to well below
2 degrees Celsius.
• In 2019, Mayor Garcia encouraged the city
to achieve a carbon neutrality goal by 2045,
consistent with California Executive Order
B-55-18.

The CAAP charts a pathway to help the City
fulfill these commitments. To that end, the City
evaluated a series of GHG target options during
the development of the CAAP. Several reduction
target options were considered and were vetted
by the CAAP Scientific Working Group—a body
of 13 independent experts from California State
University, Long Beach; Long Beach Community
Greenhouse gas reduction targets help focus
local actions and serve as aspirational metrics
for this CAAP. Establishing clear and attainable
targets can also motivate community members
and City staff, help guide long-term strategies,
and increase transparency and accountability
regarding the CAAP’s goals. Establishing local
GHG targets in Long Beach can also help to
achieve the following objectives:
• Provide a goal post against which the
cumulative progress of the City’s GHG
reduction actions over time can be
evaluated.
• Comply with requirements of the Global
Covenant of Mayors, to which the City of
Long of Beach has been a signatory since
2015.
• Demonstrate the City’s commitment to
global efforts to address climate change.
• llustrate the relationship between the
City’s reduction target and the State’s
own reduction goals for compliance with
State mandates for cities related to GHG
reduction
• Demonstrate a level of GHG emissions
below which Long Beach would have
less than cumulatively considerable GHG
impacts for future environmental review
projects.

GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTION

TARGET SETTING
Figure 18: Timeline of Long Beach Sustainability Activities Sus tainable City
A ction Plan
City Co mmitment to
Co mpac t o f May ors
City C ommitment
t o 2045 Ca rbon
N eutr ality G oal
City C ommitment
t o Pa ris Agree ment
Inco rpora tion of
Sus tainable Policies
in Land Use Elem ent
Update
Inco rpora tion of
Sus tainable Tr ansportation
Policies in City Mobility
Element Update
San Pedro
Ba y Ports
Clean Air
A ction Plan
Fo rmation of
Sustai nability
Fo rmation of
Sus tainable City
C ommis sion
2006 200 7 2008 20102009 2011 2012 2013 20152014 2016 2017 20192018 134

GHG INVENTORY, FORECASTS AND TARGETS
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
2020 Return to 1990 GHG levels
by 2020
Assembly Bill 32, the California Global
Warming Solutions Act of 2006
40% below 1990 levels
by 2030
Senate Bill 32, the Global Warming
Solutions Act of 2006
2030
Carbon neutrality by 2045 Executive Order B-55-18 of 20182040 80% below 1990 levels
by 2050
Executive Order S-3-05 of 20052050
n o i t a l s i g e L g n i d n o p s e r r o Ct e g r a T r a e Y t e g r a T Table 8: State of California Greenhouse Gas Targets
Figure 19: Statewide Emissions Target Trajectory
College; the University of California, Los Angeles;
the Aquarium of the Pacific, and the South Coast
Air Quality Management District. The targets
selected represent the City’s commitment to
doing its fair share and meeting its requirements
to help California achieve its ambitious statewide
GHG targets. Table 8 outlines the State’s GHG
reduction commitments. Near-term targets for
2020 and 2030 have been formally adopted by
the California State Legislature. Executive orders
signed by previous Governors outline the state’s
potential long-term targets for 2045 and 2050 but
do not represent official state policy at present.

Figure 19 illustrates the trajectory of California’s
GHG target-setting framework. The solid line
shows an emissions trajectory for the 2050
executive order of 2005, and the dashed line
shows a trajectory for the 2045 executive order
of 2018.

0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
% of California 1990 Base Year Emissions
Statewide Targets (2050) Statewide Targets (2045)
135
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

GHG REDUCTION TARGETS
2030
The City’s near-term 2030 target was selected
based on guidance provided in CARB’s 2017
California Climate Change Scoping Plan and was
developed to demonstrate consistency with the
statewide 2030 target shown in Figure 8. The
City’s 2030 target is established on a per SP
basis and aims to achieve emissions rates of 3.04
MT CO
2e/SP. This compares to the City’s 2030
business-as-usual forecast of 3.34 MT CO 2e/
SP. Based on the City’s SP growth estimates,
the 2030 target emissions level is 1,984,272
MT CO
2e/yr. GHG reductions of approximately
192,659 MT CO2e will be required to achieve this
target, or a reduction of approximately 0.3 MT
CO2e / SP.

2045

The City also used the CAAP to begin initial
evaluation of a long-term aspirational GHG
reduction goal and has begun considering
the strategies that will be required to achieve
it. The City has set an aspirational goal to
achieve net carbon neutrality citywide by 2045,
which is consistent with California Executive
Order B-55-18, which calls for statewide net
carbon neutrality in the same year. With no
CAAP, under the business-as-usual emissions
forecast scenario, the City’s 2045 emissions
are estimated to be approximately 1.5 million
MT CO
2e. Achieving a net carbon neutrality
target would require eliminating nearly all these
emissions and purchasing carbon offsets for the
remainder that cannot be reduced with future
technologies. Table 9 summarizes the City’s
2030 GHG target and its 2045 aspirational goal.

Figure 20 illustrates the City’s emissions forecasts
and reduction targets. The gap between the
emissions forecast (purple line) and the target
(blue line) shows the amount of reductions
needed in each year. The actions described in
this CAAP will help the City achieve its near-term
2030 target and begin moving forward on its
path toward the 2045 goal.

Chapter 6 identifies the actions the City will
prioritize for implementation to achieve the 2030
emissions reduction target. It also contains a set
of additional actions that the City could decide
to implement to achieve greater reductions prior
to 2030 and further support progress toward
the 2045 net carbon neutrality goal. Chapter
7 includes actions the City will undertake to
demonstrate climate action leadership in both
reducing emissions and increasing resiliency.

It also outlines the steps the City will take to
establish a funding and financing strategy to
secure the resources that will be necessary to
implement the CAAP.

Chapter 8 outlines how the City will monitor and
report on CAAP progress as well as the process
that will be used to determine the regularity of
inventory updates and changes and adjustments
to the CAAP.
136

GHG INVENTORY, FORECASTS AND TARGETS
5GHG Inventory,
Forecasts and Targets
Emissions Business as Usual Forecast 2,176,931 MT CO 2 e/SP Emissions Target Level 1,984,272 MT CO2e/SP
GHG Reductions Needed 192,659 MT CO 2 e/SP
Emissions Business as Usual Forecast 1,513,047 MT CO 2 e/SP Emissions Target Level 0 MT CO 2 e/SP
GHG Reductions Needed 1,513,047 MT CO 2 e/SP
2030 GHG Target 3.04 MT CO 2 e/Service Population
2045 GHG Aspirational Goal Net-Carbon Neutrality
Figure 20: Emissions Targets versus Business-as-Usual Forecasts 2015-2050 Table 9: City of Long Beach GHG Reduction Targets
-
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
2015 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Emissions Forecast GHG Reduction Target GHG Reduction Goal MT CO2e/yr
137
Mitigation
Actions
6 6
MITIGATION ACTIONS AT A GLANCE ......................................................140 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................142 BUILDING AND ENERGY ACTIONS ..........................................................145 TRANSPORTATION ACTIONS ......................................................................157 WASTE ACTIONS ..............................................................................................170

6Mitigation Actions
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

MITIGATION OBJECTIVES AND ACTIONS AT A GLANCE
Goal: Long Beach buildings are energy-eﬃcient and our communities run on aﬀordable, renewable electricity
Transition to a carbon-free,
more resilient electricity
system
Building + Energy
BE-1
BE-2
Increase the energy
eﬃciencyof existing
buildings/facilities

MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Goal: Long Beach buildings are energy-eﬃcient and our communities run on aﬀordable, renewable electricity
Transition to a carbon-free,
more resilient electricity
system
Building + Energy
BE-1
BE-2
Increase the energy
eﬃciencyof existing
buildings/facilities

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the City of Long Beach greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction actions identified through extensive engagement with City staff, subject matter
experts, local stakeholders, and Long Beach residents
and businesses. As detailed in the GHG Inventory Chapter, the City has established a target to reduce per-service population (i.e., residents plus employees) emissions
from a baseline of approximately 4.48 MT CO
2e per
service population in 2015 to 3.04 MT CO 2e per service population (2.0 million MT CO 2e) in 2030, and by 2045
the City has established a goal of achieving net carbon neutrality.

Meeting And Exceeding Our 2030
Emissions Reduction Target
21 priority actions have been identified in the following sectors:
• Building and Energy
• Transportation
• Waste
These priority actions, combined with reductions from
state and federal initiatives, are estimated to result in the City meeting and slightly exceeding the 2030 target.

Actions from the Building and Energy, Transportation,
and Waste sectors are cumulatively estimated to achieve reductions totaling approximately 394,860 MT CO
2e,
which represents emissions levels of 2.73 MT CO 2e per
service population in 2030, compared to the target of

3.04 MT CO
2e per service population. Figure 21 shows
the distribution of emissions by sector in the 2030
forecasts and the 2030 mitigated scenario, which reflects implementation of the priority actions.

MT CO 2 e/yr
51% 48%
41% 48%
8%
4%
-
500,000
1,000, 000
1,5 00, 000
2,000, 000
2,5 00, 000
2030
Fo rec ast
2030
Mi tigated S cenario
Waste
Tran sportat ion
Buil din g and E nergy
2030 Target
Figure 21: 2030 Reduction Target
142

MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Approximately 63 percent of the reductions come
from Building and Energy actions, 8 percent from
Transportation actions, and 30 percent from Waste
actions. This distribution of reductions by sector reflects the fact that significant GHG reductions are already
included in the GHG forecasts which are attributed to the state’s renewable electricity requirements and vehicle
fuel efficiency requirements, as well as the expected
vehicle use reductions from implementation of the City’s General Plan 2040.

As newer and more local data becomes available in
the future, these emission reduction estimates will be
further refined. Data revisions will include aspects such as changes to the percentage of carbon-free energy
sources included in SCE’s energy portfolio. For example, SCE has committed to providing 80 percent carbon free
energy by 2030 and this commitment is considered in the CAAP’s GHG reductions estimates for the 2030 target.

The City’s monitoring activities and future inventories will incorporate the most up-to-date information available,
along with other data updates related to the energy,
transportation, and waste sectors to track GHG target
progress and identify further opportunities for local
climate action.

Moving Beyond 2030 to Carbon
Neutrality in 2045
Full implementation of all 21 priority actions will not be enough to achieve carbon neutrality in 2045. If emission reductions from these actions were maximized by 2045,
total emissions would still be approximately 1.1 million MT CO
2e based on preliminary estimates (see Figure 22).

As a result, additional action will be needed to achieve the City’s ambitious carbon neutrality goal. The primary emissions sources estimated to remain in 2045 include
natural gas use in existing buildings, on-road vehicle
emissions, operations at the city’s energy industries,
and off-road vehicles and equipment. New actions may
be developed in future CAAP updates to reduce these
emissions sources. Some current priority actions may
also be strengthened to begin implementation sooner
or increase estimated participation rates. New state
legislation and programs may also be developed in the
future to help address these remaining emissions sources in support of the state’s long-term GHG targets.

Process For Selecting and
Prioritizing Actions
Priority actions were identified and included based on
the following factors:
• Contribution to achieving necessary GHG
reductions
• Technical feasibility and City implementation
capacity
• Public and stakeholder feedback
• Equity analysis
• Implementation costs
Public and stakeholder feedback played a prominent role in identifying both the priority and the additional actions.

Broadly, common feedback themes included expanding
transportation choices, increasing access to renewable
electricity, reducing waste, reducing costs and preserving and enhancing affordability, and investments that would improve public health and overall quality of life.

Public feedback also broadened the scope of issues
examined in the CAAP process, most notably regarding
the issue of oil and gas extraction in Long Beach.

Issues related to oil and gas extraction were raised in a variety of public meetings and led to the City preparing an informational memorandum to evaluate at a high
level the lifecycle emissions from the use of oil and gas extracted in Long Beach and to identify measures the
City could take to address them. This was a focused,
high level analysis of lifecycle oil intensity that leveraged the Oil Climate Index (OCI) methodology for assessing
the lifecycle impacts of global oils. The evaluation did not include considerations about the economic benefits
to the City from its oil production activities, local public health impacts, domestic energy security, human rights
records, or other socio-political factors.

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6Mitigation Actions
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 The Oil and Gas Memo includes a range of measures that
the City could take to further address GHG emissions
from extraction activities. The City has included all
near-term measures in action BE-8. Additionally, some
of the recommended medium and long-term measures
aimed at reducing oil and gas consumption within the
city, such as electrifying public and passenger vehicle transportation and pursuing energy efficiency upgrades
of end-use appliances, are addressed in other mitigation actions in this chapter. The City has already made a
number of investments to reduce GHG and air pollutant
emissions and improve the environmental sustainability
of extraction activities.

The Priority Mitigation Actions table lists the actions for each of the three sectors along with the estimated total GHG reductions. Appendix A describes the methodology
used to estimate reductions for each sector, and the
Implementation and Monitoring Chapter outlines
the tools and process that will be utilized to monitor
emissions reduction progress and identify adjustments
that may be needed to ensure the City is on track to
meet its 2030 CAAP targets. Each action identifies an
implementation lead and partners, general timeline
(short, medium, long) and City costs (low, medium, high), co-benefits, implementing subactions, and an equity
strategy. In general, City operational costs and one-time costs associated with tasks such as updating ordinances and conducting studies are considered to be low while
actions that include capital costs and/or significant
ongoing operational costs range from medium to high.

It is important to note that a number of actions with
medium to potentially high cost ranges such as expanding and improving bikeway and pedestrian infrastructure or
implementing the Port of Long Beach Clean Air Action Plan have primary objectives such as improving safety and air quality with GHG reductions as an important additional
benefit. In other cases, such as municipal building energy and water audits, upfront implementation costs are likely to be outweighed by long-term energy and water savings.

The City has included a preliminary set of potential
performance metrics associated with each action that
will be considered in Appendix F. These will be used to measure implementation outcomes related to GHG
reductions, co-benefits, and equity, and complement
GHG monitoring as outlined in the Implementation and
Monitoring Chapter.

Waste
Transportation
Building and Energy
2045 Goal

32% 38%
56%
61%
12%
1%
-
200,000
-
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
2045
Forecast
2045
Mitigated Scenario
MT CO2e/yr
Figure 22: 2045 Reduction Goal
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MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions

BUILDING AND ENERGY

ACTIONS
Reducing building energy use and using clean, renewable energy are necessary to meet the CAAP’s 2030
targets. Electricity and natural gas use in residential and commercial buildings are responsible for about
25 percent of the emissions in the Long Beach GHG
inventory. The electricity sector in California is rapidly evolving towards renewable energy. This evolution is the result of California’s aggressive Renewables Portfolio
Standard (RPS) as well as market and technology changes that are making renewables increasingly cost-competitive with fossil fuels. The RPS requires utilities to achieve a 33 percent renewables power mix by 2020, a 60 percent
mix by 2030, and a 100 percent mix by 2045. One of the
primary ways cities around the state are aiming to meet their near-term emissions reduction targets is to transition to 100 percent local consumption of renewable electricity before 2045. A renewable electricity transition will
significantly reduce but not eliminate energy emissions from buildings because of the prevalence of natural gas in existing buildings. The use of renewable natural gas is also increasing but is not expected to reach levels that would allow for a similar replacement of traditional supplies with renewables. To make progress and ultimately achieve net carbon neutrality by 2045, natural gas emissions from
existing and new buildings, which make up approximately 13 percent of the GHG inventory, must be addressed.

Although energy-efficiency improvements in buildings
will reduce natural gas emissions and result in cost
savings for residents and businesses, it will ultimately be necessary to transition from all natural gas uses to electricity in both existing buildings and new buildings.

The core focus of building energy actions is on transitioning Long Beach to renewable energy and increasing energy
efficiency in existing and new residential, commercial, and municipal buildings. Energy-efficient buildings
that are powered by clean, renewable energy will also
improve outdoor and indoor air quality, improve overall comfort, and provide utility cost savings, which are
important co-benefits for residents and businesses. This section includes the action (BE-8) incorporating the Oil and Gas Memo’s suite of near-term measures to address
emissions associated with local oil and gas extraction.

The City will work to ensure that key populations, such as low-income households, renters, and communities
most impacted by climate change, are prioritized in the implementation of these actions.
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6Mitigation Actions
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Quality Management District, and RAND Corporation.

Business Working Group was convened twice to
provide input on their climate-related concerns,
existing actions and future opportunities. The
group included approximately 30 attendees from
24 businesses including architecture, engineering,
utilities, sustainability consultants, and various other local businesses. Firms represented included firms
large and small, global and local, and consultation
with business association leaders and the Chamber
of Commerce.

Goal: Long Beach buildings are energy-eﬃcient and our communities run on aﬀordable, renewable electricity
Transition to a carbon-free,
more resilient electricity
system
Building + Energy
BE-1
BE-2
Increase the energy
eﬃciencyof existing
buildings/facilities

MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Implementation Lead: City Manager; Office of Sustainability; Energy Resources Partners: Utilities (Southern California Edison and/or a Community Choice Aggregation utility)
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low to High
Description
The City will explore options for increasing the community’s access to and utilization of renewable electricity to exceed the State’s Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS) of 60
percent by 2030. At the utility level, there are a few options available to increase local use of clean electricity. Currently, Southern California Edison (SCE) offers its Green Rate
program to residential and commercial customers that
want to voluntarily purchase 50 percent or 100 percent
clean electricity. It is important to also note that SCE has committed to an 80 percent carbon free energy supply
by 2030, along with other actions to meet and exceed the State’s GHG reduction goals.

Alternatively, the City could establish its own Community Choice Aggregate (CCA) or join an existing one such as the Clean Power Alliance (CPA), which would automatically
enroll customers in receiving up to 100 percent of their electricity from cleaner energy sources. CCAs are programs that allow local governments to procure power on behalf of their residents, businesses, and municipal accounts from an alternative supplier while still receiving transmission and distribution service from their existing utility provider.

Similar to SCE’s existing Green Rate program, members
have tiered rate options based on their desired share of renewable energy, however data shows that CCAs, which
are “opt-out” (where clean electricity is the default option), have much higher rates of participation in clean electricity usage compared to SCE’s existing “opt-in” program.

Electricity use contributed more than 20 percent of
Long Beach’s total community emissions in 2015, so
reducing electricity-related emissions is critical to the CAAP. To demonstrate leadership, the City will commit to 100 percent clean electricity for all municipal accounts.

The City will then evaluate how it can best facilitate
communitywide participation in clean electricity use. Since SCE’s renewable portfolio in 2030 is anticipated to exceed state requirements, GHG reductions may be comparable
to the reductions that could be achieved by a CCA. The City will monitor SCE’s progress toward its 80 percent carbon free energy supply goal and consider this when assessing future renewable electricity programs.

BE-1
Provide Access to Renewably Generated
Electricity
Explore and pursue various options to increase the community’s access to renewable electricity that exceeds the State’s Renewables Portfolio Standard in the near-term.

Equity Strategy
Ensure that local programs funded
through increased use of renewably
generated electricity benefit low-income
communities most impacted by climate
change including a focus on job creation,
job training, and workforce development.

Co-benefits:

I mproved air quality
G rid resilience, if energy storage is an added element Implementing Actions
BE-1.1: Continue to assess the risks and benefits
associated with joining a CCA such as through
updated feasibility studies taking into account local
electricity emissions factors from SCE.

BE-1.2: Develop a comprehensive economic
impact analysis to understand the full benefits and
costs of joining or developing a CCA and investing
CCA revenues in local community climate projects.

BE-1.3: Work with SCE to collect Green Rate
participation information and promote SCE Green
Rate enrollment.

BE-1.4: Purchase 100 percent renewable
electricity for all municipal accounts.

Ensure new buildings are
low-
carbon-neutral
carbon or
Reduce emissions from
local oil and gas extraction
BE-3
BE-4
BE-5
BE-7
BE-8
BE-6
BE
Develop a residential and commercial energy assessment
and benchmarking program
Increase use of solar power
Promote community solar and microgrids
Provide access to energy eﬃciency ﬁ nancing, rebates, and incentives for building owners
Perform municipal energy and water audits
Update building codes to incentivize electric new residential and commercial buildings
Implement short-term measures to reduce emissions related to oil and gas extraction
Provide access to renewably generated electricity
GHG Reductions 247,700 MT CO2e
S N O I T C AS E V I T C E J B O NO.
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6Mitigation Actions
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Photo
Building Energy Library
Existing Program: Citywide Solar
The City has a Solar Energy Power Purchase Agreement to install 10 solar arrays at various City-owned properties, including the Long Beach Gas & Oil Headquarters, Airport Garage, and the Public Works Yard. Together these solar arrays will generate 6,069 kilowatts of solar energy, decreasing the City’s energy costs while reducing its carbon footprint through the use of renewable energy.
148

MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Incentivize and facilitate an increase in solar power infrastructure installation and usage.

Implementation Lead: City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability Partners: Pacific Gateway Workforce Innovation Network; SCE; GRID Alternatives Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
Description
To increase the use of renewable power in Long Beach,
the City will promote increased installation of solar power infrastructure in buildings across the city and in municipal projects. According to Google Project Sunroof, a solar
calculator from Google that estimates every rooftop’s
solar potential, only 2 percent of Long Beach’s solar
potential is being used for solar. Although there can be a substantial upfront cost associated with solar installation, a variety of rebate, incentive, alternative financing (such as power purchase agreements), and grant programs
exist. Moreover, in addition to environmental benefits, the financial savings from solar power over time can
cover the costs of solar installation.

GRID Alternatives, a California-based nonprofit
organization, has assisted low-income communities and
communities of color in Long Beach in getting affordable solar power while creating solar jobs. A frequent barrier to solar installation is aging and damaged roofs. To safely install solar panels, roofs that are damaged or nearing the end of their life span must be replaced.

BE-2
Increase Use of Solar Power
R educed household costs associated with energy
consumption
M ore equitable access to the economic benefits of
s olar energy
Local job creation in installation of solar
infrastructure
Co-benefits:

Equity Strategy
Identify and maximize use of resources to
provide solar installation at a free or reduced
cost for the low-income communities most
impacted by climate change in Long Beach.

Partner with the Pacific Gateway Workforce
Innovation Network and/or other workforce
entities to increase solar power infrastructure
installation and usage in the community
while expanding local green job development
opportunities
Implementing Actions
BE-2.1: Assess solar installation trends by
housing typology, neighborhood, and use of
incentive program to understand strengths and
BE-2.2: Identify, assess, and reduce any barriers
to solar installation due to the City’s building permit or zoning requirements.

BE-2.3: Require that municipal projects include
solar infrastructure installation to the maximum
extent feasible.

BE-2.4: Partner with SCE to explore options for
supporting increased installation and use of solar
power.

BE-2.5: Partner with GRID Alternatives and other
community partners to encourage and promote
free and reduced-cost solar installation options for
low-income or qualified households.

BE-2.6: Partner with local workforce and
economic development entities such as Pacific
Gateway Workforce Innovation Network and
educational institutions like Long Beach Community
College and Long Beach Unified School District
(LBUSD) to identify and create job training and
workforce development programs in emerging
green industry sectors for the communities most
impacted by climate change.
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CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Implementation Lead: City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; Disaster Preparedness and E mergency Communications
Partners: SCE; Harbor Department
Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
Community solar refers to local solar systems shared
by multiple community subscribers. Community solar
programs provide access to the benefits of solar energy for renters, residents of multifamily properties, and other customers for whom rooftop solar installations are not
an option.

Local solar development can also be used to increase
community resilience during utility grid outages through development of microgrids. A microgrid is a localized
energy grid powered by on-site energy sources that can
disconnect from the traditional utility grid to operate autonomously. This means that during outages or other
times of crisis, customers and critical facilities connected to the microgrid still receive power, increasing resilience and energy independence. The Port of Long Beach is
implementing a microgrid pilot project that will serve as learning lab for the technology. The City will monitor the results of the Port’s microgrid project and analyze other opportunities for microgrids, with a focus on critical
facilities that require power during emergencies, such as fire stations and hospitals.

