Long Beach City Council
March 21, 2023

In 2017, economic impacts from recreational fishing
activities in Hawai‘i generated 1,093 jobs, $145.9 million in sales, $44.9 million in income, and $80.8 million in value-added impacts.

Data for the for-hire mode is not available in Hawai‘i. Of the two remaining fishing trip modes, shore fishing trips had the greatest economic impact, accounting for 65%
of employment impacts. Trip expenditures for shore and
private boat modes totaled $120.5 million, with a large portion of these trip expenditures coming from trips in the shore (60%) mode. Data for durable expenditures is
not available due to unavailable participation estimates.

Participation
Participation estimates for Hawai‘i are not available.

Fishing Trips
In 2017, recreational fishermen took 1.3 million saltwa- ter fishing trips in the state of Hawai‘i. This number rep- resented a 49% decrease from 2008 and a 25% increase
from 2016. Of all fishing trips, 80% were taken from the shore sector.

Harvest and Release Trends
Of the Western Pacific (Hawai‘i) Region’s key species
and species groups, bigeye (akule) and mackerel (ope-
lu) scad (1.2 million fish), goatfishes (438,939 fish), and jacks (trevallys and other jacks) (268,935 fish),
were most frequently caught by recreational fishermen.

The text box below shows the species with the largest
percentage increases and decreases in the past 10 years and in the past year.

Harvest and Release: Largest Increases
From 2008:
• There were no percent increases (in nominal
dollar values).

From 2016:
• Blue marlin (a’u) (80%)
• Skipjack tuna (aku) (29%)
• Dolphinfish (mahimahi) (7%)
Harvest and Release: Largest Decreases
From 2008:
• Yellowfin tuna (‘ahi) (-82%)
• Skipjack tuna (aku) (-80%)
• Dolphinfish (mahimahi) (-74%)
From 2016:
• Wahoo (ono) (-28%)
• Yellowfin tuna (‘ahi) (-4%)
9 Summary data is available online in the FEUS webtool. (Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/data-tools/fisheries-economics-united-states- interactive-tool.)
69 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico Western Pacific Region | Regional Summary
From 2008 to 2017, there were no increases (in nominal
dollar values). Yellowfin tuna (‘ahi) (-82%), skipjack tuna (aku) (-80%), and dolphinfish (mahimahi) (-74%) had
the largest decreases. From 2016 to 2017, blue marlin
(a’u) (80%), skipjack tuna (aku) (29%), and dolphinfish (mahimahi) (7%) had the largest increases, while wahoo
(ono) (-28%) and yellowfin tuna (‘ahi) (-4%) had the
largest decreases.

MARINE ECONOMY —
WESTERN PACIFIC (HAWAI‘I)
REGION
For this report, the marine economy refers to the eco-
nomic activity generated by fishing and marine-related
industries in a coastal state. The national marine econo- my consists of two industry sectors: 1) seafood sales and processing (employer establishments and non-employer
firms); and 2) transport, support, and marine operations (employer establishments). These sectors include several different marine-related industries.
10,11
To measure the size of the commercial fishing sector in a state’s economy relative to the size of the commercial fishing sector in the national economy, researchers use an index called the Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ).
12,13 The CFLQ is calculated as the ratio of the per-
centage of regional employment in the commercial fishing sector relative to the percentage of national employment in the commercial fishing sector. The United States CFLQ is 1. If a state CFLQ is less than 1, then less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. If a state CFLQ is greater than 1, then more commercial fish- ing occurs in this state than the national average.

Hawai‘i had a CFLQ value of 4.33.

In 2016, 32,350 employer establishments operated
throughout the entire Western Pacific (Hawai‘i) re-
gion (including marine and non-marine related estab-
lishments). These establishments employed 528,415
workers and had a total annual payroll of $22.9 billion.

The combined gross state product of Hawai‘i was approx- imately $85.6 billion in 2016.

Seafood Sales and Processing
Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging: In
2016, the Western Pacific (Hawai‘i) Region had 12
non-employer firms in the seafood product prepara-
tion and packaging sector (a 33% increase from 2008).

Annual receipts for these firms totaled about $1.1 million (a 7% decrease in real terms from 2008). There were 2
employer firms in the seafood product preparation and
packaging sector (a 100% increase from 2008). The
Census Bureau suppressed 2016 employment and pay-
roll data for this sector in this region.

Seafood Sales, Retail: In 2016, there were 31 non-em-
ployer firms engaged in retail sales of seafood in the
Western Pacific (Hawai‘i) region (a 16% decrease from
2008). Annual receipts for these firms totaled about
$4 million (an 18% decrease in real terms from 2008).

There were 22 employer firms in the retail sales of sea- food sector (a 12% decrease from 2008). These estab-
lishments employed 313 workers (an 81% increase from
2008) and had a total annual payroll of $7.8 million (a 90% increase in real terms from 2008).

Seafood Sales, Wholesale: There were 30 employ-
er firms in the wholesale sales of seafood sector in the Western Pacific (Hawai‘i) region in 2016 (a 19% de-
crease from 2008). These establishments employed 697
workers (unchanged from 2008), and had a total annual
payroll of $26.3 million (a 13% increase in real terms
from 2008).

Transport, Support, and Marine
Operations
Data for the transport, support, and marine operations
sector of Western Pacific (Hawai‘i) Region’s economy
were largely suppressed for confidentiality reasons. It is clear, however, that these sectors play an important role in the regional economy. For example, in 2016, the marine cargo handling sector in the Western Pacific (Ha- wai‘i) region accounted for $115.6 million in payroll (a 15% increase in real terms from 2008).
`
10 Unless otherwise stated, data are from the U.S. Census Bureau. [For more information: www.census.gov.] 11 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, ‘Table 1.1.5 Gross Domestic Product’ and ’Table SA6N Compensation of Employees by NAICS Industry. [Available at:
https://apps.bea.gov/regional/histdata/releases/0518gdpstate/.] 12 Percentage changes in inflation adjusted (real dollar) terms are calculated using the annual Gross Domestic Product implicit price deflator published by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Available at: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDPDEF.] 13 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ‘Location Quotient Calculator.’ [For more information: https://www.bls.gov/cew/about-data/location-quotients-explained.htm.]

Tables | Hawai‘i
72 National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 NA = these data are confidential and therefore not disclosable.

Hawai‘i | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Hawai‘i Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 9,827 900,570 274,994 402,195 7,528 462,739 183,308 248,970 Commercial Harvesters 3,566 202,681 73,978 106,346 3,566 202,681 73,978 106,346 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 578 57,558 22,784 29,385 413 41,113 16,274 20,989 Importers 1,114 350,823 56,226 106,946 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
&
Distributors 546 58,868 20,647 27,466 313 33,700 11,820 15,724 Retail 4,023 230,639 101,359 132,052 3,236 185,245 81,236 105,911 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 84,877 71,202 84,044 91,565 112,300 107,979 101,249 103,399 118,134 116,368 Finfish & Other 84,556 70,856 83,700 91,274 111,865 107,413 100,754 103,341 117,832 116,124 Shellfish 321 347 343 291 435 567 495 58 302 244
Key Species - - - - - - - - -
Dolphinfish (mahimahi) 3,174 2,853 3,303 4,314 5,309 4,130 4,412 3,427 4,512 3,451 Lobsters (ula) 120 136 117 104 98 95 105 NA 28 21
Marlin (a'u) 2,072 2,142 1,756 2,375 2,888 2,802 3,197 3,015 4,064 3,830 Moonfish (opah) 2,198 2,409 2,591 2,853 3,163 3,203 2,910 3,151 NA 3,203 Pomfrets (monchong) 1,662 1,381 1,549 1,449 2,097 2,576 2,466 2,874 3,502 3,287 Scad (opelu) 889 1,198 1,251 964 1,181 1,147 1,128 108 1,173 996 Snappers 1,715 1,860 1,681 1,415 1,738 2,003 2,223 1,124 2,272 2,625 Swordfish (mekajiki) 7,177 7,336 7,303 6,669 6,693 4,493 5,405 4,629 4,813 5,823 Tunas (aku) 60,863 47,710 59,775 66,628 83,298 81,819 73,657 81,576 88,467 87,285 Wahoo (ono) 2,225 1,673 1,746 1,806 2,330 2,375 2,800 2,328 3,279 3,066 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 30,652 26,906 28,069 29,289 31,048 32,447 33,474 34,623 35,051 37,162 Finfish & Other 30,599 26,849 28,007 29,240 30,968 32,346 33,387 34,612 34,999 37,123 Shellfish 52 57 62 49 79 101 86 11 52 39
Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Dolphinfish (mahimahi) 1,250 1,287 1,518 1,423 1,746 1,515 1,689 1,132 1,193 954 Lobsters (ula) 10 11 9 10 8 9 10 NA 3 3
Marlin (a'u) 1,952 1,677 1,221 1,826 1,459 1,935 2,318 2,616 2,327 2,580 Moonfish (opah) 1,313 1,884 1,824 1,564 1,549 2,072 2,004 2,067 NA 1,812 Pomfrets (monchong) 671 627 593 427 731 1,142 1,243 1,339 1,166 980 Scad (opelu) 318 405 460 323 383 361 356 36 368 306
Snappers 378 391 342 269 308 357 369 178 380 422
Swordfish (mekajiki) 3,835 3,881 3,153 2,592 2,381 1,674 2,480 2,044 1,640 2,561 Tunas (aku) 18,295 14,594 16,706 18,519 20,147 20,900 20,296 22,932 23,507 25,028 Wahoo (ono) 849 605 600 564 652 744 1,056 993 1,144 973 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Dolphinfish (mahimahi) 2.54 2.22 2.18 3.03 3.04 2.73 2.61 3.03 3.78 3.62 Lobsters (ula) 12.14 12.37 12.36 10.39 11.84 10.71 10.21 NA 8.56 6.48 Marlin (a'u) 1.06 1.28 1.44 1.30 1.98 1.45 1.38 1.15 1.75 1.48 Moonfish (opah) 1.67 1.28 1.42 1.82 2.04 1.55 1.45 1.52 NA 1.77 Pomfrets (monchong) 2.48 2.20 2.61 3.39 2.87 2.25 1.98 2.15 3.00 3.35 Scad (opelu) 2.80 2.95 2.72 2.98 3.08 3.18 3.17 2.99 3.19 3.25 Snappers 4.54 4.76 4.92 5.26 5.65 5.60 6.03 6.31 5.98 6.22 Swordfish (mekajiki) 1.87 1.89 2.32 2.57 2.81 2.68 2.18 2.26 2.93 2.27 Tunas (aku) 3.33 3.27 3.58 3.60 4.13 3.91 3.63 3.56 3.76 3.49 Wahoo (ono) 2.62 2.77 2.91 3.20 3.57 3.19 2.65 2.34 2.87 3.15 73 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | Western Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 NA = these data are confidential and therefore not disclosable. 2 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 3 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish.

Hawai‘i | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Hawai`i Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars)1 #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire NA NA NA NA
Private Boat 385 58,767 16,494 30,404
Shore 708 87,151 28,424 50,346
Total Durable Expenditures NA NA NA NA
Total State Economic Impacts 1,093 145,918 44,918 80,750 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Private Boat 564 441 484 224 325 297 324 273 235 261
Shore 1,966 1,722 1,907 1,158 1,195 1,216 1,051 1,158 790 1,019 Total Trips 2,531 2,163 2,390 1,382 1,519 1,513 1,374 1,431 1,024 1,280 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)2,3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Bigeye (akule)
and mackerel
(opelu) scad
H 402 1,102 840 662 608 889 899 1,245 690 1,172
R 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 < 1 4 7
Blue marlin
(a'u)
H 11 3 1 2 3 4 3 5 2 4
R 0 < 1 0 0 0 0 < 1 0 0 < 1
Dolphinfish
(mahimahi)
H 184 103 164 63 163 94 92 78 44 47
R 0 0 0 0 0 0 < 1 0 < 1 < 1
Goatfishes H 468 712 270 173 158 873 537 1,052 246 420
R 6 7 18 13 13 3 22 15 16 18
Jacks (trevallys
and other jacks)
H 277 123 140 99 110 144 156 170 112 115
R 120 85 126 59 129 126
263 319 122 154
Skipjack tuna
(aku)
H 568 230 289 125 197 380 199 268 88 113
R 2 0 0 < 1 0 0 0 < 1 2 2
Smallmouth
bonefish (o'io)
H 50 37 55 13 27 23 29 26 26 19
R 4 2 13 2 8 10 20 17 9 17
Snappers H 138 147 340 113 195 152 220 119 119 126
R 7 24 25 14 15 10 3 9 14 10
Wahoo (ono) H 78 61 41 15 32 37 43 55 45 32
R 0 0 0 0 0 0 < 1 < 1 < 1 0
Yellowfin tuna
('ahi)
H 461 198 302 141 182 150 220 292 85 82
R 0 1 1 0 0 0 < 1 1 < 1 0
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) 1 Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire NA
Private Boat 48,756
Shore 71,698
Total 120,454
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle NA
Other Equipment NA
Boat Expenses NA
Vehicle Expenses NA
Second Home Expenses NA
Total Durable Expenditures NA
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 120,454 74 National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.

Hawai‘i | Marine Economy
2016 Hawai‘i State Economy (% of national total)
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient1
108,308 (0.4%) 32,350 (0.4%) 528,415 (0.4%) 22.9 (0.4%) 46.1 (0.5%) 85.6 4.33 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 9 7 11 14 14 16 14 12 12
Receipts 1,020 712 741 866 965 821 1,048 1,271 1,071
Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 37 35 37 39 42 40 38 39 31
Receipts 4,394 3,666 4,124 3,558 4,086 3,764 3,727 4,053 4,025 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 37 38 37 40 33 32 30 30 30
Employees 695 538 531 538 483 542 567 639 697
Payroll 20,665 19,347 19,290 19,416 19,413 20,039 21,369 24,477 26,323 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 25 25 24 25 24 25 26 25 22
Employees 173 158 177 187 303 318 305 293 313
Payroll 3,674 3,559 3,533 3,521 6,493 7,366 7,142 7,410 7,849 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 14 13 15 15 18 18 14 14 15
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 660 727
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 46,560 45,051
Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 1 NA 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Employees ds NA ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds NA ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 5 5 2 2 5 5 6 7 7
Employees 478 475 ds ds 431 ds ds 452 425
Payroll 34,544 34,367
ds ds 34,538 ds ds 36,675 50,267
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 NA
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 NA
Payroll 3,218 2,031 ds ds ds ds ds 0 NA
Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 11 11 14 14 11 10 10 11 12
Employees 1,098 1,075 1,236 1,278 664 709 700 782 846
Payroll 89,104 87,833 109,059 109,134 54,309 61,651 66,034 83,408 115,582 Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 11 11 11 8 8 9 9 11 11
Employees 105 120 90 105 97 100 80 70 69
Payroll 5,846 5,258 5,113 5,310 5,567 6,518 5,416 4,463 5,697 Marinas
Establishments 9 10 13 13 9 11 9 9 9
Employees 156 164 189 208 162 166 153 120 113
Payroll 4,317 4,368 5,362 5,237 3,779 4,003 3,304 3,412 3,421
New England Region
• Connecticut
• Maine
• Massachusetts
• New Hampshire
• Rhode Island
A commercial fisheries vessel sitting at the pier outside of the Northeast Fisheries Science Center in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Photo: NOAA Fisheries Office of Science and Technology/Emily Markowitz 76 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 “Fishery Management Plans.” New England Fishery Management Council. Available at https://www.nefmc.org/management-plans [accessed April 1, 2020].

New England Region | Regional Summary

MANAGEMENT CONTEXT
The New England Region includes Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. Fed-
eral fisheries in this region are managed by the New En- gland Fishery Management Council (NEFMC) and NOAA
Fisheries under nine fishery management plans (FMPs).

Two of these FMPs, monkfish and spiny dogfish, are
developed in conjunction with the Mid-Atlantic Fisheries Management Council (MAFMC). The MAFMC is the lead
council for the Spiny Dogfish FMP; the NEFMC is the lead for the Monkfish FMP.

New England Regional FMPs
• Northeast
multi-species
• Sea scallops
• Monkfish (with
the MAFMC)
• Atlantic herring
• Small mesh
multi-species
• Spiny dogfish
(with the MAFMC)
• Red crab
• Northeast skate
complex
• Atlantic salmon
Fourteen of the stocks or stock complexes covered in
these FMPs were listed as overfished in 2017: Atlan-
tic cod (Georges Bank stock and Gulf of Maine stock),
windowpane (Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank stock), witch
flounder, yellowtail flounder (Cape Cod/Gulf of Maine
stock, Georges Bank stock, and Southern New England/
Mid-Atlantic stock), thorny skate (Gulf of Maine stock), Atlantic halibut, Atlantic salmon, Atlantic wolffish, ocean pout, winter flounder (Southern New England stock), red hake (Southern Georges Bank/Mid-Atlantic stock, newly
added to the overfished list in 2017). Bluefin tuna (West- ern Atlantic stock) was removed from the overfished list because the status is now unknown.

Six stocks/complexes were subject to overfishing in
2017: Atlantic cod (Georges Bank stock and Gulf of
Maine stock), yellowtail flounder (Cape Cod/Gulf of Maine stock, Georges Bank stock, and Southern New England/
Mid-Atlantic stock), and red hake (Southern Georges
Bank/Mid-Atlantic stock; newly added to the overfishing list in 2017). Two stocks/complexes were removed from
the overfishing list in 2017:
winter flounder (Georges
Bank stock) and witch flounder (Northwestern Atlantic
Coast stock; because the status is now unknown.

Catch Share Programs
Two catch share programs operate in the New England
Region: 1) Northeast Multispecies Sectors: Georges Bank Cod - Hook Gear (2004) and Georges Bank Cod - Fixed
Gear (2007); and 2) Northeast General Category Sea
Scallop Individual Fishing Quota (IFQ) Program. The
landings revenues for these programs totaled more than
$90.5 million in 2016. The following are descriptions of these catch share programs and their performance.

Northeast Multispecies Sectors: This program was
developed between 2004 and 2006 and included two
pilot sectors that operated with an allocation of Georges Bank cod. The program was expanded in 2010 to 17 sec-
tors, and approximately 55% of eligible, limited-access permit holders joined a sector. At the same time, annu- al catch limits were implemented for the first time and sharply reduced the available quota for fishermen. The
2016 key performance indicators of the program show
that relative to the baseline period (the 3-year period prior to implementation), quota, landings, the number of active vessels, and inflation-adjusted landings revenue decreased, while inflation-adjusted revenue per active
vessel increased.

Northeast General Category Sea Scallop IFQ Pro-
gram: This program began in 2010 with two primary
objectives: 1) Control capacity and mortality in the
General Category Scallop fishery; and 2) Allow better
and timelier integration of sea scallop assessment results in management. The 2016 key performance indicators
of the program show that relative to the baseline period, landings and the number of active vessels decreased,
while quota, inflation-adjusted landings revenue, and
inflation-adjusted revenue per active vessel increased.

Policy Updates
In March of 2017, under Framework Adjustment 28 to the
Atlantic Sea Scallop Fishery Management Plan developed
by the New England Fishery Management Council, specifi- cations were set for the 2017 fishing year which included the opening of two areas to rotational harvest: the “Nan- tucket Lightship Closed Area” and the “Closed Area II”. 1 In April 2016, NMFS issued a final rule to implement var- ious recreational fishing management recommendations
77 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 2 Summary data is available online in the FEUS webtool. [Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/data-tools/fisheries-economics-united-states- interactive-tool.]
3 The NMFS Commercial Fishing Industry Input/Output Model was used to generate the impact estimates. [Available at: http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/ documents/commercial_seafood_impacts_2007-2009.pdf.]
New England Region | Regional Summary
made in Framework 55 of the Multispecies Fishery Man-
agement Plan. In particular, the final rule established a one fish per day possession limit for Gulf of Maine Atlantic cod. This final rule included a minimum size of 24 inches and a seasonal limit of August 1 to September 30. Prior to this ruling, there was a year-round prohibition on recre- ational Gulf of Maine cod fishing due to the 2015 stock assessment for Gulf of Maine cod finding the stock to be overfished and experiencing overfishing. In July 2017,
however, NMFS prohibited anglers from retaining cod,
reduced the haddock bag limit, and also implemented a
new closed season for haddock because the measures
currently in place for these species were not expected to constrain fishing year 2017 catch to the sub-ACLs.

Also in 2017, Framework Adjustment 56 to the Northeast
Multispecies Fisheries Management Plan was implement-
ed, which set catch limits for 4 of 20 stocks and adjusted other allocations and accountability measures. Frame-
work 10 to the Monkfish Plan set specifications through fishing year 2019. The Atlantic deep-sea red crab specifi- cations were also set for the 2017 fishing year.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES —

NEW ENGLAND REGION
In this report, commercial fisheries refer to fishing oper- ations that sell their catch for profit. The term does not include subsistence fishermen or saltwater anglers who
fish for sport. It also excludes the for-hire sector, which earns its revenue from selling recreational fishing trips to saltwater anglers. The commercial fisheries section re- ports on economic impacts, landings revenue, landings,
and ex-vessel prices of key species/species groups.

Key New England Region Commercial Species
• American lobster
• Atlantic herring
• Atlantic mackerel
• Bluefin tuna
• Cod and haddock
• Flounders
• Goosefish
• Quahog clam
• Sea scallop
• Squid
Economic Impacts
The premise behind economic impact modeling is that
every dollar spent in a regional economy (direct impact) is either saved or re-spent on additional goods or ser- vices. If those dollars are re-spent on other goods and services in the regional economy, this spending gener-
ates additional economic activity in the region.
2 Four different measures are commonly used to show how commercial fisheries landings affect the economy in a
region (state or nationwide): sales, income, value-added, and employment. The term sales refers to the gross value of all sales by regional businesses affected by an activity, such as commercial fishing. The category includes both
the direct sales of fish landed and sales made between
businesses and households resulting from the original
sale. Income includes personal income (wages and sala-
ries) and proprietors’ income (income from self-employ- ment). Value-added is the contribution made to the gross domestic product in a region. Employment is specified on the basis of full-time and part-time jobs supported directly or indirectly by the sales of seafood or purchases of inputs to commercial fishing. The first three measures are cal- culated in terms of dollars, whereas employment impacts are measured in numbers of jobs. Note that these catego- ries are not additive. The United States seafood industry is defined here as the commercial fishing sector, seafood processors and dealers, seafood wholesalers and distribu- tors, importers, and seafood retailers.
3 This report provides estimates of total economic impacts for the nation and for each of the 23 coastal states. Total economic impacts for each state and the nation repre-
sent the sum of direct impacts; indirect impacts (in this case, the impact from suppliers to the seafood industry); and induced impacts (spending by employees on per-
sonal and household expenditures, where employees of
both the seafood industry and its full supply chain are included). That is, the total economic impact estimates reported here measure jobs, sales, value-added, and
income impacts from the seafood industry as well as the economic activity generated throughout each region’s
broader economy from this industry.

In 2017, the commercial fishing and seafood industry in Massachusetts generated the largest employment im-
pacts in the New England region with 127,563 full- and
part-time jobs. Massachusetts also generated the largest sales impacts ($14.1 billion), value-added impacts ($5.4 78 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico New England Region | Regional Summary
billion), and income impacts ($3.4 billion).

Landings Trends
New England landings revenue was down $65.1 million in
2017 from the previous year, with lobster (down $118.3
million) and squid (down $10.3 million) comprising the
majority of this decrease. The lobster fishery is New
England’s largest fishery in terms of landings revenue. In 2016 it reached a maximum of $666.9 million over the
10-year period (2008-2017). In 2017, this fishery experi- enced its first landings revenue decline since 2009, falling 18% from 2016 levels. This decline was due to a large
decline in landings (19%) in Maine that caused landings revenue to decline 22%. Despite the 2017 decline, land- ings revenue is 73% higher than it was in 2008. This is due to a 53% increase in landings during this period.

Lobster prices were off 2016 levels by only 1%, declining from $4.20/pound to $4.15/pound. Strong demand has
kept prices well above the 10-year average (up 12%). The higher landings trend is due to record abundance levels of Gulf of Maine lobsters, which have comprised between 85- 90% of landings in recent years. Indeed, average annual landings in the past five years are more than three times the average annual landings for the previous 60 years. On average, Maine has accounted for 80% of New England’s
lobster landings revenue since 2007.

Sea scallop landings value was up 21% from 2016 (from
$304.8 million to $368.6 million). Landings were up
46%, reversing a downward trend from 2012 to 2016.

Sea scallop landings had declined primarily due to a 35% reduction in the catch limit that was implemented in
2012 to protect young sea scallops and prevent local-
ized overfishing. In 2017, two scallop fishing areas that were previously closed were opened to fishing: 1) the
“Nantucket Lightship Closed Area” and the “Closed Area
II,” which are off the coasts of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Increased landings accounted for the value in-
crease since prices declined by 17% from $12.27/pound
in 2016 to $10.19/pound in 2017. Sea scallop landings
in Rhode Island increased nearly three-fold between
2016 and 2017. Despite the 14% price decrease, Rhode
Island’s sea scallop landings value increased by 131%.

Rhode Island is the center of the New England squid
fishery, which comprised 28% of Rhode Island’s total
landings revenue in 2017. Overall, squid landings in New England decreased 9% from 2016 to 2017. Prices were
down 17% from $1.06/pound in 2016 to $0.88 in 2017.

While landings were up slightly in Rhode Island (3%),
the 18% decline in squid prices accounted for Rhode Is- land’s 17% decline in landings value. Squid price declines may have been driven by the increase in global produc-
tion of squid, which ticked up 7% from 2016 levels.

Massachusetts’ two largest fisheries are American lobster and sea scallops. Lobster landings value remained essen- tially unchanged while sea scallop values increased 17% due to the opening of nearby sea scallop areas.

Landings Revenue
In 2017, landings revenue in New England totaled $1.3
billion, a 57% increase from 2008 (a 37% increase in real terms after adjusting for inflation) and a 5% decrease
from 2016. Landings revenue was highest in Massachu-
setts ($605.3 million), followed by Maine ($511.3 million).

Shellfish landings revenue accounted for 85% of all
landings revenue. In 2017, American lobster ($548.6
million), sea scallop ($368.6 million), and squid ($31.5 million) had the highest landings revenue in this region.

Together, these top three species accounted for 75% of
total landings revenue.

From 2008 to 2017, bluefin tuna (152%, 120% in real
terms), sea scallop (81%, 58% in real terms), and Amer- ican lobster (73%, 51% in real terms) had the largest
increases, while cod and haddock (-65%, -70% in real
terms), Atlantic mackerel (-36%, -44% in real terms),
and goosefish (-23%, -33% in real terms) had the largest decreases. From 2016 to 2017, sea scallop (21%), Atlan- tic mackerel (7%), and goosefish (2%) had the largest
increases, while squid (-25%), bluefin tuna (-21%), and American lobster (-18%) had the largest decreases.
79 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico New England Region | Regional Summary
Commercial Revenue: Largest Increases
From 2008:
• Bluefin tuna (152%, 120% in real terms)
• Sea scallop (81%, 58% in real terms)
• American lobster (73%, 51% in real terms)
From 2016:
• Sea scallop (21%)
• Atlantic mackerel (7%)
• Goosefish (2%)
Commercial Revenue: Largest Decreases
From 2008:
• Cod and haddock (-65%, -70% in real
terms)
• Atlantic mackerel (-36%, -44% in real
terms)
• Goosefish (-23%, -33% in real terms)
From 2016:
• Squid (-25%)
• Bluefin tuna (-21%)
• American lobster (-18%)
Landings
In 2017, New England Region commercial fishermen
landed over 555.7 million pounds of finfish and shellfish.

This represents an 8% decrease from 2008 and a 7%
decrease from 2016. American lobster contributed the
highest landings volume in the region, accounting for
24% of total landing weight.

From 2008 to 2017, bluefin tuna (221%), American
lobster (53%), and sea scallop (25%) had the largest
increases, while Atlantic mackerel (-68%), cod and
haddock (-58%), and Atlantic herring (-38%) had the
largest decreases. From 2016 to 2017, sea scallop
(46%), goosefish (32%), and flounders (10%) had the
largest increases, while Atlantic herring (-23%), Amer- ican lobster (-17%), and bluefin tuna (-14%) had the
largest decreases.

Commercial Landings: Largest Increases
From 2008:
• Bluefin tuna (221%)
• American lobster (53%)
• Sea scallop (25%)
From 2016:
• Sea scallop (46%)
• Goosefish (32%)
• Flounders (10%)
Commercial Landings: Largest Decreases
From 2008:
• Atlantic mackerel (-68%)
• Cod and haddock (-58%)
• Atlantic herring (-38%)
From 2016:
• Atlantic herring (-23%)
• American lobster (-17%)
• Bluefin tuna (-14%)
Prices
In 2017, sea scallop ($10.19 per pound) received the
highest ex-vessel price in the region. Landings of Atlantic herring ($0.25 per pound) had the lowest ex-vessel price.

From 2008 to 2017, Atlantic herring (108%, 81% in real
terms), Atlantic mackerel (101%, 75% in real terms), and quahog clam (49%, 30% in real terms) had the largest
increases, while goosefish (-35%, -44% in real terms),
bluefin tuna (-21%, -31% in real terms), and cod and
haddock (-18%, -28% in real terms) had the largest
decreases. From 2016 to 2017, Atlantic herring (20%),
Atlantic mackerel (6%), and quahog clam (3%) had the
largest increases, while goosefish (-23%), squid (-17%), and sea scallop (-17%) had the largest decreases.

RECREATIONAL FISHERIES —

NEW ENGLAND REGION
In this report, recreational fishing refers to fishing for leisure rather than to sell fish (commercial fishing) or for subsistence. This recreational fisheries section reports on economic impacts and expenditures, angler participation, fishing trips, and catch of key species/species groups.4 4 Atlantic and Gulf recreational catch and effort estimates are based upon the MRIP estimates released in 2018. 80 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico New England Region | Regional Summary
5 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 6 Trip expenditure estimates were generated from the 2016/2017 National Marine Recreational Fishing Expenditure Survey (Lovell et al., 2020).

Durable goods expenditures were generated from the 2014 National Marine Recreational Fishing Expenditure Survey (Lovell et al., 2016). (For citations: Publications-U.S. Coastal and Marine Recreation.) 7 Summary data is available online in the FEUS webtool. (Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/data-tools/fisheries-economics-united-states- interactive-tool.)
Key New England Recreational Species5
• Atlantic cod
• Atlantic mackerel
• Bluefin tuna
• Bluefish
• Little tunny
• Porgies (scup)
• Striped bass
• Summer flounder
• Winter flounder
• Wrasses (tautog)
Economic Impacts and Expenditures
The economic contribution of recreational fishing activ- ities in the New England Region is based on spending
by recreational anglers.6 Total annual trip expenditures are estimated at the state level by multiplying mean
trip expenditures by the estimated number of adult trips in each trip mode (for-hire, private boat, and shore)
and adjusting by the CPI (consumer price index) to the
current year. Total annual durable expenditures are esti- mated by multiplying mean durable expenditures in each
state by the estimated annual number of adult partici-
pants for each state and adjusting by the CPI (consumer price index) to the current year.
7 Four different measures are commonly used to show how angler expenditures affect the economy in a region (state or nationwide): sales, income, value-added, and employ- ment. The term sales refers to the gross value of all sales by regional businesses affected by an activity, such as recreational fishing. The category includes both the direct sales made to the angler and sales made between busi-
nesses and households resulting from that original sale.

Income includes personal income (wages and salaries)
and proprietors’ income (income from self-employment).

Value-added is the contribution made to the gross domes- tic product in a region. Employment is specified on the basis of full-time and part-time jobs supported directly or indirectly by the purchases made by anglers. The first three measures are calculated in terms of dollars, where- as employment impacts are measured in number of jobs.

Note that these categories are not additive. NOAA Fish- eries uses a regional impact modeling software, called
IMPLAN, to estimate these four types of impacts.

The economic contributions for both trip and durable
expenditures from recreational fishing in 2017 were
estimated using IMPLAN version 3, with base year data
from 2017. Models for each state and for the nation were created in IMPLAN using trip expenditures (based on
2016/2017 survey data on average trip expenditures and
total 2017 trips) and for durable expenditures (based on 2014 survey data on average durable expenditures and
2017 participants).

The greatest employment impacts from expenditures on
saltwater recreational fishing in the New England Region were generated in Massachusetts (8,469 jobs), followed
by Connecticut (5,259 jobs) and Rhode Island (4,046
jobs).The largest sales impacts were observed in Mas-
sachusetts ($1 billion), followed by Connecticut ($608.2 million) and Rhode Island ($419 million). The biggest in- come impacts were generated in Massachusetts ($466.1
million), followed by Connecticut ($264.1 million) and
Rhode Island ($177.9 million). The greatest value-added impacts were in Massachusetts ($686.5 million), fol-
lowed by Connecticut ($424.9 million) and Rhode Island
($276.4 million).

Expenditures for fishing trips and durable equipment
across the New England Region in 2017 totaled $2.1
billion. This total included $1.6 billion in durable goods expenditures, with the largest portion coming from boat expenses ($955.4 million).

Participation
In 2017, there were 968,664 recreational anglers who
fished in the New England Region. This number repre-
sented a 39% decrease from 2008 and a 19% decrease
from 2016. The anglers are categorized as either resi-
dents from coastal (95%) or non-coastal (5%) counties.

Fishing Trips
In 2017, recreational fishermen took 16.7 million fishing trips in the New England Region. This number represent- ed a 27% decrease from 2008 and a 4% decrease from
2016. The largest proportions of trips were taken in the shore mode (59%) and private boat mode (39%). States
with the highest number of recorded trips in the New En- gland Region were Massachusetts (7.8 million trips) and Connecticut (3.9 million trips).
81 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico New England Region | Regional Summary
8 Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 2014. Addendum IV to Amendment 6 to the Atlantic Striped Bass Interstate Fishery Management Plan.

20. [Available at http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/54d2aa96AtlStripedBassAddendumIV_Oct2014.pdf]. 9 Appelman, M., C. Godwin, W. Laney, G. Shepherd, and D. Orner. 2016. 2016 Review of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Fishery Management Plan for Atlantic Striped Bass. Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 37. [Available at http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/ file/57b22f6dsbfmpreview2016.pdf].
10 Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC). 2019. 66th Northeast Regional Stock Assessment Workshop (66th SAW) Assessment Summary Report. Woods Hole, MA. Northeast Fisheries Science Center Reference Document 19-01. 40. [Available at http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/ file/5d0d2c882019SFlounderBenchmarkAssmtSummary_SAW_SARC.pdf]. 11 Unless otherwise stated, data are from the U.S. Census Bureau. [For more information: www.census.gov.] 12 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, ‘Table 1.1.5 Gross Domestic Product’ and ‘Table SA6N Compensation of Employees by NAICS Industry.’ [Available at: https://apps.bea.gov/regional/histdata/releases/0518gdpstate/.] 13 Percentage changes in inflation adjusted (real dollar) terms are calculated using the annual Gross Domestic Product implicit price deflator published by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Available at: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDPDEF.] 14 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ‘Location Quotient Calculator.’ [For more information: https://www.bls.gov/cew/about-data/location-quotients- explained.htm.]
Harvest and Release Trends
Of the New England Region’s key species and species
groups, striped bass (24.1 million fish), Atlantic mackerel (20.5 million fish), and porgies (scup) (15.2 million fish), were most frequently caught by recreational fishermen.

The text box below shows the species with the largest
percentage increases and decreases in the past 10 years and in the past year.

Harvest and Release: Largest Increases
From 2008:
• Little tunny (631%)
• Bluefin tuna (545%)
• Wrasses (tautog) (185%)
From 2016:
• Bluefin tuna (255%)
• Wrasses (tautog) (27%)
• Winter flounder (19%)
Harvest and Release: Largest Decreases
From 2008:
• Bluefish (-44%)
• Summer flounder (-38%)
• Winter flounder (-14%)
From 2016:
• Little tunny (-65%)
• Summer flounder (-24%)
• Bluefish (-3%)
From 2008 to 2017, little tunny (631%), bluefin tuna
(545%), and wrasses (tautog) (185%) had the largest in- creases, while bluefish (-44%), summer flounder (-38%), and winter flounder (-14%) had the largest decreases.

From 2016 to 2017, bluefin tuna (255%), wrasses (tau-
tog) (27%), and winter flounder (19%) had the largest
increases, while little tunny (-65%), summer flounder
(-24%), and bluefish (-3%) had the largest decreases.

The standard coastwide recreational possession limit
for Atlantic striped bass of one fish, 28 inches or longer has remained unchanged since it was established by the
Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) in
2015.
8,9 From 2016 to 2017, there was a 95% increase
in the total amount harvested and released combined.

This represents a 55% increase in the total amount of
striped bass harvested and released since 2008. Be-
tween 2016 and 2017, there was a 17% increase in the
total amount of cod from both Gulf of Maine and Georges Bank harvested and released combined.
10 MARINE ECONOMY — NEW

ENGLAND REGION
For this report, the marine economy refers to the eco-
nomic activity generated by fishing and marine-related
industries in a coastal state. The national marine econo- my consists of two industry sectors: 1) seafood sales and processing (employer establishments and non-employer
firms); and 2) transport, support, and marine operations (employer establishments). These sectors include several different marine-related industries.
11,12
To measure the size of the commercial fishing sector in a state’s economy relative to the size of the commercial fishing sector in the national economy, researchers use an index called the Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ).
13,14 The CFLQ is calculated as the ratio of the per-
centage of regional employment in the commercial fishing sector relative to the percentage of national employment in the commercial fishing sector. The United States CFLQ is 1. If a state CFLQ is less than 1, then less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. If a state CFLQ is greater than 1, then more commercial fish- ing occurs in this state than the national average.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics suppressed the CFLQ val- ue for Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire
for 2016. Of the remaining states, Maine had the highest CFLQ at 21.54. Rhode Island had a CFLQ value of 3.59.

In 2016, 374,778 employer establishments operated
throughout the entire New England Region (including
82 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico New England Region | Regional Summary
15 The Census Bureau suppressed number of firms and receipt data for this sector in one or more states in the this region in either 2016 or 2008, and thus cannot be compared.
16 Connecticut data for the ship and boat building sector is suppressed. marine and non-marine related establishments). These
establishments employed 6.3 million workers and had
a total annual payroll of $370.1 billion. The combined
gross state product of Connecticut, Maine, Massachu-
setts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, was approxi-
mately $964.3 billion in 2016.

Seafood Sales and Processing
Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging: In
2016, the New England Region had 101 non-employer
firms in the seafood product preparation and packag-
ing sector. Annual receipts for these firms totaled about $11.3 million.
15 There were 72 employer firms in the sea-
food product preparation and packaging sector (a 21%
decrease from 2008). These establishments employed
2,485 workers and had a total annual payroll of $127.6
million.
15 The greatest number of establishments in this
sector was in Massachusetts (112), followed by Maine
(85) and Connecticut (22).

Seafood Sales, Retail: In 2016, there were 148
non-employer firms engaged in retail sales of seafood in the states that make up the New England Region (a 13%
decrease from 2008). Annual receipts for these firms to- taled about $18.6 million (a 17% decrease in real terms from 2008). There were 231 employer firms in the retail sales of seafood sector (a 2% decrease from 2008).

These establishments employed 1,338 workers (a 24%
increase from 2008) and had a total annual payroll of
$44.1 million (a 38% increase in real terms from 2008).

The greatest number of establishments in this sector was in Massachusetts (260), followed by Maine (165) and
Connecticut (97).

Seafood Sales, Wholesale: There were 331 employer
firms in the wholesale sales of seafood sector in the New England Region in 2016 (an 11% decrease from 2008).

These establishments employed 3,456 workers (a 9%
increase from 2008), and had a total annual payroll of
$188.8 million (a 31% increase in real terms from 2008).

The greatest number of establishments in this sector was in Maine (150), followed by Massachusetts (128) and
Rhode Island (26).

Transport, Support, and Marine
Operations
Data for the transport, support, and marine operations
sector of New England Region’s economy were largely
suppressed for confidentiality reasons. It is clear, how- ever, that these sectors play an important role in the re- gional economy. For example, in 2016, the ship and boat building sector in the New England Region accounted for $496.9 million in payroll (in real terms from 2008).
16 Tables | New England Region
84 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico New England Region | Commercial Fisheries
Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 808,816 787,206 958,085 1,103,1761,192,3591,161,2301,198,7441,243,4011,331,2091,266,062 Finfish & Other 190,526 176,399 187,840 212,020 242,701 204,278 193,265 182,958 189,670 184,158 Shellfish 618,290 610,806 770,245 891,156 949,658 956,953 1,005,4791,060,4431,141,5391,081,904 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 317,909 305,195 397,818 418,105 426,223 456,654 563,341 618,839 666,917 548,635 Atlantic herring 20,507 24,459 20,686 24,751 28,548 31,365 27,947 24,279 28,613 26,566 Atlantic mackerel 5,265 7,892 3,458 294 3,480 1,738 3,111 3,355 3,149 3,364 Bluefin tuna 2,993 4,448 8,470 9,258 8,388 3,649 6,114 7,723 9,599 7,554 Cod and had-
dock 47,166 38,745 49,698 48,745 29,666 16,278 20,307 18,898 19,189 16,368 Flounders 30,654 27,286 27,684 30,851 35,148 32,092 30,609 28,103 26,569 25,343 Goosefish 19,945 14,321 14,064 19,791 19,675 13,575 14,101 14,628 15,041 15,305 Quahog clam 8,901 9,002 9,713 8,316 9,276 9,075 9,973 11,286 11,935 11,332 Sea scallop 203,124 209,168 265,531 352,642 389,597 366,294 297,797 287,480 304,708 368,573 Squid 19,848 16,696 14,788 22,889 18,187 15,547 21,411 24,263 41,859 31,539 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 602,950 648,988 581,193 612,922 664,960 634,600 647,779 599,191 596,382 555,661 Finfish & Other 400,732 422,141 335,009 357,143 380,272 358,036 376,458 333,879 298,437 271,279 Shellfish 202,219 226,848 246,184 255,779 284,688 276,564 271,321 265,312 297,945 284,382 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 86,229 99,199 116,035 125,212 149,132 149,276 147,190 146,379 158,746 132,351 Atlantic herring 167,709 210,784 140,759 174,287 190,554 203,673 197,908 171,779 135,156 104,673 Atlantic mackerel 38,359 39,398 16,904 913 9,680 9,049 12,934 10,140 12,080 12,208 Bluefin tuna 447 772 1,201 1,085 914 523 971 1,502 1,663 1,437 Cod and had-
dock 33,122 32,470 39,249 30,089 14,649 9,037 15,133 15,257 14,237 13,947 Flounders 15,501 16,232 14,530 17,913 18,349 16,320 14,270 12,304 8,866 9,784 Goosefish 17,757 14,256 12,378 14,699 16,406 14,320 14,557 15,272 15,983 21,083 Quahog clam 1,468 1,628 1,782 1,513 1,570 1,558 1,542 1,424 1,357 1,252 Sea scallop 28,867 31,604 32,888 35,286 39,212 32,093 23,490 23,343 24,833 36,168 Squid 28,615 28,014 21,722 27,909 16,153 14,575 28,781 23,698 39,376 35,851 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
American lobster 3.69 3.08 3.43 3.34 2.86 3.06 3.83 4.23 4.20 4.15 Atlantic herring 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.21 0.25 Atlantic mackerel 0.14 0.20 0.20 0.32 0.36 0.19 0.24 0.33 0.26 0.28 Bluefin tuna 6.69 5.76 7.05 8.54 9.18 6.98 6.29 5.14 5.77 5.26 Cod and haddock 1.42 1.19 1.27 1.62 2.03 1.80 1.34 1.24 1.35 1.17 Flounders 1.98 1.68 1.91 1.72 1.92 1.97 2.15 2.28 3.00 2.59 Goosefish 1.12 1.00 1.14 1.35 1.20 0.95 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.73 Quahog clam 6.06 5.53 5.45 5.50 5.91 5.82 6.47 7.93 8.80 9.05 Sea scallop 7.04 6.62 8.07 9.99 9.94 11.41 12.68 12.32 12.27 10.19 Squid 0.69 0.60 0.68 0.82 1.13 1.07 0.74 1.02 1.06 0.88 2017 Economic Impacts of the New England Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
Landings
Revenue #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Connecticut 13,717 5,295 1,087,408 218,948 371,531 721 48,482 16,617 23,166 Maine 511,315 42,353 3,630,283 1,016,423 1,538,973 31,934 1,857,960 642,926 918,865 Massachusetts 605,250 127,563 14,143,543 3,428,282 5,366,611 59,821 2,546,342 937,737 1,278,180 New Hampshire 35,011 15,287 2,503,450 552,670 902,419 2,665 168,700 62,428 85,371 Rhode Island 100,768 12,031 1,661,409 393,191 627,780 5,539 357,456 130,592 182,284 85 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Connecticut and Rhode Island anglers estimates are not available for the non-coastal mode. 2 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 3 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish.

New England Region | Recreational Fisheries
Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 1,389 1,222 1,317 1,156 1,171 1,043 1,080 924 1,104 916 Non-Coastal 187 165 169 131 144 100 99 95 94 53
Total Anglers 1,576 1,387 1,486 1,288 1,316 1,143 1,179 1,018 1,198 969 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 543 490 322 380 374 515 488 348 237 362
Private 8,006 8,331 8,982 8,888 8,347 7,962 7,552 7,017 6,625 6,580 Shore 14,553 15,053 15,550 14,004 13,818 11,272 10,690 9,581 10,620 9,808 Total Trips 23,102 23,874 24,855 23,271 22,538 19,749 18,730 16,945 17,482 16,750 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)2,3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Atlantic
cod
H 688 726 957 967 690 842 408 59 167 87
R 1,505 1,670 2,350 1,684 991 1,799 1,168 1,074 1,787 2,200 Atlantic
mackerel
H 9,149 6,150 16,156 15,554 10,443 9,986 8,440 15,579 16,577 17,361 R 1,629 1,080 1,447 1,867 1,456 716 1,253 3,194 2,027 3,155 Bluefin
tuna
H 9 15 2 6 12 < 1 14 2 12 14
R 1 7 < 1 11 5 < 1 < 1 7 7 55
Bluefish
H 2,165 1,658 3,279 1,799 4,744 5,720 2,383 1,293 1,676 1,599 R 4,946 4,247 4,809 5,033 4,819 5,304 4,215 2,781 2,464 2,407 Little
tunny
H < 1 6 6 0 18 3 15 54 70 28
R 42 95 42 85 202 26 1,034 159 811 285
Porgies
(scup)
H 3,196 2,950
5,405 5,261 5,421 8,170 6,655 4,394 4,693 5,190
R 7,546 7,890 9,386 7,161 8,249 7,298 6,481 5,325 9,253 9,969 Striped
bass
H 865 1,097 1,199 1,270 1,347 1,373 930 718 454 606
R 14,690 10,285 7,808 6,872 6,635 10,837 8,942 8,971 11,905 23,539 Summer
flounder
H 735 281 568 663 592 844 878 686 556 343
R 2,571 1,566 1,854 3,143 2,138 2,765 3,101 1,947 2,153 1,705 Winter
flounder
H 373 345 287 431 162 115 178 194 83 317
R 150 338 187 305 73 53 134 214 296 133
Wrasses
(tautog)
H 605 820 798 294 849 1,087 1,199 873 730 995
R 1,115 1,513 1,488 1,369 2,481 3,081 5,498 3,045 3,124 3,906 2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 48,387
Private Boat 282,747
Shore 234,888
Total 566,023
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 355,465
Other Equipment 123,882
Boat Expenses 955,413
Vehicle Expenses 115,221
Second Home Expenses 1,387
Total Durable Expenditures 1,551,366
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 2,117,389 2017 Economic Impacts of the New England Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars, trips) Trips #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
Connecticut 3,937 5,259 608,157 264,087 424,856
Maine 1,748 1,616 160,121 60,337 98,136
Massachusetts 7,775 8,469 1,005,025 466,082 686,460
New Hampshire 972 497 49,485 21,013 32,886
Rhode Island 2,318 4,046 418,996 177,906 276,443

Tables | Connecticut
88 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico Connecticut | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Connecticut Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 5,295 1,087,408 218,948 371,531 721 48,482 16,617 23,166 Commercial Harvesters 360 24,325 6,672 10,280 360 24,325 6,672 10,280 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 197 23,210 8,864 11,458 45 5,265 2,011 2,599
Importers 2,797 880,861 141,175 268,525 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 389 70,767 23,163 31,122 14 2,559 838 1,125 Retail 1,552 88,245 39,074 50,146 303 16,332 7,097 9,161 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 17,206 15,007 16,095 20,031 21,128 14,629 14,143 15,791 15,014 13,717 Finfish & Other 3,962 3,108 3,698 4,818 5,467 5,122 4,428 5,411 4,475 4,051 Shellfish 13,243 11,899 12,397 15,213 15,662 9,507 9,715 10,380 10,539 9,666 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 2,102 1,763 1,894 943 1,057 577 608 1,073 1,298 700 Goosefish 551 591 564 976 1,040 1,022 510 680 467 360
Loligo squid 546 260 473 694 1,861 1,257 1,354 1,631 2,199 996 Other flounders 172 87 42 33 65 184 89 164 250 171
Red hake 181 137 76 89 88 115 104 112 109 88
Scups or porgies 383 196 272 408 837 705 573 820 779 565 Sea scallop 10,032 8,952 9,458 13,007 12,005 7,220 7,219 7,039 5,881 7,204 Silver hake 1,436 1,011 1,341 1,617 1,380 1,301 1,586 1,164 917 647 Summer flounder 680 649 850 1,005 940 902 921 1,078 808 673 Whelks and conchs 453 796 449 159 616 295 336 487 997 586 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 7,131 6,568 6,698 7,403 8,940 7,957 7,523 9,390 12,149 10,118 Finfish & Other 4,520 4,155 4,409 5,218 5,756 5,874 5,221 7,110 9,235 8,251 Shellfish 2,611 2,414 2,288 2,186 3,184 2,082 2,302 2,280 2,914 1,867 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 426 412 442 199 248 127 127 205 254 126 Goosefish 424 546 358 630 765 967 493 605 431 398
Loligo squid 523 256 366 498 1,518 1,098 1,318 1,317 1,823 650 Other flounders 88 58 26 27 40 142 60 86 108 76
Red hake 284 310 176 158 185 173 167 146 164 133
Scups or porgies 282 204 324 644 907 1,195 811 983 942 752 Sea scallop 1,407 1,386 1,260 1,318 1,231 640 609 577 530 777 Silver hake 2,178 1,881 1,973 2,041 1,848 1,647 2,037 1,320 948 746 Summer flounder 221 251 308 401 315 284 253 287 191 134 Whelks and conchs 174 229 113 28 91 81 98 81 211 221
Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
American lobster 4.93 4.27 4.29 4.74 4.26 4.53 4.78 5.23 5.10 5.55 Goosefish 1.30 1.08 1.58 1.55 1.36 1.06 1.04 1.12 1.08 0.90 Loligo squid 1.04 1.01 1.29 1.39 1.23 1.15 1.03 1.24 1.21 1.53 Other flounders 1.96 1.50 1.60 1.23 1.60 1.29 1.49 1.91 2.33 2.27 Red hake 0.64 0.44 0.43 0.56 0.47 0.66 0.62 0.77 0.66 0.66 Scups or porgies 1.36 0.96 0.84 0.63 0.92 0.59 0.71 0.83 0.83 0.75 Sea scallop 7.13 6.46 7.51 9.87 9.75 11.29 11.85 12.20 11.09 9.27 Silver hake 0.66 0.54 0.68 0.79 0.75 0.79 0.78 0.88 0.97 0.87 Summer flounder 3.08 2.59 2.76 2.50 2.98 3.18 3.63 3.76 4.23 5.02 Whelks and conchs 2.61 3.47 3.98 5.63 6.75 3.65 3.43 6.04 4.72 2.65 89 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 ‘NA’ = not available.
2 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 3 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish.

Connecticut | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Connecticut Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 55 5,980 2,351 3,870 Private Boat 354 44,460 18,667 33,756
Shore 504 55,727 24,083 44,181
Total Durable Expenditures 4,346 501,990 218,986 343,049 Total State Economic Impacts 5,259 608,157 264,087 424,856 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 381 438 402 420 397 198 209 252 297 296
Non-Coastal NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Out-of-State 123 93 112 98 67 43 64 57 88 102
Total Anglers 504 531 514 518 464 240 273 309 385 398
Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 73 43 42 45 27 64 62 77 38 36
Private 1,763 1,567 1,807 1,688 1,776 1,730 1,693 1,576 1,629 1,337 Shore 1,733 1,777 1,847 1,746 1,931 1,712 1,885 2,192 2,563 2,565 Total Trips 3,569 3,388 3,696 3,479 3,734 3,506 3,641 3,844 4,230 3,937 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)1,2,3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Atlantic
cod
H NA NA NA NA 2 NA NA NA 19 2
R NA NA NA NA 0 NA NA NA 12 < 1
Bluefish H 833 564 1,482 697 1,399 3,476 1,179 501 554 584 R 1,599 654 1,552 1,958 1,495 1,594 1,062 890 818 1,763 Hickory
shad
H 0 0 4 65 61 15 92 0 36 19
R 15 1 0 0 0 4 29 7 40 22
Little
tunny
H NA 0 2 0 < 1 NA 2 0 < 1 14
R NA 68 15 20 105 NA 17 3 45 50
Porgies
(scup)
H 735 767 2,217 1,940 1,840 1,879 1,189 1,198 1,352 1,694 R 1,662 2,484 2,305 1,170 2,052 2,775 2,729 1,814 3,288 4,650 Striped
bass
H 133 100
170 91 137 270 132 141 63 95
R 5,063 2,427 1,416 1,571 892 2,312 740 1,761 1,208 4,993 Summer
flounder
H 188 62 73 99 135 529 281 252 338 121
R 1,248 614 801 778 650 1,684 1,544 1,075 1,409 811
White
perch
H 8 135 NA 0 50 0 9 < 1 22 114
R 87 144 NA 2 115 6 26 < 1 29 5
Winter
flounder
H NA 20 39 44 52 0 1 45 1 < 1
R NA 9 33 2 29 8 1 83 7 < 1
Wrasses
(tautog)
H 245 357 274 42 411 307 516 389 312 219
R 407 337 576 72 1,287 1,276 2,908 1,260 1,809 1,473
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 4,111
Private Boat 53,082
Shore 54,264
Total 111,457
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 99,129
Other Equipment 26,715
Boat Expenses 294,314
Vehicle Expenses 21,345
Second Home Expenses 0
Total Durable Expenditures 441,504
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 552,961 90 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 ds = Data are suppressed.
2 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 3 NA = Not applicable.

Connecticut | Marine Economy
2016 Connecticut State Economy (% of national total)1
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient2
277,699 (1.1%) 89,416 (1.2%) 1,533,879 (1.2%)94.7 (1.5%) 138 (1.4%) 259 ds Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 18 17 17 14 13 25 26 25 22
Receipts 2,375 2,550 1,518 1,066 882 3,058 3,969 2,692 1,635 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 25 23 25 21 21 20 18 19 33
Receipts 3,247 2,142 2,473 2,165 1,388 1,543 1,655 1,813 3,965 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 1,3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 NA
Employees 59 ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 NA
Payroll 1,040 ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 NA
Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 24 25 23 24 16 17 19 20 18
Employees 185 212 216 212 187 178 172 211 158
Payroll 8,551 8,842 9,219 9,224 8,237 7,920 8,174 20,558 18,205 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 35 36 39 37 37 36 35 34 32
Employees 203 205 204 171 233 218 244 230 261
Payroll 5,248 5,551 5,563 4,824 6,349 6,344 7,380 7,533 8,742 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 1,3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 15 13 12 11 8 7 9 8 10
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 12 12 10 11 14 11 11 11 12
Employees 243 222 225 225 297 184 ds 164 162
Payroll 46,595 45,045 29,407 41,302 37,711 28,513 26,891 26,880 27,211 Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments 1 1 1 1 1 NA NA NA 1
Employees ds ds ds ds ds NA NA NA 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds NA NA NA 0
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 5 5 6 5 10 9 9 9 8
Employees ds ds ds 95 256 ds ds 216 232
Payroll ds ds
8,148 7,856 32,789 ds ds 27,698 34,550
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 8 8 6 5 4 5 5 5 4
Employees 179 166 122 34 ds ds ds 22 19
Payroll 6,136 5,787 2,162 848 1,414 ds ds 1,142 1,465
Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 4 3 3 3 NA 1 1 1 2
Employees ds ds ds ds NA ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds NA ds ds 0 0
Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 6 6 6 5 2 2 4 3 1
Employees ds 5 ds 5 ds ds 3 2 0
Payroll 338 696 242 898 ds ds 185 159 0
Marinas
Establishments 125 126 129 128 130 130 128 125 125
Employees 1,352 1,261 1,284 1,283 1,257 1,265 1,174 1,153 1,193 Payroll 60,016 58,065 58,877 59,851 60,803 63,211 59,054 59,526 62,504
Tables | Maine
92 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico Maine | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Maine Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 42,353 3,630,283 1,016,423 1,538,973 31,934 1,857,960 642,926 918,865 Commercial Harvesters 15,027 981,108 269,232 439,606 15,027 981,108 269,232 439,606 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 3,145 250,141 100,428 128,325 2,291 182,251 73,172 93,497 Importers 4,507 1,419,375 227,482 432,688 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 1,835 199,377 71,519 93,064 892 96,863 34,746 45,213 Retail 17,839 780,283 347,761 445,290 13,724 597,738 265,777 340,548 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 308,233 292,315 380,422 412,073 451,647 477,666 551,072 594,058 638,086 511,315 Finfish & Other 37,440 30,367 30,185 43,794 77,524 72,881 50,904 49,607 60,190 56,880 Shellfish 270,793 261,948 350,237 368,279 374,123 404,785 500,168 544,450 577,896 454,435 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 245,146 237,519 318,299 334,688 342,519 371,080 461,897 502,565 540,962 422,961 Atlantic cod and
haddock 5,257 1,752 1,520 1,653 1,337 951 1,267 1,069 886 770 Atlantic herring 8,396 7,867 8,643 14,395 14,494 15,492 16,212 13,526 19,488 18,086 Bloodworms 5,913 6,196 5,893 5,847 5,191 5,644 6,085 6,333 6,585 4,745 Blue mussel 1,627 2,203 2,074 1,969 1,930 2,341 2,153 2,458 2,422 1,915 Goosefish 1,478 526 393 578 1,059 773 566 616 459 623
Ocean quahog clam 2,195 1,821 1,721 2,117 1,737 1,378 1,238 1,311 1,299 1,203 Pollock 2,321 2,047 1,503 1,929 2,527 2,562 2,878 1,965 1,663 1,182 Sea urchins 5,410 5,866 5,490 5,113 5,024 5,781 5,282 5,387 6,619 6,118 Softshell clam 12,826 11,686 12,960 15,852 15,657 18,102 20,232 22,841 16,231 9,644 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 186,696 188,388 200,888 249,467 263,693 266,646 266,012 243,158 249,086 208,677 Finfish & Other 98,951 82,505 79,361 122,883 121,327 120,461 127,697 104,434 97,608 79,332 Shellfish 87,745 105,883 121,526 126,583 142,366 146,185 138,315 138,723 151,478 129,345 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 69,863 81,179 96,244 104,954 127,462 128,017 124,953 122,686 132,662 107,989 Atlantic cod and
haddock 2,455 1,401 869 835 536 400 685 658 489 449
Atlantic herring 67,731 64,606 57,557 97,066 92,528 98,769 103,530 86,441 78,425 66,600 Bloodworms 537 574 534 526 457 470 448 401 413 294
Blue mussel 2,289 2,760 2,589 2,810 2,427 2,282 2,270 2,401 1,745 1,201 Goosefish 1,178 603 404 533 1,075 874 633 740 542 883
Ocean quahog clam 669 556 549 645 698 557 438 416 367 346 Pollock 4,064
3,040 1,640 2,325 2,666 2,227 2,319 1,381 1,049 848
Sea urchins 2,900 3,487 2,592 2,407 1,904 1,988 1,958 1,951 2,058 1,956 Softshell clam 1,998 1,902 2,077 2,365 2,258 2,297 2,080 1,891 1,569 1,109 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
American lobster 3.51 2.93 3.31 3.19 2.69 2.90 3.70 4.10 4.08 3.92 Atlantic cod and
haddock 2.14 1.25 1.75 1.98 2.50 2.38 1.85 1.62 1.81 1.71 Atlantic herring 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.25 0.27 Bloodworms 11.01 10.79 11.03 11.12 11.36 12.00 13.59 15.80 15.93 16.13 Blue mussel 0.71 0.80 0.80 0.70 0.80 1.03 0.95 1.02 1.39 1.60 Goosefish 1.25 0.87 0.97 1.09 0.99 0.88 0.89 0.83 0.85 0.71 Ocean quahog clam 3.28 3.27 3.13 3.28 2.49 2.47 2.82 3.15 3.54 3.48 Pollock 0.57 0.67 0.92 0.83 0.95 1.15 1.24 1.42 1.58 1.39 Sea urchins 1.87 1.68 2.12 2.12 2.64 2.91 2.70 2.76 3.22 3.13 Softshell clam 6.42 6.14 6.24 6.70 6.93 7.88 9.73 12.08 10.34 8.69 93 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 2 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish. 3 ’NA’ = not available.

