Los Altos City Council
May 10, 2022

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Supplementary Material: The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2021-0050). 80 Levitt et al.: EMF and wildlife
569
Agenda Item # 9.

Part 2. Supplement 1.

Genetic Effects at Low Level RFR Exposure
RFR studies Power density/SAR
(<0.1 W/Kg)
Effects observed
Aitken et al. (2005) Mice to 900-MHz
RFR for 7 days at 12
h/day; SAR 0.09 W/kg
Mitochondrial genome damage in
epididymal spermatozoa.

Akdag et al. (2016) Male Wistar-Albino
rats to 2400 MHz RFR
from a Wi-Fi signal
generator for a year;
SAR 0.000141 (min)-

0.007127 (max) W/kg
DNA damage in testes.

Alkis et al. (2019a) Rats exposed to 900
MHz (brain SAR

0.0845 W/kg), 1800
MHz (0.04563 W/kg),
and 2100 MHz
(0.03957 W/kg) RFR
2 h/day for 6 months
Increased DNA strand breaks and
oxidative DNA damage in brain.

Alkis et al. (2019b) Rats exposed to 900
MHz, 1800 MHz, and
2100 MHz RFR 2
h/day for 6 months;
maximum SAR over
the rat 0.017 W/kg
DNA strand beaks and oxidative
DNA damage in testicular tissue.

Atasoy et al. (2013) Male Wister rats
exposed to 2437 MHz
(Wi-Fi) RFR; 24 h/day
for 20 weeks;
maximum SAR 0.091
W/kg
Oxidative DNA damage in blood
and testes.

Beaubois et al. (2007) Leaves of tomato plant
exposed to 900-MHz
RFR for 10 min at

0.0066 mW/cm2
Increased expression of leucinezipper transcription factor (bZIP) gene.

Belyaev et al. (2005) Lymphocytes from
human subjects
exposed to GSM 915
MHz RFR for 2 h ;
SAR 0.037 W/kg;
Increased condensation of
chromatin.

Belyaev et al. (2009) Human lymphocytes
exposed to UMTS cell
phone signal (1947.4
MHz, 5 MHz band
Chromatin affected and inhibition
of DNA double-strand break.
570
Agenda Item # 9.
width) for 1 h; SAR

0.04 W/kg
Bourdineaud et al.
(2017)
Eisenia fetida
earthworms exposed
to 900 MHz for 2 h;
SAR 0.00013-0.00933
W/kg
DNA genotoxic effect and
HSP70 gene expressions up
regulated.

Campisi et al. (2010) Rat neocortical
astroglial to CW 900
MHz RFR for 5, 10, or
20 min; incident
power density 0.0265
mW/cm2
Significant increases in DNA
fragmentation.

Chaturvedi et al.
(2011)
Male mice exposed to
2450 MHz RFR, 2
h/day for 30 days;
SAR 0.03561 W/kg
Increased DNA strand breaks in
brain cells.

Deshmukh et al.
(2013)
Male Fischer rats
exposed to 900 MHz
(0.0005953 W/kg),
1800 MHz (0.0005835
W/kg), and 2450 MHz
(0.0006672 W/kg)
RFR for 2 h/day, 5
days/week for 30 days.

Increased DNA strand breaks in
brain tissues.

Deshmukh et al.
(2015)
Male Fischer rats
exposed to 900 MHz
(0.0005953 W/kg),
1800 MHz (0.0005835
W/kg), and 2450 MHz
(0.0006672 W/kg)
RFR for 2 h/day, 5
days/week for 180
days.

Increased DNA strand breaks in
brain tissues.

Deshmukh et al.
(2016)
Male Fischer rats
exposed to 900 MHz
(0.0005953 W/kg),
1800 MHz (0.0005835
W/kg), and 2450 MHz
(0.0006672 W/kg)
RFR for 2 h/day, 5
days/week for 90 days.

Increased DNA strand breaks in
brain tissues.

Eker et al. (2018) Female Wistar albino
rats exposed to 1800-
MHz RFR for 2 h/day
Caspase-3 and p38MAPK gene
expressions increased in eye
tissues.
571
Agenda Item # 9.
for 8 weeks; SAR 0.06
W/kg
Furtado-Filho et al.
(2014)
Rats of different ages
(0-30 days) exposed to
950 MHz RFR for 0.5
h/day for 51 days (21
days of gestation and
6-30 days old): SAR
pregnant rat 0.01-0.03
W/kg; neonate 0.88
W/kg, 6-day old 0.51
W/kg, 15-day old 0.18
W/kg, 30-day old 0.06
W/kg.

Decreased DNA strand breaks in
liver of 15-day old and increased
breaks in 30-day old rats..

Gulati et al. (2016) Blood and buccal cells
of people lived close
(<400 meters) to a cell
tower; 1800 MHz,
Maximum power
density (at 150 meters)

0.00122 mW/cm2,
some subjects lived in
the area for more than
9 yrs
Increased DNA strand breaks in
lymphocytes and micronucleus in
buccal cells.

Gürler (2014) Wistar rats exposed to
2450 MHz RFR 1
h/day for 30
consecutive days;
power density 0.0036
mW/cm2
Increased oxidative DNA damage
in brain and blood.

Hanci et al. (2013) Pregnant rats exposed
1 h/day on days 13-21
of pregnancy to 900-
MHz RFR at power
density 0.0265
mW/cm2.

Testicular tissue of 21-day old
offspring showed increased DNA
oxidative damage.

He et al. (2016) Mouse bone marrow
stromal cells exposed
to 900 MHz RFR 3
h/day for 5 days; SAR

4.1 x 10-4 W/kg
(peak), 2.5 x 10-4
W/kg (average)
Increased expression of PARP-1
mRNA
Hekmat et al. (2013) Calf thymus exposed
to 940 MHz RFR for
Altered DNA structure at 0 and 2
h after exposure.
572
Agenda Item # 9.
45 min; SAR 0.04
W/kg
Keleş and Süt (2021) Pregnant rats exposed
to 900-MH RFR at

0.0265 mW/cm2; 1
h/day from E13.5 until
birth; thoracis spine of
offspring examined.

Down regulation of H3K27me3
gene, am epigenetic modification
to the DNA packaging protein
Histone H3 in motor nerons.

Kesari and Behari
(2009)
Male Wistar rats
exposed to 50 GHz
RFR for 2 h/day for 45
days; SAR 0.0008
W/kg
Increased in brain tissue DNA
strand.

Kumar R. et al. (2021) Male Wistar rats
exposed to 900, 100,
2450 MHz RFR at
SARs of 5.84 × 10-
4 W/kg, 5.94 × 10-
4 W/kg and 6.4 × 10-
4 W/kg respectively
for 2 h per day for 1-
month, 3-month and 6-
month
Microwave exposure with
increasing frequency and
exposure duration brings
significant (p < 0.05) epigenetic
modulations which alters gene
expression in the rat
hippocampus. Global DNA
methylation was decreased and
histone methylation was
increased.

Kumar S. et al. (2010) Male Wistar rats
exposed to 10-GHz
RFR for 2 h a day for
45 days, SAR 0.014
W/kg
Increased micronucleus in blood
cells.

Kumar S. et al. (2013) Male Wistar rats
exposed to 10 GHz
RFR for 2 h a day for
45 days; SAR 0.014
W/kg
Increased micronucleus in blood
cells and DNA strand breaks in
spermatozoa.

Marinelli et al. (2004) Acute Tlymphoblastoid
leukemia cells
exposed to 900 MHz
RFR for 2-48 h, SAR

0.0035 W/kg
Increased DNA damage and
activation of genes involved in
pro-survival signaling.

Markova et al. (2005) Human lymphocytes
exposed to 905 and
915 MHz GSM
signals for 1 h; SAR

0.037 W/kg
Affected chromatin conformation
and 53BP1/gamma-H2AX foci
Markova et al. (2010) Human diploid VH-10
fibroblasts and human
Inhibited tumor suppressor TP53
binding protein 1 (53BP1) foci
573
Agenda Item # 9.
adipose-tissue derived
mesenchymal stem
cells exposed to GSM
(905 MHz or 915
MHz) or UMTS
(1947.4 MHz, middle
channel) RFR for 1, 2,
or 3 hr; SAR 0.037-

0.039 W/kg
that are typically formed at the
sites of DNA double strand break
location.

Megha et al. (2015a) Fischer rats exposed to
900 and 1800 MHz
RFR for 30 days (2
h/day, 5 days/week),
SAR 0.00059 and

0.00058 W/kg
Reduced levels of
neurotransmitters dopamine,
norepinephrine, epinephrine, and
serotonin, and downregulation of
mRNA of tyrosine hydroxylase
and tryptophan hydroxylase
(synthesizing enzymes for the
transmitters) in the hippocampus.

Megha et al. (2015b) Fischer rats exposed to
900, 1800, and 2450
MHz RFR for 60 days
(2 h/day, 5
days/week); SAR

0.00059, 0.00058, and

0.00066 W/kg
Increased DNA damage in the
hippocampus
Nittby et al. (2008) Fischer 344 rats
exposed to 1800 MHz
GSM RFR for 6 h;
SAR whole body
average 0.013 W/kg,
head 0.03 W/kg
Expression in cortex and
hippocampus of genes connected
with membrane functions.

Odaci et al. (2016) Pregnant Sprague -
Dawley rats exposed
to 900 MHz RFR 1 h
each day during days
13 - 21 of pregnancy;
whole body average
SAR 0.024 W/kg
Testis and epididymis of offspring
showed higher DNA oxidation.

Pandey et al. (2017) Swiss albino mice
exposed to 900-MHz
RFR for 4 or 8 h per
day for 35 days; SAR

0.0054-0.0516 W/kg
DNA strand breaks in germ cells.

Pesnya and
Romanovsky (2013)
Onion (Allium cepa)
exposed to GSM 900-
MHz RFR from a cell
Increased the mitotic index, the
frequency of mitotic and
chromosome abnormalities, and
574
Agenda Item # 9.
phone for 1 h/day or 9
h/day for 3 days;
incident power density

0.0005 mW/cm2
the micronucleus frequency in an
exposure-duration manner.

Phillips et al. (1998) Human Molt-4 Tlymphoblastoid cells exposed to pulsed
signals at cellular
telephone frequencies
of 813.5625 MHz
(iDEN signal) and
836.55 MHz (TDMA
signal) for 2or 21 h.

SAR 0.0024 and 0.024
W/Kg for iDEN and

0.0026 and 0.026
W/kg for TDMA)
Changes in DNA strand breaks
Qin et al. (2018) Male mice exposed to
1800-MHz RFR 2
h/day for 32 days,
SAR 0.0553 W/kg
Inhibition of testosterone
synthesis might be mediated
through CaMKI/RORα signaling
pathway.

Rammal et al. (2014) Tomato exposed to a
1250-MHz RFR for 10
days at 0.0095
mW/cm2
Increased expression of two
wound-plant genes.

Roux et al. (2006) Tomato plants
exposed to a 900-MHz
RFR for 2-10 min at

0.0066 mW/cm2
Induction of stress gene
expression.

Roux et al. (2008) Tomato plants
exposed to a 900-MHz
RFR for 10 min at

0.0066 mW/cm2
Induction of stress gene
expression.

Sarimov et al. (2004) Human lymphocytes
exposed to GSM 895-
915 MHz signals for
30 min; SAR 0.0054
W/kg
Condensation of chromatin was
observed.