BE-3
Promote Community Solar and Microgrids
Leverage partnerships and private developers to expand participation in community solar programs. Identify optimum locations and funding mechanisms for implementing microgrid pilot projects.

Equity Strategy
Promote community solar opportunities that
can benefit the low-income communities
most impacted by climate change. Locate
microgrid projects associated with support
services in the neighborhoods most impacted
by climate change to promote community
resilience by augmenting the energy supply
during disasters and other interruptions in
service.

Co-benefits:

R educed household costs associated with energy
consumption
Increased and more equitable access to the
e conomic benefits of solar energy
L ocal job creation in installation of solar and
m icrogrid infrastructure
I ncreased backup power for critical facilities during
u tility grid outages
Implementing Actions
BE-3.1: Partner with SCE to increase participation
in its community solar program, which connects
customers with solar developers on projects in their
community.

BE-3.2: Monitor the results of the Port microgrid
project to inform potential future projects.

BE-3.3: Identify potential partnerships, funding,
or financing sources for microgrids.

BE-3.4: Promote microgrid development to
private agencies and organizations in Long Beach
and work with applicants to minimize permitting
barriers, where possible.

BE-3.5: Identify critical facilities that require
power during emergencies, such as fire stations and
hospitals, as candidates for a microgrid project.
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MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Implementation Lead: City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; Development Services D epartment
Partners: Pacific Gateway Workforce Innovation Network Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The City will establish its own residential and commercial energy assessment and benchmarking program to assess
the consumption of electricity and natural gas used to
power appliances and lights, produce hot water, and heat and cool rooms in residential and commercial buildings
throughout the city. This is important because the building sector represents 45 percent of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the city. As part of program development, the City will evaluate whether to go beyond the requirements of Assembly Bill (AB) 802 and require energy benchmarking for buildings that are smaller than 50,000 square feet. The City will also evaluate and define any additional energy assessment requirements or incentives for commercial
and residential properties, including time-of-sale and time- of-rent energy disclosure requirements for all residential and commercial properties.

Opportunities to leverage existing resources and
partnerships, such as the City of Long Beach Office of
Sustainability’s Residential Direct Install Program and the Pacific Gateway Workforce Innovation Network, will be
evaluated and integrated into the program to increase
the number of certified Home Energy Rating System
(HERS) raters in the community and expand local green
job development opportunities. Given that approximately 60 percent of Long Beach residents currently live in
rental housing, the City will need to work with landlords and property management companies to ensure energy
assessments are prioritized improvements in rental
housing units, so that more residents can experience the cost savings and housing quality benefits associated with improved energy efficiency.

BE-4
Develop a Residential and Commercial Energy
Assessment and Benchmarking Program
Develop an energy assessment and benchmarking program for commercial and residential properties to identify opportunities for energy efficiency and evaluate options to increase energy efficiency retrofits.

Co-benefits:

R educed household and business costs associated
w ith energy consumption
L ocal job creation in energy audits and efficiency
improvements
Equity Strategy
To remove barriers to participation, develop
targeted engagement programs and explore
options for subsidies or benefits for the low-
income communities most impacted by climate
change. Ensure that improvements are not a
precursor to rent hikes and evictions through
robust anti-displacement strategies. Partner
with the Pacific Gateway Workforce Innovation
Network and/or other workforce entities to
increase the number of certified HERS raters in
the community while expanding local green job
development opportunities.

Implementing Actions
BE-4.1: Establish a program to comply with AB
802 and investigate a residential and commercial
energy assessment program.

BE-4.2: Implement a pilot program for residential
and commercial energy assessment to identify
potential energy savings opportunities.

BE-4.3: Identify opportunities to leverage
existing resources and partnerships to help expand
local workforce development.

BE-4.4: Explore opportunities to require audits
and time-of-sale and/or time-of-rent energy and
other utility use disclosures for residential and
commercial buildings.

BE-4.5: Partner with local workforce and
economic development entities such as the Pacific
Gateway Workforce Innovation Network and
educational institutions like Long Beach Community
College and LBUSD to identify and create job training
and workforce development programs in emerging
green industry sectors for the communities most
impacted by climate change.
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6Mitigation Actions
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Implementation Lead: Energy Resources Department; Economic Development Department; C ity of Long Beach Office of Sustainability
Partners: SCE; Southern California Regional Energy Network (SoCalREN) Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
In order to provide access to energy efficiency financing, rebates and incentives, the City will develop a building energy resource center that helps residents and
businesses identify financing or rebate opportunities and estimate cost savings. While the City does not provide
funding directly, it will take an active role in cataloguing and promoting the various rebate and assistance programs
available to residents and businesses in Long Beach, such as those offered through the property assessed clean
energy (PACE) program, SCE, and SoCalREN. It will also
seek to identify new or additional programs that are or could be accessible to residents, businesses, and building owners. Engagement activities will include creating energy resource kiosks in certain City facilities, such as libraries, and partnering with community-based organizations,
business improvement districts, and other stakeholders
to spread this information. This action is critical because the vast majority of GHGs from the building sector come from older, less energy-efficient buildings, since new
buildings must be built to much higher energy efficiency standards with today’s technology.

BE-5
Provide Access to Energy Efficiency Financing,
Rebates, and Incentives for Building Owners
Identify funding sources to increase energy efficiency improvements in the community’s existing building stock and develop an outreach strategy to promote opportunities to all segments of the community.

Equity Strategy
Develop targeted engagement programs,
including programs for the low-income
communities most impacted by climate
change, to remove barriers to participation.

Track participation based on these factors
to measure and increase utilization by
targeted communities.

Co-benefits:

R educed household and business costs associated
w ith energy consumption
Local job creation in efficiency improvement
installation
Implementing Actions
BE-5.1: Develop a building energy resource
center to provide residents and businesses with
information on available rebates, financing options,
and technical assistance programs.

BE-5.2: Implement an engagement campaign
that increases awareness of financial and technical
assistance options for all segments of the community,
including the translation of materials into Spanish,
Khmer, and Tagalog.

BE-5.3: Establish data-sharing processes
with SoCalREN, SCE, and other agencies to track
participation in energy efficiency rebate/finance
programs, and estimate annual energy savings.

BE-5.4: Identify and/or seek out new or
additional energy efficiency programs that are or
could be accessible to residents, businesses, and
building owners.

BE-5.5: Partner with local workforce and
economic development entities such as the Pacific
Gateway Workforce Innovation Network and
educational institutions like Long Beach Community
College and LBUSD to identify and create job training
and workforce development programs in emerging
green industry sectors for the communities most
impacted by climate change.
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MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Existing Program: Civic Center Energy and Water Efficiency City Hall and the Port Headquarters meet LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) standards through sustainable features and practices, including energy-efficient cooling and design that allows natural light into the buildings. The new City Hall consumes 25 percent of the energy of the old City Hall. The Civic Center produces its own renewable energy with roof top photovoltaic panels on the Billie Jean King Main Library that generate 930 kilowatt-hours of solar energy, which is enough electricity for 119 average homes.

The Civic Center site captures rainwater and stores it in an underground cistern that is used to irrigate landscaping.
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6Mitigation Actions
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Implementation Lead: City Manager; City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; Public W orks Department
Partners: SCE; SoCalREN; Long Beach Parks, Recreation and Marine; Library; H ealth and Human Services Department
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The City will undertake actions to continue to increase efficient energy and water use in its buildings. These
will include establishing a municipal building energy
and water audit program and developing a schedule
to produce a complete evaluation of energy and cost-
saving opportunities across the City’s building portfolio.

Energy audits will be required every 5 years along with operational improvements to optimize energy efficiency.

Targets to decrease annual energy use and make progress towards those targets will be tracked and made publicly available.

California has set a target to double cumulative energy efficiency in electricity and natural gas end uses by 2030 (Senate Bill [SB] 350). Energy efficiency in buildings is a core focus of California’s efforts to achieve this goal.

Though a very small proportion of citywide emissions,
increased efficiency at City facilities will reduce the City’s carbon footprint while eventually saving taxpayer dollars through reduced utility costs. In addition, increased
efficiency will likely improve thermal comfort for City employees.

BE-6
Perform Municipal Energy and Water Audits
Establish a municipal building/facility energy and water audit program, establish targets for decreasing annual energy use, and track progress.

Equity Strategy
Develop local hire goals and strategies,
where feasible, to facilitate increased
economic opportunity through
municipal energy and water audits.

Prioritize audits to take place first in the
low-income communities most impacted by
climate change.

Co-benefits:

R educed City costs associated with energy
consumption
R educed City water consumption
Implementing Actions
BE-6.1: Conduct energy and water audits of all
City-owned or City-leased buildings and facilities
BE-6.2: Establish a municipal energy
benchmarking efficiency policy that includes efficiency targets.

BE-6.3: Incorporate energy and water audits into
Facilities Conditions Assessments.

BE-6.4: Maximize to the extent feasible the
attainment of green building standards that improve
energy and water efficiency in municipal projects.

BE-6.4: Partner with local workforce and
economic development entities such as Pacific
Gateway Workforce Innovation Network and
educational institutions like Long Beach Community
College and LBUSD to identify and create job training
and workforce development programs in emerging
green industry sectors for the communities most
impacted by climate change.
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MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Implementation Lead: Department of Planning and Building Partners: Undefined
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
Description
Because cities and counties across the state have
recognized the importance of reducing emissions in new
buildings, at least 50 have adopted building codes that exceed or reach beyond these standards. While these
“reach codes” vary by jurisdiction, they generally focus on encouraging or requiring building electrification,
installation of electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure, and/or solar installation. The City will evaluate a range of reach code components, including those that would incentivize and/or require buildings to include increased EV readiness and/or infrastructure and be solar-ready and/or have
solar installations. The City will also conduct an analysis of the cost-effectiveness of reach code components and
engage stakeholders to inform reach code development.

Reducing and eventually eliminating GHG emissions from
new residential and commercial buildings is an important component in achieving both the CAAP’s 2030 target and
the City’s aspirational goal of net carbon neutrality by 2045. Even as existing buildings move to using renewable electricity, new buildings that incorporate natural gas would result in substantial emissions (and further carbon lock-in). In addition to reducing carbon emissions, a move toward all-electric buildings will also have beneficial public health impacts as a result of improved outdoor and indoor air quality. Requiring or incentivizing EV readiness and infrastructure will also support the transition from vehicles dependent on fossil fuels to those that run on clean, renewable electricity.

BE-7
Evaluate Building Codes to Incentivize Electric
New Residential and Commercial Buildings
Identify and implement building energy code options to establish incentives and/or requirements for all electric residential and commercial buildings.

Equity Strategy
Pursue funding opportunities to help offset
costs associated with energy-efficient electric
buildings when constructing affordable
housing in order to ensure an adequate
supply of affordable housing.

Co-benefits:

I mproved outdoor and indoor air quality
I ncreased energy cost savings
I mproved public health
Implementing Actions
BE-7.1: Evaluate a range of reach code components
that incentivize between 50 and 100 percent of all
new commercial and residential buildings to be 100
percent electric, and conduct an analysis of the cost-
effectiveness of various measures.

BE-7.2: Establish an outreach strategy to engage
stakeholders in reach code development.
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CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 The City will implement the recommended short-term
measures for reducing emissions related to oil and gas
extraction, as outlined in the CAAP Oil and Gas Technical Memorandum and recommended by the City’s Energy
Resources Department. Under this action, the City
will implement the seven upstream (i.e. extraction),
midstream (i.e. oil refining), and downstream (i.e.
transport to consumers and end use of fuel) near-term
emissions reduction actions the Oil and Gas Technical
Memorandum recommends and establish corresponding
implementation strategies. The recommendations include
a range of infrastructure, technology, reporting, and
regulatory efforts. Generally, successful implementation of the near-term recommendations will require the City to identify strategies it can devise and pursue under its own authority, those it will need to pursue through existing and/ or expanded partnerships with federal, state, and regional agencies that have regulatory authority, and those that it can partner on with the private sector. The CAAP also considers the GHG emissions reductions that will result from a 20 percent decrease in local oil production by 2030, as well as ongoing efforts to maximize renewable energy production opportunities at the City’s oil fields, including development of solar photovoltaics and gravity energy
storage in oil wellbores.

Although most oil and gas life cycle emissions occur
downstream during fuel transport to consumers and in fuel end uses, this action is critical to reducing the City’s overall carbon footprint, since life cycle emissions associated with drilling for oil and gas are roughly 2.7 times greater than the entire citywide 2015 production-based inventory for Long Beach.

Existing Program: Synergy Oil
Wetlands Restoration and Oil
Consolidation Project
The Synergy Oil Wetlands Restoration and Oil
Consolidation Project restores significant coastal
wetlands habitat in Long Beach while improving
the efficiency of local oil production by modernizing
equipment and removing legacy wells to reduce
their environmental impact.

Implementation Lead: Energy Resources
Partners: Office of Sustainability; City Manager’s Office; California Air R esources Board (CARB); South Coast Air Quality Management District SCAQMD) Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Medium to High
Description
BE-8
Implement Near-Term Measures to Reduce
Emissions Related to Oil and Gas Extraction
Implement the suite of near-term measures included in the CAAP Oil and Gas Technical Memorandum to reduce oil and gas extraction emissions per the memorandum.

Equity Strategy
Prioritize actions that would provide air
quality and public health co-benefits to low-
income communities most impacted by
climate change.

Co-benefits:

I mproved air quality
Implementing Actions
BE-8.1: Establish strategies to implement the
near-term actions recommended by the CAAP Oil
and Gas Technical Memorandum to reduce oil and
gas extraction emissions.

BE-8.2: Partner with regulatory agencies to share
information and report on oil and gas extraction
emissions.

BE-8.3: Develop and implement state and federal
legislative agendas to help implement the developed
strategies.
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MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions

TRANSPORTATION ACTIONS

The transportation sector is typically the largest source of GHG emissions at the state, regional, and local level.

Decades of transportation policy and investment
decisions in California – including in Long Beach –
have produced a transportation system that is heavily
dependent on fossil fuels and communities that are
too reliant on single-passenger vehicles. In the last 15 years California has put in place regulations and policies and increased State funding to reduce transportation
sector emissions through expanded public transit, the
development of walkable communities, and a shift to
cleaner passenger vehicles and freight networks. Despite these efforts, statewide transportation GHG emissions
have been on the rise since the end of the Great Recession, primarily driven by an increase in passenger vehicle
emissions. While reversing this trend requires action at all levels of government, cities have an important role to play in providing residents and businesses with real transportation choices that support a healthy climate
and improved quality of life now and in the future.

The CAAP transportation actions incorporate current
City efforts to reduce GHG transportation emissions
and new efforts to achieve greater reductions. The San
Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan, the Long Beach
Transit Systemwide Transit Analysis and Reassessment
(STAR) Initiative to improve transit service, continued expansion of the City’s bikeway and pedestrian networks, and increased housing and employment density along
major transit corridors are existing efforts that not only have public health, mobility, and quality of life benefits but also reduce GHG emissions. New actions such as
increasing rapid bus service, establishing bus-only lanes, and expanding electric-vehicle charging infrastructure
will result in additional reductions.

Implementation Lead: Long Beach Transit
Partners: Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro); o ther regional transit providers; Development Services Department; P ublic Works Department
Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Low to High
Description
Long Beach has ample public transit infrastructure and
service, yet like many other cities in the U.S. most trips are taken by automobile. The Metro A Line has nine stations in Long Beach, and Long Beach Transit boasts more
than 30 routes, including specialized options like the
free downtown Passport bus, water taxis, the Museum
Express, and the Galaxy/Chargers Express. Many
areas of Long Beach also have service from Torrance
Transit, Bellflower Bus, Los Angeles Department of
Transportation (LADOT) Commuter Express, the Orange
County Transportation Authority (OCTA), and Metro bus
routes. When Long Beach individuals were asked about
their primary mode of transportation as part of an online CAAP survey, 75 percent of respondents stated that
driving alone remained their primary mode and cited
three primary issues as barriers to increased transit
usage: frequency of service, connectivity of routes, and safety. Increasing the frequency, speed, connectivity, and safety of transit options will encourage greater use of transit and decreased dependency on single-passenger
auto trips.

T-1
Increase the Frequency, Speed, Connectivity,
and Safety of Transit Options
Evaluate transit service and routes, and identify opportunities to increase to ridership by increasing the transit frequency, speed, connectivity, and safety.

I ncreased access to key major destinations and job
centers
Increased air quality
Increased safety and perception of safety
Equity Strategy
Improve transit services, prioritizing core
and low-income transit riders
Implementing Actions
T-1 .1: Collaborate with Long Beach Transit
to advance the Systemwide Transit Analysis and
Reassessment (STAR) Initiative goals and strategies
(e.g., increase operating hours by 50 percent, reduce
headways to 15 minutes on key routes and corridors).

T-1 .2: Collaborate with Long Beach Transit, other
transit providers, and the public to better understand
origin and destination patterns for shorter trips that
could be made by transit.

T-1 .3: Collaborate with Long Beach Transit, other
transit providers, and the public to better understand
which destinations Long Beach residents would like
to access by transit in order to inform future land use and transit planning.

T-1 . 4: Collaborate with transit providers to
assess current bus routes and identify opportunities
to create and/or enhance rapid bus and regional
connector routes.

T-1 .5: Pursue opportunities to increase rapid bus
service and establish bus-only lanes (e.g., pursue
federal and state transit funding to establish bus-
only lanes).

T-1 .6: Improve rider safety when making transit
improvements (to include anti-bias training and de-
escalation methods).

T-1 .7: Collaborate with Long Beach Transit to
prioritize riders with disabilities and “Dial-A-Lift”
Access Service users in the Future Emerging Mobility
Zones.
158

MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Existing Program: Metro A Line (Blue) and Long Beach Transit STAR Program
Metro recently completed a major renovation of the A Line (Blue) light rail between Downtown Los Angeles and Long Beach, improving service reliability and making station upgrades. The upgrades included installing interactive digital screens with real-time arrival information, maps, and service alerts. The City is also partnering on the Long Beach Transit STAR program to increase bus service and ridership. The City continues to work to improve first mile/last mile experiences for transit riders. 159
6Mitigation Actions
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Implementation Lead: Public Works Department
Partners: Health and Human Services Department – Healthy Active Long B each; Development Services Department; Long Beach Transit; Metro; n onprofit transportation organizations; and neighborhood groups Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Medium to High
Description
Expanding and improving pedestrian infrastructure in
neighborhoods can increase walking and reduce driving.

Walkable neighborhoods are also generally safer for
users of other modes, such as wheelchairs, bicycles,
scooters, and public transit. People are less likely to walk in places that lack sidewalks or that have sidewalks that are uneven, too narrow, and lack Americans with
Disabilities Act ramps and other amenities, such as safety infrastructure. Pedestrian infrastructure improvements
should address those basic issues and can also include
installing sidewalk amenities, such as street trees and other landscaping, lights, street furniture (e.g., benches, trash and recycling bins), and transit shelters. Pedestrian safety improvements can include streetlight crossings or designated bike lanes (to minimize biking and e-scooters on sidewalks). In addition, traffic-calming features like medians, bulb-outs, and curb extensions can discourage
high-speed, cut-through traffic and result in safer routes for pedestrians.

T-2
Expand and Improve Pedestrian Infrastructure
Citywide
Ensure safe and convenient pedestrian infrastructure is provided citywide, including uninterrupted sidewalk connections, adequate lighting and visibility, shading, and safe intersections.

Co-benefits:

I ncreased public health benefits through active
t ransportation and active lifestyles
D ecreased vehicle-pedestrian collisions, injuries,
an d deaths
I mproved local air quality
I ncreased walkability, spurring economic development
I ncreased development of neighborhood character
Equity Strategy
Work with local neighborhoods, such as
nonprofit, community and neighborhood
organizations, to identify and prioritize
areas for pedestrian infrastructure and
safety enhancements. Seek resources that
will support the City in advancing equity in
pedestrian infrastructure.

Implementing Actions
T-2.1: Implement the Mobility Element of the
General Plan, the Communities of Excellence in
Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Prevention
(CX3) Pedestrian Plan, and the Downtown Transit-
Oriented Development (TOD) Pedestrian Plan to
achieve GHG emissions reduction targets from
infrastructure investment and other efforts to
encourage walkability and active transportation.

T-2.2: Leverage the development review and
environmental review processes to implement
pedestrian infrastructure improvements.

T-2.3: Integrate the financing, design, and
construction of pedestrian facilities within other
street projects to install pedestrian improvements
alongside vehicle, transit, and bikeway improvements.

T-2. 4: Ensure that all planning processes,
such as neighborhood and specific plans, identify
opportunities for pedestrian improvements.

T-2.5: Pursue funding opportunities, including
the California Department of Transportation’s
Active Transportation Grants and cap-and-trade
revenue programs, for development of pedestrian
infrastructure.

T-2.6: Identify infrastructure gaps in
neighborhoods not analyzed in the City’s other
pedestrian plans, and develop pedestrian
improvement plans accordingly.
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MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Implementation Lead: Public Works Department
Partners: Long Beach Bike Share; e-scooter companies; nonprofit transportation o rganizations
Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: High
Description
Expansion of bikeway infrastructure creates active
mobility networks and helps ensure rider safety
for healthy, nonpolluting, and low-cost forms of
transportation. Improvements that expand bikeway
infrastructure can include bike lanes multimodal facility improvements; e-scooter, e-bike, and micro-mobility
charging infrastructure; and education and engagement
for active transportation riders and drivers alike to
encourage safe road behavior. Investments in bikeway
infrastructure can also help address first mile/last mile challenges (i.e., getting to and from transit stations and stops).

T-3
Increase Bikeway Infrastructure Citywide
Expand the bikeway system and associated infrastructure throughout the city in order to encourage safe and convenient use of active and sustainable travel modes.

Co-benefits:

I mproved local air quality
I ncreased public health benefits from active
t ransportation and active lifestyles
R educed transportation expenses
I ncreased safety
I ncreased transit use
Equity Strategy
Assess existing and planned bikeway
infrastructure to ensure equitable distribution
based on CalEnviroScreen and other
environmental justice indicators. Increase
accessibility of active transportation and
micromobility options for low-income
individuals by working with providers and by
exploring subsidies and specialized programs.

Implementing Actions
T-3.1: Implement the Mobility Element of the
General Plan and the Bicycle Master Plan to achieve
GHG emissions reduction targets from infrastructure
investment and other efforts to encourage active
transportation and micromobility use.

T-3.2: Leverage the development review and
environmental review processes to implement
bikeway infrastructure improvements.

T-3.3: Integrate the financing, design, and
construction of bikeway infrastructure into other
street projects to expand bikeways alongside vehicle
and transit improvements.

T-3. 4: Seek funds from federal agencies,
state departments, Metro, Long Beach Measure
A, and private foundations to increase bikeway
infrastructure and facilities.

T-3.5: Conduct community outreach and
education to encourage safe driving, bicycling and
other active transportation, and micromobility user
behavior.

T-3.6: Prioritize human-powered trips in facility
design while assessing and accommodating emerging
technologies and their potential benefits.

T-3.7: Monitor travel mode patterns through
surveys (e.g., the City’s annual bicycle, pedestrian,
and e- scooter count) and/or travel studies
sponsored by the Southern California Association
of Governments (SCAG) to assess opportunities for
greater mode shifts.

T-3.8: Explore options to incentivize or require
emerging technology companies to achieve a
more sustainable product life cycle, such as by
reducing electronic waste and investing in bikeway
infrastructure.
161
6Mitigation Actions
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Existing Program: Bikeshare Program and Promoting
Multimodal Transportation
Long Beach has 165 miles of bike lanes, including nine protected bike lanes and four bike boulevards. Launched in 2016, the City’s bikeshare program now boasts 40,841 members. The bikeshare program includes partnerships that offer low-cost memberships to college students. As of July 2020, there have been 237,069 total trips taken, resulting in an estimated reduction of 566,497 pounds of carbon. 162

MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Implementation Lead: Harbor Department
Partners: Terminal operators
Timeline: Ongoing
Potential Cost Level: High
Description
In 2017, the Mayors of the City of Los Angeles and City of Long Beach committed to zero emissions by 2035
for on-road drayage trucks serving the ports in both
cities. Trucks are a significant source of emissions at the ports. According to the ports’ 2017 Clean Air Action Plan Update, port trucks contribute 23 percent of the
total NOx emissions, making them the second largest
source of NOx emissions at the ports. Furthermore,
port trucks are the largest contributor of port-related GHG emissions, representing 40 percent of total port-
wide GHG emissions. The Clean Trucks Program was
adopted in 2007 to phase out the oldest, dirtiest trucks serving port terminals between 2 and 6 years in advance of the State Drayage Truck Rule. Beginning in 2008, the ports banned pre-1989 trucks; that ban was followed by
a progressive ban on all trucks that did not meet 2007
emissions standards by 2012.