Maine | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Maine Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 52 4,725 1,644 2,747 Private Boat 138 15,957 5,353 9,009
Shore 524 54,603 20,012 32,799
Total Durable Expenditures 902 84,836 33,328 53,581
Total State Economic Impacts 1,616 160,121 60,337 98,136 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 121 117 122 85 116 102 79 67 114 114
Non-Coastal 9 12 9 7 6 4 5 4 13 10
Out-of-State 180 324 159 107 126 129 129 74 110 145
Total Anglers 310 453 290 198 248 235 213 145 237 269
Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 27 28 24 23 23 30 27 23 17 16
Private 1,038 947 857 892 788 821 711 660 664 650
Shore 1,340 1,663 1,177 856 958 1,045 1,239 1,022 1,268 1,082 Total Trips 2,405 2,637 2,058 1,771 1,768 1,896 1,976 1,705 1,948 1,748 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)1,2,3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
American
shad
H < 1 2 0 0 0 0 6 6 4 4
R 12 42 20 15 43 5 0 50 20 40
Atlantic
cod
H 62 77 21 98 48 110 70 3 4 < 1
R 71 57 97 309 207 157 147 225 148 128
Atlantic
mackerel
H 2,554 3,462 3,402 5,416 3,917 2,268 2,331 3,172 4,929 1,934 R 1,000 625 643 1,215 739 214 603 488 963 221
Blue shark
H NA 0 NA 0 0 0 0 0 0 NA
R NA 3 NA 24 7 36 20 35 2 NA
Bluefin
tuna
H 0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
R < 1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Bluefish
H 78 10 26
2 22 67 < 1 1 < 1 < 1
R 134 58 22 10 144 65 0 0 < 1 0
Haddock
H 34 18 5 25 6 13 9 36 45 60
R 2 2 10 8 30 94 212 122 166 179
Pollock
H 161 143 133 206 122 267 371 194 82 123
R 496 99 289 493 291 839 441 310 206 133
Striped
bass
H 133 146 37 49 31 73 86 14 14 22
R 1,157 674 522 453 657 985 1,023 824 2,162 2,719
Winter
flounder
H 0 0 NA NA NA 0 0 NA 0 12
R 6 23 NA NA NA 2 17 NA 47 0
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 2,863
Private Boat 15,322
Shore 40,223
Total 58,408
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 25,090
Other Equipment 9,161
Boat Expenses 45,080
Vehicle Expenses 402
Second Home Expenses 0
Total Durable Expenditures 79,733
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 138,141 94 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.
3 ’NA’ = not available.

Maine | Marine Economy
2016 Maine State Economy (% of national total)
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient1
114,473 (0.5%) 41,178 (0.5%) 511,936 (0.4%) 21.3 (0.3%) 34.6 (0.3%) 60.0 21.54 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 64 63 59 51 51 36 37 32 31
Receipts 4,261 6,605 4,480 3,077 3,294 2,757 4,142 2,583 3,070 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 46 48 47 48 46 49 57 50 47
Receipts 4,035 4,882 5,835 4,608 4,492 4,200 4,664 5,848 7,586 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 29 25 27 28 29 28 30 32 27
Employees 490 545 594 500 492 376 546 552 509
Payroll 9,288 10,427 12,851 10,353 12,011 11,797 18,713 18,506 18,774 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 168 164 164 152 136 150 142 146 150
Employees 1,210 1,126 1,153 1,109 1,047 1,340 1,047 1,123 1,174 Payroll 36,185 37,687 39,915 38,412 40,734 46,782 40,392 42,337 49,043 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 45 49 51 51 48 51 54 60 59
Employees 148 152 176 177 215 243 235 237 229
Payroll 4,148 4,481 5,126 5,108 6,902 7,618 7,558 9,601 9,162 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 3,4
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 90 82 75 76 76 79 84 84 83
Employees 6,930 ds ds ds ds ds ds 6,654 7,091
Payroll 354,899 ds ds ds ds ds ds 418,591 422,525
Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA NA NA
Employees ds ds ds NA NA NA NA NA NA
Payroll ds ds ds NA NA NA NA NA NA
Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments 1 1 1 1 NA NA NA NA NA
Employees ds ds ds ds NA NA NA NA NA
Payroll ds ds ds ds NA NA NA NA NA
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3
Employees ds 22 28 ds ds ds ds 17 0
Payroll 1,058 1,037
1,067 1,105 ds ds ds 1,071 0
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 2 1 1 1 6 3 3 3 3
Employees ds ds ds ds ds 2 ds 4 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds 130 113 142 0
Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 4
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 20
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 1,857
Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 15 14 13 13 13 14 14 13 13
Employees 138 93 68 63 65 86 75 77 65
Payroll 6,148 5,369 4,928 4,776 4,730 5,660 5,243 4,752 3,852 Marinas
Establishments 87 89 86 84 80 79 79 80 79
Employees 411 376 395 349 428 403 435 430 471
Payroll 15,206 14,654 14,699 15,426 17,102 17,476 19,694 20,400 22,618
Tables | Massachusetts
96 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 NA = these data are confidential and therefore not disclosable.

Massachusetts | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Massachusetts Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 127,563 14,143,543 3,428,282 5,366,611 59,821 2,546,342 937,737 1,278,180 Commercial Harvesters 12,487 1,106,970 352,007 516,429 12,487 1,106,970 352,007 516,429 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 12,596 1,851,613 705,945 917,852 1,710 251,346 95,828 124,593 Importers 27,666 8,713,061 1,396,434 2,656,123 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 4,826 869,370 284,096 385,475 1,082 194,837 63,670 86,390 Retail 69,988 1,602,529 689,800 890,733 44,542 993,189 426,232 550,768 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 399,822 400,473 478,247 571,661 615,212 562,707 522,799 523,637 550,857 605,250 Finfish & Other 121,567 113,973 125,850 132,373 125,525 93,901 103,205 99,179 99,156 96,479 Shellfish 278,254 286,500 352,397 439,288 489,687 468,806 419,594 424,458 451,702 508,772 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 45,418 42,731 50,384 53,365 53,360 58,663 68,376 78,290 82,394 82,291 Atlantic herring 11,342 15,062 10,251 8,802 11,529 10,750 9,432 8,787 7,589 6,719 Atlantic mackerel 4,265 4,528 1,486 137 654 1,223 2,421 1,949 2,600 2,756 Clams, all other 15,255 16,745 17,967 19,158 36,633 28,360 26,347 27,452 39,179 31,608 Cod and haddock 38,696 33,684 45,206 43,379 25,847 14,037 18,065 17,433 17,735 15,146 Eastern oyster 5,496 6,432 8,226 9,079 12,071 13,896 19,575 22,679 22,512 28,378 Flounders 20,924 19,645 19,975 22,025 25,051 20,612 17,949 17,340 17,201 17,486 Goosefish 14,035 9,902 9,922 13,429 13,578 8,870 10,028 10,251 11,291 11,838 Ocean quahog clam 9,575 10,710 8,974 7,995 NA 10,229 9,814 9,063 NA 10,719 Sea scallop 189,891 197,280 252,292 330,954 364,902 334,221 271,373 264,741 281,205 330,247 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 326,632 356,105 284,109 264,992 294,948 261,901 273,353 259,804 244,607 242,137 Finfish & Other 255,603 278,908 201,693 179,740 192,899 163,928 181,793 169,504 148,553 138,589 Shellfish 71,029 77,197 82,417 85,252 102,048 97,972 91,560 90,301 96,054 103,548 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 10,600 11,782 12,772 13,385 14,486 15,159 15,323 16,450 17,787 16,686 Atlantic herring 94,266 133,531 71,922 66,970 81,781 74,992 77,873 70,888 47,149 30,706 Atlantic mackerel 35,406 30,199 12,156 515 4,131 7,279 10,755 7,059 10,556 10,170 Clams, all other 4,376 6,552 10,518 13,352 34,453 22,502 20,685 20,135 33,504 20,351 Cod and haddock 28,537 28,515 36,457 27,153 13,028 8,107 13,977 14,393 13,445 13,296 Eastern oyster 138 159 215 231 310 328 444 528 570 618
Flounders 11,609 12,405 11,159 13,692 14,246 11,517 9,018 8,294 5,973 7,263 Goosefish 12,680 10,015 8,887 10,142 11,567 9,498 10,533 11,084 12,476 17,192 Ocean quahog clam 18,126 18,691 15,645 12,479 NA 14,476 13,422 13,340 NA 14,190 Sea scallop 27,011 29,782 31,160 33,093 36,722 29,253 21,335 21,491 22,845 32,395 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
American lobster 4.28 3.63 3.94 3.99 3.68 3.87 4.46 4.76 4.63 4.93 Atlantic herring 0.12 0.11 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.16 0.22 Atlantic mackerel 0.12 0.15 0.12 0.27 0.16 0.17 0.23 0.28 0.25 0.27 Clams, all other 3.49 2.56 1.71 1.43 1.06 1.26 1.27 1.36 1.17 1.55 Cod and haddock 1.36 1.18 1.24 1.60 1.98 1.73 1.29 1.21 1.32 1.14 Eastern oyster 39.77 40.36 38.31 39.25 38.99 42.41 44.12 42.99 39.49 45.95 Flounders 1.80 1.58 1.79 1.61 1.76 1.79 1.99 2.09 2.88 2.41 Goosefish 1.11 0.99 1.12 1.32 1.17 0.93 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.69 Ocean quahog clam 0.53 0.57 0.57 0.64 NA 0.71 0.73 0.68 NA 0.76 Sea scallop 7.03 6.62 8.10 10.00 9.94 11.43 12.72 12.32 12.31 10.19 97 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 2 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish.

Massachusetts | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Massachusetts Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 463 49,737 19,342 31,838 Private Boat 1,118 139,187 68,344 95,335
Shore 1,203 136,898 68,646 97,822
Total Durable Expenditures 5,685 679,203 309,750 461,465 Total State Economic Impacts 8,469 1,005,025 466,082 686,460 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 655 489 586 490 502 546 582 428 476 350
Non-Coastal 170 144 152 115 130 77 82 85 73 38
Out-of-State 469 421 433 293 309 275 532 199 289 211
Total Anglers 1,293 1,054 1,171 897 941 898 1,196 711 837 599 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 261 251 151 197 227 260 238 117 95 224
Private 3,892 4,448 5,027 4,721 4,380 3,898 3,695 3,064 3,069 3,390 Shore 8,453 8,253 8,980 8,544 7,614 5,967 4,875 4,102 4,080 4,161 Total Trips 12,605 12,952 14,158 13,462 12,221 10,125 8,808 7,282 7,244 7,775 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)1,2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Atlantic
bonito
H 8 12 4 15 12 0 31 12 1 3
R 9 2 15 0 < 1 2 42 13 13 < 1
Atlantic
cod
H 500 474 782 697 486 544 252 5 56 48
R 1,077 1,333 1,969 1,006 533 1,382 806 317 1,145 1,709 Atlantic
mackerel
H 5,454 1,566 12,007 6,911 4,165 5,114 4,334 11,514 9,199 12,295 R 548 315 744 261 403 417 524 2,385 684 2,689
Bluefish H 788 688 1,361 684 977 1,520 739 693 977 595
R 2,153 3,064 3,060 1,877 1,808 1,644 2,888 479 1,059 528 Haddock H 393 361 318 123 189 189 153 74 741 1,435
R 299 105 63 41 215 583 666 213 2,487 2,026
Porgies
(scup)
H 1,213 1,778 2,349
2,125 2,549 3,783 2,802 1,977 1,791 2,110
R 2,743 4,193 5,687 4,506 4,527 2,854 2,302 1,906 3,004 3,455 Striped
bass
H 514 695 808 873 1,011 659 524 485 230 392
R 7,496 5,989 5,090 4,036 3,629 4,670 6,425 4,471 6,299 12,866 Summer
flounder
H 323 91 149 184 233 80 256 213 106 65
R 335 171 460 594 560 144 643 242 267 110
Winter
flounder
H 349 285 237 365 110 115 168 134 71 285
R 131 292 134 299 35 40 101 113 230 125
Wrasses
(tautog)
H 72 66 154 173 96 240 444 188 74 636
R 138 384 533 817 348 1,012 2,168 670 261 1,890
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 30,563
Private Boat 181,933
Shore 100,756
Total 313,252
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 151,049
Other Equipment 62,123
Boat Expenses 415,930
Vehicle Expenses 72,595
Second Home Expenses 686
Total Durable Expenditures 702,382
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 1,015,634 98 National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 ds = Data are suppressed.
2 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 3 ’NA’ = not available.

Massachusetts | Marine Economy
2016 Massachusett State Economy (% of national total)1
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient2
529,496 (2.1%) 177,631 (2.3%) 3,254,781 (2.6%) 205 (3.2%) 295 (3%) 511 ds Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 26 22 27 36 25 28 33 38 38
Receipts 1,250 1,943 2,082 2,433 1,699 1,857 2,356 4,474 3,800 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 64 64 61 66 65 51 56 52 46
Receipts 7,982 7,686 6,287 7,640 5,213 3,842 5,782 5,154 4,566 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 44 44 44 44 39 40 42 41 37
Employees 2,355 2,396 2,159 2,214 1,638 1,755 1,819 1,948 1,967 Payroll 109,747 119,282 107,635 112,399 74,541 87,153 99,445 108,090 108,850 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 141 144 149 141 140 142 130 129 128
Employees 1,442 1,542 1,591 2,013 1,841 1,910 1,859 1,808 1,865 Payroll 68,898 70,864 83,467 94,105 100,801 104,637 101,512 102,009 107,494 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 118 115 112 106 114 114 114 106 107
Employees 549 542 584 576 576 708 647 641 690
Payroll 15,017 15,261 16,495 16,037 15,776 18,304 19,516 20,201 21,909 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 1,3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 43 38 37 37 40 41 43 39 38
Employees 603 579 535 445 446 463 623 576 525
Payroll 28,402 20,685 20,196 22,066 23,195 23,615 31,451 31,153 30,808 Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 8 10 8 7 9 8 9 8 8
Employees 361 ds 313 381 ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll 38,908 35,473 36,069 38,797 ds ds ds 0 0
Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments NA 1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Employees NA ds NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Payroll NA ds NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 14 12 12 10 14 8 12 12 10
Employees 169 166 ds ds ds 22 25 36 34
Payroll 11,701 10,011
ds ds 3,266 1,352 1,478 2,766 3,026
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 4 4 8 6 5 3 1 1 1
Employees 63 66 86 95 35 ds ds 0 0
Payroll 1,289 1,323 2,662 3,035 1,519 ds ds 0 0
Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 3 2 2 2 4 3 3 2 2
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll 2,271 ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 8 11 9 9 8 11 9 8 10
Employees 75 71 150 139 120 94 83 88 106
Payroll 4,355 4,342 9,413 6,980 5,965 6,578 6,645 7,311 8,984 Marinas
Establishments 175 177 175 176 172 178 177 178 175
Employees 1,138 1,188 1,150 1,125 977 1,054 1,161 1,076 1,143 Payroll 53,694 56,663 57,002 58,251 48,657 55,053 57,797 63,422 67,077
Tables | New Hampshire
100
National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 NA = these data are confidential and therefore not disclosable.

New Hampshire | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the New Hampshire Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 15,287 2,503,450 552,670 902,419 2,665 168,700 62,428 85,371 Commercial Harvesters 920 61,406 17,355 26,952 920 61,406 17,355 26,952 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 958 118,174 46,435 59,875 211 26,033 10,230 13,190 Importers 5,931 1,867,906 299,368 569,420 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 996 144,505 50,939 67,035 82 11,885 4,190 5,513 Retail 6,482 311,459 138,573 179,138 1,452 69,376 30,654 39,715 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 17,471 17,754 20,597 23,482 23,236 20,165 24,291 27,797 33,222 35,011 Finfish & Other 4,824 5,569 5,119 6,146 5,574 2,903 2,899 2,715 2,431 3,148 Shellfish 12,647 12,186 15,478 17,336 17,662 17,262 21,392 25,081 30,791 31,864 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 12,267 11,919 14,836 16,343 17,169 16,602 20,751 24,544 30,373 31,704 Atlantic cod 2,311 2,587 2,186 2,500 1,750 546 571 93 109 149 Atlantic herring 134 271 375 208 349 216 NA 584 NA 815
Goosefish 290 280 212 207 153 186 NA 351 338 422
Haddock 89 68 29 35 91 20 18 8 14 22
Hake 167 215 237 445 475 374 NA 263 274 186
Pollock 1,093 1,283 839 1,355 1,224 1,133 860 356 207 188 Sea scallop 16 4 3 26 143 288 347 399 287 64
Shrimp NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 23 NA
Spiny dogfish 419 557 291 451 420 94 NA NA NA 178
Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 10,464 13,886 11,802 12,311 12,145 8,247 9,117 11,093 7,937 10,621 Finfish & Other 7,180 10,093 7,018 7,140 7,543 3,985 4,302 6,148 1,972 4,984 Shellfish 3,284 3,793 4,784 5,171 4,603 4,262 4,815 4,946 5,965 5,637 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 2,567 2,985 3,648 3,919 4,229 3,818 4,375 4,722 5,782 5,510 Atlantic cod 1,479 1,984 1,226 1,286 725 230 263 45 55 71 Atlantic herring 1,198 3,120 2,830 1,514 2,391 1,579 NA 3,999 NA 2,789 Goosefish 250 250 172 153 126 162 NA 314 331 549
Haddock 53 45 18 19 43 9 10 6 9 18
Hake 222 423 322 587 1,136 393 NA 309 330 267
Pollock 2,456 2,017 1,041 1,732 1,049 982 629 270 98 107 Sea scallop 2 1 0 3 12 25 27 31 24 5
Shrimp NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4 NA
Spiny dogfish 1,370 2,073 1,207 1,643 1,788 508 NA NA NA 858 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
American lobster 4.78 3.99 4.07 4.17 4.06 4.35 4.74 5.20 5.25 5.75 Atlantic cod 1.56 1.30 1.78 1.94 2.41 2.38 2.17 2.09 1.97 2.10 Atlantic herring 0.11 0.09 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.14 NA 0.15 NA 0.29 Goosefish 1.16 1.12 1.23 1.36 1.21 1.15 NA 1.12 1.02 0.77 Haddock 1.70 1.52 1.57 1.91 2.14 2.28 1.74 1.41 1.55 1.26 Hake 0.75 0.51 0.74 0.76 0.42 0.95 NA 0.85 0.83 0.70
Pollock 0.45 0.64 0.81 0.78 1.17 1.15 1.37 1.32 2.12 1.76 Sea scallop 7.68 7.22 8.84 10.35 11.68 11.59 12.78 12.89 12.16 13.12 Shrimp NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.85 NA
Spiny dogfish 0.31 0.27 0.24 0.27 0.23 0.19 NA NA NA 0.21 101
National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 2 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish. 3 ’NA’ = not available.

New Hampshire | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of New Hampshire Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 100 9,393 3,593 5,680 Private Boat 93 9,555 4,371 6,376
Shore 185 18,166 7,249 12,569
Total Durable Expenditures 119 12,371 5,800 8,261
Total State Economic Impacts 497 49,485 21,013 32,886
Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 63 67 46 56 58 68 50 54 69 24
Non-Coastal 8 9 7 10 9 19 11 6 8 4
Out-of-State 46 58 33 30 54 66 58 54 57 19
Total Anglers 118 134 86 96 121 153 120 115 134 48
Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 112 108 65 76 55 114 110 82 38 51
Private 299 313 313 341 375 404 395 407 438 430
Shore 455 414 410 393 427 389 449 492 585 492
Total Trips 865 835 788 810 858 906 954 981 1,061 972
Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)1,2,3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Atlantic cod H 124 170 148 165 97 188 66 3 12 32
R 357 273 247 333 248 259 209 499 423 363
Atlantic
mackerel
H 1,142 1,122 746 3,227 2,360 2,537 1,768 880 2,431 3,090 R 81 141 60 391 312 51 125 315 362 243
Bluefin tuna H < 1 < 1 0 0 < 1 NA NA NA NA NA
R 0 < 1 < 1 3 0 NA NA NA NA NA
Bluefish H 9 < 1 4 1 33 0 2 8 < 1 NA
R 5 13 3 3 16 < 1 9 0 0 NA
Bottomfish,
unidentified

H NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

R NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Haddock H 129 120 75 94 101
107 104 153 195 159
R 25 37 18 25 177 404 582 1,062 553 426
Pollock H 93 57 135 186 119 228 268 149 213 260
R 35 59 197 243 282 469 459 1,273 294 316
Striped bass H 12 17 21 54 37 63 17 10 18 38
R 197 124 161 191 164 295 316 262 819 1,418
Unidentified
flounder
H 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 NA 0 0
R 6 < 1 5 3 2 10 < 1 NA 3 5
Winter
flounder
H 20 20 5 21 < 1 0 8 15 8 11
R 11 9 17 4 5 3 13 18 12 8
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 6,168
Private Boat 12,176
Shore 14,107
Total 32,451
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 4,933
Other Equipment 1,520
Boat Expenses 6,193
Vehicle Expenses 657
Second Home Expenses 0
Total Durable Expenditures 13,302
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 45,753
102
National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 ds = Data are suppressed.
2 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 3 NA = Not applicable.

New Hampshire | Marine Economy
2016 New Hampshire State Economy (% of national total)1 #Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient2
105,503 (0.4%) 37,868 (0.5%) 594,243 (0.5%) 29.2 (0.5%) 43.6 (0.4%) 77.5 ds Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms ds ds 3 7 7 6 6 4 4
Receipts ds ds 687 856 1,166 1,239 1,019 1,411 1,435
Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 17 14 11 11 12 15 15 9 8
Receipts 1,894 1,870 1,502 2,152 2,096 1,861 2,419 1,722 899 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 7 8 8 8 8 7 6 8 6
Employees ds 115 292 231 229 225 ds 182 0
Payroll ds 3,234 10,971 12,010 12,181 13,751 ds 11,160 0 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 8 8 8 7 8 9 8 9 9
Employees 101 88 80 84 99 113 106 108 95
Payroll 4,142 4,268 4,171 4,123 5,738 4,562 4,271 4,543 5,480 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 14 14 12 16 9 9 9 9 9
Employees 83 95 102 88 48 45 ds 57 58
Payroll 2,011 2,299 2,296 1,934 870 966 1,699 1,659 1,397 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 1,3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 9 8 7 7 7 7 8 6 7
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 181 190
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 9,800 9,413
Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 NA NA
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds NA NA
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds NA NA
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments NA NA NA NA 1 NA NA NA NA
Employees NA NA NA NA ds NA NA NA NA
Payroll NA NA NA NA ds NA NA NA NA
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments NA NA NA NA 2 2 1 1 1
Employees NA NA NA NA ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll NA NA NA NA ds
ds ds 0 0
Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 18 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 1,920 0
Marinas
Establishments 37 37 35 34 31 35 35 35 35
Employees 173 146 135 139 131 155 144 153 162
Payroll 8,114 7,022 6,920 7,090 6,927 8,031 8,043 8,788 10,070 Tables | Rhode Island
104
National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico Rhode Island | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Rhode Island Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 12,031 1,661,409 393,191 627,780 5,539 357,456 130,592 182,284 Commercial Harvesters 2,509 174,328 53,931 83,187 2,509 174,328 53,931 83,187 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 474 56,469 21,882 28,435 343 40,908 15,852 20,599 Importers 3,440 1,083,375 173,631 330,260 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 819 111,966 39,672 52,201 140 19,084 6,762 8,897 Retail 4,789 235,273 104,075 133,697 2,547 123,137 54,047 69,601 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 66,085 61,657 62,725 75,930 81,136 86,063 86,440 82,119 94,030 100,768 Finfish & Other 22,732 23,383 22,988 24,890 28,611 29,470 31,829 26,045 23,418 23,601 Shellfish 43,353 38,274 39,737 51,040 52,525 56,593 54,610 56,074 70,612 77,168 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
All other flounders 2,171 1,455 593 806 1,025 2,124 2,945 1,771 1,464 1,547 American lobster 12,976 11,264 12,404 12,765 12,119 9,732 11,709 12,368 11,889 10,978 Atlantic herring 631 1,260 1,417 1,343 2,174 4,907 2,303 1,373 1,525 939 Atlantic mackerel 882 3,301 1,886 99 2,804 339 309 1,074 448 286 Goosefish 3,590 3,022 2,973 4,600 3,844 2,725 2,996 2,730 2,486 2,062 Quahog clam 3,273 2,849 3,293 3,920 5,169 4,727 5,099 5,453 5,612 5,005 Scups or porgies 2,324 2,640 2,833 3,312 3,904 3,666 4,118 4,278 4,053 3,070 Sea scallop 2,170 2,342 2,156 6,834 9,191 18,639 10,273 8,079 9,367 21,652 Squid 17,687 15,249 12,590 20,381 12,744 13,208 17,718 20,288 33,938 28,332 Summer flounder 4,485 4,502 5,534 6,408 6,937 6,751 7,298 6,107 5,481 4,299 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 72,027 84,041 77,696 78,749 85,234 89,850 91,774 75,746 82,602 84,108 Finfish & Other 34,478 46,479 42,527 42,163 52,746 63,787 57,445 46,684 41,068 40,123 Shellfish 37,549 37,562 35,169 36,587 32,487 26,062 34,328 29,062 41,534 43,985 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
All other flounders 1,144 1,027 358 615 664 1,368 2,158 1,057 767 938 American lobster 2,772 2,840 2,929 2,754 2,706 2,156 2,413 2,316 2,260 2,040 Atlantic herring 4,504 9,528 8,449 8,729 13,839 28,330 16,505 10,431 9,539 4,535 Atlantic mackerel 2,385 9,057 4,356 162 5,497 714 539 1,906 1,143 695 Goosefish 3,225 2,841 2,556 3,242 2,873 2,818 2,898 2,529 2,202 2,061 Quahog clam 556 511 599 666 903 784 764 684 660 545
Scups or porgies 2,151 3,619 4,298 6,336 6,311 7,346 6,949 6,794 6,809 5,968 Sea scallop 310 356 267 690 944 1,646 841 677 811 2,189 Squid 26,417 26,452 19,799 25,997 11,689 12,609 24,938 20,495 32,914 33,776 Summer flounder 1,473 1,794 2,289 2,824 2,409 2,193 2,056 1,716 1,306 896 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
All other flounders 1.90 1.42 1.66 1.31 1.54 1.55 1.36 1.68 1.91 1.65 American lobster 4.68 3.97 4.24 4.64 4.48 4.51 4.85 5.34 5.26 5.38 Atlantic herring 0.14 0.13 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.14 0.13 0.16 0.21 Atlantic mackerel 0.37 0.36 0.43 0.61 0.51 0.47 0.57 0.56 0.39 0.41 Goosefish 1.11 1.06 1.16 1.42 1.34 0.97 1.03 1.08 1.13 1.00 Quahog clam 5.88 5.58 5.50 5.89 5.72 6.03 6.67 7.98 8.51 9.18 Scups or porgies 1.08 0.73 0.66 0.52 0.62 0.50 0.59 0.63 0.60 0.51 Sea scallop 7.00 6.58 8.07 9.90 9.73 11.32 12.21 11.94 11.55 9.89 Squid 0.67 0.58 0.64 0.78 1.09 1.05 0.71 0.99 1.03 0.84 Summer flounder 3.04 2.51 2.42 2.27 2.88 3.08 3.55 3.56 4.20 4.80 105
National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 ’NA’ = Non-coastal data are not available because all of the state’s residents are considered coastal county residents. 2 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 3 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish. 4 ’NA’ = not available.

Rhode Island | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Rhode Island Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 81 7,595 2,995 4,573 Private Boat 183 19,249 10,182 14,250
Shore 315 32,112 15,682 23,358
Total Durable Expenditures 3,467 360,040 149,047 234,262 Total State Economic Impacts 4,046 418,996 177,906 276,443 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 169 111 161 105 99 129 160 123 149 132
Non-Coastal NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Out-of-State 297 209 225 190 169 255 304 175 243 194
Total Anglers 465 320 387 296 268 383 464 298 392 326
Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 71 59 41 39 41 47 52 50 49 35
Private 1,015 1,057 978 1,247 1,028 1,109 1,058 1,310 825 774 Shore 2,572 2,947 3,136 2,464 2,888 2,159 2,241 1,774 2,124 1,508 Total Trips 3,658 4,063 4,155 3,750 3,957 3,316 3,351 3,134 2,999 2,318 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Atlantic
bonito
H < 1 < 1 < 1 NA < 1 9 1 1 0 10
R 2 0 0 NA 0 11 9 5 23 < 1
Atlantic
cod
H 2 5 6 7 57 < 1 19 49 77 5
R < 1 8 37 36 3 < 1 7 33 59 < 1
Black
seabass
H 77 92 346 102 226 166 404 434 508 329
R 171 533 433 489 2,145 1,623 1,981 1,405 2,319 1,869
Bluefish H 457 395 406 414 2,312 658 463 90 145 419
R 1,054 459 173 1,185 1,356 2,000 257 1,412 587 116
Porgies
(scup)
H 1,249 405 839 1,196 1,032 2,508 2,664 1,219 1,551 1,384 R 3,141 1,213 1,394 1,486 1,670 1,669 1,451 1,604 2,961 1,864 Striped
bass
H 73 138 162 202 131 308 172 67 128 60
R 778 1,070 619 621 1,292 2,574 438 1,653 1,416 1,543
Summer
flounder
H 223 128 346 380 224 235 340 222 113 156
R 987 780 594 1,772 928 938 910 630 476 784
Winter
flounder
H 4 21 5 0 0 NA < 1 < 1 2 8
R 2 4 3 < 1 3 NA 1 0 < 1 < 1
Wrasses
(tautog)
H 288 397 370 79 341 540 239 296 344 141
R 570 792 378 480 846 793 422 1,113 1,052 544
Yellowfin
tuna
H NA NA NA NA NA 13 1 8 < 1 NA
R NA NA NA NA NA 0 0 11 0 NA
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 4,682
Private Boat 20,234
Shore 25,538
Total 50,455
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 75,264
Other Equipment 24,363
Boat Expenses 193,896
Vehicle Expenses 20,222
Second Home Expenses 701
Total Durable Expenditures 314,445
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 364,900 106
National Overview | North Pacific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.

Rhode Island | Marine Economy
2016 Rhode Island’s State Economy (% of national total)1 #Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient2
78,381 (0.3%) 28,685 (0.4%) 435,148 (0.3%) 20.2 (0.3%) 32.6 (0.3%) 57.7 3.59 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 7 9 6 9 10 8 8 6 6
Receipts 1,376 1,045 907 1,168 1,441 1,393 1,418 1,381 1,374 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 19 16 17 25 20 22 16 15 14
Receipts 2,748 2,821 2,769 3,033 2,536 2,501 1,331 1,259 1,569 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars)3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 8 7 5 4 3 3 3 3 2
Employees 270 275 193 178 ds ds ds 71 0
Payroll 6,354 5,821 6,096 5,544 ds ds ds 2,243 0
Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 29 34 32 34 32 31 28 28 26
Employees 226 202 204 230 278 182 188 182 164
Payroll 10,505 9,534 9,815 10,264 13,064 8,412 8,763 8,140 8,567 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 23 24 26 23 24 24 27 26 24
Employees 94 127 113 109 111 113 114 113 100
Payroll 2,027 2,398 2,309 2,232 2,388 2,610 2,608 2,925 2,932 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars)3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 39 33 29 30 37 33 33 33 30
Employees 1,342 1,085 954 916 717 768 939 902 757
Payroll 54,225 41,246 40,004 33,316 32,070 34,483 42,200 41,096 34,132 Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 2
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 18 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 1,574 0
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 2 1 1 1 5 2 3 3 3
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 18 14
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 951 813
Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 2 3
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 244
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 6,495
Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 6
Employees ds ds ds 107 ds ds ds 69 81
Payroll 5,904 3,728 3,955 4,002 3,272 ds ds 4,209 3,771 Marinas
Establishments 73 70 72 71 67 71 65 72 71
Employees 476 459 428 460 424 466 449 409 435
Payroll 23,204 21,372 22,227 22,618 20,811 24,214 24,876 25,206 26,264 Mid-Atlantic Region
• Delaware
• Maryland
• New Jersey
• New York
• Virginia
An angler, André Price, fishing for black sea bass off of Ocean City, Maryland.

Photo: NOAA Fisheries Office of Science and Technology/Noelle Olsen 108
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 For additional information on this amendment, see https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/action/mid-atlantic-unmanaged-forage-omnibus-amendment.

Mid-Atlantic Region | Regional Summary

MANAGEMENT CONTEXT
The Mid-Atlantic Region includes Delaware, Maryland,
New Jersey, New York, and Virginia. Federal fisheries
in this region are managed by the Mid-Atlantic Fish-
ery Management Council (MAFMC) and NOAA Fisheries
under seven fishery management plans (FMPs). Two of
these FMPs are developed in conjunction with the New
England Fishery Management Council (NEFMC). The
MAFMC is the lead council for the Spiny Dogfish FMP;
the NEFMC is the lead for the Monkfish FMP.

Mid-Atlantic Region FMPs
• Atlantic mackerel,
squid and
butterfish
• Atlantic bluefish
• Spiny dogfish (with
the NEFMC)
• Summer flounder,
scup and black sea
bass
• Surfclam and
ocean quahog
• Golden tilefish
• Monkfish (with the
NEFMC)
Summer flounder was the only stock/complex in the
Mid-Atlantic region listed as experiencing overfishing in 2017.

Catch Share Programs
Two catch share programs operate in the Mid-Atlantic:
1) Mid-Atlantic Surfclam and Ocean Quahog IFQ Pro-
gram; and 2) Mid-Atlantic Golden Tilefish IFQ Program.

Following is a description of these catch share programs and their performance. Each program is described sepa-
rately because the surfclam and ocean quahog fisheries
are prosecuted as independent fisheries despite being in the same ITQ program. The landings revenues for these
programs totaled more than $57.3 million in 2017.

Mid-Atlantic Surfclam and Ocean Quahog IFQ
Program: This program was implemented in 1990 to
conserve the surfclam and ocean quahog resource and
stabilize harvest rates; simplify regulatory requirements to minimize public and private management costs; pro-
mote economic efficiency by bringing harvest capacity
in line with processing and biological capacity; and cre- ate a management approach that is flexible and adap-
tive to short-term events or circumstances. The 2016
key performance indicators of the surfclam program
show that relative to the baseline period (the 3-year
period prior to implementation), landings, the num-
ber of active vessels, and inflation-adjusted landings
revenue decreased, while quota and inflation-adjusted
revenue per active vessel increased. The 2016 key per-
formance indicators of the quahog program show that
relative to the baseline period (the 3-year period prior to implementation), quota, landings, the number of
active vessels, and inflation-adjusted landings revenue decreased, while inflation-adjusted revenue per active
vessel increased.

Mid-Atlantic Golden Tilefish IFQ Program: This
program was implemented in 2009 to reduce over-ca-
pacity and eliminate problems associated with the race
to fish golden tilefish. This IFQ program is unique be- cause many key events occurred outside the traditional
management process. Prior to the implementation of
the IFQ program, fishermen crafted internal agreements
that promoted cooperation. Their cooperative processes
helped fishing businesses stay viable under new regu-
lations, which laid the foundation for implementing the IFQ program. The 2016 key performance indicators of
the program show that relative to the baseline period
(the 3-year period prior to implementation), quota,
landings, the number of active vessels, inflation-adjust- ed landings revenue, and inflation-adjusted revenue per active vessel decreased, while no metrics increased.

Policy Updates
While there were a number of new regulatory actions
developed by the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management
Council in 2017, all but one were not put into effect un- til 2018, which is beyond the time frame of this report.

In August 2017, NMFS implemented the Council’s Un-
managed Forage Omnibus Amendment.1 This amend-
ment restricts the development of new, and expansion
of existing, directed commercial fisheries on certain
unmanaged forage species in mid-Atlantic federal wa-
ters until the Council has had an adequate opportunity
to assess the scientific information relating to any new or expanded directed fisheries and consider potential
109
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico Mid-Atlantic Region | Regional Summary
impacts to existing fisheries, fishing communities, and the marine ecosystem. The final rule implements an
annual landing limit, possession limits, and permitting and reporting requirements for Atlantic chub mackerel
and 13 previously unmanaged forage species and spe-
cies groups caught within Mid-Atlantic Federal waters;
allows vessels to transit Mid-Atlantic Federal waters
with forage species caught in other areas; and identifies measures that can be revised through a future frame-
work. This is the first rule in the Atlantic to list forage species as ecosystem component species.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES —

MID-ATLANTIC REGION
In this report, commercial fisheries refer to fishing oper- ations that sell their catch for profit. The term does not include subsistence fishermen or saltwater anglers who
fish for sport. It also excludes the for-hire sector, which earns its revenue from selling recreational fishing trips to saltwater anglers. The commercial fisheries section re- ports on economic impacts, landings revenue, landings,
and ex-vessel prices of key species/species groups.

Key Mid-Atlantic Region Commercial Species
• American lobster
• Atlantic surf clam
• Blue crab
• Eastern oyster
• Menhaden
• Quahog clam
• Sea scallop
• Squid
• Striped bass
• Summer flounder
Economic Impacts
The premise behind economic impact modeling is that
every dollar spent in a regional economy (direct impact) is either saved or re-spent on additional goods or ser- vices. If those dollars are re-spent on other goods and services in the regional economy, this spending gener-
ates additional economic activity in the region.2
Four different measures are commonly used to show
how commercial fisheries landings affect the econo-
my in a region (state or nationwide): sales, income,
value-added, and employment. The term sales refers
to the gross value of all sales by regional businesses
affected by an activity, such as commercial fishing. The category includes both the direct sales of fish landed
and sales made between businesses and households re-
sulting from the original sale. Income includes personal income (wages and salaries) and proprietors’ income
(income from self-employment). Value-added is the
contribution made to the gross domestic product in a
region. Employment is specified on the basis of full-time and part-time jobs supported directly or indirectly by
the sales of seafood or purchases of inputs to com-
mercial fishing. The first three measures are calculated in terms of dollars, whereas employment impacts are
measured in numbers of jobs. Note that these catego-
ries are not additive. The United States seafood indus- try is defined here as the commercial fishing sector,
seafood processors and dealers, seafood wholesalers
and distributors, importers, and seafood retailers.3
This report provides estimates of total economic impacts for the nation and for each of the 23 coastal states. Total economic impacts for each state and the nation repre-
sent the sum of direct impacts; indirect impacts (in this case, the impact from suppliers to the seafood industry); and induced impacts (spending by employees on per-
sonal and household expenditures, where employees of
both the seafood industry and its full supply chain are included). That is, the total economic impact estimates reported here measure jobs, sales, value-added, and
income impacts from the seafood industry as well as the economic activity generated throughout each region’s
broader economy from this industry.

In 2017, the commercial fishing and seafood industry in New York generated the largest employment impacts in
the Mid-Atlantic region with 44,206 full- and part-time jobs. New Jersey generated the largest sales impacts
($7.3 billion), value-added impacts ($2.6 billion), and income impacts ($1.6 billion).

Landings Trends
Landings revenue decreased $46.3 million (-8%) in the
Mid-Atlantic Region from 2016 to 2017, with all states
experiencing declines. New Jersey’s decline was mi-
nor (-0.3%). Virginia (down 12%) accounted for the
majority of this decrease ($25.8 million). In Virginia, the landings revenue decrease was primarily due to a
2 Summary data is available online in the FEUS webtool. [Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/data-tools/fisheries-economics-unit- ed-states-interactive-tool.]
3 The NMFS Commercial Fishing Industry Input/Output Model was used to generate the impact estimates. [Available at: http://www.st.nmfs.noaa. gov/documents/commercial_seafood_impacts_2007-2009.]
110
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico Mid-Atlantic Region | Regional Summary
4 NOAA/NWS/National Data Buoy Center. 2019. “National Data Buoy Center”. Stennis Space Center, MS. [Available at https://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/. (Accessed October 17, 2019)].
decrease in landings value of scallops (a $16.5 mil-
lion, 32% drop). While Virginia scallop landings volume were down 14%, the scallop price declined 21% from
$11.33 per pound in 2016 to $8.94 per pound in 2017.

Region-wide, sea scallop landings revenue was down
$43.3 million (24%) due to a 22% decline in scallop
prices. The scallop price decline was due to the 46%
increase in landings of scallops in New England (Mid-At- lantic landings remained essentially unchanged at -2%)
which drove prices down coast-wide.

The blue crab fishery is the most important fishery in
terms of value for Maryland and Delaware and is the
third most-valuable fishery in Virginia. Combined, these three states comprised 89.4% and 89.6% of regional
blue crab landings and landings revenue, respectively,
in 2017. There was, however, a sizable decrease in blue crab landings revenue in the region from 2016 to 2017
(down 18% or $20.3 million), in part due to conserva-
tion measures implemented to reduce the harvest of
juvenile crab that were at very low abundance levels in 2017 (down 54%).4 Landings revenue decreased in all
three states from 2016 to 2017: Delaware was down by
$2.5 million (27%), Maryland by $7.1 million (13%);
and Virginia by $13.9 million (34%).

The most significant landings value increase was a $10.1 million (28%) increase in menhaden, followed by a $9.3
million (19%) increase in oysters. The menhaden value
increase is due nearly entirely to a 33% increase in price from $0.09 per pound to $0.12 per pound, given land-
ings were largely flat (up 1%) in the region. The men-
haden price increase is coincident to the sharp decline in the Gulf of Mexico’s menhaden landings, which fell 25%
(347 million pounds) and resulted in a 20% national
decline in landings. Oyster landings decreased by 14%
but were accompanied by a 38% increase in the aver-
age price from $8.98 per pound to $12.41 per pound.

Although 2017 oyster landings were down relative to the previous year, the 2017 landings are about 2.6 times
greater than nine years prior and landings revenue are
about 5.2 times greater due to surging aquaculture pro- duction in Virginia during this time period.

Landings Revenue
In 2017, landings revenue in the Mid-Atlantic totaled
$508.1 million, a 12% increase from 2008 (a 2% de-
crease in real terms after adjusting for inflation) and an 8% decrease from 2016. Landings revenue was highest
in New Jersey ($190.5 million), followed by Virginia
($183.2 million).

Shellfish landings revenue accounted for 76% of all
landings revenue. In 2017, sea scallop ($137 million),
blue crab ($90.7 million), and eastern oyster ($57.9
million) had the highest landings revenue in this region.

Together, these top three species accounted for 56% of
total landings revenue.

From 2008 to 2017, eastern oyster (416%, 351% in real
terms), squid (99%, 74% in real terms), and menhaden
(87%, 64% in real terms) had the largest increases,
while Atlantic surf clam (-54%, -60% in real terms),
American lobster (-53%, -59% in real terms), and sea
scallop (-17%, -28% in real terms) had the largest de-
creases. From 2016 to 2017, Atlantic surf clam (35%),
menhaden (28%), and striped bass (23%) had the
largest increases, while sea scallop (-24%), quahog clam (-19%), and blue crab (-18%) had the largest decreases.

Commercial Revenue: Largest Increases
From 2008:
• Eastern oyster (416%, 351% in real terms)
• Squid (99%, 74% in real terms)
• Menhaden (87%, 64% in real terms)
From 2016:
• Atlantic surf clam (35%)
• Menhaden (28%)
• Striped bass (23%)
Commercial Revenue: Largest Decreases
From 2008:
• Atlantic surf clam (-54%, -60% in real
terms)
• American lobster (-53%, -59% in real terms)
• Sea scallop (-17%, -28% in real terms)
From 2016:
• Sea scallop (-24%)
• Quahog clam (-19%)
• Blue crab (-18%)
111
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico Mid-Atlantic Region | Regional Summary
5 Atlantic and Gulf recreational catch and effort estimates are based upon the MRIP estimates released in 2018. 6 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for manage- ment. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 7 Trip expenditure estimates were generated from the 2016/2017 National Marine Recreational Fishing Expenditure Survey (Lovell et al., 2020). Durable goods expenditures were generated from the 2014 National Marine Recreational Fishing Expenditure Survey (Lovell et al., 2016). (For citations: Publica- tions-U.S. Coastal and Marine Recreation.)
8 Summary data is available online in the FEUS webtool. [Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/data-tools/fisheries-economics-united-states-in- teractive-tool.]
Landings
In 2017, Mid-Atlantic Region commercial fishermen
landed over 620.3 million pounds of finfish and shell-
fish. This represents a 10% decrease from 2008 and
a 1% increase from 2016. Menhaden contributed the
highest landings volume in the region, accounting for
63% of total landing weight.

From 2008 to 2017, squid (265%) and eastern oyster
(162%) had the largest increases, while American lob-
ster (-59%), Atlantic surf clam (-57%), and sea scallop (-38%) had the largest decreases. From 2016 to 2017,
squid (94%), Atlantic surf clam (22%), and striped bass (5%) had the largest increases, while summer flounder
(-25%), quahog clam (-20%), and blue crab (-17%)
had the largest decreases.

Commercial Landings: Largest Increases
From 2008:
• Squid (265%)
• Eastern oyster (162%)
From 2016:
• Squid (94%)
• Atlantic surf clam (22%)
• Striped bass (5%)
Commercial Landings: Largest Decreases
From 2008:
• American lobster (-59%)
• Atlantic surf clam (-57%)
• Sea scallop (-38%)
From 2016:
• Summer flounder (-25%)
• Quahog clam (-20%)
• Blue crab (-17%)
Prices
In 2017, eastern oyster ($12.41 per pound) received
the highest ex-vessel price in the region. Landings of
menhaden ($0.12 per pound) had the lowest ex-vessel
price. From 2008 to 2017, striped bass (147%, 116% in
real terms), eastern oyster (97%, 72% in real terms),
and menhaden (92%, 68% in real terms) had the largest
increases, while squid (-45%, -52% in real terms) had
the largest decrease. From 2016 to 2017, eastern oyster (38%), menhaden (27%), and striped bass (17%) had
the largest increases, while squid (-49%), sea scallop
(-22%), and blue crab (-1%) had the largest decreases.

RECREATIONAL FISHERIES —

MID-ATLANTIC REGION
In this report, recreational fishing refers to fishing for leisure rather than to sell fish (commercial fishing) or for subsistence. This recreational fisheries section reports on economic impacts and expenditures, angler participation, fishing trips, and catch of key species/species groups.5 Key Mid-Atlantic Region Recreational Species6
• Black sea bass
• Bluefish
• Drum (Atlantic
croaker)
• Drum (spot)
• Drum (weakfish)
• Porgies (scup)
• Striped bass
• Summer flounder
• Winter flounder
• Wrasses (tautog)
Economic Impacts and Expenditures
The economic contribution of recreational fishing activ- ities in the Mid-Atlantic Region is based on spending by recreational anglers.7 Total annual trip expenditures are estimated at the state level by multiplying mean trip
expenditures by the estimated number of adult trips
in each trip mode (for-hire, private boat, and shore)
and adjusting by the CPI (consumer price index) to
the current year. Total annual durable expenditures are estimated by multiplying mean durable expenditures
in each state by the estimated annual number of adult
participants for each state and adjusting by the CPI
(consumer price index) to the current year.8
Four different measures are commonly used to show
how angler expenditures affect the economy in a region
(state or nationwide): sales, income, value-added, and
employment. The term sales refers to the gross value of all sales by regional businesses affected by an activity, 112
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico Mid-Atlantic Region | Regional Summary
9 Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 2014. Press Release: ASMFC Winter Flounder Board Sets 2014 Recreational Measures for Southern New England/Mid-Atlantic Stock. Arlington, VA. Institution. PR14-02. 1 p. [Available at http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/52f39d2fpr02Winter- Flounder2014RecSpecs.pdf].
10 Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 2015. Press Release: ASMFC Winter Flounder Board Sets 2015 Commercial and Recreational Mea- sures for Inshore Stocks. Arlington, VA. Institution. PR15-04. 1 p. [Available at http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/54d2a90fpr04WinterFlounder- 2015Specs.pdf].
11 Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 2016. Addendum XXVIII to the Summer Flounder, Scup, Black Sea Bass. 22 p. [Available at http:// www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/56d77016SFlounder_BSB_AddendumXXVII_Feb2016.pdf]. 12 Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 2017. Press Release: ASMFC & MAFMC Modify Scup Specifications for 2018 and 2019. Arlington, VA.

Institution. PR17-36. 2 p. [Available at http://www.asmfc.org/uploads/file/598e05b4pr36RevisedScupSpecs.pdf]. such as recreational fishing. The category includes both the direct sales made to the angler and sales made
between businesses and households resulting from that
original sale to the angler. Income includes personal
income (wages and salaries) and proprietors’ income
(income from self-employment). Value-added is the
contribution made to the gross domestic product in a
region. Employment is specified on the basis of full-
time and part-time jobs supported directly or indirect- ly by the purchases made by anglers. The first three
measures are calculated in terms of dollars, whereas
employment impacts are measured in number of jobs.

Note that these categories are not additive. NOAA Fish- eries uses a regional impact modeling software, called
IMPLAN, to estimate these four types of impacts.

The economic contributions for both trip and durable
expenditures from recreational fishing in 2017 were
estimated using IMPLAN version 3, with base year data
from 2017. Models for each state and for the nation
were created in IMPLAN using trip expenditures (based
on 2016/2017 survey data on average trip expendi-
tures and total 2017 trips) and for durable expenditures (based on 2014 survey data on average durable expen-
ditures and 2017 participants).

The greatest employment impacts from expenditures on
saltwater recreational fishing in the Mid-Atlantic Region were generated in New Jersey (14,478 jobs), followed
by New York (11,410 jobs) and Maryland (8,048 jobs).

The largest sales impacts were observed in New Jersey
($1.9 billion), followed by New York ($1.2 billion) and Maryland ($846.6 million). The biggest income im-
pacts were generated in New Jersey ($804.1 million),
followed by New York ($496.2 million) and Maryland
($335.3 million). The greatest value-added impacts
were in New Jersey ($1.3 billion), followed by New York ($848.9 million) and Maryland ($558.7 million).

Expenditures for fishing trips and durable equipment
across the Mid-Atlantic Region in 2017 totaled $4.4
billion. This total included $2.7 billion in durable goods expenditures, with the largest portion coming from boat expenses ($1.6 billion).

Participation
In 2017, there were 1.9 million recreational anglers who fished in the Mid-Atlantic Region. This number represent- ed a 37% decrease from 2008 and a 21% decrease from
2016. The anglers are categorized as either residents
from coastal (92%) or non-coastal (8%) counties.

Fishing Trips
In 2017, recreational fishermen took 46 million fishing trips in the Mid-Atlantic Region. This number represent- ed a 9% decrease from 2008 and a 5% decrease from
2016. The largest proportions of trips were taken in
the shore mode (57%) and private boat mode (41%).

States with the highest number of recorded trips in the Mid-Atlantic Region were New York (16.6 million trips)
and New Jersey (12.3 million trips).

Harvest and Release Trends
Of the Mid-Atlantic Region’s key species and species
groups, black sea bass (32.2 million fish), porgies
(scup) (26 million fish), and summer flounder (25.9 mil- lion fish), were most frequently caught by recreational fishermen. The text box on the following page shows
the species with the largest percentage increases and
decreases in the past 10 years and in the past year.

From 2008 to 2017, wrasses (tautog) (77%), drum
(spot) (13%), and striped bass (9%) had the largest
increases, while winter flounder (-86%), drum (weak-
fish) (-82%), and drum (Atlantic croaker) (-48%) had
the largest decreases. From 2016 to 2017, drum (spot)
(148%), drum (Atlantic croaker) (22%), and bluefish
(8%) had the largest increases, while winter flounder
(-74%), drum (weakfish) (-54%), and striped bass
(-31%) had the largest decreases.

Winter flounder recreational harvest limits have been in place since 2013.9,10 The same recreational fishing regula- tions for weakfish have been in place since 2009, but the stock is considered depleted. The ASMFC has been man-
aging spot using a traffic light approach since 2014.11,12 113
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western Pacific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico Mid-Atlantic Region | Regional Summary
Spot populations are known to fluctuate rapidly which
may be reflected in the 148% increase in harvested and
released spot from 2016 to 2017.

Harvest and Release: Largest Increases
From 2008:
• Wrasses (tautog) (77%)
• Drum (spot) (13%)
• Striped bass (9%)
From 2016:
• Drum (spot) (148%)
• Drum (Atlantic croaker) (22%)
• Bluefish (8%)
Harvest and Release: Largest Decreases
From 2008:
• Winter flounder (-86%)
• Drum (weakfish) (-82%)
• Drum (Atlantic croaker) (-48%)
From 2016:
• Winter flounder (-74%)
• Drum (weakfish) (-54%)
• Striped bass (-31%)
MARINE ECONOMY — MID-

ATLANTIC REGION
For this report, the marine economy refers to the eco-
nomic activity generated by fishing and marine-related
industries in a coastal state. The national marine econ- omy consists of two industry sectors: 1) seafood sales
and processing (employer establishments and non-em-
ployer firms); and 2) transport, support, and marine
operations (employer establishments). These sectors
include several different marine-related industries.13,14 To measure the size of the commercial fishing sector in a state’s economy relative to the size of the commercial fishing sector in the national economy, researchers use an index called the Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ).15,16 The CFLQ is calculated as the ratio of the per- centage of regional employment in the commercial fishing sector relative to the percentage of national employment in the commercial fishing sector. The United States CFLQ is 1. If a state CFLQ is less than 1, then less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. If a state CFLQ is greater than 1, then more commercial fish- ing occurs in this state than the national average.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics suppressed the CFLQ
value for Delaware for 2016. Of the remaining states,
New Jersey had the highest CFLQ at 0.93. Virginia had
a CFLQ value of 0.6.

In 2016, 1.1 million employer establishments operat-
ed throughout the entire Mid-Atlantic Region (including marine and non-marine related establishments). These
establishments employed 17.8 million workers and had
a total annual payroll of $1 trillion. The combined gross state product of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New
York, and Virginia was approximately $3.1 trillion in 2016.

Seafood Sales and Processing
Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging: In
2016, the Mid-Atlantic Region had 392 non-employer
firms in the seafood product preparation and packaging
sector (a 72% increase from 2008). Annual receipts for
these firms totaled about $26.7 million (a 75% increase in real terms from 2008). There were 70 employer firms
in the seafood product preparation and packaging sec-
tor (a 12% decrease from 2008). These establishments
employed 1,786 workers and had a total annual payroll
of $90.1 million.17 The greatest number of establish-
ments in this sector was in New York (223), followed by Virginia (130) and Maryland (102).

Seafood Sales, Retail: In 2016, there were 411
non-employer firms engaged in retail sales of seafood
in the states that make up the Mid-Atlantic Region (a
20% decrease from 2008). Annual receipts for these
firms totaled about $36.9 million (a 38% decrease in real terms from 2008). There were 675 employer firms in the
retail sales of seafood sector (a 1% increase from 2008).

These establishments employed 3,550 workers and had
a total annual payroll of $98.5 million (a 50% increase in real terms from 2008).18 The greatest number of estab-
13 Unless otherwise stated, data are from the U.S. Census Bureau. [For more information: https://www.census.gov.] 14 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, ‘Table 1.1.5 Gross Domestic Product’ and ’Table SA6N Compensation of Employees by NAICS Industry. [Avail- able at: https://apps.bea.gov/regional/histdata/releases/0518gdpstate/.] 15 Percentage changes in inflation adjusted (real dollar) terms are calculated using the annual Gross Domestic Product implicit price deflator pub- lished by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Available at: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDPDEF.] 16 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ‘Location Quotient Calculator.’ [For more information: https://www.bls.gov/cew/about-data/location-quotients-ex- plained.htm.]
17 The Census Bureau suppressed number of employees and payroll data for this sector in one or more states in the this region in either 2016 or 2008, and thus cannot be compared.
18 The Census Bureau suppressed number of employees data for this sector in one or more states in the this region in either 2016 or 2008, and thus cannot be compared.
114
Mid-Atlantic Region | Regional Summary
lishments in this sector was in New York (973), followed by New Jersey (300) and Maryland (261).

Seafood Sales, Wholesale: There were 485 employ-
er firms in the wholesale sales of seafood sector in the Mid-Atlantic Region in 2016 (a 9% increase from 2008).

These establishments employed 4,069 workers, and had
a total annual payroll of $193.6 million.19 The greatest number of establishments in this sector was in New York (286), followed by New Jersey (73) and Maryland (60).

Transport, Support, and Marine
Operations
Data for the transport, support, and marine operations
sector of Mid-Atlantic Region’s economy were largely
suppressed for confidentiality reasons. It is clear, how- ever, that these sectors play an important role in the
regional economy. For example, in 2016, the ship and
boat building sector in the Mid-Atlantic Region account- ed for $2 billion in payroll (a 1,272% increase in real terms from 2008). The marine cargo handling sector in
Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey and New York totaled
$659.5 million in payroll in 2016.
19 The Census Bureau suppressed number of employees and payroll data for this sector in one or more states in this region in either 2016 or 2008, and thus cannot be compared.