Shahin et al. (2013) Female mice (Mus
musculus) exposed to
continuous-wave 2.45
GHz RFR 2 h/day for
45v days; SAR 0.023
W/kg
Increased DNA strand breaks in
the brain.
575
Agenda Item # 9.

Sun Y. et al. (2017) Human HL-60 cells
exposed to 900 Hz
RFR 5 h/day for 5
days; peak and
average 0.00041 and

0.00025 W/kg,
respectively.

Increased oxidative DNA damage
and decreased mitochondrial gene
expression.

Tkalec et al. (2013) Earthworm (Eisenia
fetida) exposed to
comtinupus-wave and
AM-modulated 900-
MHz RFR for 2 - 4 h;
SAR 0.00013,

0.00035, 0.0011, and

0.00933 W/kg
Increased DNA strand breaks.

Tsybulin et al. (2013) Japanese Quail
embryos exposed in
ovo to GSM 900 MHz
signal from a cell
phone intermittently
(48 sec ON/12 sec
OFF) during initial 38
h of brooding or for
158 h (120 h before
brooding plus initial
38 h of brooding):

SAR 0.000003 W/kg
The lower duration of exposure
decreased DNA strand breaks,
whereas higher duration resulted
in a significant increase in DNA
damage.

Vian et al. (2006) Tomato plants
exposed to a 900-MHz
RFR for 10 min at

0.0066 mW/cm2
Induction of mRNA encoding the
stress-related bZIP transcription
factor.

Yakymenko et al.
(2018)
Quail embryos
exposed to GSM 1800
GHz signal from a
smart phone (48 s
ON/12 s OFF) for5
days before and 14
days during
incubation, power
density 0.00032
mW/cm2
Increased DNA strand breaks and
oxidative DNA damage.

Zong et al. (2015) Mice exposed to 900
MHz RFR 4 h/day for
7 days; SAR 0.05
W/kg
Attenuated bleomycin-induced
DNA breaks and repair,
576
Agenda Item # 9.

References
Table 1
Aitken RJ, Bennetts LE, Sawyer D, Wiklendt AM, King BV. Impact of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation on DNA integrity in the male germline. Inter J Androl 28:171-179, 2005.

Akdag MZ, Dasdag S, Canturk F, Karabulut D, Caner Y, Adalier N. Does prolonged radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi devices induce DNA damage in various tissues of rats? J Chem Neuroanat. 75(Pt B):116-122, 2016.

Alkis ME, Bilgin HM, Akpolat V, Dasdag S, Yegin K, Yavas MC, Akdag MZ. Effect of 900- 1800-, and 2100-MHz radiofrequency radiation on DNA and oxidative stress in brain.

Electromagn Biol Med. 38(1):32-47, 2019a.

Alkis MS, Akdag MZ, Dasdag S, Yegin K, Akpolat V. Single-strand DNA breaks and oxidative changes in rat testes exposed to radiofrequency radiation emitted from cellular phones, Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 33:1, 1733-1740, 2019b.

Atasoy HI, Gunal MY, Atasoy P, Elgun S, Bugdayci G. Immunohistopathologic demonstration of deleterious effects on growing rat testes of radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices. J Pediatr Urol. 9:223-229, 2013.

Beaubois E, Girard S, Lallechere S, Davies E, Paladian F, Bonnet P, Ledoigt G, Vian A.

Intercellular communication in plants: evidence for two rapidly transmitted systemic signals generated in response to electromagnetic field stimulation in tomato. Plant Cell Environ 30(7):834-844. 2007.

Belyaev IY, Hillert L, Protopopova M, Tamm C, Malmgren LO, Persson BR, Selivanova G, Harms-Ringdahl M. 915 MHz microwaves and 50 Hz magnetic field affect chromatin conformation and 53BP1 foci in human lymphocytes from hypersensitive and healthy persons.

Bioelectromagnetics 26:173-184, 2005.

Belyaev IY, Markovà E, Hillert L, Malmgren LO, Persson BR. Microwaves from UMTS/GSM mobile phones induce long-lasting inhibition of 53BP1/gamma-H2AX DNA repair foci in human lymphocytes. Bioelectromagnetics 30:129-141, 2009.

Bourdineaud JP, Šrut M, Štambuk A, Tkalec M, Brèthes D, Malarić K, Klobučar GIV.

Electromagnetic fields at a mobile phone frequency (900 MHz) trigger the onset of general stress response along with DNA modifications in Eisenia fetida earthworms. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 68(2):142-152, 2017.
577
Agenda Item # 9.

Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, Musumeci F, Vanella A, Triglia A. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. Neurosci Lett 473:52-55. 2010.

Chaturvedi CM, Singh VP, Singh P, Basu P, Singaravel M, Shukla RK, Dhawan A, Pati AK, Gangwar RK, and Singh SP. 2.45 GHZ (CW) microwave irradiation alters circadian organization, spatial memory, DNA structure in the brain cells and blood cell counts of male mice, Mus musculus. Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 29, 23-42, 2011.

Deshmukh PS, Megha K, Banerjee BD, Ahmed RS, Chandna S, Abegaonkar MP, Tripathi AK.

Detection of low level microwave radiation induced deoxyribonucleic acid damage vis-à-vis genotoxicity in brain of Fischer rats. Toxicol Int. 20(1):19-24, 2013.

Deshmukh PS, Nasare N, Megha K, Banerjee BD, Ahmed RS, Singh D, Abegaonkar MP, Tripathi AK, Mediratta PK. Cognitive impairment and neurogenotoxic effects in rats exposed to low-intensity microwave radiation. Int J Toxicol. 34(3):24-290, 2015.

Deshmukh PS, Megha K, Nasare N, Banerjee BD, Ahmed RS, Abegaonkar MP, Tripathi AK, Mediratta PK. Effect of low level subchronic microwave radiation on rat brain. Biomed Environ Sci. 29(12):858-867, 2016.

Eker ED, Arslan B, Yildirim M, Akar A, Aras N. The effect of exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation on epidermal growth factor, caspase-3, Hsp27 and p38MAPK gene expressions in the rat eye. Bratisl Lek Listy. 119(9):588-592, 2018.

Furtado-Filho OV, Borba JB, Dallegrave A, Pizzolato TM, Henriques JA, Moreira JC, Saffi J.

Effect of 950 MHz UHF electromagnetic radiation on biomarkers of oxidative damage, metabolism of UFA and antioxidants in the livers of young rats of different ages. Int J Radiat Biol. 90(2):159-168, 2014.

Gulati S, Yadav A, Kumar N, Kanupriya, Aggarwal NK, Kumar R, Gupta R. Effect of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms on genetic damage in humans populations exposed to radiation from mobile towers. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 70(3): 615-625, 2016.

Gürler HS, Bilgici B, Akar AK, Tomak L, Bedir A. Increased DNA oxidation (8-OHdG) and protein oxidation (AOPP) by Low level electromagnetic field (2.45 GHz) in rat brain and protective effect of garlic. Int J Radiat Biol. 90(10):892-896, 2014.

Hancı H, Odacı E, Kaya H, Aliyazıcıoğlu Y, Turan İ, Demir S, Çolakoğlu S. The effect of prenatal exposure to 900-MHz electromagnetic field on the 21-old-day rat testicle. Reprod Toxicol. 42:203-209, 2013.
578
Agenda Item # 9.

He Q, Sun Y, Zong L, Tong J, Cao Y. Induction of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase in mouse bone marrow stromal cells exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields: Preliminary observations.

Biomed Res Int 2016; 2016:4918691.

Hekmat A, Saboury AA, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. The toxic effects of mobile phone radiofrequency (940MHz) on the structure of calf thymus DNA. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 88:35- 41, 2013.

Keleş AI, Süt BB. Histopathological and epigenetic alterations in the spinal cord due to prenatal electromagnetic field exposure: An H3K27me3-related mechanism. Toxicol Ind Health 2021 Feb 23;748233721996947.

Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 158:126-139, 2009.

Kumar R , Deshmukh PS , Sharma S, Banerjee BD. Effect of mobile phone signal radiation on epigenetic modulation in the hippocampus of Wistar rat. Environ Res 192:110297, 2021.

Kumar S, Kesari KK, Behari J. Evaluation of genotoxic effects in male Wistar rats following microwave exposure. Indian J Exp Biol 48:586-592, 2010.

Kumar S, Behari J, Sisodia R. Influence of electromagnetic fields on reproductive system of male rats. Int J Radiat Biol. 89: 147-154, 2013.

Marinelli F, La Sala D, Cicciotti G, Cattini L, Trimarchi C, Putti S, Zamparelli A, Giuliani L, Tomassetti G, Cinti C. Exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic field induces an unbalance between pro-apoptotic and pro-survival signals in T-lymphoblastoid leukemia CCRF-CEM cells.

J Cell Physiol. 198(2):324-332, 2004.

Markova E, Hillert L, Malmgren L, Persson BR, Belyaev IY. Microwaves from GSM mobile telephones affect 53BP1 and gamma-H2AX foci in human lymphocytes from hypersensitive and healthy persons. Environ Health Perspect. 113(9):1172-1177, 2005.

Markovà E, Malmgren LO, Belyaev IY. Microwaves from mobile phones inhibit 53BP1 focus formation in human stem cells more strongly than in differentiated cells: possible mechanistic link to cancer risk. Environ Health Perspect. 118(3):394-399, 2010.

Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Ravi AK, Tripathi AK, Abegaonkar MP, Banerjee BD. Effect of lowintensity microwave radiation on monoamine neurotransmitters and their key regulating enzymes in rat brain. Cell Biochem Biophys. 73(1):93-100, 2015a.

Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. NeuroToxicol. 51: 158-165, 2015b.

Nittby H, Widegren B, Krogh M, Grafström G, Berlin H, Rehn G, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, Persson BRR, Salford L. Exposure to radiation from global system for mobile communications 579
Agenda Item # 9.
at 1,800 MHz significantly changes gene expression in rat hippocampus and cortex.

Environmentalist 28(4), 458-465, 2008.

Odacı E, Hancı H, Yuluğ E, Türedi S, Aliyazıcıoğlu Y, Kaya H, Çolakoğlu S. Effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on 60-day-old rat testis and epididymal sperm quality. Biotech Histochem. 91(1):9-19, 2016.

Pandey N, Giri S, Das S, Upadhaya P. Radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz)-induced DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in testicular germ cells in swiss albino mice. Toxicol Ind Health. 33(4):33-384, 2017.

Pesnya DS, Romanovsky AV. Comparison of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of plutonium-239 alpha particles and mobile phone GSM 900 radiation in the Allium cepa test. Mutat Res. 750(1- 2):27-33, 2013.

Phillips, J.L., Ivaschuk, O., Ishida-Jones, T., Jones, R.A., Campbell-Beachler, M. and Haggren, W. DNA damage in Molt-4 T- lymphoblastoid cells exposed to cellular telephone radiofrequency fields in vitro. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 45:103-110, 1998.

Qin F, Cao H, Yuan H, Guo W, Pei H, Cao Y, Tong J. 1800 MHz radiofrequency fields inhibits testosterone production via CaMKI /RORα pathway. Reprod Toxicol. 81:229-236, 2018.

Rammal M, Jebai F. Rammal H, Joumaa WH. Effects of long-term exposure to RF/MW radiations on the expression of mRNA of stress proteins in Lycospersicon esculentum. WSEAS Transect Biol Biomed. 11:10-14, 2014.