The Port of Long Beach and Port of Los Angeles Clean
Trucks Program reduced air pollution from on-road
drayage trucks by more than 90 percent in a little over 3 years. Implementation of the ports’ Clean Trucks Program is estimated to result in a 10 percent reduction in diesel heavy-duty truck emissions by 2030.

T-4
Implement the Port of Long Beach Clean
Trucks Program
Equity Strategy
Focus on improvements that provide the most
direct air quality benefits to neighborhoods
in close proximity to and most impacted by
port-related emissions.

Co-benefits:

I mproved air quality
I mproved public health
Implement the Port of Long Beach Clean Trucks Program, which is described in the San Pedro Bay Ports Clean Air Action Plan, to reduce the GHG emissions associated with goods movement through trucks serving the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach.

Implementing Actions
T-4.1: Collaborate with the Port to ensure
implementation of the Clean Trucks Program to
reduce GHG emissions while maximizing air quality
emissions reductions.

T-4.2: Collaborate with the Ports, regulatory
agencies, industry stakeholders and others to
identify and pursue grants, financial incentives, bulk
purchasing, and other opportunities to transition to a
zero- and near-zero-emissions truck fleet and drayage
system that does not place an undue burden on truck
drivers or other relevant stakeholders.

T-4.3: Collaborate with the Ports to support a path
to zero emissions.

T-4. 4: Collaborate with the Port to further reduce
shipping-related emissions through use of 100%
emissions-free cargo handling equipment by 2030
and implementation of state’s shore power regulation
for at-berth vessels.
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CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Implementation Lead: Public Works Department; Development Services Department Partners: City of Long Beach Office of Sustainability; SCE; Los Angeles County Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
To date, California has been a leader in EV adoption. In 2019, EV and plug-in hybrid sales constituted nearly 8
percent of all cars sold in the state. In Long Beach, on- road emissions are the largest source of total emissions.

Expanding EV use is a core transportation sector GHG
reduction strategy facilitated by ensuring clean electricity is available to recharge EVs. An EV Infrastructure Master Plan guides investment and policy decisions that result in a distributed network of EV chargers. A plan analyzes the numerous technology and ownership options for
charging stations, considers location and network
density needs, and analyzes case studies from other
jurisdictions that have been successful in removing
barriers to broad installation. A plan will also establish the policies for EV charging related to zoning, curbside charging, and workplace charging. Finally, it will account for infrastructure projects for EVs in the City fleet.

T-5
Develop an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure
Master Plan
Develop an EV infrastructure plan that aligns with county-wide efforts to guide investment and policy decisions that will result in a distributed network of EV chargers to incentivize and facilitate EV ownership and use.

Equity Strategy
Provide equitable access to EV
infrastructure by installing charging
stations and providing EV car sharing in
low-income areas and neighborhoods
impacted by poor air quality and
by pursuing low-cost or no-cost EV
car-sharing options for income-qualified
residents.

Co-benefits:

I mproved air quality
R educed urban heat from decreased vehicle
w aste heat
Implementing Actions
T-5.1: Develop an EV Infrastructure Master
Plan in coordination with residents and other key
stakeholders to better understand needs, locations,
and opportunities to further reduce barriers to EV use
in the city.

T-5.2: Continue to analyze and update zoning
and building code requirements for EV charging
infrastructure and readiness to maximize EV
infrastructure availability and usage.

T-5.3: Develop pilot projects, as needed, to install
charging stations (e.g., increasing at-home charging
opportunities in neighborhoods with constrained
properties), facilitate EV car sharing, and pursue other initiatives to facilitate EV use.

T-5. 4: Collaborate with SCE on the Charge Ready
program to expand the network of publicly accessible
EV charging stations at municipal facilities.

T-5.5: Pursue EV infrastructure projects that
maximize the proportion of the City fleet that is EV.

T-5.6: Coordinate with Los Angeles County on the
EV infrastructure plan.

T-5.7: Pursue funding opportunities to pilot an EV
car-sharing program, install charging stations, and
implement other initiatives to facilitate EV use.

T-5.8: Collaborate with the Port regarding potential
convenient charging points for trucks as part of the
development of the EV Infrastructure Master Plan.
1 https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-12-01/electric- vehicle sales-in-california-on-the-rise-but-is-it-enough-to-reach-the-5-million- goal-by-2030
164

MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Existing Program: Green City Fleet
The City of Long Beach Fleet Services has been recognized for its green fleet of City-owned vehicles. The City’s alternative fuel vehicles include vehicles powered by compressed natural gas, electric, hybrid, liquefied natural gas, biodiesel, and propane. In addition, the City and Long Beach Transit have made significant investments in electric buses and other vehicles.

Existing Program: Citywide Electric Vehicle Charging
The City is partnering with Southern California Edison through the Charge Ready Program to install electric infrastructure for charging stations at public and City fleet locations. From 2018 to 2020, the City installed 140 electric vehicle (EV) charging ports at public and City fleet locations. By the end of 2020, 65 more charging ports are expected to be installed. In addition, 160 Long Beach residents have received EV chargers through the City’s EV Charger Giveaway Program.
165
6Mitigation Actions
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Co-benefits:

Implementation Lead: Development Services Department
Partners: Economic Development Department; Gateway Council of Governments; SC AG; neighborhood groups
Timeline: Long
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
People’s ability to rely on transit as a primary mode of transportation depends largely on their network of
destinations and whether they can be easily reached
through transit. Helping address this challenge are TOD neighborhoods, which provide a mixture of housing, office, retail, and other amenities integrated into a walkable
neighborhood served by high-quality transit, typically rail or high-frequency bus service. TOD neighborhoods are
critical for reducing VMT. Affordable, transit-accessible housing can increase transit ridership while reducing
combined housing and transportation costs for residents, especially for low-income populations that typically
use transit at higher rates than the general population.

Long Beach can capitalize on its strong transit network, which will continue to improve, and its many distinctive neighborhoods. Through the 2019 General Plan Update,
the City is encouraging a greater mix of land uses near transit lines and stations. Through SB 375, California
requires the creation of regional plans to reduce per
capita VMT and prioritize transit and transit-oriented
development. Cities play a key role in these efforts. TOD policies also put the City on more competitive footing for California’s Affordable Housing Sustainable Communities grant funding as well as cost-saving housing policies like AB 987 and SB 743, which can speed TOD and reduce the
cost of housing for consumers.

T-6
Increase Employment and Residential
Development along Primary Transit Corridors
Identify land use and/or zoning changes to expand TOD opportunities along the city’s primary transit corridors. Pursue strategies to increase affordable housing in these areas.

I mproved air quality
I ncreased transit ridership
R educed vehicle miles traveled (VMT)
I ncreased economic development and increased
t ax base
I ncreased affordable housing
I ncreased walkability
Equity Strategy
Maximize opportunities for affordable
housing development and employment uses
near transit to improve the accessibility of low
income residents to jobs, and combine this
strategy with renter protections to prevent
displacement of low-income residents.

Implementing Actions
T-6.1: Evaluate projects through the development
review process, based on consistency with the goals
of the General Plan’s Land Use Element and Mobility
Element to maximize opportunities for higher-
density, mixed-use, transit-oriented, walkable infill
development.

T-6.2: Strengthen incentives for affordable
housing development near transit and expand renter
protections to prevent displacement of low-income
residents near transit.

T-6.3: Incentivize development projects to include
land uses for which residents must take regular trips,
such as grocery stores, pharmacies, or restaurants.

T-6. 4: Disincentivize driving through a variety of
strategies, including reducing or eliminating parking
requirements, establishing parking maximums,
increasing density allowances, and removing or
reducing height restrictions along transit corridors, as feasible.

T-6.5: Locate businesses and job centers along
transit corridors to facilitate the use of public transit for commuter trips.

T-6.6: Continue to integrate land use and
transportation planning goals and initiatives that
demonstrate consistency with both the SCAG Regional
Transportation Plan/Sustainable Community Strategy
and the City’s General Plan Land Use Element,
which create complete neighborhoods and reinforce
regional transit planning objectives.

T-6.7: Explore options to enhance renter
protections to prevent displacement of low-income
residents near transit.
166

MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Implementation Lead: Public Works Department; Development Services Department Partners: Metro; transit providers; building managers; Business Improvement Districts Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
Transportation demand management ordinances
require development projects over a certain size or
qualifying threshold to implement strategies for reducing single-occupancy vehicle trips anticipated from the
development project, while TDM programs incentivize
or improve access to alternative transportation modes,
such as transit, walking, biking, and carpooling. Strategies include, but are not limited to, supplying or incentivizing transit passes and rideshare and carpool programs, and
the inclusion of physical amenities such as bike parking.

The ordinances generally apply to larger residential
and commercial projects that have the most potential
for single-occupant vehicle trip reduction. Cities with effective TDM ordinances generally combine strong trip
reduction incentives and/or requirements and robust
monitoring to ensure that those reductions materialize.

T-7
Update the Transportation Demand
Management Ordinance
Update and implement a transportation demand management (TDM) ordinance that encourages travel by transit, vanpool/carpool, and bicycle.

Equity Strategy
Ensure equitable access to TDM benefits,
including cost savings and increased
affordable transportation options, for low-
income individuals and those most impacted
by climate change. Seek opportunities
to expand TDM benefits beyond those
traditionally served (people working for
large employers, large residential and
commercial developments).

Co-benefits:

I mproved efficiency of existing transportation
infrastructure
R educed traffic congestion and air pollution
R educed transportation cost burden for residents
a nd employees
I mproved public health through increased physical
a ctivity (i.e., biking and walking)
Implementing Actions
T-7.1: Define requirements for a TDM ordinance
update, using evidence-based strategies that reduce
single-occupant vehicle trips. These strategies
include preferential carpool/vanpool parking, bicycle
parking, and shower facilities and locker rooms; trip
reduction plans; transit-supportive infrastructure
development; and similar strategies.

T-7.2: Apply TDM strategies to new non-
residential development that exceeds an established
size threshold (e.g., 25,000 gross square feet) and
new large multifamily developments (e.g., more
than 50 units). Include a VMT reduction target and
monitoring mechanisms for development, subject to
the updated ordinance.

T-7.3: Partner with large employers, institutions,
and community-based organizations to promote
existing resources from Metro and Long Beach
Transit, including trip-planning resources for transit, biking, and ridesharing, existing incentive programs
for employers, and incentives for employees, such as
the Regional Guaranteed Ride Home Program.

T-7. 4: Subsequent to adoption of the ordinance
update, develop a method for collecting data and
tracking the effectiveness of TDM measures in
reducing VMT and GHG emissions.
167
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CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Implementation Lead: Development Services Department
Partners: Developers
Timeline: Long
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
To promote sustainable neighborhoods, the City will
identify and designate select areas for increased
development density leading to mixed-use, transit-
oriented, walkable neighborhoods that meet community
needs. Neighborhoods with a diverse mix of jobs and
housing will improve the overall jobs/housing balance
and help lower VMT by providing households with the
opportunity to live and work in the same area. These
neighborhoods will be consistent with General Plan’s land use designations and design standards, which permit
increased density near transit areas. Reduced parking
requirements and shared off-street parking will also be pursued in transit-oriented neighborhoods.

Promoting sustainable neighborhoods encourages
residents to access stores, healthy foods, and community services without a car. Inherently, sustainable
neighborhoods mitigate GHG emissions by making
residents less dependent on fossil-fueled vehicles and by lowering overall VMT.

T-8
Increase Density and the Mixing Of Land Uses
Use the City’s land use authority to increase development density particularly near transit, and provide a mix of land uses, such that residents and employees in the city can easily access goods, services, and entertainment via transit or active transportation modes.

Equity Strategy
Ensure that the low-income communities
most impacted by climate change
benefit from investments in affordable
housing incentives, rent protection, and
anti-displacement policies.

Co-benefits:

I mproved public health through less dependency
o n auto trips for short trips to goods, services, and
entertainment
I ncreased pedestrian activity that spurs economic
de velopment in commercial mixed-use areas
I ncreased number of vibrant, complete communities
w ith nearby access to places to live, work, and shop
Implementing Actions
T-8.1: Develop a zoning code that is consistent
with the General Plan place types and that designates
additional TOD and mixed-use development areas.

T-8.2: Implement regulations to reduce parking
requirements in transit-oriented neighborhoods
and allow shared off-street parking for mixed-use
projects.

T-8.3: Adopt policies and strategies to preserve
and increase the supply of affordable housing and
prevent displacement.

T-8. 4: Work with large institutions such as
California State University, Long Beach to include an
adequate mix of uses within their campuses and near
transit whenever possible.

Existing Program: Planning for
Density and a Greater Mix of Uses
Locating housing near jobs and increasing density and
the mix of uses along transit corridors are actions that help reduce GHG emissions from one of the largest
contributing sectors – transportation. The updated
Land Use Element of the General Plan, adopted in
2019, is an example of these efforts.
168

MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Implementation Lead: Development Services Department
Partners: Long Beach Transit; Metro; other transit providers; bike share providers; s chools
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
Senate Bill 743 creates a process to change the way
that transportation impacts are analyzed under the
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). It requires that transportation impacts of development projects
be assessed using a VMT metric rather than a Level of
Service (LOS) metric. State guidance also recommends a
threshold of significance such that if a project would result in per capita VMT that is in excess of 15 percent below the regional average, it should then mitigate that VMT. VMT mitigation or reductions in VM could be funded directly by the project sponsor, or a central authority could collect an in-lieu fee to then fund the mitigation. Research suggests that VMT reduction is highly context-sensitive and
depends on many local factors. Some of the more cost-
competitive VMT reduction strategies include subsidized transit passes, bike share facilities, and employer-based “fair commuting” programs that charge fees for single-
occupancy vehicle commuting and give rebates for using
more sustainable modes of transportation.

T-9
Integrate SB 743 Planning with the CAAP Process
Evaluate the effectiveness of VMT reductions resulting from SB 743 compliance in achieving the City’s GHG reduction target.

Equity Strategy
Ensure that VMT reduction strategies benefit
core and low-income transit riders, such as
by providing reduced public transit fares
and expanding affordable transportation
options.

Co-benefits:

R educed traffic congestion and air pollution
R educed transportation cost burden for residents
a nd employees
Increased funding for transit passes and other
a menities to support low-income populations
Implementing Actions
T-9.1: Evaluate the effectiveness of new VMT
thresholds, metrics, and mitigations as the City’s
updated Transportation Impact Analysis (TIA)
guidelines are implemented.

T-9.2: Monitor what types of mitigation
strategies are working in other cities that could
apply in the Long Beach context to reduce emissions
and meet aligned City objectives.

T-9.3: Consider strategies to fund the
implementation of VMT mitigation strategies,
such as collecting in lieu fees and participating in a
regional mitigation bank program.

T-9. 4: Evaluate VMT mitigations and adjust as
needed to maximize effectiveness on an ongoing
basis.
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CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

WASTE ACTIONS

Solid waste disposal creates emissions when organic
waste, such as food scraps, yard trimmings, and paper and wood products, is buried in landfills and decomposition occurs that emits methane. Methane from landfill waste
disposal is responsible for approximately 6 percent of the city’s GHG inventory.

The City, along with its franchise waste haulers, is
responsible for collecting solid waste from homes and
businesses. The portion of waste that the City collects is processed at the Southeast Resource Recovery Facility
(SERRF), where it is sorted to remove additional recyclables and then incinerated to generate electricity. Through
this process, SERRF helps to avoid landfill emissions and extends the operational life of regional landfills, while also providing energy recovery that can offset the additional use of non-renewable energy sources for electricity
generation. SERRF generates enough power each year to
supply 35,000 residential homes with electricity and has reduced the volume of solid waste entering landfills by more than 4 million cubic yards.

To address the city’s solid waste emissions
comprehensively, the CAAP includes waste actions
directed at services provided by the City and by private waste haulers. These actions include ensuring compliance with State waste regulations, which set requirements for different property types, and expanding community-
wide participation in organic waste collection.

MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Implementation Lead: Public Works Department - Environmental Services Bureau Partners: Franchise waste haulers; property management companies; Code E nforcement; Business License Division
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
W-1
Ensure Compliance with State Law Requirements
for Multifamily and Commercial Property
Recycling Programs
Adopt a mandatory commercial recycling ordinance that includes enforcement mechanisms to ensure that on-site recycling collection is provided at multifamily and commercial properties and that the City is in compliance with state laws.

Equity Strategy
Ensure equitable access to recycling services
and potential benefits such as cost savings by
developing multilingual outreach materials
and conducting targeted outreach to local
businesses and low-income and multifamily
tenants.

Co-benefits:

E xtended landfill operating life
I ncreased beneficial reuse of recycled products
Implementing Actions
W-1.1: Adopt a mandatory commercial and
multifamily recycling ordinance that codifies the
requirements of AB 341, which mandates on-site
recycling services at commercial and multifamily
properties (five or more units) and includes local
enforcement mechanisms.

W-1.2: Continue to conduct outreach to
commercial and multifamily properties about state
law and implementing City ordinances.

W-1.3: Develop technical assistance for
properties found to be out of compliance with the
recycling diversion requirements.

W-1.4: Implement a program to audit compliance
and monitor attainment of recycling diversion goals.

Description
Diverting waste from landfills through recycling can
reduce downstream GHG emissions from organic
materials (e.g., office paper, cardboard). It can also reduce upstream emissions from all recycled materials through
decreasing demand for new raw materials and avoiding
emissions associated with their extraction/harvesting,
processing, manufacturing, and transportation.

According to CalRecycle, the commercial sector (including multifamily residences) generates nearly three-quarters of the total solid waste in California, and much of that disposed waste is readily recyclable.

California enacted AB 341 to require on-site recycling
services at commercial and multifamily properties (five or more units). The legislation requires jurisdictions
to implement education, outreach, and monitoring
for businesses to make them aware of the recycling
requirements and their compliance options. To enhance
compliance with the legislation, some cities have adopted mandatory commercial recycling ordinances to enforce
state law.
171
6Mitigation Actions
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Existing Program: SERRF
Since 1988, the City of Long Beach has incinerated
waste to generate electricity at its Southeast Resource Recovery Facility (SERRF), located on Terminal Island
at the Port of Long Beach. The SERRF processes
waste from single-family residences and most small
businesses in Long Beach, and also accepts waste
from other private haulers and nearby jurisdictions.

Co-benefits:

Implementation Lead: Public Works Department - Environmental Services Bureau Partners: Waste facilities
Timeline: Medium
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
Description
Organic waste is an important emissions source in Long
Beach, as it is in the rest of the state, where it decomposes in landfills to generate methane gas. Organic waste
includes food scraps and compostable paper (like pizza
boxes and used coffee filters) as well as yard waste
trimmings. Based on CalRecycle data, approximately
45 percent of the residential waste stream in Southern
California consists of organic materials, including food waste (21 percent) and yard waste (11 percent). Diverting these items from landfills can help reduce GHG emissions and can prolong the operable life of a landfill. There are several organic waste management options, including
composting to produce soil amendments for use in
residential, commercial, and agricultural applications, or anaerobic digestion to produce a low-carbon biofuel.

California has already defined a regulatory framework
to reduce these emissions in support of statewide GHG
targets. Senate Bill 1383 defines specific organic waste targets to help reduce the impact of short-lived climate pollutants in the state, such as methane. The bill sets a target to achieve a 50 percent reduction in statewide organic waste disposal below 2014 levels by 2020, and a 75 percent reduction by 2025. It also requires a residential organics diversion program by 2022.

W-2
Develop an Organic Waste Collection Program
for City-Serviced Accounts
Develop an organic waste collection program and educational campaign for properties serviced by the City to divert organic waste from landfills.

I ncreased beneficial resuse of waste products
I ncreased development of local renewable energy
( e.g., biofuels)
Equity Strategy
Ensure equitable access to organic waste
services and potential benefits such as cost
savings by developing multilingual outreach
materials and conducting targeted outreach to
low-income residents.

Implementing Actions
W-2.1: Work with stakeholders to design an
organic waste collection program for City-serviced
properties to meet California’s organic waste disposal
goals and requirements.

W-2.2: Develop a pilot program for smaller
multifamily and commercial properties serviced
by the City to identify challenges and solutions to
implementation of an organics collection program.

W-2.3: Continue to educate residents and
businesses about the benefits of organic waste
diversion, through efforts such as free composting
workshops.

W-2.4: Adopt citywide goals for organic waste
reduction and adopt an enforcement mechanism
into the Long Beach Municipal Code to support state
requirements.

W-2.5: Conduct a waste characterization study,
among other future studies, that can be used to
evaluate progress in organics diversion.

W-2.6: Monitor implementation of SB 1826, SB
1383, and all applicable state laws.
172

MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
Co-benefits:

Implementation Lead: Public Works Department - Environmental Services Bureau Partners: Franchise waste haulers; Public Works Department - Environmental S ervices Bureau; property management companies
Timeline: Short
Potential Cost Level: Low to Medium
Description
In Long Beach, franchise waste haulers provide
collection services to many of the City’s multifamily and commercial properties, and the City provides waste
collection services to the remaining properties. Once a mandatory commercial and multifamily organic waste
collection ordinance is adopted, City staff will ensure compliance with state law and increase participation in organics collection programs among all privately serviced properties. The City will continue to provide information on the Long Beach Recycles website to assist businesses and multifamily property managers in complying with the requirements of applicable laws.

Senate Bill 1383 defines specific targets for organic
diversion and outlines the state’s implementation
strategy. As part of this strategy, California enacted
AB 1826 to require businesses that exceed solid waste
disposal thresholds to recycle their organic waste. The bill also set green waste disposal thresholds for multifamily residential properties (five or more units).

W-3
Partner With Private Waste Haulers to Expand
Organic Waste Collection Community-Wide
Adopt a mandatory commercial and multifamily organic waste collection ordinance and partner with the City’s franchise waste haulers to ensure organics collection service is provided community-wide.

I ncreased beneficial reuse of waste products
I ncreased development of renewable energy
( e.g., biofuels)
C ompliance with state laws
Equity Strategy
Ensure equitable access to organic waste
services and potential benefits such as cost
savings by developing multilingual outreach
materials and conducting targeted outreach
to local businesses and low-income and
multifamily residential tenants.

Implementing Actions
W-3.1: Adopt a mandatory commercial and
multifamily organic waste collection ordinance that
codifies state law and includes an enforcement
mechanism.

W-3.2: Conduct outreach to businesses and
multifamily properties to ensure they understand
organic waste diversion requirements as they are
adopted, and to support the specific targets and
target years of SB 1383.

W-3.3: Conduct a waste characterization study,
among other future studies, that can be used to
evaluate progress in organics diversion.

W-3.4: Develop technical assistance for properties
found to be out of compliance with the organic waste
diversion regulations.
173
6Mitigation Actions
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Implementation Lead: Development Services Department; Public Works Department— E nvironmental Services Bureau
Partners: Regional waste processing facilities; other local governments; franchise w aste haulers
Timeline: Long
Potential Cost Level: Low
Description
The State of California established methane reduction
targets for short-lived climate pollutants in several
economic sectors. These included specific targets to
reduce statewide disposal of organic waste. The targets can be achieved by reducing food waste generation
and by diverting organic waste away from landfills to
other types of treatment (e.g., composting, anaerobic
digestion). Managing organic waste through anaerobic
digestion can also help offset fossil fuel use through
production of biogas, which can be used to produce heat and/or electricity, support process heating at the digester facility, power alternative-fuel vehicles, or be injected into natural gas pipelines for use in homes and businesses.

The City will explore opportunities for processing organic waste in collaboration with other agencies, waste haulers, and other relevant partners.