Tables | Mid-Atlantic Region
116
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico Mid-Atlantic Region | Commercial Fisheries
Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 452,636 435,847 523,130 554,433 509,873 440,032 477,195 532,410 554,344 508,063 Finfish & Other 91,280 101,445 113,285 121,775 129,518 122,571 119,137 116,226 110,147 124,113 Shellfish 361,356 334,403 409,845 432,658 380,355 317,461 358,058 416,184 444,196 383,950 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 7,213 5,989 6,281 4,738 5,271 4,063 3,731 3,196 3,125 3,421 Atlantic surf clam 30,019 26,426 19,940 18,737 16,501 13,688 12,792 13,959 10,171 13,716 Blue crab 80,912 80,019 127,735 101,634 101,946 85,577 89,020 98,825 110,983 90,718 Eastern oyster 11,205 9,356 12,038 13,043 20,231 43,700 54,577 60,795 48,516 57,853 Menhaden 24,457 28,581 40,345 39,675 40,043 33,770 33,332 40,332 35,707 45,790 Quahog clam 35,853 23,022 28,880 27,607 29,502 35,902 38,153 52,306 45,239 36,790 Sea scallop 165,916 161,814 184,290 227,448 168,921 100,411 125,680 150,716 180,276 137,018 Squid 7,724 7,158 12,027 20,562 17,819 12,038 8,294 8,528 15,478 15,394 Striped bass 10,671 11,459 11,306 12,669 13,862 17,790 16,553 13,015 14,948 18,359 Summer flounder 9,693 9,980 12,850 15,614 17,193 17,153 13,195 14,400 13,594 11,603 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 687,788 694,960 812,742 798,916 762,858 586,778 595,487 655,986 611,875 620,317 Finfish & Other 481,567 489,221 578,297 576,603 570,060 446,529 455,887 506,005 447,329 457,149 Shellfish 206,221 205,739 234,446 222,312 192,798 140,249 139,600 149,981 164,546 163,168 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 1,520 1,576 1,553 1,096 1,546 1,229 818 632 601 622 Atlantic surf clam 48,099 41,692 30,946 30,272 26,535 22,788 21,430 23,011 16,790 20,468 Blue crab 67,975 76,097 119,283 104,419 88,974 56,075 54,413 68,051 76,761 63,351 Eastern oyster 1,778 1,438 1,770 2,038 2,749 4,927 5,456 6,614 5,406 4,662 Menhaden 397,537 395,469 499,747 496,876 492,532 366,505 379,997 436,392 384,201 388,008 Quahog clam 5,246 3,255 3,685 3,551 3,730 4,586 5,016 7,123 6,231 4,998 Sea scallop 24,355 25,646 23,999 23,386 17,627 8,855 10,256 12,202 15,569 15,186 Squid 8,241 8,310 26,809 33,150 26,069 14,515 8,142 7,970 15,481 30,102 Striped bass 5,693 5,852 5,582 5,461 5,333 4,673 5,045 3,809 3,776 3,970 Summer flounder 4,260 5,137 6,385 8,673 7,795 8,026 4,901 4,975 3,627 2,729 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
American lobster 4.75 3.80 4.04 4.32 3.41 3.31 4.56 5.06 5.20 5.50 Atlantic surf clam 0.62 0.63 0.64 0.62 0.62 0.60 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.67 Blue crab 1.19 1.05 1.07 0.97 1.15 1.53 1.64 1.45 1.45 1.43 Eastern oyster 6.30 6.51 6.80 6.40 7.36 8.87 10.00 9.19 8.98 12.41 Menhaden 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.12 Quahog clam 6.83 7.07 7.84 7.77 7.91 7.83 7.61 7.34 7.26 7.36 Sea scallop 6.81 6.31 7.68 9.73 9.58 11.34 12.25 12.35 11.58 9.02 Squid 0.94 0.86 0.45 0.62 0.68 0.83 1.02 1.07 1.00 0.51 Striped bass 1.87 1.96 2.03 2.32 2.60 3.81 3.28 3.42 3.96 4.62 Summer flounder 2.28 1.94 2.01 1.80 2.21 2.14 2.69 2.89 3.75 4.25 2017 Economic Impacts of the Mid-Atlantic Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
Landings
Revenue #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Delaware 9,140 1,434 334,784 60,250 107,675 345 44,761 9,480 15,203 Maryland 77,403 13,292 1,689,123 417,035 648,225 6,239 371,659 136,798 186,325 New Jersey 190,549 38,594 7,327,743 1,554,790 2,588,541 7,987 728,249 242,015 347,466 New York 47,767 44,206 6,119,112 1,308,258 2,164,733 3,343 175,702 61,049 85,393 Virginia 183,203 16,735 1,483,551 455,296 658,623 13,858 870,486 330,891 448,721 117
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Delaware anglers estimates are not available for the non-coastal mode. 2 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for manage- ment. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released.

Mid-Atlantic Region | Recreational Fisheries
Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 2,823 2,437 2,598 2,244 2,093 2,080 2,111 1,860 2,238 1,751 Non-Coastal 197 187 178 145 175 139 130 124 169 147
Total Anglers 3,020 2,623 2,776 2,389 2,268 2,219 2,241 1,984 2,407 1,898 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 1,146 1,109 871 1,031 983 1,361 1,209 1,299 688 743 Private 22,536 22,753 24,273 22,649 22,528 21,648 20,821 18,975 19,112 18,863 Shore 27,133 27,660 29,410 29,535 29,617 28,119 29,679 27,409 28,558 26,399 Total Trips 50,815 51,522 54,554 53,214 53,129 51,128 51,710 47,683 48,359 46,005 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Black sea bass
H 1,997 3,054 3,221 1,092 2,171 2,054 2,062 3,146 3,935 4,300 R 20,420 16,444 18,521 8,802 24,303 15,652 11,901 14,406 23,076 27,912 Bluefish
H 6,803 7,268 7,770 8,379 7,886 5,807 10,557 5,256 6,108 6,719 R 16,399 15,134 13,328 13,772 15,150 9,207 15,481 10,901 11,933 12,805 Drum (Atlantic
croaker)
H 15,625 15,419 16,307 10,726 12,385 18,080 13,390 10,437 7,969 8,129 R 22,391 20,848 17,969 15,564 26,605 30,906 15,221 8,602 8,250 11,661 Drum (spot)
H 13,040 11,796 11,511 12,741 14,839 16,002 18,694 3,174 6,456 19,235 R 8,984 6,456 7,705 8,266 11,896 18,447 6,604 2,746 3,591 5,650 Drum
(weakfish)
H 659 101 37 28 386 135 59 100 58 120
R 4,641 420 1,239 1,215 1,972 626 652 1,219 1,978 819
Porgies (scup)
H 2,454 3,114 5,189 2,336 1,912 3,376 2,832 7,101 4,450 8,650 R 6,317 6,794 5,150 3,760 5,647 7,025 4,907 8,331 13,098 17,387 Striped bass
H 3,479 3,596 4,122 3,529 2,699 3,785 3,103 2,368 3,047 2,328 R 11,853 11,293 11,705 9,350 13,897 15,757 15,196 16,664 21,183 14,452 Summer
flounder
H 2,958 3,144 2,698 3,477 4,969 5,633 4,337 3,249 3,680 2,732 R 33,122 45,411 53,519 48,568 36,828 35,595 36,106 28,159 24,784 23,160 Winter
flounder
H 128 161 167 234 177 21 124 18 93 9
R 100 271 296 259 125 104 47 105 31 23
Wrasses
(tautog)
H 1,434 1,738 2,053 972 577 1,055 1,667 987 1,349 1,048 R 4,651 5,714 6,669 5,018 5,626 7,082 5,460 7,617 10,302 9,746 2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 100,271
Private Boat 959,316
Shore 574,231
Total 1,633,818
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 699,534
Other Equipment 246,259
Boat Expenses 1,598,062
Vehicle Expenses 173,655
Second Home Expenses 12,191
Total Durable Expenditures 2,729,700
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 4,363,518 2017 Economic Impacts of the Mid-Atlantic Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars, trips) Trips #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
Delaware 1,991 1,672 182,349 67,767 121,421
Maryland 8,343 8,048 846,572 335,327 558,692
New Jersey 12,288 14,478 1,875,954 804,106 1,255,017
New York 16,634 11,410 1,154,290 496,168 848,945
Virginia 6,749 7,176 764,383 295,511 499,039

Tables | Delaware
120
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 NA = these data are confidential and therefore not disclosable.

Delaware | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Delaware Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 1,434 334,784 60,250 107,675 345 44,761 9,480 15,203 Commercial Harvesters 169 16,747 3,985 5,396 169 16,747 3,985 5,396 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 205 41,627 7,324 14,080 32 6,484 1,141 2,193
Importers 711 224,036 35,906 68,296 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 128 19,578 7,444 8,875 21 3,276 1,245 1,485 Retail 220 32,796 5,591 11,028 123 18,255 3,109 6,130
Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 6,900 7,543 7,845 7,092 8,464 7,307 7,220 6,843 11,494 9,140 Finfish & Other 1,092 1,004 1,047 1,248 1,012 1,378 1,219 1,072 1,091 855 Shellfish 5,808 6,538 6,798 5,844 7,452 5,929 6,001 5,771 10,402 8,285 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
American eel 190 134 206 274 159 244 156 127 130 40
Black sea bass 156 25 8 2 0 2 NA 304 7 267
Blue crab 4,605 5,435 5,957 4,819 6,664 4,576 4,379 4,498 9,145 6,644 Eastern oyster 410 334 404 347 345 407 420 358 498 682
Quahog clam 127 117 110 143 123 177 133 97 69 101
Sea scallop 256 173 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Spot 40 49 50 66 16 66 104 3 28 1
Striped bass 403 327 400 412 470 650 496 462 508 468
Weakfish 18 5 4 2 56 16 7 3 8 2
Whelks 352 389 272 361 83 414 577 436 374 276
Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 4,706 5,011 5,214 4,921 5,640 4,048 3,727 3,529 5,684 4,729 Finfish & Other 630 773 718 881 628 774 853 658 547 414 Shellfish 4,076 4,238 4,496 4,040 5,012 3,274 2,874 2,871 5,138 4,315 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
American eel 80 60 69 91 54 83 62 45 45 14
Black sea bass 61 6 3 4 0 4 NA 112 2 114
Blue crab 3,508 3,414 4,110 3,502 4,571 2,488 2,000 2,124 4,555 3,452 Eastern oyster 67 67 71 62 60 71 73 61 72 75
Quahog clam 36 31 30 39 32 43 41 30 18 28
Sea scallop 38 25 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Spot 32 61 60 82 18 73 107 3 14 1
Striped bass 189 184 185 185 190 187 167 144 137 138
Weakfish 11 3 2 1 29 9 4 1 5 1
Whelks 217 313 138 131 29 156 229 177 139 110
Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
American eel 2.38 2.24 3.00 3.03 2.93 2.94 2.50 2.83 2.93 2.94 Black sea bass 2.57 4.31 2.63 0.50 0.85 0.50 NA 2.73 4.50 2.34 Blue crab 1.31 1.59 1.45 1.38 1.46 1.84 2.19 2.12 2.01 1.92 Eastern oyster 6.09 4.97 5.67 5.56 5.76 5.71 5.71 5.85 6.90 9.07 Quahog clam 3.57 3.79 3.69 3.72 3.84 4.07 3.25 3.26 3.75 3.61 Sea scallop 6.81 6.80 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Spot 1.24 0.81 0.84 0.81 0.89 0.90 0.97 0.93 2.02 1.06
Striped bass 2.13 1.77 2.16 2.22 2.47 3.47 2.98 3.21 3.72 3.39 Weakfish 1.75 1.93 1.56 2.01 1.95 1.92 1.87 1.92 1.75 1.68 Whelks 1.62 1.24 1.97 2.76 2.89 2.66 2.51 2.46 2.69 2.51 121
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 ‘NA’ = Non-coastal data are not available because all of the state’s residents are considered coastal county residents. 2 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for manage- ment. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 3 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish. 4 ‘NA’ = not available.

Delaware | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Delaware Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 34 2,899 1,086 1,644 Private Boat 278 36,390 11,181 22,543
Shore 537 58,059 20,031 39,223
Total Durable Expenditures 823 85,001 35,469 58,011
Total State Economic Impacts 1,672 182,349 67,767 121,421 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 134 114 128 129 111 82 93 67 104 80
Non-Coastal NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Out-of-State 182 173 165 190 151 97 146 84 168 94
Total Anglers 315 287 293 318 262 179 239 151 272 174
Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 70 45 19 18 21 37 39 37 14 14
Private 959 1,034 1,065 1,028 973 950 858 744 637 680
Shore 1,637 1,871 2,012 1,832 1,523 1,448 1,593 1,289 1,480 1,297 Total Trips 2,666 2,950 3,097 2,878 2,516 2,435 2,491 2,071 2,130 1,991 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)2,3,4 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Atlantic mack-
erel
H NA 0 NA NA 0 < 1 NA < 1 0 < 1
R NA 2 NA NA < 1 < 1 NA 0 < 1 0
Black sea bass H 39 103 70 121 108 48 48 57 95 111
R 1,036 803 708 580 605 512 528 526 780 484
Bluefish H 160 301 98 124 95 57 333 235 110 261
R 484 751 210 396 400 161 802 464 359 612
Drum (Atlantic
croaker)
H 639 983 208 213 202 530 806 335 25 66
R 1,163 1,284 1,057 215 1,036 1,812 1,397 309 391 231
Drum (weak-
fish)
H 10 9 < 1 < 1 11 16 7 2 1 1
R 153 10 42 14 213 52 55 34 63 38
Striped bass H 68 65 61 44 51 71 26 42 6 28
R 633 444 256 338 358 273 530 309 218 254
Summer
flounder
H 69 169 144 141 101 120 189 120 173 100
R 1,137 1,957 1,669 1,330 556 518 651 431 557 596
White perch H 109 155 638 344 183 331 305 118 10 99
R 673 455 1,232 876 534 1,139 186 355 46 179
Wrasses (tau-
tog)
H 163 324 182 118 95 97 132 29 46 32
R 300 1,108 868 312 226 322 200 113 277 389
Yellowfin tuna H 2 < 1 < 1 1 < 1 2 1 5 < 1 NA
R 0 < 1 0 < 1 0 < 1 < 1 < 1 0 NA
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 1,895
Private Boat 34,372
Shore 51,233
Total 87,501
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 30,131
Other Equipment 10,253
Boat Expenses 56,735
Vehicle Expenses 6,288
Second Home Expenses 0
Total Durable Expenditures 103,407
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 190,908 122
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 ds = Data are suppressed.
2 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 3 NA = Not available.

Delaware | Marine Economy
2016 Delaware State Economy (% of national total)1
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient2
63,121 (0.3%) 25,366 (0.3%) 400,069 (0.3%) 21.2 (0.3%) 30.8 (0.3%) 72.6 ds Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars)1,3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 3 NA ds ds ds ds ds 0 3
Receipts 27 NA ds ds ds ds ds 0 558
Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 9 10 9 9 11 8 13 11 11
Receipts 418 813 1,107 1,226 1,333 520 452 479 608
Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 6 7 7 7 7 9 8 6 6
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 54 56
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds 3,020 2,381 2,404 2,707
Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 18 16 15 18 16 17 17 14 12
Employees ds 50 47 49 ds 60 52 36 45
Payroll 1,498 1,348 1,414 1,493 1,545 1,396 1,261 1,224 1,037 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars)1,3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 2 2 2 3 4 4 6 6 5
Employees ds ds ds ds 50 61 55 57 53
Payroll ds ds ds ds 2,313 2,516 2,174 2,168 2,410
Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 4 4 5 2 1 1 2 4 2
Employees ds ds 120 ds ds ds ds 98 0
Payroll ds ds 10,768 ds ds ds ds 8,771 0
Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments NA NA 1 NA NA 2 2 1 1
Employees NA NA ds NA NA ds ds 0 0
Payroll NA NA ds NA NA ds ds 0 0
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 2 2 1 NA NA NA NA 1 2
Employees ds ds ds NA NA NA NA 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds NA NA NA NA 0 0
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 2 2 3 3 4 3 2 2 2
Employees ds ds 29 44 ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds 1,182 1,512 ds ds ds 0 0
Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
Employees 629 ds 434 511 ds 565 541 577 540
Payroll 19,204 16,952 16,835 19,203 ds 20,698 22,789 23,370 22,994 Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 9 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 11
Employees 79 85 76 78 ds 82 92 81 92
Payroll 5,360 5,672 5,176 5,096 3,111 5,330 5,350 5,938 6,709 Marinas
Establishments 19 16 19 17 18 19 18 18 18
Employees 65 ds 65 ds 67 64 95 86 86
Payroll 1,738 1,877 2,342 3,106 1,963 2,196 2,293 2,527 2,527 Tables | Maryland
124
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico Maryland | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Maryland Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 13,292 1,689,123 417,035 648,225 6,239 371,659 136,798 186,325 Commercial Harvesters 2,490 136,579 38,868 60,712 2,490 136,579 38,868 60,712 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 1,559 157,374 61,328 78,312 566 57,123 22,260 28,425 Importers 3,251 1,023,852 164,092 312,115 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 707 106,195 36,098 47,932 179 26,854 9,128 12,121 Retail 5,285 265,122 116,649 149,155 3,004 151,103 66,541 85,067 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 73,196 75,893 103,821 82,563 84,305 81,137 91,050 88,072 90,361 77,403 Finfish & Other 11,264 11,691 13,011 13,126 14,960 15,640 18,845 15,469 17,725 16,256 Shellfish 61,933 64,202 90,810 69,437 69,345 65,497 72,205 72,604 72,636 61,147 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
Atlantic croaker 442 415 482 482 663 447 492 342 179 136 Black sea bass 445 451 590 507 421 710 834 792 896 1,171 Blue crab 50,115 52,049 79,055 60,326 60,467 50,167 52,848 52,084 54,534 47,391 Clams or bivalves 5,436 4,403 5,400 4,173 2,259 382 1,253 1,915 3,563 1,468 Eastern oyster 2,277 3,849 4,385 3,691 5,710 13,827 15,687 15,093 12,265 10,301 Menhaden 915 884 729 685 1,669 894 1,380 1,222 1,036 549 Sea scallop 3,758 3,160 1,188 551 202 8 1,328 3,077 1,798 820 Striped bass 5,232 5,180 5,425 5,623 6,172 8,043 8,092 6,194 7,131 6,874 Summer flounder 578 551 541 463 380 541 598 597 668 409 White perch 776 942 1,154 1,493 1,429 1,078 1,360 1,351 1,232 1,265 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 63,534 66,819 101,735 78,162 77,259 47,200 49,922 53,833 59,057 48,281 Finfish & Other 18,732 20,038 27,227 20,490 29,188 19,361 21,201 21,082 18,784 16,433 Shellfish 44,802 46,781 74,507 57,673 48,071 27,839 28,721 32,751 40,273 31,848 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Atlantic croaker 778 550 589 804 1,041 852 504 340 162 93 Black sea bass 159 126 203 182 144 234 252 236 272 389
Blue crab 34,872 38,801 66,262 51,163 43,741 24,797 24,690 28,759 36,734 29,421 Clams or bivalves 8,600 6,292 6,971 5,412 2,962 609 1,955 1,983 2,224 214 Eastern oyster 249 498 432 356 618 1,404 1,196 1,191 887 660 Menhaden 9,615 9,419 15,467 8,016 16,383 7,595 8,363 8,786 6,473 3,520 Sea scallop 569 521 153 58 20 1 110 248 151 87
Striped bass 2,655 2,812 2,510 2,343 2,285 1,981 2,353 1,708 1,718 1,767 Summer flounder 208 214 261 259 165 194 192 188 159 103 White perch 858 1,301 1,700 2,059 1,955 1,271 1,516 1,741 1,868 1,510 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Atlantic croaker 0.57 0.75 0.82 0.60 0.64 0.52 0.98 1.01 1.10 1.46 Black sea bass 2.79 3.59 2.90 2.78 2.92 3.03 3.31 3.35 3.30 3.01 Blue crab 1.44 1.34 1.19 1.18 1.38 2.02 2.14 1.81 1.48 1.61 Clams or bivalves 0.63 0.70 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.63 0.64 0.97 1.60 6.86 Eastern oyster 9.13 7.73 10.15 10.37 9.24 9.85 13.11 12.67 13.83 15.61 Menhaden 0.10 0.09 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.12 0.17 0.14 0.16 0.16 Sea scallop 6.60 6.06 7.77 9.53 10.23 12.77 12.11 12.40 11.94 9.45 Striped bass 1.97 1.84 2.16 2.40 2.70 4.06 3.44 3.63 4.15 3.89 Summer flounder 2.78 2.58 2.07 1.78 2.30 2.80 3.11 3.18 4.20 3.96 White perch 0.90 0.72 0.68 0.73 0.73 0.85 0.90 0.78 0.66 0.84 125
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for manage- ment. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 2 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish. 3 NA = not available.

Maryland | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Maryland Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 565 55,948 21,657 34,408 Private Boat 1,421 140,076 51,658 88,530
Shore 1,505 127,122 46,641 84,303
Total Durable Expenditures 4,557 523,426 215,371 351,451 Total State Economic Impacts 8,048 846,572 335,327 558,692 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 643 514 552 415 374 404 413 364 453 353
Non-Coastal 50 43 54 49 40 36 41 31 23 41
Out-of-State 507 327 462 372 258 329 338 352 352 265
Total Anglers 1,200 884 1,068 836 672 769 792 748 829 659 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 179 189 136 154 156 153 189 177 131 211
Private 4,270 4,345 4,897 4,708 5,150 4,861 4,167 4,366 4,160 3,415 Shore 3,667 4,309 4,829 4,859 4,234 4,695 5,038 4,586 5,073 4,717 Total Trips 8,115 8,843 9,862 9,721 9,539 9,710 9,394 9,129 9,364 8,343 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)1,2,3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Black sea bassH 28 35 42 79 161 27 63 89 207 163
R 1,275 1,080 2,027 811 1,323 768 956 763 1,054 886
Bluefish H 1,075 1,517 739 731 349 119 396 287 212 175
R 2,906 1,813 572 1,037 521 723 491 662 556 196
Drum (Atlantic
croaker)
H 1,058 2,587 2,995 1,531 2,566 2,309 2,197 1,739 659 426 R 3,644 2,425 3,061 937 7,091 7,557 2,807 1,236 727 2,834 Drum (spot) H 3,838 4,588 2,840 2,125 2,121 2,456 4,396 1,352 1,145 3,287 R 3,273 1,901 2,773 783 3,292 7,621 2,207 642 713 2,288 Striped bass H 780 1,105 1,152 1,113 720 1,185 1,640 1,112 1,546 1,092 R 3,222 4,011 5,390 3,484 9,001 6,676 8,304 8,524 13,781 7,788 Summer
flounder
H 131 178 76 47 99
119 118 98 40 57
R 1,862 2,553 4,082 1,632 852 915 1,358 719 1,712 857
Weakfish
drum
H 3 10 13 < 1 39 4 2 13 2 9
R 86 30 417 51 72 20 27 341 161 42
White perch H 3,662 1,425 7,239 4,341 5,820 6,827 2,746 3,817 6,028 4,380 R 8,367 3,857 8,715 7,837 16,250 18,587 7,879 7,200 10,339 7,387 Wrasses
(tautog)
H 45 107 290 64 20 23 1 12 4 19
R 326 383 1,318 340 651 325 5 267 530 761
Yellowfin tuna H < 1 7 1 < 1 NA 4 17 12 23 112
R 0 2 < 1 0 NA 10 4 0 24 10
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 35,032
Private Boat 145,337
Shore 111,466
Total 291,834
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 117,291
Other Equipment 55,208
Boat Expenses 318,900
Vehicle Expenses 41,830
Second Home Expenses 2,519
Total Durable Expenditures 535,748
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 827,582 126
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.
3 NA = not available.

Maryland | Marine Economy
2016 Maryland State Economy (% of national total)
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient1
487,540 (2%) 138,480 (1.8%) 2,282,725 (1.8%) 122 (1.9%) 209 (2.1%) 387 0.59 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 56 42 43 55 67 49 60 53 64
Receipts 3,310 2,268 2,138 2,374 3,030 3,158 3,230 3,133 3,440 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 84 94 85 86 96 95 87 87 91
Receipts 9,010 8,819 6,177 7,396 6,454 6,147 8,437 8,104 9,426 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 22 19 18 17 16 16 17 17 19
Employees 1,003 245 273 264 266 309 284 288 260
Payroll 39,328 13,049 12,652 12,773 13,587 12,455 13,131 13,631 17,775 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 60 61 63 57 60 58 58 53 60
Employees 851 777 795 775 724 636 630 605 654
Payroll 42,296 39,055 39,067 38,971 34,194 30,119 31,503 33,739 36,196 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 94 87 87 88 87 87 83 79 85
Employees 590 485 526 562 575 574 562 539 561
Payroll 11,510 11,499 11,810 12,883 13,027 13,623 13,907 15,033 15,910 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2,3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 46 38 35 35 34 31 35 36 36
Employees 677 416 ds 633 378 371 449 456 482
Payroll 22,363 16,238 ds 36,675 14,619 16,822 18,130 20,599 21,425 Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 13 15 15 16 14 10 11 11 9
Employees 250 255 390 329 245 139 135 118 140
Payroll 19,765 20,722 24,185 25,071 17,938 10,041 11,600 11,097 10,396 Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments 3 2 1 NA NA 1 NA NA NA
Employees ds ds ds NA NA ds NA NA NA
Payroll ds ds ds NA NA ds NA NA NA
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 6 7 8 6 4 4 8 6 8
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds
ds ds ds 538 ds 0 0
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 3 4 5 5 22 16 17 15 14
Employees ds ds ds ds 1,875 962 1,220 1,349 1,080
Payroll ds ds ds ds 93,001 44,436 57,543 55,375 52,510
Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 15 16 17 17 6 12 12 12 13
Employees 1,572 1,599 2,742 1,924 ds 1,519 1,132 1,140 1,424 Payroll 48,382 46,727 95,182 86,680 ds 60,500 60,962 81,751 75,022 Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 9 11 10 11 10 11 10 11 11
Employees 92 77 84 84 ds 245 131 125 114
Payroll 3,968 3,807 4,015 4,259 ds 17,066 6,345 6,411 6,055 Marinas
Establishments 179 176 175 172 159 170 166 172 171
Employees 1,383 1,289 1,275 1,294 1,276 1,328 1,366 1,380 1,396 Payroll 45,965 45,483 43,508 43,330 43,531 45,540 47,443 50,633 51,934
Tables | New Jersey
128
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 NA = these data are confidential and therefore not disclosable.

New Jersey | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the New Jersey Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 38,594 7,327,743 1,554,790 2,588,541 7,987 728,249 242,015 347,466 Commercial Harvesters 2,844 379,749 99,767 161,817 2,844 379,749 99,767 161,817 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 1,469 155,506 58,893 76,868 729 77,231 29,249 38,176 Importers 17,332 5,458,453 874,821 1,663,976 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
&
Distributors 2,931 533,671 171,522 233,236 210 38,207 12,280 16,698 Retail 14,019 800,364 349,787 452,645 4,204 233,062 100,720 130,775 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 168,508 151,539 178,537 220,346 187,675 131,346 149,301 166,171 191,170 190,549 Finfish & Other 19,936 24,074 22,985 26,802 28,606 25,910 24,902 29,089 25,946 39,178 Shellfish 148,572 127,465 155,552 193,544 159,069 105,435 124,400 137,083 165,224 151,371 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 3,215 2,278 2,910 3,087 3,938 2,797 2,380 2,248 1,883 2,244 Atlantic herring 548 1,507 416 414 145 401 615 308 292 771 Atlantic mackerel 1,568 1,539 807 53 577 18 12 535 79 612 Blue crab 7,284 184 12,028 9,426 10,011 6,677 4,157 8,700 5,674 9,142 Eastern oyster 2,547 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Goosefish 4,005 3,018 2,752 3,654 3,301 2,453 2,428 2,364 2,470 1,558 Quahog clam 30,838 27,496 23,889 25,301 25,453 22,962 11,455 10,889 9,970 12,251 Sea scallop 91,317 90,150 109,120 142,510 110,560 65,190 87,746 97,855 123,369 99,235 Summer flounder 3,461 3,376 4,553 5,461 5,433 4,899 4,862 5,059 5,443 4,274 Summer flounder
Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 162,308 162,029 161,609 187,153 180,436 119,518 124,989 148,437 132,302 198,602 Finfish & Other 62,821 73,623 74,789 94,656 104,154 61,561 64,901 94,248 71,019 118,728 Shellfish 99,487 88,406 86,820 92,496 76,282 57,957 60,088 54,188 61,283 79,874 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 633 585 693 698 919 660 526 445 350 409 Atlantic herring 6,539 13,692 4,107 2,380 1,106 2,344 4,087 3,428 2,798 4,285 Atlantic mackerel 9,426 10,255 4,633 106 1,997 46 17 2,188 306 2,811 Blue crab 5,816 257 9,458 9,604 7,395 4,409 3,233 7,247 6,816 6,471 Eastern oyster 550 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Goosefish 3,698 2,692 2,024 2,274 2,212 2,231 2,172 1,903 1,885 1,388 Quahog clam 51,597 45,306 38,538 41,281 38,921 35,960 19,447 18,283 16,492 18,301 Sea scallop 13,282 14,045 14,171 14,545 11,379 5,640 7,133 7,847 10,491 10,951 Summer flounder 1,541 1,799 2,166 2,831 2,269 2,004 1,826 1,682 1,297 957 Summer flounder
Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
American lobster 5.08 3.89 4.20 4.42 4.28 4.23 4.52 5.05 5.38 5.49 Atlantic herring 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.17 0.13 0.17 0.15 0.09 0.10 0.18 Atlantic mackerel 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.50 0.29 0.40 0.73 0.24 0.26 0.22 Blue crab 1.25 0.72 1.27 0.98 1.35 1.51 1.29 1.20 0.83 1.41 Eastern oyster 4.63 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Goosefish 1.08 1.12 1.36 1.61 1.49 1.10 1.12 1.24 1.31 1.12 Quahog clam 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.61 0.65 0.64 0.59 0.60 0.60 0.67 Sea scallop 6.88 6.42 7.70 9.80 9.72 11.56 12.30 12.47 11.76 9.06 Summer flounder 2.25 1.88 2.10 1.93 2.39 2.44 2.66 3.01 4.20 4.47 Summer flounder
129
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for manage- ment. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 2 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish.

New Jersey | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of New Jersey Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 346 36,089 13,161 22,678 Private Boat 2,068 345,574 136,735 219,411
Shore 1,293 180,635 78,504 121,107
Total Durable Expenditures 10,771 1,313,656 575,706 891,821 Total State Economic Impacts 14,478 1,875,954 804,106 1,255,017 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 765 656 776 687 662 581 607 515 507 447
Non-Coastal 26 35 36 23 27 20 17 24 32 16
Out-of-State 456 454 449 357 431 330 566 448 378 253
Total Anglers 1,246 1,145 1,261 1,067 1,121 931 1,189 987 916 716 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 465 436 331 370 388 532 494 450 234 215
Private 7,474 7,373 8,126 7,129 7,107 6,476 6,260 5,013 4,741 4,848 Shore 9,805 9,850 10,228 10,033 10,659 8,759 10,259 9,021 8,877 7,225 Total Trips 17,745 17,659 18,685 17,532 18,153 15,767 17,012 14,485 13,852 12,288 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)1,2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Black sea
bass
H 1,472 1,489 2,006 285 1,364 934 639 440 517 1,509
R 11,208 7,938 11,907 4,454 11,111 8,612 4,789 4,984 6,239 7,933 Bluefin
tuna
H 5 32 16 13 < 1 30 11 2 5 22
R < 1 5 20 31 0 0 2 2 9 22
Bluefish H 2,048 2,161 3,036 3,934 3,133 2,322 4,557 1,765 3,282 3,044 R 3,883 6,408 6,367 6,867 6,407 3,540 7,411 4,001 7,084 7,677 Drum
(weakfish)
H 537 23 4 8 277 90 16 73 12 79
R 3,708 205 240 288 1,384 331 194 598 278 146
Red hake H 183 338 196 220 71 104 218 51 41 60
R 48 40 71 29 259 157 33 17 13 57
Striped
bass
H 791 1,141 1,091
1,039 742 1,324 502 600 660 626
R 3,668 3,503 2,436 2,447 1,822 4,349 2,840 2,440 1,808 2,316 Summer
flounder
H 1,471 1,721 1,318 1,969 3,086 3,450 2,418 1,180 1,456 1,200 R 17,143 23,087 28,058 24,558 22,080 19,160 22,209 10,821 12,299 7,762 Winter
flounder
H 13 55 37 122 < 1 21 52 3 56 8
R 45 81 60 92 2 89 19 102 21 15
Wrasses
(tautog)
H 441 420 717 314 92 443 533 339 190 569
R 2,352 2,649 2,491 2,518 1,754 1,811 2,040 1,614 1,984 3,051 Yellowfin
tuna
H 9 19 84 18 183 148 22 13 29 33
R 1 46 < 1 < 1 8 6 0 23 20 4
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 22,442
Private Boat 298,441
Shore 143,967
Total 464,850
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 262,616
Other Equipment 80,353
Boat Expenses 630,644
Vehicle Expenses 70,455
Second Home Expenses 2,671
Total Durable Expenditures 1,046,738
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 1,511,588 130
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.
3 NA = not available.

New Jersey | Marine Economy
2016 New Jersey State Economy (% of national total)
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient1
693,239 (2.8%) 231,974 (3%) 3,636,293 (2.9%) 215 (3.3%) 314 (3.2%) 582 0.93 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 22 33 47 29 35 48 45 39 44
Receipts 1,851 3,670 3,613 3,447 3,565 4,981 5,736 3,603 3,811 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 92 86 66 68 77 74 74 70 68
Receipts 11,196 11,131 8,265 8,049 8,972 8,257 7,135 7,711 7,042 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 14 13 11 12 11 13 13 15 13
Employees 566 661 482 518 404 671 647 715 452
Payroll 18,703 22,025 17,427 17,940 13,747 22,764 21,933 25,929 17,030 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 81 83 90 91 82 80 78 78 73
Employees 856 858 848 935 1,058 765 795 784 753
Payroll 37,462 37,348 38,065 40,103 44,033 37,405 36,773 39,900 41,239 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 118 106 108 109 114 114 108 115 116
Employees 368 332 332 332 382 419 434 446 471
Payroll 9,372 9,126 9,094 9,264 11,561 11,657 12,520 12,591 13,351 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 3,4
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 30 25 24 23 21 24 24 23 24
Employees 2,019 1,188 1,056 864 901 917 1,080 1,329 1,417 Payroll 79,309 42,909 37,920 39,810 36,334 41,886 50,459 59,130 64,354 Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 27 26 26 26 25 20 21 24 22
Employees 1,115 1,045 ds ds 390 225 212 193 187
Payroll 75,848 66,547 78,898 81,936 27,481 12,263 11,271 11,522 11,988 Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments 2 3 2 2 2 NA 2 1 1
Employees ds ds ds ds ds NA ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds NA ds 0 0
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 18 19 18 20 16 16 13 13 15
Employees 645 594 600 508 402 367 365 414 404
Payroll 48,911 41,925
44,246 40,587 32,007 32,431 33,308 37,888 38,330
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 6 6 11 7 25 18 18 17 18
Employees 143 54 124 163 ds ds ds 106 105
Payroll 12,446 5,548 10,463 16,933 139,276 5,995 6,334 6,305 6,202 Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 21 22 21 22 15 20 21 20 20
Employees 4,244 3,479 3,292 3,744 2,582 6,912 6,082 5,005 4,692 Payroll 278,189 230,886 260,894 273,636 203,148 538,991 563,746 521,401 519,594 Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 20 19 16 17 18 18 18 20 18
Employees 191 133 75 110 96 106 92 88 75
Payroll 7,776 6,638 6,125 5,619 5,983 6,057 5,597 6,914 5,851 Marinas
Establishments 211 214 212 206 210 206 190 196 194
Employees 916 784 781 773 811 787 737 776 826
Payroll 39,596 35,811 35,475 34,675 35,760 37,606 36,583 38,469 40,971
Tables | New York
132
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico New York | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the New York Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 44,206 6,119,112 1,308,258 2,164,733 3,343 175,702 61,049 85,393 Commercial Harvesters 1,564 85,798 24,664 37,931 1,564 85,798 24,664 37,931 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 929 152,595 58,019 75,467 117 19,269 7,327 9,530 Importers 14,890 4,689,341 751,556 1,429,517 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 4,408 363,349 122,835 165,622 115 9,498 3,211 4,329 Retail 22,415 828,029 351,183 456,197 1,546 61,137 25,847 33,603 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 57,429 48,856 49,747 50,455 54,904 57,226 56,733 70,841 52,325 47,767 Finfish & Other 18,534 17,331 20,459 22,239 23,482 23,206 19,690 19,283 19,020 20,392 Shellfish 38,896 31,525 29,288 28,216 31,422 34,020 37,043 51,559 33,305 27,375 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 3,821 3,468 3,165 1,398 999 938 985 711 1,037 764 Atlantic surf clam 5,670 5,858 3,929 545 2,783 2,410 1,338 1,908 201 1,465 Eastern oyster 2,870 1,428 2,047 2,174 2,227 4,149 9,372 9,077 1,916 1,411 Loligo squid 5,290 4,167 4,516 7,250 8,648 5,949 5,448 5,413 7,830 4,907 Quahog clam 13,185 8,397 7,774 6,905 9,218 13,475 11,777 24,173 11,957 11,627 Scups or porgies 1,710 1,887 2,112 2,551 3,536 2,971 2,313 3,138 2,897 2,498 Sea scallop 5,050 5,018 3,778 4,960 4,083 2,602 2,963 978 3,783 2,130 Softshell clam 1,076 700 710 351 332 848 982 2,854 1,137 549 Summer flounder 2,933 3,087 3,550 3,732 3,653 3,197 2,997 3,043 2,527 2,449 Tilefishes 3,343 3,262 4,077 4,525 4,260 4,676 4,255 3,656 2,985 3,330 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 34,175 34,304 33,717 32,054 37,023 34,405 27,638 32,701 30,150 24,741 Finfish & Other 14,686 15,867 18,444 18,488 19,083 18,488 15,645 15,660 15,466 14,839 Shellfish 19,489 18,438 15,273 13,566 17,940 15,917 11,993 17,041 14,684 9,902 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
American lobster 850 932 814 344 550 497 223 147 219 150 Atlantic surf clam 8,753 8,799 5,857 809 4,117 3,452 1,983 2,826 297 2,167 Eastern oyster 135 64 81 98 108 204 422 788 363 267
Loligo squid 5,469 4,098 3,900 5,630 7,838 4,985 5,138 4,259 6,303 3,302 Quahog clam 1,476 1,410 1,216 1,131 1,299 1,932 1,781 3,867 2,174 2,018 Scups or porgies 1,214 1,850 2,690 3,729 4,307 4,574 3,175 4,050 3,504 3,472 Sea scallop 782 918 508 522 430 256 262 87 398 251
Softshell clam 131 114 116 57 54 138 160 499 243 117
Summer flounder 856 1,142 1,364 1,517 1,238 1,033 833 830 604 502 Tilefishes 1,199 1,435 1,586 1,521 1,413 1,468 1,383 936 745 1,052 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
American lobster 4.49 3.72 3.89 4.06 1.82 1.89 4.42 4.82 4.74 5.08 Atlantic surf clam 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.68 0.70 0.67 0.68 0.68 0.68 Eastern oyster 21.21 22.23 25.41 22.23 20.58 20.32 22.23 11.52 5.28 5.29 Loligo squid 0.97 1.02 1.16 1.29 1.10 1.19 1.06 1.27 1.24 1.49 Quahog clam 8.93 5.96 6.39 6.10 7.10 6.97 6.61 6.25 5.50 5.76 Scups or porgies 1.41 1.02 0.79 0.68 0.82 0.65 0.73 0.77 0.83 0.72 Sea scallop 6.46 5.47 7.44 9.50 9.50 10.18 11.33 11.21 9.51 8.50 Softshell clam 8.24 6.13 6.13 6.13 6.12 6.13 6.13 5.73 4.69 4.69 Summer flounder 3.43 2.70 2.60 2.46 2.95 3.09 3.60 3.67 4.19 4.88 Tilefishes 2.79 2.27 2.57 2.97 3.01 3.18 3.08 3.90 4.01 3.17 133
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for manage- ment. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 2 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish. 3 NA = not available.
4 This species may not be equivalent to species with similar names listed in the commercial tables.

New York | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of New York Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 397 41,943 15,967 27,087 Private Boat 3,664 296,374 132,046 230,960
Shore 1,678 135,005 61,162 105,316
Total Durable Expenditures 5,671 680,968 286,993 485,582 Total State Economic Impacts 11,410 1,154,290 496,168 848,945 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 817 638 646 497 533 595 657 555 780 541
Non-Coastal 32 21 24 18 30 8 19 10 29 10
Out-of-State 118 58 69 46 53 93 155 53 113 62
Total Anglers 967 717 740 561 616 695 830 618 922 613
Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 375 385 334 457 374 580 434 569 270 259
Private 5,389 5,302 5,374 5,528 5,652 5,961 6,457 6,400 6,915 7,372 Shore 8,027 7,972 8,459 8,221 8,607 8,668 8,511 8,302 8,580 9,003 Total Trips 13,791 13,659 14,167 14,206 14,633 15,209 15,402 15,271 15,765 16,634 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)1,2,3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Atlantic
herring4
H 131 22 704 732 1,391 1,520 1,190 11,460 2,105 1,052
R 54 0 156 < 1 0 409 41 229 161 104
Black sea-
bass
H 387 1,113 1,040 570 526 999 1,234 2,494 3,035 2,421
R 4,144 3,223 2,393 1,787 9,302 4,255 3,666 7,486 13,134 16,339 Bluefish H 2,606 2,907 2,878 3,344 3,785 2,830 4,847 2,438 2,078 3,065 R 7,771 5,218 5,079 5,001 7,100 4,248 6,228 5,090 3,368 3,936 Drum
(weakfish)
H 59 0 8 < 1 13 21 2 2 5 17
R 60 7 7 119 30 19 < 1 14 9 138
Porgies
(scup)
H 2,264 2,477 3,277 2,141 1,636 2,907 2,787 7,013 3,645 6,496 R 5,629 6,141 3,657 3,606 4,633 6,691 4,877 7,728 12,401 15,308 Shortfin
mako shark
H
< 1 NA 1 0 < 1 0 35 22 4 41
R 0 NA 0 24 24 3 52 21 29 5
Striped
bass
H 1,170 574 1,449 1,005 928 902 804 407 698 472
R 2,782 2,262 3,036 2,692 2,428 3,956 2,784 3,682 3,739 2,761 Summer
flounder
H 819 498 596 661 1,005 1,385 1,173 1,517 1,800 1,186
R 8,779 9,877 13,931 16,598 10,682 13,492 9,658 14,470 9,651 12,335 Winter
flounder
H 115 106 130 113 177 < 1 72 16 37 < 1
R 55 188 233 168 120 15 28 3 10 < 1
Wrasses
(tautog)
H 578 691 541 323 303 473 913 581 1,069 406
R 1,554 1,457 1,628 1,738 2,935 4,570 3,017 5,577 7,367 5,470 2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 29,345
Private Boat 355,142
Shore 140,124
Total 524,611
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 163,459
Other Equipment 56,015
Boat Expenses 390,119
Vehicle Expenses 30,689
Second Home Expenses 328
Total Durable Expenditures 640,610
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 1,165,221 134
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.

New York | Marine Economy
2016 New York State Economy (% of national total)
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient1
1,708,374 (6.9%) 544,073 (7%) 8,178,455 (6.5%) 522 (8.1%) 794 (8%) 1,516 0.11 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 73 101 115 142 133 150 181 183 187
Receipts 3,383 4,896 6,784 7,380 8,279 9,946 10,681 12,890 11,541 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 247 196 214 183 205 197 188 172 161
Receipts 23,983 19,753 18,999 16,286 16,714 15,923 14,369 13,299 12,089 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 17 15 15 18 17 17 17 17 18
Employees 379 ds 272 299 265 280 ds 310 284
Payroll 18,570 15,227 16,976 21,372 25,666 22,776 22,687 24,100 22,323 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 231 246 263 291 243 264 270 275 286
Employees 1,627 1,741 1,798 1,876 1,839 1,937 2,051 2,056 2,149 Payroll 72,233 68,345 72,442 76,970 78,324 84,346 87,511 93,859 97,304 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 368 386 394 391 385 399 401 409 406
Employees 1,470 1,509 1,586 1,660 1,674 1,796 2,054 2,163 2,226 Payroll 30,741 31,640 32,001 35,664 38,721 45,049 51,605 53,952 60,961 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 49 47 41 43 49 45 42 42 38
Employees 688 585 575 552 560 ds ds 487 479
Payroll 30,462 28,880 26,771 25,998 24,599 24,338 28,028 25,591 26,257 Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 29 32 30 31 23 20 23 22 21
Employees 732 782 704 752 214 ds ds 174 212
Payroll 108,744 89,313 98,499 88,354 31,229 22,691 19,387 26,452 19,416 Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments 3 4 2 1 2 3 2 2 1
Employees ds 8 ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll 316 126 ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 50 48 65 62 42 59 72 73 73
Employees 1,759 2,299 1,654 1,708 ds ds ds 1,551 1,732
Payroll 160,735 198,352
136,577 154,087 ds ds ds 185,742 196,617
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 3 4 8 9 18 15 15 14 14
Employees ds ds ds 33 1,294 196 168 230 205
Payroll ds ds 568 1,493 105,325 12,358 10,342 13,774 15,087 Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 10 9 13 12 6 9 12 11 9
Employees ds ds 1,086 1,019 ds 922 835 577 429
Payroll ds ds 68,555 66,439 ds 60,079 52,523 52,731 41,922 Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 32 37 37 35 53 33 36 33 36
Employees 386 312 598 596 712 687 722 695 709
Payroll 23,294 19,126 50,119 54,406 63,334 68,141 74,395 73,699 76,693 Marinas
Establishments 419 418 429 431 415 424 427 429 422
Employees 2,263 2,099 2,052 2,033 1,868 1,907 1,986 1,930 1,950 Payroll 100,910 96,640 94,654 96,408 87,124 93,212 95,900 99,181 102,523
Tables | Virginia
136
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.

Virginia | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Virginia Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 16,735 1,483,551 455,296 658,623 13,858 870,486 330,891 448,721 Commercial Harvesters 4,220 314,568 99,127 148,362 4,220 314,568 99,127 148,362 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 1,840 184,429 71,757 92,609 1,351 135,460 52,704 68,020 Importers 1,585 499,151 79,998 152,163 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 740 102,472 35,424 47,212 460 63,704 22,022 29,350 Retail 8,350 382,931 168,990 218,278 7,827 356,754 157,038 202,989 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 146,602 152,017 183,179 193,976 174,524 163,016 172,891 200,482 208,993 183,203 Finfish & Other 40,455 47,345 55,782 58,359 61,458 56,436 54,482 51,314 46,365 47,431 Shellfish 106,147 104,672 127,397 135,617 113,067 106,580 118,409 149,167 162,628 135,772 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
Atlantic croaker 5,269 6,940 6,025 4,571 7,534 6,247 4,186 4,150 3,188 2,716 Black sea bass 759 569 928 1,003 1,401 1,716 1,365 1,607 1,949 2,002 Blue crab 18,013 21,169 29,133 26,274 24,561 23,991 27,047 33,104 41,162 27,268 Goosefish 951 631 594 752 1,218 920 654 516 400 169
Menhaden 21,271 23,578 34,476 32,995 31,107 25,343 26,046 28,209 25,861 22,865 Oysters 3,101 3,745 5,202 6,832 11,949 25,318 29,099 36,267 33,837 45,458 Sea scallop 65,534 63,312 70,204 79,427 54,076 32,610 33,643 48,806 51,325 34,834 Spot 1,171 3,411 975 3,431 770 2,406 5,763 2,471 464 3,685 Striped bass 3,378 4,219 3,635 4,497 5,542 5,702 6,390 4,735 5,088 6,213 Summer flounder 2,719 2,959 4,202 5,956 7,725 8,513 4,733 5,696 4,948 4,467 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 423,066 426,798 510,468 496,626 462,500 381,607 389,211 417,487 384,682 343,964 Finfish & Other 384,698 378,921 457,118 442,088 417,007 346,345 353,287 374,357 341,514 306,735 Shellfish 38,367 47,877 53,350 54,538 45,492 35,262 35,924 43,130 43,168 37,229 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Atlantic croaker 11,214 8,576 7,873 5,569 6,940 6,325 4,814 4,582 4,009 2,905 Black sea bass 215 164 264 275 392 496 388 422 516 714
Blue crab 23,243 32,756 38,490 39,656 33,144 24,258 24,205 29,682 28,407 23,768 Goosefish 972 743 596 604 907 846 587 445 365 213
Menhaden 353,895 351,392 433,241 414,159 390,318 317,950 326,817 353,934 323,196 284,226 Oysters 776 809 1,187 1,522 1,963 3,248 3,765 4,574 4,083 3,660 Sea scallop 9,685 10,137 9,167 8,260 5,798 2,958 2,752 4,020 4,529 3,897 Spot 1,977 3,910 1,024 3,741 613 2,085 3,983 1,576 285 1,745 Striped bass 2,196 2,109 2,139 2,077 2,175 1,680 1,995 1,441 1,360 1,133 Summer flounder 1,654 1,980 2,592 4,065 4,122 4,794 2,049 2,274 1,565 1,166 Average Annual Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Atlantic croaker 0.47 0.81 0.77 0.82 1.09 0.99 0.87 0.91 0.80 0.94 Black sea bass 3.52 3.46 3.52 3.65 3.57 3.46 3.52 3.80 3.78 2.80 Blue crab 0.77 0.65 0.76 0.66 0.74 0.99 1.12 1.12 1.45 1.15 Goosefish 0.98 0.85 1.00 1.25 1.34 1.09 1.11 1.16 1.10 0.79 Menhaden 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 Oysters 4.00 4.63 4.38 4.49 6.09 7.80 7.73 7.93 8.29 12.42 Sea scallop 6.77 6.25 7.66 9.62 9.33 11.02 12.23 12.14 11.33 8.94 Spot 0.59 0.87 0.95 0.92 1.26 1.15 1.45 1.57 1.63 2.11
Striped bass 1.54 2.00 1.70 2.16 2.55 3.39 3.20 3.29 3.74 5.48 Summer flounder 1.64 1.49 1.62 1.47 1.87 1.78 2.31 2.51 3.16 3.83 137
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for manage- ment. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 2 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish.

Virginia | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Virginia Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 206 18,977 6,321 11,235 Private Boat 1,094 119,676 42,121 77,237
Shore 1,643 173,746 65,630 114,217
Total Durable Expenditures 4,233 451,984 181,439 296,350 Total State Economic Impacts 7,176 764,383 295,511 499,039 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 464 515 496 516 412 419 341 359 394 329
Non-Coastal 89 87 63 56 78 74 53 59 86 80
Out-of-State 338 305 279 320 193 267 206 203 244 263
Total Anglers 891 907 838 892 684 760 600 620 724 672
Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 56 54 52 31 45 59 53 66 39 44
Private 4,444 4,700 4,811 4,256 3,646 3,399 3,079 2,451 2,660 2,548 Shore 3,997 3,657 3,882 4,590 4,596 4,549 4,277 4,210 4,549 4,157 Total Trips 8,498 8,411 8,745 8,876 8,287 8,007 7,410 6,727 7,247 6,749 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)1,2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Black sea bassH 70 313 63 36 13 46 78 66 81 97
R 2,757 3,401 1,487 1,170 1,961 1,506 1,962 647 1,869 2,271 Cobia H 9 34 17 13 1 24 22 39 44 15
R 5 33 21 27 17 36 58 41 81 77
Drum (Atlantic
croaker)
H 12,902 10,790 12,962 8,891 8,786 12,517 9,534 8,024 7,277 7,638 R 12,806 16,733 13,471 14,160 15,140 18,480 10,314 6,815 6,993 8,444 Drum (spot) H 8,679 6,906 5,631 10,129 10,148 11,734 13,653 1,731 5,279 15,945 R 3,335 4,014 4,081 7,291 6,371 7,549 4,125 1,897 2,858 3,336 Drum (spotted
seatrout)
H 278 68 77 644 392 154 85 23 164 172
R 911 550 2,530 3,463 1,257 738 1,059 834 3,709 3,155
Drum (weak-
fish)
H 50 59 13 19 46 4 32 10 38 14
R 634 168 533 744 274 205 375 232 1,467 454
Red drum H 61 122 44 0 91 334 252 22 16 347
R 573 606 88 157 8,323 577 1,109 79 165 1,723
Striped bass
H 671 711 369 328 258 302 131 208 138 110
R 1,547 1,072 586 389 289 503 738 1,709 1,638 1,333
Summer
flounder
H 468 579 564 659 678 560 439 334 212 188
R 4,202 7,937 5,780 4,449 2,658 1,510 2,230 1,718 567 1,610 Wrasses (tau-
tog)
H 208 196 324 153 66 20 87 24 40 22
R 119 117 364 110 61 54 197 46 144 76
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 11,557
Private Boat 126,024
Shore 127,441
Total 265,022
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 126,037
Other Equipment 44,430
Boat Expenses 201,664
Vehicle Expenses 24,393
Second Home Expenses 6,673
Total Durable Expenditures 403,197
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 668,219 138
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.

Virginia | Marine Economy
2016 Virginia State Economy (% of national total)
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient1
597,409 (2.4%) 199,548 (2.6%) 3,254,172 (2.6%) 170 (2.6%) 285 (2.9%) 497 0.6 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 74 69 56 73 76 84 83 85 94
Receipts 5,020 4,053 3,698 3,792 4,691 4,276 5,720 5,849 7,389 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 80 82 82 78 87 94 90 80 80
Receipts 8,273 6,642 6,951 7,819 8,373 7,612 7,084 7,489 7,698 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 26 25 23 18 19 18 20 17 18
Employees 490 941 961 899 919 781 804 790 790
Payroll 11,366 30,600 30,460 33,285 32,955 30,682 29,763 31,614 32,991 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 69 72 76 62 64 70 65 65 60
Employees 621 519 518 469 492 483 448 444 457
Payroll 17,667 15,620 17,901 15,733 14,271 14,719 14,769 16,089 16,115 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 68 62 59 58 51 55 57 59 56
Employees 251 271 265 277 280 254 224 279 247
Payroll 5,170 5,401 5,480 5,453 5,563 5,526 5,537 6,641 7,255 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 59 53 56 51 59 54 56 54 60
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 30,622 30,387
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 1,955,3541,922,736
Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 18 16 17 21 19 12 12 12 14
Employees 409 ds 421 492 ds ds ds 254 301
Payroll 32,473 19,241 35,917 42,018 ds ds ds 33,057 38,674 Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 10 9 7 7 12 11 12 10 12
Employees ds ds ds ds ds 177 152 186 325
Payroll ds ds
ds ds ds 10,077 9,264 11,951 18,059
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 8 6 7 6 13 14 15 14 13
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 1,922 2,167
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 132,983 125,111
Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 12 12 7 11 6 8 8 8 8
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 805
Payroll ds ds 41,280 41,262 ds ds ds 0 50,903
Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 23 25 26 21 20 18 20 20 18
Employees 375 384 411 419 428 303 322 302 294
Payroll 21,014 22,177 22,910 22,132 25,732 20,283 21,348 20,746 19,600 Marinas
Establishments 119 118 115 110 105 113 107 108 103
Employees 964 829 868 818 673 840 814 818 821
Payroll 24,326 24,631 24,182 23,379 18,874 24,468 24,436 25,146 25,777
South Atlantic Region
• East Florida
• Georgia
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
Dockside in St. Augustine, Florida.

Photo: South Atlantic Fishery Management Council/Cameron Rhodes 140
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico

MANAGEMENT CONTEXT
The South Atlantic Region includes East Florida, Geor-
gia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Federal fish-
eries in this region are managed by the South Atlantic
Fishery Management Council and NOAA Fisheries under
eight fishery management plans. The coastal migratory
pelagic resources and spiny lobster FMPs are managed
jointly with the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management
Council. The South Atlantic Council, in cooperation with the Mid-Atlantic and New England Fishery Management
Councils, developed a dolphin wahoo Fishery Manage-
ment Plan for the Atlantic.

South Atlantic Region FMPs
• Coastal migratory
pelagic resources
(with GMFMC)
• Coral, coral reef
and live/hardbot-
tom habitat
• Dolphin/wahoo
• Golden crab
• Pelagic sargassum
habitat
• Shrimp
• Snapper grouper
• Spiny lobster
(with GMFMC)
Five of the stocks/complexes covered in these FMPs
were listed as overfished in 2017: hogfish (Southeast
Florida stock), red snapper (South Atlantic stock), red porgy, snowy grouper, and red grouper (South Atlantic
stock). Red grouper (Southern Atlantic Coast stock) was added to the overfished list in 2017.

Seven stocks/complexes were subject to overfishing in
2017: hogfish (Southeast Florida stock), red snapper
(South Atlantic stock), blueline tilefish,1 speckled hind, warsaw grouper, tilefish (South Atlantic stock), and red grouper (South Atlantic stock). Red grouper (Southern
Atlantic Coast stock) was added to the overfishing list in 2017.

Catch Share Programs
One catch share program has been implemented in the
South Atlantic: the South Atlantic Wreckfish ITQ Pro-
gram. This catch share program and its performance
are described below.

South Atlantic Wreckfish ITQ Program: This pro-
gram was implemented in 1992 and is the only catch
share program in the South Atlantic Region. This pro-
gram was developed to create incentives for the conser- vation of wreckfish; provide a management regime that
promotes stability and facilitates long-range planning
and investment by harvesters and dealers; promote
management regimes that minimize gear and area
conflicts among fishermen; minimize the tendency for
over-capitalization in the harvesting and processing/dis- tribution sectors; and provide a reasonable opportunity for fishermen to make adequate returns from commer-
cial fishing by limiting entry into the program. NOAA
Fisheries continues to collect data on this program to
develop standard performance indicators that measure
its basic economic performance.

Policy Updates
In late December 2016, the Amendment 16 Final Rule2
published, which revised the seasonal closure of the
black sea bass pot gear fishery and also specified better gear identifiers for this fishery. This updated Amendment 19, which had specified the seasonal area closures in
order to reduce interactions with the Endangered Species Act (ESA) listed North Atlantic right whales (NARW) in
the South Atlantic. Amendment 16 changed the bound-
aries of the closure to reduce the adverse socioeconomic impacts from original closures while still maintaining
protections for the right whale.
3 Under Amendment 36 of the Snapper Grouper FMP, in
June 2017, NOAA Fisheries approved the designation of
five offshore areas as Spawning Special Management
Zones to help protect spawning fish and unique habitat
associated with spawning activities in the South Atlan- tic. Spawning Special Management Zones are expected
to protect important spawning habitat and associated
species of fish by limiting specific fishing and anchoring activity within the sites. The action includes a sunset provision that would require the areas be reauthorized
after a period of 10 years, based on their effectiveness.

The five areas, ranging in size from 3 to 5 square miles off North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida, are the first Spawning Special Management Zones designated in
federal waters off the South Atlantic coast.

Another action taken in the Snapper Grouper FMP that
South Atlantic Region | Regional Summary
1 Stock status based on 2015 landings data compared to the overfishing limit. The 2017 blueline tilefish stock assessment is currently under evaluation by NOAA Fisheries.
2 https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/12/29/2016-31363/fisheries-of-the-caribbean-gulf-of-mexico-and-south-atlantic-snapper-grouper- fishery-off-the
3 A technical correction to Amendment 16 was issued in February 2017 to correctly note that the commercial trip limit provision was a year-round restriction. See https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/02/21/2017-03291/snapper-grouper-fishery-off-the-southern-atlantic-states- regulatory-amendment-16-technical-amendment
141
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 4 Summary data is available online in the FEUS webtool. [Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/data-tools/fisheries-economics-united-states- interactive-tool.]
5 The NMFS Commercial Fishing Industry Input/Output Model was used to generate the impact estimates. [Available at: http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/ documents/commercial_seafood_impacts_2007-2009.pdf.]
6 Commercial economic impacts data were not available for East Florida; data for the entire state of Florida are reported here.

South Atlantic Region | Regional Summary
was initiated in response to a request from the South
Atlantic Fishery Management Council, was a NMFS-is-
sued temporary rule to allow for the limited harvest and possession of red snapper in or from the South Atlan-
tic exclusive economic zone. The rule, in effect from
November 2 to December 21 of 2017, was intended to
mitigate adverse impacts on fishermen and fishing com-
munities utilizing the red snapper portion of the snap- per-grouper complex. Council and NMFS discussions
during 2017 led to the adoption of Amendment 43 to
the snapper-grouper fishery management plan, which
specifies new ACLs for red snapper beginning in 2018.

Amendment 26 (effective May 2017) to the Coastal Mi-
gratory Pelagics FMP for the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic regions made the GMFMC responsible for management
in federal waters off the Florida Keys. In the Gulf, this rule also revises the commercial and recreational fishing ACLs as well as the commercial zone quotas.

Also in June 2017, following a recent stock assessment, the council approved measures that will allow increases in the harvest of spiny lobster in both the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. The action would increase the acceptable biological catch from 7.32 million pounds to 9.6 million pounds. It would also prohibit the use of traps for recre- ational harvest of spiny lobster.

A 2016 update to the golden tilefish stock assessment,
a popular deepwater species primarily targeted by
commercial fishermen, indicated the stock in the South
Atlantic is undergoing overfishing. To meet mandates
to address overfishing, the Council proposed an interim rule in June 2017 to reduce the annual catch limit from 558,036 pounds (gutted weight) to 323,000 pounds
(gw). Based on a projection that the ACL would be
exceeded in the commercial hook-and-line sector, NMFS
required a temporary closure of this sector from No-
vember 29, 2017 until the end of the calendar year.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES —

SOUTH ATLANTIC REGION
In this report, commercial fisheries refer to fishing oper- ations that sell their catch for profit. The term does not include subsistence fishermen or saltwater anglers who
fish for sport. It also excludes the for-hire sector, which earns its revenue from selling recreational fishing trips to saltwater anglers. The commercial fisheries section re- ports on economic impacts, landings revenue, landings,
and ex-vessel prices of key species/species groups.