Roux D, Vian A, Girard S, Bonnet P, Paladian F, Davies E, Ledoigt G. Electromagnetic fields (900 MHz) evoke consistent molecular responses in tomato plants. Physiologia Plantarum 128:
283–288, 2006.

Roux D, Vian A, Girard S, Bonnet P, Paladian F, Davies E, Ledoigt G. High frequency (900 MHz) low amplitude (5 V m-1) electromagnetic field: a genuine environmental stimulus that affects transcription, translation, calcium and energy charge in tomato. Planta. 227(4):883-891, 2008.

Sarimov R, Malmgren L.O.G., Markova, E., Persson, B.R.R.. Belyaev, I.Y. Nonthermal GSM microwaves affect chromatin conformation in human lymphocytes similar to heat shock. IEEE Trans Plasma Sci 32:1600-1608, 2004.

Shahin S, Singh VP, Shukla RK, Dhawan A, Gangwar RK, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation-induced oxidative stress affects implantation or pregnancy in mice, Mus musculus. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 169(5):1727-1751, 2013.

Sun Y, Zong L, Gao Z, Zhu S, Tong J, Cao Y. Mitochondrial DNA damage and oxidative damage in HL-60 cells exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields. Mutat Res. 797: 7-14, 2017 580
Agenda Item # 9.

Tkalec M, Stambuk A, Srut M, Malarić K, Klobučar GI. Oxidative and genotoxic effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 90:7-12, 2013.

Tsybulin O, Sidorik E, Brieieva O, Buchynska L, Kyrylenko S, Henshel D, Yakymenko I. GSM 900 MHz cellular phone radiation can either stimulate or depress early embryogenesis in Japanese quails depending on the duration of exposure. Int J Radiat Biol. 89(9):756-763, 2013.

Vian A, Roux D, Girard S, Bonnet P, Paladian F, Davies E, Ledoigt G. Microwave irradiation affects gene expression in plants. Plant Signal Behav. 1(2):67-70, 2006.

Yakymenko I, Burlaka A, Tsybulin I, Brieieva I, Buchynska L, Tsehmistrenko I, Chekhun F.

Oxidative and mutagenic effects of low intensity GSM 1800 MHz microwave radiation. Exp Oncol. 40(4):282-287, 2018.

Zong C, Ji Y, He Q, Zhu S, Qin F, Tong J, et al. Adaptive response in mice exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields: Bleomycin-induced DNA and oxidative damage/repair. Int J Radiat Biol. 91: 270-276, 2015.
581
Agenda Item # 9.

Part 2. Supplement 2.

Genetic Effects at Low Intensity Static/ELF EMF Exposure Static and ELF EMF
Studies
magnetic flux density Effects observed
Agliassa et al. (2018) Arabidopsis thaliana
(thale cress) exposed
to 0.00004 mT static
magnetic field for 38
days after sowing
Changes in gene expression in
leaf and floral meristem.

Baek et al. (2019) Mouse embryonic
stem cells exposed to
hypomagnetic field
(<0.005 mT) up to 12
days
Induced abnormal DNA
methylation.

Bagheri Hosseinabadi
et al. (2020)
Blood samples from
thermal power plant
workers; mean levels
of exposure to ELF
magnetic and
electric fields were

0.0165 mT (±6.46)
and 22.5 V/m
(±5.38), respectively.

DNA strand breaks .in
lymphocytes.

Baraúna et al. (2015) Chromobacterium
violaceum bacteria
cultures exposed to
ELF-EMF for 7 h at

0.00066 mT
Five differentially expressed
proteins detected including the
DNA-binding stress protein.

Belyaev et al. (2005) Human lymphocytes
exposed to 50 Hz
magnetic field at 0.015
mT (peak) for 2 h
(measurements made
at 24 and 48 h after
exposure).

Induced chromatin conformation
changes.

Dominici et al. (2011) Lymphocytes from
welders (average
magnetic field
exposure from
personal dosimeters

0.00781 mT (general
environmental level

0.00003 mT)
Higher micronucleus frequency
correlated with EMF exposure
levels; decreased in sister
chromatid exchange frequency.
582
Agenda Item # 9.

Heredia-Rojas et al.
(2010)
Human non-small cell
lung cancer cells
(INER-37) and mouse
lymphoma cells (RMA
E7) (transfected with a
plasmid with hsp70
expression when
exposed to magnetic
field and contains the
reporter for the
luciferases gene)
exposed to a 60-Hz
magnetic field at 0.008
and 0.00008 mT for
20 min.

An increased in luciferase gene
expression was observed in
INER-37 cells.

Liboff et al. (1984) Human fibroblasts
dring the middle of S
phaseexposed to 15
Hz-4 kHz sinusoidal
MF
Enhanced DNA synthesis at
between 5-25 µT
Sarimov et al. (2011) Human lymphocytes
exposed to 50-Hz
magnetic field at

0.005-0.02 mT for 15-
180 min
Magnetic field condensed relaxed
chromatin and relaxed condensed
chromatin.

Villarini et al. (2015) Blood leukocytes from
electric arc welders
presumably exposed to
50-Hz EMF (mean

0.0078 mT; range:

0.00003-0.171 mT)
Decreased DNA strand beaks.

Wahab et al. (2007) Human peripheral
blood lymphocytes
exposed to 50 Hz
sinusoidal (continuous
or pulsed) or square
(continuous or pulsed)
magnetic fields at

0.001 or 1 mT for 72
h.

Increase in the number of sister
chromatid exchange/cell
Zendehdel et al.
(2019)
Peripheral blood cells
of male power line
workers in a power
plant. The median
value of the magnetic
Increased in DNA strand breaks.
583
Agenda Item # 9.
field at the working
sites was 0.00085 mT.

References: Table 2
Agliassa C, Narayana R, Bertea CM, Rodgers CT, Maffei ME. Reduction of the geomagnetic field delays Arabidopsis thaliana flowering time through downregulation of flowering-related genes. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:361-374, 2018.

Baek S, Choi H, Park H, Cho B, Kim S, Kim J. Effects of a hypomagnetic field on DNA methylation during the differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep. 9:1333, 2019.

Bagheri Hosseinabadi M, Khanjani N, Atashi A, Norouzi P, Mirbadie SR, Mirzaii M. The effect of vitamin E and C on comet assay indices and apoptosis in power plant workers: A double blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Mutat Res. 850-851:503150, 2020.

Baraúna RA, Santos AV, Graças DA, Santos DM, Ghilardi R Júnior, Pimenta AM, Carepo MS, Schneider MP, Silva A. Exposure to an extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field only slightly modifies the proteome of Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472. Genet Mol Biol. 38:227-230, 2015.

Belyaev IY, Hillert L, Protopopova M, Tamm C, Malmgren LO, Persson BR, Selivanova G, Harms-Ringdahl M. 915 MHz microwaves and 50 Hz magnetic field affect chromatin conformation and 53BP1 foci in human lymphocytes from hypersensitive and healthy persons.

Bioelectromagnetics 26:173-184, 2005.

Dominici L, Villarini M, Fatigoni C, Monarca S, Moretti M. Genotoxic hazard evaluation in welders occupationally exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF). Int J Hyg Environ Health. 215:68-75, 2011.

Heredia-Rojas JA, Rodríguez de la Fuente AO, Alcocer González JM, Rodríguez-Flores LE, Rodríguez-Padilla C, Santoyo-Stephano MA, Castañeda-Garza E, Taméz-Guerra RS. Effect of 60 Hz magnetic fields on the activation of hsp70 promoter in cultured INER-37 and RMA E7 cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 46:758-63, 2010.

Liboff AR, Williams T Jr, Strong DM, Wistar R Jr. Time-varying magnetic fields: effect on DNA synthesis. Science 223:818-820, 1984.

Sarimov, R., Alipov, E.D., Belyaev, I.Y. Fifty hertz magnetic fields individually affect chromatin conformation in human lymphocytes: dependence on amplitude, temperature, and initial chromatin state. Bioelectromagnetics. 32:570-579, 2011.

Villarini M, Dominici L, Fatigoni C, Levorato S, Vannini S, Monarca S, Moretti M. Primary DNA damage in welders occupationally exposed to extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF). Ann Ig. 27:511-519, 2015.
584
Agenda Item # 9.

Wahab MA, Podd JV, Rapley BI, Rowland RE. Elevated sister chromatid exchange frequencies in dividing human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to 50 Hz magnetic fields.

Bioelectromagnetics. 28:281-288, 2007.

Zendehdel R, Yu IJ, Hajipour-Verdom B, Panjali Z. DNA effects of low level occupational exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (50/60 Hz). Toxicol Ind Health. 35:424-430, 2019.
585
Agenda Item # 9.

Part 2. Supplement 3
Biological Effects in Animals and Plants Exposed to Low-Intensity RFR SAR
(W/kg)
Power density (µW/cm2) Effects reported
Aitken et al. (2005) Mice exposed to
900 MHz RFR,
12/day. 7 days

0.09 Genotoxic effect in sperm.

Akdag et al. (2016) Rats exposed to
2400 MHz RFR
from a Wi-Fi signal
generator for a year

0.000141
(min)-

0.007127
(max)
DNA damage in testes.

Alimohammadi et al.
(2018)
pregnant mice
exposed to 915
MHz RFR; 8h/day,
10 days.

0.045 Offspring had increased
fetal weight, enlarged liver
and tail deformation
Alkis et al. (2019a) Rtas exposed to
900; 1800; and
2100 MHz RFR; 2
h/day. 6 months
Brain SAR:
900 MHz -

0.0845;
1800 MHz0.04563;
210 MHz0.03957
DNA single strand break
and oxidative damages in
frontal lobe.

Alkis et al. (2019b) Rats exposed to
900; 1800; and
2100 MHz RFR; 2
h/day. 6 months
maximum
SAR over
the rat body

0.017
DNA strand beaks and
oxidative DNA damage in
testicular tissue.

Atasoy et al. (2013) Rats exposed to
2437 MHz (Wi-Fi)
RFR; 24 h/day for
20 weeks
maximum
SAR 0.091
Oxidative DNA damage in
blood and testes.
586
Agenda Item # 9.

Balmori et al. (2010) Frog (Rana
temporaria)
exposed to 88.5 –
1873.6 MHz, cell
phone base station
emissions; 2
months from egg
phase to tadpole

0.859-3.25
(1.5-3.8 V/m)
Retarded development
and increased mortality
rate.

Balmori et al (2015) White stocks lived
within 200 m of a
Phone mast, GSM900 MHz and DCS1800 MHz signals

1.48 Affected reproduction rate.

Bartos et al. (2019) Cockroach exposed
to broadband RF
noise
429 nT Light-dependent slowing
of circadian rhythm.

Beaubois et al. (2007) Tomato plant
exposed to 900-
MHz RFR for 10
min

6.6 Increased expression of
leucine-zipper
transcription factor (bZIP)
gene in leaves.

Bedir et al. (2018) Rat exposed to
2100 MHz RFR, 6
or 19 h/day, 30
days

0.024 Oxidative stress-mediated
renal injury.

Belyaev et al. (1992) E. coli exposed to

51.62-51.84 and

41.25-41.50 GHz
RFR, 5-15 min
1 Suppressed radiationinduced repair of genome
conformation state.