W-4
Identify Organic Waste Management Options
Evaluate organic waste collection and processing options, including composting, mulching, and anaerobic digestion, and develop a plan to implement feasible options.

Equity Strategy
Ensure equitable access to organic waste
services and potential benefits such as cost
savings. Evaluate the siting of an organic
waste facility through an environmental
justice lens.

Co-benefits:

I ncreased beneficial resuse of waste products
I ncreased development of local renewable energy
( e.g., biofuels)
R educed transportation emissions through localized
processing
Reduced transportation emissions through localized
processing
Implementing Actions
W-4.1: Evaluate options for processing organic
waste in Long Beach, such as composting, mulching,
and anaerobic digestion facilities.

W-4.2: Collaborate with other agencies to identify
potential locations for organic waste processing
facilities and share more information with interested
parties, including how to navigate the permitting
process.

W-4.3: If a facility is identified and ultimately
established, the City will work to update waste hauler
contracts and ensure that organic waste is hauled to
locally sited facilities.

W-4.4: The City will continue to minimize the use
of green waste as alternative daily cover and instead
will include the use of inert materials that minimize
the generation of GHG emissions.
174

MITIGATION ACTIONS
6Mitigation Actions
175
City Leadership
and Funding
7 City Leadership
and Funding
7 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................178 MITIGATION ACTIONS ...................................................................................179 ADAPTATION ACTIONS ..................................................................................181 7 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

INTRODUCTION

The City recognizes that for the CAAP to be
successful, the City must both set up a governance
structure that facilitates implementation of the
CAAP and demonstrate leadership by integrating
climate action into its operations and internal
culture, public engagement, and financial
decision-making processes.

Several of the CAAP adaptation and mitigation
actions in Chapters 4 and 6 include implementation
components defining City leadership roles. One
notable example is the City’s commitment to
transition municipal buildings and facilities to
100 percent renewable electricity (BE-1) in the
short term. Another is the City’s commitment to
perform energy and water audits (BE-6) in existing
facilities and perform subsequent efficiency
upgrades. The City has identified additional
efforts, described below, that demonstrate
its leadership and commitment to supporting
the overall implementation of the CAAP and
integrating sustainability and climate resilience
into all facets of the City’s operations while
promoting economic resilience and job creation.

These efforts will include actions such as engaging
and providing education to internal staff and the
general public; transitioning to net-zero municipal
buildings, transitioning the City vehicle fleet to
low- and zero-carbon vehicles; transitioning to
zero-carbon cargo handling equipment at the
Port; integrating sea level rise considerations
into plans and policies; incorporating green
infrastructure into city projects and properties;
pursuing funding for urban greening, cooling
centers, and a myriad of other programs that
protect against air quality and extreme heat
climate impacts and advance equity goals; and
seeking opportunities to create jobs and train
residents in emerging green technologies.

City Funding and Investment

The City seeks to align its expenditures with CAAP
actions and objectives. In recognition of the level
of funding and investment that will be needed to
implement the CAAP in the coming years, the City
aims to establish a funding strategy that details
the City’s approach to integrating mitigation and
adaptation considerations in the allocation of
existing funds and when seeking and securing
new funding sources. More specifically, City
actions around funding will focus on identifying
opportunities to better align the annual city
budget, Capital Improvement Program, and other
expenditures with CAAP actions and objectives.

The City will also pursue new revenue sources for
implementing CAAP actions by working across
departments and with other public agencies, as
appropriate, to successfully compete for grants
and by studying options to increase local revenue
and identify other financing mechanisms. This
effort will include securing funding for both the
staff needed to successfully implement the CAAP
and dedicated staff to advance CAAP policies
and programs. A more detailed discussion and
specific implementing actions are outlined below.

178

CITY LEADERSHIP AND FUNDING
7 Commitment to Job Creation
and Training
The City seeks to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions while promoting a prosperous local
economy and creating green jobs, particularly for
those who are most impacted by climate change.

Actions that reduce community-wide GHG
emissions also present opportunities to make
investments in infrastructure. By investing in
developing quality jobs locally and adopting new
low-carbon technologies, the City can facilitate
new sources of green job growth within the city.

The City will seek opportunities to partner with
local workforce and economic development
entities, such as the Pacific Gateway Workforce
Innovation Network, and educational institutions,
such as Long Beach City College and Long Beach
Unified School District (LBUSD), on identifying and
creating job training and workforce development
programs in emerging green industry sectors
for the communities most impacted by climate
change. The City will work with the local business
community to identify emerging green technology
opportunities in energy, transportation, land use,
and general goods and services, and will facilitate
connections with local job training and workforce
development programs. Increasing local job
opportunities will support a prosperous local
economy and reduce the need for city residents
to commute long distances to employment
centers outside the city. Specific implementing
actions are outlined in more detail below.

City Initiatives
The City will implement a range of mitigation
and adaptation actions to support the overall
implementation of CAAP. Specific mitigation
actions are organized below by the three main
sectors—transportation, building and energy,
and waste—that generate the City’s GHG
emissions. The mitigation actions are followed
by adaptation actions that are organized by each
of the four primary climate stressors—extreme
heat, air quality, drought, and sea level rise and
flooding.

MITIGATION ACTIONS
Transportation
The City of Long Beach has more than 5,300
employees who need to get to and from work,
and operates a large vehicle fleet to support
City activities. The City will identify and
implement strategies to provide employees with
transportation choices that reduce reliance on
single-occupancy vehicles to get to and from
work and reduce and eventually eliminate GHG
emissions from City-owned vehicles. To ensure
that this approach will be carried forward, the
City will:
• Evaluate the effectiveness of existing incentives
and requirements in place to manage
transportation demand among employees
and identify improvements to increase transit
usage, walking and biking, and other options
that will reduce employee commute-related
vehicle miles traveled.
• Continue to explore and expand telecommute
options that reduce the need for City staff to
commute.
• Identify and implement a strategy to reduce
and eliminate GHG emissions from the City
fleet through a requirement to replace fossil-
fueled vehicles with electric vehicles. Where
there are no cost-effective electric vehicle
replacements, whenever feasible, the City
will prioritize alternative-fuel vehicles that run
on renewable fuels. Where possible, smaller
vehicles will be purchased that achieve more
miles to the gallon and kilowatt-hour.
• Identify opportunities to replace City off-road
vehicles and equipment with zero- or low-
carbon alternatives, including at the Port and
Airport.
• Ensure that City events with food include
vegetarian and local food options.

179
7 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Building + Energy
The City’s recently completed Civic Center
complex showcases the City’s leadership in
sustainable building design. Through this and
other similar projects and its commitment to
100 percent carbon-free municipal energy, the
City can reduce emissions and energy use, and
achieve cost savings.

To ensure that this approach will be carried
forward, the City will:
• Ensure that new municipal buildings are
net-zero facilities constructed in accordance
with the most up-to-date green building
standards; to the extent feasible, the City
will also apply these standards to the
rehabilitation of existing municipal facilities
when upgrades are undertaken.
• Purchase 100 percent renewable electricity
for all municipal accounts (see BE-1).
• Establish a municipal building/facility
energy and water audit program with
targets for decreasing annual energy and
water use, and track progress (see BE-6).
• Require that municipal projects include
solar infrastructure installation to the
maximum extent feasible.
• Develop a guidance tool to help City projects
incorporate mitigation and adaptation
measures.
• Develop partnerships with education and
jobs and workforce development entities,
such as the Pacific Gateway Workforce
Innovation Network, Long Beach City
College, and LBUSD, to train and create
jobs for residents in sectors that reduce the
GHGs associated with buildings and energy
use. These jobs could include conducting
energy and water audits, installing solar
and microgrid infrastructure, and installing
other efficiency improvements for which
rebates or other incentives might be offered.

Waste
The City will continue to reduce and divert waste
from its own facilities and waste collection
network, and will build the capacity of key
stakeholders and the general public to divert
waste.
• To ensure that this approach will be carried
forward, the City will:
• Audit existing public waste receptacles
citywide to identify and resolve issues
that lead to litter, such as overfilling or
receptacles that do not contain waste
effectively.
• Establish and execute a plan to install
waste recycling, landfill, and composting
receptacles at all City properties along with
information that educates staff and the
public about their benefits and how to use
them.
• Conduct waste audits and public education
at multifamily and commercial properties
to grow awareness of the City’s efforts to
divert waste.
180

CITY LEADERSHIP AND FUNDING
7 ADAPTATION ACTIONS
Extreme Heat
In addition to its efforts to expand and enhance
the urban forest cover under EH-05, the City will
pursue other projects and programs to address
extreme heat, and will:
• Identify and prioritize projects at City-
owned properties in environmental justice
communities that will provide additional
public benefits, such as enhanced green
spaces and cooling centers that reduce
the urban heat island effect and otherwise
mitigate climate impacts, and will consult
with community residents on project
designs.
• Pursue funding to enhance and expand
parks and green space, particularly parks
and green space in those communities that
are most vulnerable to extreme heat and
air quality climate impacts and that lack
sufficient access to parks and green space.

Air Quality
A reduction in air pollution will be a significant
co-benefit of the City’s efforts to reduce GHG
emissions as well as to reduce extreme heat
impacts under the CAAP. In addition, the City will:
• Identify other opportunities to improve air
quality data by collaborating with the Ports
of Long Beach and Los Angeles, the South
Coast Air Quality Management District,
the California Air Resources Board, and
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
to evaluate the need for expanding or
improving the existing air quality monitoring
network and data.
• Phase out City-owned fossil-fuel-
powered lawn and garden equipment
and establish requirements for vendors
contracted by the City to do the same.

Drought
The City will seek to address drought by
incorporating green infrastructure, recycled
water and greywater, and rainfall capture into
existing and new facilities. The City will:
• Implement green infrastructure
technologies in City-owned properties to
increase stormwater capture and serve
as demonstration projects for community
education.
• Incorporate greywater for irrigation into
new City-owned properties, when possible,
and evaluate the potential for incorporating
greywater use in existing buildings as part
of facility retrofits.
• Install rain barrels or cisterns at City-
owned properties both to diversify the
water supply and serve as demonstration
projects for community education, such as
community events to decorate rain barrels
to be installed at various City-owned
properties. Use the captured rainfall for
irrigation purposes whenever possible.

Sea Level Rise and Flooding
The City will identify and pursue partnerships to
continue to understand and respond to the latest
climate science and its potential effects on sea
level rise and related impacts:
• Participate in forums and collaborate with
academic institutions to ensure that City
staff stay current on climate science.
• Collaborate with federal, state, and
regional agencies to identify approaches
and resources that can be used to pursue
adaptation strategies that are more
regional in nature.
• Work with federal, state, and regional
partners to explore and pursue funding
and other solutions related to sea level rise
adaptation.
• Consider flooding and sea level rise impacts
in capital improvement plans and adaptive
strategies, as appropriate.
181
7 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 The City will engage in a range of education
and outreach activities to communicate the
importance of climate action at all levels:
individual, organizational, City and regional.

Some actions the City will take related to this
objective are:
• Establish and execute an internal citywide
communications and training framework
to increase awareness of and support
for climate action and the CAAP, and
promote greater understanding of staff
responsibilities and the importance of
cross-departmental collaboration to
achieve successful implementation.
• Develop and execute a strategy to grow
public awareness of the CAAP and spur
engagement in its implementation by all
members of the public, especially those
populations and entities that have the
resources to take actions that effectively
reduce climate impacts.
• Develop targeted education and outreach
campaigns to raise awareness about
individual actions the public can take to
improve energy efficiency and reduce
waste and reliance on the automobile as
part of the collective effort to reduce GHG
emissions and minimize climate impacts.
• Collaborate with LBUSD and other public
agencies to identify opportunities to
incorporate climate education and climate
action into the education curriculum or
other educational activities, and to identify
funding needed for implementation.

Funding and Investment

To successfully implement climate mitigation
and adaptation plans, cities must strategically
identify and pursue new funding and financing
sources and tools. As the need for climate action
has become more urgent, the number of funding
programs and tools and the total resources
available have proliferated. However, demand
for this growing but limited pool of resources is
also accelerating. Major funding sources such
as the California Climate Investments Program,
which has allocated more than $12 billion to GHG
reduction projects since 2013, mostly through
competitive grants, are highly sought after. While
grants are important, a more comprehensive
funding and financing approach should also
include components such as evaluations of
potential local funding mechanisms and alignment
of existing funding resources and practices with
mitigation and adaptation goals.

Upon adoption of the CAAP, the City will begin
work on an integrated funding and financing
strategy to support implementation of the
CAAP. The City will identify opportunities to
improve the alignment of existing City funding
and financing resources with mitigation and
adaptation actions. The annual city budget
and the Capital Improvement Program will
integrate consideration of mitigation and
adaptation actions and objectives in both
strategic improvements to the City’s existing
infrastructure and one-time projects designed
to address important community needs. Climate
mitigation and adaptation will also be integrated
into the programming of other funding
sources, such as Community Development
Block Grants. In addition, the City will identify
grant opportunities for potential funding of
plans, studies, programs, and infrastructure
investments. In each process, the City will
prioritize those projects and programs that
have the greatest potential to include mitigation
and adaptation actions while also addressing
environmental justice, equity concerns, and
opportunities to invest in youth and the green
economy.

Ongoing CAAP Education, Outreach,
and Engagement
182

CITY LEADERSHIP AND FUNDING
7 In the medium term, the City will evaluate
ways to increase local funding and financing
options for investing directly in programs and
infrastructure while also leveraging grants
and outside funding. Regarding sea level
rise, for example, some local funding sources
might include special flood districts, transient
occupancy taxes, and bonds that can be dedicated
to flood protection within a defined area.

In making these decisions, the City will consider
funding sources and their availability, community
input, and the cost of inaction. Specifically, the
City will:
• Evaluate the City’s annual budget, Capital
Improvement Program and other funding
sources to identify opportunities to
integrate implementation of climate
mitigation and adaptation into projects,
with an emphasis on investing in projects
that improve infrastructure in and the
health of the low-income communities
disproportionately impacted by climate
change to ensure that investments improve
equity for the people in those communities.
• Identify available grant opportunities to
fund CAAP implementation and prioritize
investments in the low-income communities
most impacted by climate change.
• Assess the political and financial feasibility
of different local funding mechanisms
through a process that engages potentially
impacted stakeholders.
• Identify financing mechanisms for adaption
strategies in coastal areas of the city that
are funded by impacted landowners
and/or other private funding sources to
minimize public subsidy of impacts in “high
opportunity areas.”
i
• Explore the feasibility of funding additional
dedicated staff who may be required to
successfully implement the CAAP.
i California Department of Housing and Community
Development Department “High Opportunity Areas” Map
183
Performance and
Monitoring
8 Performance and
Monitoring
8 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 186 IMPLEMENTATION MONITORING AND REPORTING ....................... 186 8 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

INTRODUCTION

The CAAP is a living document, and its
greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction estimations
reflect a moment in time. As the City begins
implementing the plan, new information will
become available and previous assumptions will
change. This chapter describes how the City will
track progress toward the CAAP GHG target and
adjust course as needed over time.

IMPLEMENTATION

MONITORING AND REPORTING
The CAAP can be monitored in two ways,
with each providing different information on
implementation progress. A top-down approach
will show how total emissions are trending
compared to the City’s GHG target. A bottom-up
approach will provide more granular insight into
how individual actions are performing compared
to their corresponding assumptions in the CAAP.

The City can use one or both approaches in its
future monitoring efforts, depending on the
resources available and the information needed
at the time.

If plan monitoring shows the City is not on
track to achieve its GHG target as assumed, the
City will take action to expand participation in
the existing CAAP actions (e.g., some actions
in Chapter 5 include implementation steps to
strengthen the action if the assumed reductions
are not occurring), develop new actions that
can provide additional GHG reductions, and/
or evaluate new State of California legislation
that could result in local GHG reductions. The
following sections present a framework for plan
monitoring and updates.

Top-Down Emissions Monitoring
A top-down monitoring approach can be
achieved using future community-wide
inventories or can follow a more streamlined
approach based on collecting the most
important activity data related to the quantified
CAAP actions. Both approaches will help identify
high-level trends in community emissions to
understand if total emissions are on track toward
the target and/or if individual emissions sectors
are trending toward the target.

Comprehensive Community Inventory
The City will update the production-based
community-wide GHG inventories every
2 years to track total GHG emissions from
all sources within the community. To the
extent feasible, these inventories will follow
consistent methodologies to support direct
comparison with prior inventory results and
establish information on community emissions
trends and changes within the various sectors
and subsectors. During years in which a
community GHG inventory is not developed,
the City will prepare a municipal GHG inventory.

186

PERFORMANCE AND MONITORING
8 of model updates. Other data sources may
be available to help support transportation
sector monitoring in the year between
SCAG model updates. For example, Google’s
Environmental Insights Explorer may be useful
in harnessing “big data” to understand the city’s
transportation emissions on a year-to-year basis
and in supporting a cost-effective analysis that
is automatically updated by Google annually.

This process can be used as a verification or
backup to the comprehensive GHG inventories
that the City will prepare on a regular basis.

Community-wide
electricity consump�on
Southern California Edison
Compare against
C�� implementa�on
assump�on forecasts�
review sector-speciﬁc
ac�ons if ac�vity data
are not following the
target trend line
Community-wide
natural gas consump�on
City of Long Beach Energy
Resources Department
Barrels of oil extracted
in the city
City of Long Beach Energy
Resources Department
Daily vehicle miles
traveled
Southern California
�ssocia�on of �overnments
or “big data” providers
Total tons of waste
disposed of in landﬁlls
(diversion of recycling
and organics)
California Department of
Department of Resources
Recycling and Recovery
(CalRecycle)
Emissions
Source
Data Needed Data Source Monitoring
Approach
Electricity
Natural Gas
Oil/Gas Extraction
Transportation
Landll Waste
Disposal
Community-wide
electricity consumption
and electricity
emissions factor
Southern California Edison
City of Long Beach
Energy Resources
Department
Compare against
CAAP implementation
assumption forecasts;
review sector-specic
actions if activity data
are not following the
target trend line
Community-wide
natural gas
consumption
City of Long Beach
Energy Resources
Department
Barrels of oil
extracted in the city
Southern California
Association of
Governments or
“big data” providers
Daily vehicle miles
traveled
California Department of
Department of Resources
Recycling and Recovery
(CalRecycle)
Total tons of waste
disposed of in landlls
(diversion of recycling
and organics)
Table 10: Top-down Action Monitoring Process
Primary Emissions Source Tracking
The City will collect a primary set of data to support
tracking of several emissions sources annually.

The table below lists the emissions sources to
be tracked as part of this top-down monitoring
approach, along with the corresponding
activity data (e.g., vehicle miles traveled [VMT],
kilowatt-hours [kWh] of electricity consumed),
data sources, and monitoring approach. These
sources combined represent approximately
98 percent of the 2015 base-year emissions.

Staff can collect the energy, waste, and oil data
annually with relative ease. However, the VMT
values used in the GHG inventory come from the
Southern California Association of Governments’
(SCAG’s) regional travel model, which is updated
on an approximately 4- to 5-year cycle, so the
frequency of monitoring based on this top-
down approach will be limited to the frequency
187
8 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Top-Down Monitoring Schedules
• Focused emissions source monitoring –
Annual
- Electricity consumption (kWh) Electricity
emissions factor (lbs CO2e/MWh)
- Natural gas consumption (therms)
- Oil extraction (barrels)
- Solid waste sent to landfills (tons)
- On-road vehicle travel, if “big data” are
available (VMT or metric tons of carbon
dioxide equivalent)
• Community inventory monitoring –
Every 2 years (community and municipal
inventories prepared in alternate years)
- All emission sources from the 2015 base-
year inventory

0 50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
2015 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 tons/yr
CAAP Assumption - Landﬁlled Waste Annual Tracking - Landﬁlled Waste Figure 23: Example Top-Down Monitoring Figure
The graph below shows how the volume of
waste disposed in landfills, for example, can
be used to show trends in comparison to the
forecasted landfill waste disposal estimates.

The solid line represents the activity data
trend assumed in the CAAP analysis, while the
dotted line represents what annual monitoring
results could look like. Progress is unlikely to
occur in a linear fashion and straying from the
trend line in 1 or 2 years might not signify a
need for corrective action. However, consistent
patterns of missing the CAAP assumption trend
line or missing by a significant magnitude will
alert City staff that an additional review of the
corresponding CAAP actions is necessary (see
the Bottom-Up Emissions Monitoring section).

It is possible that some individual emissions
sources could underperform compared to
assumptions, while others could overperform. If
certain actions or emissions sectors are falling
behind their assumed trajectory, the community
may still be on track toward the overall GHG
target. Future community-wide inventories
will show how the city’s total emissions trend
compares to the CAAP target.
188

PERFORMANCE AND MONITORING
8 Table 11: Example Implementation Tracking Metrics
Community-wide
electricity consump�on
Southern California Edison
Compare against
C�� implementa�on
assump�on forecasts�
review sector-speciﬁc
ac�ons if ac�vity data
are not following the
target trend line
Community-wide
natural gas consump�on
City of Long Beach Energy
Resources Department
Barrels of oil extracted
in the city
City of Long Beach Energy
Resources Department
Daily vehicle miles
traveled
Southern California
�ssocia�on of �overnments
or “big data” providers
Total tons of waste
disposed of in landﬁlls
California Department of
Department of Resources
Mitigation
Action
Primary
Metrics
Data
Sources
Additional
Metrics
Data
Sources
T-1: Increase
frequency,
speed,
connectivity,
and safety of
transit options
Percent increase
in ridership on
Long Beach
Transit, Metro
Blue Line, and
regional transit
routes
• Long Beach Transit
• LA Metro
• Partnering transit
agencies
• Long Beach
Transit
• Waste haulers
• Long Beach
Transit
• LA Metro
• Partnering
transit
agencies
• Percent
compliance at
commercial
and
multi-family
properties
W-3: Partner
with private
waste haulers to
expand organic
waste collection
community-wide
Tons of organic
waste collected
from commercial
and multifamily
properties
• Long Beach Transit
• LA Metro
• Partnering transit
agencies
Bottom-Up Emissions Monitoring
If the top-down monitoring shows an emissions
source is off track for GHG target achievement,
the City can review individual actions that address
the emissions source to determine which, if
any, are falling behind in implementation. This
bottom-up monitoring approach can then help
identify which individual actions are falling short
of their implementation assumptions. When
tracking individual actions, the City will consider
what the primary goal of the action is intended
to be as it relates to GHG reductions and will
then select one or more performance metrics to
monitor that outcome. The City has developed
a list of potential implementation tracking
metrics for each CAAP mitigation action. The
list can serve as a starting point for bottom-up
monitoring and the table below.

Tracking specific performance metrics can
also help clarify how the City can modify its
implementation approach to improve action
outcomes. Depending on the overall emissions
trends in the community, the City may choose
to revise specific actions to increase their GHG
reductions (e.g., through additional incentives or
with new regulations) or may determine that the
current set of actions are performing to the
extent feasible and that new actions are
needed to further reduce emissions. These
corresponding plan updates are described in
the following section.

189
8 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 Plan Updates
The CAAP must be adapted over time to
incorporate new GHG reduction technologies
and strategies, new financing mechanisms to
support implementation, and changes in State
or federal legislation. The CAAP will also be
updated in response to monitoring results if
emissions are not trending toward the City’s
adopted GHG target. In this case, the City will
assess the implications of new scientific findings,
explore new emission reduction technologies or
changes to existing CAAP actions, and modify
the plan accordingly to help the City get back on
track toward meeting its GHG target.

As part of regular CAAP updates, the City will
incorporate major changes in plan assumptions
or new information, which can include:
• future GHG inventory results,
• emissions forecast updates,
• important new or revised statewide policies
(e.g., an increased timeline for Renewables
Portfolio Strategy implementation, new
adopted GHG targets), and/or
• new or revised CAAP actions and/or
implementation strategies.

CAAP updates will occur approximately every 5
years and can be scheduled to align with other
City milestones, such as General Plan updates
to the Land Use and Mobility Elements or
budgetary cycles. If regular monitoring shows
the CAAP is on track toward the GHG target,
then CAAP updates may not be necessary.

The City will also develop a comprehensive
CAAP update following the current 2030 target
year to provide greater analysis of the actions
and implementation steps necessary to
achieve the City’s 2045 carbon neutrality goal.