Key South Atlantic Commercial Species
• Blue crab
• Clams
• Flounders
• Groupers
• King mackerels
• Oysters
• Shrimp
• Snappers
• Swordfish
• Tunas
Economic Impacts
The premise behind economic impact modeling is that
every dollar spent in a regional economy (direct impact) is either saved or re-spent on additional goods or ser- vices. If those dollars are re-spent on other goods and services in the regional economy, this spending gener-
ates additional economic activity in the region.
4 Four different measures are commonly used to show
how commercial fisheries landings affect the econo-
my in a region (state or nationwide): sales, income,
value-added, and employment. The term sales refers
to the gross value of all sales by regional businesses
affected by an activity, such as commercial fishing. The category includes both the direct sales of fish landed
and sales made between businesses and households re-
sulting from the original sale. Income includes personal income (wages and salaries) and proprietors’ income
(income from self-employment). Value-added is the
contribution made to the gross domestic product in a
region. Employment is specified on the basis of full-time and part-time jobs supported directly or indirectly by
the sales of seafood or purchases of inputs to com-
mercial fishing. The first three measures are calculated in terms of dollars, whereas employment impacts are
measured in numbers of jobs. Note that these catego-
ries are not additive. The United States seafood indus- try is defined here as the commercial fishing sector,
seafood processors and dealers, seafood wholesalers
and distributors, importers, and seafood retailers.
5,6
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National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico South Atlantic Region | Regional Summary
7 This information is for the entire state of Florida.

This report provides estimates of total economic im-
pacts for the nation and for each of the 23 coastal states.

Total economic impacts for each state and the nation
represent the sum of direct impacts; indirect impacts
(in this case, the impact from suppliers to the seafood industry); and induced impacts (spending by employees
on personal and household expenditures, where employ-
ees of both the seafood industry and its full supply chain are included). That is, the total economic impact esti- mates reported here measure jobs, sales, value-added,
and income impacts from the seafood industry as well as the economic activity generated throughout each region’s broader economy from this industry.

In 2017, the commercial fishing and seafood industry
in Florida generated the largest employment impacts in
the South Atlantic region with 86,141 full- and part-
time jobs.
7 Florida also generated the largest sales
impacts ($19.7 billion), value-added impacts ($6.6
billion), and income impacts ($3.7 billion).
7 Landings Trends
South Atlantic landings revenue in 2017 was up $9.6
million, or about 5%, relative to the previous year.

The shrimp fishery, largest in the South Atlantic by
revenue, continued the strong upward trend of 2016,
adding another $2 million (4%) in revenue in 2017.

Blue crab revenue, the second highest-grossing fishery
in the region, was essentially unchanged from 2016 to
2017, but remained significantly off the previous highs of 2013-2015. Revenue gains from tunas, oysters, and
king mackerel revenues more than offset a $1 million
decline in clam revenues.

Oyster landings have trended downward since 2010,
with 2017 representing the lowest level of landings in
the past decade. Higher prices in 2017 (up 77% from
2016 levels), however, enabled revenues to jump 19%
year over year. Overall, oystermen earned $8.6 million
for their catch in 2017, up $1.4 million from 2016.

Clams harvest surged in 2017, up 32% from 2016
levels, while ex-vessel prices for clams fell 37% to less than $5 per pound. Blue crab, the largest single fishery in the region by volume, saw harvest fall by 15% to

29.8 million pounds, the lowest level observed in the
previous decade, along with a 17% increase in ex-ves-
sel price, to $1.25 per pound.

Landings Revenue
In 2017, landings revenue in the South Atlantic region
totaled $193.5 million, a 17% increase from 2008 (a
2% increase in real terms after adjusting for inflation) and a 5% increase from 2016. Landings revenue was
highest in North Carolina ($97.3 million), followed by
East Florida ($53.9 million).

Shellfish landings revenue accounted for 65% of all
landings revenue. In 2017, shrimp ($62 million), blue
crab ($37.3 million), and flounders ($12.2 million) had the highest landings revenue in this region. Togeth-
er, these top three species accounted for 58% of total
landings revenue.

From 2008 to 2017, oysters (112%, 85% in real terms),
tunas (51%, 32% in real terms), and swordfish (36%,
19% in real terms) had the largest increases, while
groupers (-48%, -55% in real terms), snappers (-19%,
-29% in real terms), and blue crab (-7%, -18% in real
terms) had the largest decreases. From 2016 to 2017,
tunas (56%), oysters (19%), and king mackerels (18%)
had the largest increases, while clams (-17%), groupers (-4%), and flounders (-1%) had the largest decreases.
143
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico South Atlantic Region | Regional Summary
8 Atlantic and Gulf recreational catch and effort estimates are based upon the MRIP estimates released in 2018.

Commercial Revenue: Largest Increases
From 2008:
• Oysters (112%, 85% in real terms)
• Tunas (51%, 32% in real terms)
• Swordfish (36%, 19% in real terms)
From 2016:
• Tunas (56%)
• Oysters (19%)
• King mackerels (18%)
Commercial Revenue: Largest Decreases
From 2007
• Groupers (-48%, -55% in real terms)
• Snappers (-19%, -29% in real terms)
• Blue crab (-7%, -18% in real terms)
From 2015
• Clams (-17%)
• Groupers (-4%)
• Flounders (-1%)
Landings
In 2017, South Atlantic region commercial fishermen
landed over 107.7 million pounds of finfish and shellfish.

This represents an 8% decrease from 2008 and a 6%
increase from 2016. Blue crab contributed the highest
landings volume in the region, accounting for 28% of
total landing weight.

From 2008 to 2017, clams (65%), tunas (54%), and
shrimp (8%) had the largest increases, while groupers
(-65%), flounders (-41%), and blue crab (-34%) had
the largest decreases. From 2016 to 2017, clams (32%),
king mackerels (18%), and tunas (16%) had the largest
increases, while oysters (-33%), blue crab (-15%), and
groupers (-8%) had the largest decreases.

Commercial Landings: Largest Increases
From 2008:
• Clams (65%)
• Tunas (54%)
• Shrimp (8%)
From 2016:
• Clams (32%)
• King mackerels (18%)
• Tunas (16%)
Commercial Landings: Largest Decreases
From 2008:
• Groupers (-65%)
• Flounders (-41%)
• Blue crab (-34%)
From 2016:
• Oysters (-33%)
• Blue crab (-15%)
• Groupers (-8%)
Prices
In 2017, oysters ($11.96 per pound) received the high-
est ex-vessel price in the region. Landings of blue crab ($1.25 per pound) had the lowest ex-vessel price. From
2008 to 2017, oysters (154%, 122% in real terms),
flounders (84%, 61% in real terms), and groupers
(49%, 31% in real terms) had the largest increases,
while clams (-24%, -33% in real terms) and tunas
(-2%, -14% in real terms) had the largest decreases.

From 2016 to 2017, oysters (78%), tunas (35%), and
blue crab (17%) had the largest increases, while clams
(-37%) and king mackerels (-0.3%) had the largest
decreases.

RECREATIONAL FISHERIES —

SOUTH ATLANTIC REGION
In this report, recreational fishing refers to fishing for leisure rather than to sell fish (commercial fishing)
or for subsistence. This recreational fisheries section reports on economic impacts and expenditures, angler
participation, fishing trips, and catch of key species/ species groups.8
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National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico South Atlantic Region | Regional Summary
9 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 10 Trip expenditure estimates were generated from the 2016/2017 National Marine Recreational Fishing Expenditure Survey (Lovell et al., 2020).

Durable goods expenditures were generated from the 2014 National Marine Recreational Fishing Expenditure Survey (Lovell et al., 2016). (For citations: Publications-U.S. Coastal and Marine Recreation.) 11 Summary data is available online in the FEUS webtool. [Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/data-tools/fisheries-economics-united- states-interactive-tool.]
Key South Atlantic Recreational Species9
• Black sea bass
• Bluefish
• Dolphinfish
• Drum (Atlantic
croaker and spot)
• Drum (spotted
seatrout)
• King mackerel
• Porgies (sheeps-
head)
• Red drum
• Sharks: Atlantic
sharpnose shark,
blacktip shark,
requiem shark,
requiem shark
family, requiem
shark genus, shark
species, unidenti-
fied (sharks), and
unidentified sharks
• Spanish mackerel
Economic Impacts and Expenditures
The economic contribution of recreational fishing activ- ities in the South Atlantic Region is based on spending by recreational anglers.10 Total annual trip expenditures are estimated at the state level by multiplying mean
trip expenditures by the estimated number of adult trips in each trip mode (for-hire, private boat, and shore)
and adjusting by the CPI (consumer price index) to the
current year. Total annual durable expenditures are esti- mated by multiplying mean durable expenditures in each
state by the estimated annual number of adult partici-
pants for each state and adjusting by the CPI (consumer price index) to the current year.
11 Four different measures are commonly used to show
how angler expenditures affect the economy in a region
(state or nationwide): sales, income, value-added, and
employment. The term sales refers to the gross value of all sales by regional businesses affected by an activity, such as recreational fishing. The category includes both the direct sales made to the angler and sales made
between businesses and households resulting from that
original sale to the angler. Income includes personal
income (wages and salaries) and proprietors’ income
(income from self-employment). Value-added is the
contribution made to the gross domestic product in a
region. Employment is specified on the basis of full-
time and part-time jobs supported directly or indirect- ly by the purchases made by anglers. The first three
measures are calculated in terms of dollars, whereas
employment impacts are measured in number of jobs.

Note that these categories are not additive. NOAA Fish- eries uses a regional impact modeling software, called
IMPLAN, to estimate these four types of impacts.

The economic contributions for both trip and durable
expenditures from recreational fishing in 2017 were
estimated using IMPLAN version 3, with base year data
from 2017. Models for each state and for the nation
were created in IMPLAN using trip expenditures (based
on 2016/2017 survey data on average trip expendi-
tures and total 2017 trips) and for durable expenditures (based on 2014 survey data on average durable expen-
ditures and 2017 participants).

The greatest employment impacts from expenditures
on saltwater recreational fishing in the South Atlantic Region were generated in East Florida (45,267 jobs),
followed by North Carolina (30,170 jobs) and South
Carolina (9,803 jobs). The largest sales impacts were
observed in East Florida ($5.1 billion), followed by
North Carolina ($3.1 billion) and South Carolina ($901.6 million). The biggest income impacts were generated in
East Florida ($1.8 billion), followed by North Carolina ($1.1 billion) and South Carolina ($309.6 million). The greatest value-added impacts were in East Florida ($3.2 billion), followed by North Carolina ($1.9 billion) and South Carolina ($557.3 million).

Expenditures for fishing trips and durable equipment
across the South Atlantic Region in 2017 totaled $7.8
billion. This total included $4.4 billion in durable goods expenditures, with the largest portion coming from boat expenses ($2.6 billion).

Participation
In 2017, there were 2.2 million recreational anglers who fished in the South Atlantic Region. This number repre- sented a 26% decrease from 2008 and an 8% decrease
from 2016. The anglers are categorized as either resi-
dents from coastal (81%) or non-coastal (19%) counties.

Fishing Trips
In 2017, recreational fishermen took 76.9 million fishing trips in the South Atlantic Region. This number repre-
sented a 1% increase from 2008 and a 5% increase
from 2016. The largest proportions of trips were tak-
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National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico South Atlantic Region | Regional Summary
12 National Weather Service. “Hurricane Matthew in the Carolinas: October 8, 2016”. [Available at https://www.weather.gov/ilm/Matthew]. 13 Unless otherwise stated, data are from the U.S. Census Bureau. [For more information: www.census.gov.] 14 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, ‘Table 1.1.5 Gross Domestic Product’ and ’Table SA6N Compensation of Employees by NAICS Industry. [Available at: https://apps.bea.gov/regional/histdata/releases/0518gdpstate/.] 15 Marine Economy information was not available for East Florida, information for the entire state of Florida is provided in this report. 16 Percentage changes in inflation adjusted (real dollar) terms are calculated using the annual Gross Domestic Product implicit price deflator published by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Available at: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/ GDPDEF.]
17 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ‘Location Quotient Calculator.’ [For more information: https://www.bls.gov/cew/about-data/location-quotients- explained.htm.]
en in the shore mode (71%) and private boat (28%).

States with the highest number of recorded trips in the South Atlantic Region were East Florida (40.4 million
trips) and North Carolina (22.5 million trips).

Harvest and Release Trends
Of the South Atlantic Region’s key species and species
groups, drum (Atlantic croaker and spot) (21.9 million
fish), drum (spotted seatrout) (19.3 million fish), and bluefish (18.6 million fish), were most frequently caught by recreational fishermen. The text box below shows
the species with the largest percentage increases and
decreases in the past 10 years and in the past year.

Harvest and Release: Largest Increases
From 2008:
• Red drum (95%)
• Black sea bass (70%)
• Dolphinfish (34%)
From 2016:
• Dolphinfish (55%)
• King mackerel (48%)
• Black sea bass (13%)
Harvest and Release: Largest Decreases
From 2008:
• Sharks (-56%)
• Spanish mackerel (-31%)
• King mackerel (-15%)
From 2016:
• Sharks (-36%)
• Spanish mackerel (-34%)
• Porgies (sheepshead) (-18%)
From 2008 to 2017, red drum (95%), black sea bass
(70%), and dolphinfish (34%) had the largest increas-
es, while sharks (-56%), Spanish mackerel (-31%), and
king mackerel (-15%) had the largest decreases. From
2016 to 2017, dolphinfish (55%), king mackerel (48%),
and black sea bass (13%) had the largest increases,
while sharks (-36%), Spanish mackerel (-34%), and
porgies (sheepshead) (-18%) had the largest decreases.

In October 2016, Hurricane Matthew caused significant
damage along the North Carolina and South Carolina
coasts that may have temporarily prevented recreation-
al fishing in those states or resulted in reduced access to recreational fishing boats and infrastructure. This
possibly affected the recreational fishery in the South Atlantic Region.
12 MARINE ECONOMY — SOUTH

ATLANTIC REGION
For this report, the marine economy refers to the eco-
nomic activity generated by fishing and marine-related
industries in a coastal state. The national marine econo- my consists of two industry sectors: 1) seafood sales and processing (employer establishments and non-employer
firms); and 2) transport, support, and marine operations (employer establishments). These sectors include several different marine-related industries.
13,14
Note that when discussing the marine economy in the
South Atlantic Region, all statistics include the entire state of Florida and not just East Florida.
15 To measure the size of the commercial fishing sector in a state’s economy relative to the size of the commercial fishing sector in the national economy, researchers use an index called the Commercial Fishing Location Quo-
tient (CFLQ).16,17 The CFLQ is calculated as the ratio of the percentage of regional employment in the commer-
cial fishing sector relative to the percentage of nation- al employment in the commercial fishing sector. The
United States CFLQ is 1. If a state CFLQ is less than 1, then less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. If a state CFLQ is greater than 1, then more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the
national average.

Florida had the highest CFLQ at 0.99. South Carolina had a CFLQ value of 0.12.

In 2016, 1.7 million employer establishments operated
throughout the entire South Atlantic region (including
marine and non-marine related establishments). These
146
South Atlantic Region | Regional Summary
establishments employed 25.7 million workers and had a
total annual payroll of $1.1 trillion. The combined gross state product of East Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina was approximately $2.2 trillion in 2016.

Seafood Sales and Processing
Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging: In
2016, the South Atlantic Region had 516 non-employer
firms in the seafood product preparation and packag-
ing sector. Annual receipts for these firms totaled about $36.4 million.
18 There were 45 employer firms in the sea-
food product preparation and packaging sector (a 10%
decrease from 2008). These establishments employed
2,580 workers and had a total annual payroll of $108
million.
19 The greatest number of establishments in this
sector was in Florida (362), followed by Georgia (114)
and North Carolina (97).

Seafood Sales, Retail: In 2016, there were 574
non-employer firms engaged in retail sales of seafood
in the states that make up the South Atlantic Region (a 6% decrease from 2008). Annual receipts for these firms totaled about $50.6 million (a 7% decrease in real terms from 2008). There were 412 employer firms in the retail sales of seafood sector (an 11% increase from 2008).

These establishments employed 1,898 workers (a 14%
increase from 2008) and had a total annual payroll of
$43.2 million (a 16% increase in real terms from 2008).

The greatest number of establishments in this sector was in Florida (702), followed by North Carolina (308) and
Georgia (215).

Seafood Sales, Wholesale: There were 346 employ-
er firms in the wholesale sales of seafood sector in the South Atlantic Region in 2016 (a 1% increase from
2008). These establishments employed 3,998 workers (a
27% increase from 2008), and had a total annual payroll of $161.1 million (a 24% increase in real terms from
2008). The greatest number of establishments in this
sector was in Florida (239), followed by North Carolina (57) and Georgia (35).

Transport, Support, and Marine
Operations
Data for the transport, support, and marine operations
sector of South Atlantic region’s economy were largely
suppressed for confidentiality reasons. It is clear, however, that these sectors play an important role in the regional economy. For example, in 2016, the ship and boat build- ing sector in the South Atlantic Region accounted for $1.3 billion in payroll (a 2% decrease in real terms from 2008).

The deep sea passenger transportation sector in Florida alone accounted for $864.5 million in payroll in 2016.
18 The Census Bureau suppressed number of firms and receipt data for this sector in one or more states in the this region in either 2016 or 2008, and thus cannot be compared.
19 The Census Bureau suppressed number of employees and payroll data for this sector in one or more states in the this region in either 2016 or 2008, and thus cannot be compared.

Tables | South Atlantic Region
148
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Landings revenue is for East Florida. The rest of the information in this row is for the entire state of Florida.

South Atlantic Region | Commercial Fisheries
Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 165,660 147,201 166,736 172,978 173,279 165,503 191,322 197,269 183,841 193,484 Finfish & Other 60,797 63,112 66,567 67,870 65,860 65,337 70,467 64,837 63,781 68,363 Shellfish 104,863 84,088 100,170 105,108 107,419 100,167 120,854 132,431 120,061 125,121 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 39,986 37,703 36,201 33,878 37,593 44,129 46,762 46,162 37,368 37,331 Clams 3,862 3,516 4,517 3,774 3,834 3,872 5,033 8,037 5,868 4,880 Flounders 11,230 10,389 11,180 9,532 8,009 7,536 13,497 13,154 12,420 12,245 Groupers 5,287 4,348 3,874 3,786 3,433 3,376 3,475 3,187 2,848 2,731 King mackerels 7,695 8,088 7,580 6,580 5,559 5,214 5,830 5,623 6,291 7,406 Oysters 4,057 4,599 7,222 6,850 5,467 6,076 7,207 16,535 7,233 8,607 Shrimp 51,064 33,078 46,063 53,674 54,941 38,790 50,965 49,952 59,870 61,984 Snappers 4,554 4,024 3,490 3,762 3,839 3,764 3,999 3,518 3,376 3,696 Swordfish 3,661 4,821 7,864 10,252 10,181 8,914 5,864 4,948 4,406 4,967 Tunas 4,672 4,869 4,070 5,191 7,136 6,176 6,264 5,254 4,525 7,070 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 116,532 113,478 119,645 124,305 109,104 100,652 115,659 113,710 101,236 107,747 Finfish & Other 43,948 51,117 52,715 52,751 42,059 49,707 55,300 45,721 36,703 36,399 Shellfish 72,584 62,361 66,930 71,554 67,045 50,946 60,359 67,990 64,532 71,348 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 44,970 38,959 38,839 42,127 40,392 32,764 34,232 40,441 35,078 29,836 Clams 628 611 692 622 667 613 801 905 788 1,037
Flounders 5,151 5,362 5,109 4,356 2,961 2,889 4,735 4,184 3,142 3,050 Groupers 1,580 1,295 1,105 949 856 784 762 674 592 546
King mackerels 4,352 4,858 4,247 3,049 2,456 1,899 2,381 2,267 2,634 3,111 Oysters 862 937 1,447 1,233 897 1,035 1,152 1,052 1,073 719 Shrimp 23,341 20,109 23,174 22,960 22,397 13,851 15,868 22,217 25,086 25,258 Snappers 1,515 1,373 1,196 1,248 1,227 1,171 1,181 1,031 962 1,023 Swordfish 1,307 1,800 2,383 2,783 2,940 2,601 1,754 1,671 1,323 1,390 Tunas 1,658 1,945 1,841 2,249 2,540 2,431 2,671 2,261 2,209 2,561 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Blue crab 0.89 0.97 0.93 0.80 0.93 1.35 1.37 1.14 1.07 1.25 Clams 6.15 5.76 6.53 6.07 5.75 6.31 6.28 8.88 7.44 4.70 Flounders 2.18 1.94 2.19 2.19 2.70 2.61 2.85 3.14 3.95 4.01 Groupers 3.35 3.36 3.51 3.99 4.01 4.31 4.56 4.72 4.81 5.00 King mackerels 1.77 1.66 1.78 2.16 2.26 2.75 2.45 2.48 2.39 2.38 Oysters 4.71 4.91 4.99 5.56 6.09 5.87 6.26 15.71 6.74 11.96 Shrimp 2.19 1.64 1.99 2.34 2.45 2.80 3.21 2.25 2.39 2.45 Snappers 3.01 2.93 2.92 3.02 3.13 3.22 3.38 3.41 3.51 3.61 Swordfish 2.80 2.68 3.30 3.68 3.46 3.43 3.34 2.96 3.33 3.57 Tunas 2.82 2.50 2.21 2.31 2.81 2.54 2.35 2.32 2.05 2.76 2017 Economic Impacts of the South Atlantic Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
Landings
Revenue #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Florida1 53,850 86,141 19,676,700 3,675,549 6,577,946 9,889 988,504 259,058 399,044 Georgia 16,834 13,868 2,193,422 486,012 800,135 1,932 101,526 39,844 54,292 North Carolina 97,306 9,787 968,751 268,401 402,338 6,199 344,622 140,657 186,990 South Carolina 25,495 1,810 159,373 50,080 72,053 1,454 87,644 36,001 47,882 149
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 East Florida anglers estimates are not available for the non-coastal mode. 2 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released.

South Atlantic Region | Recreational Fisheries
Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 2,330 1,922 1,933 1,893 2,135 2,092 2,189 1,753 1,873 1,750 Non-Coastal 560 462 536 450 502 396 530 475 472 401
Total Anglers 2,890 2,384 2,470 2,343 2,637 2,488 2,719 2,229 2,345 2,151 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 391 405 350 360 362 342 415 474 500 515
Private 21,568 23,532 25,415 23,391 20,786 20,495 22,194 21,753 21,252 21,506 Shore 54,209 54,669 54,096 52,923 48,186 47,627 52,768 53,562 51,317 54,849 Total Trips 76,167 78,605 79,861 76,674 69,334 68,463 75,377 75,789 73,069 76,869 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Black sea bass
H 887 673 1,330 933 687 629 1,113 727 553 620
R 6,267 5,670 7,037 10,197 11,658 7,259 15,547 11,307 10,161 11,526 Bluefish
H 5,877 9,159 10,881 10,637 5,949 8,448 8,571 7,176 7,116 5,525 R 9,854 12,400 22,284 18,670 12,110 19,009 13,887 14,742 13,232 13,106 Dolphinfish
H 1,441 1,438 1,212 1,421 1,436 1,142 1,618 2,255 1,345 1,666 R 268 209 244 885 246 448 701 889 131 629
Drum (Atlantic
croaker and spot)
H 12,937 11,474 9,229 15,301 11,548 14,762 17,704 18,413 12,502 7,209 R 11,736 16,394 11,600 19,797 15,980 25,015 29,222 24,075 24,625 14,655 Drum (spotted
seatrout)
H 3,321 4,230 3,360 2,611 5,115 3,608 2,821 1,805 3,543 3,904 R 10,948 12,768 20,219 17,352 18,486 13,513 14,324 13,867 15,163 15,380 King mackerel
H 824 833 474 302 254 236 298 323 526 637
R 311 168 160 104 97 78 199 144 123 323
Porgies
(sheepshead)
H 2,091 1,953 2,647 2,357 1,630 2,056 2,658 1,572 2,415 1,885 R 2,221 1,991 2,281 2,089 2,805 2,288 3,474 3,177 2,944 2,536 Red drum
H 951 990 1,781 1,518 1,422 2,048 1,958 1,585 2,010 2,256 R 5,432 5,536 11,626 6,767 8,857 9,458 8,787 7,835 9,806 10,164 Sharks
H 123 98 64 59 65 151 137 45 162 34
R 10,132 8,375 7,485 6,357 6,689 12,893 8,491 10,102 6,926 4,522 Spanish
mackerel
H 2,464 3,184 3,638 2,644 2,034 3,764 2,577 1,461 2,866 1,741 R 2,166 1,538 2,193 1,411 1,164 2,708 1,878 1,060 2,017 1,460 2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 145,187
Private Boat 878,216
Shore 2,376,639
Total 3,400,041
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 1,001,304
Other Equipment 426,511
Boat Expenses 2,579,475
Vehicle Expenses 311,904
Second Home Expenses 38,284
Total Durable Expenditures 4,357,478
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 7,757,519 2017 Economic Impacts of the South Atlantic Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars, trips) Trips #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
East Florida 40,404 45,267 5,136,763 1,840,032 3,158,535 Georgia 4,624 3,865 341,166 121,163 218,865
North Carolina 22,452 30,170 3,085,957 1,111,920 1,869,497 South Carolina 9,389 9,803 901,599 309,571 557,259

Tables | East Florida
152
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Information reported in this table is for the entire state of Florida. 2 NA = these data are confidential and therefore not disclosable.

East Florida | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Florida Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars)1 With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 86,141 19,676,700 3,675,549 6,577,946 9,889 988,504 259,058 399,044 Commercial Harvesters 6,363 474,979 148,088 197,338 6,363 474,979 148,088 197,338 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 5,004 918,083 177,676 349,295 520 102,313 19,801 38,926 Importers 45,528 14,338,508 2,298,019 4,371,005 0 0 0 0 Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 11,001 1,434,637 563,233 700,736 430 56,050 22,005 27,377 Retail 18,245 2,510,493 488,533 959,571 2,576 355,161 69,164 135,402 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 47,856 40,992 51,151 60,643 57,766 48,669 55,949 51,451 49,168 53,850 Finfish & Other 21,131 23,164 25,756 26,344 26,061 24,139 25,212 23,917 22,622 23,077 Shellfish 26,726 17,828 25,395 34,300 31,705 24,530 30,737 27,534 26,546 30,773 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 4,333 2,376 3,415 4,155 4,747 3,785 3,118 3,368 3,517 4,400 Clams 510 415 331 220 138 28 61 NA NA NA
Groupers 848 662 620 613 893 734 799 879 685 673
King mackerel 6,036 6,563 6,911 5,500 4,685 4,320 4,583 4,805 5,314 6,058 Lobsters 3,312 1,089 2,825 3,207 1,720 3,437 5,150 3,733 3,031 1,964 Sharks 636 949 757 677 458 491 548 642 355 403
Shrimp 17,225 12,455 17,071 24,361 21,903 14,125 18,306 14,802 15,498 16,227 Snappers 1,905 2,383 1,454 1,673 1,604 1,769 2,188 1,654 1,324 1,571 Spanish mackerel 1,827 2,004 2,414 2,686 2,448 2,650 2,652 2,171 2,534 2,760 Swordfish 2,339 2,385 3,677 4,005 4,838 3,287 2,560 2,532 2,228 1,699 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 26,307 27,501 29,713 31,244 28,579 21,415 24,573 23,151 21,796 24,626 Finfish & Other 14,111 16,105 17,137 16,051 14,241 12,553 13,592 12,459 12,149 12,052 Shellfish 12,196 11,396 12,576 15,193 14,338 8,862 10,981 10,692 9,647 12,573 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 3,342 1,640 2,553 3,226 3,440 2,211 1,500 1,639 1,732 2,316 Clams 55 54 42 22 17 5 8 NA NA NA
Groupers 239 188 167 154 222 174 179 187 143 137
King mackerel 3,299 4,064 3,905 2,633 2,143 1,547 1,811 1,859 2,162 2,438 Lobsters 506 298 481 514 302 486 543 481 394 256
Sharks 776 1,109 781 716 631 657 662 690 357 432
Shrimp 7,619 8,662 8,743 10,528 8,869 5,044 5,805 6,051 5,842 6,024 Snappers 635 805 510 564 523 572 661 496 393 434
Spanish mackerel 2,263 2,629 3,553 3,433 2,586 2,246 2,585 1,808 2,461 2,673 Swordfish 791 838 1,028 1,067 1,343 831 698 716 592 455 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Blue crab 1.30 1.45 1.34 1.29 1.38 1.71 2.08 2.06 2.03 1.90 Clams 9.29 7.73 7.90 9.84 8.17 6.00 7.58 NA NA NA
Groupers 3.55 3.52 3.72 3.99 4.02 4.21 4.46 4.71 4.80 4.91 King mackerel 1.83 1.61 1.77 2.09 2.19 2.79 2.53 2.58 2.46 2.48 Lobsters 6.55 3.65 5.87 6.23 5.69 7.07 9.48 7.77 7.70 7.69 Sharks 0.82 0.86 0.97 0.95 0.73 0.75 0.83 0.93 1.00 0.93 Shrimp 2.26 1.44 1.95 2.31 2.47 2.80 3.15 2.45 2.65 2.69 Snappers 3.00 2.96 2.85 2.97 3.07 3.09 3.31 3.34 3.37 3.62 Spanish mackerel 0.81 0.76 0.68 0.78 0.95 1.18 1.03 1.20 1.03 1.03 Swordfish 2.96 2.85 3.58 3.75 3.60 3.96 3.67 3.54 3.77 3.74 153
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 NA = Non-coastal data are not available because all of the state’s residents are considered coastal county residents. 2 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 3 Drum (kingfish) include Gulf kingfish and kingfish genus.

East Florida | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of East Florida Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 928 94,307 33,229 56,195 Private Boat 4,670 463,590 153,507 310,721
Shore 8,858 873,806 299,636 591,922
Total Durable Expenditures 30,811 3,705,060 1,353,660 2,199,697 Total State Economic Impacts 45,267 5,136,763 1,840,032 3,158,535 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 1,317 1,099 1,033 1,109 1,181 1,263 1,334 1,001 1,059 975 Non-Coastal NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Out-of-State 703 643 629 553 514 540 807 819 674 613
Total Anglers 2,021 1,741 1,662 1,662 1,695 1,803 2,141 1,821 1,733 1,588 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 153 188 132 141 160 161 192 229 256 250
Private 13,485 15,352 17,003 14,771 12,325 12,231 13,759 13,029 12,393 11,756 Shore 32,284 33,470 31,818 30,883 27,193 24,914 30,016 29,138 26,046 28,398 Total Trips 45,921 49,010 48,952 45,795 39,678 37,306 43,968 42,395 38,695 40,404 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Bluefish H 2,717 5,502 6,046 5,575 2,319 2,037 3,262 2,081 1,492 1,591 R 3,618 5,169 13,455 8,484 8,079 10,002 6,293 5,361 4,751 1,716 Dolphinfish H 1,068 801 485 771 949 806 1,179 1,505 799 1,285 R 264 190 234 869 220 440 694 815 127 626
Drum
(kingfish)3
H 10,802 5,342 8,187 10,137 9,676 6,043 6,745 3,507 4,762 2,079 R 5,002 7,197 9,425 8,447 10,159 6,505 7,265 9,140 5,872 1,978 Drum (spotted
seatrout)
H 617 639 1,187 931 1,683 1,122 1,111 504 963 978
R 6,352 5,178 9,718 7,839 9,611 5,723 7,280 6,131 4,784 5,846 Gray snapper H 860 811 447 404 464 2,102 2,556 1,819 3,778 3,355 R 4,570 7,881 1,732 2,017 6,419 7,167 8,095 6,469 11,947 10,260 Jack (Florida
pompano)
H 2,800 513 1,712 507 1,602 630 575 486 380 612
R 2,277 840 1,093 2,676 2,666 1,261 1,780 984 1,190 827 King mackerel H 620 596 391 252 181 179 208 219 409 489 R 241 99 132 89 83 62 146 122 67 171
Porgies
(sheepshead)
H 1,012 982 1,893 1,420 1,015 1,076 2,248 1,129 1,942 1,240 R 1,732 1,559 1,879 1,704 2,315 1,467 2,767 2,520 2,272 1,114 Red drum H 388 421 721 788 878 1,008 1,028 982 1,310 979 R 2,441 2,276 6,759 4,192 2,615 5,197 5,075 4,132 4,734 4,727 Spanish
mackerel
H 1,330 1,556 2,525 1,304 777 2,666 1,349 230 1,619 651 R 1,198 699 1,353 522 254 1,892 920 219 1,137 454
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 53,734
Private Boat 469,059
Shore 693,862
Total 1,216,655
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 649,609
Other Equipment 284,567
Boat Expenses 1,753,715
Vehicle Expenses 214,273
Second Home Expenses 15,206
Total Durable Expenditures 2,917,370
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 4,134,025 154
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 All data presented on this page are for the entire state of Florida, not just East Florida. 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.

East Florida | Marine Economy
2016 Florida State Economy (% of national total)1
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient2
2,053,914 (8.3%) 546,218 (7%) 8,169,642 (6.4%) 363 (5.6%) 514 (5.2%) 946 0.99 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 202 217 280 294 307 300 315 300 316
Receipts 11,065 12,473 14,635 14,618 17,557 17,214 22,329 21,841 20,834 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 331 316 361 362 383 338 346 355 320
Receipts 26,087 25,667 27,964 29,037 30,765 25,332 26,433 29,033 24,296 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 23 25 27 24 27 25 27 27 23
Employees 1,637 1,143 1,269 1,095 1,608 1,374 1,419 1,429 1,535 Payroll 53,455 46,235 45,772 42,612 51,735 50,003 50,556 58,246 63,039 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 229 215 229 250 226 234 233 242 239
Employees 1,913 1,762 1,747 1,913 1,957 1,878 1,974 2,055 1,849 Payroll 75,203 72,159 70,889 77,115 75,945 79,266 83,964 90,247 83,818 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 168 158 145 145 151 165 166 181 191
Employees 991 885 865 849 945 909 1,037 1,137 1,133
Payroll 21,604 21,182 20,783 20,158 21,577 23,476 25,844 29,066 26,981 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 297 261 248 246 258 259 263 278 281
Employees 12,419 8,221 7,363 7,909 8,621 8,813 9,608 10,913 11,170 Payroll 442,096 296,537 302,909 325,942 374,831 390,853 448,514 488,050 512,454 Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 57 58 61 65 75 69 77 76 65
Employees 2,486 2,801 2,279 2,374 3,345 2,485 2,015 2,154 1,639 Payroll 169,055 180,139 159,025 177,386 231,887 140,564 131,069 137,786 113,897 Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments 31 33 29 29 39 31 28 32 33
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 10,510 10,161
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 967,938 864,475
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 42 42 50 54 60 47 62 57 62
Employees 1,106 972 709 753 1,381 1,050 1,743 1,815 1,966 Payroll 50,115 37,774
50,217 53,341 100,402 82,078 175,366 173,004 199,592
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 40 32 34 32 66 61 56 55 54
Employees 712 527 470 377 2,082 555 588 987 1,006
Payroll 24,668 19,006 20,525 16,879 72,554 25,439 20,647 32,032 32,969 Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 56 59 55 64 43 58 61 69 63
Employees 8,052 7,288 7,547 7,484 4,598 6,258 6,992 7,834 7,048 Payroll 192,473 185,309 191,560 195,458 86,461 188,997 179,024 208,186 191,828 Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 147 145 145 150 151 180 190 196 194
Employees 894 829 980 1,047 853 1,390 878 861 922
Payroll 56,917 60,641 76,853 75,561 68,366 130,893 74,185 72,483 73,708 Marinas
Establishments 442 428 430 411 432 444 464 466 458
Employees 5,024 4,665 4,439 4,657 4,918 5,076 5,421 5,472 5,405 Payroll 151,677 132,955 133,017 142,997 148,573 145,265 168,185 171,354 176,315
Tables | Georgia
156
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 NA = these data are confidential and therefore not disclosable.

Georgia | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Georgia Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 13,868 2,193,422 486,012 800,135 1,932 101,526 39,844 54,292 Commercial Harvesters 679 29,103 9,994 14,369 679 29,103 9,994 14,369 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 1,174 104,955 40,449 53,392 203 18,120 6,983 9,218 Importers 5,159 1,624,727 260,393 495,288 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 1,098 153,330 52,879 74,310 42 5,809 2,003 2,815 Retail 5,758 281,308 122,297 162,775 1,008 48,494 20,863 27,890 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 13,081 11,761 13,778 16,513 16,740 12,726 17,238 17,400 13,844 16,834 Finfish & Other 623 626 279 639 378 2,014 1,145 897 433 389 Shellfish 12,458 11,135 13,499 15,874 16,362 10,712 16,093 16,503 13,411 16,445 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 3,910 3,839 2,658 3,346 4,267 3,975 3,772 4,247 4,010 5,022 Clams 383 473 572 831 834 778 1,422 2,284 2,402 2,262
Groupers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shrimp 7,877 6,608 10,137 11,422 11,056 5,782 10,477 9,765 6,849 8,487 Snails (conchs) 6 11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Snappers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 8,930 7,424 7,195 13,000 11,003 18,076 18,781 13,757 7,595 9,416 Finfish & Other 267 306 168 3,319 2,131 12,171 9,640 6,749 1,476 2,088 Shellfish 8,663 7,118 7,027 9,681 8,873 5,905 9,141 7,009 6,119 7,328 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 4,227 3,598 2,329 3,427 4,265 3,216 2,667 2,934 3,318 3,889 Clams 54 76 98 147 144 132 260 372 348 319
Groupers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shrimp 3,132 3,324 4,525 4,375 3,951 1,908 2,757 3,669 2,428 2,824 Snails (conchs) 5 11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Snappers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Blue crab 0.92 1.07 1.14 0.98 1.00 1.24 1.41 1.45 1.21 1.29 Clams 7.03 6.24 5.82 5.65 5.79 5.88 5.48 6.14 6.90 7.08 Grouper NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Shrimp 2.51 1.99 2.24 2.61 2.80 3.03 3.80 2.66 2.82 3.01 Snails (conchs) 1.31 1.00 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Snappers NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
157
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 2 Sharks include requiem shark family, Atlantic sharpnose shark, requiem shark genus, unidentified (sharks), requiem shark, blacktip shark, unidentified sharks, and shark species.

Georgia | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Georgia Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 87 8,466 2,856 5,001 Private Boat 769 56,706 18,146 37,371
Shore 1,932 165,350 54,615 102,064
Total Durable Expenditures 1,077 110,644 45,546 74,429
Total State Economic Impacts 3,865 341,166 121,163 218,865 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 190 146 145 146 134 99 125 81 110 110
Non-Coastal 154 91 136 131 96 72 115 80 89 73
Out-of-State 98 45 61 78 74 53 70 70 49 57
Total Anglers 441 282 342 355 303 225 310 231 248 241
Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 17 15 7 16 20 21 31 34 26 28
Private 1,201 1,152 1,164 1,236 1,184 1,228 1,262 1,360 1,375 1,569 Shore 1,638 1,525 1,536 1,650 1,786 2,071 2,444 2,715 2,480 3,028 Total Trips 2,855 2,693 2,707 2,902 2,990 3,320 3,737 4,109 3,880 4,624 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Black drum H 168 42 138 26 43 65 48 48 96 64
R 133 60 73 20 53 35 22 56 54 85
Black sea bass H 232 41 38 98 53 234 167 123 19 26
R 1,545 307 513 526 425 826 1,925 1,087 314 681
Bluefish H 17 6 27 10 21 17 70 49 12 9
R 301 163 249 124 148 42 261 427 96 30
Drum (Atlantic
croaker)
H 73 185 121 130 105 265 290 790 402 371
R 528 1,170 652 749 781 1,362 2,058 1,321 1,179 1,060
Drum (South
kingfish)
H 1,341 1,545 1,772 1,820 1,346 1,732 2,199 3,437 1,505 1,825 R 1,794 1,538 1,522 1,689 1,778 1,206 984 1,490 1,742 1,283 Drum (spotted
seatrout)
H 1,048 1,363 1,135 762
1,207 937 724 741 1,290 1,060
R 1,149 2,126 1,676 1,348 2,197 1,321 1,688 1,764 2,113 2,437 Porgies
(sheepshead)
H 142 154 240 282 141 129 56 121 187 159
R 232 72 91 102 58 114 62 128 69 75
Red drum H 222 164 443 201 96 237 212 201 290 468
R 494 346 926 370 220 505 751 961 601 1,177
Sharks
2 H 15 12 8 11 14 26 < 1 8 19 4
R 969 756 564 759 1,015 907 1,059 902 1,085 569
South flounder H 76 83 81 55 43 52 58 130 84 101
R 3 18 6 44 9 22 22 127 34 80
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 4,947
Private Boat 58,580
Shore 120,883
Total 184,410
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 37,155
Other Equipment 11,823
Boat Expenses 42,131
Vehicle Expenses 19,979
Second Home Expenses 0
Total Durable Expenditures 111,088
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 295,498 158
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.
3 NA = not available.

Georgia | Marine Economy
2016 Georgia State Economy (% of national total)
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient1
877,908 (3.5%) 228,330 (2.9%) 3,804,433 (3%) 183 (2.8%) 288 (2.9%) 543 0.05 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 45 51 52 61 71 60 62 87 100
Receipts 3,489 3,817 5,458 5,540 4,974 4,378 5,471 6,265 7,582 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 101 98 96 89 97 77 103 84 75
Receipts 6,922 5,701 6,474 8,646 8,233 6,932 9,338 8,379 8,298 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 7 6 6 5 6 5 7 6 7
Employees Ds ds 1,056 1,022 854 945 895 854 917
Payroll Ds ds 37,343 39,433 32,928 35,987 37,122 37,368 38,634 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 30 33 36 28 18 28 24 23 35
Employees 565 532 514 562 468 469 792 701 731
Payroll 20,122 18,628 20,075 20,660 15,459 17,326 24,726 26,254 28,745 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 48 42 48 51 54 60 62 70 70
Employees 160 162 176 176 214 210 229 248 283
Payroll 2,433 2,447 2,502 2,566 3,425 3,390 3,745 4,539 4,966 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2,3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 20 14 12 15 14 15 16 17 15
Employees 2,159 ds ds ds ds ds ds 3,150 2,272
Payroll 69,096 ds ds ds ds ds ds 110,951 81,978
Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 14 13 14 12 12 7 9 9 9
Employees 156 29 ds 51 236 28 63 64 70
Payroll 11,275 2,192 2,465 4,833 11,238 2,311 3,856 4,421 5,255 Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments NA NA NA 1 1 1 1 2 1
Employees NA NA NA ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll NA NA NA ds ds ds ds 0 0
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 6 5 4 4 3 4 7 8 8
Employees 28 ds ds ds ds ds ds 66 84
Payroll 2,040 1,700
ds ds ds ds ds 4,356 5,074
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 5 5 4 2 13 7 4 4 5
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 68 47
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 2,961 3,230
Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 17 18 17 20 10 19 19 18 17
Employees 2,660 3,707 2,971 4,655 ds 2,986 3,561 4,956 3,966 Payroll 97,869 87,410 84,675 108,674 ds 120,985 124,394 117,785 98,105 Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 11 9 8 8 10 8 7 9 8
Employees 182 ds ds ds ds ds ds 203 149
Payroll 10,193 12,185 11,237 ds ds ds ds 12,202 9,904
Marinas
Establishments 60 58 62 63 63 59 65 67 63
Employees 527 541 631 580 636 644 586 639 648
Payroll 15,571 15,736 17,428 16,986 17,921 17,768 18,604 20,210 22,546
Tables | North Carolina
160
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico North Carolina | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the North Carolina Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 9,787 968,751 268,401 402,338 6,199 344,622 140,657 186,990 Commercial Harvesters 2,535 165,618 65,115 89,298 2,535 165,618 65,115 89,298 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 671 51,049 19,848 25,648 489 37,203 14,465 18,692 Importers 1,625 511,759 82,019 156,007 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 444 54,528 19,124 25,242 143 17,544 6,153 8,121 Retail 4,512 185,797 82,294 106,144 3,033 124,256 54,924 70,879 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 86,822 77,196 79,824 71,161 72,978 79,128 94,145 104,191 97,193 97,306 Finfish & Other 34,430 33,984 33,349 31,276 31,010 29,836 37,007 32,207 33,572 36,232 Shellfish 52,392 43,212 46,475 39,884 41,968 49,291 57,138 71,984 63,621 61,074 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
Atlantic croaker 3,142 3,004 3,410 3,160 2,132 1,727 1,865 1,651 2,290 1,135 Black sea bass 1,156 1,401 947 627 688 869 1,408 1,354 1,398 1,859 Blue crab 27,555 27,429 26,537 21,295 22,779 30,001 34,050 33,717 24,303 22,372 Clams 2,435 2,086 2,634 1,899 2,279 2,362 2,957 5,149 2,726 2,183 Flounders 10,886 10,124 10,907 8,893 7,419 7,066 13,060 12,871 12,057 11,962 Groupers 2,274 1,879 1,730 1,463 1,421 1,248 1,264 1,109 1,126 1,012 King mackerel 1,632 1,500 645 1,062 831 878 1,204 786 902 1,265 Shrimp 19,251 8,528 10,689 10,888 13,293 12,947 14,146 16,814 29,752 29,620 Snappers 1,784 1,073 956 1,004 900 917 865 797 955 997
Tunas 3,393 2,922 1,490 2,438 4,400 3,208 3,619 2,817 3,292 5,331 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 71,209 68,955 72,002 67,502 56,694 50,198 61,949 65,917 61,379 62,586 Finfish & Other 27,630 32,323 32,499 29,739 22,738 22,004 29,439 23,284 20,432 19,109 Shellfish 43,580 36,632 39,503 37,763 33,957 28,194 32,509 42,634 40,946 43,477 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Atlantic croaker 5,792 6,135 7,312 5,054 3,107 1,928 2,630 1,819 2,164 1,008 Black sea bass 485 615 401 272 256 330 527 468 439 631
Blue crab 32,917 29,707 30,683 30,035 26,787 22,203 26,231 32,124 25,645 19,273 Clams 400 359 366 302 404 356 438 422 343 299
Flounders 5,009 5,256 5,001 4,102 2,736 2,728 4,585 4,088 3,021 2,958 Groupers 785 638 561 409 382 311 299 259 262 223
King mackerel 1,037 778 329 408 297 345 550 391 437 629 Shrimp 9,427 5,408 5,955 5,140 6,141 4,860 4,691 9,083 13,833 13,892 Snappers 603 374 320 326 279 276 251 231 279 281
Tunas 1,041 1,028 703 1,056 1,482 1,283 1,647 1,320 1,486 1,803 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Atlantic croaker 0.54 0.49 0.47 0.63 0.69 0.90 0.71 0.91 1.06 1.13 Black sea bass 2.39 2.28 2.36 2.30 2.69 2.64 2.67 2.89 3.18 2.94 Blue crab 0.84 0.92 0.86 0.71 0.85 1.35 1.30 1.05 0.95 1.16 Clams 6.09 5.82 7.19 6.28 5.65 6.64 6.75 12.21 7.95 7.31 Flounders 2.17 1.93 2.18 2.17 2.71 2.59 2.85 3.15 3.99 4.04 Groupers 2.89 2.95 3.08 3.58 3.72 4.01 4.22 4.28 4.30 4.54 King mackerel 1.57 1.93 1.96 2.60 2.79 2.54 2.19 2.01 2.07 2.01 Shrimp 2.04 1.58 1.79 2.12 2.16 2.66 3.02 1.85 2.15 2.13 Snappers 2.96 2.87 2.99 3.08 3.22 3.32 3.44 3.45 3.42 3.55 Tunas 3.26 2.84 2.12 2.31 2.97 2.50 2.20 2.13 2.22 2.96 161
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 2 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish. 3 Drum (Atlantic croaker and spot) include Atlantic croaker and spot. 4 Flounder (lefteye and summer) include lefteye flounder genus and summer flounder.

North Carolina | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of North Carolina Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 1,119 104,952 35,545 60,417 Private Boat 2,492 249,484 87,048 150,896
Shore 17,515 1,715,605 603,837 1,043,260
Total Durable Expenditures 9,044 1,015,916 385,490 614,924 Total State Economic Impacts 30,170 3,085,957 1,111,920 1,869,497 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 587 446 544 490 614 564 549 479 541 481
Non-Coastal 303 259 296 254 283 240 301 239 281 235
Out-of-State 1,079 976 1,073 755 764 601 805 830 1,066 795 Total Anglers 1,970 1,681 1,914 1,499 1,661 1,405 1,656 1,548 1,889 1,512 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 170 129 139 129 159 111 96 114 141 149
Private 4,600 4,822 4,983 5,213 5,055 4,848 4,896 4,993 4,860 5,045 Shore 14,558 14,393 15,052 14,127 13,342 13,127 13,934 15,216 16,158 17,258 Total Trips 19,328 19,345 20,173 19,469 18,555 18,086 18,926 20,323 21,159 22,452 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)1,2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Black sea bass H 91 153 184 180 134 90 333 320 195 317
R 1,056 1,681 2,224 2,570 4,650 3,041 5,023 5,036 5,536 6,191 Bluefish H 2,855 3,190 3,692 3,614 2,684 4,288 4,419 4,123 4,489 3,173 R 5,147 6,448 7,420 7,150 3,268 7,051 5,863 6,356 6,803 8,256 Dolphinfish H 362 596 615 639 427 323 403 740 481 280
R 2 4 6 16 5 5 7 74 3 3
Drum (Atlantic
croaker and spot)3
H 4,649 5,156 5,111 7,354 3,526 7,422 10,279 4,010 3,038 3,085 R 7,092 10,470 8,187 11,999 6,875 12,243 14,391 12,617 9,086 6,534 Drum (spotted
seatrout)
H 1,373 1,858 631 724 1,603 1,108 725 249 979 1,218
R 2,227 4,463 7,658 7,421 4,916 4,279 3,949 4,824 6,475 5,148 Flounder (lefteye
and summer)
4 H 145 296 401 291 283 229 443 227 94 227
R 3,676 4,052 4,435 3,226 4,025 4,012 3,290 2,781 2,877 2,990 King mackerel H 165 169 58 32 56 48 72 96 108 110
R 41 24 10 < 1 6 9 35 17 44 95
Spanish
mackerel
H 1,014 1,481 927 855 996 995 1,029 835 918 996
R 806 753 702 480 592 686 814 515 547 688
Striped bass H 58 32 109 249 24 58 21 41 20 73
R 402 290 332 808 501 361 374 343 1,089 3,691
Yellowfin tuna H 22 36 42 33 70 53 44 38 80 119
R < 1 1 < 1 < 1 9 1 7 2 29 18
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 63,578
Private Boat 235,111
Shore 1,215,896
Total 1,514,585
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 237,545
Other Equipment 96,203
Boat Expenses 619,660
Vehicle Expenses 56,999
Second Home Expenses 23,078
Total Durable Expenditures 1,033,485
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 2,548,070 162
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.
3 NA = not available.

North Carolina | Marine Economy
2016 North Carolina State Economy (% of national total)1 #Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient1
742,858 (3%) 227,347 (2.9%) 3,794,926 (3%) 171 (2.7%) 272 (2.7%) 528 ds Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms ds 34 40 50 46 58 63 72 69
Receipts ds 1,297 1,652 2,705 1,630 4,605 4,599 4,715 4,204 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 114 140 126 144 136 127 137 134 122
Receipts 10,918 12,188 9,057 10,386 11,990 12,175 13,430 12,705 12,215 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 18 16 16 14 12 13 14 16 14
Employees 232 170 171 ds ds 135 128 128 128
Payroll 5,373 4,461 4,749 4,830 5,084 4,563 4,720 6,582 6,366 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 65 66 66 64 59 59 56 59 57
Employees 559 584 590 603 793 849 966 1,187 1,267
Payroll 16,843 17,383 18,348 19,344 23,949 26,687 30,292 38,462 43,297 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 90 77 82 84 88 86 93 91 93
Employees 219 243 247 244 289 254 278 255 282
Payroll 4,143 4,494 5,017 5,250 5,860 5,872 6,263 6,681 7,207 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2,3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 77 64 60 57 60 52 52 62 63
Employees 4,281 1,983 1,501 1,515 1,760 1,059 1,153 1,422 1,571 Payroll 138,243 68,004 64,807 66,929 74,843 49,462 50,102 65,388 73,550 Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 5 6 10 8 7 8 8 6 5
Employees ds 9 ds ds 25 ds ds 0 0
Payroll 533 617 ds ds 1,579 ds ds 0 0
Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments NA 1 NA 1 NA NA NA NA 2
Employees NA ds NA ds NA NA NA NA 0
Payroll NA ds NA ds NA NA NA NA 0
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 4 6 4 5 6 5 5 6 5
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds 2,366
ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 3 2 4 3 9 5 2 2 2
Employees ds ds ds ds ds 46 ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds 1,579 ds 0 0
Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 13 12 11 14 6 9 9 9 9
Employees 760 914 600 ds ds ds ds 797 594
Payroll 23,328 20,707 20,755 ds ds ds ds 14,767 14,204
Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 10 11 13 11 8 10 13 13 12
Employees 87 96 94 86 90 77 78 78 71
Payroll 3,668 4,313 3,968 4,041 3,203 3,583 3,844 4,350 4,369 Marinas
Establishments 107 105 102 104 102 99 100 105 109
Employees 656 501 536 524 531 501 541 579 624
Payroll 17,164 15,858 16,238 16,187 15,975 16,369 16,774 18,672 21,964
Tables | South Carolina
164
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico South Carolina | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the South Carolina Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 1,810 159,373 50,080 72,053 1,454 87,644 36,001 47,882 Commercial Harvesters 534 42,223 16,722 22,978 534 42,223 16,722 22,978 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 121 10,494 4,105 5,279 108 9,310 3,642 4,683
Importers 194 61,098 9,792 18,625 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 78 9,045 3,178 4,174 38 4,400 1,546 2,030 Retail 882 36,513 16,284 20,997 774 31,711 14,092 18,190 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 17,901 17,251 21,983 24,662 25,795 24,981 23,989 24,226 23,637 25,495 Finfish & Other 4,614 5,338 7,182 9,611 8,411 9,347 7,103 7,816 7,154 8,665 Shellfish 13,287 11,913 14,800 15,051 17,384 15,634 16,886 16,410 16,482 16,829 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
Black sea bass 257 362 213 181 303 471 341 246 159 251
Blue crab 4,187 4,059 3,592 5,083 5,800 6,368 5,822 4,830 5,538 5,537 Clams 535 542 980 823 583 704 592 604 740 434
Groupers 2,165 1,808 1,524 1,709 1,119 1,394 1,412 1,199 1,037 1,046 Oysters 1,768 1,734 1,906 1,975 2,153 2,402 2,243 2,258 2,321 2,612 Sharks 78 56 128 166 139 89 77 63 76 92
Shrimp 6,712 5,487 8,166 7,004 8,689 5,936 8,036 8,571 7,771 7,650 Snappers 864 568 1,079 1,085 1,334 1,078 945 1,067 1,097 1,128 Swordfish 187 1,116 2,289 3,629 2,332 2,691 1,195 1,160 927 1,815 Tilefish 66 9 117 8 148 404 538 537 505 780
Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 10,085 9,598 10,735 12,560 12,827 10,963 10,357 10,885 10,466 11,120 Finfish & Other 1,940 2,384 2,912 3,643 2,949 2,978 2,629 3,229 2,646 3,150 Shellfish 8,145 7,214 7,823 8,917 9,878 7,985 7,728 7,655 7,819 7,970 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Black sea bass 132 168 99 100 118 178 131 81 50 81
Blue crab 4,484 4,014 3,274 5,439 5,900 5,134 3,833 3,745 4,382 4,358 Clams 119 123 185 150 102 121 95 112 97 419
Groupers 556 469 377 386 252 298 284 229 188 186
Oysters 329 308 340 337 361 376 339 331 314 327
Sharks 110 63 94 116 109 61 54 41 45 64
Shrimp 3,162 2,716 3,950 2,917 3,435 2,040 2,615 3,414 2,983 2,518 Snappers 277 194 365 358 425 322 269 305 289 309
Swordfish 71 459 725 913 694 712 361 362 267 526
Tilefish 28 5 46 4 51 160 194 171 133 191
Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Black sea bass 1.94 2.15 2.16 1.82 2.57 2.64 2.60 3.04 3.19 3.11 Blue crab 0.93 1.01 1.10 0.93 0.98 1.24 1.52 1.29 1.26 1.27 Clams 4.51 4.42 5.30 5.48 5.71 5.82 6.20 5.38 7.63 1.04 Groupers 3.90 3.85 4.04 4.42 4.45 4.68 4.97 5.24 5.52 5.63 Oysters 5.37 5.63 5.61 5.85 5.96 6.39 6.61 6.81 7.39 7.99 Sharks 0.71 0.89 1.35 1.43 1.28 1.46 1.43 1.55 1.70 1.43 Shrimp 2.12 2.02 2.07 2.40 2.53 2.91 3.07 2.51 2.61 3.04 Snappers 3.12 2.92 2.95 3.03 3.14 3.34 3.52 3.50 3.79 3.65 Swordfish 2.64 2.43 3.16 3.98 3.36 3.78 3.31 3.20 3.47 3.45 Tilefish 2.30 2.00 2.54 1.84 2.87 2.53 2.76 3.15 3.81 4.08 165
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 2 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish. 3 Drum (Atlantic croaker and spot) include Atlantic croaker and spot. 4 Sharks include requiem shark family, Atlantic sharpnose shark, requiem shark genus, unidentified (sharks), requiem shark, blacktip shark, unidentified sharks, and shark species.

South Carolina | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of South Carolina Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 408 35,608 11,825 20,489 Private Boat 1,420 107,713 33,020 70,151
Shore 5,047 450,922 151,241 285,456
Total Durable Expenditures 2,928 307,356 113,485 181,163 Total State Economic Impacts 9,803 901,599 309,571 557,259 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 236 231 210 148 207 166 181 192 163 184
Non-Coastal 103 112 104 66 123 84 114 157 102 93
Out-of-State 604 554 494 264 406 602 569 684 510 437
Total Anglers 942 898 809 478 736 852 864 1,033 775 714 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 51 72 72 75 24 48 95 97 78 88
Private 2,281 2,205 2,265 2,170 2,223 2,187 2,276 2,371 2,624 3,136 Shore 5,730 5,280 5,691 6,262 5,865 7,515 6,375 6,494 6,634 6,165 Total Trips 8,063 7,558 8,028 8,507 8,111 9,751 8,746 8,962 9,335 9,389 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)1,2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Black sea bass H 156 38 531 104 127 53 249 88 56 197
R 1,608 913 1,238 2,366 1,212 1,022 4,286 2,079 2,282 3,266 Bluefish H 288 461 1,115 1,439 924 2,106 820 921 1,123 752 R 788 621 1,160 2,911 615 1,914 1,470 2,597 1,583 3,105 Drum (Atlantic
croaker and spot)3
H 6,773 3,560 2,610 4,124 5,135 5,041 1,859 8,094 5,243 2,663 R 1,360 2,341 1,199 2,477 1,744 9,645 6,651 6,055 8,655 5,125 Drum (South
kingfish)
H 2,718 2,952 1,093 1,731 2,774 3,639 2,207 1,368 1,450 1,783 R 2,395 2,870 0 458 712 0 22 11 45 3
Drum (spotted
seatrout)
H 283 370 407 193 622 441 260 311 311 648
R 1,220 1,002 1,167 744 1,762 2,191 1,407 1,148 1,791 1,950 Porgies (sheeps-
head)
H 433 454 187 458 128 66 169 141 136 204
R 85 61 121 203 163 315 421 368 391 436
Red drum H 229 191 437 373 296 283 393 258 241 456
R 987 1,676 2,269 1,618 1,083 1,865 1,875 1,433 1,267 2,094 Sharks4 H 22 27 11 26 22 57 33 13 19 11
R 1,759 3,675 2,196 1,714 2,489 4,477 2,571 2,921 1,694 1,429 South flounder H 262 242 309 323 258 191 140 184 187 221 R 231 454 25 63 120 0 0 0 < 1 0
Spanish mack-
erel
H 95 137 171 472 258 101 194 390 306 46
R 150 84 139 389 313 130 137 322 334 300
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 22,928
Private Boat 115,466
Shore 345,998
Total 484,391
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 76,995
Other Equipment 33,918
Boat Expenses 163,969
Vehicle Expenses 20,653
Second Home Expenses 0
Total Durable Expenditures 295,535
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 779,926 166
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.
3 NA = Not available.