Belyaev et al. (2005) 915 MHz GSM
signal, 24 & 48 hr

0.037 Genetic changes in human
white blood cells
Belyaev et al. (2009) 915 MHz, 1947
MHz;

GSM, UMTS
signals
24 & 72 hr

0.037 DNA repair mechanism in
human white blood cells
Bourdineaud et al.
(2017)
Earthworm (Eisenia
fetida) exposed to
900 MHz RFR, 2 hr

0.00013-

0.009
DNA modification.
587
Agenda Item # 9.

Burlaka et al. (2013) Japanese quail
embryos exposed to
GSM 900 MHz
RFR; 158-360 hr

0.25 Oxidative DNA damage
and free radical formation
Capri et al. (2004) 900 MHz, GSM
signal, 1 hr/day, 3
days

0.07 Cell proliferation and
membrane chemistry
Cammaerts and
Johansson (2015)
Brassicaceae
lepidium sativum
(cress d’alinois)
seed exposed to 900
and 1800 MHz
RFR, 4, 7, and 10
days

0.007-0.01 Defect in germination.

Cammaerts et al.
(2013)
Ants exposed to
GSM signal for 180
h

0.1572 Affected food collection
and response to
pheromones.

Cammaerts et al.
(2014)
Ants exposed to
GSM signal for 10
min

0.5968 Affected social behavior.

Campisi et al. (2010) Rat neocortical
astroglial cells
exposed to 50-Hz
modulated 900 Mhz
RFR, 5-20 min
26 Free radical production
and DNA fragmentation.

Czerwinski et al.
(2020)
Plant community
exposed to cell
phone base station
radiation

0.01-0.1 Biological effects
observed.

Chaturvedi et al.
(2011)
Rat brain cells
exposed to 2450
MHz RFR, 2 h/day
for 30 days

0.03561 Increased DNA strand
breaks.

Comelekoglu et al.
(2018)
Rat sciatic nerve
exposed to 1800
MHz RFR, 1
hr/day, 4 weeks

0.00421 Changes in electrical
activity, increased catalase,
and degeneration of
myelinated fibers.
588
Agenda Item # 9.

De Pomerai et al.
(2003)
Protein exposed to
1 GHz RFR,
24 & 48 hr

0.015 Protein damages
Deshmukh et al.
(2013)
Rats exposed to
900, 1800, and
2450 MHz RFR ;
30 days

0.0006-

0.0007
DNA strand breaks in
brain.

Deshmukh et al.
(2015)
Rats exposed to
900, 1800, and
2450 MHz RFR;
180 days

0.0006-

0.0007
Declined cognitive
functions, increased brain
HSP70 and DNA strand
break.

Deshmukh et al.
(2016)
Rats exposed 900,
1800, and 2450
MHz; 90 days

0.0006-

0.0007
Declined cognitive
functions, increased brain
HSP70 and DNA strand
break in rats
Dutta et al. (1984) human
neuroblastoma cells
exposed to 915
MHz RFR,
sinusoidal AM at
16 Hz

0.05 Increase in calcium efflux.

Dutta et al. (1994) Escherichia coli
cultures containing
a plasmid with a
mammalian gene
for enolase were
exposed for 30 min
to 147 MHz RFR
AM at16 or 60 Hz

0.05 Enolase activity in
exposed cultures RFR at
AM at 16 Hz showed
enhanced activity
enhanced, and AM at 60
Hz showed reduced
activity. (Modulation
frequencies. 16 and 60 Hz,
caused similar effects.)
Eker et al. (2018) Rats exposed to
1800 MHz RFR, 2
hr/day for 8 weeks

0.06 Increased caspase-3 and
p38MAPK expressions in
eye.

Fesenko et al. (1999) Mice exposed to

8.15 – 18 GHz
RFR, 5 hr to 7 days,
direction of
response depended
on exposure
duration
1 Changes in immunological
functions.
589
Agenda Item # 9.

Forgacs et al. (2006) Mice exposed to
1800 MHz RFR,
GSM- 217 Hz
pulses, 576 µs pulse
width; 2 hr/day, 10
days

0.018 Increase in serum
testosterone.

Frątczak et al. (2020) Ticks exposed to
900 MHz RFR

0.1 Ticks attracted to the RFR,
particularly those infected
with Rickettsia (spotted
fever).

Friedman et al. (2007) Rat and human cells
exposed to 875
MHz RFR, 30 min
5 Activation of signaling
pathways.

Furtado-Filho et al.
(2014)
Pregnant rats
exposed to 950
MHz RFR for 0.5
h/day for 51 days
(21 days of
gestation and 6-30
days old)
SAR
pregnant rat

0.01-0.03
W/kg;
neonate 0.88
W/kg, 6-day
old 0.51
W/kg, 15-
day old 0.18
W/kg, 30-
day old 0.06
W/kg
Decreased DNA strand
breaks in liver of 15-day
old and increased breaks in
30-day old offspring.

Gandhi et al. (2015) People who lived
within 300 m of a
mobile-phone base
station.

1.15 Increased DNA damage in
lymphocytes, more in
female than in male
subjects.

Garaj-Vrhovac et al.
(2011)
Operators of two
types of marine
radars (3, 9.4, and

5.5 GHz); average
time on job 2-16 yrs

0.0005-

0.004 (time
averaged)
Increased genetic damages
in blood lymphocytes
590
Agenda Item # 9.

Gremiaux et al. (2016) Rose exposed to
900 MHz RFR, 3x
39min every 48 h at
2 stages of
development

0.00072 Delayed and reduced
growth.

Gulati et al. (2016) People lived close
(<400 meters) to a
cell tower; 1800
MHz, , some
subjects lived in the
area for more than 9
yrs
Maximum power density
(at 150 meters) 1.22
Increased DNA strand
breaks in lymphocytes and
micronucleus in buccal
cells.

Gulati et al. (2020) DNA damage in
human lymphocytes
Cells
exposed to
UMTS
signals at
different
frequency
channels
used by 3 G
mobile
phone
(1923,
1947.47,
and 1977
MHz) for 1
or 3 h; SAR

0.04 W/kg
DNA damage found only
in cells exposed to 1977-
MHz field.

Gupta et al. (2018) Rtas exposed to
2450 MHz RFR;
1h/day 28 days

0.0616 Cognitive deficit, loss of
mitochondrial functions,
activation of apoptotic
factors in hippocampus;
affected cholinergic
system.

Gurler et al. (2014) Rats exposed to

2.45 GHz RFR, 1
h/day, 30 days

3.59 Increased DNA damage in
brain.
591
Agenda Item # 9.

Halgamuge et al.
(2015)
Growth parameters
of soybean
seedlings
GSM 217
Hzmodulated
(4.8 x 10-7,

4.9 x 10-5,
and 0.0026
W/kg) SAR
or CW
(0.00039
and 0.02
W/kg) 900-
MHz RFR
for 2 h
Modulated and CW fields
produced different patterns
of growth effects. There
was an amplitude effect
and extremely low-level
modulated field (4.8 x 10-7
W/kg) affected all
parameters.

Hanci et al. (2013) Pregnant rats
exposed 1 h/day on
days 13-21 of
pregnancy to 900-
MHz RFR

26.5 Testicular tissue of 21-day
old offspring showed
increased DNA oxidative
damage.

Hanci et al. (2018) Rats exposed to 900
MHz RFR, 1 h/day
to postnatal day 60.

0.0067 Changes in morphology
and increase in oxidative
stress marker in testis.

Hassig et al. (2014) Cows exposed to
916.5 MHz signal
similar to GSM
base station, 30
days 16 h 43 min
per day

38.2 Changes in redox enzymes
(SOD. CAT, GSH-px
He et al. (2016) Mouse bone
marrow stromal
cells exposed to
900 MHz RFR 3
h/day for 5 days

2.5 x 10-4 Increased expression of
PARP-1 mRNA
Hekmat et al. (2013) Calf thymus
exposed to 940
MHz RFR, 45 min

0.04 Conformational changes in
DNA.
592
Agenda Item # 9.

Ivaschuk et al. (1997) Nerve growth
factor-treated PC12
rat
pheochromocytoma
cells 836.55 MHz
TDMA signal,
20 min

0.026 Transcript levels for c-jun
altered.

Ji et al. (2016) Mouse bonemarrow stromal
cells exposed to 900
MHz RFR, 4 hr/day
for 5 days
120 Faster kinetics of DNAstrand break repair.

Keleş et al. (2019) Rats exposed tp 900
MHz RFR; 1h/day,
25days

0.012 Higher number of
pyramidal and granule
neurons in hippocampus.

Kesari and Behari
(2009)
Rats exposed to 50
GHz RFR; 2hr/day,
45 days

0.0008 Double strand DNA breaks
observed in brain cells
Kesari and Behari
(2010)
Rats exposed to 50
GHz RFR; 2 hr/day,
45 days

0.0008 Changes in oxidative
processes and apoptosis in
reproductive system.

Kesari et al. (2010) Rats exposed to
2450 MHz RFR at
50-Hz modulation,
2 hr/day, 35 days

0.11 DNA double strand breaks
in brain cells
Kumar et al. (2010a) Rats exposed to 10
GHz RFR, 2h/day
45 days

0.014 Cellular changes and
increase in reactive oxygen
species in testes
Kumar et al. (2010b) Rats exposed to 10
GHz RFR, 2 h/day,
45 days; or 50 GHz,
2h/day, 45 days

0.014 (10
GHz)

0.0008 (50
GHz)
Genetic damages in blood
cells.
593
Agenda Item # 9.

Kumar et al. (2013) Rats exposed to 10
GHz RFR for 2 h a
day for 45 days

0.014 Increased micronucleus in
blood cells and DNA
strand breaks in
spermatozoa.

Kumar et al. (2015) maize seedlings
exposed to 1899
MHz RFR, 0.5-4 h

33.2 Retarded growth and
decreased chlorophyll
content.

Kumar et al. (2021) Epigenetic
modulation in the
hippocampus of
Wistar rats
Rats
exposed to
900 MHz,
1800 MHz,
and 2450
MHz RFR at
a specific
absorption
rate (SAR)
of 5.84 × 10-
4 W/kg, 5.94
× 10-4 W/kg
and 6.4 ×
10-4 W/kg
respectively
for 2 h per
day for 1-
month, 3-
month and
6-month
periods.

Significant epigenetic
modulations were
observed in the
hippocampus, larger
changes with increasing
frequency and exposure
duration.

Kwee et al. (2001) Transformed human
epithelial amnion
cells exposed to
960 MHz GSM
signal, 20 min

0.0021 Increased Hsp-70 stress
protein.

Landler et al. (2015) Juvenile snapping
turtle (c. serpentina)
exposed to 1.43
MHz RFR, 20 min
20-52 nT Disrupted magnetic
orientation.
594
Agenda Item # 9.

Lazaro et al. (2016) 50, 100, 200, 400 m
from ten mobile
telecommunication
antennas

0.0000265 - 0.106 Distance-dependent effects
on abundance and
composition of wild insect
pollinators
Lerchl et al. (2008) 383 MHz
(TETRA), 900 and
1800 MHz (GSM)
24 hr/day, 60 days

0.08 Metabolic changes in
hamster.

López-Martín et al.
(2009)
Pulse-modulated
GSM and
unmodulated
signals; 2 hr

0.03-0.26 c-Fos expression in brain
of picotoxin-induced
seizure-prone rats
Magras and Xenos
(1997)
Mice in ‘antenna
park’-TV and FMradio, exposure
over several
generations

0.168 Decrease in reproductive
functions.

Marinelli et al. (2004) Human leukemia
cell exposed to 900
MHz CW RFR
2 - 48 hr

0.0035 Cell’s self-defense
responses triggered by
DNA damage.

Makova et al. (2005) human white blood
cells exposed to 915
and 905 MHz GSM
signal,
1 hr

0.037 Altered chromatin
conformation.

Markova et al. (2010) in human diploid
VH-10 fibroblasts
and human adiposetissue derived
mesenchymal stem
cells exposed to
GSM (905 MHz or
915 MHz) or
UMTS (1947.4
MHz, middle
channel) RFR for 1,
2, or 3 hr;

0.037-0.039 Inhibited tumor suppressor
TP53 binding protein 1
(53BP1) foci that are
typically formed at the
sites of DNA double strand
break location.
595
Agenda Item # 9.