Plan Update Schedule
• Every 5 years, as needed
• Plan update for any post 2030 targets

Other Inventory Monitoring
The City also evaluated consumption-based
emissions and oil and gas extraction life cycle
emissions in the CAAP to provide additional
lenses through which the city’s contribution
to global emissions can be understood. These
inventories are not directly related to the City’s
adopted GHG target that is evaluated in the CAAP.

However, the City may update these additional
inventories for informational purposes, as
appropriate. Both inventories are dependent, at
least in part, on inputs from models that may
not be updated on a regular basis, including
the CoolCalifornia household carbon footprint
calculator and the Oil Climate Index global oil
assessment, and this lessens the usefulness of
annual inventory updates. However, the City
will continue to monitor both models for major
updates or other enhancements that could
provide additional information to the Long Beach
emissions context. And as part of stakeholder
engagement around CAAP implementation,
the City will promote readily available tools for
residents and local businesses to help them
evaluate their individual carbon footprints and
identify personal actions to reduce consumption-
based emissions.
190

PERFORMANCE AND MONITORING
8 Adaptation Action Monitoring
Adaptation actions do not (usually) have a GHG
emission reduction associated with them, and
determining what needs to be measured to
demonstrate the impact of adaptation action is
not always straightforward. While it is possible
to monitor the level of activity related to the
rollout of an adaptation action (such as increase
in the number of accessible cooling centers in
the city), it will often be necessary to wait for a
disruptive event before the true performance
can be tested (such as determining the number of
users of cooling centers and the number of heat-
related admissions to hospitals during extreme
heat events). The City has also developed a list
of potential implementation tracking metrics
for each adaptation action (see Appendix F). As
actions are implemented, specific metrics will be
selected and tracked to enable the City to assess
its overall reduction in vulnerability to climate
stressors and/or ability to adapt.
191
Long Beach Development Services
411 W. Ocean Blvd., 3rd Floor
Long Beach, CA 9 0802
Visit us at longbeach.gov/lbds
Email us at [email protected]
2020
@LongBeachBuilds
r10.LBDS Brand Style Guide

November 2020
Appendices
Attachment B

Appendix A
Greenhouse
Gas Inventory
Methodology and
2030 Reduction
Target Pathway
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

APPENDIX A
A
AECOM 415.796.8100 tel
300 California Street 415.796.8200 fax
San Francisco, CA 94104
www.aecom.com
Appendix A – Greenhouse Gas Inventory Methodology and 2030 Reduction Target Pathway
PART I – GHG INVENTORY METHODOLOGY
This section presents the calculation methodologies, data sources, and assumptions used to prepare the 2015 GHG inventory. It is organized by emissions sector and subsector. The intent of this section is to provide documentation to guide preparation of future annual inventories to maintain direct comparisons from one year to the next.

Wherever necessary, the project team used the following global warming potential (GWP) factors from the UN International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report to convert various greenhouse gases into carbon dioxide equivalent units (CO2e):
► CO2 = 1
► CH4 = 28
► N2O = 265

STATIONARY ENERGY
Residential Buildings (I.1), Commercial & Institutional Buildings and Facilities (I.2), Manufacturing Industries & Construction (I.3), and Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Activities (I.5)
The Residential, Commercial/Institutional, Industrial, and Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing subsectors includes the use of electricity and natural gas by these building types or activities within the city boundary.

I.1.1 – FUEL COMBUSTION
Data Sources
Table 1 identifies the sources for fuel consumption activity data and emissions factors. Long Beach Gas & Oil Department (LBGO) provided aggregated natural gas activity data, and an LBGO-specific emissions factor was used to calculate emissions.

Table 1: Stationary Fuel Consumption Data Sources
Description Source Units
Natural Gas Consumption by End-Use Category LBGO1 therms / year Natural Gas – Emission Factor LBGO2 MT / therm
1 City of Long Beach, 2015. Greenhouse Gas Report to California Air Resources Board 2 ibid

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2 Calculation Methodology
LBGO provided annual natural gas consumption data within the city boundary by end use category (e.g., residential, commercial and institutional, industrial).

The natural gas activity data was multiplied by an LBGO-specific emissions factor for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) after standardizing units to calculate total emissions as metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e).

Assumptions
No natural gas use was identified for the agriculture/forestry/fishing subsector. If this type of activity did occur within the City in 2015, the corresponding natural gas use was likely incorporated within the commercial or industrial data from LBGO.

I.1.2 – ELECTRICITY
Data Sources
As shown in Table 2, Southern California Edison (SCE) provided electricity consumption data for 2015 sorted by rate category, and a 2015-specific emissions factor.

Table 2: Residential Electricity Data Sources
Description Source Units
Electricity Consumption by Rate Category (residential and non- residential)
SCE kWh / year
SCE – Emissions Factor SCE MT / MWh
Estimates of the proportion of non-residential electricity consumption by sector (commercial, industrial, and
agricultural)
SCE percent
Calculation Methodology
SCE provided activity data by rate category (residential and non-residential) but was unable to break down non-residential electricity consumption into sub-categories due to aggregation requirements to protect data privacy. Instead, SCE provided the estimated proportion of non-residential electricity consumption by sector (commercial, industrial, and agricultural) based on historic energy usage.

The project team used this information to calculate estimates of electricity consumption by sector for 2015. The resulting electricity consumption values were multiplied by the SCE emission factors for CO2, CH4, and N2O after standardizing units to calculate total emissions as MT CO2e.

Assumptions
The project team calculated commercial energy consumption from total non-residential energy consumption based on an estimate provided by SCE based on historic energy usage. This method assumes that the proportion of non-residential electricity consumption attributable to the commercial sector in 2015 is similar to historic patterns.

This subsector includes emissions identified as agriculture based on the SCE information used to allocate the total non-residential electricity data. If energy use was erroneously allocated to agricultural activity within the city boundary, there would be no net change to total electricity emissions results as SCE provided activity data describing total non-residential electricity use; allocation to different end uses (e.g., commercial, industrial) was performed to follow GPC guidance as closely as possible.

CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

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November 23, 2020
3 Energy Industries (I.4)
The Energy Industries subsector includes the combustion of natural gas and other stationary fuels by energy-related industrial facilities within the city boundary that are engaged in petroleum refining and electricity generation activities, although the latter is not included in the Basic reporting framework (see note in I.4.4 below).

I.4.1 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
Data Sources
Table 3 shows the data sources for activity data and direct emissions reporting used to estimate emissions in this subsector. For the Thums gas and oil field, activity data on fuel consumption was collected from the EPA Flight Database for diesel and natural gas. Data for the Tidelands facility (also called the West Wilmington Field) was not available in the EAP Flight Database, so the project team referred to the CARB industrial emissions database, which provided direct emissions data but not activity data for specific fuel types or uses/activities.

Table 3: Emissions from Fuel Combustion at Refineries
Description Source Units
Emissions by GHG from operations at the Thums gas and oil field by fuel type and source
EPA Flight
Database
3 MT / year
Emissions from the Tidelands facility (fuel supplier CO2e) CARB4 MT CO2e / year Natural Gas – Emission Factors EPA5 MT / scf
Diesel – Emission Factors EPA6 MT / gallon
Calculation Methodology
Activity data for fuel consumed at the Thums facility was provided in the EPA database and multiplied by corresponding emissions factors from the EPA. For the Thums facility, emissions data from the EPA Flight Database was broken out by greenhouse gas, fuel type, and source.

Activity data for the Tidelands facility was unavailable and the project team used emissions data from the CARB industrial database instead. This information was not broken out by fuel type. The project team inferred that the emissions were from natural gas combustion and back calculated natural gas activity data using the EPA natural gas emissions factor.

Assumptions
Emissions for the Tidelands facility were reported in the CARB industrial database as fuel-supplier emissions and emitter emissions. For purposes of the community inventory, the fuel-supplier emissions were assumed to represent natural gas provided to the facility by SCE since LGBO reported that it does not supply natural gas to the Tidelands facility. This would make the natural gas consumed at Tidelines an additional volume of natural gas from that reported by LBGO and represented elsewhere in the 3 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2015. Facility Level Information on Greenhouse Gases Tool (FLIGHT). Available:
<https://ghgdata.epa.gov/ghgp/main.do#>
4 California Air Resources Board, 2015. Annual Summary of 2015 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data Reported to the California Air Resources Board. Available: < https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/mrr-data> 5 US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 2015. Emissions Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Available:
<https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/emission-factors_nov_2015.pdf> 6 ibid

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November 23, 2020
4 inventory (e.g., I.1, I.2, I.3), meaning the inclusion of this emissions source is not double-counting emissions reported elsewhere in the inventory. In the absence of additional information on what caused the emitter emissions, the project team assumed they resulted from process emissions (e.g., equipment leaks, pneumatic devices, etc.) at the Tidelands facility. These emissions are reported in subsector I.8.

I.4.4 EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY GENERATION SUPPLIED TO THE GRID Emissions from energy generation supplied to the grid are reported as a territorial emissions source and not included in the Basic or Basic+ reporting frameworks. However, the City of Long Beach has calculated this emissions source to provide a more complete analysis of emissions sources in the city.

The data sources and methodology for these calculations are provided below.

Note also that this sector includes emissions associated with waste incineration at the Southeast Resources Recovery Facility (SERRF) – these emissions are reported here and not in solid waste (III.3) because the waste is incinerated to produce electricity that is consumed by SCE customers. SCE electricity consumed by residents and businesses in Long Beach is already included in the Stationary Energy sector under I.1.2, I.2.2, and I.3.2.

Data Sources
Table 4 shows the source of activity data and emissions factors used in this subsector. In most cases, facility-level emissions data was gathered from the EPA Flight Database, CARB, and other sources.

Emissions in this subsector represent fuel use at facilities engaged in electricity generation and co- generation activities.

Table 4: Energy Generation Data Sources
Description Source Units
Natural gas combustion for electricity generation from
LBGO
LGBO therms / year
Landfill gas combustion for electricity generation at
Haynes facility
EPA Flight Database
7 scf / year
Natural gas combustion for electricity generation from
SoCalGas at Haynes facility
EPA Flight Database
8 mmbtu / year
Natural gas combustion for electricity generation from
SoCalGas at AES Alamitos facility
EPA Flight Database
9 MT CO2 / year
MSW combustion from SERRF for electricity generation EPA Flight Database
10 MT CO2e / year
MSW combustion from SERRF for electricity generation City of Long Beach 11 tons of MSW / year (2015)
Natural gas combustion for electricity generation from
SoCalGas at NRG Energy
CARB
12 MT CO2e / year
7 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2015. Facility Level Information on Greenhouse Gases Tool (FLIGHT). Available:
<https://ghgdata.epa.gov/ghgp/main.do#>
8 ibid
9 ibid
10 ibid
11 2015 waste incineration volume is confidential data. Personal communication between Al Foley at City of Long Beach and Joshua Lathan of AECOM on September 6, 2017.
12 California Air Resources Board, 2015. Annual Summary of 2015 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data Reported to the California Air Resources Board. Available: < https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/mrr-data> CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

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5 Description Source Units
Natural Gas – Emission Factor LBGO13 MT / therm
Natural Gas – Emission Factor EPA14 MT / scf
Calculation Methodology
The project team used facility-level emissions data reported in the EPA Flight Database and the EPA natural gas emissions factor to back calculate activity data for natural gas consumed for electricity generation at the AES Alamitos facility (operated by SoCalGas). The project team used activity data directly reported in the EPA Flight Database for natural gas consumed for electricity generation at the Haynes facility (operated by SoCalGas). The project team used facility-level emissions data reported in the EPA Flight Database and the EPA landfill gas emissions factor to back calculate landfill gas activity data used in electricity generation at the Haynes facility.

The project team used emissions data reported by CARB and the EPA natural gas emissions factor to back calculate activity data for natural gas used in electricity generation at the NRG Energy facility.

LBGO provided activity data and an emissions factor for natural gas used in electricity generation at LBGO facilities.

The project team derived a per ton emissions factor to calculate emissions from electricity generation at the SERRF facility. The emissions factor was calculated based on 2015 SERRF emissions reported in the EPA FLIGHT database divided by a known volume of waste incinerated at SERRF in 2015. This calculation provided an estimated emissions factor expressed as MT CO2e/metric ton of incinerated waste. The emissions factor was multiplied by activity data representing the total waste from Long Beach incinerated at the SERRF facility in 2015 to calculate MT CO 2e.

Fugitive Emissions from Oil and Natural Gas Systems (I.8) The Fugitive Emissions subsector includes emissions resulting from activities at the City’s Thumsand Tidelands oil and natural gas facilities.

I.8.1 OIL AND GAS WELL FUGITIVE EMISSIONS
Data Sources
Data on emissions for the Thums and Tidelands facilities were obtained from the sources listed in Table 5 below.

Table 5: Oil and Gas Well Fugitive Emissions Data Sources Description Source Units
Emissions from the Thums facility by source and type EPA Flight Database15 MT / year Emissions from the Tidelands facility (emitter CO2e) CARB16 MT CO2e / year 13 City of Long Beach, 2015. Greenhouse Gas Report to California Air Resources Board 14 US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 2015. Emissions Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Available:
<https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/emission-factors_nov_2015.pdf> 15 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2015. Facility Level Information on Greenhouse Gases Tool (FLIGHT). Available:
<https://ghgdata.epa.gov/ghgp/main.do#>
16 California Air Resources Board, 2015. Annual Summary of 2015 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data Reported to the California Air Resources Board. Available: < https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/mrr-data>

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6 Calculation Methodology
Emissions data for the Thums facility broken out by greenhouse gas and by emissions source was obtained from the EPA Flight Database. The project team converted emissions from CO2 and CH4 into MT CO2e for each source. Flaring was reported separately from leaks from atmospheric tanks, compressors, and other equipment. Note that fuel combustion associated with the Thums facility is reported in I.4.1.

Emissions data for the Tidelands facility were not available in the EPA Flight Database. Instead, emissions data presented in MT CO
2e were obtained from the CARB industrial database and recorded directly in the CIRIS inventory file.

TRANSPORTATION
On-Road Transportation (II.1)
The on-road transportation subsector includes exhaust-related GHG emissions from on-road vehicles operating within the City of Long Beach. The City’s on-road transportation emissions are estimated using outputs from the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) origin-destination travel model. The outputs used in the inventories were developed to align with the origin-destination methodology, which allocates vehicle trips and their corresponding vehicle miles traveled (VMT) to cities based on the starting and ending point of each trip. Under this methodology, a city would include VMT occurring within its boundaries based on the following distribution:
► Internal-Internal trips: 100% of trips that start and end in the city are included ► Internal-External and External-Internal trip: 50% of trips that start or end in the city are included ► External-External trips: Trips that do not start or end in the city (i.e., pass through travel) are excluded
II.1.1 FUEL COMBUSTION FROM ON-ROAD TRANSPORTATION
Data Sources
Table 6 shows the sources for VMT data and vehicle fuel emissions factors used in this subsector. City- specific data on vehicle trips was collected from the SCAG travel demand model and was further analyzed with data outputs from the California Air Resources Board (ARB) mobile source emissions model (EMFAC) to estimate emissions factors by vehicle type.

Table 6: On-road Transportation Data Sources
Description Source Units
Daily VMT by Vehicle Class, Fuel Type, and Speed
Bin for the City of Long Beach (2012 and 2016)
SCAG Regional Travel
Demand Model
17 (run by
AECOM)
VMT / day
VMT and Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Type, Fuel
Type, and Speed Bin for the South Coast Air Basin
California Air Resources
Board EMFAC2014 Web
Database
18 VMT / day
gallons / year
17 Southern California Association of Governments, 2011. Transportation Demand Models. Available:
<http://www.scag.ca.gov/DataAndTools/Pages/TransportationModels.aspx> 18 California Air Resources Board. EMFAC2014 Web Database, v1.0.7. Available: <https://www.arb.ca.gov/emfac/2014/> CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

APPENDIX A
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7 Description Source Units
Emission Rates by Pollutant by Vehicle Type, Fuel
Type, and Speed Bin for the South Coast Air Basin
California Air Resources
Board EMFAC2014 Web
Database
19 grams / mile
The project team developed VMT estimates for the city using the SCAG Regional Travel Demand model. As the model does not generate outputs for 2015, the project team used outputs for 2012 and 2016 to interpolate VMT values for 2015. Daily VMT values were converted to annual values using an annual traffic conversion factor of 347.

Per the origin-destination methodology, all VMT associated with internal-internal trips were included in the inventory, and 50% of VMT from internal-external and external-internal trips were included in the inventory. All external-external trips were omitted from the inventories.

Fuel consumption and emissions factors for 2015 were obtained from ARB’s mobileemissions model, EMFAC. EMFAC2014 was the current EPA-approved version of the EMFAC model at the time of inventory analysis, and is a mobile source emissions model for California that provides daily VMT, fuel consumption (gallons/day), and emissions factors (grams/mile), by air basin, vehicle type, operational year, and speed bin.

Outputs from the SCAG travel demand model and EMFAC2014 were provided in 5 mph speed bins.

Although both datasets used in this analysis were separated into vehicle categories, the vehicle types in EMFAC2014 model are different (and more granular) than the vehicle classes in the SCAG model. To apply fuel efficiency and emission rate data from EMFAC2014 to the city-specific VMT data from the SCAG model, the project team assigned vehicle types from EMFAC2014 to the vehicle classes in the SCAG model according to the classifications shown in Table 7.

Table 7: Vehicle Category Reclassification
SCAG Model Vehicle Class EMFAC2014 Vehicle Type
Light Duty Vehicles LDA
Light Duty Trucks LDT1, LDT2, LHDT1, LHDT2
Medium Duty Trucks MDV
Heavy Duty Trucks T6 (all subtypes), T7 (all subtypes except T7 Ag) Not Included All Other Buses, MH, Motor Coach, OBUS, PTO, SBUS, T7 Ag
Note: Several vehicle types from EMFAC2014 (i.e., All Other Buses, MH, Motor Coach, OBUS, PTO, SBUS, T7 Ag) were excluded from the fuel efficiency and pollutant emission rate calculations because they did not apply to the vehicle classes in the SCAG model. However, this approach had no impact on annual VMT calculations because VMT values were generated from the SCAG model, as opposed to EMFAC2014.19 ibid

APPENDIX A

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8 Calculation Methodology
Calculating Fuel Mix of VMT by Vehicle Class
VMT from vehicles in the same vehicle class that consume different fuel types are recorded separately in the final inventory and have different emissions factors applied. The SCAG model does not distinguish between fuel type, so it was necessary for the project team to determine the proper ratio of VMT driven by gasoline, diesel, and electric vehicles in each vehicle class. VMT ratios by vehicle class and fuel type were calculated from the EMFAC2014 outputs at the Air Basin level, and then applied to the city-specific VMT data to allocate the SCAG VMT data by vehicle fuel type. Once separated, emissions from diesel and gasoline vehicles were calculated as Scope 1 emissions in this section using the same method.

Emissions associated with electric vehicles were not calculated under this subsector. Because SCE did not provide activity data specifically on electric vehicle charging, electricity consumption associated with electric vehicles is assumed to be embedded in residential and commercial electricity consumption from SCE, which is reported in inventory sectors I.1.2 and I.2.2.

Fuel Consumption by Vehicle Class by Speed Bin
Fuel efficiencies were calculated using EMFAC2014 data by dividing daily VMT by daily fuel consumption for each combination of vehicle type and speed bin. To convert the fuel efficiency values from EMFAC2014 to SCAG vehicle classes, the project team averaged the fuel efficiency values of each EMFAC2014 vehicle type within a SCAG vehicle class (see Table 7 for vehicle type comparisons across models). The results were then multiplied by VMT values to generate annual gallons of fuel consumed by vehicle class by speed bin.

Emissions by Vehicle Class by Speed Bin
Emissions factors in grams per mile for CO
2, N2O, and CH4 were calculated by vehicle class by speed bin using EMFAC2014 emissions rate data. EMFAC2014 provides emissions rates for a variety of pollutants and greenhouse gases, including CO2, NOX (all nitrous oxides) and TOG (total organic gases, including CH4). The project team isolated CH4 and N2O using methods recommended by CARB.20 Methane was isolated by multiplying TOG emissions factors for both gas and diesel by 0.0408. For gasoline, N
2O was isolated by multiplying NOX emissions rates by 0.0416. For diesel, N2O was calculated by summing the total daily gallons of diesel consumed by vehicle class by speed bin, multiplying each value by 0.3316 to calculate the total grams of N 2O emitted, and then dividing the
results by daily VMT to arrive at emissions factors in grams per mile for each vehicle class and speed bin. Next, the speed bin and vehicle class-specific emissions factors were multiplied by annual VMT in each speed bin/vehicle class combination to generate emissions in metric tons for 2015 for each of the three greenhouse gases.

Composite Activity Data and Emissions Rates by Fuel Type Individual emissions factors for all vehicle types and speed bins were combined into weighted emissions factors for each greenhouse gas that represent all vehicle classes and speed bins weighted by VMT within the city. That is, emissions factors for vehicle classes that represent a higher percentage of VMT were weighted according to their relative VMT proportion and within vehicle classes; emissions factors for speed bins that represent a higher percentage of VMT were also weighted according to their relative VMT proportion.

Finally, VMT for all vehicle classes were summed (gasoline and diesel separately) resulting in a total annual VMT activity value for each fuel type, to which the composite emissions factors for each 20 California Air Resources Board, 2013. Frequently Asked Questions. Available: <https://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/emfac2011- faq.htm#emfac2011_web_db_qstn07>
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9 greenhouse gas were applied to calculate annual emissions for each greenhouse gas. As elsewhere in the inventories, the individual greenhouse gases were converted to CO2e using GWP coefficients from the IPCC 5th Assessment.

Assumptions
The SCAG Transportation Demand Model does not calculate VMT for urban buses by speed bin, but instead outputs them as an aggregate value. All calculations described above (fuel efficiencies, emission rates, etc.), when performed on the urban buses vehicle class, were not carried out individually by speed bin. Therefore, calculations for the urban bus category are less granular and may have a higher margin of error.

The SCAG Travel Demand Model does not separate urban bus VMT by trip type. For all other vehicle classes, the model separates internal-internal trips, internal-external and external-internal trips, and external-external trips. Although it is recommended by ARB and the GPC to include all internal-internal trips, 50% of internal-external trips, and exclude all external-external trips, for urban buses this distinction was not possible, and instead all VMT from urban buses were included in the inventories.

Therefore, VMT and the corresponding emissions from urban buses are likely over-estimated in the inventory as it relates to the city’s responsibility for urban bus emissions per the origin-destination methodology.

Railways (II.2)
The Railways subsector includes the use of electricity and diesel fuel to operate passenger rail and freight rail services within the city.

II.2.1 FUEL COMBUSTION FROM RAILWAY TRANSPORTATION
Data Sources
Table 8 presents the data sources used to estimate railway fuel consumption and fuel emissions factors.

The calculations used a combination of track length and route schedules, with emissions factors for different locomotive types.

Table 8: Diesel Consumption from Rail Transportation Data Sources Description Source Units
Freight Rail Routes Caltrans GIS Data
Library21
GIS Data
National Diesel Locomotive – Emissions Factor US EPA Emissions Factors for Locomotives
22 grams / gallon
Energy Density of Diesel by Locomotive Type US EPA Emissions Factors for Locomotives
23 Brake
horsepower hour
/ gallon
Energy Consumption of Locomotives by Service
Provider in the South Coast Air Basin
Port of Long Beach Air
Emissions Inventory
24 MWh
21 California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), 2013. California Rail Network. Available:
<http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tsip/gis/datalibrary/>
22 US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 1997. Emissions Factors for Locomotives. Available:
<nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P1001Z8C.TXT>
23 ibid

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10 Description Source Units
Total BNSF Fuel Use by Locomotive Type BNSF25 gallons
Total Union Pacific Fuel Use by Locomotive Type Union Pacific26 gallons Calculation Methodology
The most detailed activity data available for Union Pacific and BNSF trains operating in the city was provided by the South Coast Air Basin and expressed as energy consumption of locomotives by operator. These values were converted to gallons of diesel and then downscaled from the air basin level to the City of Long Beach.