South Carolina | Marine Economy
2016 South Carolina State Economy (% of national total) #Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient1
339,739 (1.4%) 105,959 (1.4%) 1,716,496 (1.4%) 69.1 (1.1%) 117 (1.2%) 215 0.12 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 15 21 23 32 35 30 28 26 31
Receipts 1,155 1,794 1,386 1,326 1,868 1,657 2,690 2,438 3,782 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 64 77 78 87 67 67 73 69 57
Receipts 4,650 4,709 3,978 5,535 4,818 3,765 4,845 6,007 5,753 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars)2,3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 2 2 2 1 NA NA 4 2 1
Employees ds ds ds ds NA NA ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds NA NA ds 0 0
Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 20 15 16 12 15 16 12 16 15
Employees 108 111 120 101 125 134 148 146 151
Payroll 3,770 3,676 3,868 3,760 4,506 4,849 5,329 5,327 5,193 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 64 57 56 61 60 56 56 54 58
Employees 292 261 260 245 228 222 224 185 200
Payroll 4,871 4,901 4,580 4,231 3,670 3,713 3,633 3,883 4,006 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars)2,3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 46 41 39 41 39 37 37 34 34
Employees 3,001 1,929 1,922 1,943 1,980 2,262 2,225 2,690 2,789 Payroll 97,743 73,988 74,945 85,568 90,942 96,081 98,324 115,262 125,487 Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 4 8 7 6 6 4 1 1 1
Employees ds ds 20 ds ds 21 ds 0 0
Payroll 659 ds 758 722 ds 633 ds 0 0
Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments 7 6 2 2 1 NA NA NA 1
Employees ds ds ds ds ds NA NA NA 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds NA NA NA 0
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 5
Employees ds ds ds ds 40 ds ds 0 33
Payroll ds ds
ds ds 2,625 ds ds 0 1,899
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 3 2 2 5 7 2 3 4 4
Employees ds ds ds ds 676 ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds 29,332 ds ds 0 0
Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 17 14 12 14 10 13 14 15 14
Employees 1,282 1,953 1,731 1,717 715 ds 1,902 2,467 2,117 Payroll 56,812 43,170 39,625 49,172 30,381 ds 66,803 59,595 75,187 Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 8 8 7 8 10 8 9 9 9
Employees 227 208 222 217 247 221 219 236 255
Payroll 11,916 12,522 12,591 11,922 16,625 13,820 14,513 16,311 18,135 Marinas
Establishments 68 69 73 75 70 77 70 70 74
Employees 588 533 537 543 595 650 661 633 717
Payroll 13,753 12,642 13,786 15,805 15,408 16,147 17,212 16,996 19,201
Gulf of Mexico Region
• Alabama
• West Florida
• Louisiana
• Mississippi
• Texas
Fishing boats in Key West, Florida.

Photo: NOAA Fisheries Office of Science and Technology/Noelle Olsen 168
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-A tlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 For additional information on management actions cited herein and other federal fisheries management actions in the Gulf of Mexico Region, see http://gulfcouncil.org/fishery-management/implemented-plans/ Gulf of Mexico Region | Regional Summary

MANAGEMENT CONTEXT
The Gulf of Mexico Region includes Alabama, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Texas, and West Florida. Federal fisheries in this region are managed by the Gulf of Mexico Fishery
Management Council (GMFMC) and NOAA Fisheries
under seven fishery management plans (FMPs). The
coastal migratory pelagic resources and spiny lobster
fisheries are managed jointly with the South Atlantic
Fishery Management Council (SAFMC).

FMPs in the Gulf of Mexico Region
• Aquaculture
• Coastal migratory
pelagic resources
(with SAFMC)
• Corals
• Red drum
• Reef fish
• Shrimp
• Spiny lobster
(with S
AFMC)
One stock/stock complex covered in these FMPs was
listed as overfished in 2017: greater amberjack. In
2017, gray triggerfish (Gulf of Mexico stock) and red
snapper (Gulf of Mexico stock) were removed from the
overfished list.

Two stocks/complexes were subject to overfishing in
2017: greater amberjack and gray triggerfish (Gulf of
Mexico stock), of which both were added in 2017.

Catch Share Programs
Two catch share programs have been implemented in
the Gulf of Mexico: the Red Snapper Individual Fishing
Quota (IFQ) Program and the Grouper and Tilefish IFQ
Program. The landings revenues for these programs
totaled more than $55.1 million in 2017. The following
are descriptions of these catch share programs and
their performance.

Red Snapper IFQ Program: This program was im-
plemented in 2007 to reduce overcapacity and mitigate
derby fishing conditions in the red snapper segment of
the commercial reef fish fishery. The 2016 key perfor-
mance indicators of the program show that relative to
the baseline period (the 3-year period prior to implemen- tation), the number of active vessels decreased, while
quota, landings, inflation-adjusted landings revenue, and inflation-adjusted revenue per active vessel increased.

Grouper and Tilefish IFQ Program: This program
was implemented in 2010 to reduce overcapacity, in-
crease harvesting efficiency, and eliminate the race to fish in the grouper–tilefish segment of the commercial
reef fish fishery. The 2016 key performance indicators
of the program show that relative to the baseline period (the 3-year period prior to implementation), the num-
ber of active vessels decreased, while quota, landings, inflation-adjusted landings revenue, and inflation-ad-
justed revenue per active vessel increased.

Policy Updates1
Red snapper allocation has been a key focus of the GM-
FMC in recent years. For example, Amendment 28 (May
2016) of the Reef Fish FMP revised the commercial and
recreational sector allocations of the red snapper ACL
by shifting 2.5% of the commercial sector’s allocation to the recreational sector. This shift was due to the reca- libration of Marine Recreational Information Program
catch estimates, which showed higher recreational land- ings during the time period used to determine the allo- cation. The resulting sector allocations for red snapper were 48.5% commercial and 51.5% recreational and
were applied to the 2016 quotas. However, in March
2017, a court vacated Amendment 28, and the sector
quotas for 2017 were adjusted (effective June 2017) to
the previous sector allocations of 51% commercial and
49% recreational.

In 2017, the federal red snapper season was initially
open only 3 days for private anglers and 49 days for
for-hire vessels. The short private angling season in
2017 was due in part to a quota overage in 2016, which
required an overage adjustment to the 2017 quota.

The short season was also due to landings projected to
occur in state waters while federal waters were closed.

Shortly after the private angling season ended, it was
reopened for an additional 39 days. During this time,
the fishing season was open Fridays through Sundays,
plus July 3-4 and September 4.

Amendment 26 (effective May 2017) to the Coastal
Migratory Pelagics FMP for the Gulf of Mexico and Atlan- tic regions made the GMFMC responsible for manage-
ment in federal waters off the Florida Keys. In the Gulf, this rule also revises the commercial and recreational
169
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South A tlantic | Gulf of Mexico 2 Summary data is available online in the FEUS webtool. [Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/data-tools/fisheries-economics-united-states- interactive-tool.]
3 The NMFS Commercial Fishing Industry Input/Output Model was used to generate the impact estimates. [Available at: http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/ documents/commercial_seafood_impacts_2007-2009.pdf.]
4 Commercial economic impacts data were not available for West Florida; data for the entire state of Florida are reported here.

Gulf of Mexico Region | Regional Summary
fishing ACLs as well as the commercial zone quotas.

In addition, under Amendment 26 the recreational bag
limit for the Gulf migratory group of king mackerel was increased in May 2017 from two fish per person per trip to three fish per person per trip. The purpose of this in- crease was to allow more opportunities for recreational anglers to harvest the recreational sector’s ACL.

In addition to these management actions, other actions
taken in 2017 (but effective January 2018) included
establishing a rebuilding plan for gray triggerfish and modifying the greater amberjack rebuilding plan. Both
of these stocks were determined to be experiencing
overfishing in 2017; greater amberjack has had an
overfished status since about 1987. Reef Fish Amend-
ment 46 establishes a 9-year rebuilding timeline for
gray triggerfish. The amendment reduces the recre-
ational bag limit to 1-fish per person per day, increases the recreational minimum size limit to 15-inches fork
length, and creates a January–February recreational
closed season in addition to the current June-July 31
closure during spawning for the commercial and rec-
reational sector. The amendment also increases the
commercial trip limit to 16 fish.

Modifications to the greater amberjack rebuilding plan
adjust the re-building timeline, reduce the commercial
and recreational annual catch limits (ACLs) and annu-
al catch targets (ACTs), and modify the recreational
fixed closed season for greater amberjack in the Gulf
of Mexico exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Reducing the
commercial and recreational fishing ACLs 31% coupled
with similar reduction in the ACTs for these fisheries is projected to rebuild the stock by 2027.

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES —

GULF OF MEXICO REGION
In this report, commercial fisheries refer to fishing oper- ations that sell their catch for profit. The term does not include subsistence fishermen or saltwater anglers who
fish for sport. It also excludes the for-hire sector, which earns its revenue from selling recreational fishing trips to saltwater anglers. The commercial fisheries section re- ports on economic impacts, landings revenue, landings,
and ex-vessel prices of key species/species groups.

Key Gulf of Mexico Region Commercial Species
• Blue crab
• Crawfish
• Groupers
• Menhaden
• Mullets
• Oysters
• Red snapper
• Shrimp
• Spiny lobster
• Tunas
Economic Impacts
The premise behind economic impact modeling is that
every dollar spent in a regional economy (direct impact) is either saved or re-spent on additional goods or ser- vices. If those dollars are re-spent on other goods and services in the regional economy, this spending gener-
ates additional economic activity in the region.
2 Four different measures are commonly used to show
how commercial fisheries landings affect the econo-
my in a region (state or nationwide): sales, income,
value-added, and employment. The term sales refers
to the gross value of all sales by regional businesses
affected by an activity, such as commercial fishing. The category includes both the direct sales of fish landed
and sales made between businesses and households re-
sulting from the original sale. Income includes personal income (wages and salaries) and proprietors’ income
(income from self-employment). Value-added is the
contribution made to the gross domestic product in a
region. Employment is specified on the basis of full-time and part-time jobs supported directly or indirectly by
the sales of seafood or purchases of inputs to com-
mercial fishing. The first three measures are calculated in terms of dollars, whereas employment impacts are
measured in numbers of jobs. Note that these catego-
ries are not additive. The United States seafood indus- try is defined here as the commercial fishing sector,
seafood processors and dealers, seafood wholesalers
and distributors, importers, and seafood retailers.
3,4
This report provides estimates of total economic im-
pacts for the nation and for each of the 23 coastal
states. Total economic impacts for each state and the
nation represent the sum of direct impacts; indirect
impacts (in this case, the impact from suppliers to the seafood industry); and induced impacts (spending by
170
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South A tlantic | Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico Region | Regional Summary
employees on personal and household expenditures,
where employees of both the seafood industry and its full supply chain are included). That is, the total economic impact estimates reported here measure jobs, sales, val- ue-added, and income impacts from the seafood industry
as well as the economic activity generated throughout
each region’s broader economy from this industry.

In 2017, the commercial fishing and seafood industry
in Florida generated the largest employment impacts in
the Gulf of Mexico region with 86,141 full- and part-
time jobs.
5 Florida also generated the largest sales
impacts ($19.7 billion), value-added impacts ($6.6
billion), and income impacts ($3.7 billion).
5 Landings Trends
Overall, landings revenues were fairly flat (down two
percent) in the Gulf Region from 2016 to 2017 but there was considerable variation across species and states.

Landings revenue gains from shrimp (up 13%, $51.7
million), oysters (up 20%, $18.2 million) and blue crabs (up 6%, $3.9 million) largely offset declines from men- haden (down 50%, -$71.1 million) and spiny lobsters
(down 11%, -$9.6 million).

The shrimp fishery is the highest value fishery in the
region and in each Gulf state; overall, the region repre- sented 78% of U.S. shrimp harvest in 2017. With shrimp
landings revenue up $39 million relative to 2016, Texas accounted for 76% of the region’s increase in shrimp land- ings revenue. Texas shrimp landings were at their highest level since 2006. Region-wide, brown shrimp landings rev- enue increased 20% (16.6 million pounds) from 2016 to
2017, which was consistent with the NOAA Fisheries fore- cast; Louisiana (up $2.6 million), Mississippi (up $3.0 mil- lion) and Texas (up $18.8 million) all experienced brown shrimp landings and revenue gains.
6 Alabama and West
Florida represent over 96% of the pink shrimp fishery;
their 2017 landings revenues from this species were up
$9.1 million and $13.6 million, respectively. White shrimp 2017 landings revenue increased $20.0 million (37%) in
Texas from the previous year, offsetting declines in all oth- er Gulf states. Overall, shrimp prices ticked up 2% despite record high imports of shrimp products in 2017.

Oyster landings revenue increased from 2016 to 2017
due to higher landings in Louisiana and Texas (up 11%
and 12%, respectively) and higher prices. Oyster pro-
duction in Texas exceeded expectations, which had been
lowered due to the heavy rains from Hurricane Harvey
that caused fresh water run-off in east Galveston Bay,
devastating oyster beds in that area. Oyster production elsewhere in Texas, however, offset the east Galveston
Bay losses. In terms of prices, average annual prices
increased in each of the Gulf states from 2016 to 2017.

Gulf-wide oyster prices increased 11% during this pe-
riod; in contrast, oyster prices declined 8% on average elsewhere in the United States from 2016 to 2017.

Menhaden landings revenue declined from 2016 to
2017 on a combination of lower harvest levels (down
25%), which had been predicted by NOAA Fisheries,
7 and lower prices (down 36%). Global production of fish meal and fish oil, the primary market for menhaden,
was up in 2017 due to the recovery of the Peru and
Chile fisheries, which depressed prices. Taking a more
long-term perspective, 2016 was a banner year for the
Gulf menhaden fishery, with real (inflation-adjusted)
landings revenue achieving its highest level since 1984.

Relative to 2008, menhaden real landings revenue was
only down 2%. Louisiana, home to two of the three
menhaden processing facilities, accounted for 100% of
the 2016-2017 decline in landings revenue.

Spiny lobster landings, which only West Florida harvests in the Gulf Region, declined 28% in 2017 relative to
2016 landings; landings revenue fell 23% ($9.6 mil-
lion). The spiny lobster season, which runs from Au-
gust to March, was disrupted by Hurricane Irma, which
struck south Florida in early September 2017, displac-
ing and destroying over 150,000 lobster traps.
8 The
Florida Keys Commercial Fishermen’s Association, in
cooperation with Florida Sea Grant and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, deployed spot-
ter planes to identify and recover lost gear, saving the industry an estimated $4 million.

Landings Revenue
In 2017, landings revenue in Gulf of Mexico totaled $890.3 million, a 34% increase from 2008 (a 17% increase in
5 This information is for the entire state of Florida.
6 https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/media-release/noaa-predicts-season-commercial-harvest-brown-shrimp-western-gulf-mexico 7 https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/Assets/commercial/market-news/Forecast2017.pdf 8 https://www.flseagrant.org/news/2018/04/florida-sea-grant-helped-save-keys-lobster-industry-nearly-4-million-after-hurricane-irma/ 171
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South A tlantic | Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico Region | Regional Summary
real terms after adjusting for inflation) and a 2% decrease from 2016. Landings revenue was highest in Louisiana
($370.2 million), followed by Texas ($237 million).

Shellfish landings revenue accounted for 79% of all
landings revenue. In 2017, shrimp ($451.2 million),
oysters ($109.6 million), and menhaden ($72.2 million)
had the highest landings revenue in this region. Togeth- er, these top three species accounted for 71% of total
landings revenue.

From 2008 to 2017, red snapper (251%, 206% in real
terms), oysters (81%, 58% in real terms), and blue
crab (73%, 51% in real terms) had the largest in-
creases, while tunas (-16%, -27% in real terms) and
groupers (-8%, -19% in real terms) had the largest
decreases. From 2016 to 2017, oysters (20%), shrimp
(13%), and blue crab (6%) had the largest increases,
while menhaden (-50%), spiny lobster (-23%), and
groupers (-22%) had the largest decreases.

Commercial Revenue: Largest Increases
From 2008:
• Red snapper (251%, 206% in real terms)
• Oysters (81%, 58% in real terms)
• Blue crab (73%, 51% in real terms)
From 2016:
• Oysters (20%)
• Shrimp (13%)
• Blue crab (6%)
Commercial Revenue: Largest Decreases
From 2008:
• Tunas (-16%, -27% in real terms)
• Groupers (-8%, -19% in real terms)
From 2016:
• Menhaden (-50%)
• Spiny lobster (-23%)
• Groupers (-22%)
Landings
In 2017, Gulf of Mexico Region commercial fishermen
landed over 1.4 billion pounds of finfish and shellfish.

This represents a 10% increase from 2008 and a 19%
decrease from 2016. Menhaden contributed the highest
landings volume in the region, accounting for 73% of
total landing weight.

From 2008 to 2017, red snapper (183%), shrimp (21%),
and spiny lobster (21%) had the largest increases, while groupers (-34%), oysters (-15%), and tunas (-14%) had
the largest decreases. From 2016 to 2017, shrimp (11%), oysters (8%), and blue crab (5%) had the largest increas- es, while spiny lobster (-28%), groupers (-26%), and
menhaden (-25%) had the largest decreases.

Commercial Landings: Largest Increases
From 2008:
• Red snapper (183%)
• Shrimp (21%)
• Spiny lobster (21%)
From 2016:
• Shrimp (11%)
• Oysters (8%)
• Blue crab (5%)
Commercial Landings: Largest Decreases
From 2008:
• Groupers (-34%)
• Oysters (-15%)
• Tunas (-14%)
From 2016:
• Spiny lobster (-28%)
• Groupers (-26%)
• Menhaden (-25%)
Prices
In 2017, spiny lobster ($8.83 per pound) received
the highest ex-vessel price in the region. Landings of
menhaden ($0.07 per pound) had the lowest ex-ves-
sel price. From 2008 to 2017, oysters (112%, 85% in
real terms), blue crab (57%, 37% in real terms), and
groupers (41%, 23% in real terms) had the largest in-
creases, while tunas (-2%, -15% in real terms) had the
largest decrease. From 2016 to 2017, oysters (11%),
spiny lobster (7%), and groupers (5%) had the largest
increases, while menhaden (-32%), mullets (-4%), and
tunas (-0.7%) had the largest decreases.
172
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South A tlantic | Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico Region | Regional Summary
9 Atlantic and Gulf recreational catch and effort estimates are based upon the MRIP estimates released in 2018. 10 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 11 Trip expenditure estimates were generated from the 2016/2017 National Marine Recreational Fishing Expenditure Survey (Lovell et al., 2020).

Durable goods expenditures were generated from the 2014 National Marine Recreational Fishing Expenditure Survey (Lovell et al., 2016). (For citations: Publications-U.S. Coastal and Marine Recreation.) 12 Summary data is available online in the FEUS webtool. [Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/data-tools/fisheries-economics-united- states-interactive-tool.]
RECREATIONAL FISHERIES —

GULF OF MEXICO REGION
In this report, recreational fishing refers to fishing for leisure rather than to sell fish (commercial fishing) or for subsistence. This recreational fisheries section reports on economic impacts and expenditures, angler participation, fishing trips, and catch of key species/species groups. [Louisiana harvest and release totals for 2014-2017 are estimated using data from a state creel survey.]9
Key Gulf of Mexico Region Recreational Species10
• Drum (Atlantic
croaker)
• Drum (Gulf and
Southern kingfish)
• Drum (sand and
silver seatrouts)
• Drum (spotted se-
atrout)
• Porgies (sheeps-
head)
• Red drum
• Red snapper
• Southern flounder
• Spanish mackerel
• Striped mullet
Economic Impacts and Expenditures
The economic contribution of recreational fishing activ- ities in the Gulf of Mexico Region is based on spending by recreational anglers.11 Total annual trip expenditures are estimated at the state level by multiplying mean
trip expenditures by the estimated number of adult trips in each trip mode (for-hire, private boat, and shore)
and adjusting by the CPI (consumer price index) to
the current year. Total annual durable expenditures are estimated by multiplying mean durable expenditures
in each state by the estimated annual number of adult
participants for each state and adjusting by the CPI
(consumer price index) to the current year.
12 Four different measures are commonly used to show
how angler expenditures affect the economy in a region
(state or nationwide): sales, income, value-added, and
employment. The term sales refers to the gross value of all sales by regional businesses affected by an activity, such as recreational fishing. The category includes both the direct sales made to the angler and sales made
between businesses and households resulting from that
original sale to the angler. Income includes personal
income (wages and salaries) and proprietors’ income
(income from self-employment). Value-added is the
contribution made to the gross domestic product in a
region. Employment is specified on the basis of full-
time and part-time jobs supported directly or indirect- ly by the purchases made by anglers. The first three
measures are calculated in terms of dollars, whereas
employment impacts are measured in number of jobs.

Note that these categories are not additive. NOAA Fish- eries uses a regional impact modeling software, called
IMPLAN, to estimate these four types of impacts.

The economic contributions for both trip and durable
expenditures from recreational fishing in 2017 were
estimated using IMPLAN version 3, with base year data
from 2017. Models for each state and for the nation
were created in IMPLAN using trip expenditures (based
on 2016/2017 survey data on average trip expendi-
tures and total 2017 trips) and for durable expenditures (based on 2014 survey data on average durable expen-
ditures and 2017 participants).

The greatest employment impacts from expenditures
on saltwater recreational fishing in the Gulf of Mexico Region were generated in West Florida (79,498 jobs),
followed by Alabama (23,721 jobs) and Louisiana
(16,853 jobs).The largest sales impacts were observed
in West Florida ($9.1 billion), followed by Alabama
($2.2 billion) and Louisiana ($1.9 billion). The biggest income impacts were generated in West Florida ($3.3
billion), followed by Alabama ($802.3 million) and Texas ($642.7 million). The greatest value-added impacts
were in West Florida ($5.5 billion), followed by Alabama ($1.4 billion) and Louisiana ($1.1 billion).

Expenditures for fishing trips and durable equipment
across the Gulf of Mexico Region in 2017 totaled $13.5
billion. This total included $10 billion in durable goods expenditures, with the largest portion coming from boat expenses ($5.8 billion).

Participation
In 2017, there were 2.6 million recreational anglers who fished in the Gulf of Mexico Region. This number repre- 173
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South A tlantic | Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Mexico Region | Regional Summary
13 NOAA/NWS/National Data Buoy Center. 2019. “National Data Buoy Center”. Stennis Space Center, MS. [Available at https://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/. (Accessed June 4, 2019)].
14 Unless otherwise stated, data are from the U.S. Census Bureau. [For more information: https://www.census.gov.] 15 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, ‘Table 1.1.5 Gross Domestic Product’ and ’Table SA6N Compensation of Employees by NAICS Industry. [Available at: https://apps.bea.gov/regional/histdata/releases/0518gdpstate/.] 16 Marine Economy information was not available for West Florida; information for the entire state of Florida is provided in this report. 17 Percentage changes in inflation adjusted (real dollar) terms are calculated using the annual Gross Domestic Product implicit price deflator published by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. [Available at: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDPDEF.] 18 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, ‘Location Quotient Calculator.’ [For more information: https://www.bls.gov/cew/about-data/location-quotients- explained.htm.]
sented an 18% decrease from 2008 and a 3% decrease
from 2016. The anglers are categorized as either resi-
dents from coastal (89%) or non-coastal (11%) counties.

Fishing Trips
In 2017, recreational fishermen took 58.6 million fishing trips in the Gulf of Mexico Region. [Texas trip estimates are not available for the shore mode. Shore mode in
Louisiana has been included in the private mode since
2014.] This number represented a 4% decrease from
2008 and an 8% increase from 2016. The largest propor-
tions of trips were taken in the shore mode (55%) and
private boat mode (43%). States with the highest number of recorded trips in the Gulf of Mexico Region were West Florida (41.8 million trips) and Alabama (8.5 million trips).

Harvest and Release Trends
Of the Gulf of Mexico Region’s key species and species
groups, drum (spotted seatrout) (42.7 million fish), drum (sand and silver seatrouts) (15.7 million fish), and drum (Atlantic croaker) (14.6 million fish), were most frequent- ly caught by recreational fishermen. The text box below shows the species with the largest percentage increases and decreases in the past 10 years and in the past year.

Harvest and Release: Largest Increases
From 2008:
• Red snapper (87%)
• Spanish mackerel (48%)
• Striped mullet (39%)
From 2016:
• Porgies (sheepshead) (94%)
• Spanish mackerel (71%)
• Red snapper (48%)
Harvest and Release: Largest Decreases
From 2008:
• South flounder (-73%)
• Red drum (-45%)
From 2016:
• South flounder (-51%)
• Striped mullet (-31%)
• Drum (Gulf and south kingfish) (-2%)
From 2008 to 2017, red snapper (87%), Spanish mack-
erel (48%), and striped mullet (39%) had the largest
increases, while south flounder (-73%) and red drum
(-45%) had the largest decreases. From 2016 to 2017,
porgies (sheepshead) (94%), Spanish mackerel (71%),
and red snapper (48%) had the largest increases, while
south flounder (-51%), striped mullet (-31%), and drum
(Gulf and south kingfish) (-2%) had the largest decreases.

The Gulf of Mexico Region experienced unusually
high water temperatures in 2016. These high water
temperatures may have caused changes to the spawning
of certain fish stocks such as Atlantic croaker. In
Louisiana, the catch of Atlantic croaker increased over 200% compared to 2016. The high water temperatures
were also thought to directly influence hurricane activity in the Gulf, including Hurricane Harvey which hit Texas and Hurricane Irma which hit Florida and Alabama.
13 The damage to recreational fishing infrastructure and personal property had negative effects on recreational
fishing effort in some locations.

MARINE ECONOMY — GULF OF

MEXICO REGION
For this report, the marine economy refers to the eco-
nomic activity generated by fishing and marine-related
industries in a coastal state. The national marine econo- my consists of two industry sectors: 1) seafood sales and processing (employer establishments and non-employer
firms); and 2) transport, support, and marine operations (employer establishments). These sectors include several different marine-related industries.
14,15
Note that when discussing the marine economy in the
Gulf of Mexico Region, all statistics include the entire state of Florida and not just West Florida.
16 To measure the size of the commercial fishing sector in a state’s economy relative to the size of the commer-
cial fishing sector in the national economy, researchers use an index called the Commercial Fishing Location
Quotient (CFLQ).
17,18 The CFLQ is calculated as the
ratio of the percentage of regional employment in the
174
Gulf of Mexico Region | Regional Summary
19 The Census Bureau suppressed number of employees data for this sector in one or more states in the this region in either 2016 or 2008, and thus cannot be compared.
commercial fishing sector relative to the percentage of national employment in the commercial fishing sector.

The United States CFLQ is 1. If a state CFLQ is less than 1, then less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. If a state CFLQ is greater than 1, then more commercial fishing occurs in this state than
the national average.

Louisiana had the highest CFLQ at 3.68. Mississippi had a CFLQ value of 1.02.

In 2016, 1.9 million employer establishments operated
throughout the entire Gulf of Mexico Region (including
marine and non-marine related establishments). These
establishments employed 31.1 million workers and had a
total annual payroll of $1.4 trillion. The combined gross state product of Alabama, West Florida, Louisiana, Missis- sippi, and Texas was approximately $3.1 trillion in 2016.

Seafood Sales and Processing
Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging: In
2016, the Gulf of Mexico Region had 652 non-employer
firms in the seafood product preparation and packaging
sector (a 57% increase from 2008). Annual receipts for
these firms totaled about $49.1 million (a 76% increase in real terms from 2008). There were 129 employer
firms in the seafood product preparation and packaging
sector (remains unchanged from 2008). These establish-
ments employed 7,068 workers (a 15% decrease from
2008) and had a total annual payroll of $221.2 million
(a 3% decrease in real terms from 2008). The greatest
number of establishments in this sector was in Florida
(362), followed by Texas (233) and Louisiana (181).

Seafood Sales, Retail: In 2016, there were 768
non-employer firms engaged in retail sales of seafood
in the states that make up the Gulf of Mexico Region
(a 5% decrease from 2008). Annual receipts for these
firms totaled about $64.1 million (a 28% decrease in
real terms from 2008). There were 379 employer firms
in the retail sales of seafood sector (a 2% decrease
from 2008). These establishments employed 2,765
workers and had a total annual payroll of $56.3 million (a 30% increase in real terms from 2008).
19 The great-
est number of establishments in this sector was in Flori- da (702), followed by Louisiana (360) and Texas (281).

Seafood Sales, Wholesale: There were 473 employer
firms in the wholesale sales of seafood sector in the Gulf of Mexico Region in 2016 (a 7% increase from 2008).

These establishments employed 4,040 workers (a 3%
increase from 2008), and had a total annual payroll
of $161.9 million (a 13% increase in real terms from
2008). The greatest number of establishments in this
sector was in Florida (239), followed by Louisiana (116) and Texas (86).

Transport, Support, and Marine
Operations
Data for the transport, support, and marine operations
sector of Gulf of Mexico Region’s economy were large-
ly suppressed for confidentiality reasons. It is clear, however, that these sectors play an important role in
the regional economy. For example, in 2016, the ship
and boat building sector in the Gulf of Mexico Region
accounted for $2.9 billion in payroll (a 32% increase in real terms from 2008).

Tables | Gulf of Mexico Region
176
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-A tlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Landings revenue is for West Florida. The rest of the information in this row is for the entire state of Florida. 2 NA = these data are confidential and therefore not disclosable.

Gulf of Mexico Region | Commercial Fisheries
Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 663,848 636,427 624,629 811,905 784,869 941,557 1,059,780 877,767 905,203 890,269 Finfish & Other 147,115 142,425 117,831 184,721 188,283 200,892 200,092 250,085 261,318 183,068 Shellfish 516,732 494,003 506,797 627,184 596,586 740,665 859,688 627,682 643,885 707,201 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 39,813 45,484 41,264 48,794 53,708 61,804 79,458 74,525 65,153 69,037 Crawfish 9,507 15,547 13,971 9,914 8,325 16,490 16,088 6,851 11,877 NA Groupers 24,108 18,435 14,270 20,326 24,657 24,628 30,435 27,670 28,737 22,285 Menhaden 64,376 60,606 51,750 92,855 85,890 90,643 80,402 138,438 143,243 72,153 Mullets 6,099 6,105 5,221 10,368 7,557 13,222 11,626 7,621 8,563 6,666 Oysters 60,464 73,464 55,085 65,273 76,042 76,450 93,007 99,253 91,395 109,604 Red snapper 7,972 7,984 10,202 11,413 13,681 20,621 23,158 27,437 26,552 27,955 Shrimp 366,808 327,608 339,228 441,384 412,209 513,055 587,267 362,504 399,485 451,165 Spiny lobster 19,141 12,203 32,747 35,610 21,128 46,744 53,415 44,049 41,251 31,654 Tunas 6,170 8,180 2,688 5,516 10,657 7,308 6,334 4,502 5,790 5,161 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total 1,278,8791,435,6651,072,0681,792,5501,489,5951,346,2441,245,3011,553,2451,735,7651,402,221 Finfish & Other 994,813 1,071,919 810,889 1,472,9111,177,6851,043,696 931,158 1,258,0021,437,7171,085,240 Shellfish 284,066 363,746 261,179 319,640 311,910 302,548 314,143 295,244 298,048 316,981 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 49,258 61,277 41,240 55,606 55,444 46,941 51,664 52,609 51,702 54,394 Crawfish 15,735 19,312 14,557 9,599 6,853 19,676 13,055 5,461 13,573 NA Groupers 8,941 7,008 5,075 7,175 8,325 7,613 8,991 7,815 7,948 5,871 Menhaden 927,517 1,002,579 753,442 1,398,6541,102,539 971,308 848,599 1,188,7161,363,6831,016,738 Mullets 10,609 11,303 8,963 14,233 10,772 13,482 15,101 10,806 11,433 9,313 Oysters 20,723 22,829 15,824 18,742 21,192 19,257 17,957 17,127 16,315 17,702 Red snapper 2,370 2,503 3,259 3,567 4,042 5,306 5,739 6,741 6,480 6,700 Shrimp 188,806 250,572 178,902 221,469 219,216 206,839 215,903 210,322 207,146 228,960 Spiny lobster 2,975 3,960 5,286 5,302 3,634 5,600 5,038 5,450 5,015 3,586 Tunas 1,786 2,836 1,322 1,588 3,070 2,094 1,760 1,343 1,706 1,531 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Blue crab 0.81 0.74 1.00 0.88 0.97 1.32 1.54 1.42 1.26 1.27 Crawfish 0.60 0.81 0.96 1.03 1.21 0.84 1.23 1.25 0.88 NA Groupers 2.70 2.63 2.81 2.83 2.96 3.24 3.39 3.54 3.62 3.80 Menhaden 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.11 0.07 Mullets 0.57 0.54 0.58 0.73 0.70 0.98 0.77 0.71 0.75 0.72 Oysters 2.92 3.22 3.48 3.48 3.59 3.97 5.18 5.80 5.60 6.19 Red snapper 3.36 3.19 3.13 3.20 3.39 3.89 4.03 4.07 4.10 4.17 Shrimp 1.94 1.31 1.90 1.99 1.88 2.48 2.72 1.72 1.93 1.97 Spiny lobster 6.43 3.08 6.20 6.72 5.81 8.35 10.60 8.08 8.23 8.83 Tunas 3.45 2.88 2.03 3.47 3.47 3.49 3.60 3.35 3.39 3.37 2017 Economic Impacts of the Gulf of Mexico Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
Landings
Revenue #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Alabama 69,682 12,748 591,424 235,475 308,048 12,665 580,185 232,696 303,803 Florida1 183,015 86,141 19,676,700 3,675,549 6,577,946 9,889 988,504 259,058 399,044 Louisiana 370,231 31,061 1,813,468 664,891 908,972 30,090 1,611,905 624,121 840,430 Mississippi 30,348 4,802 233,702 93,193 120,534 4,774 229,354 92,120 118,902 Texas 236,994 30,274 3,254,182 886,755 1,352,431 19,462 1,310,704 478,048 669,610 177
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South A tlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Texas anglers estimates are not available by mode. West Florida anglers estimates are not available for the non-coastal mode. 2 Texas trip estimates are not available for the shore mode. 3 Data collected by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) TPWD is reported in this table. The data collected by the TPWD Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) differs from the data collected and reported in the MRIP. Data on the number of fish released are not reported b y TPWD. (For more information: www.tpwd.state.tx.us.)
4 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released.

Gulf of Mexico Region | Recreational Fisheries
Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 2,926 2,550 2,480 2,737 2,803 2,973 2,683 2,445 2,453 2,324 Non-Coastal 262 296 235 311 268 400 185 199 259 296
Total Anglers 3,188 2,846 2,715 3,048 3,071 3,373 2,868 2,643 2,712 2,620 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 970 932 730 907 1,121 1,054 1,065 1,214 1,274 1,256 Private 32,302 30,390 31,433 31,484 33,726 31,787 25,410 23,585 24,714 25,254 Shore 27,815 26,457 29,336 30,492 32,843 36,483 26,239 25,823 28,414 32,128 Total Trips 61,087 57,779 61,499 62,884 67,690 69,324 52,715 50,622 54,403 58,638 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)3,4 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Drum (Atlantic
croaker)
H 4,675 3,870 3,819 4,765 3,096 4,646 6,229 3,533 2,362 3,552 R 7,261 10,115 10,456 13,084 8,842 7,303 5,307 5,857 5,372 11,054 Drum (Gulf and
South kingfish)
H 3,328 2,566 4,893 2,250 3,378 4,071 1,655 2,556 4,254 3,927 R 2,040 1,851 1,921 1,300 1,492 1,208 1,120 703 1,936 2,134 Drum (sand and
silver seatrouts)
H 7,454 9,730 11,400 11,141 11,061 6,414 5,187 6,145 6,146 9,595 R 4,202 5,688 4,551 5,594 5,597 3,614 1,466 2,567 2,767 6,074 Drum (spotted
seatrout)
H 24,382 24,870 21,831 27,012 27,503 24,005 8,291 10,913 14,523 12,090 R 39,662 36,579 32,908 43,436 47,941 43,650 18,523 19,787 29,400 30,571 Porgies
(sheepshead)
H 4,088 3,910 3,966 6,109 4,834 3,259 2,717 2,688 2,266 4,754 R 3,595 3,234 5,718 4,029 3,921 5,081 3,683 3,848 2,320 4,159 Red drum H 5,524
5,040 7,211 7,326 5,907 7,621 2,857 3,226 2,892 3,383
R 13,326 12,038 15,447 14,072 14,547 17,579 7,256 8,064 7,128 7,075 Red snapper H 1,323 1,466 1,155 1,512 1,516 2,422 1,106 1,460 1,714 3,069 R 5,282 4,759 4,815 5,818 4,463 5,630 4,205 3,455 6,650 9,270 South flounder H 1,306 1,831 1,842 1,878 1,509 2,339 677 586 714 395 R 376 575 617 541 659 639 214 337 203 56
Spanish mackerel H 4,764 3,595 4,472 4,882 5,482 9,000 4,491 5,501 5,601 6,381 R 4,881 3,738 6,456 6,370 4,616 11,855 6,157 4,236 2,762 7,935 Striped mullet H 3,051 1,943 4,128 4,397 6,239 7,848 6,216 7,001 5,630 4,575 R 353 543 300 666 536 557 1,416 382 1,195 147
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 463,915
Private Boat 1,515,082
Shore 1,494,808
Total 3,473,805
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 2,173,055
Other Equipment 943,366
Boat Expenses 5,762,513
Vehicle Expenses 1,000,810
Second Home Expenses 140,248
Total Durable Expenditures 10,019,992
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 13,493,797 2017 Economic Impacts of the Gulf of Mexico Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars, trips) Trips #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
Alabama 8,493 23,721 2,209,359 802,282 1,441,757
Louisiana 2,308 16,853 1,898,816 625,091 1,136,104
Mississippi 4,852 5,162 504,776 170,900 314,391
Texas 1,144 13,583 1,720,172 642,663 1,079,694
West Florida 41,840 79,498 9,141,558 3,271,476 5,535,059

Tables | Alabama
180
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-A tlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico Alabama | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Alabama Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 12,748 591,424 235,475 308,048 12,665 580,185 232,696 303,803 Commercial Harvesters 2,091 115,139 34,088 50,810 2,091 115,139 34,088 50,810 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 2,101 151,277 59,256 75,301 2,046 147,321 57,706 73,332 Importers 22 7,051 1,130 2,149 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 188 10,114 3,545 4,567 188 10,067 3,529 4,546 Retail 8,346 307,843 137,455 175,221 8,341 307,657 137,372 175,115 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 44,503 39,624 26,335 50,910 46,527 56,832 70,497 55,660 65,599 69,682 Finfish & Other 4,358 3,662 2,748 4,072 5,183 4,680 4,572 5,013 4,927 4,596 Shellfish 40,145 35,962 23,587 46,838 41,344 52,153 65,925 50,647 60,672 65,086 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 1,533 961 732 1,128 1,044 1,036 1,319 1,225 1,784 1,520 Flounders 214 197 97 222 185 58 53 66 56 30
Menhaden 59 42 15 58 84 104 147 154 164 158
Mullets 1,030 765 594 687 1,206 1,178 1,046 761 522 535 Oysters 243 77 390 1,322 1,253 786 441 341 601 557
Red snapper 239 263 329 314 316 401 697 1,443 1,423 1,852 Sharks 403 275 111 381 330 247 219 251 256 247
Shrimp 38,355 34,894 22,463 44,361 39,040 50,321 64,149 49,078 58,273 63,002 Spanish mackerel 664 301 499 582 1,149 940 472 705 833 439 Vermilion snapper 507 841 384 622 393 88 387 27 78 88
Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 24,612 29,199 14,063 26,119 26,335 23,421 25,790 28,259 29,692 31,557 Finfish & Other 5,577 4,478 3,441 4,966 6,596 5,831 5,276 5,090 5,110 4,504 Shellfish 19,035 24,721 10,622 21,153 19,739 17,590 20,514 23,169 24,581 27,053 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 1,799 1,458 927 1,617 1,325 1,025 1,184 1,300 1,918 1,425 Flounders 107 97 48 111 83 25 23 26 19 9
Menhaden 268 190 81 364 521 496 700 695 804 1,052
Mullets 2,017 1,814 1,202 1,262 1,946 1,793 1,829 1,385 952 988 Oysters 71 23 68 296 265 133 58 26 37 26
Red snapper 61 65 83 78 78 108 180 356 320 410
Sharks 424 328 140 450 495 343 272 386 396 339
Shrimp 17,154 23,215 9,625 19,224 18,137 16,418 19,257 21,839 22,614 25,594 Spanish mackerel 921 418 733 839 1,377 972 431 617 859 440 Vermilion snapper 199 346 148 224 132 28 124 8 24 24
Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Blue crab 0.85 0.66 0.79 0.70 0.79 1.01 1.11 0.94 0.93 1.07 Flounders 2.01 2.04 2.05 2.00 2.21 2.35 2.24 2.51 2.87 3.18 Menhaden 0.22 0.22 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.20 0.15 Mullets 0.51 0.42 0.49 0.54 0.62 0.66 0.57 0.55 0.55 0.54 Oysters 3.41 3.33 5.75 4.47 4.72 5.91 7.60 12.96 16.36 21.21 Red snapper 3.93 4.04 3.97 4.04 4.05 3.70 3.86 4.05 4.45 4.52 Sharks 0.95 0.84 0.79 0.85 0.67 0.72 0.81 0.65 0.65 0.73 Shrimp 2.24 1.50 2.33 2.31 2.15 3.06 3.33 2.25 2.58 2.46 Spanish mackerel 0.72 0.72 0.68 0.69 0.83 0.97 1.09 1.14 0.97 1.00 Vermilion snapper 2.55 2.43 2.59 2.78 2.97 3.12 3.11 3.58 3.26 3.57 181
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South A tlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Data collected by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) TPWD is reported in this table. The data collected by the TPWD Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) differs from the data collected and reported in the MRIP. Data on the number of fish released are not reported b y TPWD. (For more information: www.tpwd.state.tx.us.)
2 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 3 Drum (kingfish) include south kingfish and Gulf kingfish.

Alabama | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 770 67,011 21,017 36,848 Private Boat 1,641 168,481 42,379 108,884
Shore 7,265 675,278 201,765 392,089
Total Durable Expenditures 14,045 1,298,589 537,121 903,936 Total State Economic Impacts 23,721 2,209,359 802,282 1,441,757 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 192 205 195 295 254 279 220 225 274 186
Non-Coastal 116 151 140 177 131 224 123 151 176 246
Out-of-State 237 209 220 435 339 549 510 455 465 480
Total Anglers 545 566 554 907 723 1,052 853 831 915 911 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 56 56 33 77 59 90 87 96 104 93
Private 2,261 2,282 2,316 2,288 2,114 2,155 2,037 2,080 2,010 2,540 Shore 2,661 3,103 2,980 3,373 3,978 4,524 4,357 4,653 5,206 5,860 Total Trips 4,978 5,442 5,329 5,738 6,151 6,769 6,482 6,830 7,320 8,493 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)1,2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Bluefish H 58 30 108 398 210 362 173 109 690 105
R 178 191 270 688 581 1,554 722 408 3,705 651
Drum (Atlantic
croaker)
H 2,301 663 2,073 1,844 544 860 2,844 2,003 559 1,522
R 3,168 4,017 4,412 4,659 2,011 2,016 3,605 3,468 1,393 6,101 Drum
(kingfish)3
H 1,561 1,366 2,069 1,408 646 2,545 850 1,082 916 1,756 R 595 1,009 932 659 240 691 389 371 734 1,327
Drum (sand
seatrout)
H 2,647 3,095 5,519 3,379 2,277 1,078 1,431 2,315 1,894 2,639 R 931 1,662 2,114 1,384 828 601 740 715 1,043 3,300
Drum (spotted
seatrout)
H 751 814 1,576 1,455 1,396 1,299 574 1,228 1,464 891
R 2,445 1,997 1,152 2,572 2,030 2,009 581 2,354 2,711 1,567 Porgies
(sheepshead)
H
548 511 779 1,113 1,065 493 335 845 283 569
R 412 120 171 372 117 104 41 660 71 43
Red drum H 157 175 307 343 323 451 290 413 386 387
R 468 347 377 244 808 1,130 861 493 604 989
Red snapper H 273 277 241 604 403 757 364 630 646 1,249 R 1,147 1,200 1,269 1,434 549 1,477 2,018 1,366 2,834 2,396 South flounder H 246 278 579 318 242 194 123 104 139 101 R 131 70 161 101 121 102 74 110 85 12
Spanish
mackerel
H 243 204 631 1,309 1,478 2,921 477 2,240 1,772 2,529
R 82 127 297 447 477 2,496 162 1,054 355 1,233
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 44,136
Private Boat 169,746
Shore 510,768
Total 724,651
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 339,260
Other Equipment 110,146
Boat Expenses 1,111,694
Vehicle Expenses 48,364
Second Home Expenses 28,101
Total Durable Expenditures 1,637,565
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 2,362,216 182
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-A tlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.
3 NA = not available.

Alabama | Marine Economy
2016 Alabama State Economy (% of national total)
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient1
324,994 (1.3%) 99,584 (1.3%) 1,673,249 (1.3%) 69.0 (1.1%) 113 (1.1%) 206 0.42 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 33 41 68 67 47 58 57 49 38
Receipts 1,894 1,809 3,314 4,354 1,965 3,069 3,446 2,901 3,365 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 57 67 71 58 68 66 55 46 43
Receipts 5,632 5,484 5,197 4,759 7,073 5,520 4,351 3,274 2,971 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 23 22 21 16 17 22 23 20 20
Employees 1,450 1,086 1,128 882 778 989 963 961 900
Payroll 29,277 24,900 22,824 21,922 19,730 22,641 23,973 25,951 27,924 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 29 28 23 25 16 18 18 21 17
Employees 494 339 332 321 306 281 388 378 412
Payroll 8,751 5,893 5,119 6,547 6,221 6,861 9,321 10,034 10,487 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 33 31 34 32 32 28 31 32 32
Employees ds 130 132 120 189 219 200 234 255
Payroll 1,710 2,044 2,016 1,888 2,990 3,267 3,330 3,706 4,013 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2,3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 42 40 32 35 37 38 37 41 43
Employees 4,435 3,913 2,598 3,176 4,936 5,948 5,904 6,049 6,025 Payroll 188,543 159,065 151,813 166,116 251,063 303,016 311,296 342,082 342,073 Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 7 7 5 6 5 5 2 2 1
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments 2 3 2 2 1 NA NA NA NA
Employees ds ds ds ds ds NA NA NA NA
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds NA NA NA NA
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 4 4 5 5 4 5 5 4 4
Employees ds ds ds 215 ds ds 45 0 0
Payroll ds ds
ds 13,117 ds ds 2,617 0 0
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 4 5 5 3 6 3 2 2 2
Employees ds ds ds ds 101 4 ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds 5,788 160 ds 0 0
Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 20 19 19 19 10 13 13 14 15
Employees 756 658 548 536 ds 554 778 666 709
Payroll 33,244 27,272 32,143 34,998 ds 34,481 37,273 37,154 47,407 Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 17 16 16 16 14 12 16 14 14
Employees 287 294 276 283 241 208 124 121 113
Payroll 16,712 15,383 14,737 14,981 8,808 14,761 6,902 6,922 5,911 Marinas
Establishments 56 55 54 53 57 54 54 57 57
Employees 316 278 609 ds 329 332 343 387 372
Payroll 9,170 8,418 12,149 12,196 10,253 9,659 9,804 11,182 12,086
Tables | West Florida
184
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-A tlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Information reported in this table is for the entire state of Florida. 2 NA = these data are confidential and therefore not disclosable.

West Florida | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Florida Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars)1 With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 86,141 19,676,700 3,675,549 6,577,946 9,889 988,504 259,058 399,044 Commercial Harvesters 6,363 474,979 148,088 197,338 6,363 474,979 148,088 197,338 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 5,004 918,083 177,676 349,295 520 102,313 19,801 38,926 Importers 45,528 14,338,508 2,298,019 4,371,005 0 0 0 0 Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 11,001 1,434,637 563,233 700,736 430 56,050 22,005 27,377 Retail 18,245 2,510,493 488,533 959,571 2,576 355,161 69,164 135,402 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 123,850 117,324 139,046 166,015 143,886 182,172 212,961 196,790 185,828 183,015 Finfish & Other 51,698 49,976 41,321 59,580 60,710 67,994 74,935 65,469 68,394 64,699 Shellfish 72,152 67,349 97,725 106,434 83,176 114,178 138,026 131,321 117,435 118,315 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 3,289 4,195 6,706 7,719 5,142 6,454 7,385 8,488 6,588 7,078 Gag 4,913 2,759 2,079 1,439 2,437 2,799 2,889 2,781 4,663 2,556 Lobsters 19,175 12,206 32,752 35,616 21,136 46,749 53,418 44,049 41,251 31,654 Mullet 4,172 5,069 4,188 8,630 5,050 11,081 9,387 6,148 6,991 5,009 Oyster 5,519 6,968 6,298 8,582 9,706 5,783 4,178 4,599 4,036 3,921 Quahog clam 1,825 1,524 1,002 921 753 921 NA NA NA NA
Red grouper 13,591 10,488 8,992 15,087 16,737 16,219 21,217 18,931 17,872 14,155 Red snapper 2,951 2,980 4,552 5,417 6,141 8,073 8,111 9,997 8,609 9,506 Shrimp 23,265 24,446 27,554 28,456 22,161 29,164 42,690 38,027 35,371 46,305 Stone crab 19,019 17,806 23,335 24,430 23,934 24,710 27,911 35,776 29,917 29,066 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 60,380 66,387 63,678 78,459 63,648 63,231 81,775 62,717 64,774 62,444 Finfish & Other 35,740 39,000 32,251 42,392 39,077 38,003 49,090 35,325 40,162 37,011 Shellfish 24,640 27,386 31,428 36,067 24,570 25,227 32,685 27,391 24,612 25,433 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 2,660 3,371 5,759 6,833 4,157 4,463 4,456 4,871 3,868 4,295 Gag 1,478 825 572 369 612 676 689 642 1,073 575
Lobsters 2,981 3,961 5,287 5,303 3,635 5,601 5,040 5,450 5,015 3,586 Mullet 6,980 9,167 7,262 11,410 7,249 10,879 11,943 8,595 9,325 7,040 Oyster 2,526 2,877 2,165 3,100 3,316 1,298 757 844 853 786 Quahog clam 279 255 156 137 128 183 NA NA NA NA
Red grouper 5,628 4,387 3,488 5,635 6,141 5,412 6,629 5,664 5,300 3,921 Red snapper 849 863 1,317 1,538 1,698 2,181 2,104 2,642 2,327 2,520 Shrimp 9,942 11,451 12,892 11,975 7,958 9,676 11,946 13,080 11,739 14,056 Stone crab 6,163 5,382 5,100 5,460 5,202 3,767 1,944 2,759 3,005 2,511 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Blue crab 1.24 1.24 1.16 1.13 1.24 1.45 1.66 1.74 1.70 1.65 Gag 3.32 3.34 3.63 3.90 3.98 4.14 4.19 4.33 4.34 4.45
Lobsters 6.43 3.08 6.19 6.72 5.81 8.35 10.60 8.08 8.23 8.83 Mullet 0.60 0.55 0.58 0.76 0.70 1.02 0.79 0.72 0.75 0.71 Oyster 2.19 2.42 2.91 2.77 2.93 4.46 5.52 5.45 4.73 4.99 Quahog clam 6.53 5.97 6.43 6.74 5.86 5.03 NA NA NA NA
Red grouper 2.41 2.39 2.58 2.68 2.73 3.00 3.20 3.34 3.37 3.61 Red snapper 3.47 3.45 3.46 3.52 3.62 3.70 3.86 3.78 3.70 3.77 Shrimp 2.34 2.13 2.14 2.38 2.78 3.01 3.57 2.91 3.01 3.29 Stone crab 3.09 3.31 4.58 4.47 4.60 6.56 14.36 12.96 9.96 11.57 185
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South A tlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 NA = Non-coastal data are not available because all of the state’s residents are considered coastal county residents. 2 Data collected by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) TPWD is reported in this table. The data collected by the TPWD Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) differs from the data collected and reported in the MRIP. Data on the number of fish released are not reported b y TPWD. (For more information: www.tpwd.state.tx.us.)
3 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 4 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish. 5 Drum (sand and silver seatrouts) include silver seatrout and sand seatrout. 6 Mullets include mullet genus and striped mullet.

West Florida | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 4,175 430,144 149,684 256,148 Private Boat 9,218 954,882 323,281 616,073
Shore 12,087 1,250,684 421,571 800,311
Total Durable Expenditures 54,018 6,505,848 2,376,940 3,862,527 Total State Economic Impacts 79,498 9,141,558 3,271,476 5,535,059 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 1,820 1,551 1,538 1,592 1,718 1,813 1,649 1,414 1,393 1,400 Non-Coastal1 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Out-of-State 2,029 1,671 1,470 1,624 2,141 2,538 2,716 2,399 2,306 2,383 Total Anglers 3,849 3,222 3,008 3,216 3,859 4,351 4,365 3,813 3,699 3,783 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 599 575 494 560 715 686 693 769 805 772
Private 22,324 19,828 20,585 20,688 23,306 21,551 18,859 16,775 17,883 18,025 Shore 17,971 15,804 18,368 18,815 20,977 24,056 19,073 18,186 20,249 23,043 Total Trips 40,894 36,207 39,446 40,063 44,998 46,293 38,625 35,730 38,936 41,840 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)2,3,4 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Common snook H 41 31 0 1 1 39 33 36 48 66
R 2,845 3,489 1,244 1,687 2,561 3,801 3,622 5,195 7,208 5,824 Drum (sand and
silver seatrouts)5
H 1,980 2,202 1,097 2,424 4,387 2,139 1,279 959 521 1,463 R 1,270 1,160 600 856 2,309 675 420 1,434 665 1,052
Drum (spotted
seatrout)
H 3,093 3,071 2,519 3,821 4,493 3,657 2,714 2,730 3,299 3,680 R 19,717 17,234 19,924 28,685 29,785 20,134 16,124 15,691 22,996 24,949 Gag grouper H 951 428 590 313 282 466 327 278 214 279
R 9,355 6,128 5,084 3,597 2,680 2,663 2,057 1,289 2,122 3,354 Gray snapper H 3,011 2,749 1,396 1,528 3,877 3,561 4,609 3,474 3,787 3,098 R 14,547 6,698 5,094 7,116 10,027 15,084 17,621 15,712 12,922 13,954 King mackerel H 370 947 389
350 470 399 563 485 575 476
R 398 345 201 159 202 182 254 157 405 204
Mullets6 H 2,721 1,315 2,383 2,308 4,424 4,394 4,022 3,146 3,931 3,699 R 336 382 160 266 245 597 1,519 519 1,585 606
Porgies
(sheepshead)
H 1,395 1,698 1,696 1,634 2,113 1,500 1,883 1,349 1,546 2,757 R 2,206 1,941 4,232 3,054 3,108 3,468 3,590 2,130 2,201 4,039 Red drum H 875 460 570 702 1,110 902 836 1,124 844 805
R 5,210 3,097 5,505 6,632 6,061 5,576 5,510 6,996 5,755 4,423 Spanish mackerelH 4,481 3,338 3,767 3,510 3,796 5,960 3,974 3,184 3,677 3,810 R 4,772 3,565 6,130 5,865 4,014 9,343 5,986 3,171 2,354 6,589 2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 242,652
Private Boat 832,301
Shore 875,464
Total 1,950,417
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 1,263,852
Other Equipment 526,879
Boat Expenses 2,970,268
Vehicle Expenses 304,829
Second Home Expenses 56,889
Total Durable Expenditures 5,122,715
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 7,073,132 186
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-A tlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 All data presented on this page are for the entire state of Florida, not just West Florida. 2 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 3 ds = Data are suppressed.

West Florida | Marine Economy
2016 Florida State Economy (% of national total)
#Non-Employer Firms#Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient2
2,053,914 (8.3%) 546,218 (7%) 8,169,642 (6.4%) 363 (5.6%) 514 (5.2%) 946 0.99 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 202 217 280 294 307 300 315 300 316
Receipts 11,065 12,473 14,635 14,618 17,557 17,214 22,329 21,841 20,834 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 331 316 361 362 383 338 346 355 320
Receipts 26,087 25,667 27,964 29,037 30,765 25,332 26,433 29,033 24,296 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 23 25 27 24 27 25 27 27 23
Employees 1,637 1,143 1,269 1,095 1,608 1,374 1,419 1,429 1,535 Payroll 53,455 46,235 45,772 42,612 51,735 50,003 50,556 58,246 63,039 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 229 215 229 250 226 234 233 242 239
Employees 1,913 1,762 1,747 1,913 1,957 1,878 1,974 2,055 1,849 Payroll 75,203 72,159 70,889 77,115 75,945 79,266 83,964 90,247 83,818 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 168 158 145 145 151 165 166 181 191
Employees 991 885 865 849 945 909 1,037 1,137 1,133
Payroll 21,604 21,182 20,783 20,158 21,577 23,476 25,844 29,066 26,981 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 297 261 248 246 258 259 263 278 281
Employees 12,419 8,221 7,363 7,909 8,621 8,813 9,608 10,913 11,170 Payroll 442,096 296,537 302,909 325,942 374,831 390,853 448,514 488,050 512,454 Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 57 58 61 65 75 69 77 76 65
Employees 2,486 2,801 2,279 2,374 3,345 2,485 2,015 2,154 1,639 Payroll 169,055 180,139 159,025 177,386 231,887 140,564 131,069 137,786 113,897 Deep Sea Pas-
senger
Transportation
Establishments 31 33 29 29 39 31 28 32 33
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 10,510 10,161
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 967,938 864,475
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 42 42 50 54 60 47 62 57 62
Employees 1,106 972 709 753 1,381 1,050 1,743 1,815 1,966 Payroll 50,115 37,774
50,217 53,341 100,402 82,078 175,366 173,004 199,592
Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 40 32 34 32 66 61 56 55 54
Employees 712 527 470 377 2,082 555 588 987 1,006
Payroll 24,668 19,006 20,525 16,879 72,554 25,439 20,647 32,032 32,969 Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 56 59 55 64 43 58 61 69 63
Employees 8,052 7,288 7,547 7,484 4,598 6,258 6,992 7,834 7,048 Payroll 192,473 185,309 191,560 195,458 86,461 188,997 179,024 208,186 191,828 Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 147 145 145 150 151 180 190 196 194
Employees 894 829 980 1,047 853 1,390 878 861 922
Payroll 56,917 60,641 76,853 75,561 68,366 130,893 74,185 72,483 73,708 Marinas
Establishments 442 428 430 411 432 444 464 466 458
Employees 5,024 4,665 4,439 4,657 4,918 5,076 5,421 5,472 5,405 Payroll 151,677 132,955 133,017 142,997 148,573 145,265 168,185 171,354 176,315
Tables | Louisiana
188
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-A tlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 NA = these data are confidential and therefore not disclosable.