Megha et al. (2015a) Rats exposed to 900
and 1800 MHz
RFR for 30 days (2
h/day, 5 days/week)

0.00059 and

0.00058
Reduced levels of
neurotransmitters
dopamine, norepinephrine,
epinephrine, and serotonin,
and downregulation of
mRNA of tyrosine
hydroxylase and
tryptophan hydroxylase
(synthesizing enzymes for
the transmitters) in the
hippocampus.

Megha et al. (2015b) Rats exposed to
900, 1800, and
2450 MHz RFR for
60 days (2 h/day, 5
days/week)

0.00059,

0.00058,
and 0.00066
Increased DNA damage in
the hippocampus.

Monselise et al. (2011) Etiolated duckweed
exposed to AM

1.287 MHz signal
form transmitting
antenna

0.859
(1,8-7.8 V/m)
Increased alanine
accumulation in cells.

Navakatikian and
Tomashevskaya (1994)
Rats exposed to
2450 MHz CW and
3000 MHz pulsemodulated 2 µs
pulses at 400 Hz,
Single (0.5-12 hr)
or repeated (15-60
days, 7-12 hr/day)

0.0027 Behavioral and endocrine
changes, and decreases in
blood concentrations of
testosterone and insulin.

CW-no effect
Nittby et al. (2007) Rats exposed to 900
MHz GSM signal,
2 hr/wk, 55wk

0.0006 Reduced memory
functions.

Nittby et al. (2008) Rats exposed to 915
MHz GSM signal, 6
hr

0.013
(whole body
average);

0.03 (head)
Altered gene expression in
cortex and hippocampus.
596
Agenda Item # 9.

Novoselova et al.
(1999)
Mice exposed to
RFR from 8.15 -18
GHz, 1 sec sweep
time-16 ms reverse,
5 hr
1 Changes in Functions of
the immune system.

Novoselova et al.
(2004)
Mice exposed to
RFR from 8.15 -18
GHz, 1 sec sweep
time-16 ms reverse,

1.5 hr/day, 30 days
1 Decreased tumor growth
rate and enhanced survival.

Novoselova et al.
(2017)
Mice exposed to

8.15 -18 GHz RFR,
1 Hz swinging
frequency, 1 hr
1 Enhanced plasma
cytokine.

Odaci et al. (2016) Pregnant Sprague -
Dawley rats
exposed to 900
MHz RFR 1 h each
day during days 13
- 21 of pregnancy

0.024 Testis and epididymis of
offspring showed higher
DNA oxidation.

Özsobacı et al. (2020) Human kidney
embryonic cells
(HEK293) exposed
to 3450 MHz RFR,
1 h

1.06 Changed oxidative enzyme
activity and increased
apoptosis.

Panagopoulos and
Margaritis. (2010a)
Flies exposed to
GSM 900 and 1800
MHz RFR, 6
min/day, 5 days
10 ‘Window’ effect of GSM
radiation on reproductive
capacity and cell death.

Panagopoulos and
Margaritis. (2010b)
Flies exposed to
GSM 900 and 1800
MHz RFR, 1- 21
min/day, 5 days
10 Reproductive capacity of
the fly decreased linearly
with increased duration of
exposure.

Panagopoulos et al.
(2010)
Flies exposed GSM
900 and 1800 MHz
RFR, 6 min/day, 5
days
1-10 Affected reproductive
capacity and induced cell
death.

Pandey et al. (2017) Mice exposed to
900-MHz RFR for

0.0054-

0.0516
DNA strand breaks in
germ cells.
597
Agenda Item # 9.
4 or 8 h per day for
35 days
Pavicic et al. (2008) Chinese hamster
V79 cells exposed
to 864 and 935
MHz CW RFR, 1-3
hrs

0.08 Cell growth affected.

Perov et al. (2019) Rats exposed to 171
MHz CW RFR,
6h/day, 15 days

0.006 Stimulation of adrenal
gland activity.

Persson et al. (1997) Rats exposed to 915
MHz RFR -CW and
pulse-modulated
(217-Hz, 0.57 ms;
50-Hz, 6.6 ms) 2-
960 min.

0.0004 Increase in permeability of
the blood-brain barrier.

CW more potent.

Pesnya and
Romanovsky (2013)
Onion exposed to
GSM 900-MHz
RFR from a cell
phone for 1 h/day
or 9 h/day for 3
days.

0.5 Increased mitotic index,
frequency of mitotic and
chromosome
abnormalities, and
micronucleus frequency.

Phillips et al. (1998) Human leukemia
cells exposed to
813.5625 MHz
(iDEN); 836.55
MHz (TDMA)
signals,
2 hr and 21 hr

0.0024 DNA damage observed.

Piccinetti et al. (2018) Zebrafish exposed
to 100 MHz RFR,
24-72 h postfertilization

0.08 Retarded embroyonic
development.

Postaci et al. (2018) Rats exposed to
2600 MHz RFR, 1
h/day, 30 days

0.011 Cellular damages and
oxidative damages in liver.
598
Agenda Item # 9.

Pyrpasopoulou et al.
(2004)
Rats exposed to 9.4
GHz GSM
(50 Hz pulses, 20
µs pulse length)
signal, 1-7 days
postcoitum

0.0005 Exposure during early
gestation affected kidney
development.

Qin et al. (2018) Mice exposed to
1800-MHz RFR, 2
h/day for 32 days

0.0553 Inhibition of testosterone
synthesis.

Rafati et al. (2015) Frog gastroenemius
muscle exposed to
cell phone jammers;
1 m away, 3x 10
min periods
For different
jammers:0.0
1-0.05
Latency of contraction of
prolonged.

Ranmal et al. (2014) Tomato exposed to
1250-MHz RFR for
10 days.

9.5 Increased expression of
two wound-plant genes.

Roux et al. (2006) Tomatoes exposed
to 900-MHz RFR
for 2-10 min

6.6 Induction of stress gene
expression in tomato.

Roux et al. (2008a) Tomatoes exposed
to 900 MHz RFR

6.6 Changes in Gene
expression and energy
metabolism.

Roux et al. (2008b) Tomato plants
exposed to 900
MHz RFR (>30
min)

6.6 Changes in energy
metabolism in leave of
tomato plant.

Salford et al. (2003) Rats exposed to 915
MHz GSM, 2 hr

0.02 Nerve cell damage in
brain.

Sarimov et al. (2004) Human
lymphocytes
exposed to 895-915
MHz GSM signal,
30 min

0.0054 Chromatin affected similar
to stress response.
599
Agenda Item # 9.

Schwarz et al. (2008) Human fibroblasts
exposed to 1950
MHz UMTS signal,
24 hr

0.05 Changes in genes.

Shahin et al. (2013) Mice exposed to
2450 MHz RFR, 2
h/day for 45 days

0.023 Increased DNA strand
breaks in the brain.

Singh et al. (2012) Hung beans
exposed to 900
MHz RFR, 0.5-2 h

8.54 Reduced root length and
number of roots per
hypocotyls.

Sirav and Seyhan
(2011)
Rats exposed to
CW 900 MHz or
1800 MHz for 20
min
CW 900
MHz
(0.00426
W/kg) or
1800 MHz
(0.00146
W/kg)
Increased blood-brain
barrier permeability in
male rats, no significant
effect on female rats.

Sirav and Seyhan
(2016)
Rats exposed to
pulsed-modulated
(217 Hz, 517 µs
width) 900 MHz or
1800 MHz 6 RFR
for 20 min

0.02 In male rats, both
frequencies increased
blood-brain barrier
permeability, 1800 MHz is
more effective than 900
MHz; in female rats, only
900 MHz filed caused an
effect.

Somosz et al. (1991) Rat embryo 3T3
cells exposed to
2450-MHz 16-Hz
square modulated
RFR

0.024 Increased the ruffling
activity of the cells, and
caused ultrastructural
alteration in the cytoplasm.

CW was less effective.

Soran et al. (2014) Plants exposed to
GSM and WLAN
signals
10 (GSM)
7 (WLAN)
Enhanced release of
terpene from aromatic
plants; essential oil
contents in leaves
enhanced by GSM
radiation but reduced by
WLAN radiation in some
plants.
600
Agenda Item # 9.

Stagg et al. (1997) Glioma cells
exposed to 836.55
MHz TDMA
signal, duty cycle
33%, 24 hr

0.0059 Glioma cells showed
significant increases in
thymidine incorporation,
which may be an
indication of an increase in
cell division.

Stankiewicz et al.
(2006)
Human white blood
cells exposed to 900
MHz GSM signal,
217 Hz pulses-.577
ms width, 15 min

0.024 Immune activities of
human white blood cells
affected.

Sun Y. et al. (2017) Human HL-60 cells
exposed to 900 Hz
RFR, 5 h/day for 5
days
peak and
average
SAR 4.1 x
10-4 and 2.5
x 10-4 W/kg
Increased oxidative DNA
damage and decreased
mitochondrial gene
expression.

Szymanski et al.
(2020)
Human cells
exposed to Pulsemodulated 900
MHz RFR, two 15-
min exposure

0.024 Human blood
mononucleus cells
demonstrated high
immunological activity of
monocytes and T-cell
response to concanavalin
A.

Tkalec et al. (2013) Earthorm exposed
to continuous-wave
and AM-modulated
900- MHz RFR for
2 - 4 h

0.00013,

0.00035,

0.0011, and

0.00933
Increased DNA strand
breaks.

Tsybulin et al. (2012) Japanese Quail
embryos exposed to
GSM 900 MHz
signal during first
38 h or 14 days of
fertilization

0.2 Enhanced development
and survival in Japanese
Quail embryos probably
via a free radical-induced
mechanism.

Tsybulin et al. (2013) Japanese Quail
embryos exposed to
GSM 900 MHz
signal, 48 sec on/12
sec off; 38 or 158 h

0.003 Decreased DNA strand
break at 38 h and increased
in 158h exposure in cells.
601
Agenda Item # 9.

Vargová et al. (2017) Ticks exposed to
900 MHz RFR

0.07 Ticks showed greater
movement activity, with
jerking movement of
whole body or first pair of
legs.

Vargová et al. (2018) Ticks exposed to
900 MHz and 5000
MHz RFR

0.105 In a tube with half shielded
for RFR, ticks exposed to
900 MHz concentrated on
exposed side, and escaped
to shielded side when
exposed to 5000 MHz
Velizarov et al. (1999) Human epithelial
amnion cells
exposed to 960
MHz GSM signal,
217 Hz squarepulse, duty cycle
12%, 30 min

0.000021 Decreased proliferation
Veyret et al. (1991) Exposure to 9.4
GHz 1 µs pulses at
1000 pps, also with
or without
sinusoidal AM
between 14 and 41
MHz, response only
with AM
modulation,
direction of
response depended
on AM frequency

0.015 Changes in functions of
the mouse immune system.

Vian et al. (2006) Tomato plants
exposed to 900
MHz RFR

6.6 Stress gene expression in
plant.
602
Agenda Item # 9.

Vilić et al. (2017) Oxidative effects
and DNA damage
in honey bee (Apis
mellifera) larvae
Honey bee larvae were
exposed to 900-MHz at
unmodulated field at 27
µW/cm2 and modulated
(80% AM 1 kHz
sinusoidal) field at 140
µW/cm2, for 2 hr.