The energy densities of diesel locomotives depend on locomotive type (long haul/freight vs. switching), so the first step in this process was to calculate the total fuel use of each operator by locomotive type.

Fuel use by locomotive type was converted to energy consumption by locomotive type using energy density data from US EPA. From this, the system-wide ratio of line-haul energy consumption to switching energy consumption was calculated for each operator and then applied to the air basin-level energy consumption data. This allowed the different energy densities for locomotive types to be applied to more accurately convert energy consumption to gallons of diesel consumed by each operator within the air basin.

Caltrans GIS data of freight rail lines was used to determine the percent of the air basin’s freight rail network mileage that is located within the city. This ratio was used to downscale the total gallons of diesel consumed at the air basin level to the city. Finally, default national emissions factors for diesel from the US EPA were used to estimate emissions in CO
2e.

Assumptions
Default national emission factors for diesel locomotives from EPA were used to estimate emissions.

This assumes that locomotive fleets operating within the City of Long Beach emit at rates similar to the national average.

II.2.2 ELECTRICITY CONSUMED IN THE CITY FOR RAILWAYS
Data Sources
Table 9 presents the data sources for railway electricity use and emission factors. Electricity consumption data was provided by LA Metro, and electricity emissions factors were collected from utility companies that provide electricity to the Blue Line.
24 Port of Long Beach, 2015. Annual Air Emissions Inventory. Available:
<http://polb.com/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=13555> 25 BNSF Railway Company, 2015. Class I Railroad Annual Reports. Available: <http://www.bnsf.com/about-bnsf/financial- information/pdf/14R1.pdf>
26 Union Pacific Railroad, 2013-2017. Class I Railroad Annual Reports. Available:
<https://www.up.com/cs/groups/public/@uprr/@investor/documents/investordocuments/pdf_uprr_r-1_03312015.pdf> CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

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11 Table 9: Electricity Consumption from Rail Transport Data Sources Description Source Units
Metro Rail Route Lines GIS Data LA Metro GIS Data27 GIS Electricity Consumption of Metro Rail by Line by
Utility
LA Metro MWh
LADWP – Emissions Factor LADWP lbs / MWh
SCE – Emissions Factor SCE t / MWh
Calculation Methodology
Activity data for the entire Metro Railway system was provided by transit line and electric utility company. To isolate electricity consumed within the city, the project team used Metro Rail GIS data to calculate the ratio of the Blue Line that is within the city limits. This ratio was multiplied by total electricity consumption for the Blue Line, and the results were summed by electricity utility provider. Utility-specific emissions factors were then applied to convert from MWh to CO 2e.

Assumptions
The method of isolating Long Beach-specific electricity consumption from system-wide consumption assumes that energy use is uniform across all portions of a transit line.

Waterborne Navigation (II.3)
The Waterborne Navigation subsector includes the consumption of diesel fuel to operate harbor craft and oceangoing vessels hoteling as a result of activity at the City’s port. Note that the City estimated waterborne navigation emissions in its total inventory but did not include this source within the jurisdictional inventory that is evaluated in the CAAP; see CAAP Chapter 5 for further detail on this distinction.

II.3.1 – FUEL COMBUSTION FOR WATERBORNE NAVIGATION OCCURRING IN THE CITY Data Sources
As shown in Table 10, the Port of Los Angeles Air Emissions Inventories provided the activity data and emissions factor data to calculate emissions in this subsector.

Table 10: Waterborne Navigation Data Sources
Description Source Units
Emissions by Vessel Type (Oceangoing vessels -
hoteling, oceangoing vessels – transit and
maneuvering, and harbor craft)
Port of Long Beach Air
Emissions Inventory
2015
28 MT CO2e / year
27 Los Angeles Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA METRO), 2017. LA Metro Rail GIS. Available:
<https://developer.metro.net/introduction/gis-data/download-gis-data/> 28 Port of Long Beach, 2015. Annual Air Emissions Inventory. Available: < http://polb.com/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=13555>

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12 Calculation Methodology
The Port of Long Beach annual Air Emissions Inventories provide estimates of GHG emissions in MT CO2e split into oceangoing vessels (hoteling), oceangoing vessels (transit and maneuvering), and harbor craft.

These emissions estimates were calculated by the Port of Long Beach based on methodologies described in detail in the Port’s 2015 Air Emissions Inventory. The project team used these emissions estimates directly in the City’s inventory. Oceangoing vessels – transit and maneuvering are not included in the Basic reporting framework but are included in the Basic+ inventory results provided in the CAAP.

Assumptions
All harbor craft emissions were included as Scope 1, assuming that the majority of harbor vessel operations occur within the city limits. For purposes of the community emissions inventory, all 'transit' and 'maneuvering' operation-related emissions were allocated to Scope 3 assuming most of these operations occur outside the city limits. This assumption has no impact on the CAAP analysis since all waterborne vessel emissions were excluded from the jurisdictional inventory for GHG target analysis purposes.

Aviation (II.4)
The Aviation subsector includes emissions associated with the operations of ground service equipment and generators at Long Beach Airport. Note that emissions associated with transboundary airplane trips are not included in the Basic reporting framework and are therefore not included here. Emissions associated with electricity or natural gas consumption are not included here because they are already captured in the SCE and LBGO activity data recorded in I.2.

II.4.1 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION FOR AVIATION OCCURRING IN THE CITY Data Sources
Table 11 presents the sources for activity data and emissions factors used to calculate emissions associated with ground service equipment and generators. Activity data from Long Beach Airport was combined with a regional off-road diesel emissions factor and a national EPA aviation gasoline emissions factor.

Table 11: Aviation Emissions Occurring Inside the City Data Sources Description Source Units
Fuel consumption by fuel and equipment type Long Beach Airport gallons Aviation Gasoline – Emissions Factor EPA29 MT / gallon
Off-road Diesel – Emissions Factor California Air Resources Board Off-road Model
MT / gallon
Calculation Methodology
The activity data provided by Long Beach Airport for diesel and aviation gasoline was multiplied by corresponding emissions factors to convert gallons of fuel consumed to MT CO2e. 29 US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 2015. Emissions Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Available:
<https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/emission-factors_nov_2015.pdf> CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

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13 Off-road Transportation (II.5)
The Off-road Transportation subsector includes emissions associated with off-road vehicles and equipment used in construction, transport refrigeration, light commercial, industrial, and lawn and gardening operations.

Data Sources
Data for construction, light commercial, industrial, and lawn and gardening equipment were obtained from the California Air Resources Board OFFROAD2007 model, which provides county-level emissions factors for off-road equipment.30 OFFROAD2007 uses multiple factors and indicators to estimate and project off-road equipment activity levels. This includes, but is not limited to population, statewide rules and regulations, academic studies, growth forecasts, existing ARB reporting systems (e.g., Diesel Off- Road On-Line Reporting System [DOORS]), and non-compliance estimates.31 Activity data from OFFROAD2007 is provided separately for gasoline, diesel, and LPG in gallons per year (gal/yr).

Calculation Methodology
To scale the results of OFFROAD2007 from county-level emissions data to values more representative of emissions generated within the city, the project team collected demographic indicators from the American Communities Survey (ACS) 2011-2015 5-Year Estimates for both the City of Long Beach and the County of Los Angeles.32,33 These values were used to generate multipliers for converting county- level values to city-level values. ACS data includes a breakdown of the number employees by job sector within a given geography. Job sector-specific multipliers were generated from employment data to improve the precision of the calculations, where possible. For emissions sources that are not job sector- specific, such as lawn and gardening equipment, the project team applied a multiplier based on population. For example, in 2015, 4.7% of the County’s manufacturing jobs were located within the City of Long Beach, so the countywide industrial equipment emissions value generated by OFFROAD2007 was multiplied by 0.047 to estimate industrial equipment emissions in the city. Table 12 shows the demographic indicators used to downscale the county-wide OFFROAD2007 emissions.

Table 12: County to City Multiplier Sources by Off-road Equipment Class Off-road Equipment Class Multiplier Source (ACS 5-Year Estimates) Industrial Equipment Employees in the Manufacturing Sector Light Commercial Equipment Employees in the Wholesale Trade and Retail Trade Sectors
Transport Refrigeration Units Population
Lawn and Garden Equipment Population
Construction and Mining Equipment Population
30 CARB. 2006 (December). Off-Road Emissions Inventory. Available: <http://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/offroad/offroad.htm>. 31 Additional information regarding the assumptions and factors used to estimate OFFROAD activity levels can be found at:
<http://www.arb.ca.gov/msei/categories.htm>
32 U.S. Census Bureau, 2009-2013, 2010-2014, 2011-2015, 2012-2016, and 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Selected Economic Characteristics (Table DP03). Available:
<https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_5YR_DP03&prodType=table > 33 U.S. Census Bureau, 2009-2013, 2010-2014, 2011-2015, 2012-2016, and 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Total Population (Table B01003). Available:
<https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_5YR_B01003&prodType=table >

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14 The downscaled activity data for gasoline, diesel, and LPG consumption were then multiplied by their corresponding emissions factors from the OFFROAD2007 model to convert gallons of fuel consumed to MT CO2e.

WASTE
Solid Waste Disposal (III.1)
The Solid Waste Disposal subsector includes methane emissions that occur as a result of the anaerobic decomposition of waste disposed in landfills. Emissions in this sector were calculated using the methane commitment method described in the GPC.

Data Sources
The project team obtained solid waste disposal data from City staff. The data included short tons of solid waste generated within the city organized by the final waste processing facilities used in 2015.

Waste processing facilities included multiple landfills throughout California, incineration facilities, and use of alternative daily cover (ADC).

Landfill methane capture efficiency rates were collected from the EPA FLIGHT database, where reported, and were otherwise assumed to be 75% at landfills where no EPA FLIGHT data was available. The result is different methane capture rates used in the emissions calculations based on where the city’s waste was sent. Data for total waste disposed to landfills is provided in Table 13. The landfill methane capture rates are provided in Table 14.

Table 13 – Waste Disposed by Waste Type
Landfill Facility Disposal Type Short Tons
American Avenue Disposal Site Landfill 0.02
Kettleman Hills - B18 Nonhaz Co-disposal Landfill 0.9
Lamb Canyon Sanitary Landfill Landfill 0.9
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. Unit B-17 Landfill 2.1
Lancaster Landfill and Recycling Center Landfill 46.4
Victorville Sanitary Landfill Landfill 85.2
Savage Canyon Landfill Landfill 107.5
San Timoteo Sanitary Landfill Landfill 781.5
Antelope Valley Public Landfill Landfill 858.9
McKittrick Waste Treatment Site Landfill 1,479.8
Mid-Valley Sanitary Landfill Landfill 2,923.8
Chiquita Canyon Sanitary Landfill Landfill 3,352.4
Simi Valley Landfill & Recycling Center Landfill 12,495.2 Azusa Land Reclamation Co. Landfill Landfill 21,124.2
Prima Deshecha Sanitary Landfill Landfill 22,503.5
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15 Landfill Facility Disposal Type Short Tons
Olinda Alpha Sanitary Landfill Landfill 26,645.0
El Sobrante Landfill Landfill 30,330.2
Sunshine Canyon City/County Landfill Landfill 57,267.5
Frank R. Bowerman Sanitary Landfill Landfill 97,700.1
Subtotal Landfill 277,704.9
Lancaster Landfill and Recycling Center ADC 443.5
Simi Valley Landfill & Recycling Center ADC 908.8
Antelope Valley Public Landfill ADC 1,206.2
El Sobrante Landfill ADC 128,994.4
Subtotal ADC 131,552.9
Commerce Refuse-To-Energy Facility Incineration 436.8
Southeast Resource Recovery Facility (SERRF) Incineration 196,599.5 Subtotal Incineration 197,036.3
Source: City of Long Beach 2017
Table 14 – Waste Disposed by Waste Type
Landfill Facility Methane Collection Rate Source
American Avenue Disposal Site 75.00% Default assumption Kettleman Hills - B18 Nonhaz Co-disposal 75.00% Default assumption Lamb Canyon Sanitary Landfill 74.00% EPA FLIGHT
Chemical Waste Management, Inc. Unit B-17 75.00% Default assumption Lancaster Landfill and Recycling Center 75.00% Default assumption Victorville Sanitary Landfill 74.83% EPA FLIGHT
Savage Canyon Landfill 75.00% EPA FLIGHT
San Timoteo Sanitary Landfill 75.00% Default assumption Antelope Valley Public Landfill 75.00% Default assumption McKittrick Waste Treatment Site 75.00% Default assumption Mid-Valley Sanitary Landfill 76.68% EPA FLIGHT
Chiquita Canyon Sanitary Landfill 75.00% Default assumption Simi Valley Landfill & Recycling Center 74.90% EPA FLIGHT Azusa Land Reclamation Co. Landfill 75.00% Default assumption Prima Deshecha Sanitary Landfill 75.00% Default assumption Olinda Alpha Sanitary Landfill 75.00% Default assumption El Sobrante Landfill 74.87% EPA FLIGHT

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16 Landfill Facility Methane Collection Rate Source
Sunshine Canyon City/County Landfill 87.65% EPA FLIGHT
Frank R. Bowerman Sanitary Landfill 75.00% Default assumption Calculation Methodology
The equations and inputs associated with the methane commitment methodology are presented below, followed by additional data items used to estimate the city’s solid waste emissions.

The project team applied equations 8.1, 8.3, and 8.4 from the GPC (shown on the following pages).

Equation 8.1: Degradable organic carbon (DOC)
DOC =
(0.15 x A) + (0.2 x B) + (0.4 x C) + (0.43 x D) + (0.24 x E) + (0.15 x F) + (0.39 x G) + (0.0 x H) + (0.0 x I) + (0.0 x J) + (0.0 x K)
A = Fraction of solid waste that is food
B = Fraction of solid waste that is garden waste and other plant debris C = Fraction of solid waste that is paper
D = Fraction of solid waste that is wood
E = Fraction of solid waste that is textiles
F = Fraction of solid waste that is industrial waste
G = Fraction of solid waste that is rubber and leather
H = Fraction of solid waste that is plastics
I = Fraction of solid waste that is metal
J = Fraction of solid waste that is glass
K = Fraction of solid waste that is other, inert waste
Source: Default carbon content values sourced from IPCC Waste Model spreadsheet, available at:
http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/5_Volume5/V5_2_Ch2_Waste_Data.pdf Note: GPC Equation 8.1 includes factors A-F; AECOM added factors G-K using the default DOC content in % of wet waste from the same IPCC Waste Model spreadsheet referenced in the source above.

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17 Equation 8.3: Methane commitment estimate for solid waste sent to landfill CH4 emissions =
MSWx x L0 x (1-frec) x (1-OX)
Description Value
CH4
emissions = Total CH4 emissions in metric tons Computed MSWx
= Mass of solid waste sent to landfill in
inventory year, measured in metric tons User input (see Table 13) L0 = Methane generation potential See Equation 8.4 Methane generation potential
frec
= Fraction of methane recovered at the
landfill (flared or energy recovery) User input (see Table 14) OX = Oxidation factor 0.1 for well-managed landfills; 0 for unmanaged landfills
Source: Adapted from Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhous Gas Inventories The project team used the following values in Equation 8.3 for the city’s calculations:
► MSWx = see Table 13
► frec = see Table 14
► OX = 0.1
Equation 8.4: Methane generation potential, L0
L0 =
MCF x DOC x DOCF x F x 16/12
Description Value
L0 = Methane generation potential Computed
MCF
= Methane correction factor based on type of landfill
site for the year of deposition (managed,
unmanaged, etc., fraction)
Managed = 1.0
Unmanaged (≥ 5 m deep) = 0.8
Unmanaged (<5 m deep) = 0.4
Uncategorized = 0.6
DOC = Degradable organic carbon in year of deposition,
fraction (tons C / tons waste) See Equation 8.1
DOCF
= Fraction of DOC that is ultimately degraded
(reflects the fact that some organic carbon does not
degrade)
Assumed equal to 0.6
F = Fraction of methane in landfill gas Default range 0.4-0.6 (usually taken to be 0.5)
16/12 = Stoichiometric ratio between methane and carbon n/a Source: IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000)

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18 The project team used the following values in Equation 8.4 for the city’s calculations:
► MCF = 1.0
► DOCF = 0.6
► F = 0.5
Waste Characterization
The project team estimated landfill waste composition for the 2015 GHG inventory based on CalRecycle’s statewide waste characterization studies. The 2015 inventory results are based on CalRecycle’s 2014 Disposal-Facility-Based Characterization of Solid Waste in California report. Per the 2014 report, CalRecycle’s side-by-side analysis of the 2008 and 2014 study results identified an unexpected anomaly in the distribution of waste per sector (i.e., residential, commercial, and self- hauled). The report states that CalRecycle was obtaining additional data to verify the 2014 report results. In the interim, the 2014 report presents two sets of data: one reflecting the 2014 calculated sector percentages, and the other based on the 2008 report sector percentages. The project team averaged the reported results for use in the GHG inventory.

The CalRecycle study estimates the percentage of different materials in California’s waste stream. The project team referred to Table 7: Composition of California’s Overall Disposed Waste Stream to determine the distribution of waste by the material types included in Equation 8.1. Table 15 shows the results of this data sorting,
Table 15: Waste Characterization – Selected Materials Categories Material 2008 Sector
Percentages
2014 Sector
Percentages
2008 and
2014 Average
Material Categories/Sub-types from
CalRecycle Reports1
Paper 18.1% 18.5% 18.3% Paper category plus Gypsum Board sub- type from Inerts and Other category
Textiles 5.6% 5.8% 5.7% Textiles and Carpet sub-types from Other Organic category
Food 16.5% 18.1% 17.3% Food sub-type from Other Organic category
Garden and
Park 10.6% 11.8% 11.2%
Leaves and Grass, Prunings and
Trimmings, Manures, and
Remainder/Composite Organics sub-types
from Other Organic category
Wood 15.5% 13.6% 14.6%
Lumber sub-type from Inerts and Other
category and Branches and Stumps sub-
type from Other Organic category
Rubber and
Leather 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% Tires sub-type from Special Waste category
Plastics 10.4% 10.4% 10.4% Plastic category
Metal 3.1% 3.1% 3.1% Metal category
Glass 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% Glass category
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19 Material 2008 Sector
Percentages
2014 Sector
Percentages
2008 and
2014 Average
Material Categories/Sub-types from
CalRecycle Reports1
Other 17.7% 16.1% 16.9%
Electronics category, Household
Hazardous Waste (HHW) category, Mixed
Residue category, Inerts and Other
category (minus Lumber and Gypsum
Board sub-types), and Special Waste
category (minus Tires sub-type)
Total 2 100.1% 100.0% 100.1%
1 2014 Disposal-Facility-Based Characterization of Solid Waste in California, CalRecycle 2015. Prepared by Cascadia Consulting Group. Available online at:
<http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Publications/Documents/1546/20151546.pdf>. Adapted by AECOM 2017. 2 Totals do not sum to 100% due to rounding in the CalRecycle report.

Assumptions
Use of the CalRecycle waste characterization report assumes that waste generated in the city has a similar composition to waste generated in the state as a whole. The project team conservatively assumed that 100% of ADC waste was green waste and allocated the tonnage to the Garden and Park material category and corresponding DOC factor. It is likely that some or all of the ADC waste was inert materials that would not decompose to generate landfill emissions, and therefore the city’s solid waste emissions could be lower than estimated in the inventory. New ADC tracking data provided by CalRecycle that was unavailable during inventory preparation can be used in future inventories to better understand the portion of the city’s ADC waste that includes green waste.

Incineration and Open Burning (III.3)
The Incineration and Open Burning subsector (referred to as incineration elsewhere in this report) includes carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions that result from the incineration of waste at the Commerce Refuse-to-Energy Facility, which is located outside the city limits. Emissions from the Southeast Resource Recovery Facility (SERRF), which is located within Long Beach, are calculated and reported separately in the Emissions from Energy Generation Supplied to the Grid subsector (I.4.4).

Data Sources
The project team obtained data on waste incineration from staff at the Long Beach Environmental Services Bureau. The data provided included short tons of solid waste incinerated at one of two incineration facilities (i.e., Commerce Refuse-to-Energy Facility and Southeast Resource Recovery Facility [SERRF]).

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20 Table 16: Wastewater Incineration Data Sources
Description Source Units
Emissions from waste incinerated at the SERRF facility EPA Flight Database34 MT / year Total municipal solid waste incinerated at the SERRF facility City of Long Beach 35 st / year Municipal solid waste from Long Beach incinerated at the Commerce facility
CalRecycle36 st / year
Calculation Methodology
Waste incineration facility emissions factors were calculated based on 2015 SERRF emissions reported in the EPA FLIGHT database divided by a known volume of waste incinerated at SERRF in 2015. This calculation provided an estimated emissions factor expressed as MT CO2e/metric ton of incinerated waste. This emissions factor was multiplied by activity data representing the total waste from Long Beach incinerated at the Commerce facility in 2015 to calculate MT CO2e for this subsector in lieu of a Commerce facility-specific emissions factor.

Assumptions
Waste incineration emissions factors could vary among the two incineration facilities. The data needed to estimate different incineration emissions factors was not publicly available at the time of inventory preparation, and incineration represents a minor emissions source in the City’s total inventory so the project team does not believe this data gap would have a material impact on inventory results. Further, the Commerce facility was closed in 2018 and will not appear in future city inventories.

Wastewater Treatment and Discharge (III.4)
The Wastewater Treatment and Discharge subsector includes nitrous oxide emissions from the portion of wastewater going to the LB Water Reclamation Plant that is generated by Long Beach (III.4.1) and nitrous oxide and methane emissions from the portion of wastewater going to the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant (located in Carson, CA) that is generated in Long Beach (III.4.3).

Data Sources
Table 17 presents the sources for activity data used to calculate wastewater emissions.

Table 17: Wastewater Sector Emissions Activity Data Sources Description Source Units
Daily nitrogen load from effluent discharge for the Long Beach Water Reclamation Plant
LACSD37 kg nitrogen /
day
Daily nitrogen load from effluent discharge for the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant
LACSD
38 kg nitrogen /
day
Service populations for the Long Beach Water Reclamation LACSD39 population 34 US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2015. Facility Level Information on Greenhouse Gases Tool (FLIGHT). Available:
<https://ghgdata.epa.gov/ghgp/main.do#>
35 2015 waste incineration volume is confidential data. Personal communication between Al Foley at City of Long Beach and Joshua Lathan of AECOM on September 6, 2017.
36 CalRecycle, 2015. CY 2015 Electronic Annual Reporting. 37 Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County (LACSD), 2015. Long Beach Water Reclamation Plant NPDES Annual Monitoring Report.
38 Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts (LACSD), 2015. Joint Water Pollution Control Plant NPDES Annual Monitoring Report.

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21 Description Source Units
Plant and Joint Water Pollution Control Plant served
Percentage of Long Beach population served by each plant Long Beach Water Department40
percent
Volume of digester gas produced at the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant; methane content of biogas; details on onsite or offsite use
LACSD41 cubic feet / year
Calculation Methodology
Wastewater generated in the city is treated by two wastewater treatment plants: the Long Beach Water Reclamation Plant and the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant. Both plants treat wastewater from other cities as well, so only a portion of the emissions associated with these plants is attributable to Long Beach.

GHG emissions from both plants occur in the form of N
2O from nitrogen loads in treated effluent
discharge and nitrification/denitrification processes during treatment. Furthermore, the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant also produces digester gas, the incomplete combustion of which (onsite or offsite) results in CH4 emissions.

The project team received data on daily nitrogen loads from effluent discharge, which were used to estimate N2O emissions using a standard equation from the ICLEI Local Government Operations Protocol (LGOP). Similarly, data on the population served by each treatment facility were used in a separate standard equation from the LGOP to estimate emissions from nitrification/denitrification processes.

Data on total biogas generation and the corresponding methane content at the Joint Water Pollution Control Plant were used in a standard LGOP equation to estimate fugitive methane emissions. All standard equations contain default conversion factors and other constants such as days per year, which are specified in the LGOP.

As emissions were initially calculated at the facility scale for both treatment plants, and the service population of the plants includes communities outside of Long Beach, emissions were downscaled to the city using a ratio of total City of Long Beach-specific service population to the total service population.