Louisiana | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Louisiana Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 31,061 1,813,468 664,891 908,972 30,090 1,611,905 624,121 840,430 Commercial Harvesters 12,395 692,108 234,564 344,083 12,395 692,108 234,564 344,083 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 1,939 186,228 72,234 92,137 1,770 170,069 65,966 84,142 Importers 523 164,560 26,374 50,165 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 931 115,646 39,397 50,997 831 103,145 35,138 45,485 Retail 15,273 654,926 292,323 371,590 15,094 646,584 288,453 366,721 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 275,701 286,993 233,559 324,123 329,754 399,064 487,718 376,764 427,522 370,231 Finfish & Other 64,118 62,632 56,912 102,097 88,989 103,919 98,773 109,672 158,548 85,472 Shellfish 211,582 224,361 176,647 222,026 240,766 295,145 388,945 267,092 268,974 284,759 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 32,203 37,301 30,325 36,784 43,921 51,568 66,706 58,069 49,408 54,231 Crawfish 9,507 15,547 13,971 9,914 8,325 16,490 16,088 6,851 11,877 NA King mackerel 1,307 1,184 1,149 1,594 1,475 1,517 2,414 2,006 2,152 2,073 Menhaden 45,768 42,555 43,331 82,881 63,374 80,262 72,844 85,322 132,105 60,909 Mullets 749 73 185 775 976 626 893 418 720 757
Oysters 39,009 50,950 24,986 41,652 42,186 44,872 67,482 85,090 68,540 84,379 Red snapper 2,038 2,185 2,311 2,261 2,551 4,824 6,427 6,610 5,948 6,716 Shrimp 130,854 120,555 107,362 133,670 146,318 182,210 238,665 117,071 139,141 134,032 Tunas 4,409 6,338 1,649 3,369 7,893 4,595 4,276 2,743 4,414 2,589 Vermilion snapper 819 806 399 517 670 474 700 633 925 284 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 919,017 1,007,474 793,3771,311,0401,044,376 993,879 872,507 1,072,1871,256,134 898,529 Finfish & Other 759,440 806,845 665,677 1,153,921 878,405 823,989 687,557 917,426 1,092,079 738,342 Shellfish 159,577 200,629 127,700 157,119 165,971 169,890 184,950 154,761 164,055 160,187 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 41,714 53,057 30,752 43,893 46,327 39,193 43,219 41,308 40,100 43,922 Crawfish 15,735 19,312 14,557 9,599 6,853 19,676 13,055 5,461 13,573 NA King mackerel 789 927 691 1,002 969 788 1,167 1,047 996 1,052 Menhaden 738,092 785,575 648,561 1,131,287 853,012 800,101 663,693 893,789 1,068,690 716,056 Mullets 1,503 189 362 1,385 1,385 609 1,186 692 1,005 1,093 Oysters 12,840 15,006 6,874 11,156 11,368 11,364 12,692 14,488 12,053 13,327 Red snapper 589 667 828 918 1,028 1,216 1,489 1,591 1,444 1,557 Shrimp 89,285 113,250 75,515 92,469 101,406 99,655 115,982 93,499 98,324 94,354 Tunas 1,248 2,009 490 932 2,152 1,241 1,142 661 1,211 684 Vermilion snapper 409 412 186 234 291 174 242 213 335 114 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Blue crab 0.77 0.70 0.99 0.84 0.95 1.32 1.54 1.41 1.23 1.23 Crawfish 0.60 0.81 0.96 1.03 1.21 0.84 1.23 1.25 0.88 NA King mackerel 1.66 1.28 1.66 1.59 1.52 1.93 2.07 1.92 2.16 1.97 Menhaden 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.09 Mullets 0.50 0.39 0.51 0.56 0.70 1.03 0.75 0.60 0.72 0.69 Oysters 3.04 3.40 3.63 3.73 3.71 3.95 5.32 5.87 5.69 6.33 Red snapper 3.46 3.28 2.79 2.46 2.48 3.97 4.32 4.15 4.12 4.31 Shrimp 1.47 1.06 1.42 1.45 1.44 1.83 2.06 1.25 1.42 1.42 Tunas 3.53 3.16 3.37 3.62 3.67 3.70 3.74 4.15 3.65 3.79 Vermilion snapper 2.00 1.95 2.15 2.21 2.30 2.73 2.89 2.97 2.76 2.48 189
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South A tlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Louisiana resident participation is estimated from historical Marine Recreational Information Program (MRIP) data (2008-2013) and a state creel survey (2014-2017).
2 Effort for 2014-2017 is estimated using data from a state creel survey and does not capture shore-based effort separately from private boat effort. 3 Data collected by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) TPWD is reported in this table. The data collected by the TPWD Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) differs from the data collected and reported in the MRIP. Data on the number of fish released are not reported b y TPWD. (For more information: www.tpwd.state.tx.us.)
4 Louisiana harvest and release totals for 2014-2017 are estimated using data from a state creel survey. 5 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 6 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish. 7 NA = not available.

Louisiana | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 1,851 150,975 47,377 80,374 Private Boat 3,282 397,091 125,323 231,958
Shore 669 74,292 24,544 44,580
Total Durable Expenditures 11,051 1,276,458 427,847 779,192 Total State Economic Impacts 16,853 1,898,816 625,091 1,136,104 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 795 669 609 690 651 709 NA NA NA NA
Non-Coastal 120 108 67 86 77 109 NA NA NA NA
Out-of-State 170 139 120 183 165 262 NA NA NA NA
Total Anglers 1,084 916 796 959 893 1,080 NA NA NA NA
Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 152 168 76 97 108 122 131 160 179 179
Private 5,237 5,731 6,098 5,944 5,730 5,477 2,096 2,266 2,062 2,130 Shore 4,417 4,617 5,048 5,413 5,051 5,172 NA NA NA NA
Total Trips 9,806 10,516 11,223 11,454 10,889 10,770 2,227 2,425 2,242 2,308 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)3,4,5,6,7 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Black drum H 944 1,040 897 1,091 995 1,020 218 220 138 143 R 2,254 2,268 2,424 2,854 2,421 4,064 NA NA NA NA
Drum (Atlantic
croaker)
H 632 1,223 581 1,123 1,288 2,328 235 209 150 150
R 2,293 2,866 3,861 5,472 4,122 3,973 NA NA NA NA
Drum (sand
seatrout)
H 1,614 1,748 2,178 2,513 2,070 1,458 532 370 354 359
R 1,469 1,910 1,150 2,475 1,397 1,845 NA NA NA NA
Drum (South
kingfish)
H 177 243 206 34 316 41 4 20 6 18
R 438 273 91 72 113 118 NA NA NA NA
Drum (spotted
seatrout)
H 17,833 17,959 15,582 19,035 19,410 16,267 3,231 4,292 5,326 5,142 R 14,859 15,203 10,186 10,961 14,055 19,153 NA NA NA NA Porgies
(sheepshead)
H 2,048 1,588
1,323 2,748 1,277 975 262 258 225 553
R 888 1,146 1,306 514 605 1,386 NA NA NA NA
Red drum H 3,992 3,918 5,850 5,780 3,941 5,679 1,283 1,244 1,045 1,644 R 7,185 7,989 8,994 6,809 6,505 10,046 NA NA NA NA
Red snapper H 100 130 12 63 153 113 128 171 145 119
R 364 312 12 210 216 333 NA NA NA NA
South flounder H 517 888 674 988 689 1,531 209 217 222 94 R 64 177 187 189 207 251 NA NA NA NA
Yellowfin tuna H 17 6 2 21 47 13 14 23 28 23
R 5 0 0 8 6 2 NA NA NA NA
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 94,112
Private Boat 302,428
Shore 56,545
Total 453,085
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 223,961
Other Equipment 111,190
Boat Expenses 897,752
Vehicle Expenses 169,171
Second Home Expenses 14,639
Total Durable Expenditures 1,416,713
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 1,869,798 190
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-A tlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.

Louisiana | Marine Economy
2016 Louisiana State Economy (% of national total)
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee Com-
pensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient1
368,735 (1.5%) 105,732 (1.4%) 1,709,226 (1.3%) 75.1 (1.2%) 119 (1.2%) 239 3.68 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 77 68 120 94 78 99 111 115 113
Receipts 7,365 5,308 10,358 9,308 8,492 9,136 8,632 10,086 11,917 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 182 173 197 192 184 173 177 169 180
Receipts 25,900 17,622 16,001 18,758 16,804 17,538 17,383 17,870 18,880 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 36 38 34 33 35 36 37 38 34
Employees 991 1,301 1,209 1,006 1,117 964 943 1,015 1,069 Payroll 32,382 37,657 35,770 46,440 51,237 49,339 50,881 63,909 37,506 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 98 98 97 94 103 106 109 111 116
Employees 739 702 683 767 862 846 672 865 805
Payroll 15,858 17,261 15,554 18,427 22,296 23,235 24,107 25,837 28,013 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 107 106 101 100 97 94 90 90 90
Employees 681 703 527 590 704 643 562 612 710
Payroll 11,141 11,564 11,214 11,090 13,042 11,213 10,421 11,802 13,095 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 117 109 109 109 116 110 117 109 105
Employees 12,815 12,521 11,737 11,722 10,933 7,413 8,512 8,470 5,629 Payroll 619,606 613,188 600,259 639,047 631,098 416,319 479,243 401,977 316,927 Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 18 21 16 17 18 11 19 21 16
Employees 1,095 1,192 93 93 ds 95 ds 451 300
Payroll 87,479 91,760 6,147 5,608 ds 5,435 ds 21,706 25,246 Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments 2 2 1 3 2 4 4 3 3
Employees ds ds ds ds ds 3 ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds 363 ds 0 0
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 123 117 125 125 105 102 124 116 104
Employees 6,506 6,077 5,610 5,834 6,422 5,317 6,275 5,212 3,919 Payroll 549,388 391,914
405,796 417,362 497,165 458,589 556,693 396,625 273,575 Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 22 17 21 20 46 18 14 15 15
Employees 517 440 431 461 1,205 443 ds 399 421
Payroll 37,181 33,907 38,776 38,745 80,780 37,122 ds 37,866 39,772 Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 39 44 41 42 37 44 49 45 43
Employees 2,010 2,193 2,511 2,526 2,016 2,834 3,106 3,418 2,955 Payroll 85,484 92,883 105,063 108,491 93,896 174,054 212,786 175,092 156,891 Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 145 137 138 138 136 133 137 142 144
Employees 2,884 2,893 3,176 3,396 2,545 2,533 2,816 2,862 2,780 Payroll 183,381 175,271 224,533 208,306 162,094 169,795 206,318 218,379 203,905 Marinas
Establishments 43 43 43 45 44 41 39 36 38
Employees 274 244 314 329 257 250 229 194 204
Payroll 9,581 8,989 14,716 10,771 9,209 8,693 7,276 4,683 4,521
Tables | Mississippi
192
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-A tlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 NA = these data are confidential and therefore not disclosable.

Mississippi | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Mississipi Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 4,802 233,702 93,193 120,534 4,774 229,354 92,120 118,902 Commercial Harvesters 863 49,268 14,867 21,823 863 49,268 14,867 21,823 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 744 63,532 25,135 31,495 727 62,034 24,542 30,752 Importers 9 2,762 443 842 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
& Distributors 59 6,208 2,191 2,760 59 6,191 2,184 2,752 Retail 3,128 111,932 50,558 63,615 3,126 111,861 50,526 63,575 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 43,696 37,956 21,895 30,291 49,337 34,970 26,014 68,926 29,389 30,348 Finfish & Other 19,233 18,667 8,963 10,527 23,172 10,938 8,102 53,743 11,831 11,918 Shellfish 24,464 19,289 12,932 19,764 26,165 24,032 17,912 15,183 17,559 18,430 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 447 573 366 318 724 416 997 1,209 895 793
Flounders 40 58 64 118 101 45 55 76 75 27
Menhaden 18,534 17,987 8,378 9,871 22,394 10,230 7,358 52,962 10,973 11,086 Mullets 32 30 31 56 63 61 25 12 22 39
Oysters 6,858 6,094 4,268 928 1,596 1,544 1,685 969 1,088 344 Red snapper NA 158 NA 168 226 NA 307 NA NA NA
Shrimp 17,146 12,612 8,293 18,514 23,846 22,072 15,229 13,004 15,576 17,293 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 201,822 230,255 111,229 278,075 263,640 180,600 190,555 307,507 307,984 316,330 Finfish & Other 190,191 217,461 105,274 267,407 249,382 171,000 184,393 294,723 294,641 300,105 Shellfish 11,631 12,794 5,955 10,668 14,259 9,599 6,162 12,785 13,343 16,226 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Blue crab 450 545 366 370 782 359 570 798 773 626
Flounders 17 25 28 55 43 19 21 29 27 8
Menhaden 189,118 216,709 104,729 266,774 248,824 170,500 183,950 294,233 294,189 299,630 Mullets 57 62 59 93 99 95 39 21 40 68
Oysters 2,606 2,189 1,453 247 425 336 321 182 245 60
Red snapper NA 57 NA 86 115 NA 170 NA NA NA
Shrimp 8,570 10,054 4,135 10,048 13,051 8,903 5,270 11,804 12,324 15,540 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Blue crab 0.99 1.05 1.00 0.86 0.93 1.16 1.75 1.51 1.16 1.27 Flounders 2.36 2.34 2.33 2.14 2.33 2.38 2.66 2.61 2.83 3.28 Menhaden 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.18 0.04 0.04 Mullets 0.57 0.48 0.52 0.61 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.56 0.55 0.58 Oysters 2.63 2.78 2.94 3.75 3.75 4.59 5.25 5.32 4.44 5.78 Red snapper NA 2.75 NA 1.96 1.97 NA 1.81 NA NA NA
Shrimp 2.00 1.25 2.01 1.84 1.83 2.48 2.89 1.10 1.26 1.11 193
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South A tlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 Data collected by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) TPWD is reported in this table. The data collected by the TPWD Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) differs from the data collected and reported in the MRIP. Data on the number of fish released are not reported b y TPWD. (For more information: www.tpwd.state.tx.us.)
2 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released. 3 In this table, ‘<1’ = 0-999 fish, and ‘1’ = 1,000-1,499 fish. 4 Drum (kingfish) include south kingfish and Gulf kingfish. 5 Drum (sand and silver seatrouts) include silver seatrout and sand seatrout. 6 Sharks include requiem shark family, Atlantic sharpnose shark, requiem shark genus, unidentified (sharks), requiem shark, blacktip shark, unidentified sharks, and shark species.

Mississippi | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars) #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 204 16,559 5,045 8,769 Private Boat 586 55,163 17,481 33,230
Shore 794 60,560 21,318 39,200
Total Durable Expenditures 3,578 372,494 127,056 233,192 Total State Economic Impacts 5,162 504,776 170,900 314,391 Recreational Anglers by Residential Area (thousands of anglers) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Coastal 119 125 137 160 179 171 171 195 156 153
Non-Coastal 26 36 29 48 60 67 62 48 83 50
Out-of-State 48 50 50 60 91 101 94 114 106 97
Total Anglers 194 212 216 268 331 339 328 357 345 300
Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 13 11 4 11 11 11 17 42 25 21
Private 1,575 1,629 1,566 1,600 1,643 1,599 1,486 1,568 1,733 1,606 Shore 2,765 2,933 2,940 2,892 2,838 2,731 2,808 2,984 2,960 3,225 Total Trips 4,354 4,573 4,509 4,503 4,493 4,342 4,312 4,594 4,718 4,852 Harvest (H) and Release (R) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)1,2,3 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Drum (Atlantic
croaker)
H 1,370 1,648 692 1,358 752 819 2,120 957 1,241 1,262
R 1,384 2,679 1,585 1,842 1,673 630 704 1,690 3,292 4,240 Drum (kingfish)4 H 550 351 413 395 546 976 437 1,066 1,713 802 R 154 153 162 90 326 195 298 122 409 391
Drum (sand and
silver seatrouts)
5 H 1,042 2,574 2,338 2,599 2,145 1,589 1,797 2,391 3,242 4,936 R 503 957 680 879 1,063 494 305 418 1,059 1,513
Drum (spotted
seatrout)
H 1,789 2,215 1,421 1,563 1,395 1,985 1,183 1,838 3,410 1,396 R 2,641 2,145 1,645 1,218 2,071 2,354 1,818 1,741 3,693 4,055 Porgies
(sheepshead)
H 51 79 119 557 235 207 198 185 107 816
R 89 26 10 89 91 122 52 1,059 48 77
Red drum H 234
202 219 153 210 320 201 203 329 247
R 462 605 571 387 1,173 828 885 575 769 1,664
Red snapper H 32 52 < 1 40 109 48 13 20 91 122
R 391 335 120 < 1 10 134 127 472 333 752
Sharks6 H 3 34 232 56 19 109 12 11 6 12
R 103 81 333 82 207 147 65 27 134 28
South flounder H 426 597 546 421 401 448 255 172 225 96 R 179 326 256 246 319 279 138 225 110 39
Striped mullet H 246 376 521 1,291 660 1,883 869 2,664 1,254 615 R 13 18 65 165 204 57 17 323 18 5
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 10,854
Private Boat 51,816
Shore 52,031
Total 114,700
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 90,196
Other Equipment 45,702
Boat Expenses 288,723
Vehicle Expenses 85,337
Second Home Expenses 307
Total Durable Expenditures 510,266
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 624,966 194
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-A tlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.
3 NA = Not available.

Mississippi | Marine Economy
2016 Mississippi State Economy (% of national total)
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient1
214,804 (0.9%) 58,850 (0.8%) 939,322 (0.7%) 34.4 (0.5%) 58.8 (0.6%) 110 1.02 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars)2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 17 16 30 25 27 ds 21 12 20
Receipts 1,055 753 1,937 2,108 930 ds 1,932 1,539 2,879 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 48 56 69 51 50 54 42 53 58
Receipts 3,437 4,206 3,421 3,505 3,957 3,855 3,129 4,053 4,836 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 20 20 20 18 18 19 19 18 18
Employees 3,062 2,796 2,849 2,464 2,368 2,284 2,289 2,370 2,589 Payroll 61,723 61,926 61,731 52,502 55,407 59,212 57,324 60,906 65,003 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 18 16 18 18 17 14 14 14 15
Employees 61 113 ds 64 102 ds ds 39 46
Payroll 3,088 2,836 2,542 2,532 4,412 1,546 1,587 1,800 2,038 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 18 14 15 17 13 13 10 8 9
Employees 50 46 50 58 ds ds ds 96 228
Payroll 699 841 810 838 1,902 ds ds 2,672 3,092
Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2,3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 24 20 20 20 18 19 18 18 16
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 14,722 14,066
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 892,317 899,814
Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments NA 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Employees NA ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll NA ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 5 5 4 4 4 6 4 4 4
Employees 119 114 ds 127 ds 230 277 259 0
Payroll 8,351 7,730 8,058 7,233 ds 17,080 16,365 17,353 0 Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds
ds ds 0 0
Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 7 8 7 7 2 4 5 5 6
Employees ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 241 173
Payroll ds ds ds ds ds ds ds 10,390 7,562
Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 8 7 8 6 7 6 7 7 7
Employees ds ds 141 ds ds ds ds 57 42
Payroll ds ds 6,982 ds ds ds ds 2,698 2,748
Marinas
Establishments 17 13 18 19 16 16 18 17 18
Employees 111 172 183 189 204 154 193 197 199
Payroll 2,794 3,479 4,163 5,137 5,361 3,972 4,960 5,047 5,517 Tables | Texas
196
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-A tlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 NA = these data are confidential and therefore not disclosable.

Texas | Commercial Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of the Texas Seafood Industry (thousands of dollars) With Imports Without Imports
#Jobs Sales Income Value
Added #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Total Impacts 30,274 3,254,182 886,755 1,352,431 19,462 1,310,704 478,048 669,610 Commercial Harvesters 5,267 498,484 147,520 234,133 5,267 498,484 147,520 234,133 Seafood Processors
& Dealers 2,476 232,007 87,279 114,949 1,593 149,226 56,138 73,935 Importers 4,832 1,521,937 243,919 463,953 0 0 0 0
Seafood Wholesalers
&
Distributors 1,426 215,697 71,969 99,664 583 88,124 29,403 40,718 Retail 16,272 786,057 336,067 439,732 12,020 574,870 244,987 320,825 Total Landings Revenue and Landings Revenue of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of dollars)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Revenue 176,098 154,530 203,795 240,566 215,365 268,519 262,589 179,627 196,864 236,994 Finfish & Other 7,709 7,488 7,888 8,445 10,231 13,361 13,709 16,188 17,619 16,382 Shellfish 168,389 147,043 195,907 232,121 205,134 255,158 248,880 163,439 179,245 220,612 Key Species - - - - - - - - -
Atlantic croaker 446 484 531 622 743 819 681 747 850 767 Black drum 1,363 1,377 1,573 1,448 1,491 1,699 1,981 2,074 2,283 2,458 Blue crab 2,342 2,454 3,134 2,845 2,878 2,331 3,050 5,534 6,478 5,416 Flounders 144 91 62 205 175 73 97 187 239 164
Groupers 606 695 389 572 774 1,168 1,156 1,483 1,601 1,153 Oysters 8,835 9,376 19,144 12,789 21,302 23,465 19,221 8,254 17,129 20,404 Red snapper 2,744 2,398 3,009 3,254 4,448 7,324 7,617 9,387 10,573 9,881 Shrimp 157,187 135,100 173,556 216,382 180,844 229,289 226,535 145,323 151,124 190,533 Tunas 94 139 4 2 5 7 14 3 NA NA
Vermilion snapper 1,430 1,233 1,337 1,274 1,434 659 604 920 584 443 Total Landings and Landings of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of pounds)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Total Landings 73,048 102,351 89,721 98,857 91,596 85,113 74,674 82,576 77,182 93,361 Finfish & Other 3,866 4,134 4,247 4,224 4,225 4,872 4,842 5,438 5,725 5,278 Shellfish 69,182 98,216 85,475 94,633 87,371 80,241 69,832 77,138 71,457 88,083 Key Species - - - - - - - - - -
Atlantic croaker 59 63 67 79 89 96 78 90 100 88
Black drum 1,468 1,610 1,729 1,795 1,623 1,689 1,747 1,879 1,995 1,926 Blue crab 2,635 2,844 3,436 2,893 2,853 1,902 2,234 4,331 5,044 4,126 Flounders 58 32 26 75 60 20 25 51 64 40
Groupers 188 227 156 199 227 306 281 355 375 271
Oysters 2,679 2,733 5,265 3,943 5,817 6,126 4,129 1,587 3,127 3,504 Red snapper 870 851 1,031 948 1,123 1,800 1,797 2,152 2,390 2,213 Shrimp 63,855 92,602 76,734 87,753 78,665 72,186 63,448 70,100 62,145 79,415 Tunas 22 45 1 1 3 3 6 1 NA NA
Vermilion snapper 592 561 539 465 511 234 203 307 192 149 Average Annual Ex-Vessel Price of Key Species/Species Groups (dollars per pound)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Atlantic croaker 7.58 7.64 7.98 7.84 8.31 8.55 8.77 8.26 8.47 8.73 Black drum 0.93 0.86 0.91 0.81 0.92 1.01 1.13 1.10 1.14 1.28 Blue crab 0.89 0.86 0.91 0.98 1.01 1.23 1.37 1.28 1.28 1.31 Flounders 2.48 2.84 2.37 2.75 2.94 3.55 3.89 3.65 3.72 4.11 Groupers 3.22 3.06 2.49 2.87 3.41 3.81 4.12 4.18 4.27 4.25 Oysters 3.30 3.43 3.64 3.24 3.66 3.83 4.66 5.20 5.48 5.82 Red snapper 3.15 2.82 2.92 3.43 3.96 4.07 4.24 4.36 4.42 4.47 Shrimp 2.46 1.46 2.26 2.47 2.30 3.18 3.57 2.07 2.43 2.40 Tunas 4.26 3.08 3.19 1.82 1.83 2.10 2.29 2.43 NA NA
Vermilion snapper 2.42 2.20 2.48 2.74 2.81 2.81 2.98 3.00 3.04 2.97 197
National Overview | North P acific | P acific | W estern Pacific | New England | Mid- Atlantic | South A tlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 NA = not available.
2 The Marine Recreational Information Program (MRIP) does not collect participation (number of anglers) or effort (number of trips) data for Texas. To calculate trip expenditure estimates, effort by fishing mode was estimated based on 2018 data provided by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD). (For more information: www.tpwd.state.tx.us.)
3 Data collected by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) TPWD is reported in this table. The data collected by the TPWD Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) differs from the data collected and reported in the MRIP. Data on the number of fish released are not reported b y TPWD. (For more information: www.tpwd.state.tx.us.)
4 Key species/species groups were chosen to represent those most frequently caught or highly prized by recreational anglers, or important for management. It is not a comprehensive list nor ranked by the total number of fish caught/released.

Texas | Recreational Fisheries
2017 Economic Impacts of Recreational Fishing Expenditures (thousands of dollars)1 #Jobs Sales Income Value
Added
Trip Impacts by Fishing Mode For-Hire 1,097 121,965 41,158 73,447 Private Boat 1,876 254,812 79,074 154,631
Shore NA NA NA NA
Total Durable Expenditures 10,610 1,343,395 522,431 851,616 Total State Economic Impacts 13,583 1,720,172 642,663 1,079,694 Harvest (H) of Key Species/Species Groups (thousands of fish)3,4 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Black drum 82 98 165 129 257 150 139 128 138 165
Drum (Atlantic
croaker) 64 117 125 157 157 152 117 214 126 67
Drum (sand
seatrout) 152 111 127 227 177 151 147 110 135 96
Drum (spotted
seatrout) 917 810 732 1,137 810 796 590 825 1,025 982
King mackerel 8 16 6 9 9 10 13 9 12 15
Porgies
(sheepshead) 46 34 49 57 143 84 39 51 106 60
Red drum 266 285 264 347 323 269 247 241 288 300
Red snapper 41 31 33 36 34 48 40 50 31 45
South flounder 64 47 30 92 96 92 71 85 104 77
Spanish
mackerel 3 5 11 8 5 2 3 2 4 7
2017 Angler Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures (thousands of dollars) 1,2
Fishing Mode Trip Expenditures
For-Hire 72,161
Private Boat 158,791
Shore NA
Total 230,952
Equipment Durable Goods Expenditures
Fishing Tackle 255,786
Other Equipment 149,449
Boat Expenses 494,076
Vehicle Expenses 393,109
Second Home Expenses 40,312
Total Durable Expenditures 1,332,733
Total State Trip and Durable Goods Expenditures 1,563,685 Recreational Fishing Effort by Mode (thousands of angler trips)1 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
For-Hire 150 122 123 162 227 145 137 147 162 191
Private 906 919 868 963 932 1,005 932 896 1,025 953
Shore NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Total Trips 1,056 1,041 991 1,125 1,159 1,150 1,069 1,043 1,187 1,144 198
National Overview | North Pacific | Pacific | Western P acific | New England | Mid-A tlantic | South Atlantic | Gulf of Mexico 1 The U.S. Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ) is 1. A CFLQ greater than 1 indicates that more commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. A CFLQ less than 1 indicates that less commercial fishing occurs in this state than the national average. 2 ds = Data are suppressed.
3 NA = not available.

Texas | Marine Economy
2016 Texas State Economy (% of national total)
#Non-Employer
Firms #Establishments #Employees
Annual
Payroll
($ billions)
Employee
Compensation
($ billions)
Gross State
Product
($ billions)
Commercial
Fishing
Location
Quotient1
2,251,787 (9.1%) 579,168 (7.5%) 10,429,924 (8.2%) 527 (8.2%) 813 (8.2%) 1,623 0.31 Seafood Sales and Processing — Non-Employer Firms (thousands of dollars) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Firms 85 82 99 119 123 123 128 178 165
Receipts 3,466 3,858 3,224 5,734 6,675 7,484 6,706 11,051 10,057 Seafood sales,
retail
Firms 188 196 184 171 194 173 199 178 167
Receipts 18,204 13,177 12,124 13,433 14,891 15,094 15,160 15,660 13,072 Seafood Sales and Processing — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Seafood product
prep. & packaging
Establishments 27 24 22 24 22 30 32 29 34
Employees 1,169 1,026 1,184 1,273 1,248 1,026 1,062 1,006 975 Payroll 27,045 29,006 24,961 26,425 27,737 27,638 28,643 29,729 27,765 Seafood sales,
wholesale
Establishments 69 75 77 82 71 75 89 90 86
Employees 734 683 715 723 603 729 816 874 928
Payroll 24,498 23,650 23,879 26,356 25,309 30,370 35,553 37,315 37,519 Seafood sales,
retail
Establishments 60 51 52 50 60 60 59 62 57
Employees 206 189 199 ds ds 331 395 415 439
Payroll 3,403 3,393 3,742 4,090 6,102 6,891 8,201 9,319 9,097 Transport, Support and Marine Operations — Employer Establishments (thousands of dollars) 2,3
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Ship and Boat
Building
Establishments 102 99 97 91 89 87 88 84 81
Employees 5,368 3,891 3,386 2,773 5,601 5,686 5,178 4,956 5,098 Payroll 235,190 158,261 147,492 153,077 310,230 297,248 306,571 283,838 270,717 Deep Sea Freight
Transportation
Establishments 35 36 30 39 40 33 33 35 36
Employees 514 802 764 860 742 ds 790 639 607
Payroll 40,764 61,309 63,408 71,515 65,818 44,902 55,106 47,119 47,952 Deep Sea Pas-
senger Transpor-
tation
Establishments 3 2 1 1 NA 2 2 2 2
Employees ds ds ds ds NA ds ds 0 0
Payroll ds ds ds ds NA ds ds 0 0
Coastal and Great
Lakes Freight
Transportation
Establishments 42 43 48 48 39 42 48 48 49
Employees 2,815 2,729 1,909 1,764 1,814 2,253 2,227 2,058 2,115 Payroll 251,997 200,219
161,080 177,549 174,686 207,831 215,950 208,286 199,415 Port and Harbor
Operations
Establishments 24 30 29 26 37 27 25 25 26
Employees ds 421 ds 439 1,381 630 387 395 572
Payroll 10,538 13,778 18,627 18,842 55,470 25,229 13,544 16,436 17,603 Marine Cargo
Handling
Establishments 55 57 54 55 42 48 53 56 57
Employees 6,313 6,276 5,262 5,259 4,373 6,390 7,451 8,179 6,687 Payroll 196,006 167,562 166,877 153,360 130,817 272,286 327,690 324,552 280,303 Navigational Ser-
vices to Shipping
Establishments 99 95 87 91 91 89 93 91 80
Employees 1,884 1,849 1,606 1,448 1,676 1,485 1,588 1,415 1,430 Payroll 137,962 137,289 132,283 113,444 124,500 130,572 139,259 144,090 135,341 Marinas
Establishments 143 131 148 144 132 124 128 138 137
Employees 1,486 1,423 1,198 1,233 1,169 1,258 1,222 1,209 1,226 Payroll 34,039 33,803 33,968 34,928 34,711 36,461 36,776 37,054 39,658
Data Sources
A dog on a commercial fishing boat in Newport, Oregon.

Photo: NOAA Fisheries Office of Science and Technology/Noelle Olsen 200
Data Sources

MANAGEMENT CONTEXT
• Excess Harvesting Capacity in U.S. Fisheries, A Report to Congress. April 28, 2008. National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries). https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/spo/SPO/tm/spo93.pdf
• ”Status of U.S. Fisheries.” Office of Sustainable Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries).
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/population-assessments/status-us-fisheries • ”Endangered Species Act (ESA).” Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries).
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/endangered-species-conservation/endangered-species-act • ”Certified Fisheries.” Marine Stewardship Council. www.msc.org/ • ”Catch Shares.” Office of Sustainable Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries). https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/laws-and-policies/catch-shares Fishery Management Councils & Fishery Plans:
• Caribbean Fishery Management Council. www.caribbeanfmc.com • Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. www.gulfcouncil.org • Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council. www.mafmc.org/ • New England Fishery Management Council. www.nefmc.org/ • North Pacific Fishery Management Council. www.npfmc.org/ • Pacific Fishery Management Council. www.pcouncil.org
• South Atlantic Fishery Management Council. www.safmc.net • Western Pacific Fishery Management Council. www.wpcouncil.org

COMMERCIAL FISHERIES

Data for New England, Mid-Atlantic, South Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, North Pacific, Pacific and Western Pacific Regions:
• Commercial Landings Database. Obtained December 5, 2017. Office of Science & Technology, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries). https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/commercial-fishing#overview Pacific cod, flatfish, Atka mackerel, walleye pollock, rockfish and sablefish data, North Pacific Region:
• Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries). Obtained December 5, 2017. https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/region/alaska Economic Impacts of the U.S. Commercial Seafood Industry:
• A User’s Guide to the National and Coastal State I/O Model. http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/documents/commercial_seafood_impacts_2007-2009.pdf Additional information:
• ”NOAA Fisheries Economics & Social Sciences Program.” Office of Science & Technology, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries). https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/socioeconomics
• ”Data Caveats.” Office of Science & Technology, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries).
https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/commercial-fisheries/commercial-landings/data-caveats/index 201
Data Sources

RECREATIONAL FISHERIES
Consumer Price Index (CPI) Inflation Calculator:
• CPI Inflation Calculator. Obtained September 24, 2019. Bureau of Labor Statistics. ttps://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl
Data for New England, Mid-Atlantic, South Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Western Pacific Regions:
• Recreational Fishery Statistics Queries.” Obtained August 15, 2017. Office of Science & Technology, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA Fisheries). https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/recreational-fishing-data/recreational-fishing-data-and-statistics-queries#run-a- data-query
Data for Texas (Gulf of Mexico Region):
• Texas Parks & Wildlife Department. Obtained August 14, 2018. https://tpwd.texas.gov/ • Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. Obtained May 29, 2018. http://www.wlf.louisiana.gov/ Data for Pacific Region:
• Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Recreational Fisheries Information Network (RecFIN) for Oregon and Washington. Obtained August 21, 2018. http://www.recfin.org • California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Obtained September 24, 2018. https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/ • Pacific Fishery Management Council, Salmon Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation (SAFE) documents.

Obtained May 15, 2019. https://www.pcouncil.org/stock-assessments-and-fishery-evaluation-safe-documents/ Data for North Pacific Region:
• Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission, Recreational Fisheries Information Network (RecFIN). Obtained November 1, 2018.

Recreational Fishing Expenditures and Impacts:
• Lovell, Sabrina, James Hilger, Emily Rollins, Noelle A. Olsen, and Scott Steinback. 2020. The Economic Contribution of Marine Angler Expenditures on Fishing Trips in the United States, 2017. U.S. Dep. Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-201, 80 p. https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/TM201.pdf • Lovell, J. Sabrina, James Hilger, Scott Steinback, and Clifford Hutt. 2016. The Economic Contribution of Marine Angler Expenditures on Durable Goods in the United States, 2014. U.S. Dept. of Commerce. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-165, 72 p. https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/tech-memo/ economic-contribution-marine-angler-expenditures-durable-goods-united-states-2014 • Lovell, Sabrina, Scott Steinback, and James Hilger. 2013. The Economic Contribution of Marine Angler Expenditures in the United States, 2011. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-134, 188 p. https://spo. nmfs.noaa.gov/content/tech-memo/economic-contribution-marine-angler-expenditures-united-states-2011

THE MARINE ECONOMY
• “County Business Patterns Data Series.” Obtained January 22, 2019. U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html
• “Gross Domestic Product by State.” Obtained February 21, 2019. Bureau of Economic Analysis. http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1&acrdn=2#reqid=70&step=1&isuri=1 • “Location Quotient Calculator.” Obtained February 20, 2019. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://data.bls.gov/cew/doc/info/location_quotients.htm • “Nonemployer Statistics.” Obtained January 22, 2019. U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics.html

Publications
Fishermen brailing cod in Kodiak, Alaska.

Photo: North Pacific Fishery Management Council/Theresa Peterson 204
Publications
Selected publications by NOAA Fisheries Economics and Social Sciences Program staff are grouped by geographic region of focus and then organized under the following categories:
• Climate Change Research
• Coastal and Marine Recreation Research
• Commercial Fisheries Economics Research
• Spatial Analysis and Marine Protected Areas Research
• Ocean Governance, Policy and Management Research
• Marine Protected Areas Research
• Other Marine Environmental Research
• Ecosystem-Based Management Research
• Recreational Fisheries Economics Research
• Habitat Economics Research
• Seafood Marketing and Trade Research
• Sociocultural Fisheries Research
• U.S. Territories and International Fisheries Research • Protected Resources Economics Research

UNITED STATES
Climate Change Research
Foster, T., N. Brozovic, and C. Speir. 2017. The buffer value of groundwater when well yield is limited. J. Hydrol., 547:638-649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.02.034.

Busch, D., R. Griffis, J. Link, K. Abrams, J. Baker, R. Brainard, M. Ford, J. Hare, A. Himes-Cornell, A. Hollowed, N.

Mantua, S. McClatchie, M. McClure, M. Nelson, K. Osgood, J. Peterson, M. Rust, V. Saba, M. Sigler, S. Sykora-Bodie, C. Toole, E. Thunberg, R. Waples, and R. Merrick. 2016. Climate science strategy of the US National Marine Fisheries Service. Mar. Policy, 74:58-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.09.001.

Griffis, R., L. Mcgilvray, D. Cahoon, T. Clay, E. Curchitser, K. Curtis, J. Devivo, B. Duncan, S. Gill, J. Grear, B.

Halpern, J. Hare, A. Himes-Cornell, J. Howard, R. Johnston, M. Kenney, D. Legler, E. Lindstrom, T. O’Brien, S.

Rumrill, E. Thunberg, T. Webler, J. West, R. Wood, S. Zador, S. Busch, and E. Fly. 2013. Research priorities to advance the oceans and coasts climate indicators system. In Report to the National Climate Assessment Indicator System Working Group. Project information available at https://www.globalchange.gov/what-we-do/assessment/ indicators-system.

Himes-Cornell, A., S. Allen, G. Auad, M. Boatman, P. Clay, M. Dalton, S. Herrick, D. Kotowicz, P. Little, C. Lopez, P. Loring, P. Niemeier, K. Norman, L. Pfeiffer, M. Plummer, M. Rust, M. Singer, and C. Speirs. 2013. Impacts of climate change on human uses of the ocean and ocean services. In Oceans and marine resources in a changing climate: A technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment (R. Griffis and J. How ard, eds.), p. 73-137.

U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC.

Howard, J., E. Babij, R. Griffis, B. Helmuth, A. Himes-Cornell, P. Niemier, M. Orbach, L. Petes, S. Allen, G. Auad, R. Beard, M. Boatman, N. Bond, T. Boyer, D. Brown, P. Clay, K. Crane, S. Cross, M. Dalton, J. Diamond, R. Diaz, Q. Dortch, E. Duffy, D. Fauquier, W. Fisher, M. Graham, B. Halpern, L. Hansen, B. Hayum, S. Herrick, A. Hollowed, D. Hutchins, E. Jewett, D. Jin, N. Knowlton, D. Kotowicz, T. Kristiansen, P. Little, C. Lopez, P. Loring, R. Lumpkin, A. Mace, K. Mengerink, J. Morrison, J. Murray, K. Norman, J. O’Donnell, J. Overland, R. Parsons, N. Pettigrew, L.

Pfeiffer, E. Pidgeon, M. Plummer, J. Polovina, J. Quintrell, T. Rowles, J. Runge, M. Rust, E. Sanford, U. Send, M.

Singer, C. Speir, D. Stanitski, C. Thornber, C. Wilson, and Y. Xue. 2013. Oceans and marine resources in a changing climate. In Oceanography and marine biology: An annual review, vol. 51, vol. 51 (R. N. Hughes, D. J. Hughes, and I. P. Smith, eds.), p. 71-192. Crc Press-Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton.

Babij, E., P. Niemeier, B. Hayum, A. Himes-Cornell, A. Hollowed, P. Little, M. Orbach, and E. Pidgeon. 2012.

International implications of climate change. In Oceans and marine resources in a changing climate: A technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment (R. Griffis and H. Howard, eds.), p . 138-162. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC.
205
Publications
Haynie, A., and L. Pfeiffer. 2012. Why economics matters for understanding the effects of climate change on fish- eries. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 69(7):1160-1167. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss021.

Coastal and Marine Recreation Research
Marvasti, A. 2013. Estimating outdoor recreation demand with aggregate data: A revealed preference approach.

Ocean Coast. Manage., 71(1):170-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.09.006.

Commercial Fisheries Economics Research
Holland, D., C. Speir, J. Agar, S. Crosson, G. DePiper, S. Kasperski, A. Kitts, and L. Perruso. 2017. Impact of catch shares on diversification of fishers’ income and risk. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 114(35):9302-9307. https://doi. org/10.1073/pnas.1702382114.

Brinson, A., and E. Thunberg. 2016. Performance of federally managed catch share fisheries in the United States.

Fish. Res., 179:213-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2016.03.008.

Knapp, G., and M. Rubino. 2016. The political economics of marine aquaculture in the United States. Rev . Fish. Sci.

Aquac., 24(3):213-229. https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2015.1121202.

Pfeiffer, L., and T. Gratz. 2016. The effect of rights-based fisheries management on risk taking and fishing safety.

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 113(10):2615-2620. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509456113.

Squires, D. 2016. Firm behavior under quantity controls: The theory of virtual quantities. J. Environ. Econ. Man- age., 79:70-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2015.04.005.

Anderson, J., C. Anderson, J. Chu, J. Meredith, F. Asche, G. Sylvia, M. Smith, D. Anggraeni, R. Arthur, A. Guttorm- sen, J. McCluney, T. Ward, W. Akpalu, H. Eggert, J. Flores, M. Freeman, D. Holland, G. Knapp, M. Kobayashi, S.

Larkin, K. MacLauchlin, K. Schnier, M. Soboil, S. Tveteras, H. Uchida, and D. Valderrama. 2015. The fishery perfor- mance indicators: A management tool for triple bottom line outcomes. PLOS One, 10(5):1-20. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0122809.

Holland, D., E. Thunberg, J. Agar, S. Crosson, C. Demarest, S. Kasperski, L. Perruso, E. Steiner, J. Stephen, A.

Strelcheck, and M. Travis. 2015. U.S. catch share markets: A review of data availability and impediments to trans- parent markets. Mar. Policy, 57:103-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.03.027.

Kasperski, S. 2015. Optimal multi-species harvesting in ecologically and economically interdependent fisheries.

Environ. Resource Econ., 61(4):517-557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-014-9805-9.

Kroetz, K., J. Sanchirico, and D. Lew. 2015. Efficiency costs of social objectives in tradable permit programs. J.

Assoc. Environ. Resour. Economists, 2(3):339-366. https://doi.org/10.1086/681646.

Lambert, D., E. Thunberg, R. Felthoven, J. Lincoln, and W. Patrick. 2015. Guidance on fishing vessel risk assess- ments and accounting for safety at sea in fishery management design. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-OSF-2, 56 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V58P5XJQ.

Squires, D., and N. Vestergaard. 2015. Productivity growth, catchability, stock assessments, and optimum renew- able resource use. Mar. Policy, 62:309-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.07.006. 206
Publications
Thunberg, E., J. Walden, J. Agar, R. Felthoven, A. Harley, S. Kasperski, J. Lee, T. Lee, A. Mamula, J. Stephen, and A. Strelcheck. 2015. Measuring changes in multi-factor productivity in U.S. catch share fisheries. Mar. Policy, 62:294-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.05.008.

Walden, J., B. Fissel, D. Squires, and N. Vestergaard. 2015. Productivity change in commercial fisheries: An intro- duction to the special issue. Mar. Policy, 62:289-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.06.019.

Collier, T., A. Mamula, and J. Ruggiero. 2014. Estimation of multi-output production functions in commercial fisher- ies. Omega Int. J. Manage. Sci., 42(1):157-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2013.05.001.

Holland, D., E. Thunberg, J. Agar, S. Crosson, C. Demarest, S. Kasperski, L. Perruso, E. Steiner, J. Stephen, A.

Strelcheck, and M. Travis. 2014. U.S. catch share markets: A review of characteristics and data availability. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-145, 67 p.

Seung, C. 2014. Estimating effects of exogenous output changes: An application of multi-regional social account- ing matrix (MRSAM) method to natural resource management. Reg. Sci. Policy Pract., 6(2):177-193. https://doi. org/10.1111/rsp3.12037.

Walden, J., J. Agar, R. Felthoven, A. Harley, S. Kasperski, J. Lee, A. Mamula, J. Stephen, A. Strelcheck, and E.

Thunberg. 2014. Productivity change in U.S. catch share fisheries. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-146, 149 p.

Fell, H., and A. Haynie. 2013. Spatial competition with changing market institutions. J. Appl. Econometrics, 28(4):702-719. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.2272.

Fissel, B., B. Gilbert, and J. LaRiviere. 2013. Technology adoption and diffusion with uncertainty in a commons.

Econ. Letters, 120(2):297-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.04.048.

Grafton, R., and D. Squires. 2013. Theory and practice of fisheries and water economics. In Encyclopedia of ener- gy, natural resource, and environmental economics, vol. 2 (J. F. Shogren, ed.), p. 31-38. Elsevier, Waltham.

Kite-Powell, H., M. Rubino, and B. Morehead. 2013. The future of US seafood supply. Aquacult. Econ. Manage., 17(3):228-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2013.812691.

Schnier, K., and R. Felthoven. 2013. Production efficiency and exit in rights-based fisheries. Land Econ., 89(3):538-557. https://doi.org/10.3368/le.89.3.538.

Abbott, J., and A. Haynie. 2012. What are we protecting? Fisher behavior and the unintended consequences of spatial closures as a fishery management tool. Ecol. Appl., 22(3):762-777. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1319.1.

Ocean Governance, Policy and Management Research
Szymkowiak, M., and A. Himes-Cornell. 2017. Do active participation measures help fishermen retain fishing privi- leges? Coast. Manage., 45(1):56-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2017.1237243.

Squires, D., and N. Vestergaard. 2016. Putting economics into maximum economic yield. Mar. Resour. Econ., 31(1):101-116. https://doi.org/10.1086/683670.
207
Publications
Bibb, S., S. Bloom, A. Brinson, M. Chandler, G. Davenport, K. Denit, G. Dinardo, J. Gange, S. Giordano, A. Guti- errez, J. Hoey, S. Ignell, R. Kosaka, C. Park, T. Rankin, H. Sagar, and R. Silva. 2015. Cooperative research and cooperative management: A review with recommendations. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-156, 78 p.

Himes-Cornell, A., and M. Orbach. 2013. Impacts of climate change on human uses of the ocean. In Oceans and marine resources in a changing climate: A technical input to the 2013 National Climate Assessment, vol. 51 (R.

Griffis and J. Howard, eds.), p. 111-131.

Crosson, S. 2012. The impact of empowering scientific advisory committees to constrain catch limits in U .S. fisher-
ies. Sci. Public Policy, 40(2):261-273. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs104.

Tallis, H., S. Lester, M. Ruckelshaus, M. Plummer, K. McLeod, A. Guerry, S. Andelman, M. Caldwell, M. Conte, S.

Copps, D. Fox, R. Fujita, S. Gaines, G. Gelfenbaum, B. Gold, P. Kareiva, C. Kim, K. Lee, M. Papenfus, S. Redman, B. Silliman, L. Wainger, and C. White. 2012. New metrics for managing and sustaining the ocean’s bounty. Mar.

Policy, 36(1):303-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2011.03.013.

Other Marine Environmental Research
Lipton, D., D. Lew, K. Wallmo, P. Wiley, and A. Dvarskas. 2014. The evolution of non-market valuation of U.S. coastal and marine resources. J. Ocean Coast. Econ., 2014(1):6. https://doi.org/10.15351/2373-8456.1011.

Marvasti, A. 2013. The role of price expectations and legal uncertainties in ocean mineral, explor ation activities.

Resources Pol., 38(1):68-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2012.09.002.

Ruckelshaus, M., S. Doney, H. Galindo, J. Barry, F. Chan, J. Duffy, C. English, S. Gaines, J. Grebmeier, A. Hollowed, N. Knowlton, J. Polovina, N. Rabalais, W. Sydeman, and L. Talley. 2013. Securing ocean benefits for society in the face of climate change. Mar. Policy, 40:154-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.01.009.

Ecosystem-Based Management Research
Holsman, K., J. Samhouri, G. Cook, E. Hazen, E. Olsen, M. Dillard, S. Kasperski, S. Gaichas, C. Kelble, M. Fogarty, and K. Andrews. 2017. An ecosystem-based approach to marine risk assessment. Ecosyst. Health Sustainability , 3(1):e01256. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehs2.1256.

Slater, W., G. DePiper, J. Gove, C. Harvey, E. Hazen, S. Lucey, M. Karnauskas, S. Regan, E. Siddon, E. Yasumii- shi, S. Zador, M. Brady, M. Ford, R. Griffis, R. Shuford, H. Townsend, T. O’Brien, J. Peterson, K. Osgood, and J.

Link. 2017. Challenges, opportunities, and future directions to advance NOAA Fisheries ecosystem status reports (ESRs): Report of the National ESR Workshop. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-174, 66 p.

Samhouri, J., A. Haupt, P. Levin, J. Link, and R. Shuford. 2014. Lessons learned from developing integrated eco- system assessments to inform marine ecosystem-based management in the USA. ICES J . Mar. Sci., 71(5):1205- 1215. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst141.

Recreational Fisheries Economics Research
Lovell, S., J. Hilger, S. Steinback, and C. Hutt. 2016. The economic contribution of marine angler expenditures on durable goods in the United States, 2014. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-165, 72 p.

Hutt, C., S. Lovell, and S. Steinback. 2015. The economics of independent marine recreational fishing bait and tackle retail stores in the United States, 2013. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-151, 110 p. 208
Publications
Hutt, C., and G. Silva. 2015. The economics of Atlantic highly migratory species for-hire fishing trips, July-Novem- ber 2013. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-OSF-4, 34 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5154F2X.

Lovell, S., and D. Carter. 2014. The use of sampling weights in regression models of recreational fishing-site choic- es. Fish. Bull., 112(4):243–252. https://doi.org/10.7755/FB.112.4.1.

Larson, D., and D. Lew. 2013. The opportunity cost of travel time as a noisy wage fraction. Am. J. Agric. Econ., 96(2):420-437. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aat093.

Lovell, S., S. Steinback, and J. Hilger. 2013. The economic contribution of marine angler expenditures in the Unit- ed States, 2011. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-134, 188 p.

Habitat Economics Research
Samonte, G., P. Edwards, J. Royster, V. Ramenzoni, and S. Morlock. 2017. Socioeconomic benefits of habitat resto- ration. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-OHC-1, 66 p.

Speir, C., J. Han, and N. Brozovic. 2016. Spatial dynamic optimization of groundwater use with ecological stan- dards for instream flow. Water Econ. Policy, 2(3):1650013. https://doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500132.

Speir, C., S. Pittman, and D. Tomberlin. 2015. Uncertainty, irreversibility and the optimal timing of large-scale investments in protected species habitat restoration. Front. Mar. Sci., 2:101. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2015.00101.

Meiyappan, P., M. Dalton, B. O’Neill, and A. Jain. 2014. Spatial modeling of agricultural land use change at global scale. Ecol. Model., 291:152-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.07.027.

Edwards, P., A. Sutton-Grier, and G. Coyle. 2013. Investing in nature: Restoring coastal habitat blue infrastructure and green job creation. Mar. Policy, 38:65-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.020.

Seafood Marketing and Trade Research
Helvey, M., C. Pomeroy, N. Pradhan, D. Squires, and S. Stohs. 2017. Can the United States have its fish and eat it too? Mar. Policy, 75:62-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.10.013.

Jenny Sun, C.-H., F.-S. Chiang, M. Owens, and D. Squires. 2017. Will American consumers pay more for eco-friendly labeled canned tuna? Estimating US consumer demand for canned tuna varieties using scanner data.

Mar. Policy, 79:62-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.02.006.

Sociocultural Fisheries Research
Colburn, L., M. Jepson, A. Himes-Cornell, S. Kasperski, K. Norman, C. Weng, and P. Clay. 2017. Community par- ticipation in U.S. catch share programs. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-179, 136 p.

Cutler, M., T. Murphy, and M. Vasta. 2017. An overview of the survey on the socioeconomic aspects of commer- cial fishing vessel owners in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-240, 29 p. https://doi. org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28727.83360.

Love, D., P. Pinto da Silva, J. Olson, J. Fry, and P. Clay. 2017. Fisheries, food, and health in the USA: The impor- tance of aligning fisheries and health policies. Agric. Food Security, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-017-0093-9. 209
Publications
Pollnac, R., T. Seara, L. Colburn, and M. Jepson. 2015. Taxonomy of USA east coast fishing communities in terms of social vulnerability and resilience. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 55:136-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. eiar.2015.08.006.

Clay, P., and A. Himes-Cornell. 2014. Bringing social science into U.S. national climate policy. Anthropol. News, 55(4):e18-e51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-3502.2014.55402.x.

Poe, M., K. Norman, and P. Levin. 2014. Cultural dimensions of socioecological systems: Key connections and guiding principles for conservation in coastal environments. Conserv. Lett., 7(3):166-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/ conl.12068.

Felthoven, R., and S. Kasperski. 2013. Socioeconomic indicators for United States fisheries and fishing communi- ties. PICES Press, 21(2):20-23.

Colburn, L., and M. Jepson. 2012. Social indicators of gentrification pressure in fishing communities: A context for social impact assessment. Coast. Manage., 40(3):289-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2012.677635.

Protected Resources Economics Research
Lew, D., and K. Wallmo. 2017. Temporal stability of stated preferences for endangered species protection from choice experiments. Ecolog. Econ., 131:87-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.08.009.

Pienaar, E., D. Lew, and K. Wallmo. 2017. Intention to pay for the protection of threatened and endangered marine species: Implications for conservation program design. Ocean Coast. Manage., 138:170-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ocecoaman.2017.01.019.

Bisack, K., and G. Magnusson. 2016. Measuring management success for protected species: Looking beyond bio- logical outcomes. Front. Mar. Sci., 3(61):1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00061.

Wallmo, K., K. Bisack, D. Lew, and D. Squires. 2016. Editorial: The economics of protected marine species: Con- cepts in research and management. Front. Mar. Sci., 3:183. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00183.

Wallmo, K., and D. Lew. 2016. A comparison of regional and national values for recovering threatened and endangered marine species in the United States. J. Environ. Manage., 179:38-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen- vman.2016.04.053.

Bisack, K., D. Squires, D. Lipton, J. Hilger, D. Holland, D. Johnson, M.-Y. Lee, R. Lent, D. Lew, G. Magnusson, M.

Pan, L. Queirolo, S. Stohs, C. Speir, and K. Wallmo. 2015. Proceedings of the 2014 NOAA economics of protected resources workshop, September 9-11, 2014, La Jolla, California. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS NE-233, 179 p. https:// doi.org/10.7289/V5QR4V3D.

Johnston, R., D. Jarvis, K. Wallmo, and D. Lew. 2015. Multiscale spatial pattern in nonuse willingness to pay:

Applications to threatened and endangered marine species. Land Econ., 91(4):739-761. https://doi.org/10.3368/ le.91.4.739.

Pienaar, E., D. Lew, and K. Wallmo. 2015. The importance of survey content: Testing for the context dependency of the New Ecological Paradigm Scale. Soc. Sci. Res., 51:338-349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.09.005. 210
Publications
Pienaar, E., D. Lew, and K. Wallmo. 2013. Are environmental attitudes influenced by survey context? An investi- gation of the context dependency of the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) Scale. Soc. Sci. Res., 42(6):1542-1554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.07.001.

Wallmo, K., and D. Lew. 2012. Public willingness to pay for recovering and downlisting threatened and endangered marine species. Conserv. Biol., 26(5):830-839. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01899.x.

NORTH PACIFIC
Climate Change Research
Haynie, A., and H. Huntington. 2016. Strong connections, loose coupling: The influence of the Bering Sea ecosys- tem on commercial fisheries and subsistence harvests in Alaska. Ecol. Soc., 21(4):6. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08729- 210406.

Seung, C., and J. Ianelli. 2016. Regional economic impacts of climate change: A computable general equilibrium analy- sis for an Alaska fishery. Nat. Resour. Model., 29(2):289-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12092.

Punt, A., D. Poljak, M. Dalton, and R. Foy. 2014. Evaluating the impact of ocean acidification on fishery yields and profits: The example of red king crab in Bristol Bay. Ecol. Model., 285:39-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmod- el.2014.04.017.

Haynie, A., and L. Pfeiffer. 2013. Climatic and economic drivers of the Bering Sea walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) fishery: Implications for the future. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 70(6):841-853. https://doi.org/10.1139/ cjfas-2012-0265.

Carothers, C., K. Criddle, C. Chambers, P. Cullenberg, J. Fall, A. Himes-Cornell, J. Johnsen, N. Kimball, C. Menzies, and E. Springer, eds. 2012. Fishing people of the north: Cultures, economies, and management responding to change. 312 p. Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska—Fairbanks.

Commercial Fisheries Economics Research
Anderson, S., E. Ward, A. Shelton, M. Adkison, A. Beaudreau, R. Brenner, A. Haynie, J. Shriver, J. Watson, and B.

Williams. 2017. Benefits and risks of diversification for individual fishers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 114(40):10797- 10802. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702506114.

Ono, K., A. Haynie, A. B. Hollowed, J. Ianelli, C. McGilliard, and A. Punt. 2017. Management strategy analysis for multispecies fisheries, including technical interactions and human behavior in modelling management decisions and fishing. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 75(8):1185-1202. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2017-0135.

Reimer, M., J. Abbott, and A. Haynie. 2017. Empirical models of fisheries production: Conflating technology with incentives? Mar. Resour. Econ., 32(2):169-190. https://doi.org/10.1086/690677.

Seung, C. 2017. A multi-regional economic impact analysis of Alaska salmon fishery failures. Ecolog. Econ., 138:22-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.03.020.

Kasperski, S. 2016. Optimal multispecies harvesting in the presence of a nuisance species. Mar. Policy, 64:55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.11.009.
211
Publications
Seung, C. 2016. Identifying channels of economic impacts: An inter-regional structural path analysis for Alaska fisheries. Mar. Policy, 66:39-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.01.015.

Seung, C., B. Muse, and E. Waters. 2016. Net economic impacts of recent Alaska salmon fishery failures and federal relief. North Am. J. Fish. Manage., 36(2):351-362. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2015.1120831.

Szymkowiak, M., and R. Felthoven. 2016. Understanding the determinants of hired skipper use in the Alaska hali- but individual fishing quota fishery. North Am. J. Fish. Manage., 36(5):1139-1148. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.20

16.1184201.

Abbott, J., A. Haynie, and M. Reimer. 2015. Hidden flexibility: Institutions, incentives, and the margins of selectivi- ty in fishing. Land Econ., 91(1):169-195. https://doi.org/10.3368/le.91.1.169.

Call, I., and D. Lew. 2015. Tradable permit programs: What are the lessons for the new Alaska halibut catch shar- ing plan? Mar. Policy, 52:125-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.10.014.

Fissel, B. 2015. Methods for the Alaska groundfish first-wholesale price projections: Section 6 of the econom- ic status of the groundfish fisheries off Alaska. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-305, 39 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/ V58K772W.

Fissel, B., R. Felthoven, S. Kasperski, and C. O’Donnell. 2015. Decomposing productivity and efficiency changes in the Alaska head and gut factory trawl fleet. Mar. Policy, 62:337-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.06.018.

Glass, J., G. Kruse, and S. Miller. 2015. Socioeconomic considerations of the commercial weathervane scal- lop fishery off Alaska using SWOT analysis. Ocean Coast. Manage., 105:154-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oce- coaman.2015.01.005.

Lew, D., A. Himes-Cornell, and J. Lee. 2015. Weighting and imputation for missing data in a cost and earnings fishery survey. Mar. Resour. Econ., 30(2):219-230. https://doi.org/10.1086/679975.

Seung, C. 2015. Untangling economic impacts for Alaska fisheries: A structural path analysis. Mar . Resour. Econ., 30(3):331-347. https://doi.org/10.1086/680444.

Felthoven, R., J. Lee, and K. Schnier. 2014. Cooperative formation and peer effects in fisheries. Mar. Resour. Econ., 29(2):133-156. https://doi.org/10.1086/676827.

Fissel, B. 2014. Economic indices for the North Pacific groundfish fisheries: Calculation and visualization. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-279, 59 p.

Haynie, A. 2014. Changing usage and value in the Western Alaska Community Development Quota (CDQ) pro- gram. Fish. Sci., 80(2):181-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-014-0723-0.