Oxidative effect with
exposure to unmodulated
field. DNA damage
increased after exposure to
modulated field.

Waldmann-Salsam et
al. (2016)
Mobile phone mast,
long-term exposure
>0.005 Damages to trees
Wolke et al. (1996) Heart muscle cells
of guinea pig
exposed to 900,
1300, 1800 MHz,
square-wave
modulated at 217
Hz; Also 900 MHz
with CW, 16 Hz, 50
Hz and 30 KHz
modulations

0.001 Changed calcium
concentration in heart
muscle cells.

Yakymenko et al.
(2018)
Quail embryos
exposed to GSM
1800 GHz signal
from a smart phone
(48 s ON/12 s OFF)
for5 days before
and 14 days during
incubation

0.32 Increased DNA strand
breaks and oxidative DNA
damage.
603
Agenda Item # 9.

Yurekli et al. (2006) 945 MHz GSM,
217 Hz pulsemodulation
7 hr/day, 8 days

0.0113 Free radical chemistry.

Zong et al. (2015) Mice exposed to
900 MHz RFR, 4
h/day for 7 days

0.05 Attenuated bleomycininduced DNA breaks and
repair.

Author Note: Many of the biological studies are acute, mostly one-time, exposure experiments, whereas exposure to ambient environmental man-made EMF is chronic. Acute and chronic exposures will likely end up with different consequences. Living organisms can compensate for the effect at the beginning of exposure and growth promotion in plants could be a result of overcompensation. After prolonged exposure, a breakdown of the system could occur, leading to detrimental effects. This sequence of response is basically how a living organism responds to stressors. The timeline of response depends on the physiology of an organism and also the intensity of exposure
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Environ Monit Assess. 184:1813–1821, 2012.

Sirav, B., Seyhan, N. Effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure on blood-brain barrier permeability in male and female rats. Electromagn Biol Med. 30:253-260, 2011.

Sırav, B., Seyhan, N. Effects of GSM modulated radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation on permeability of blood-brain barrier in male & female rats. J Chem Neuroanat. 75(Pt B):123-127, 2016.

Somosy, Z., Thuroczy, G., Kubasova, T., Kovacs, J., Szabo, LD. Effects of modulated and continuous microwave irradiation on the morphology and cell surface negative charge of 3T3 fibroblasts. Scanning Microsc. 5:1145-1155, 1991.

Soran, M.L., Stan, M., Niinemets, Ü., Copolovici, L. Influence of microwave frequency electromagnetic radiation on terpene emission and content in aromatic plants. J Plant Physiol. 171:1436-1443, 2014.

Stagg, R.B., Thomas, W.J., Jones, R.A., Adey, W.R. DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in C6 glioma and primary glial cells exposed to a 836.55 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Bioelectromagnetics. 18:230-236, 1997.

Stankiewicz, W., Dąbrowski, M.P., Kubacki, R., Sobiczewska, E., Szmigielski, S.

Immunotropic lnfluence of 900 MHz microwave GSM signal on human blood immune cells activated in vitro. Electromagn Biol Med. 25: 45-51, 2006.

Sun, Y., Zong, L., Gao, Z., Zhu, S., Tong, J., Cao, Y. Mitochondrial DNA damage and oxidative damage in HL-60 cells exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields. Mutat Res. 797:7-14, 2017.

Szymański, Ł., Sobiczewska, E., Cios, A., Szymanski, P., Ciepielak, M., Stankiewicz, W. Immunotropic effects in cultured human blood mononuclear cells exposed to a 900 MHz pulse-modulated microwave field. J Radiat Res. 61:27-33, 2020.

Tkalec, M., Stambuk, A., Srut, M., Malarić, K., Klobučar, G.I. Oxidative and genotoxic effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 90:7-12, 2013.
615
Agenda Item # 9.

Tsybulin, O., Sidorik, E., Kyrylenko, S., Henshel, D., Yakymenko, I. GSM 900 MHz microwave radiation affects embryo development of Japanese quails. Electromagn Biol Med. 31:75-86, 2012.

Tsybulin, O., Sidorik, E., Brieieva, O., Buchynska, L., Kyrylenko, S., Henshel, D., Yakymenko, I. GSM 900 MHz cellular phone radiation can either stimulate or depress early embryogenesis in Japanese quails depending on the duration of exposure. Int J Radiat Biol. 89:756-763, 2013.

Vargová, B., Kurimský, J., Cimbala, R., Kosterec, M., Majláth, I., Pipová, N., Tryjanowski, P., Jankowiak, L., Majláthová , V. Ticks and radio-frequency signals:
behavioural response of ticks (Dermacentor reticulatus) in a 900 MHz electromagnetic field. Systemat Appl Acarol. 22: 683–693, 2017.

Vargová, B., Majláth, I., Kurimský, J., Cimbala, R., Kosterec, M., Tryjanowski, P., Jankowiak, Ł., Raši, T., Majláthová, V. Electromagnetic radiation and behavioural response of ticks: an experimental test. Exp Appl Acarol. 75:85-95, 2018.

Velizarov, S., Raskmark, P., Kwee, S. The effects of radiofrequency fields on cell proliferation are non-thermal. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg. 48:177-180, 1999.

Veyret, B., Bouthet, C., Deschaux, P., de Seze, R., Geffard, M., Joussot-Dubien, J, le Diraison, M., Moreau, J.M., Caristan A. Antibody responses of mice exposed to low-power microwaves under combined, pulse-and-amplitude modulation.

Bioelectromagnetics. 12:47-56, 1991.

Vian, A., Roux, D., Girard, S., Bonnet, P., Paladian, F., Davies, E., Ledoigt, G..

Microwave irradiation affects gene expression in plants. Plant Signal Behav. 1:67-70, 2006.

Vilić, M., Tlak Gajger, I., Tucak, P., Štambuk, A., Šrut, M., Klobučar, G., Malarić, K., Žura Žaja, I., Pavelić, A., Manger, M., Tkalec, M. Effects of short-term exposure to mobile phone radiofrequency (900 MHz) on the oxidative response and genotoxicity in honey bee larvae. J Apic Res. 56:430–438, 2017.

Wolke, S., Neibig, U., Elsner, R., Gollnick, F., Meyer, R. Calcium homeostasis of isolated heart muscle cells exposed to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics. 17:144-153, 1996.

Yakymenko, I., Burlaka, A., Tsybulin, I., Brieieva, I., Buchynska, L., Tsehmistrenko, I., Chekhun, F. Oxidative and mutagenic effects of low intensity GSM 1800 MHz microwave radiation. Exp Oncol. 40:282-287, 2018.
616
Agenda Item # 9.

Yurekli, A.I., Ozkan, M., Kalkan, T., Saybasili, H., Tuncel, H., Atukeren, P., Gumustas, K., Seker, S. GSM base station electromagnetic radiation and oxidative stress in rats. Electromagn Biol Med. 25:177-188, 2006.

Zong, C., Ji, Y., He, Q., Zhu, S., Qin, F., Tong, J., Cao, Y. Adaptive response in mice exposed to 900 MHz radiofrequency fields: Bleomycin-induced DNA and oxidative damage/repair. Int J Radiat Biol. 91: 270-276, 2015.
617
Agenda Item # 9.

Supplement 4. Effects of EMF on plant growth
Experimental conditions Results

STATIC MAGNETIC
FIELD
Abdani Nasiri et al.(2018) medicinal sage;15-30 mT, 5
min
enhanced growth
Baghel et al. (2016) soybean; 200 mT, 1h, increased growth Bahadir et al. (2018) sweet pea ; 125 mT, 24-72 h promoted germination Bhardwaj et al. (2012) cucumber; 100-250 mT, 1-3 h increased germination rate, length of seedling and dry
weight
Ćirković et al. (2017) wheat ; 340 mT, 16 h increased growth rate Florez et al. (2007) maize;125 and 250 mT, 1 min
to 10 days
increased growth rate
Jovičić-Petrović et al. (2021) White mustard seed, 90 mT, 5 or 15 min
suppressed germination, but
synergistic with a plant
growth-promoting bacterial
strain Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens D5 ARV
Kataria et al. (2020) soybean; 200 mT, 1 h stimulated germination and promoted growth
Kim et al. (2016) agricultural plants ; 130-250
mT, 4 days
increased stem and root
lengths
Patel et al. (2017) maize; 200 mT, 1 h enhanced germination Payez et al. (2013) wheat; 30 mT, 4 days promoted growth Razmioo andAlinian (2017) Cumin seed; 150, 250 500
mT or 1T for min
improved germination,
growth and oil and essential
contents
Shabrangy et al. (2021) barley seeds, 7 mT, 1,3, or 6
h
Improved seed germination
rate, root and shoot lengths,
and biomass weight
Vashisth and Joshi (2017) maize; 50-250 mT, 1-4 h enhanced seed growth Vashisth and Nagarajan
(2008)
chickpea; 0-250 mT, 1-4 h increased speed of
germination, seedling length
and dry weight
Xu et al. (2013) rock cress, removal of the
local geomagnetic field (~45
μT)
suppressed growth

PULSED MAGNETIC
FIELD
618
Agenda Item # 9.

Bhardwaj et al. (2016) green pea; 100 mT, 1 h, 6-
min on/off
enhanced germination and
growth
Bilalis et al. (2012) corn; 3 Hz; 12.5 nT, 1 x 10-6
wave duration, 0-15 min
promoted plant growth and
yield
Efthimiadou et al. (2014) tomato; 3 Hz, 12.5 mT, 1 x
10-6 s duration, 0-15 min
enhanced plant growth
Radhakrishnan et al. (2012a) soybean; 1 Hz, 1.5 μT, 5
h/day for 20 days
improved plant growth
Radhakrishnan et al. (2012b) soybean; 10 Hz, 1.5 μT, 5
h/day for 20 days
improved plant growth

ELF MAGNET FIELD
De Souza et al. (2008) lettuce; 60-Hz, 120-160 mT,
1-5 min
enhanced growth and final
yield
Fischer et al. (2004) sunflower and wheat; 16.67
Hz; 20 μT, 12 days
increased fresh and dry
weights and growth rate
Huang and Wang (2008) Mung bean; 10-60 Hz
modulated, 12 h, 6.38-16.20
μT
20 and 60 Hz, enhanced
growth; 30, 40 and 50 Hz
inhibited growth
Leelapriya et al. (2003) cotton;10 Hz, 0.1 mT, 5 h/day
for 20 days
enhanced germination
Naz et al. (2012) okra; 50 Hz, 99 mT, 3 and 11
min
increased germination
Novitskii et al. (2014) radish; 50 Hz, 500 μT,5 days stimulated lipid formation Shine et al. (2011) soybean; 50 Hz, 0-300 mT,
30-90 min
improved germination
parameters and biomass
Yano et al. (2004) radish; 60 Hz, 50 μT plus a
parallel 48-μT static magnetic
field, 10-15 days
decreased CO2 uptake , fresh
and dry weights and leaf area
RFR
Cammaerts and Johansson
(2015)
Garden cress; 900 and
1800 MHz, 0.007-0.01
μW/cm2, 10 days
decreased germination
Grémiaux et al. (2016) rose, 900 MHz, 0.00072
W/kg, 3 hr once or 3 times,
every 48 hr
delayed and reduced growth
Halgamuge et al. (2015) Soybean seedling. 900 MHz
GSM pulsed or CW, 0.45
mW/cm2, 2 h
GSM radiation reduced
outgrowth of epicotyls; CW
exposure reduced outgrowth
of roots and hypocotyls.