Assumptions
As the treatment process at the Long Beach Water Reclamation Plant is aerobic, no methane emissions are assumed to be generated at that facility.
39 Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts (LACSD), 2012. Clearwater Program Master Facilities Plan. 40 Estimates provided by Jinny Huang from Long Beach Water Department via phone on December 28, 2017. 41 Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts (LACSD), 2015. Joint Water Pollution Control Plant NPDES Annual Monitoring Report.

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22 PART II – 2030 REDUCTION TARGET PATHWAY
The CAAP evaluated a 2030 GHG target that was established to demonstrate consistency with the state’s adopted 2030 GHG target (i.e., 40% below 1990 levels by 2030), and CAAP actions were defined to demonstrate a feasibly reduction pathway toward target achievement. While the CAAP does also include a 2045 carbon neutrality goal and high-level estimates of the City’s potential progress toward that the goal, this appendix focuses on describing the assumptions and calculation methodology used to demonstrate 2030 target achievement in the CAAP.

Table 18 summarizes the GHG reductions by action that provide the City’s pathway to 2030 target achievement. The remainder of this section provides quantification details for each action listed below to document assumptions related to action implementation and sources of information to support future CAAP monitoring and updates. GHG reductions have been rounded to the nearest tens value and the green highlighted values within each action section correspond to the GHG reductions shown in the table below. The CAAP reflects the sector-level reductions total shown here.

Table 18 – Quantified CAAP Actions
CAAP Action 2030 GHG Reductions
(MT CO2e/yr)
BUILDING + ENERGY ACTIONS 247,700
BE-1 Provide access to renewably generated electricity 188,960 BE-2 Increase use of solar power 3,880
BE-6 Perform municipal energy and water audits 13,120
BE-8 Implement short-term measures to reduce emissions related to oil and gas extraction
41,740
TRANSPORTATION ACTIONS 30,480
T-1 Increase the frequency, speed, connectivity and safety of transit options 5,230 T-4 Implement the Port of Long Beach Clean Trucks Program 25,250 WASTE ACTIONS 116,680
W-1 Ensure compliance with state law requirements for multifamily and commercial property recycling programs
45,340
W-3 Partner with private waste haulers to expand organic waste collection community-wide
39,730
W-4 Identify organic waste management options 31,610
TOTAL CAAP REDUCTIONS 394,860
Some action quantification methodologies refer to the demographic forecasts used to estimate the city’s BAU emissions scenario. The relevant demographic information is documented in Table 19.

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23 Table 19 – City of Long Beach Demographic Forecasts
2012 2015 2016 2020 2030 2035
Population 466,255 468,911 469,796 478,346 480,424 481,463 Employment 153,154 155,402 156,900 1 165,800 172,297 175,546 Service Population 619,409 624,312 626,696 644,146 652,721 657,009 Notes:

Service population = population + employment
Values for 2012, 2016, 2020, and 2035 provided to AECOM by City of Long Beach, Table LU-8:

Population, Household and Employment Growth
Values for 2015 and 2030 interpolated
1 Employment data is for 2017

CLEAN ELECTRICITY GRID OPTIONS
The general quantification approach used to evaluate emissions reductions from actions that would reduce electricity use or offset it with carbon-free energy sources is presented in the section below.

Overarching Methodology
The CAAP evaluated the GHG reduction potential that would result from implementation of SCE’s commitment to provide 80% carbon-free energy by 2030, as well as the additional net emissions reductions that would occur from voluntary participation in SCE’s Green Rate program.

Potential emissions reductions were estimated according to the following equation:

Emissions Reduction = (Business-as-Usual Emissions) – (Mitigated Scenario Emissions) The primary inputs supporting calculations for the above equation include activity data (e.g., MWh of electricity use) and emissions factors (e.g., MT CO2e/MWh). Each component of the equation is described below.

BUSINESS-AS-USUAL (BAU) EMISSIONS SCENARIO
Activity Data
BAU emissions were calculated based on the 2030 electricity activity data forecasts that underpin the CAAP’s GHG emissions forecasts. These were developed for three subsectors: residential, commercial, and industrial electricity accounts. 2030 forecasts were calculated using growth indicators to estimate how the 2015 base year inventory might change by the CAAP’s 2030 target year. Residential activity data was projected using city population forecasts and the commercial and industrial activity data was projected using city employment forecasts. Population and employment forecast information was collected form the SCAG 2016 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Community Strategy and provided to AECOM by the City of Long Beach in August 2018 (see Table 19). CAAP action BE-6 separately estimates the GHG reduction potential from a City commitment to purchase renewable electricity for all municipal accounts by 2030. The community inventory did not separately evaluate municipal GHG emissions, however the City did prepare a 2015 municipal operations inventory from which municipal electricity activity data was collected for purposes of evaluating GHG reduction potential. This activity data was subtracted from the communitywide electricity data for commercial accounts provided by SCE in order to avoid double counting emissions reduction potential. Table 20 presents the city’s 2015 and 2030 electricity activity data.

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24 Table 20 – Electricity Activity Data
Energy Sub-sector 2015
(MWh)
2030
(MWh)
Residential 813,346 833,316
Commercial 678,407 872,200
Municipal 108,264 108,264
Industrial 1,409,718 1,562,987
Note: Values are rounded; for purposes of community emissions planning, no activity data growth was assumed for municipal electricity accounts from 2015-2030.

Emissions Factor
In the CAAP forecasts, BAU emissions were calculated using an estimated SCE 2030 electricity emissions factor that assumes compliance with the state’s Renewables Portfolio Standard (RPS). The RPS requires SCE to procure 60% RPS-eligible sources by 2030. In the CAAP 2015 base year, SCE’s electricity came from the energy source mix shown in Table 21. The project team estimated a 2030 mix that assumes compliance with the RPS requirements (i.e., 60% eligible renewable sources), with the remainder of energy provided by unspecified sources of power. This scenario represents a conservative estimate based on the 2015 energy mix by allocating the full 40% of non-RPS energy to the potentially highest emissions option in use in the 2015 base year. It is a conservative approach in that it results in an estimated emissions factor that is greater (i.e., more carbon intensive) than other scenarios could provide. For example, if SCE maintains its large hydroelectric and nuclear power sources through 2030 and provides 60% RPS-eligible energy sources, then only 32% of energy would need to come from unspecified sources.

Table 21 – SCE Electricity Mix
Energy Source 2015 SCE Power Mix
(Actual)1
2030 SCE Power Mix
(Estimated)2
Eligible Renewable 25% 60%
Coal - -
Large Hydroelectric 2% -
Natural Gas 26% -
Nuclear 6% -
Other - -
Unspecified Sources of Power 41% 40%
Total 100% 100%
Source:
1 California Energy Commission. 2015 SCE Power Content Label. 2 Estimated by AECOM.

At the time of emissions forecast analysis, an unspecified energy source emissions factor of 0.428 MT CO2e/MWh was collected from the California Air Resources Board42 to evaluate the estimated 2030 SCE emissions factor. When applied to the estimated energy mix shown above, the resulting weighted emissions factor for SCE’s estimated 2030 electricity portfolio is 0.1712 MT CO2e/MWh, as shown in Table 22.
42 CARB Unofficial Electronic Version of the Regulation for the Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Available online: https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/reporting/ghg-rep/regulation/mrr-2018-unofficial-2019-4-

3.pdf?_ga=2.85289563.330032031.1594773045-55257910.1560365597 CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

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25 Table 22 – 2030 Estimated Electricity Emissions Factor Energy Sources 2030 Energy Mix Emissions Factor
(MT CO2e/MWh)
MT CO2e/MWh
Eligible Renewable 60% 0 0
Unspecified Sources of
Power
40% 0.428 0.1712
Total 100% - 0.1712
The estimated 2030 emissions factor was combined with the estimated 2030 activity data to calculate the BAU electricity emissions scenario (see Table 23).

Table 23 – 2030 BAU Electricity Emissions Scenario
Energy Sub-sector 2030
(MWh)
2030 Emissions
Factor
(MT CO2e/MWh)
2030 BAU Emissions
(MT CO2e)
Residential 833,316 0.1712 142,664
Commercial 763,936 0.1712 130,786
Municipal 108,264 0.1712 18,535
Industrial 1,562,987 0.1712 267,583
Subtotal 3,268,504 559,568

MITIGATED EMISSIONS SCENARIO
The mitigated scenario was developed with participation estimates and/or goals for the different electricity focused CAAP actions to calculate what amount of future electricity demand would be achieved in a manner that differs from the BAU scenario. The calculations and assumptions are presented below.

BE-1 PROVIDE ACCESS TO RENEWABLY GENERATED ELECTRICITY
SCE-Provided 2030 Electricity Emissions Factor
In September 2020, SCE provided City staff with its estimated 2030 electricity emissions factor that aligns with the utility company’s long-term carbon free energy source commitments. The 2030 factor provided by SCE has a lower emissions intensity (i.e., MT CO 2e/MWh) than the 2030 emissions factor
used in the BAU emissions forecast analysis presented in the previous section. The result is that if SCE does achieve its proposed 2030 electricity factor, the City will experience even greater electricity emissions reductions than currently estimated in the BAU scenario. The net additional reductions from use of this new 2030 emissions factor were calculated based on the difference between the 2030 BAU forecast scenario and one in which SCE does achieve its proposed 2030 emissions factor.

PARTICIPATION ASSUMPTIONS
Because this scenario was analyzed as an alternative to the current BAU emissions forecast scenario, this action was quantified to assume that all Long Beach SCE customers would receive electricity with the provided 2030 emissions factor, unless they participate in the SCE Green Rate program or a solar PV installation program. Therefore, participation in this action is assumed to be 100%.

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26 EMISSIONS FACTORS
SCE provided City staff with a proposed replacement 2030 electricity emissions factor of 0.1192 MT CO2e/MWh, which is referenced throughout the remainder of this section.

SCE Green Rate Program
For purposes of the CAAP analysis, a scenario was evaluated in which the City of Long Beach encourages voluntary participation in the existing SCE 100% Green Rate program through which residential and commercial electricity customers fund solar energy development with 100% of their energy use. Participation in this program would provide a net GHG reduction beyond implementation of SCE’s 80% carbon-free commitment described above.

PARTICIPATION ASSUMPTIONS
A review of the Sacramento Municipal Utility District’s (SMUD) 2017 Annual Report43 shows that 74,000 customers participated in the Greenergy program that provides 100% renewable electricity (comparable to SCE’s 100% Green Rate program). The report notes that SMUD had 628,952 customer contracts in 2017 and 1,500,000 total customers. The report is unclear if the Greenergy participation reference to 74,000 customers uses that term in the same way as the total customer metric is reported, or if it more closely reflects the number of customer accounts. The different interpretations result in a Greenergy participation rate in 2017 that ranges from 4.9% to 11.8%.

For purposes of the CAAP, voluntary participation in the SCE Green Rate program was assumed to reach 10% by 2030 for residential and commercial customers (industrial customers were not included in this assumption). This could either be viewed as an approximate doubling of participation in SMUD’s comparable program from 2017 (which would provide a decade of CAAP implementation to achieve that participation rate) or achieving slightly less participation than SMUD experienced in its comparable program in 2017.

Based on the stated participation assumptions above, Table 24 shows the resulting 2030 electricity demand by sub-sector and SCE rate program option.

Table 24 – Energy Demand Estimate by SCE Rate Option
Energy Sub-
sector
2030
(MWh)
SCE Green
Rate
Participation
SCE Green Rate
Energy Demand
(MWh)
SCE Non-Green
Rate Energy
Demand (MWh)
Residential 833,316 10% 83,332 749,985
Commercial 763,936 10% 76,394 687,543
Municipal 108,264 0% - 108,264
Industrial 1,562,987 0% - 1,562,987

EMISSIONS FACTORS
As described above, the assumption is that participation would be in the 100% Green Rate program, which has an emissions factor of 0.0 MT CO
2e/MWh. The portion of electricity demand that is not
covered by the 100% Green Rate program (as shown in Table 24) would be provided by SCE at its committed 2030 electricity rate of 0.1192 MT CO
2e/MWh.
43 SMUD, 2017 SMUD Annual Report. Available online: https://www.smud.org/-/media/About-Us/Reports-and-Statements/2017- Annual-Report/2017-Annual-Report.ashx
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27 MITIGATED SCENARIO EMISSIONS
The combination of activity data shown in Table 24 with the emissions factors described above result in the mitigated scenario emissions shown in Table 25.

Table 25 – Mitigated Scenario Electricity Emissions
Energy Sub-
sector
SCE Green
Rate Energy
Demand
(MWh)
SCE 100%
Green Rate
Emissions
Factor
(MT CO2e/yr)
SCE Non-
Green Rate
Energy
Demand
(MWh)
SCE Non-
Green Rate
Emissions
Factor
(MT CO2e/yr)
Total
Emissions
(MT CO2e/yr)
Residential 83,332 0.0 749,985 0.1192 89,408
Commercial 76,394 0.0 687,543 0.1192 81,964
Municipal - 0.0 108,264 0.1192 12,906
Industrial - 0.0 1,562,987 0.1192 186,328
Subtotal 159,725 - 3,108,779 - 370,605
The estimated reduction resulting from implementation of this action is calculated based on the difference between the BAU and mitigated scenarios and total approximately 188,960 MT CO2e/yr (see Table 26).

Table 26 – Emissions Reduction
Energy Sub-sector BAU Scenario
Emissions
(MT CO2e/yr)
Mitigated Scenario
Emissions
(MT CO2e/yr)
Emissions Reductions
(MT CO2e/yr)
Residential 142,664 89,408 53,256
Commercial 130,786 81,964 48,822
Municipal 18,535 12,906 5,628
Industrial 267,583 186,328 81,256
Total 559,568 370,605 188,960
Note: Total reduction value has been rounded for use in the CAAP.

BE-2 Increase Use of Solar Power

PARTICIPATION ASSUMPTIONS
Based on a review of Google’s Project Sunroof dashboard, the City of Long Beach currently has 1,469 roofs with solar PV installations and a maximum coverage potential of 91,992 roofs (see Table 27).

Therefore, approximately 2% of candidate roofs currently have solar. Project Sunroof also estimates that the average system size in Long Beach is 6.8 kW DC with 476 square feet of coverage, producing 10,400 kWh AC per year.

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28 Table 27 – Long Beach Solar PV Data
Value Unit
Maximum Coverage Potential 91,992 Roofs
Existing Coverage 1,469 Roofs
% Current Coverage 2% % of candidate roofs
Per Roof Estimates 6.8 kW DC
Average System Size 476 sq ft
Average Electricity Generation 10,400 kWh AC per year
Source: Google Project Sunroof for City of Long Beach, accessed February 2020 This action assumes that 5% of Long Beach’s candidate roofs will have solar installations by 2030; or approximately double the current coverage. This means that more than 3,100 new solar systems would be installed, generating approximately 32,500 MWh of carbon-free electricity (see Table 28). To avoid double counting emissions reductions, this value of carbon-free electricity can be compared to the amount of electricity demand estimated in 2030 that will not be provided through the SCE Green Rate program (see Table 25). The net additional carbon-free energy provided through action BE-2 is approximately 1% of that total remaining energy demand.

Table 28 – Solar Action Implementation Assumptions
Value Unit
Roof Coverage by 2030 5% %
New Installations 3,131 New Roofs
Generation per roof 10,400 kWh AC per year
Total Generation per year 32,562,400 kWh AC per year
Total Generation per year 32,562.40 MWh
BAU Scenario Electricity EF 0.11921 MT CO2e/MWh
Mitigated Electricity EF 0 MT CO2e/MWh
1 This emissions factor corresponds to the SCE 2030 commitment to provide 80% carbon-free electricity; see Action BE-1 description for further information.

EMISSIONS FACTORS
The electricity generated from solar PV systems is a carbon-free energy source for community CAAP planning purposes. The energy provided by these systems would offset purchases of SCE electricity. As shown above, Action BE-1 already estimates the GHG reductions associated with implementation of SCE’s 80% carbon-free commitment by 2030. Therefore, this action is calculated to show the net marginal GHG reductions that result from avoiding using of SCE’s 2030 electricity.

MITIGATED SCENARIO EMISSIONS
This action would provide net GHG reductions totaling 3,880 MT CO2e/yr, as shown in Table 29.

Table 29 – Emissions Reduction
Action Electricity
Generation
(MWh)
BAU Scenario
Emissions
(MT CO2e/yr)
Mitigated Scenario
Emissions
(MT CO2e/yr)
Emissions
Reductions
(MT CO2e/yr)
32,562 3,880 - 3,880
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29 BE-6 Perform municipal energy and water audits

PARTICIPATION ASSUMPTIONS
Energy Efficiency
The City regularly takes action to implement energy efficiency improvements as part of standard business operations. The Public Works Department provided information on the primary electricity savings from efficiency improvement programs implemented since 2015, which were quantified for inclusion in the CAAP GHG reduction estimates:
► Street and park light retrofits – 1,538,927 kWh/yr
► Houghton Community Center window upgrades – 295 kWh/yr The Public Works Department also committed to a reduction in natural gas use within City buildings and facilities of 5% below 2015 base year levels by 2030.

Renewable Energy Development
Public Works staff also provided information on the City’s solar PV development programs, including use of power purchase agreements to implement additional solar installations. Table 30 shows the solar installation capacities evaluated in this CAAP action; this table also includes a 1 MW commercial solar program planned for installation by the Energy Department at Pier A West.

Table 30 – Municipal Solar Development Projects
Solar Location kW Size
ECOC 238.5
Main Health Dept. Building 656
Public Works Yard 668
East Division Police Sub-Station 176
LBGO Headquarters 851
Airport Parking Garage (Lot B) 736
City Place Lot A 216
City Place Lot B 280
City Place Lot C 150
Pike Parking Structure 539
Aquarium Parking Structure 524
Convention Center 2,800
Pier A West 1,000
Total 8,834.5
The project team used the PV Watts calculator estimate the approximate electricity generation potential of the City’s solar projects shown above. The calculation was performed using the default assumptions within the calculator based on the Long Beach Airport Garage location. Based on these assumptions, the City’s 8,834.5 MW of solar development could generate 14,50,584 kWh/yr.

In addition to the solar development projects listed above, the Public Works Department is implementing two battery storage projects totaling 1,685 MWh of storage, and the Energy Department is evaluating

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30 and piloting gravity well potential energy storage systems at wellbore sites within the City’s oil fields.

Neither of these additional actions were included within this action evaluation but could demonstrate additional GHG reduction potential in future CAAP updates. 100% Carbon-Free Electricity
In CAAP action BE-1, the City has committed to purchasing 100% renewable electricity for all municipal accounts by 2030. The GHG quantification shown here assumes that all remaining municipal electricity demand following energy efficiency programs and solar development projects will be offset through participation in the SCE Green Rate program. Note that the action BE-1 quantification inputs above do not include municipal participation in the Green Rate program. GHG reductions related to 100% renewable municipal electricity are included here to illustrate all municipal energy reductions together.

Table 31 summarizes the BAU and mitigated scenario inputs for this action. The municipal energy demand is based on the City’s 2015 municipal operations GHG inventory and assumes for CAAP action planning purposes that municipal energy demand does not increase in the future; municipal emissions are represented in inventory sector I.2, as described in Part I of this appendix, and therefore their potential emissions growth was included within the commercial sector energy growth forecasts.

Table 31 – BAU and Mitigated Scenario Inputs
BAU Scenario Energy Demand
Value Units
Emissions
Factor Unit MT CO2e
Electricity 108,264 MWh 0.1192 MT CO2e/MWh 12,906
Natural Gas 787,878 therms 0.00532 MT CO2e/therm 4,190
Subtotal - - - - 17,097
Mitigated Scenario - Energy Savings
Value Units Emissions Factor MT CO2eBAU Mitigated
Solar Development 14,508 MWh/yr 0.1192 - 1,729
Energy Efficiency - electricity 1,539 MWh/yr 0.1192 - 183 Energy Efficiency - natural gas 39,394 therms 0.0053 - 210 Renewable Electricity Purchase 92,217 MWh/yr 0.1192 - 10,993 Subtotal 13,116

EMISSIONS FACTORS
To avoid double counting with GHG reductions estimated in action BE-1, the electricity savings and solar development potential were multiplied by the SCE 2030 emissions factor that corresponds to its 80% carbon-free energy commitment. The natural gas emissions factor was derived from the 2015 municipal operations GHG inventory, dividing natural gas emissions by reported therms consumption.

MITIGATED SCENARIO EMISSIONS
Table 32 shows the mitigated scenario emissions and allocates the GHG reductions to energy efficiency, solar energy development, and carbon-free electricity purchases.

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31 Table 32 – Mitigated Scenario Emissions by Source
Reductions Source MT CO2e
Energy Efficiency 393
Solar PV Development 1,729
Carbon-free Electricity Purchase 10,993
Subtotal 13,116
BE-8 Implement short-term measures to reduce emissions related to oil and gas extraction

PARTICIPATION ASSUMPTIONS
The Long Beach Energy Department committed to decrease oil production 20% below 2018 production volumes by 2030. In 2018, 11,158,706 barrels of oil (bbl) were produced in the city. This commitment would result in a 2030 production volume of 8,926,965 bbl. The CAAP emissions forecasts had assumed that 2018 production levels would remain constant based on year-over-year production declines. This was a conservative approach in that production has already been decreasing, but the forecasts did not assume continued declines beyond the last year for which empirical data was available at the time of analysis (i.e., 2018).

EMISSIONS FACTORS
To estimate GHG reductions associated with decreased oil production, the project team calculated a per barrel emissions factor based on the 2015 GHG inventory oil industry emissions divided by the 2015 production volume. The emissions sub-sectors included in this analysis include I.4.1 and I.8.1 (see Part I of this appendix for further information).

MITIGATED SCENARIO EMISSIONS
Table 33 shows the inputs used to quantify this action.

Table 33 – Oil and Gas Emissions per Barrell
Value Unit
2015 Oil Production 13,321,018 bbl
2015 Oil-related Emissions 249,139 MT CO2e/yr
2015 Emissions per Barrel 0.019 MT CO2e/bbl
2030 Oil Production – BAU 11,158,706 bbl
2030 Oil Production – Mitigated 8,926,965 bbl
2030 Oil Production Reduction 2,231,741 bbl
2030 GHG Reductions 41,740 MT CO2e/yr
T-1 Increase the frequency, speed, connectivity and safety of transit options

PARTICIPATION ASSUMPTIONS
This action assumes that implementation of transit system and ridership improvements will result in a 1% VMT reduction below 2030 BAU levels for light duty vehicles (gas and diesel).

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32 EMISSIONS FACTORS
Reductions from this action were calculated using the same methodology used to estimate GHG emissions for sub-sector II.1 On-Road Transportation. The project team re-ran the emissions forecast calculations based on VMT values that included a 1% reduction in gas and diesel VMT for light duty vehicles. Refer to Part I of this appendix for further detail on the on-road emissions quantification methodology.

MITIGATED SCENARIO EMISSIONS
As with the electricity actions described above, GHG reductions from this action were calculated as:

Emissions Reduction = (Business-as-Usual Emissions) – (Mitigated Scenario Emissions) See Table 34 for outputs from this on-road emissions model analysis. This action is estimated to result in reductions of approximately 5,230 MT CO2e/yr.

Table 34 – Action Quantification Inputs
Value Unit
VMT Reduction – LDV – gas and diesel 1 1%
2030 BAU – LDV Gasoline 2,390,410,729 VMT/yr
2030 BAU – LDV Diesel 25,468,434 VMT/yr
2030 BAU – LDV Gasoline and Diesel 522,835 MT CO2e/yr
2030 Mitigated – LDV Gasoline 2,366,506,622 VMT/yr
2030 Mitigated – LDV Diesel 25,213,750 VMT/yr
2030 Mitigated – LDV Gasoline and Diesel 517,607 MT CO2e/yr Reduction 5,228 MT CO2e/yr
T-4 Implement the Port of Long Beach Clean Trucks Program

PARTICIPATION ASSUMPTIONS
This action is based on implementation results for the Port of Long Beach Clean Trucks Program. The Clean Air Action Plan estimates GHG reductions from this action could range from 10-46% in 2031. The project team conservatively estimated the low-end of this range for use in quantifying GHG reductions.