Peterson, M., F. Mueter, K. Criddle, and A. Haynie. 2014. Killer whale depredation and associated costs to Alaskan sablefish, Pacific halibut and Greenland turbot longliners. PLOS One, 9(2):e88906. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0088906.
212
Publications
Seung, C. 2014. Measuring spillover effects of shocks to the Alaska economy: An inter-regional social accounting matrix (IRSAM) model approach. Econ. Systems Res., 26(2):224-238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2013.803039.

Seung, C., E. Waters, and J. Leonard. 2014. Assessing multiregional economic impacts of Alaskan fisheries: A computable general equilibrium analysis. Rev. Urban Reg. Devel. Stud., 26(3):155-173. https://doi.org/10.1111/ rurd.12026.

Torres, M., and R. Felthoven. 2014. Productivity growth and product choice in catch share fisheries: The case of Alaska pollock. Mar. Policy, 50:280-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.07.008.

Waters, E., C. Seung, M. Hartley, and M. Dalton. 2014. Measuring the multiregional economic contribution of an Alaska fishing fleet with linkages to international markets. Mar. Policy, 50:238-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar- pol.2014.07.003.

Kasperski, S., and D. Holland. 2013. Income diversification and risk for fishermen. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 110(6):2076-2081. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1212278110.

Seung, C., and E. Waters. 2013. Calculating impacts of exogenous output changes: Application of a social account- ing matrix (SAM) model to Alaska fisheries. Ann. Reg. Sci., 51(2):553-573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-012-0546-9.

Pfeiffer, L., and A. Haynie. 2012. The effect of decreasing seasonal sea-ice cover on the winter Bering Sea pollock fishery. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 69(7):1148-1159. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss097.

Punt, A., M. Siddeek, B. Garber-Yonts, M. Dalton, L. Rugolo, D. Stram, B. Turnock, and J. Zheng. 2012. Evaluating the impact of buffers to account for scientific uncertainty when setting TACs: Application to red king crab in Bristol Bay, Alaska. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 69(4):624-634. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss047.

Sethi, S., M. Dalton, and R. Hilborn. 2012. Managing harvest risk with catch-pooling cooperatives. ICES J. Mar.

Sci., 69(6):1038-1044. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss064.

Sethi, S., M. Dalton, and R. Hilborn. 2012. Quantitative risk measures applied to Alaskan commercial fisheries.

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 69(3):487-498. https://doi.org/10.1139/f2011-170.

Ecosystem-Based Management Research
Zador, S., S. Gaichas, S. Kasperski, C. Ward, R. Blake, N. Ban, A. Himes-Cornell, and J. Koehn. 2017. Linking ecosystem processes to communities of practice through commercially fished species in the Gulf of Alaska. ICES J.

Mar. Sci., 74(7):2024-2033. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx054.

Sanchirico, J., D. Lew, A. Haynie, D. Kling, and D. Layton. 2013. Conservation values in marine ecosystem-based management. Mar. Policy, 38:523-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.08.008.

Recreational Fisheries Economics Research
Lew, D., and D. Larson. 2017. Stated preferences of Alaska resident saltwater anglers for contemporary regulatory policies. Mar. Fish. Rev., 79(3-4):12-25. https://doi.org/10.7755/MFR.79.3-4.2.

Seung, C., and D. Lew. 2017. A multiregional approach for estimating the economic impact of harvest restrictions on saltwater sportfishing. North Am. J. Fish. Manage., 37(5):1112-1129. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2017.1345808. 213
Publications
Lew, D., D. Putman, and D. Larson. 2016. Attitudes and preferences toward Pacific halibut management alter- natives in the saltwater sport fishing charter sector in Alaska: Results from a survey. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS- AFSC-326, 58 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/TM-AFSC-326.

Lew, D., and D. Larson. 2015. Stated preferences for size and bag limits of Alaska charter boat anglers. Mar. Poli- cy, 61:66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.07.007.

Lew, D., G. Sampson, A. Himes-Cornell, J. Lee, and B. Garber-Yonts. 2015. Costs, earnings, and employment in the Alaska saltwater sport fishing charter sector, 2011-2013. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-299, 134 p. https://doi. org/10.7289/V5KP803N.

Lew, D., and D. Larson. 2014. Is a fish in hand worth two in the sea? Evidence from a stated preference study.

Fish. Res., 157:124-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2014.04.005.

Lew, D., and C. Seung. 2014. On the statistical significance of regional economic impacts from recreational fishing harvest limits in southern Alaska. Mar. Resour. Econ., 29(3):241-257. https://doi.org/10.1086/677759.

Larson, D., and D. Lew. 2013. How do harvest rates affect angler trip patterns? Mar. Resour. Econ., 28(2):155-173. https://doi.org/10.5950/0738-1360-28.2.155.

Seung, C., and D. Lew. 2013. Accounting for variation in exogenous shocks in economic impact modeling. Ann.

Reg. Sci., 51(3):711-730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-012-0550-0.

Lew, D., and D. Larson. 2012. Economic values for saltwater sport fishing in Alaska: A stated preference analysis.

North Am. J. Fish. Manage., 32(4):745-759. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.681012.

Sociocultural Fisheries Research
Himes-Cornell, A., and A. Santos. 2017. Involving fishing communities in data collection: A summary and descrip- tion of the Alaska community survey, 2013. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-340, 195 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/ TM-AFSC-340.

Himes-Cornell, A., and S. Kasperski. 2016. Using socioeconomic and fisheries involvement indices to understand Alaska fishing community well-being. Coast. Manage., 44(1):36-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2016.1116671.

Himes-Cornell, A., C. Maguire, S. Kasperski, K. Hoelting, and R. Pollnac. 2016. Understanding vulnerability in Alaska fishing communities: A validation methodology for rapid assessment of indices related to well-being. Ocean Coast. Manage., 124:53-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.02.004.

Kent, K., and A. Himes-Cornell. 2016. Making landfall: Linkages between fishing communities and support ser- vices. Coast. Manage., 44(4):279-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2016.1135276.

Himes-Cornell, A., and K. Hoelting. 2015. Resilience strategies in the face of short and long-term change: Out-migra- tion and fisheries regulation in Alaskan fishing communities. Ecol. Soc., 20(2):9. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07074-200209.

Himes-Cornell, A., and S. Kasperski. 2015. Assessing climate change vulnerability in Alaska’s fishing communities.

Fish. Res., 162:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2014.09.010. 214
Publications
Himes-Cornell, A., and K. Kent. 2014. Involving fishing communities in data collection: A summary and description of the Alaska community survey, 2010. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-280, 170 p.

Himes-Cornell, A., and K. Kent. 2014. Involving fishing communities in data collection: A summary and description of the Alaska community survey, 2011. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-284, 171 p.

Kasperski, S., and A. Himes-Cornell. 2014. Indicators of fishing engagement and reliance of Alaskan fishing com- munities. Alaska Fisheries Science Center. In Alaska Fisheries Science Center Quarterly Report. Quarterly Research Reports & Activities, January-February-March 2014, 7 p.

Package-Ward, C., and A. Himes-Cornell. 2014. Utilizing oral histories to understand the social networks of Oregon fishermen in Alaska. Hum. Org., 73(3):277-288. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.73.3.x01174800236738l.

Himes-Cornell, A., K. Hoelting, C. Maguire, L. Munger-Little, J. Lee, J. Fisk, R. Felthoven, C. Geller, and P. Little. 2013. Community profiles for North Pacific fisheries - Alaska. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-259, Vol. 1, 70 p.

PACIFIC
Commercial Fisheries Economics Research
Holland, D., E. Steiner, and A. Warlick. 2017. Can vessel buybacks pay off: An evaluation of an industry funded fishing vessel buyback. Mar. Policy, 82:8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.002.

Leonard, J., and E. Steiner. 2017. Initial economic impacts of the U.S. Pacific Coast groundfish fishery individual fishing quota program. North Am. J. Fish. Manage., 37(4):862-881. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2017.1330784.

Thorson, J., R. Fonner, M. Haltuch, K. Ono, and H. Winker. 2017. Accounting for spatiotemporal variation and fisher targeting when estimating abundance from multispecies fishery data. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. , 74(11):1794-1807. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0598.

Holland, D. 2016. Development of the Pacific groundfish trawl IFQ market. Mar. Resour. Econ., 31(4):453-464. https://doi.org/10.1086/687829.

Holland, D., and S. Kasperski. 2016. The impact of access restrictions on fishery income diversification of US West Coast fishermen. Coast. Manage., 44(5):452-463. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2016.1208883.

Pfeiffer, L. 2016. Safety incidents in the West Coast catch shares fisheries. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-160, 33 p.

Mamula, A., and T. Collier. 2015. Multifactor productivity, environmental change, and regulatory impacts in the US West Coast groundfish trawl fishery, 1994-2013. Mar. Policy, 62:326-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.06.002.

Rose, K., J. Fiechter, E. Curchitser, K. Hedstrom, M. Bernal, S. Creekmore, A. Haynie, S. Ito, S. Lluch-Cota, B. Me- grey, C. Edwards, D. Checkley, T. Koslow, S. McClatchie, F. Werner, A. MacCall, and V. Agostini. 2015. Demonstration of a fully-coupled end-to-end model for small pelagic fish using sardine and anchovy in the California current. Prog.

Oceanogr., 138:348-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.01.012.

Chan, V., R. Clarke, and D. Squires. 2014. Full retention in tuna fisheries: Benefits, costs and unintended conse- quences. Mar. Policy, 45:213-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.10.016. 215
Publications
Kaplan, I., D. Holland, and E. Fulton. 2014. Finding the accelerator and brake in an individual quota fishery: Link- ing ecology, economics, and fleet dynamics of US West Coast trawl fisheries. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 71(2):308-319. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst114.

Kvamsdal, S., and S. Stohs. 2014. Estimating endangered species interaction risk with the Kalman filter. Am. J.

Agric. Econ., 96(2):458-468. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aat092.

Speir, C., C. Pomeroy, and J. Sutinen. 2014. Port level fishing dynamics: Assessing changes in the distribution of fishing activity over time. Mar. Policy, 46:171-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2014.01.014.

Ishimura, G., S. Herrick, and U. Sumaila. 2013. Stability of cooperative management of the Pacific sardine fishery under climate variability. Mar. Policy, 39:333-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.12.008.

Mamula, A., and J. Walden. 2013. Proceedings of the National Marine Fisheries Service productivity workshop (Santa Cruz, CA June 11-12, 2012). NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-SWFSC-503, 267 p.

Holland, D., and J. Jannot. 2012. Bycatch risk pools for the US West Coast groundfish fishery. Ecolog. Econ., 78:132-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.04.010.

Kaplan, I., and J. Leonard. 2012. From krill to convenience stores: Forecasting the economic and ecological effects of fisheries management on the US West Coast. Mar. Policy, 36(5):947-954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar- pol.2012.02.005.

Lian, C. 2012. West Coast open access groundfish and salmon troller survey: Protocol and results for 2005 and 2006. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-116, 52 p.

Thomson, C. 2012. Commercial fishing economics technical report for the secretarial determination on whether to remove four dams on the Klamath River in California and Oregon. Appendix MS7, Appendix to: Management testing and scenarios in the California Current, In California Current Integrated Ecosystem Assessment: Phase II Report (P.S. Levin, B. K. Wells, and M.B. Sheer, eds.). Available at https://swfsc-publications.fisheries.noaa.gov/ publications/CR/2013/2013Thomson.pdf.

Ocean Governance, Policy & Management Research
Breslow, S., B. Sojka, R. Barnea, X. Basurto, C. Carothers, S. Charnley, S. Coulthard, N. Dolsak, J. Donatuto, C.

Garcia-Quijano, C. Hicks, A. Levine, M. Mascia, K. Norman, M. Poe, T. Satterfield, K. St. Martin, and P. Levin. 2016.

Conceptualizing and operationalizing human wellbeing for ecosystem assessment and management. Environ. Sci.

Policy, 66:250-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.06.023.

Levin, P., G. Williams, A. Rehr, K. Norman, and C. Harvey. 2015. Developing conservation targets in social-ecologi- cal systems. Ecol. Soc., 20(4):6. https://doi.org/10.5751/es-07866-200406.

Wells, B., T. Wainwright, C. Thomson, T. Williams, N. Mantua, L. Crozier, S. Breslow, and K. Fresh. 2014. CCIEA Phase III Report 2013: Ecosystem components, protected species – Pacific salmon. 102 p.

Khanna, M., and C. Speir. 2013. Motivations for proactive environmental management. Sustainability, 5(6):2664- 2692. https://doi.org/10.3390/su5062664.
216
Publications
Morzaria-Luna, H., C. Ainsworth, I. Kaplan, P. Levin, and E. Fulton. 2013. Indirect effects of conservation poli- cies on the coupled human-natural ecosystem of the upper Gulf of California. PLOS One, 8(5):e64085. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064085.

Ainsworth, C., H. Morzaria-Luna, I. Kaplan, P. Levin, E. Fulton, R. Cudney-Bueno, P. Turk-Boyer, J. Torre, G.

Danemann, and T. Pfister. 2012. Effective ecosystem-based management must encourage regulatory compliance:

A Gulf of California case study. Mar. Policy, 36(6):1275-1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.03.016.

Norman, K., D. Holland, and S. Kasperski. 2012. Resilient and economically viable coastal communities. In Cali- fornia Current Integrated Ecosystem Assessment: Phase II Report. (P.S. Levin, B. K. Wells, and M.B. Sheer, eds.).

Available at https://www.integratedecosystemassessment.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-12/11.Human%20 Dimensions%20July%202013%20RevFinal.pdf.

Marine Protected Areas Research
Wallmo, K., and R. Kosaka. 2017. Using choice models to inform large marine protected area design. Mar. P olicy, 83:111-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.05.034.

Wallmo, K., and R. Kosaka. 2014. Public preferences for marine protected areas off the U.S. West Coast: The signifi- cance of restrictions and size on economic value. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-144, 96 p.

Mason, J., R. Kosaka, A. Mamula, and C. Speir. 2012. Effort changes around a marine reserve: The case of the California Rockfish Conservation Area. Mar. Policy, 36(5):1054-1063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.03.002.

Other Marine Environmental Research
Fuller, E., J. Samhouri, J. Stoll, S. Levin, and J. Watson. 2017. Characterizing fisheries connectivity in marine so- cial-ecological systems. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 74(8):2087-2096. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx128.

Otto, S., S. Simons, J. Stoll, and P. Lawson. 2016. Making progress on bycatch avoidance in the ocean salmon fishery using a transdisciplinary approach. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 73(9):2380-2394. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw061.

Griffiths, J., D. Schindler, J. Armstrong, M. Scheuerell, D. Whited, R. Clark, R. Hilborn, C. Holt, S. Lindley, J. Stan- ford, and E. Volk. 2014. Performance of salmon fishery portfolios across western North America. J. Appl. Ecol., 51(6):1554-1563. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12341.

Levin, P., J. Azose, and S. Anderson. 2014. Biblical influences on conservation: An examination of the apparent sustainability of Kosher seafood. Ecol. Soc., 19(2):55. https://doi.org/10.5751/es-06524-190255.

Halpern, B., C. Longo, K. McLeod, R. Cooke, B. Fischhoff, J. Samhouri, and C. Scarborough. 2013. Elicited pref- erences for components of ocean health in the California current. Mar. P olicy, 42:68-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marpol.2013.01.019.

Ecosystem-Based Management Research
Harvey, C., N. Garfield, G. Williams, K. Andrews, C. Barcelo´, K. Barnas, S. Bograd, R. Brodeur, B. Burke, J. Cope, L. deWitt, J. Field, J. Fisher, C. Greene, T. Good, E. Hazen, D. Holland, M. Jacox, S. Kasperski, S. Kim, A. Leising, S.

Melin, C. Morgan, S. Munsch, K. Norman, W. Peterson, M. Poe, J. Samhouri, I. Schroeder, W. Sydeman, J. Thayer, A.

Thompson, N. Tolimieri, A. Varney, B. Wells, T. Williams, and J. Zamon. 2017. Ecosystem status report of the Califor- nia Current for 2017: A summary of ecosystem indicators compiled by the California Current Integrated Ecosystem Assessment Team (CCIEA). NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-139, 61 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/TM-NWFSC-139. 217
Publications
Miller, R., J. Field, J. Santora, M. Monk, R. Kosaka, and C. Thomson. 2017. Spatial valuation of California marine fisheries as an ecosystem service. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 74(11):1732-1748. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0228.

Recreational Fisheries Economics Research
Anderson, L., and M. Plummer. 2017. Recreational demand for shellfish harvesting under environmental closures.

Mar. Resour. Econ., 32(1):43-57. https://doi.org/10.1086/688975.

Bellquist, L., B. Semmens, S. Stohs, and A. Siddall. 2017. Impacts of recently implemented recreational fisher- ies regulations on the Commercial Passenger Fishing Vessel fishery for Paralabrax sp. in California. Mar. Policy, 86:134-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.09.017.

Hilger, J., and S. Lovell. 2017. An economic profile of the charter fishing fleet in California. Mar. Fish. R ev., 79(3- 4):26-33. https://doi.org/10.7755/MFR.79.3-4.3.

Anderson, L., and S. Lee. 2013. Untangling the recreational value of wild and hatchery salmon. Mar. Resour. Econ., 28(2):175-197. https://doi.org/10.5950/0738-1360-28.2.175.

Anderson, L., S. Lee, and P. Levin. 2013. Costs of delaying conservation: Regulations and the recreational values of exploited and co-occurring species. Land Econ., 89(2):371-385. https://doi.org/10.3368/le.89.2.371.

Kuriyama, K., J. Hilger, and M. Hanemann. 2013. A random parameter model with onsite sampling for recreation site choice: An application to Southern California shoreline sportfishing. Environ. R esource Econ., 56(4):481-497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-013-9640-4.

Thomson, C. and C. Speir. 2011. In-river sport fishing economics technical report for the secretarial determina- tion on whether to remove four dams on the Klamath River in California and Oregon. Available at https://nrm.dfg. ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=153242.

Habitat Economics Research
Elbakidze, L., B. Fa’anunu, A. Mamula, and R. Taylor. 2017. Evaluating economic efficiency of a water buyback pro- gram: The Klamath irrigation project. Resource Energy Econ., 48:68-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2017.02.001.

Speir, C., A. Mamula, and D. Ladd. 2015. Effects of water supply on labor demand and agricultural production in California’s San Joaquin Valley. Water Econ. Policy, 1(2):1550003. https://doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x15500034.

Thomson, C. 2012. Klamath Tribes fishery socioeconomics technical report for the secretarial determination on whether to remove four dams on the Klamath River in California and Oregon. Available at https://kbifrm.psmfc. org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Thomson_2012_0381_Klamath-tribes-fishery-socioeconomics.pdf.

Sociocultural Fisheries Research
Calhoun, S., F. Conway, and S. Russell. 2016. Acknowledging the voice of women: Implications for fisheries man- agement and policy. Mar. Policy, 74:292-299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.033.

Norman, K., T. Safford, B. Feist, and M. Henly. 2016. At the confluence of data streams: Mapping paired social and biophysical landscapes on the Puget Sound’s edge. Coast. Manage., 44(5):427-440. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2 016.1208038.
218
Publications
Poe, M., J. Donatuto, and T. Satterfield. 2016. “Sense of place”: Human wellbeing considerations for ecological resto- ration in Puget Sound. Coast. Manage., 44(5):409-426. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2016.1208037.

Russell, S., A. Arias-Arthur, K. Sparks, and A. Varney. 2016. West Coast communities and catch shares: The early years of social change. Coast. Manage., 44(5):441-451. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2016.1208864.

Poe, M., P. Levin, N. Tolimieri, and K. Norman. 2015. Subsistence fishing in a 21st century capitalist society: From commodity to gift. Ecolog. Econ., 116:241-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.05.003.

Sawchuk, J., A. Beaudreau, D. Tonnes, and D. Fluharty. 2015. Using stakeholder engagement to inform en- dangered species management and improve conservation. Mar. Policy, 54:98-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar- pol.2014.12.014.

Breslow, S., D. Holland, P. Levin, K. Norman, M. Poe, C. Thomson, R. Barnea, P. Dalton, N. Dolsak, C. Greene, K.

Hoelting, S. Kasperski, R. Kosaka, D. Ladd, A. Mamula, S. Miller, B. Sojka, C. Speir, S. Steinback, and N. Tolimieri. 2014. Human dimensions of the CCIEA. In California Current Integrated Ecosystem Assessment: Phase III R eport. (P. Levin, B. Wells, and M. Sheer, eds.), 37 p.

Holland, D., and S. Kasperski. 2014. Fishery income diversification and risk for fishermen and fishing communities of the US West Coast and Alaska. In California Current Integrated Ecosystem Assessment: Phase III Report. (P.

Levin, B. Wells, and M. Sheer, eds.).

Safford, T., K. Norman, M. Henly, K. Mills, and P. Levin. 2014. Environmental awareness and public support for protecting and restoring Puget Sound. Environ. Manage., 53(4):757-768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0236-8.

Protected Resources Economics Research
Richerson, K., and D. Holland. 2017. Quantifying and predicting responses to a US West Coast salmon fishery clo- sure. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 74(9):2364-2378. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx093.

Gjertsen, H., D. Squires, P. Dutton, and T. Eguchi. 2014. Cost-effectiveness of alternative conservation strategies with application to the Pacific leatherback turtle. Conserv. Biol., 28(1):140-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12239.

WESTERN PACIFIC
Commercial Fisheries Economics Research
Chan, H., and M. Pan. 2017. Economic and social characteristics of the Hawaii small boat fishery 2014. NOAA Tech.

Memo. NMFS-PIFSC-63, 107 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/TM-PIFSC-63.

Pan, M., S. Arita, and K. Bigelow. 2017. Cost-earnings study of the American Samoa longline fishery based on vessel operations in 2009 and recent trend of economic performance. National Marine Fisheries Services, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. Administration Report H-17-01, 32 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/AR-PIFSC-H-17-01.

Sweeney, J., R. Howitt, H. Chan, M. Pan, and P. Leung. 2017. How do fishery policies affect Hawaii’s longline fish- ing industry? Calibrating a positive mathematical programming model. Nat. Resour. Model., 30(2):e12127. https:// doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12127.

Kalberg, K., and M. Pan. 2016. 2012 economic cost earnings of pelagic longline fishing in Haw aii. NOAA Tech.

Memo. NMFS-PIFSC-56, 60 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/TM-PIFSC-56. 219
Publications
Richmond, L., D. Kotowicz, and J. Hospital. 2015. Monitoring socioeconomic impacts of Hawai‘i’s 2010 bigeye tuna closure: Complexities of local management in a global fishery. Ocean Coast. Manage. , 106:87-96. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.01.015.

Hospital, J., and C. Beavers. 2014. Catch shares and the main Hawaiian Islands bottomfish fishery: Linking fishery con- ditions and fisher perceptions. Mar. Policy, 44:9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.006.

Arita, S., M. Pan, J. Hospital, and P. Leung. 2013. The distributive economic impacts of Hawaii’s commercial fish- ery: A SAM analysis. Fish. Res., 145:82-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2013.02.005.

Davidson, K., M.-Y. Pan, W. Hu, and D. Poerwanto. 2012. Consumers’ willingness to pay for aquaculture fish prod- ucts vs. wild-caught seafood – a case study in Hawaii. Aquacult. Econ. Manage., 16(2):136-154. https://doi.org/10.10 80/13657305.2012.678554.

Hospital, J., and C. Beavers. 2012. Economic and social characteristics of bottomfish fishing in the main Hawaiian Islands. National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. Administrative Report H-12-01, 44 p.

Pan, M., and P. Leung. 2012. Guest editors’ introduction: Economic relations between marine aquaculture and wild capture fisheries. Aquacult. Econ. Manage., 16(2):98-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2012.678556.

Ecosystem-Based Management Research
Weijerman, M., C. Grace-McCaskey, S. Grafeld, D. Kotowicz, K. Oleson, and I. van Putten. 2016. Towards an eco- system-based approach of Guam’s coral reefs: The human dimension. Mar. Policy, 63:8-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marpol.2015.09.028.

Recreational Fisheries Economics Research
Grafeld, S., K. Oleson, M. Barnes, M. Peng, C. Chan, and M. Weijerman. 2016. Divers’ willingness to pay for im- proved coral reef conditions in Guam: An untapped source of funding for management and conservation? Ecolog.

Econ., 128:202-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.05.005.

Madge, L., J. Hospital, and E. Williams. 2016. Attitudes and preferences of Hawaii non-commercial fishermen. Vol- ume 1: Report from the 2015 Hawaii saltwater recreational fishing survey. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-PIFSC-58, 85 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/TM-PIFSC-58.

Duffield, J., C. Neher, S. Allen, D. Patterson, and B. Gentner. 2012. Modeling the behavior of marlin anglers in the Western Pacific. Mar. Resour. Econ., 27(4):343-357. https://doi.org/10.5950/0738-1360-27.4.343.

Sociocultural Fisheries Research
Kotowicz, D., L. Richmond, and J. Hospital. 2017. Exploring public knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of the Mari- anas Trench Marine National Monument. Coast. Manage., 45(6):452-469. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2017.1373451.

Barnes, M., K. Kalberg, M. Pan, and P. Leung. 2016. When is brokerage negatively associated with economic ben- efits? Ethnic diversity, competition, and common-pool resources. Social Netwks., 45:55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. socnet.2015.11.004.
220
Publications
Barnes-Mauthe, M., S. Arita, S. Allen, S. Gray, and P. Leung. 2013. The influence of ethnic diversity on social network structure in a common-pool resource system: Implications for collaborativ e management. Ecol. Soc., 18(1):23. https://doi.org/10.5751/es-05295-180123.

Protected Resources Economics Research
Chan, H., and M. Pan. 2016. Spillover effects of environmental regulation for sea turtle protection in the Hawaii longline swordfish fishery. Mar. Resour. Econ., 31(3):259-279. https://doi.org/10.1086/686672.

NEW ENGLAND
Climate Change Research
Clay, P., L. Colburn, and T. Seara. 2016. Social bonds and recovery: An analysis of Hurricane Sandy in the first year after landfall. Mar. Policy, 74:334-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.049.

Colburn, L., M. Jepson, C. Weng, T. Seara, J. Weiss, and J. Hare. 2016. Indicators of climate change and social vulnerability in fishing dependent communities along the Eastern and Gulf Coasts of the United States. Mar. Policy, 74:323-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.030.

Seara, T., P. Clay, and L. Colburn. 2016. Perceived adaptive capacity and natural disasters: A fisheries case study. Global Environ. Change (A Hum. Policy Dimens.), 38:49-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.01.006.

Commercial Fisheries Economics Research
Färe, R., S. Grosskopf, and J. Walden. 2017. Measuring capital value in a commercial fishery: A distance function approach. Mar. Policy, 81:109-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.02.014.

Georgianna, D., M.-Y. Lee, and J. Walden. 2017. Contrasting trends in the Northeast United States groundfish and scallop processing industries. Mar. Policy, 85:100-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.08.025.

Muench, A., G. DePiper, and C. Demarest. 2017. On the precision of predicting fishing location using data from the vessel monitoring system (VMS). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 75(7):1036-1047. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0446.

Oliveira, M., A. Camanho, J. Walden, V. Miguéis, N. Ferreira, and M. Gaspar. 2017. Forecasting bivalve landings with multiple regression and data mining techniques: The case of the Portuguese artisanal dredge fleet. Mar. Policy, 84:110-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.07.013.

Walden, J., R. Färe, and S. Grosskopf. 2017. Measuring change in productivity of a fishery with the Bennet–Bowley indicator. Fish. Bull., 115(3):273-283. https://doi.org/10.7755/FB.115.3.1.

Das, C. 2016. Fisheries annual fixed cost data collection and estimation methodology: An application in the North- east, US. Mar. Policy, 71:184-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.05.030.

Palmer, M., J. Deroba, C. Legault, and E. Brooks. 2016. Comment on “Slow adaptation in the face of rapid warming leads to collapse of the Gulf of Maine cod fishery’. Science, 352(6284):423. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad9674.

Holland, D., P. Pinto da Silva, and A. Kitts. 2015. Evolution of social capital and economic performance in New En- gland harvest cooperatives. Mar. Resour. Econ., 30(4):371-392. https://doi.org/10.1086/682153. 221
Publications
Murphy, T., A. Kitts, C. Demarest, and J. Walden. 2015. 2013 Final report on the performance of the northeast multispecies (groundfish) fishery (May 2013 -April 2014). National Marine Fisheries Science, Northeast Fisheries Science Center. Reference Document 15-02, 106 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5XS5SB9.

Thunberg, E., and S. Correia. 2015. Measures of fishing fleet diversity in the New England groundfish fishery. Mar.

Policy, 58:6-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.04.005.

Thunberg, E., and M.-Y. Lee. 2015. The effort control program in the Northeast United States groundfish fishery. In Effort rights in fisheries management: General principles and case studies from around the world. 17–20 September 2012, Bilbao, Spain (D. Squires, M. Maunder, N. Vestergaard, V. Restrepo, R. Metzner, S. Herrick, R. Hannesson, I. del Valle, and P. Anderson, eds.), p. 215-234. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Clay, P., A. Kitts, and P. Pinto da Silva. 2014. Measuring the social and economic performance of catch share pro- grams: Definition of metrics and application to the US Northeast Region groundfish fishery. Mar. Policy, 44:27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.009.

Lee, M.-Y. 2014. Hedonic pricing of Atlantic cod: Effects of size, freshness, and gear. Mar. Resour. Econ., 29(3):259-277. https://doi.org/10.1086/677769.

Murphy, T., A. Kitts, D. Records, C. Demarest, D. Caless, J. Walden, and S. Benjamin. 2014. 2012 final report on the performance of the northeast multispecies (groundfish) fishery (May 2012- April 2013). National Marine Fisher-
ies Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center. Reference Document 14-01, 111 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5SF2T63.

Walden, J., and N. Kitts. 2014. Measuring fishery profitability: An index number approach. Mar. Policy, 43:321-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.07.002.

Holland, D., A. Kitts, P. Pinto da Silva, and J. Wiersma. 2013. Social capital and the success of harvest cooperatives in the New England groundfish fishery. Mar. Resour. Econ., 28(2):133-153. https://doi.org/10.5950/0738-1360-28.2.133.

Lee, M.-Y., and E. Thunberg. 2013. An inverse demand system for New England groundfish: Welfare analysis of the transition to catch share management. Am. J. Agric. Econ., 95(5):1178-1195. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aat061.

Walden, J. 2013. Economic health of the northeast (U.S.) multispecies trawl fleet 1996–2010. Fish. Res., 139:98- 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2012.10.002.

Lee, M.-Y. 2012. Examining bargaining power in the northeast multispecies days- at-sea market. North Am. J. Fish.

Manage., 32(5):1017-1031. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.707633.

Murphy, T., A. Kitts, D. Records, C. Demarest, M. McPherson, J. Walden, D. Caless, E. Sawyer, S. Steinback, and J.

Olson. 2012. 2011 final report on the performance of the Northeast multispecies (groundfish) fishery (May 2011-April 2012). National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center. Reference Document 12-30, 111 p.

Ocean Governance, Policy and Management Research
Nutters, H., and P. Pinto da Silva. 2012. Fishery stakeholder engagement and marine spatial planning: Lessons from the Rhode Island Ocean SAMP and the Massachusetts Ocean Management Plan. Ocean Coast. Manage., 67:9-

18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.05.020.
222
Publications
Other Marine Environmental Research
DePiper, G. 2014. Statistically assessing the precision of self-reported VTR fishing locations. NOAA Tech. Memo.

NMFS-NE-229, 22 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V53F4MJN.

Ecosystem-Based Management Research
DePiper, G., S. Gaichas, S. Lucey, P. Pinto da Silva, M. Anderson, H. Breeze, A. Bundy, P. Clay, G. Fay, R. Gam- ble, R. Gregory, P. Fratantoni, C. Johnson, M. Koen-Alonso, K. Kleisner, J. Olson, C. Perretti, P. Pepin, F. Phelan, V.

Saba, L. Smith, J. Tam, N. Templeman, and R. Wildermuth. 2017. Operationalizing integrated ecosystem assess- ments within a multidisciplinary team: Lessons learned from a worked example. ICES J . Mar. Sci., 74(8):2076- 2086. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx038.

Jin, D., G. DePiper, and P. Hoagland. 2016. Applying portfolio management to implement ecosystem-based fishery manage- ment (EBFM). North Am. J. Fish. Manage., 36(3):652-669. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2016.1146180.

Wiedenmann, J., J. Wilen, P. Levin, M. Plummer, and M. Mangel. 2016. A framework for exploring the role of bio- economics on observed fishing patterns and ecosystem dynamics. Coast. Manage., 44(5):529-546. https://doi.org/10. 1080/08920753.2016.1208886.

Jin, D., P. Hoagland, T. Dalton, and E. Thunberg. 2012. Development of an integrated economic and ecological framework for ecosystem-based fisheries management in New England. Prog. Oceanogr., 102:93-101. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pocean.2012.03.007.

Pinsky, M., and M. Fogarty. 2012. Lagged social-ecological responses to climate and range shifts in fisheries. Clim.

Chang., 115(3-4):883-891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0599-x.

Recreational Fisheries Economics Research
Lee, M.-Y., S. Steinback, and K. Wallmo. 2017. Applying a bioeconomic model to recreational fisheries manage- ment: Groundfish in the northeast United States. Mar. Resour. Econ., 32(2):191-216. https://doi.org/10.1086/690676.

Sociocultural Fisheries Research
Stoll, J., P. Pinto da Silva, J. Olson, and S. Benjamin. 2015. Expanding the ‘geography’ of resilience in fisheries by bringing focus to seafood distribution systems. Ocean Coast. Manage., 116:185-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oce- coaman.2015.07.019.

Johnson, T., A. Henry, and C. Thompson. 2014. Qualitative indicators of social resilience in small-scale fishing com- munities: An emphasis on perceptions and practice. Hum. Ecol. Rev., 20(2):97-115.

Jepson, M., and L. Colburn. 2013. Development of social indicators of fishing community vulnerability and resil- ience in the U.S. Southeast and Northeast regions. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-129, 64 p.

Protected Resources Economics Research
Bisack, K., and C. Das. 2015. Understanding non-compliance with protected species regulations in the Northeast USA gillnet fishery. Front. Mar. Sci., 2(91):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2015.00091.

Bisack, K., and G. Magnusson. 2014. Measuring the economic value of increased precision in scientific estimates of ma- rine mammal abundance and bycatch: Harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena in the Northeast U.S. gill-net fishery. North Am. J. Fish. Manage., 34(2):311-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2013.869281. 223
Publications
Magnusson, G., K. Bisack, and H. Milliken. 2012. The cost-effectiveness of gear research relative to a closure:

Pound nets and sea turtles as an example. National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center.

Reference Document 12-01, 25 p.

MID-ATLANTIC
Commercial Fisheries Economics Research
Holzer, J., G. DePiper, and D. Lipton. 2017. Buybacks with costly participation. J. Environ. Econ. Manage., 85:130- 145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2017.05.001.

DePiper, G. 2015. To bid or not to bid: The role of participation rates in conservation auction outcomes. Am. J.

Agric. Econ., 97(4):1157-1174. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aav017.

Färe, R., S. Grosskopf, and J. Walden. 2015. Productivity change and fleet restructuring after transition to individu- al transferable quota management. Mar. Policy, 62:318-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.05.015.

Huang, P., R. Woodward, M. Wilberg, and D. Tomberlin. 2015. Management evaluation for the Chesapeake Bay blue crab fishery: An integrated bioeconomic approach. North Am. J. Fish. Manage., 35(2):216-228. https://doi.org/1

0.1080/02755947.2014.986342.

DePiper, G., N. Higgins, D. Lipton, and A. Stocking. 2013. Auction design, incentives, and buying back Maryland and Virginia crab licenses. Can. J. Agr. Econ., 61(2):353-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12005.

Walden, J., J. Kirkley, R. Färe, and P. Logan. 2012. Productivity change under an individual transferable quota management system. Am. J. Agric. Econ., 94(4):913-928. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aas025.

Ecosystem-Based Management Research
DePiper, G., D. Lipton, and R. Lipcius. 2017. Valuing ecosystem services: Oysters, denitrification, and nutrient trading programs. Mar. Resour. Econ., 32(1):1-20. https://doi.org/10.1086/688976.

Gaichas, S., R. Seagraves, J. Coakley, G. DePiper, V. Guida, J. Hare, P. Rago, and M. Wilberg. 2016. A framework for incorporating species, fleet, habitat, and climate interactions into fishery management. Front. Mar. Sci., 3:105. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00105.

Recreational Fisheries Economics Research
Hutt, C., S. Lovell, and G. Silva. 2014. The economic contribution of Atlantic highly migratory species angling permit holders in New England and the Mid-Atlantic, 2011. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-147, 34 p.

Habitat Economics Research
Nicosia, K., S. Daaram, B. Edelman, L. Gedrich, E. He, S. McNeilly, V. Shenoy, A. Velagapudi, W. Wu, L. Zhang, A.

Barvalia, V. Bokka, B. Chan, J. Chiu, S. Dhulipalla, V. Hernandez, J. Jeon, P. Kanukollu, P. Kravets, A. Mantha, C. Mi- randa, V. Nigam, M. Patel, S. Praveen, T. Sang, S. Upadhyay, T. Varma, C. Xu, B. Yalamanchi, M. Zharova, A. Zheng, R. Verma, J. Vasslides, J. Manderson, R. Jordan, and S. Gray. 2014. Determining the willingness to pay for ecosystem service restoration in a degraded coastal watershed: A ninth grade investigation. Ecolog. Econ., 104:145-151. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.02.010.
224
Publications

SOUTH ATLANTIC
Commercial Fisheries Economics Research
Crosson, S. 2016. The Affordable Care Act and opportunities for change in North Carolina’s commercial fisheries.

Mar. Resour. Econ., 31(2):121-129. https://doi.org/10.1086/685099.

Crosson, S. 2015. Anticipating exit from North Carolina’s commercial fisheries. Soc. Nat. Resour., 28(7):797-806. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2014.970737.

Yandle, T., and S. Crosson. 2015. Whatever happened to the wreckfish fishery? An evaluation of the oldest finfish ITQ program in the United States. Mar. Resour. Econ., 30(2):193-217. https://doi.org/10.1086/679974.

Crosson, S., T. Yandle, and B. Stoffle. 2013. Renegotiating property rights in the Florida golden crab fishery. Int. J.

Commons, 7(2):521–548. https://doi.org/10.18352/ijc.385.

Huang, L., L. Nichols, J. Craig, and M. Smith. 2012. Measuring welfare losses from hypoxia: The case of North Car- olina brown shrimp. Mar. Resour. Econ., 27(1):3-23. https://doi.org/10.5950/0738-1360-27.1.3.

Walter, J., E. Orbesen, C. Liese, and J. Serafy. 2012. Can circle hooks improve western Atlantic sailfish, istiophorus platypterus, populations? Bull. Mar. Sci., 88(3):755-770. https://doi.org/10.5343/bms.2011.1072.

Ocean Governance, Policy and Management Research
Rehr, A., M. Small, P. Bradley, W. Fisher, A. Vega, K. Black, and T. Stockton. 2012. A decision support framework for science-based, multi-stakeholder deliberation: A coral reef example. Environ. Manage., 50(6):1204-1218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9941-3.

Recreational Fisheries Economics Research
Carter, D., A. Marvasti, C. Liese, and S. Crosson. 2016. Valuing sportfishing harvest with the demand for boat fuel.

Mar. Resour. Econ., 31(3):323-338. https://doi.org/10.1086/686580.

Shideler, G., D. Carter, C. Liese, and J. Serafy. 2015. Lifting the goliath grouper harvest ban: Angler perspectives and willingness to pay. Fish. Res., 161:156-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2014.07.009.

Carter, D., and C. Liese. 2012. The economic value of catching and keeping or releasing saltwater sport fish in the southeast USA. North Am. J. Fish. Manage., 32(4):613-625. https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2012.675943.

GULF OF MEXICO
Commercial Fisheries Economics Research
Marvasti, A. 2017. Determinants of the risk of accidents in the Gulf of Mexico commercial fisheries. Ocean Coast.

Manage., 148:282-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.08.018.

Marvasti, A., and S. Dakhlia. 2017. Occupational safety and the shift from common to individual fishing quotas in the Gulf of Mexico. Southern Econ. J., 83(3):705-720. https://doi.org/10.1002/soej.12154.

O’Farrell, S., J. Sanchirico, I. Chollett, M. Cockrell, S. Murawski, J. Watson, A. Haynie, A. Strelcheck, and L. Perru- so. 2017. Improving detection of short-duration fishing behaviour in vessel tracks by feature engineering of training data. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 74(5):1428-1436. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw244. 225
Publications
Purcell, K., J. Craig, J. Nance, M. Smith, and L. Bennear. 2017. Fleet behavior is responsive to a large-scale en- vironmental disturbance: Hypoxia effects on the spatial dynamics of the northern Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery.

PLOS One, 12(8):e0183032. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183032.

Marvasti, A., and A. Lamberte. 2016. Commodity price volatility under regulatory changes and disaster. J. Empiri- cal Finance, 38:355-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2016.07.008.

Karnauskas, M., M. Schirripa, J. Craig, G. Cook, C. Kelble, J. Agar, B. Black, D. Enfield, D. Lindo-Atichati, B. Muh- ling, K. Purcell, P. Richards, and C. Wang. 2015. Evidence of climate-driven ecosystem reorganization in the Gulf of Mexico. Glob. Change. Biol., 21(7):2554-2568. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12894.

Solis, D., J. Agar, and J. del Corral. 2015. IFQs and total factor productivity changes: The case of the Gulf of Mexi- co red snapper fishery. Mar. Policy, 62:347-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.06.001.

Solís, D., J. del Corral, L. Perruso, and J. Agar. 2015. Individual fishing quotas and fishing capacity in the US Gulf of Mexico red snapper fishery. Australian J. Agr. Resource Econ., 59(2):288-307. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467- 8489.12061.

Agar, J., and D. Carter. 2014. Are the 2012 allocations of gag, red, and black grouper in the Gulf of Mexico economi- cally efficient? NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-SEFSC-660, 40 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5ZW1HVJ.

Agar, J., and D. Carter. 2014. Is the 2012 allocation of red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico economically efficient? NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-SEFSC-659, 32 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V53N21B7.

Agar, J., J. Stephen, A. Strelcheck, and A. Diagne. 2014. The Gulf of Mexico red snapper IFQ program: The first five years. Mar. Resour. Econ., 29(2):177-198. https://doi.org/10.1086/676825.

Marvasti, A. 2014. Crew injuries and fatalities, employment estimates, and casualty rates in the Gulf of Mexico com- mercial fisheries. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-SEFSC-656, 17 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V56T0JKG.

Solís, D., J. del Corral, L. Perruso, and J. Agar. 2014. Evaluating the impact of individual fishing quotas (IFQs) on the technical efficiency and composition of the US Gulf of Mexico red snapper commercial fishing fleet. Food P ol., 46:74-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.02.005.

Solís, D., L. Perruso, J. del Corral, B. Stoffle, and D. Letson. 2013. Measuring the initial economic effects of hurricanes on commercial fish production: The US Gulf of Mexico grouper (Serranidae) fishery . Nat. Hazards, 66(2):271-289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0476-y.

Tokotch, B., C. Meindl, A. Hoare, and M. Jepson. 2012. Stakeholder perceptions of the northern Gulf of Mex- ico grouper and tilefish individual fishing quota program. Mar. Policy, 36(1):34-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mar- pol.2011.03.006.

Other Marine Environmental Research
Farrow, K., A. Brinson, K. Wallmo, and D. Lew. 2016. Environmental attitudes in the aftermath of the Gulf Oil Spill.

Ocean Coast. Manage., 119:128-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.10.001. 226
Publications
Ecosystem-Based Management Research
Gruss, A., K. Rose, J. Simons, C. Ainsworth, E. Babcock, D. Chagaris, K. De Mutsert, J. Froeschke, P. Himchak, I.

Kaplan, H. O’Farrell, and M. Rejon. 2017. Recommendations on the use of ecosystem modeling for informing eco- system-based fisheries management and restoration outcomes in the Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Coast. Fish., 9(1):281- 295. https://doi.org/10.1080/19425120.2017.1330786.

Karnauskas, M., C. Kelble, S. Regan, C. Quenée, R. Allee, M. Jepson, A. Freitag, J. Craig, C. Carollo, L. Barbero, N. Trifonova, D. Hanisko, and G. Zapfe. 2017. 2017 Ecosystem status report update for the Gulf of Mexico. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-SEFSC-706, 51 p.

Recreational Fisheries Economics Research
Carter, D., S. Crosson, and C. Liese. 2015. Nowcasting intraseasonal recreational fishing harvest with internet search volume. PLOS One, 10(9):e0137752. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137752.

Habitat Economics Research
Minello, T., L. Rozas, P. Caldwell, and C. Liese. 2012. A comparison of salt marsh construction costs with the value of exported shrimp production. Wetlands, 32(5):791-799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-011-0237-9.

Sociocultural Fisheries Research
Blount, B., S. Jacob, P. Weeks, and M. Jepson. 2015. Testing cognitive ethnography: Mixed-methods in de- veloping indicators of well-being in fishing communities. Hum. Org., 74(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.17730/hu- mo.74.1.665ww120082h561l.

Jacob, S., P. Weeks, B. Blount, and M. Jepson. 2013. Development and evaluation of social indicators of vulner- ability and resiliency for fishing communities in the Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Policy, 37:86-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marpol.2012.04.014.

CARIBBEAN
Commercial Fisheries Economics Research
Agar, J., M. Shivlani, and D. Solis. 2017. The commercial trap fishery in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico: An economic, social, and technological profile. North Am. J. Fish. Manage., 37(4):778-788. https://doi.org/10.1080/027559

47.2017.1317678.

Fleming, C., F. Tonioli, and J. Agar. 2014. A review of principal coastal economic sectors within the southeast Unit- ed States and the U.S. Caribbean. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-SEFSC-669, 44 p. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5J10135.

Habitat Economics Research
Fitzpatrick, L., C. Parmeter, and J. Agar. 2017. Threshold effects in meta-analyses with application to benefit transfer for coral reef valuation. Ecolog. Econ., 133:74-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.11.015.

INTERNATIONAL
Climate Change Research
Melnikov, N., B. O’Neill, M. Dalton, and B. van Ruijven. 2017. Downscaling heterogeneous household outcomes in dynamic CGE models for energy-economic analysis. Energy Econ., 65:87-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ene- co.2017.04.023.
227
Publications
McLeod, E., B. Szuster, J. Hinkel, E. Tompkins, N. Marshall, T. Downing, S. Wongbusarakum, A. Patwardhan, M.

Hamza, C. Anderson, S. Bharwani, L. Hansen, and P. Rubinoff. 2016. Conservation organizations need to consider adaptive capacity: Why local input matters. Conserv. Lett., 9(5):351-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12210.

McLeod, E., B. Szuster, E. Tompkins, N. Marshall, T. Downing, S. Wongbusarakum, A. Patwardhan, M. Hamza, C.

Anderson, S. Bharwani, L. Hansen, and P. Rubinoff. 2015. Using expert knowledge to develop a vulnerability and adaptation framework and methodology for application in tropical island communities. Coast. Manage., 43(4):365- 382. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2015.1046803.

Wongbusarakum, S., M. Gombos, B. Parker, C. Courtney, S. Atkinson, and W. Kostka. 2015. The Local Early Action Planning (LEAP) tool: Enhancing community-based planning for a changing climate. Coast. Manage., 43(4):383- 393. https://doi.org/10.1080/08920753.2015.1046805.

Commercial Fisheries Economics Research
Guillotreau, P., D. Squires, J. Sun, and G. Compeán. 2017. Local, regional and global markets: What drives the tuna fisheries? Rev. Fish Biol. Fish., 27(4):909-929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-016-9456-8.

Gutierrez, A., and S. Morgan. 2017. Impediments to fisheries sustainability - coordination between public and pri- vate fisheries governance systems. Ocean Coast. Manage., 135:79-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.10.016.

Pons, M., T. Branch, M. Melnychuk, O. Jensen, J. Brodziak, J. Fromentin, S. Harley, A. Haynie, L. Kell, M. Maunder, A. Parma, V. Restrepo, R. Sharma, R. Ahrens, and R. Hilborn. 2017. Effects of biological, economic and manage- ment factors on tuna and billfish stock status. Fish Fish., 18(1):1-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12163.

Smith, M., A. Oglend, A. Kirkpatrick, F. Asche, L. Bennear, J. Craig, and J. Nance. 2017. Seafood prices reveal impacts of a major ecological disturbance. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S . A, 114(7):1512-1517. https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.1617948114.

Sun, C., F. Chiang, P. Guillotreau, D. Squires, D. Webster, and M. Owens. 2017. Fewer fish for higher profits? Price response and economic incentives in global tuna fisheries management. Environ. Resour. Econ., 66(4):749-764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-015-9971-4.

Kuriyama, P., T. Branch, M. Bellman, and K. Rutherford. 2016. Catch shares have not led to catch-quota balancing in two North American multispecies trawl fisheries. Mar. Policy, 71:60-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.05.010.

Melnychuk, M., T. Essington, T. Branch, S. Heppell, O. Jensen, J. Link, S. Martell, A. Parma, and A. Smith. 2016.

Which design elements of individual quota fisheries help to achieve management objectiv es? Fish Fish., 17(1):126- 142. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12094.

Oliveira, M., A. Camanho, J. Walden, and M. Gaspar. 2016. Evaluating the influence of skipper skills in the performance of Portuguese artisanal dredge vessels. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 73(10):2721-2728. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw103.

Squires, D., and N. Vestergaard. 2016. Economics of Fisheries. In Oxford bibliographies in environmental science (E. Wohl, ed.). Oxford University Press.

Stemle, A., H. Uchida, and C. Roheim. 2016. Have dockside prices improved after MSC certification? Analysis of multiple fisheries. Fish. Res., 182:116-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2015.07.022. 228
Publications
Woods, P., D. Holland, and A. Punt. 2016. Evaluating the benefits and risks of species-transformation provisions in multispecies IFQ fisheries with joint production. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 73(7):1764-1773. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/ fsw031.

Grafton, R., K. Segerson, and D. Squires. 2015. Promoting green growth in fisheries. In Protecting the environ- ment privately (J. Bennett, ed.), p. 63-87. World Scientific Publishing Company, Singapore.

Squires, D., and M. Maunder. 2015. Synthesis of workshop results: Pros and cons of effort based management. In Effort rights in fisheries management: General principles and case studies from around the World. 17–20 Septem- ber 2012, Bilbao, Spain (D. Squires, M. Maunder, N. Vestergaard, V. Restrepo, R. Metzner, S. Herrick, R. Hannes- son, I. del Valle, and P. Anderson, eds.), p. 11-28. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Woods, P., C. Bouchard, D. Holland, A. Punt, and G. Marteinsdóttir. 2015. Catch-quota balancing mechanisms in the Icelandic multi-species demersal fishery: Are all species equal? Mar. Policy, 55:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. marpol.2015.01.004.

Woods, P., D. Holland, G. Marteinsdóttir, and A. Punt. 2015. How a catch–quota balancing system can go wrong:

An evaluation of the species quota transformation provisions in the Icelandic multispecies demersal fishery. ICES J.

Mar. Sci., 72(5):1257-1277. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv001.

Holland, D. 2013. Making cents out of barter data from the British Columbia groundfish ITQ market. Mar. Resour.

Econ., 28(4):311-330. https://doi.org/10.5950/0738-1360-28.4.311.

Squires, D., R. Allen, and V. Restreppo. 2013. Rights-based management in international tuna fisheries. FAO Fish- eries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 571, 79 p.

Wolff, F.-C., D. Squires, and P. Guillotreau. 2013. The firm’s management in production: Management, firm, and time effects in an Indian Ocean tuna fishery. Am. J. Agric. Econ., 95(3):547-567. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aas140.

Essington, T., M. Melnychuk, T. Branch, S. Heppell, O. Jensen, J. Link, S. Martell, A. Parma, J. Pope, and A. Smith. 2012.

Catch shares, fisheries, and ecological stewardship: A comparative analysis of resource responses to a rights-based policy instrument. Conserv. Lett., 5(3):186-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00226.x.

Park, S., K. Davidson, and M. Pan. 2012. Economic relationships between aquaculture and capture fisheries in the re- public of Korea. Aquacult. Econ. Manage., 16(2):102-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/13657305.2012.678558.

Ocean Governance, Policy and Management Research
Do Yun, S., B. Hutniczak, J. Abbott, and E. Fenichel. 2017. Ecosystem-based management and the wealth of ecosys- tems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A, 114(25):6539-6544. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617666114.

Lodge, M., K. Segerson, and D. Squires. 2017. Sharing and preserving the resources in the deep sea: Challenges for the international seabed authority. Int. J. Mar. Coast. Law, 32(3):427 to 457. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718085- 12323047.

Mumby, P., J. Sanchirico, K. Broad, M. Beck, P. Tyedmers, M. Morikawa, T. Okey, L. Crowder, E. Fulton, D. Kelso, J. Kleypas, S. Munch, P. Glynn, K. Matthews, and J. Lubchenco. 2017. Avoiding a crisis of motivation for ocean management under global environmental change. Glob. Change. Biol., 23(11):4483-4496. https://doi.org/10.1111/ gcb.13698.
229
Publications
Rindorf, A., C. Dichmont, J. Thorson, A. Charles, L. Clausen, P. Degnbol, D. Garcia, N. Hintzen, A. Kempf, P. Levin, P. Mace, C. Maravelias, C. Minto, J. Mumford, S. Pascoe, R. Prellezo, A. Punt, D. Reid, C. Rockmann, R. Stephen- son, O. Thebaud, G. Tserpes, and R. Voss. 2017. Inclusion of ecological, economic, social, and institutional con- siderations when setting targets and limits for multispecies fisheries. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 74(2):453-463. https://doi. org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw226.

Squires, D., M. Maunder, R. Allen, P. Andersen, K. Astorkiza, D. Butterworth, G. Caballero, R. Clarke, H. Ellefsen, P. Guillotreau, J. Hampton, R. Hannesson, E. Havice, M. Helvey, S. Herrick Jr., K. Hoydal, V. Maharaj, R. Metzner, I. Mosqueira, A. Parma, I. Prieto-Bowen, V. Restrepo, S. F. Sidique, S. Steinsham, E. Thunberg, I. del Valle, and N.

Vestergaard. 2017. Effort rights-based management. Fish Fish., 18(3):440-465. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12185.

Hicks, C., A. Levine, A. Agrawal, X. Basurto, S. Breslow, C. Carothers, S. Charnley, S. Coulthard, N. Dolsak, J. Donatuto, C. Garcia-Quijano, M. Mascia, K. Norman, M. Poe, T. Satterfield, K. Martin, and P. Levin. 2016. Engage key social concepts for sustainability. Science, 352(6281):38-40. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad4977.

Moore, S., and D. Squires. 2016. Governing the depths: Conceptualizing the politics of deep sea resources. Global Environ. Politics, 16(2):101-109. https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00347.

Squires, D., M. Maunder, S. Herrick, M. Helvey, and R. Clarke. 2016. Effort rights-based management. In Effort rights in fisheries management: General principles and case studies from around the world. 17–20 September 2012, Bilbao, Spain (D. Squires, M. Maunder, N. Vestergaard, V. Restrepo, R. Metzner, S. Herrick, R. Hannesson, I. del Valle, and P. Anderson, eds.), p. 37-78. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Squires, D., M. Maunder, N. Vestergaard, V. Restrepo, R. Metzner, S. Herrick, R. Hannesson, I. del Valle, and P. An- derson. 2016. Effort rights in fisheries management: General principles and case studies from around the world. In Effort rights in fisheries management: General principles and case studies from around the world. 17–20 Septem- ber 2012, Bilbao, Spain (D. Squires, M. Maunder, N. Vestergaard, V. Restrepo, R. Metzner, S. Herrick, R. Hannes- son, I. del Valle, and P. Anderson, eds.), p. 1-10. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Squires, D., M. Maunder, N. Vestergaard, V. Restrepo, R. Metzner, S. Herrick, R. Hannesson, I. del Valle, and P. An- derson, eds. 2016. Effort rights in fisheries management: General principles and case studies from around the world. 17–20 September 2012, Bilbao, Spain. 260 p. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Grafton, R., and D. Squires. 2015. The economic sustainability paradigm and freshwater and marine fisheries governance. In Handbook of water economics (A. Dinar, and K. Schwabe, eds.), p. 199–218. Edward Elgar, Chel- tenham, UK.

Squires, D., L. Ballance, R. Deriso, J. Ianelli, M. Maunder, and K. Schaefer. 2015. Comment on ‘Scope and com- patibility of measures in international fisheries agreements’ by Finus and Schneider. Oxford Econ. Pap., 67(4):889- 894. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpv041.

Mengerink, K., C. Van Dover, J. Ardron, M. Baker, E. Escobar-Briones, K. Gjerde, J. Koslow, E. Ramirez-Llodra, A.

Lara-Lopez, D. Squires, T. Sutton, A. Sweetman, and L. Levin. 2014. A call for deep-ocean stewardship. Science, 344(6185):696-698. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251458.

Richerson, K., P. Levin, and M. Mangel. 2012. Accounting for indirect effects and non-commensurate values in ecosystem based fishery management (EBFM). Mar. Policy, 36(2):565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2011.08.009. 230
Publications
Marine Protected Areas Research
McDermott, S., L. Buhl-Mortensen, G. Dahle, D. Hart, A. Haynie, T. Johannessen, E. Moksness, E. Olsen, E. Olsen, J. Olson, P. Spencer, and W. Stockhausen. 2017. Lessons on marine protected area management in northern bore- al regions from the United States and Norway. Mar. Fish. Rev., 79(1):28 to 51. https://doi.org/10.7755/MFR.79.1.2.

Rice, J., E. Moksness, C. Attwood, S. Brown, G. Dahle, K. Gjerde, E. Grefsrud, R. Kenchington, A. Kleiven, P. McCo- nney, M. Ngoile, T. Naesje, E. Olsen, E. Olsen, J. Sanders, C. Sharma, O. Vestergaard, and L. Westlund. 2012. The role of MPAs in reconciling fisheries management with conservation of biological diversity. Ocean Coast. Manage., 69:217-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.08.001.

Other Marine Environmental Research
Higham, J., L. Bejder, S. Allen, P. Corkeron, and D. Lusseau. 2016. Managing whale-watching as a non-lethal consump- tive activity. J. Sustainable Tourism, 24(1):73-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1062020.

Ecosystem-Based Management Research
Link, J., O. Thebaud, D. Smith, A. Smith, J. Schmidt, J. Rice, J. Poos, C. Pita, D. Lipton, M. Kraan, S. Frush- er, L. Doyen, A. Cudennec, K. Criddle, and D. Bailly. 2017. Keeping humans in the ecosystem. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 74(7):1947-1956. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsx130.

Maury, O., L. Campling, H. Arrizabalaga, O. Aumont, L. Bopp, G. Merino, D. Squires, W. Cheung, M. Goujon, C.

Guivarch, S. Lefort, F. Marsac, P. Monteagudo, R. Murtugudde, H. Österblom, J. Pulvenis, Y. Ye, and B. van Ruijven. 2017. From shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) to oceanic system pathways (OSPs): Building policy-relevant scenarios for global oceanic ecosystems and fisheries. Global Environ. Change, 45:203-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. gloenvcha.2017.06.007.

Payne, M., A. Hobday, B. MacKenzie, D. Tommasi, D. Dempsey, S. Fässler, A. Haynie, R. Ji, G. Liu, P. Lynch, D.

Matei, A. Miesner, K. Mills, K. Strand, and E. Villarino. 2017. Lessons from the first generation of marine ecological forecast products. Front. Mar. Sci., 4:289. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00289.

Rindorf, A., C. Dichmont, P. Levin, P. Mace, S. Pascoe, R. Prellezo, A. Punt, D. Reid, R. Stephenson, C. Ulrich, M.