Kumar et al. (2015) maize;1800 MHz, 0.5-4 h,

33.2 μW/cm2
retarded growth and reduced
chlorophyll content
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Agenda Item # 9.

Mildažienė et al. (2019) sunflower seed; 5.28
MHz, 5, 10, 15 min 0.74
mT
changes in phytohormone
balance, development and
leaf protein expression
Payez et al. (2013) wheat; 10 KHz, 4 days, 25
mW/cm2
reduced water intake,
increased speed of growth,
reduced seeding vigor index I
Senavirathna et al. (2014) Parrot feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum), 2000 MHz, 0.142
mW/cm2, 1 h
Reduction in growth
Singh et al. (2012) Mung bean; 900 MHz, 8.54
μW/cm2, 0.5-2 h
reduced root length and
number of roots per
hypocotyls
Tkalec et al. (2009) Onion; 400 and 900
MHz, 2h, 446 μW/cm2
induced mitotic aberrations
due to impairment of the
mitotic spindle
References
Abdani Nasiri, A., Mortazaeinezhad, F., and Taheri, R. 2018. Seed germination of medicinal sage is affected by gibberellic acid, magnetic field and laser irradiation.

Electromagn Biol Med. 37:50-56.

Baghel, L., Kataria, S., and Guruprasad, K.N. 2016. Static magnetic field treatment of seeds improves carbon and nitrogen metabolism under salinity stress in soybean.

Bioelectromagnetics. 37:455-470.

Bahadir, A., Beyaz, R., and Yildiz, M. 2018. Effect of magnetic field on in vitro seedling growth and shoot regeneration from cotyledon node explants of Lathyrus chrysanthus boiss. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:547-555.

Bhardwaj, J., Anand, A., and Nagarajan, S. 2012. Biochemical and biophysical changes associated with magnetopriming in germinating cucumber seeds. Plant Physiol Biochem 57: 67-

73. Bhardwaj, J., Anand, A., Pandita, V.K., and Nagarajan, S. 2016. Pulsed magnetic field improves seed quality of aged green pea seeds by homeostasis of free radical content. J Food Sci Technol. 53:3969-3977.

Bilalis, D.J., Katsenios, N., Efthimiadou, A., and Karkanis, A. 2012. Pulsed electromagnetic field: an organic compatible method to promote plant growth and yield in two corn types. Electromagn Biol Med. 31:333-343.

Cammaerts, M., and Johansson, O. 2015. Effect of man-made electromagnetic fields on common brassicaceae lepidium sativum (cress d’alinois) seed germination: A preliminary replication study. Phyton 84:132–137. 620
Agenda Item # 9.

Ćirković, S., Bačić, J., Paunović, N., Popović, T.B., Trbovich, A.M., Romčević, N., and Ristić-Djurović, J.L. 2017. Influence of 340 mT static magnetic field on germination potential and mid-infrared spectrum of wheat. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:533-540.

De Souza, A., Sueiro, L., González, L.M., Licea, L., Porras, E.P., and Gilart, F. 2008. Improvement of the growth and yield of lettuce plants by non-uniform magnetic fields. Electromagn Biol Med. 27:173-184.

Efthimiadou, A., Katsenios, N., Karkanis, A., Papastylianou, P., Triantafyllidis, V., Travlos, I., and Bilalis, D.J. 2014. Effects of presowing pulsed electromagnetic treatment of tomato seed on growth, yield, and lycopene content. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014:369745.

Fischer, G., Tausz, M., Köck, M., and Grill, D 2004. Effects of weak 16 3/2 Hz magnetic fields on growth parameters of young sunflower and wheat seedlings. Bioelectromagnetics. 25:638- 641.

Florez, M., Carbonell, M., and Martinez, E. 2007. Exposure of maize seeds to stationary magnetic fields: Effects on germination and early growth. Environ Experiment Bot 59:68-75.

Grémiaux, A., Girard, S., Guérin, V., Lothier, J., Baluška, F., Davies, E., Bonnet, P., and Vian, A. 2016. Low-amplitude, high-frequency electromagnetic field exposure causes delayed and reduced growth in Rosa Hybrida. J Plant Physiol 190:44-53.

Halgamuge, M.N., Yak, S.K., Eberhardt, J.L. 2015. Reduced growth of soybean seedlings after exposure to weak microwave radiation from GSM 900 mobile phone and base station.

Bioelectromagnetics 36:87-95
Huang, H.H., and Wang, S.R. 2008. The effects of inverter magnetic fields on early seed germination of mung beans. Bioelectromagnetics. 29:649-57.

Jovičić-Petrović, J. , Karličić V., Petrović I., Saša Ćirković, S. , Ristić-Djurović J.L., Vera Raičević, V.2021. Biomagnetic priming-possible strategy to revitalize old mustard seeds.

Bioelectromagnetics doi: 10.1002/bem.22328. Online ahead of print.

Kataria, S., Jain, M., Tripathi, D.K., and Singh, V.P. 2020. Involvement of nitrate reductase-dependent nitric oxide production in magnetopriming-induced salt tolerance in soybean. Physiol Plant. 168:422-436.

Kim, S.C., Mason, A., and Im, W. 2016. Enhancement of the initial growth rate of agricultural plants by using static magnetic fields. J Vis Exp.113:53967.

Kumar, A., Singh, H. P., Batish, D. R., Kaur, S., and Kohli, R.K. 2015. EMF radiations (1800 MHz)-inhibited early seedling growth of maize (Zea mays) 621
Agenda Item # 9.
involves alterations in starch and sucrose metabolism. Protoplasma. 253:1043– 1049.

Leelapriya, T., Dhilip, K.S., and Sanker Narayan, P.V.2003. Effect of weak sinusoidal magnetic field on germination and yield of cotton (Gossypium spp.) Electromag Biol Med 22:117-125.

Mildažienė, V., Aleknavičiūtė, V., Žūkienė, R., Paužaitė, G., Naučienė, Z., Filatova, I., Lyushkevich, V., Haimi, P., Tamošiūnė, I., and Baniulis ,D. 2019.

Treatment of common sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) seeds with radio-frequency electromagnetic field and cold plasma induces changes in seed phytohormone balance, seedling development and leaf protein expression. Sci Rep. 9:6437.

Naz, A, Jamil, Y., Haq, Z., Iqbal, M., Ahmad, M.R., Ashraf, M.I., and Ahmad, R. 2012.

Enhancement in the germination, growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) using presowing magnetic treatment of seeds. Indian J Biochem Biophys. 49:211-214.

Novitskii, Y.I., Novitskaya, G.V., and Serdyukov, Y.A. 2014. Lipid utilization in radish seedlings as affected by weak horizontal extremely low frequency magnetic field.

Bioelectromagnetics. 35:91-99.

Patel, P., Kadur Narayanaswamy, G., Kataria, S., and Baghel, L. 2017.

Involvement of nitric oxide in enhanced germination and seedling growth of magnetoprimed maize seeds. Plant Signal Behav. 12:e1293217.

Payez, A., Ghanati, F., Behmanesh, M., Abdolmaleki, P., Hajnorouzi, A., and Rajabbeigi, E. 2013. Increase of seed germination, growth and membrane integrity of wheat seedlings by exposure to static and a 10-KHz electromagnetic field. Electromagn Biol Med. 32:417-429.

Radhakrishnan, R., Leelapriya, T., and Kumari, B.D. 2012a. Effects of pulsed magnetic field treatment of soybean seeds on calli growth, cell damage, and biochemical changes under salt stress. Bioelectromagnetics. 33:670-681.

Radhakrishnan, R., and Ranjitha Kumari, B.D. 2012b. Pulsed magnetic field: a contemporary approach offers to enhance plant growth and yield of soybean. Plant Physiol Biochem. 51:139-144.

Razmjoo,J., Alinian, S. 2017. Influence of magnetopriming on germination, growth, physiology, oil and essential contents of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Electromagn Biol Med 36:325-329. 622
Agenda Item # 9.

Senavirathna, M.D.H.J., Asaeda, T., Thilakarathne, B.L.S., Kadono, H. 2014. Nanometer-scale elongation rate fluctuations in the Myriophyllum aquaticum (Parrot feather) stem were altered by radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation. Plant Signal Behav 9:e28590.

Shabrangy, A, Ghatak, A, Zhang, S., Priller A, Chaturvedi P., Weckwerth, W. 2021. Magnetic field induced changes in the shoot and root proteome of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). Front Plant Sci 12:622795.

Shine, M.B., Guruprasad, K.N., and Anand, A. 2011. Enhancement of germination, growth, and photosynthesis in soybean by pre-treatment of seeds with magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics. 32:474-484.

Singh, H. P., Sharma, V. P., Batish, D. R., and Kohli, R. K. 2012. Cell phone electromagnetic field radiations affect rhizogenesis through impairment of biochemical processes. Environ. Monit. Assess. 184:1813–1821.

Tkalec, M., Malarić, K., Pavlica, M., Pevalek-Kozlina, B., and Vidaković-Cifrek, Z. 2009.

Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on seed germination and root meristematic cells of Allium cepa L. Mutat Res. 672:76-81.

Vashisth, A., and Joshi, D.K. 2017. Growth characteristics of maize seeds exposed to magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:151-157.

Vashisth, A., and Nagarajan, S. 2008. Exposure of seeds to static magnetic field enhances germination and early growth characteristics in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Bioelectromagnetics 29: 571-578.

Xu, C., Wei, S., Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, C., and Song, T. 2013. Removal of the local geomagnetic field affects reproductive growth in Arabidopsis. Bioelectromagnetics. 34:437-442.

Yano, A., Ohashi, Y., Hirasaki, T., Fujiwara, K.2004. Effects of a 60 Hz magnetic field on photosynthetic CO2 uptake and early growth of radish seedlings. Bioelectromagnetics. 25:572- 581.
623
Agenda Item # 9.

Report says wireless radiation
may harm wildlife
● By Scott Wyland [email protected]
● Feb 5, 2022 Updated Feb 7, 2022
Timeline for wireless
radiation oversight
1980s to 1996: The
Environmental Protection
Agency measures levels of
wireless radiation in the U.S. and
is tasked with developing safety
limits. The agency issues findings
in a 1984 report on biological
effects and a 1986 report on
environmental exposure levels.
1995: The EPA meets with the
Federal Communications
Commission and presents its plan
to develop safety limits for the
potentially harmful
electromagnetic fields that
wireless technologies produce.
1996: The EPA's research on
EMFs is defunded. The agency
Health researchers raised concerns in the 1990s about the possible harmful effects of wireless radiation from cellphones and towers, Santa Fe New Mexican, Report says wireless radiation may harm wildlife by Scott Wyland 2/07/2022 624
Agenda Item # 9.
closes is project measuring EMF
levels in U.S. cities.The FCC
adopts wireless radiation rules
and safety limits proposed by
industry-connected groups.
1999: The Food and Drug
Administration asks the National
Toxicology Program to study
cellphone radiation because of
the lack of safety data on the
health effects from long-term
exposure.
2008: The National Research
Council issues a report called
“The Identification of Research
Needs Relating to Potential
Biological or Adverse Health
Effects of Wireless
Communications Devices.”
Congress holds a hearing on the
health effects of cellphone use.
2009: The U.S. Senate holds
hearings on the health effects of
cellphones' wireless radiation.
2012: A Government
Accountability Office report
recommends cellphone test
procedures be reassessed to
ensure they reflect real world use
and are based on the latest
science.
2013: The FCC opens an official
inquiry asking if wireless
radiation limits should be
updated.Thousands of pages of
scientific evidence are submitted
and their warnings met pushback from telecommunications companies on the verge of growing a mega-industry.