The 2015 CAAP inventory did not have granular enough information from the on-road travel model to isolate VMT associated with Port truck activity. The project team used the diesel heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) on-road category as a proxy for Port trucking activity. The ratio of HDV VMT from the Port’s 2015 Air Emissions Inventory was compared to the CAAP on-road VMT data to help scale the emissions reduction estimates. As shown in Table 35, the comparison of HDV VMT in these two inventories shows the Port value is approximately 8.2% lower than that assumed based on the community-wide on-road inventory. Since this action is quantified as a reduction in future GHG emissions, the community-wide diesel HDV emission were extracted from the on-road emissions inventory and normalized by multiplying by -8.2%. A 10% reduction in the 2030 diesel HDV emissions was then calculated to estimate the reduction potential of this action.

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33 EMISSIONS FACTORS
The calculations were based on the emissions from the CAAP GHG inventory and forecasts. See Part I of this appendix for further information on how on-road emissions were calculated.

Table 35 – Action Quantification Inputs
VMT
MT CO2e/yr
2015 2030
Port Inventory - Diesel HDV on-road emissions 151,857,117 256,283 - Community Inventory - Diesel HDV on-road emissions 164,234,998 230,181 274,876 Ratio (Port/Community Inventory) -8.2% - -8.2%
Scaled Diesel Emissions (Estimate of Port's diesel HDV
emissions in community inventory)
- -
252,471
Clean Trucks Program – GHG Reduction Potential - - 10%
GHG Reductions - - 25,250

ADDITIONAL PORT EMISSIONS CONSIDERATIONS
In addition to the Clean Trucks Program quantified above, the Port of Long Beach has committed to achieve 100% emissions-free cargo handling equipment (CHE) by the year 2030. The city’s 2015 GHG inventory estimated off-road vehicle and equipment emissions based on ARB’s OFFROAD model (the most up to date program at the time), which did not include emissions associated with CHE. ARB’s current offroad emissions model, Orion, does include CHE emissions, so future GHG inventories can accurately reflect this emissions source. The Port’s 2015 Air Emissions Inventory estimated that CHE emissions totaled nearly 127,000 MT CO
2e/yr. The Port’s ongoing GHG reduction actions will serve to fully reduce this emissions source by the 2030 CAAP target year.

The Port will also implement ARB’s Ocean-Going Vessels At-Berth Regulation that will result in reduced fuel use by certain vessel types when at-berth in the Port of Long Beach. ARB has estimated that implementation of this regulation will result in emissions reduction totaling approximately 100,500 MT CO2e/yr at the Port of Long Beach
Neither of these GHG reduction values is included in the CAAP’s target achievement pathway because they both represent emissions sources that are not included in the city’s jurisdictional production inventory. However, both actions demonstrate the ongoing commitment of the Port of Long Beach to identify and implement programs and actions that will reduce GHG emissions and improve local air quality.

T-5 Develop an Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Master Plan Long Beach Airport is implementing programs to increase use of electric ground service equipment (GSE) to reduce emissions from gasoline- and diesel-powered equipment. Sufficient data was unavailable during CAAP development to estimate potential future reductions from these efforts.

However, the Airport’s 2031 BAU Emissions Inventory report estimates emissions from GSE will total approximately 2,559 MT CO
2e/yr. Future CAAP updates will monitor implementation of vehicle and equipment electrification programs citywide to understand if additional GHG reductions are occurring beyond those currently estimated within this appendix.

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34 SOLID WASTE CALCULATIONS
The solid waste actions are calculated based on the methane commitment methodology equations described in the Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC), and replicated in Part I of this appendix. Specifically, the calculations follow Equation 8.3, and use the same default factors as described in Part I. The methodological descriptions of the actions included below describe the process for calculating other inputs needed in the GPC equation. Please refer to Part I of this appendix for a full description of the methane commitment method and its corresponding equations and default assumptions.

The solid waste disposal data from 2015 was used to estimate landfill disposal amounts by facility in 2030 (see Table 36). AECOM used the 2015 disposal data shown in Table 14 and converted from short tons to metric tons for use in the preceding equations. The rate of disposal, expressed as metric tons per service population (MT/SP), where service population is residents plus employees, was calculated based on 2015 values, and held constant to estimate future disposal values in the emissions forecasts.

Table 36 – Landfill Waste Disposal Forecasts
Year Short Tons
(ST)
Metric Tons
(MT)
Service Population
(SP) 3 MT/SP 4
2015 409,258 1 371,273 2 624,312 0.595
2030 - 388,167 5 652,721 0.595
Source: AECOM 2018
Notes: Service population (SP) = population and jobs
1 See Table 13, landfill plus ADC volume
2 1.0 short ton = 0.9072 metric tons
3 See Table 19 for demographic data sources
4 Calculated for 2015 as MT/SP, and held constant for 2030 5 Calculated as SP * (MT/SP)
For CAAP action planning purposes, the volume of waste disposal was further disaggregated into single-family residential, multi-family residential, commercial, and ADC. Table 37 shows the breakdown by land use type and treatment destination. The project team used the CalRecycle Waste Characterization Web Tool – Residential Waste Stream Data Export tool to evaluate the contribution of single-family and multi-family waste in Long Beach (values shown in Table 37). Single-family residential waste collected in the city is sent to SERRF for incineration; multi-family residential waste is sent to regional landfills as shown in Table 13. The project team then derived the commercial portion of the waste stream by subtracting the multi-family residential value from the total volume sent to landfills in 2015.

Table 37 – Landfill Waste by Type and Destination
CalRecycle Land Use Splits Tons (ST) Tons (MT) Destination Landfill Waste
Ratio
Single-family Residential 71,963 65,284 SERRF -
Multi-family Residential 49,413 44,827 landfill 12%
Commercial 228,292 207,103 landfill 56%
ADC 131,553 119,343 landfill - ADC 32%
Total (non SFR city hauled) 409,258 371,273 - 100%
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

APPENDIX A
A
Memorandum
November 23, 2020
35 The corresponding landfill waste ratio was applied to the total 2030 disposal forecast (see Table 36).

Table 38 shows the modeled 2030 disposal tonnage by land use and type for use in the CAAP action quantification.

Table 38 – 2030 Landfill Waste Estimates
Land Use Splits Disposal Value (landfill or ADC) Units
Multi-family Residential 46,867 tons (MT)
Commercial 216,527 tons (MT)
ADC 124,773 tons (MT)
Total 388,167 tons (MT)
W-1 Ensure compliance with state law requirements for multifamily and commercial property recycling programs

PARTICIPATION ASSUMPTIONS
This action would increase paper and cardboard recycling in the multi-family residential and commercial waste streams to reduce waste in these categories 75% below the 2030 estimated levels.

EMISSIONS FACTORS
To model emissions reductions, separate multi-family residential and commercial hypothetical landfill profiles were developed. This allowed each CAAP action to be applied differently based on land use type. The same methane commitment calculation inputs were used as described in Part I of this appendix. A weighted landfill methane collection factor was calculated based on the estimated 2030 waste disposal volume by landfill facility and the methane collection rates shown in Table 14. The resulting weighted methane collection rate was 77.61% for landfills that received Long Beach waste in 2015.

MITIGATED SCENARIO EMISSIONS
Tables 39 and 40 show the modeled 2030 multi-family and commercial landfill emissions by waste type based on the methane commitment methodology calculations described in Part I. The total landfill waste weight by composition correspond to the values shown in Table 38. This action would divert 75% of the paper/cardboard waste tonnage away from landfills, and therefore avoid 75% of these estimated future emissions. Reductions would total 7,461 MT CO
2e/yr from the multi-family sector, and 37,873 MT
CO2e/yr from the commercial sector; total reductions from this action are estimated to be approximately 45,340 MT CO2e/yr.

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX A
A
Memorandum
November 23, 2020
36 Table 39 – 2030 Multi-family Residential Landfill Emissions Waste Type
Landfill Waste
Composition
(Weight)
DOC Content
in Waste
GHG Emission
(Methane)
GHG Emission
(MT CO2e)
Paper/Carboard 11,019 40.0% 355 9,949
Textiles 3,785 24.0% 73 2,050
Food 11,609 15.0% 140 3,931
Garden and Park 5,268 20.0% 85 2,378
Wood 2,228 43.0% 77 2,163
Rubber and Leather 0 39.0% 0 0
Plastics 5,162 0.0% 0 0
Metal 1,657 0.0% 0 0
Glass 1,402 0.0% 0 0
Other 4,736 0.0% 0 0
Total 46,867 731 20,470
W-1 Paper/Cardboard Reduction
75% 7,461
W-3 Food / Garden and Park / Wood Reduction
75% 6,354
Table 40 – 2030 Commercial Landfill Emissions
Waste Type
Landfill Waste
Composition
(Weight)
DOC Content
in Waste
GHG Emission
(Methane)
GHG Emission
(MT CO2e)
Paper/Carboard 55,930 40.0% 1,803 50,498
Textiles 9,751 24.0% 189 5,282
Food 53,648 15.0% 649 18,164
Garden and Park 25,225 20.0% 407 11,388
Wood 15,409 43.0% 534 14,956
Rubber and Leather 48 39.0% 2 42
Plastics 26,210 0.0% 0 0
Metal 7,662 0.0% 0 0
Glass 4,910 0.0% 0 0
Other 17,732 0.0% 0 0
Total 216,527 3,583 100,330
W-1 Paper/Cardboard Reduction
75% 37,873
W-3 Food / Garden and Park / Wood Reduction
75% 33,381
W-3 Partner with private waste haulers to expand organic waste collection community-wide

PARTICIPATION ASSUMPTIONS
This action would increase organic waste diversion in the multi-family residential and commercial waste streams to reduce waste in these categories 75% below the 2030 estimated levels.

Note that a similar action is included in the CAAP for single-family residential waste (action W-2).

However, single-family waste is processed at SERRF and its corresponding GHG emissions are CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

APPENDIX A
A
Memorandum
November 23, 2020
37 excluded from the CAAP for GHG target achievement purposes (see Part I of this appendix for further information on this). Therefore, GHG reductions are not estimated for W-2 since the corresponding emissions are not included in the jurisdictional production inventory.

EMISSIONS FACTORS
The same approach to action quantification as described in W-1 was taken for this action.

MITIGATED SCENARIO EMISSIONS
Tables 39 and 40 included above with action W-1 also highlight the reductions associated with this action. Each table shows a GHG reduction value from diverting 75% of the food, garden and park, and wood waste tonnages away from landfills, therefore avoiding 75% of these estimated future emissions.

Reductions would total 6,354 MT CO
2e/yr from the multi-family sector, and 33,381 MT CO2e/yr from the commercial sector; total reductions from this action are estimated to be approximately 39,730 MT CO
2e/yr.

W-4 Identify organic waste management options

PARTICIPATION ASSUMPTIONS
This action would ensure that 50% of ADC disposal volume by 2030 consists of non-green waste materials to avoid landfill emissions generation from organic material. It assumes the remainder of ADC waste would be composed of inert materials that would not generate landfill emissions.

EMISSIONS FACTORS
To model emissions reductions, a separate hypothetical ADC landfill profile was developed, as with action W-1 and W-3 described above. The same methane commitment calculation inputs were used as described in Part I of this appendix. A weighted landfill methane collection factor was calculated based on the estimated 2030 waste disposal volume by landfill facility and the methane collection rates shown in Table 14 for those facilities that received ADC waste in 2015. The resulting weighted methane collection rate was 74.87% for landfills that received Long Beach ADC waste in 2015.

As described in Part I of this appendix, the project team conservatively assumed that 100% of ADC waste disposed by the city was green waste and therefore allocated the tonnage to the garden and park material category and corresponding DOC factor. It is likely that some or all of the ADC waste was inert materials that would not decompose to generate landfill emissions, and therefore the city’s solid waste emissions could be lower than estimated in the inventory and forecasts. New ADC tracking data provided by CalRecycle that was unavailable during inventory preparation shows that a relatively minor portion of Long Beach’s ADC consists of green waste. Based on the 2018 CalRecycle Disposal Reporting System Green Material Alternative Daily Cover Tonnages by Jurisdiction report, only 13.37 tons of Long Beach ADC volume was identified as green waste. This represents 0.01% of the reported 2015 ADC volume from the city. Therefore, this action’s assumption that 50% of ADC waste would be non-green waste materials by 2030 is highly plausible and still a reflects a conservative estimation of the corresponding GHG reductions from this action (i.e., since nearly 100% ADC emissions reductions might be supported given the very low current use of green waste as an ADC material by the city).

MITIGATED SCENARIO EMISSIONS
Table 41 shows the modeled 2030 ADC landfill emissions by waste type based on the methane commitment methodology calculations described in Part I. The total landfill waste weight by composition correspond to the values shown in Table 38. This action would divert 50% of the garden and park waste

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX A
A
Memorandum
November 23, 2020
38 tonnage away from landfills, and therefore avoid 50% of these estimated future emissions. Reductions would total approximately 31,610 MT CO2e/yr.

Table 41 – 2030 ADC Landfill Emissions
Waste Type Landfill Waste
Composition (Weight)
DOC
Content in
Waste
GHG Emission
(Methane)
GHG Emission
(MT CO2e)
Paper/Carboard 40.0% 0 0
Textiles 24.0% 0 0
Food 15.0% 0 0
Garden and Park 124,773 20.0% 2,258 63,217
Wood 43.0% 0 0
Rubber and Leather 39.0% 0 0
Plastics 0.0% 0 0
Metal 0.0% 0 0
Glass 0.0% 0 0
Other 0.0% 0 0
Total 124,773 2,258 63,217
W-4 Garden and Park Waste Reduction – ADC Green Waste
50% 31,609

Appendix B
Adaptation and
Mitigation
Actions
- Additional Context
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020

APPENDIX B
B
Action
Number

EXTREME HEAT ACTIONS

ADAPTATION ACTIONS
EH-1
EH-2
Action Title
Increase
presence of
cool roofs and
cool walls
Increase the
presence of
reflective
streets, cool
surfaces,
and shade
canopies
Additional Context
Cool roofs are required under the California Green Building Code if the building is to achieve Tier 1 or Tier 2 compliance. However, under Part 6 of the Energy Code, any building will get compliance credits against the baseline building if it has a cool roof. Both the City and County of Los Angeles have made cool roofs mandatory for new and replaced residential roofs.

Growing a vegetative layer (plants, shrubs, grasses, and/or trees) on a rooftop can also act as a cool roof, providing insulation to the building below. Due to seismic considerations, these green roofs, which can be heavy due to thick layers of substrate material, can only be sited on steel-reinforced buildings and are significantly more costly than cool roofs. As a result, cool roofs are generally accepted as a more cost-effective approach to reducing the heat island effect than green roofs, but both options should be allowed based on the local context. Despite this, green roofs can potentially offer important co-benefits, such as increased green space and local food production, which can be especially important in low- income communities that lack access to both. It is expected that candidate buildings in these communities may not be able to support green roofs; however, the City will conduct a study to assess the feasibility of green roofs in these areas.

This section provides additional context for each of the adaptation actions found in Chapter 4.

One effort that is generally reflective of this approach is already underway. The City received a Southern California Association of Governments grant for the Washington Neighborhood to engage the community in the development of an urban greening and cool street plan that will include recommendations for cool street design standards and an implementation and funding framework.

LBUSD is also installing solar shade structures over parking lots and playgrounds at school sites. Pilot cool street projects in the city of Los Angeles and elsewhere in the world have been well received.

Since hotter temperatures result in more ozone and smog formation, installation of cool pavement is an effective way to improve local air quality. Children are particularly vulnerable to respiratory disease due to poor air quality, and so targeting playgrounds for cool pavement applications could deliver important public health benefits. Likewise, parking lots are a cost-effective location for cool pavement, since slow vehicle speeds mean that the reflective coating will have a longer durability on parking lots than it would on high-volume, high-speed streets that receive more wear-and-tear. As long as the reflectivity of the cool street does not exceed 50 percent, glare has not proven to be an issue of concern.

B-1

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX B
B
EH-3
EH-4
Enhance and
expand urban
forest cover
and vegetation
Install
additional
water
fountains and
take other
actions to
increase public
access to
water
Long Beach’s 2016 Draft Urban Forest Management Plan
i includes
goals and policies to protect, preserve, and enhance Long Beach’s urban forest. The plan led to the development of the Urban Forestry Program, a collaboration between neighborhood associations, community groups, and the Neighborhood Services Bureau, which uses Federal Community Development Block Grant and State Funds to plant trees across the city. Since the 2016 plan was enacted, the Urban Forest Program has planted 10,000 trees across Long Beach.
ii The City will continue to implement the Urban Forest Management Plan, which includes a goal to ensure the fair provision and distribution of urban forest services. This action also entails increasing the urban forest citywide by an additional 20,000 trees.

A healthy urban forest and vegetation can reduce urban heat island conditions. They can also reduce the runoff augmenting existing stormwater management systems, and thereby increase system capacity during intense storm events and improve water quality.

Particular emphasis should be placed in selecting drought-tolerant plants or California natives, whose benefits include reducing the urban heat island effect, increasing habitat due to the large canopy they offer fauna, providing drought-tolerant habitat, and establishing quickly and requiring little water once established.

As average temperatures and the number of extreme heat days and warm nights increase over the coming decades, an accessible public water supply will become increasingly important. At parks, schools, public buildings, and other facilities, water fountains are a valuable public resource for improved public health. This approach of installing public water fountains and engaging in public education surrounding plastic pollution has been adopted in other cities (e.g., the “Refill London” campaign in the United Kingdom).

Plastic pollution remains in the environment and eventually finds its way into rivers, wetlands, and oceans, where it has long-term negative impacts on ecosystems and organisms. The negative impacts from plastic bottles are not just limited to pollution.

Manufacturing and recycling plastic bottles also requires substantial energy and produces GHG emissions. In addition, despite sustained efforts to increase recycling rates, the vast majority of plastic bottles end up in landfills and the natural environment. In contrast, the Long Beach Water Department delivers high-quality water at the tap or water fountain at a fraction of the cost (and carbon footprint) of bottled water and safeguards water quality by continuously sampling and testing the city’s drinking water throughout the water distribution system.

B-2
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 EH-7 Provide
bus shelter
amenities
Enhance
and expand
accessibility
of cooling
centers
There are public and private funding options for these
improvements. For example, Long Beach Transit has used some of its Low Carbon Transit Operations Program, which is funded by cap-and-trade revenues, to upgrade bus stops and shelters.

Advertising companies will often install and maintain street furniture in exchange for the right to place advertisements on them at little or no cost to cities.

Residents and businesses may request, through their City Council office, that bus stop amenities be installed.

APPENDIX B
B
EH-5
EH-6
Identify future
vulnerability
potential for
power outages
related to
extreme heat
and develop
plans to
prevent such
outages
Actions to enhance resiliency to be considered could include the creation of microgrids focused on vulnerable and/or critical areas to allow localized electricity service to continue in the event of an outage.

The City could also work with SCE to expand their current efforts on expanding energy storage. SCE is planning to connect almost 750 megawatts of energy storage to the grid by 2024, which would provide reliable backup systems for power outages. This program also focuses on expanding renewable energy storage by providing incentives for low-income customers that are already a part of their multifamily solar programs. This would both reduce strain on the grid and provide reliable power to vulnerable communities.

In July 2015, high temperatures may have been a factor in equipment failures that caused two powers outages in downtown Long Beach.

These outages left thousands of residents and businesses without power for days and stranded people without medical devices, refrigeration, air conditioning or elevator service during a period of high temperatures. This was particularly challenging for seniors living in high-rise apartments (KPCC 2015
iii). Since 2015, SCE has
been involved in national efforts to accelerate the development of and investment in technologies, practices, and policies that will create a more resilient energy system. As a part of these efforts, SCE analyzed its system, using future climate models to better understand how to prepare for changes in its environment.

There are 13 community centers and 12 libraries in Long Beach, with 15 cooling centers in the most disadvantaged areas (CalEnviroScreen). In the Long Beach CAAP survey, 58.5 percent said they remained indoors during heat advisories and 29 percent of respondents said they visited air-conditioned areas such as cooling centers or malls. Certain populations, such as the homeless, outdoor workers, older adults, young children and infants, pregnant women, and people with chronic illnesses, are more susceptible to warmer temperatures and heat-related illnesses. In order to protect these populations, a strong and expansive network of cooling centers is important to making Long Beach more adaptive and resilient to the threat of extreme heat.

B-3

APPENDIX B
AQ-2 Encourage
urban
agriculture
practices
that reduce
air quality
pollution
Educational and training opportunities for drought-tolerant urban agriculture may be conducted in conjunction with the Lawn-to- Garden program and may include holding free urban gardening workshops at community gardens, such as the gardens at the Michelle Obama and Mark Twain libraries. Education and outreach could include demonstration plots, soil conservation practice trainings, drip tape irrigation trainings, and other materials on relevant urban agriculture water conservation practices. These trainings could also be expanded to other locations in the city, especially to low-income areas to allow for more equitable attendance.

APPENDIX B
B

AIR QUALITY ACTIONS
Action
Number
AQ-1
Action Title
Incentivize
installation of
photocatalytic
tiles
Additional Context
There are a growing number of photocatalytic tile products on the market. These are increasingly embedded into cool-roofing products, representing an opportunity to actively reduce air pollution and temperatures.

The City will actively pursue grant funding options to incentivize installation of these tiles and will prioritize neighborhoods and communities near the Port and the I-710 corridor that are heavily impacted by air pollution. Several of California’s cap-and-trade programs prioritize funding projects in disadvantaged and low- income communities that reduce energy use and GHGs from building end uses. Integration of photocatalytic products into building energy efficiency projects, affordable housing developments, and similar projects could result in meaningful air quality co-benefits.

In addition, in response to AB 617 (the Community Air Protection Program), air districts are tasked with working with identified impacted communities to identify projects to reduce exposure to air pollution. In 2018, West Long Beach (extending all the way to Cherry Avenue) was selected as one of the initial focus communities.

The City will support the inclusion of photocatalytic tiles in projects located in areas of the city that are heavily impacted by pollution.

This will include collaborating with SCAQMD, community partners, developers, and other stakeholders to identify projects that could become a component of projects that seek to more holistically address GHG and/or air quality emissions reductions with other amenities such as solar. In addition, the City will work with SCAQMD to quantify air pollutant reductions for any projects that implement photocatalytic tiles.

B-4
CITY OF LONG BEACH PROPOSED CLIMATE ACTION AND ADAPTATION PLAN – NOV 2020 AQ-4
AQ-5
Electrify small
local emitters,
such as lawn
and garden
equipment,
outdoor power
equipment,
and others
Work with
LBUSD to
support
school bus
electrification
At least 50 cities across the state already have some sort of regulation on lawn and garden equipment. Small off-road engines are spark-ignition engines that produce less than 19 kilowatts gross power (and less than 25 horsepower). They are primarily used for lawn, garden, commercial utility, and other outdoor power equipment. Unfortunately, small off-road engines that use gasoline or diesel contribute greatly to local air pollution.

According to CARB, in 1 hour, a traditional lawn mower can emit as much smog-forming pollution as the best-selling passenger car driven 300 miles – approximately the distance from Los Angeles to Las Vegas. A traditional leaf blower in 1 hour of operation emits smog-forming pollution comparable to driving about 1,100 miles, which is approximately the distance from Long Beach to Denver.

Local governments, commercial landscapers, school districts, colleges, nonprofits, and residents are eligible to participate in the SCAQMD Electric Lawn and Garden Equipment Incentive and Exchange Program and Residential Lawn Mower Rebate Program.

One equivalent operable gasoline- or diesel-powered piece of lawn and garden equipment must be scrapped to receive incentive funding to purchase an electric-powered equipment. Furthermore, SCAQMD is prioritizing funding in disadvantaged communities (CalEnviroScreen). The City can also apply for incentives to transition its own fleet of equipment. In addition, the City will identify strategies to accelerate the transition in disadvantaged communities and assist landscaping workers to transition with a reasonable cost. A voucher program would be one example of such a strategy.

Long Beach City CouncilAugust 16, 2022

Long Beach City Council
August 16, 2022