Vinther, and L. Clausen. 2017. Food for thought: Pretty good multispecies yield. ICES J. Mar. Sci., 74(2):475-486. https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw071.

Recreational Fisheries Economics Research
Kim, D.-H., C. Seung, and Y.-I. Seo. 2017. Multi-regional economic impacts of recreational fisheries: Analysis of Small Sea Ranch in Gyeong-Nam Province, Korea. Mar. Policy, 84:90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2017.07.011.

Seafood Marketing and Trade Research
Béné, C., R. Arthur, H. Norbury, E. Allison, M. Beveridge, S. Bush, L. Campling, W. Leschen, D. Little, D. Squires, S. Thilsted, M. Troell, and M. Williams. 2016. Contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to food security and poverty reduction: Assessing the current evidence. World Devel., 79:177-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.007.

Crona, B., X. Basurto, D. Squires, S. Gelcich, T. Daw, A. Khan, E. Havice, V. Chomo, M. Troell, E. Buchary, and E.

Allison. 2016. Towards a typology of interactions between small-scale fisheries and global seafood trade. Mar. Poli- cy, 65:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2015.11.016. 231
Publications
Sociocultural Fisheries Research
Froehlich, H., R. Gentry, M. Rust, D. Grimm, and B. Halpern. 2017. Public perceptions of aquaculture: Evaluating spatio- temporal patterns of sentiment around the world. PLOS One, 12(1):e0169281. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169281.

Protected Resources Economics Research
Lent, R., and D. Squires. 2017. Reducing marine mammal bycatch in global fisheries: An economics approach.

Deep Sea Res. (II Top. Stud. Oceanogr.), 140:268-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2017.03.005.

Cárdenas, S., and D. Lew. 2016. Factors influencing willingness to donate to marine endangered species recovery in the Galapagos National Park, Ecuador. Front. Mar. Sci., 3:60. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00060.

Smith, M., F. Asche, L. Bennear, E. Havice, A. Read, and D. Squires. 2014. Will a catch share for whales improve social welfare? Ecol. Appl., 24(1):15-23. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0085.1.

Squires, D. 2014. Biodiversity conservation in Asia. Asia Pac. Policy Stud., 1(1):144-159. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.13.

THEORETICAL
Commercial Fisheries Economics Research
Kronbak, L., D. Squires, and N. Vestergaard. 2014. Recent developments in fisheries economics research. Int. Rev.

Environ. Resour. Econ., 7(1):67-108.

Squires, D., R. Clarke, and V. Chan. 2014. Subsidies, public goods, and external benefits in fisheries. Mar. P olicy, 45:222-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.11.002.

Woodward, R., and D. Tomberlin. 2014. Practical precautionary resource management using robust optimization.

Environ. Manage., 54(4):828-839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0348-1.

Ono, K., D. Holland, and R. Hilborn. 2013. How does species association affect mixed stock fisheries management? A comparative analysis of the effect of marine protected areas, discard bans, and individual fishing quotas. Can. J.

Fish. Aquat. Sci., 70(12):1792-1804. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0046.

Squires, D., and N. Vestergaard. 2013. Technical change and the commons. Rev. Econ. Statist., 95(5):1769-1787. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00346.

Squires, D., and N. Vestergaard. 2013. Technical change in fisheries. Mar. Policy, 42:286-292. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.03.019.

Holland, D., and G. Herrera. 2012. The impact of age structure, uncertainty, and asymmetric spatial dynamics on regulatory performance in a fishery metapopulation. Ecolog. Econ., 77:207-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecole- con.2012.03.003.

Ecosystem-Based Management Research
Ryan, R., D. Holland, and G. Herrera. 2014. Ecosystem externalities in fisheries. Mar. Resour. Econ., 29(1):39-53. https://doi.org/10.1086/676288.
232
Publications
Protected Resources Economics Research
Wallmo, K., K. Bisack, D. Lew, and D. Squires, eds. 2016. Protected species economics: Concepts in research and management. Vol. 2, 133 p. Frontiers in Marine Science, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Resources
Signs for the Chelsea Rose, a historic fishing boat, used to sell locally caught seafood at the dock in Newport, Oregon.

Photo: Pacific Fishery Management Council
234
Resources

UNITED STATES
Federal Agencies
• Office of Science and Technology, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/office-science-and-technology • Marine Recreational Information Program | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/topic/recreational-fishing-data • Office of Marine Conservation, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. Department of State | www.state.gov/bureaus-offices/under-secretary-for-economic-growth-ener- gy-and-the-environment/bureau-of-oceans-and-international-environmental-and-scientific-affairs/office-of-ma- rine-conservation/

NORTH PACIFIC
Federal Agencies
• Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/alaska-fisheries-science-center • Alaska Regional Office, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/alaska-regional-office • Alaska Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | www.fws.gov/alaska/ • District 17, U.S. Coast Guard | www.pacificarea.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/District-17/ State Agencies
• Alaska Department of Fish and Game | www.adfg.state.ak.us Councils and Commissions
• North Pacific Fishery Management Council | www.npfmc.org • Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission | www.psmfc.org • Fisheries Economics Data Program Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission | www.psmfc.org/efin • International Pacific Halibut Commission | www.iphc.int

PACIFIC
Federal Agencies
• Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/northwest-fisheries-sci- ence-center
• West Coast Regional Office, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/west-coast-regional-office • Southwest Fisheries Science Center | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/southwest-fisheries-science-center • Pacific Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | www.fws.gov/pacific • California and Nevada, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | www.fws.gov/cno • District 13, U.S. Coast Guard | www.pacificarea.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/District-13/ State Agencies
• California Department of Fish and Game | www.wildlife.ca.gov • Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife | www.dfw.state.or.us • Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife | http://wdfw.wa.gov/ Councils and Commissions
• Pacific Fishery Management Council | www.pcouncil.org • Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission | www.psmfc.org • Fisheries Economics Data Program - Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission | www.psmfc.org/efin • International Pacific Halibut Commission | www.iphc.int

WESTERN PACIFIC
Federal Agencies
• Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/pacific-islands-fisher- ies-science-center
• Pacific Islands Regional Office, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/pacific-islands-regional-office • Pacific Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | www.fws.gov/pacific • District 14, U.S. Coast Guard | www.pacificarea.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/District-14/ 235
Resources
State Agencies
• Hawaiʻi Department of Land and Natural Resources | www.dlnr.hawaii.gov/ • Guam Office of the Governor | http://governor.guam.gov/ • Division of Fish and Wildlife, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands | http://www.dfw.gov.mp/Monu- ment_Page.html
Councils and Commissions
• Western Pacific Fishery Management Council | www.wpcouncil.org

NEW ENGLAND
Federal Agencies
• Northeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/northeast-fisheries-sci- ence-center
• Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/greater-atlantic-re- gional-fisheries-office
• Northeast Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | www.fws.gov/northeast • District 1, U.S. Coast Guard | www.atlanticarea.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/District-1/ State Agencies
• Maine Department of Marine Resources | www.maine.gov/dmr/ • Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management | www.dem.ri.gov • Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries | www.mass.gov/orgs/division-of-marine-fisheries • Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection | www.ct.gov/deep/ • New Hampshire Fish and Game Department | www.wildlife.state.nh.us Councils and Commissions
• New England Fishery Management Council | www.nefmc.org • Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission | www.asmfc.org

MID-ATLANTIC
Federal Agencies
• Northeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/northeast-fisheries-sci- ence-center
• Greater Atlantic Regional Fisheries Office, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/greater-atlantic-re- gional-fisheries-office
• Northeast Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | www.fws.gov/northeast • District 5, U.S. Coast Guard | www.atlanticarea.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/District-5/ State Agencies
• Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife | https://dnrec.alpha.delaware.gov/fish-wildlife/ • Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission | www.fishandboat.com/ • Fisheries and Boating Service, Maryland Department of Natural Resources | www.dnr.state.md.us/fisheries • New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife | www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw • Marine Resources Councils and Boards Bureau of Marine Resources, New York Department of Environmental Conservation | www.dec.ny.gov/about/568.html
• Virginia Marine Resources Commission | www.dnr.maryland.gov/fisheries Councils and Commissions
• Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council | www.mafmc.org • Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission | www.asmfc.org 236
Resources

SOUTH ATLANTIC
Federal Agencies
• Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/southeast-fisheries-sci- ence-center
• Southeast Regional Office, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/southeast-regional-office • Southeast Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | www.fws.gov/southeast • Southwest Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | www.fws.gov/southwest • District 7, U.S. Coast Guard | www.atlanticarea.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/District-7/ State Agencies
• Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission | www.myfwc.com/ • Coastal Resources Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources | www.coastalgadnr.org/ • Division of Marine Fisheries, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources | http://portal. ncdenr.org/web/mf/
• Marine Resources Division, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources | www.dnr.sc.gov Councils and Commissions
• South Atlantic Fishery Management Council | www.safmc.net • Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission | www.asmfc.org

GULF OF MEXICO
Federal Agencies
• Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/southeast-fisheries-sci- ence-center
• Southeast Regional Office, NOAA Fisheries | www.fisheries.noaa.gov/about/southeast-regional-office • Southeast Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | www.fws.gov/southeast • Southwest Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | www.fws.gov/southwest • District 8, U.S. Coast Guard | www.atlanticarea.uscg.mil/Our-Organization/District-8/ State Agencies
• Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission | www.myfwc.com/ • Marine Resources Division, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources | www.outdooral- abama.com
• Mississippi Department of Marine Resources | www.dmr.ms.gov/ • Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries | www.wlf.louisiana.gov/ • Texas Parks and Wildlife Department | www.tpwd.texas.gov/ Councils and Commissions
• Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council | www.gulfcouncil.org • Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission | www.gsmfc.org

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
• North American Association of Fisheries Economists | https://naafe.oregonstate.edu/ • International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade | https://iifet.oregonstate.edu/

OTHER ORGANIZATIONS AND INFORMATION
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development | www.oecd.org/ • Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | www.fao.org/ fishery/capture/en
• Marine Stewardship Council | www.msc.org
Glossary
Surf fishing in Chincoteague Island, Virginia.

Photo: Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council/Jose Montanez 238
Glossary
Angler1 — A person catching fish with no intent to sell, including people releasing the catch. Also known as a recre- ational fisherman.

Annual Payroll2 — Includes all forms of compensation such as salaries, wages, reported tips, commissions, bonus- es, vacation allowances, sick-leave pay, employee contributions to qualified pension plans, and the value of taxable fringe benefits. For corporations, it includes amounts paid to officers and executives; for unincorporated business- es, it does not include profit or other compensation of proprietors or partners. Payroll is reported before deductions for Social Security, income tax, insurance, union dues, etc.

Annual Receipts3 — Includes gross receipts, sales, commissions, and income from trades and businesses, as reported on annual business income tax returns. Business income consists of all payments received for services rendered by non-employer businesses, such as payments received as independent agents and contractors. The composition of non-employer receipts may differ from receipts data published for employer establishments. For ex- ample, for wholesale agents and brokers without payroll (non-employers), the receipts item contains commissions or earnings. In contrast, for wholesale agents and brokers with payroll (employers), the sales and receipts item published in the Economic Census represents the value of the goods involved in the transactions.

Buyback Program — A management tool available to fishery managers intended to ease fishing-related pressure on marine resources. Fishing vessels are purchased by the government or by the fishing industry itself. Then they are re- moved from a specific fishery where fish stocks or stock complexes are considered overfished or subject to overfishing.

Bycatch1 — Species other than the primary target species that are caught incidental to the harvest of the primary species. Bycatch may be retained or discarded; discards may occur for regulatory or economic reasons.

Catch1 — 1. To undertake any activity that results in taking fish out of its environment dead or alive, or to bring fish on board a vessel dead or alive; 2. The total number (or weight) of fish caught by fishing operations. Catch should include all fish killed by the act of fishing, not just those landed; For this report, recreational catch refers to the total number of individual fish released (thrown back into the sea) and harvested (not thrown back into the sea) by recreational fishermen (anglers).

Catch Share Program4 — This is a generic term used to describe a fishery management program that allocates a specific portion of the total fishery catch to individuals, cooperatives, communities, or other entities, including sectors. The term encompasses more specific programs defined in legislation such as Limited Access Privilege Pro- grams (LAPPs) and Individual Fishing Quotas (IFQs). Note that a catch share allocated to a sector is different from a general sectoral allocation or distribution to an entire segment of a fishery (such as a recreational sector alloca- tion or a longline gear sector allocation). The two differ because the recipient of the catch share is responsible for terminating fishing activity when their specific share is reached.

Coastal County5 — Counties with borders that are within 25 miles of the coast are considered coastal. All counties in Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware, and Florida are considered coastal.

Coastal County Angler — For this report, a coastal county angler refers to a recreational fisherman who lives within a given state and within a coastal county of that state.

Commercial Fisheries — In this report, commercial fisheries refer to fishing operations that sell their catch for profit.

The term does not include subsistence fishermen or saltwater anglers who fish for sport. It also excludes the for-hire sector, which earns its revenue from selling recreational fishing trips to saltwater anglers. The commercial fisheries section reports on economic impacts, landings revenue, landings, and ex-vessel prices of key species/species groups. 239
Glossary
Commercial Fishing Location Quotient (CFLQ)6 — For this report, the CFLQ is calculated as the ratio of a state’s distribution of employment in commercial fishing industries compared with the distribution of commercial fishing industries in the U.S. The CFLQ is calculated using the “Location Quotient Calculator” provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.

Community Development Quota Program (CDQ)1 — A program in western Alaska under which a percentage of the total allowable catch (TAC) of Bering Sea commercial fisheries is allocated to specific communities. Communities eligible for this program must be located within 50 miles of the Bering Sea coast or on an island within the Bering Sea; meet criteria established by the State of Alaska; be a village certified by the Secretary of the Interior pursu- ant to the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act; and consist of residents who conduct more than half of their cur- rent commercial or subsistence fishing in the Bering Sea or waters surrounding the Aleutian Islands. Currently 7.5 percent of the TAC in the pollock, halibut, sablefish, crab and groundfish fisheries is allocated to the CDQ Program.

Dedicated Access Privileges (DAPs)7 — As defined by the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, a DAP program assigns an individual or other entity access to a predetermined portion of the annual catch in a particular fishery. In some cases, the privilege is transferable and may be bought and sold, creating a market. The term encompasses a range of tools, in- cluding access privileges assigned to individuals (that is, individual transferable quotas), and to groups or communities (for example, community development quotas, cooperatives, and area-based quotas). DAP is often synonymous with Limited Access Privilege Programs (see “Limited Access Privilege Program”) and are sometimes referred to as rights- based management. However, “rights-based management” implies granting an individual the “right” to fish. Apart from certain tribes, U.S. fishermen do not have inalienable rights to fish because the fishery resources of the U.S. belong to all people of the U.S. Under current law, fishermen are granted a “privilege” to fish, subject to certain conditions.

Discards1 — To release or return a fish or other species to the sea, dead or alive, whether or not such fish or other species are brought fully on board a fishing vessel. Estimates of discards can be made in a variety of ways, includ- ing samples from observers and logbook records. Fish (or parts of fish) can be discarded for a variety of reasons such as having physical damage, being a non-target species for the trip, and compliance with management regula- tions like minimum size limits or quotas.

Durable Equipment Expenditures or Durable Goods Expenditures8 — For this report, this term refers to expenses related to equipment used for recreational fishing activities. These expenses include the purchase of semi-dura- ble goods (e.g., tackle, rods, reels, line); durable goods (e.g., motor boats and accessories, non-motorized boats, boating electronics, mooring, boat storage, boat insurance, vehicles, second homes); and angling accessories and multi-purpose items (e.g., magazines, club dues, saltwater angling-specific clothing, camping gear).

Ecolabel9 — In fisheries, ecolabelling schemes entitle a fishery product to bear a distinctive logo or statement that certifies that the fish has been harvested in compliance with specified conservation and sustainability standards.

The logo or statement is intended to facilitate informed decisions by purchasers whose choices may promote and stimulate the sustainable use of fishery resources.

Economic Impact Model8,10,11 — Economic impact models capture how sales in a sector generate economic impacts di- rectly in the sector in which the sale was made. The sales then ripple throughout the state and national economies as each dollar spent generates additional sales by other firms and consumers. The NOAA Fisheries Commercial Fishing & Seafood Industry Input/Output Model uses an IMPLAN platform to estimate the economic impacts associated with the harvesting of fish by U.S. commercial fishermen and other major components of the U.S. seafood industry. As used here, the term fish refers to the entire range of finfish, shellfish, and other life (that is, sea urchins, seaweed, kelp and worms) from marine and freshwaters that are included in the landings data maintained by the National Marine Fisheries Service. The NOAA Fisheries Recreational Economic Impact Model, which also uses an IMPLAN plat- form, estimates the economic impacts generated by expenditures made by marine (saltwater) anglers. 240
Glossary
Economic Impacts8,10,11 — For this report, the economic impacts of the commercial fishing sector and seafood in- dustry refer to the employment (full-time and part-time jobs), personal income, and output (sales by U.S. busi- nesses) generated by the commercial harvest sector and other major components of the U.S. seafood industry.

These components include processors and dealers, wholesalers and distributors, grocers, and restaurants. Eco- nomic impacts of recreational fishing activities refer to the amount of sales generated, the number of jobs sup- ported, labor income, and the contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) by state (also known as value-added impacts) from expenditures related to recreational fishing.

Effort — For this report, effort refers to the number of angler trips taken by recreational fishermen (anglers). An angler trip is defined as any part of a single day (24 hours) of marine recreational fishing.

Employee Compensation12 — This is related to gross domestic product (GDP) by state and is an estimate of the sum of employee wages and salaries and supplements to wages and salaries. Wages and salaries are measured on an accrual, or “when earned” basis, which may be different from the measure of wages and salaries measured on a disbursement, or “when paid” basis. Wages and salaries and supplements of federal military and civilian govern- ment employees stationed abroad are excluded from the measure of GDP by state.

Employer Establishments13 — Businesses with payroll and paid employees with a single physical location at which business is conducted or services or industrial operations are performed. An employee establishment is not neces- sarily identical to a company or enterprise, which may consist of one or more establishments. When two or more activities are carried on at a single location under a single ownership, all activities generally are grouped together as a single establishment. The entire establishment is classified on the basis of its major activity, and all data are included in that classification.

Employment Impacts — Employment is specified on the basis of full-time and part-time jobs supported directly or indirectly by the purchases made by anglers or by the commercial harvest and seafood sector economic activity.

This impact is measured in the number of full and part-time jobs.

Endangered Species14 — As defined by the Endangered Species Act (ESA), an endangered species is any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. See also “Threatened Species.” Endangered Species Act (ESA)14 — The ESA was signed on December 28, 1973 and provides for the conservation of species that are endangered or threatened throughout all or a significant portion of their range, and the con- servation of the ecosystems on which they depend. The ESA replaced the Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969. Congress has amended the ESA several times.

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)1 — The EEZ is the area that extends 200 nautical miles from the seaward boundary of the coastal states. The seaward boundary for most states is 3 nautical miles with the exceptions of Texas, Puerto Rico, and the Gulf Coast of Florida, which is 9 nautical miles. The U.S. claims and exercises sovereign rights and exclusive fishery management authority over all fish and continental shelf resources through this 200-nautical-mile boundary.

Expenditures8,11 — For this report, expenditures are related to recreational fishing activities and described as being one of two types: 1) expenditures related to a specific fishing trip; or 2) durable equipment expenditures.

Fish Stock1 — A fish stock refers to the living resources in the community or population from which catches are taken in a fishery. The term “fish stock” usually implies that the particular population is more or less isolated from other stocks of the same species and hence self-sustaining. In a particular fishery, the fish stock may be one or several species of fish. Here, it also includes commercial invertebrates and plants. 241
Glossary
Fishery Management Council (FMC) or Regional Fishery Management Council15 — A regional fisheries management body established by the Magnuson-Stevens Act to manage fishery resources in eight designated regions of the United States.

Fishery Management Plan (FMP)15 — 1. A document prepared under supervision of the appropriate fishery manage- ment council (FMC) for the management of stocks of fish judged to require management. The plan generally must be formally approved. An FMP includes data, analyses, and management measures; 2. A plan containing conser- vation and management measures for fishery resources, and other provisions required by the Magnuson-Stevens Act, developed by fishery management councils or the Secretary of Commerce.

Fishing Cooperatives15 — A market-based fisheries management tool where access to fisheries resources is limited to a specific group of fishermen. See also “Catch Share Program.” Fishing Day — For this report, a fishing day refers to a partial or full day spent in recreational fishing. This term is used in the Alaska recreational fishing tables.

Fishing Effort1 — The amount of fishing gear of a specific type used on the fishing grounds over a given unit of time.

For example, hours trawled per day, number of hooks set per day, or number of hauls of a beach seine per day. When two or more kinds of gear are used, the respective efforts must be adjusted to some standard type before being added.

For recreational fishing activities, fishing effort refers to the number of fishing trips made by recreational anglers.

Fishing Mode — For this report, fishing mode refers to the type of recreational fishing a recreational fisherman (an- gler) engages in, such as fishing from shore, a private or rental boat, or a for-hire boat.

Fishing Trip — For this report, a fishing trip is defined as an angler trip. An angler trip is defined as any part of a single day (24 hours) of marine recreational fishing. Fishing trips are classified as occurring in one of three fishing modes: 1) a shore-based fishing trip; 2) by a private or rental boat; or 3) on a for-hire fishing boat.

For-Hire Mode — For this report, this fishing mode refers to trips taken by recreational fishermen (anglers) on a party (also referred to as a head boat) or charter boat. In the Gulf and South Atlantic, for-hire mode does not include head boats.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by State or Gross State Product (GSP)12 — Previously known as the Gross State Product, the GDP by state is the value added in production by the labor and capital located in a state. GDP for a state is derived as the sum of the GDP originating in all industries in the state.

Harvest1 — The total number or weight of fish caught and kept from an area over a period of time. Note that land- ings, catch, and harvest are different. However, in Hawai`i and the Gulf states, recreational harvest includes fish thrown back dead. See also “Catch” and “Release.”
Income Impacts8,10,11 — Income impacts include personal income (wages and salaries) and proprietors’ income (income from self-employment).

Individual Fishing Quota (IFQ)1 — A type of limited entry; an allocation to an individual (a person or a legal entity, for example, a vessel owner or company) of a right (privilege) to harvest a certain amount of fish in a certain peri- od of time. It is also often expressed as an individual share of an aggregate quota, or total allowable catch (TAC).

See also “Individual Transferable Quota” and “Catch Share Program.” 242
Glossary
Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ)1 — A type of individual fishing quota (IFQ) allocated to individual fishermen or vessel owners that can be transferred (sold or leased) to others. See also “Individual Fishing Quota.” Industry Sector — For this report, fishing- and marine-related industries were combined into industry sectors.

Two industry sectors were included in this report: 1) seafood sales and processing; and 2) transport, support, and marine operations. Fishing and marine-related industries were chosen from the County Business Patterns Data Series based on data availability and perceived relevance to fishing or marine activities. These industries were then combined into one of these two industry sectors.

Key Species or Species Groups — For this report, up to 10 species or species groups were chosen as “key” species or species groups due to their regional importance to commercial and recreational fisheries. The regional impor- tance of these key species or species groups was chosen based on their economic and/or historical or cultural significance to a state or region.

Landing Revenues — The dollar value of commercial fisheries landings.

Landings1 — 1. The number or poundage of fish unloaded by commercial fishermen or brought to shore by recreational fishermen for personal use. Landings are reported at the locations at which fish are brought to shore; 2. The part of the catch that is selected and kept during the sorting procedures on board vessels and successively discharged at dockside.

License Limitation Program or Limited Entry Program1 — A management tool available to fishery managers where the number of commercial fishermen or vessels licensed to participate in a fishery is legally restricted. A manage- ment agency often uses this management tool to limit entry into a fishery.

Limited Access Privilege Program (LAPP) or Limited Access Privilege System15 — As defined in the Magnuson-Ste- vens Act, LAPPs limit participation in a fishery to those satisfying certain eligibility criteria or requirements con- tained in a fishery management plan (FMP) or associated regulation. A limited access privilege is a federal permit, issued as part of a limited access system, to harvest a quantity of fish expressed by a unit or units representing a portion of the total allowable catch (TAC) of the fishery that may be received or held for exclusive use by a person.

A LAPP includes an individual fishing quota (IFQ) or individual tradable quota (ITQ) but does not include commu- nity development quotas (CDQs). LAPPs are sometimes known as Dedicated Access Privileges (DAPs). However, unlike LAPPs, DAPs generally encompass CDQs as well as IFQs (see “Dedicated Access Privileges”). LAPPs are a type of catch share program. See also “Catch Share Program.” Limited Entry Program — Also known as a license limitation program; see “License Limitation Program.” Location Quotient6 — Location Quotients (LQs) are ratios that allow an area’s distribution of employment by in- dustry to be compared to a reference or base area’s distribution. The reference area is usually the U.S., but it can also be a state or metropolitan area. The reference or base industry is usually the all-industry total. LQs also allow areas to be easily compared with each other. If an LQ is equal to 1, then the industry has the same share of its area employment as it does in the reference area. An LQ greater than 1 indicates an industry with a greater share of the local area employment than in the reference area.

For example (assuming the U.S. as the reference area), Las Vegas will have an LQ greater than 1 in the Leisure and Hospitality industry, because this industry makes up a larger share of the Las Vegas employment total than it does for the country as a whole. LQs are calculated by first dividing local industry employment by the all-industry total of local employment. Next, reference area industry employment is divided by the all-industry total for the reference area. Finally, the local ratio is divided by the reference area ratio. 243
Glossary
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act or Magnuson-Stevens Act (MSA)1 — Federal legislation responsible for establishing the Regional Fishery Management Councils (FMCs) and the mandatory and discretionary guidelines for federal fishery management plans (FMPs). This legislation was originally enacted in 1976 as the Fishery Management and Conservation Act. Its name was changed to the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act in 1980, and in 1996 it was renamed the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act.

Market-based Management15 — Market-based management is an umbrella term that encompasses approaches that provide economic incentives to protect fisheries from overharvest. These approaches contrast with conventional fisheries management approaches, such as buyback programs and license limitation programs (see “Buyback Program” and “Li- cense Limitation Program”). One example of a market-based management approach for fisheries is a limited access priv- ilege program (LAPP; see “Limited Access Privilege Program”) that includes an individual fishing quota. A LAPP provides individual fishermen an exclusive, market-based share of a harvest quota or total allowable catch (TAC) of a fishery.

Marine Coastal County — For this report, a marine coastal county is a coastal county that is adjacent to an ocean coastline. See also “Coastal County.”
Marine Economy — For this report, the marine economy refers to the economic activity generated by fishing- and marine-related industries located in a coastal state. Fishing- and marine-related industries were chosen from in- dustries defined in the County Business Patterns Data Series provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Industries listed in this report were chosen based on that industry’s direct contribution to fishing and marine activities, and whether data were available for that industry. Information such as the number of establishments, number of employees, and annual payroll for these fishing and marine-related industries was used to determine their relative levels of economic activity in a state. These industries were categorized into one of two industry sectors: 1) seafood sales and processing; and 2) transport, support, and marine operations. See also “Industry Sector.” Non-Coastal County Angler — For this report, a non-coastal county angler refers to a recreational fisherman who lives within a given state but not in a coastal county of that state.

Non-Employer Firms3 — A non-employer business is one that has no paid employees, has annual business re- ceipts of $1,000 or more ($1 or more in the construction industries), and is subject to federal income taxes. Most non-employers are self-employed individuals operating very small unincorporated businesses that may or may not be the owner’s principal source of income.

Non-Resident Angler — For this report, a non-resident in the U.S. table refers to a recreational fisherman (angler) who resides outside the U.S.; a non-resident in the regional and state tables refers to an angler who did not reside in the state where they fished.

Out-of-State Angler — For this report, an out-of-state angler is a recreational fisherman (angler) who does not reside within a given coastal state.

Overcapacity16 — When the harvesting capability within a given fishery exceeds the level of harvest allowed for that fishery.

Overcapitalization9 — When the amount of harvesting capacity in a fishery exceeds the amount needed to harvest the desired amount of fish at least cost.
244
Glossary
Overfished1 — 1. An overfished stock or stock complex “whose size is sufficiently small that a change in man- agement practices is required to achieve an appropriate level and rate of rebuilding.” A stock or stock complex is considered overfished when its population size falls below the minimum stock size threshold (MSST). A rebuilding plan is required for stocks that are deemed overfished; 2. A stock is considered overfished when exploited beyond an explicit limit past which its abundance is considered “too low” to ensure safe reproduction. In many fisheries, the term is used when biomass has been estimated to be below a biological reference point that is used as the signpost defining an “overfished condition.”
Overfishing1 — 1. According to the National Standard Guidelines, “overfishing occurs whenever a stock or stock complex is subjected to a rate or level of fishing mortality that jeopardizes the capacity of a stock or stock com- plex to produce maximum sustainable yield (MSY) on a continuing basis.” Overfishing is occurring if the maximum fishing mortality threshold (MFMT) is exceeded for 1 year or more; 2. In general, the action of exerting fishing pressure (fishing intensity) beyond the agreed optimum level. A reduction of fishing pressure would, in the medi- um term, lead to an increase in the total catch.

Protected Species17 — Refers to any species that is protected by either the Endangered Species Act (ESA) or the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), and that is under the jurisdiction of NOAA Fisheries. This total includes all threatened, endangered, and candidate species, as well as all cetaceans and pinnipeds, excluding walruses.

Recreational Fisheries — Recreational fishing refers to fishing for leisure rather than to sell fish (commercial fish- ing) or for subsistence. The economic contributions or impacts of recreational fishing activities in the United States is based on spending by recreational anglers.

Regional Fishery Management Council or Fishery Management Council (FMC)15 — The Magnuson-Stevens Act es- tablished eight Regional FMCs around the United States. Each council consists of voting and non-voting members who represent various federal, state, and tribal governments; fishing industry groups (commercial and/or recre- ational); and non-fishing groups (such as environmental organizations and academic institutions). Each council is tasked with creating fishery management plans for important fisheries within their regions.

Release — For this report, release refers to the number of individual fish caught by a recreational fisherman (an- gler) that are then returned to the sea (dead or alive). In Hawai`i and the Atlantic and Gulf states, release does not include fish returned to the sea that are dead. See also “Catch” and “Harvest.” Resident — For this report, a resident in the U.S. table refers to a recreational fisherman (angler) who resides inside the U.S.; a resident in the regional and state tables refers to an angler who resides in the state where they fished.

Sales Impacts8,10,11 — Sales impacts refer to the gross value of all sales by regional businesses affected by an ac- tivity, such as recreational or commercial fishing. For example, it includes both the direct sales made by the angler (commercial fisherman) and sales made between businesses and households resulting from that original sale by the angler (commercial fisherman).

Sector Allocation Program17 — A fisheries management tool where a group of fishermen are allocated a quota or share of a total allowable catch (TAC), in accordance with an approved plan. This program is considered a type of catch share program. See also “Catch Share Program.”
Species1 — A group of animals or plants having common characteristics that are able to breed together to produce fertile (capable of reproducing) offspring and maintain their “separateness” from other groups. 245
Glossary
Species Group1 — Group of species considered together because they are difficult to differentiate without detailed examination (very similar species), or because data for the separate species are not available (for example, in fishery statistics or commercial categories).

Threatened Species14 — As defined by the Endangered Species Act (ESA), a threatened species is any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range. See also “Endangered Species.”
Total Annual Durable Expenditures — Total annual durable expenditures were estimated by multiplying mean durable expenditures by the estimated annual number of adult participants at the state level or the national level and adjust- ed by the Consumer Price Index to the current year.

Total Annual Trip Expenditures – Total annual trip expenditures are estimated at the state level by multiplying mean trip expenditures by the estimated number of adult trips in each trip mode (for-hire, private boat, and shore) and ad- justed by the Consumer Price Index to the current year. The trip expenditures at the national level is the sum of state trip expenditures in each mode.

Trip Expenditures — For this report, trip expenditures refer to expenses incurred by recreational fishermen (anglers) on a fishing trip. Trip expenditures include expenditures made by residents (individuals who reside in a coastal or non-coastal county within a given state; a U.S. resident) and non-residents (individuals who do not reside within the United States).

Value-Added Impacts8,10,11 — Value-Added impacts refer to the contribution made to the gross domestic product in a region from commercial fishing landings and recreational fishing expenditures.

GLOSSARY NOTES
1 Blackhart, K., D. G. Stanton, and M. Shimada (eds.). 2005. NOAA Fisheries Glossary, Revised edition, June 2006. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-69, 61 p. Available at: https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/tech-memo/noaa-fisheries-glossary [accessed March 26, 2020]. 2 U.S. Census Bureau. County Business Patterns (CBP). Available at: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html [accessed April 1, 2020]. 3 U.S. Census Bureau. Nonemployer Statistics. Available at: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics.html [accessed April 1, 2020].
4 NOAA Fisheries Policy Office. NOAA Catch Share Policy. Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/laws-and-policies/catch-shares [ac- cessed March 31, 2020].
5 NOAA Fisheries. Recreational Fishing Data Glossary. Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/recreational-fishing-data/recreational-fishing-da- ta-glossary [accessed March 31, 2020].
6 Bureau of Labor Statistics. QCEW Location Quotient Details. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/cew/about-data/location-quotients-explained.htm [accessed April 1, 2020].
7 U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century, Final Report. 2004. Available at: https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/ocean- commission/documents/full_color_rpt/000_ocean_full_report.pdf [accessed April 1, 2020]. 8 Lovell, S. J., J. Hilger, S. Steinback, and C. Hutt. 2016. The Economic Contribution of Marine Angler Expenditures on Durable Goods in the United States, 2014. . NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-165, 72 p. Available at: https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/tech-memo/economic-contribution-ma- rine-angler-expenditures-durable-goods-united-states-2014 [accessed March 12, 2020]. 9 FAO Fisheries Department. Fisheries Term Portal. Available at: http://www.fao.org/faoterm/collection/fisheries/en/ [accessed April 1, 2020]. 10 Kirkley, J. The NMFS Commercial Fishing & Seafood Industry Input/Output Model (CFSI I/O Model). Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar. org/8600/3a0004135375f1f13a888aca5e2eaf4fffd8.pdf?_ga=2.158730802.982576641.1585688544-2034208116.1585688544 [accessed April 6, 2020].
11 Lovell, S. J., J. Hilger, N. A. Olsen, and S. Steinback. 2020. The Economic Contribution of Marine Angler Expenditures on Fishing Trips in the United States, 2017. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-201, 80p. Available at: https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/tech-memo/economic-contribution-ma- rine-angler-expenditures-fishing-trips-united-states-2017 [accessed March 27, 2020]. 12 Bureau of Economic Analysis. Regional Economic Accounts: About Regional. Available at: https://www.bea.gov/resources/learning-center/about-re- gional [accessed April 1, 2020].
13 U.S. Census Bureau. About the Economic Census. Available at: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/about.html [accessed April 1, 2020].
14 NOAA Fisheries. Endangered Species Act. Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/endangered-species-conservation/endangered-spe- cies-act [accessed March 31, 2020].
15 NOAA Fisheries. Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/ magnuson-stevens-fishery-conservation-and-management-act [accessed April 1, 2020]. 246
Glossary
16 NOAA Fisheries. Status of U.S. Fisheries. Available at: https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/population-assessments/status-us-fisheries [ac- cessed March 31, 2020.]
17 Terry, J., J. Walden, and J. Kirkley. 2008. National Assessment of Excess Harvesting Capacity in Federally Managed Commercial Fisheries NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-93, 366 p. Available at: https://spo.nmfs.noaa.gov/content/tech-memo/national-assessment-excess-harvesting-capaci- ty-federally-managed-commercial [accessed March 31, 2020].

Commercial fishing vessel.

Photo: South Atlantic Fishery Management Council/Cameron Rhodes

C-8 Correspondence – William Light

From: Fastmail [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Monday, March 20, 2023 3:55 PM
To: Rex Richardson <[email protected]>; Mary Zendejas <[email protected]>; Cindy Allen <[email protected]>; Suely Saro <[email protected]>; Al Austin <[email protected]>; Daryl Supernaw <[email protected]>; [email protected]
Cc: CityClerk <[email protected]>; Paul Monge <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Connor Lock <[email protected]> Subject: Pull item #8 and Phase out Drilling in 5 Years

-EXTERNAL-

Dear Long Beach Decision-Makers,

As a resident of Long Beach for more than 35 years, I am writing to express my serious concern regarding item #8 on tomorrow's agenda.

Instead of passing this feeble, kick-the-can-down-the-road report, the City Council should direct Energy Resources to rewrite a plan in line with a 5-year phase out of oil drilling and 3200 feet health and safety setbacks immediately.

This is not the time to pussyfoot around the issue of phasing out oil drilling. This is a time for real leadership on sustainable action and keeping fossil fuels and their resulting greenhouse gases in the ground. The people of the future will pay dearly for a cavalier, don’t-rock-the-boat attitude toward fossil fuel development. Right now, you are those people's representatives! Please have the courage to take bold action. Stand up for our children and grandchildren. Let’s leave them a planet worth inhabiting, not one marked by massive population displacement, global meltdown, and epic die-offs of all species, most especially ours.

Please refuse to kowtow any longer to the interests of a few oil barons the way Long Beach politicians have for the city's entire history. Phase out oil drilling now. Show greater Los Angeles that Long Beach can lead on this critical existential issue by standing up to a status quo that is literally killing us!
Sincerely
William Light

C-8 Correspondence – Varenka Lorenzi

From: varenka lorenzi [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, March 21, 2023 12:19 AM
To: Rex Richardson <[email protected]>; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Cc: CityClerk <[email protected]>; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Subject: Pull item #8 and Phase out Drilling in 5 Years

-EXTERNAL-

Long Beach Decision-makers,

I am writing with serious concerns in regards to item number 8 on tomorrows agenda.

Instead of passing this report, City Council should direct Energy Resources to rewrite a plan in line with a 5-year phase out of oil drilling and 3200 feet health and safety setbacks immediately.

California is the only major oil producing state without health and safety buffers between oil drilling sites and homes, schools, parks, hospitals.

As a resident of Long Beach, I expect you to put our health before the revenues from oil drilling in sensitive areas.

The science is clear on the short and long term effects of living near oil wells due to the toxic chemicals leaching out. You can choose to keep ruining the life of people or you can do the right thing and protect the health of your citizens.

Please ensure a buffer zone, and work towards a faster phase-out of oil drilling to reduce methane emissions, instead of contributing to global warming at a rate that is going to destroy our beautiful State.

Sincerely,
Varenka Lorenzi

C-8 Correspondence – Ketty Citterio
From: Pete Marsh [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Tuesday, March 21, 2023 2:57 PM
To: CityClerk <[email protected]>
Subject: Agenda Item 23-0238: Request a Full Economic Analysis of Oil Production Costs

-EXTERNAL-

Honorable Mayor and Honorable CouncilMembers:

Thank you for all that you do for our community and for a vibrant Long Beach economy. We are fortunate to be part of the Southern California economic engine that generates GDP of about $1.6T, which would place SoCal as the world's 13th largest economy if it were its own country.

This morning, I forwarded an opinion piece by the LA Times Editorial Board, and that inspired the following rudimentary economic analysis of Long Beach's oil and gas economy.

The City Manager's Dec 9, 2022 memo to City Council, titled "Revenue Implications of SB 1137 - Health and Safety Setbacks Around New and Reworked Existing Oil Wells," presents an incomplete financial picture to City Council, severely restricting your ability to make fully informed and sound decisions for the best economic outcomes for the City.
• It describes projected losses in revenue to the Tideland Operating Fund, Uplands Fund, and General Fund, averaging roughly $13M of the $236M FY23 Tidelands Fund (~6%) over six years and roughly $6M of the General Fund (<1%).
• The memo also describes future costs of oil well abandonment cost (roughly $1.2B, of which the city's share is $154M, of which we've so far saved $70M). • But this depiction fails to consider the real price society, including the residents and economy of Long Beach, pays for powering much of our economy with fossil fuel combustion. We've come to accept many of these costs as "normal," yet they are costs we know how to avoid. • A decade ago, decarbonizing the global economy looked difficult and expensive. But a decade of incredible technical advances and price decreases in renewable energy and electric end use machines means that a zero carbon economy is both technically feasible and less expensive than the fossil fueled status quo. I summarize 18 peer-reviewed studies from the last six years, all reaching this conclusion, in this set of three slides from my climate economics presentations.

Below is a rudimentary economic analysis that presents peer-reviewed assessments of global costs imposed on society by fossil fuel combustion, and somewhat crudely calculates Long Beach's share of those costs. I'm sure these approximations are not exactly accurate. But I feel confident they represent the magnitude of the under-appreciated costs of our oil economy, and should make every government leader wonder what their share of this cost burden is.

Our outstanding Health and Human Services Department may have some estimates for these costs, and I recommend City Council request them. If they don't, please as a Council direct Staff to develop such a report. It should include expenditures by the City and other levels of government on chronic and acute illnesses that result from oil production, environmental cleanup costs, etc. In the meantime, here are rough calculations based on globally accepted peer-reviewed studies.

What's the true cost of fossil fuels?

• According to the World Bank, 2021 Global GDP was ~$96 trillion. o Meanwhile, the International Monetary Fund calculates that 2020 fossil fuel subsidies were $5.9T or 6.8% of global GDP.
o 92% of the subsidies, or 6.3% of GDP, are indirect, primarily undercharging for the health and environmental costs that society pays to clean up the physical mess to the ecosystems on which our lives depend, and the chronic health impairments that reduce quality of life for all of us. • How does that translate to Long Beach?
o According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2021 Gross Domestic Product for Los Angeles-Long Beach- Anaheim MSA (Metro Statistical Area) is $1.12 trillion, and the population of the MSA is 13 million.
o Long Beach's 470,000 residents are 3.6% of the MSA population; if we assume that our GDP share is roughly proportionate, then Long Beach 2021 GDP is ~~$40 billion.
o If our share if health and environmental costs matches the 6.3% of GDP that the IMF calculates globally, then fossil air pollution is dragging down Long Beach's economy and wellness by $2.5 billion per year.

What about mortality?
• According to multiple peer-reviewed studies, air pollution from fossil fuels caused 8~9 million premature deaths globally in 2019 (typical of other years), or ~0.1% of the global ~8 billion population.
• If Long Beach residents die prematurely in the same proportion as the rest of the world, that means fossil air pollution is prematurely killing about 470 of our neighbors, 0.1% of our 470,000 fellow citizens, every year.

Long Beach's climate community includes many business leaders who would be happy to help the city assess these costs. One of my colleagues is a graduate of the UCLA Anderson School of business, and has experience as both an investment banker and municipal bond manager. And I spent about a decade as a regional leader for two private sector businesses: the respected management consultancy Booz Allen Hamilton, and a startup that grew in five years from 3 employees and zero revenue to 700 employees and $110M revenue, profitable from year one.

When we thinik about climate solutions, we wear our green eye shades, not Birkenstocks.

At tonight's Council meeting, please remove item #8 from the consent agenda, and engage in a lively discussion of the full economic impact of oil production and combustion. A fully informed economic analysis will clearly show that accelerated phaseout of oil production is much better ecconomically for the City than dragging our feet.

Grateful for your service, and striving for rapid decarbonization,

Pete Marsh
Council District 2 resident
| [email protected]
Citizens' Climate Lobby, the Best Lobbyists Money CAN'T Buy!

Group Leader, Long Beach CA
Co-Leader, National Electrification Team - our decarbonization superpower! Rewiring America: Electrifying our Communities
Climate Reality Project LA Chapter, Green Building Committee

C-8 Correspondence – Constance May

From: Constance May [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Monday, March 20, 2023 12:55 PM
To: Rex Richardson <[email protected]>; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Cc: CityClerk <[email protected]>; Paul Monge <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Connor Lock <[email protected]> Subject: Pull item #8 and Phase out Drilling in 5 Years

-EXTERNAL-

Long Beach Decision-makers,

I am writing with serious concerns in regards to item number 8 on tomorrow's agenda.

Instead of passing this report, the City Council should direct Energy Resources to rewrite a plan in line with a 5-year phase out of oil drilling and 3200 feet health and safety setbacks immediately.

According to the IPCC AR6 "Current emissions reduction policies put us on track for warming of around

5.8°F (3.2°C) by the end of the century, leading to an unrecognizable world.

This 5 Year program outlines a ramping up of oil production to 26.2 million barrels of oil over the 5 year period, compared to 25.5 million barrels of oil in the previous 5 year plan. Gas production is also expected to increase significantly. The city cannot pass this plan and also say that it is moving away from fossil fuel extraction when it is literally doing the opposite.

The Proposed Program allows for over 12 million metric tons of CO2. And the proposed operations threaten to release methane from ongoing gas production, which leaks routinely and is a super pollutant 87 times more potent than CO2 in terms of climate warming over a 20 year period.

The oil industry is in decline, and is desperate to get every last drop of oil to profit at the expense of our climate and health.

Don't be on the wrong side of history.

Thanks,
Constance May
Research Program Coordinator
Center for Ecosystem Climate Solutions (CECS)
Climate Energy and Water Solutions group (CLEWS)
University of California, Irvine

C-8 Correspondence – Tina Nguyen

From: Tina Nguyen [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Monday, March 20, 2023 8:23 PM
To: Rex Richardson <[email protected]>; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Cc: CityClerk <[email protected]>; Paul Monge <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Connor Lock <[email protected]> Subject: Pull item #8 and Phase out Drilling in 5 Years

-EXTERNAL-

Long Beach Decision-makers,

I am writing with serious concerns in regards to item number 8 on tomorrow's agenda.

Instead of passing this report, City Council should direct Energy Resources to rewrite a plan in line with a 5-year phase out of oil drilling and 3200 feet health and safety setbacks immediately.

Thank you,
Tina Nguyen

C-8 Correspondence – Paulo Panaligan

From: Paulo Panaligan [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Tuesday, March 21, 2023 11:41 AM
To: Rex Richardson <[email protected]>; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Cc: CityClerk <[email protected]>; Paul Monge <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Connor Lock <[email protected]> Subject: Pull item #8 and Phase out Drilling in 5 Years

-EXTERNAL-

Long Beach Decision-makers,

I am writing with serious concerns in regards to item number 8 on tomorrow's agenda.

Instead of passing this report, the City Council should direct Energy Resources to rewrite a plan in line with a 5-year phase out of oil drilling and 3200 feet health and safety setbacks immediately. The trend of declining production levels will continue exponentially and at the cost of the healthy living of your constituents. It is best to take action now and direct efforts to identify alternative means of revenue via renewable energy.

Respectfully,

J. Paulo C. Panaligan

C-8 Correspondence – Ketty Citterio
From: Jonathan Parfrey [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, March 21, 2023 2:02 PM
To: Rex Richardson <[email protected]>
Cc: CityClerk <[email protected]>; Mary Zendejas <[email protected]>; Cindy Allen <[email protected]>; Suely Saro <[email protected]>; Al Austin <[email protected]>; Daryl Supernaw <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Paul Monge <[email protected]>; [email protected]; Connor Lock <[email protected]>; nhernandez <[email protected]>; Gina Palino <[email protected]>; Enrique Huerta <[email protected]>; Erick Huerta <[email protected]>
Subject: Item 8 – drilling permits

-EXTERNAL-

Dear Mayor Richardson and Council-Members,

Climate Resolve, headquartered in downtown Los Angeles, comprised of 28 employees, helps Californians prepare for the impacts of climate change. The science is clear, with the level of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, we are living with and can anticipate hotter temperatures, deeper droughts, worse coastal and riverine flooding, and higher sea levels. All of these effects will impact the people of Long Beach.

We know what we're talking about. Climate Resolve served as a contractor assisting the City of Long Beach with its Climate Action and Adaptation Plan. Our organization also served as a co-author of California's Fourth Climate Change Assessment, and organized the last three California Climate Science Symposia.

To be clear, the #1 best way to protect Californians from climate change is to stop making the problem worse. As the saying goes, when you find yourself in a hole, stop digging.

Long Beach is digging itself a deeper hole for its residents, its businesses and its Port by ignoring the dictates of Senate Bill 1137 by permitting new drilling sites.

Long Beach is also an outlier among Southern California cities: the cities of Los Angeles, Culver City, and LA County have recently voted to expedite the phase out of oil drilling.

We must ask: why is the City of Long Beach, normally a climate leader, now certifying a plan to maintain and expand oil drilling?

Tonight's vote before City Council on the City's “5 Year Program” for oil and gas development, clearly relies on continued drilling. The plan does virtually nothing to phase out oil and gas extraction and continues to project maximum extraction at drill sites.

Climate Resolve asks the City to not approve the current plan, and send back the “5 Year Program” to check it for compliance with Senate Bill 1137. We respectfully ask that the council only approve plans that are in compliance with state climate goals.

If you wish to discuss this matter with me, please do not hesitate to reach out.

Sincerely,
Jonathan Parfrey
Executive Director
Climate Resolve

C-8 Correspondence – Bryan Quigley

-----Original Message-----
From: Bryan Quigley [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Sunday, March 19, 2023 10:50 PM
To: CityClerk <[email protected]>
Subject: Council Meeting 2023-03-21, Take items off of consent calendar

-EXTERNAL-

Dear City Clerk,

Please confirm receipt if you can. Thank you!

I would like to ask that Agenda items 8 (and related 9/10),11, 12, 13, and 16 be removed from the consent calendar as they represent millions of investment in fossil fuels that cannot continue to be considered routine.

I include my comments on those items here, but also plan to attend in person:

#8, 23-0238 ER - Long Beach Unit Annual Plan (July 1, 2023 - June 30, 2024)

This invests 60 million in 35 more wells when we need from a climate and finance perspective to be removing wells. Long Beach needs to wean itself off of oil and not invest more in it.

#11, 23-0241 Ray Gaskin - Contract for Ford F-550 truck for Clean Team

By adding another fossil fuel vehicle to our fleet we are cleaning up trash while spewing pollution. One of the goals of this is to fit in smaller areas and a F-150 Lightning is available on the market. Please put this 159k into BEV, not fossil fuels.

#12, 23-0242 Purchase of two Volvo L120H Wheel Loader tractors

Volvo has converted L120H wheel loaders to electric in Europe and it’s mentioned that they will respond to demand for more. Long Beach should ask for them to bring the L120H BEV to the USA. Also, the smaller L25 Electric is available today via SourceWell, but I’m not sure it’s fit for the same work.

We should not get more vehicles to keep the sand in place, while helping raise sea levels. If we can’t get an electric version this year - let’s wait on the purchase until we can.

#13, On 23-0243 Arizona Machinery - Purchase of two John Deere tractors

I couldn’t determine what kind of John Deere tractors we are purchasing as I found some price values ranging from 30k to 500k each and I didn’t find any in the middle. Again we should evaluate electric

options and wait for the electric options that all companies are working towards. Solectrac and Monarch, among others, are making BEV tractors today.

#16, On 23-0246 Purchase of a mobile command center

Custom vehicles like this are harder to source but there are still greener options. LDV does offer a Mobile Command Center with solar and battery storage although mainly powered by fossil fuels still.

Farber Specialty mentions options to customize the all-electric Ford eTransit van or the MT50e walk-in van from Freightliner Custom Chassis.

I fully support item #15, 23-0245 Velocity Truck Center - Contract for two BEV Crane Carrier LNT-26 trucks and that should be approved without delay.

Lastly I'd like to disclose that I own some Ford stock - but would encourage Long Beach not buying a Ford if it means buying a fossil fueled vehicle.

Thank you!
Bryan Quigley
Belmont Shore, Long Beach, CA

C-8 Correspondence – SCLCWTF

From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Tuesday, March 21, 2023 11:11 AM
To: Council District 1 <[email protected]>; Council District 2 <[email protected]>; Council District 3 <[email protected]>; Council District 5 <[email protected]>; Council District 6 <[email protected]>; Council District 7 <[email protected]>; Council District 8 <[email protected]>; Council District 9 <[email protected]>; Mayor <[email protected]>; CityClerk <[email protected]>; CityAttorney <[email protected]>; City Manager <[email protected]> Cc: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
Subject: Comments on Item 8 3/21/23 Agenda

-EXTERNAL-

To: Long Beach Mayor and Councilmembers
From: Sierra Club Los Cerritos Wetlands Task Force
Re: March 21, 2023 Agenda Item 8. 23-0238
Recommendation to approve and adopt the Long Beach Unit Annual Plan (July 1, 2023 to June 30, 2024) and Program Plan (July 1, 2023 to June 30, 2028). (Citywide)
Office or Department: ENERGY RESOURCES

Dear Decision Makers:

We ask that Item 8 be removed from tonight’s agenda and brought back on the agenda with an adequate description of the subject matter.

If the Mayor and Council are unwilling follow Brown Act section 54954.2. (a) “(1) At least 72 hours before a regular meeting, the legislative body of the local agency, or its designee, shall post an agenda containing a brief general description of each item of business to be transacted or discussed at the meeting . . .” , we respectfully ask that this item be pulled from the Consent Calendar for discussion tonight.

The Long Beach Unit Annual Plan states that 33 wells will be drilled at the THUMS offshore location from July, 2023 to June, 2024. Expected oil and gas revenues are $357 million; however, operating expenses are $323 million! This leave a profit of only $34 million, an amount not worth the health and environmental risks these operations present.

Earlier this month, this council voted to study ways Long Beach could wean themselves from oil production. I urge you to take the first step by denying this plan. No new drilling should be taking place until voters have an opportunity to decide on SB1137 in November.

Respectfully,

Anna Christensen and Ann Cantrell, Co-chairs

March 17, 2023

Mayor Rex Richardson and City Council
Long Beach City Hall
411 West Ocean Blvd.

Long Beach, California 90802

RE: Council Agenda Item 8 - Long Beach Unit Annual Plan

Honorable Mayor and Members of the Long Beach City Council:

I write to express my serious concerns with agenda item 8, which seeks the adoption of the Long Beach Unit (LBU) Annual Plan (July 1, 2023, to June 30, 2024) and Program Plan (July 1, 2023, to June 30, 2028).

I strongly urge you to reconsider and reduce the rate and locations of oil and gas production as proposed in the LBU Annual plan. As Long Beach positions itself as a global leader in the fight against climate change and increased carbon emissions, its plans must reflect these values and part ways with its overreliance on oil production at the expense of our community’s health.

The effects of environmental pollution on public health are linked and exacerbated in areas like Long Beach, where community members face a multitude of toxic emission sources from oil production, transportation corridors, and ports. Recognizing the disastrous health impacts on residents living near oil production wells, I championed Senate Bill (SB) 1137 (Chapter 1, Statutes of 2022), and on September 16, 2022, Governor Gavin Newsom signed my bill into law.

SB 1137 protects the public health of California’s frontline communities by creating a minimum health protection zone of 3,200 feet between sensitive receptors, such as a residences, schools, childcare facilities, playgrounds, hospitals, or nursing homes, and a new or reworked oil and gas production well. In addition, the bill establishes strict engineering controls to be implemented by existing operations within the health protection zone, including leak notification and safety protocols.

To protect residents and workers in homes, schools, childcare centers, and medical facilities from environmental health hazards of oil operations, the LBU Annual Plan should not include any development of wells within the 3200-foot health protection zone as defined in SB 1137.

Currently, the LBU Annual Plan (Part III - page 11) states - "This plan is based upon 33 replacement wells planned from existing cellars." Questions that the Mayor and council should take into consideration:
• Will this proposed new drilling occur in health protection zones? • How is the city contemplating health protection zones in their planning? • How has the city engaged with the greater Long Beach community (affected residents, stakeholders and environmental partners)?
Furthermore, it runs afoul for the city to continue permitting or reworking oil wells, both for the poor health outcomes it poses for our community, but also for the greater unfunded liability responsibilities it poses for both the City and the State of California.

At its March 7th, 2023 meeting, the City council approved an agenda item requesting that the city manager find alternative revenue opportunities to offset projected reductions in oil revenues.

This item relayed that “now is the time for the City of Long Beach to take its place as a global leader in curbing the effects of climate change and carbon-emissions by creating a sustainable climate economy. The City will need to part ways with the Long Beach of the past that rely heavily on the production of oil and fossil fuels at the expense of our community’s health.” For these reasons, I strongly urge the City of Long Beach to continue its commitment to reducing its reliance on oil production and to work diligently with the greater environmental community on a 5-year plan that truly reflects the values and fiscal priorities of the City. Should you have any questions regarding my concerns on this matter, please do not hesitate to contact my office at (562) 256-7921.

Sincerely,

Lena A. Gonzalez
State Senator, District 33

C-8 Correspondence – Danielle Soykin

From: Danielle Soykin [mailto:[email protected]]
Sent: Monday, March 20, 2023 2:10 PM
To: CityClerk <[email protected]>
Subject: Public Comment Regarding Item Number #8

-EXTERNAL-

Hi, I'm a voter from Los Angeles who would like to submit a public comment imploring the Long Beach City Council not to approve their "5 Year Program" regarding oil drilling, which they will be voting on tomorrow. The City Council should instead direct Energy Resources to rewrite a plan in line with a 5-year phase out of oil drilling and 3200 feet health and safety setbacks immediately. Oil drilling should be phased out, as the city of Long Beach promised, not trying to expand it. This is an egregious offense against both people's safety (who wants their house to be near an oil drilling site?) and the environment. Please do the right thing.

Respectfully,
Danielle Soykin

CH-29 Correspondence – Linda Wilson

From: [email protected] [mailto:[email protected]] Sent: Tuesday, March 21, 2023 2:59 PM
To: CityClerk <[email protected]>
Cc: Joni Ricks-Oddie <[email protected]>; Anjelica Vargas <[email protected]>; Forrest Osburn <[email protected]> Subject: Stop The Warehouse Project at 5910 Cherry Ave 90805 / City Council Agenda Item # 29

-EXTERNAL-

Dear Mayor and City Councilmembers,

REF: Appeal Hearing Proposed Warehouse Project at 5910 Cherry Ave, Long Beach, CA 90805
March 21st at 5:00pm at City Hall.

The project consists of the construction of a single 303,972-square-foot concrete, tilt-up industrial building that is approximately 51 feet in height. Surrounding the building are surface parking areas including 338 at-grade parking stalls and 79 truck parking stalls. The building incorporates 44 trucks, high-dock doors along the south elevation facing the abutting commercial site. The building includes 9,000 square feet of office space in the southwest corner of the building along Cherry Avenue.

According to CalEnviroScreen | OEHHA, North Long Beach has high levels of air pollution that endanger human health by causing respiratory conditions such as asthma, wheezing, decreased lung function, increased likelihood of hospital visits, heart disease, and even early death.

Research shows these kinds of projects bring traffic, noise, and pollution to nearby neighborhoods, putting the health of the community in danger and diminishing the quality-of-life.

The city should ask for a plan EIR of the area and adopt a set of regulations to reduce/control pollution before approving these kinds of developments.

Having a plan EIR in place before the approval of new developments will identify the proper mitigation and conditions to protect the health of the community and facilitate the project’s approval while encouraging responsible developments.

Establishing regulations to reduce pollution will deliver much-needed health and air quality benefits to North Long Beach residents, and if done right, policymakers can help ensure that low-income communities of color are realizing these benefits as soon as possible without adverse impacts on their health.

Adopting policies to guide warehouse development in the city’s general plan will also help jurisdictions comply with their obligations under SB 1000. This requires local government general plans to identify objectives and policies to reduce health risks in disadvantaged communities, promote civil engagement in the public decision-making process, and prioritize improvements and programs that address the needs of disadvantaged communities.

This is not about just limiting the harmful PM emissions from trucks, but about mitigating long standing pollution in the air, land, and water, and improving the quality of life, as promised, in the communities most burdened by overall pollution.

I urge the city council to protect our health by approving the appeal and requesting a full EIR.

Sincerely,

Linda Wilson
College Square Neighborhood
251 Fuego Street
Long Beach, CA 90805-1116

“This is to oppose the warehouse development at 5910 Cherry Ave and request a full EIR for this project”

My name is Linda Wilson. I am a long-time resident of District 9 in North Long Beach since 1989.

This is in support of the appeal to request a full EIR for this project because we believe that should this development be approved as planned now it will have negative effects on the local climate and community health. Traffic flow, congestion is also a concern for the 91 Freeway as well as Cherry Ave.