Industry-backed researchers assured federal agencies health concerns — especially those centered on the possibility of low-level microwaves causing cancer — lacked conclusive evidence.

Regulators accepted their assessments, and the alarm bells went silent.

Now a trio of researchers have compiled a report saying the widespread installation of cell towers and antennas is generating electromagnetic fields — EMFs for short — that could be physiologically harmful.

The report focuses on potential impacts on wildlife, trees, plants and insects, such as bees, because there are no regulations protecting them from EMFs emanating from wireless antennas. Wildlife protections are becoming more vital as this radiation — known more specifically as radiofrequency EMFs — escalates through 5G technologies, the researchers warn.
“There needs to be regulatory standards to address EMFs affecting wildlife,” said Albert Manville, a retired U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologist and one of the paper’s authors.

Manville also is an adjunct science professor at Johns Hopkins University.

Santa Fe New Mexican, Report says wireless radiation may harm wildlife by Scott Wyland 2/07/2022 625
Agenda Item # 9.
to the FCC for its inquiry.
2019: The FCC issues a decision
not to update the 1996 standards.
2020: The Environmental
Health Trust files a petition
against the FCC arguing the 2019
decision was not based on an
adequate review of the data
submitted.
2021: The U.S Court of Appeals
in Washington, D.C., rules the
FCC must review its 1996
guidelines and justify why they
shouldn't be updated.

Source: Environmental Health
Trust
He said he provided the Federal Communications Commission with some research on how the electromagnetic pollution can hurt wildlife and the steps that could be taken to lessen the impacts.

But the FCC has been unresponsive, Manville said, arguing the agency tends to accommodate the industry it’s supposed to regulate. “That’s unfortunate, but that’s just the way it is,” he said.

The FCC did not respond to questions about whether it would consider making efforts to reduce animals’ EMF exposure.

The three authors drew from 1,200 peer-reviewed studies to compile a three-part, 210-page report titled “Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna.” It was published in the journal Reviews on Environmental Health.

Science journalist Blake Levitt, lead author of the report, said they dug up overlooked studies that contained compelling research on how living organisms react to low-level EMFs. Their compilation invalidates any claims that the EMFs don’t cause biological effects, she said. “We just blew the whole thing out of the water and took it to the ecosystem level, which is really where it needed to go,” Levitt said. “Nobody had done that before. We need a whole lot more scrutiny put to the low-intensity stuff.”
Ambient EMFs have risen exponentially in the past quarter-century, as cellphones were widely adopted, to become a ubiquitous and continuous environmental pollutant, even in remote areas, the Santa Fe New Mexican, Report says wireless radiation may harm wildlife by Scott Wyland 2/07/2022 626
Agenda Item # 9.
report said, adding studies indicate EMFs can affect animals’ orientation, migration, food finding, reproduction, nest building, territorial defense, vitality, longevity and survival.

EMFs’ toxic effects on an animal’s cells, DNA and chromosomes have been observed in laboratory specimens — and thus would apply to wildlife, according to the report.

Many types of wildlife are exposed to EMFs from wireless sources, such as deer, seals, whales, birds, bats, insects, amphibians and reptiles, the report said. Many species have been found more sensitive to EMFs than humans in some ways.

The report recommends new laws that include the redesign of wireless devices and infrastructure to reduce the rising ambient levels.

It comes several months after a federal court in Washington, D.C., ordered the FCC to review its guidelines for wireless radiation and justify why it should retain them, as the standards haven’t been updated since 1996. This radiation should not be confused with radioactivity, the court noted, adding microwaves used in transmitting signals are low enough to not heat tissues in what are known as “thermal effects.”
But medical studies suggest the lower-level radiation could cause cancer, reproductive problems, impaired learning and motor skills, disrupted sleep and decreased memory.

These studies and others were submitted to the FCC after it opened a notice of inquiry in 2013 under the administration of former President Barack Obama to probe the adequacy of the 1996 guidelines, which were geared toward avoiding thermal effects, the court said.

In 2019, the Trump administration’s FCC deemed the inquiry unnecessary, saying the 1996 rules were sufficient and required no revision.

Two judges called that FCC action “arbitrary and capricious,” saying the FCC made the decision out of hand, ignoring all the science presented and offering no reasonable, fact-based argument to back it up.

Santa Fe New Mexican, Report says wireless radiation may harm wildlife by Scott Wyland 2/07/2022 627
Agenda Item # 9.

The agency also failed to look at the technological developments in the past 25 years and how they’ve changed the degree of exposure, the judges wrote. And they said it refused to examine possible health effects from EMFs that fall below the threshold set in 1996. “When an agency in the commission’s position is confronted with evidence that its current regulations are inadequate or the factual premises underlying its prior judgment have eroded, it must offer more to justify its decision to retain its regulations than mere conclusory statements,” the judges wrote. “Rather, the agency must provide ‘assurance that [it] considered the relevant factors,’ ” they added.

The FCC’s reluctance to ensure wireless transmissions are safe for human health extends to wildlife, even as 5G technology gains momentum, said Theodora Scarato, executive director of the Environmental Health Trust, a nonprofit think tank that led the petition against the FCC.

Scarato said her group is promoting the wildlife report to fill a crucial gap in wireless oversight.

She plans to submit the report to the FCC as it conducts its new review of wireless radiation, with the hope the report will go on the record and be considered when crafting future rules.

Regulators need to determine how much EMFs must be curbed to safeguard flora and fauna, she said. “What is a limit for a person is going to be different” than for animals, Scarato said.

The study notes EMFs can disrupt the Earth’s natural magnetic fields that birds, cats, fish and other animals use to navigate and orient themselves.

Towers keep the EMFs away from people on the ground but leave birds vulnerable because they fly near the transmitters and even perch on them, Scarato said. “Air needs to be designated as habitat,” she said. “And EMFs need to be regulated like other pollutants.”
Santa Fe New Mexican, Report says wireless radiation may harm wildlife by Scott Wyland 2/07/2022 628
Agenda Item # 9.

The transmissions can disorient bees, causing them to become lost, not return to their hives and die, Manville said.

The bees are already threatened by pesticides and climate change, he said. “It’s death by a thousand cuts.”
If they have a mass die-off, it could be disastrous for growers that depend on them to pollinate crops, he added.

Manville said as a federal biologist, he pushed to get the Interior Department to establish an environmental review that covered how new sources of wireless radiation would affect wildlife.

Interior officials were receptive in 2014, but his proposal stalled at the Commerce Department, which was in charge of internet technology, he said. Then later, the Trump administration scrapped it.

Scarato said this “landmark paper” could be the catalyst for creating wildlife guidelines. “The challenge before us is there isn’t an environmental agency who’s even looking at the science at this time,” she said. The study’s authors “make the case for regulations that we need.” Scott Wyland
Reporter
Wildlife Review Scientific References
Levitt BB, Lai HC, Manville AM. Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, Part 3. Exposure standards, public policy, laws, and future directions. Rev Environ Health. 2021 Sep

27. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0083. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34563106.

Levitt BB, Lai HC, Manville AM. Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, part 1. Rising ambient EMF levels in the environment. Rev Environ Health. 2021 May 27. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0026.

Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34047144.

Levitt BB, Lai HC, Manville AM. Effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields on flora and fauna, Part 2 impacts: how species interact with natural and man-made EMF. Rev Environ Health. 2021 Jul 8. doi:

10.1515/reveh-2021-0050. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34243228.

Santa Fe New Mexican, Report says wireless radiation may harm wildlife by Scott Wyland 2/07/2022 629
Agenda Item # 9.

Santa Fe New Mexican, Report says wireless radiation may harm wildlife by Scott Wyland 2/07/2022 630
Agenda Item # 9.

From: Melissa Smith
To: Public Comment; City Council
Subject: please treat all residences equally in the Wireless Ordinance Date: Tuesday, May 10, 2022 5:01:22 PM
Dear Los Altos City Council,
In the Wireless Ordinance, please consider including fire safety precautions that include 1000 ft setbacks for all residences (whether in a residential "zone" or not (e.g, CD/R3 Commercial Downtown/Multiple Family should fall in the same tier as other residences)), schools, daycares, parks, hospitals, religious facilities, and fire and sheriff stations so that people have enough time to evacuate due to a fire.

Please also include annual radiofrequency (RF) testing of cell facilities by an independent certified RF engineer to ensure compliance with all FCC standards for RF emissions.

Thank you,
Melissa Smith
631
Agenda Item # 9.

Los Altos City Council
Legislative Committee
May 10, 2022 Agenda Item 10
Current list of bills being tracked for possible action.

The description is not comprehensive as to the provisions of the proposed legislation.

Most recent legislative status is indicated, together with proposed Council action on May 10, 2022, shown in Bold.

AB 1944 (Lee) Amend Brown Act to allow hybrid meetings, change notice and requirements regarding legislative body officials participating remotely.

Passed Local Government [draft letter for council action, compare CASCC May 10] AB 2053 (Lee) Would create a new California Housing Authority Passed Housing & Community Developmen. In Appropriations [discuss] Notes: Assemblymember Lee has admirably tackled what no one else seems willing to do – address a root cause of the problem being the lack of funding for below market rate housing and an acknowledgment that it requires subsidies. The bill analysis points out a number of unanswered questions, and it is likely this bill will undergo further amendments before reaching a condition that warrants taking a position.

AB 2063 (Berman) Would prohibit collection of certain impact fees on “density bonus” units (collection currently is limited on affordable units).

In Appropriations April 20 [draft letter May 10]
AB 2097 (Friedman) Would prohibit any requirement for parking on developments within one-half mile of public transit. [CalCities: Oppose]
In Appropriations April 27 [April 26 letter approved ]
Note: SB 1067 (Portantino) is very similar and we can expect reconciliation at some point
AB 2164 (Lee) Expand State Fund for Disability Access and Education to provide financial assistance to small businesses.

In Appropriations [draft letter, compare CASCC May 10]
AB 2221 (Quirk-Silva) Would require an agency to return an approved permit or a full set of comments with a comprehensive request for revisions, within the specified time, on certain ADU applications.

To Appropriations; amended May 2: [clean-up bill; continue to track but no action at this time]
AB 2625 (Ting) Would create certain exemptions to the Subdivision Map Act for leasing or easement of land involving an electrical energy storage system.

Local Government: no date [No schedule for Council action] AB 2762 (Bloom) States intent of the Legislature to enact subsequent legislation to allow local agencies to build affordable housing on parking lots that serve public parks and recreational facilities.

No schedule [No schedule for Council action]
SB 897 (Wieckowski) Would require objective standards for ADUs and JADUs, would prohibit standards limiting ADUs to less than 25 feet in height, would reduce the required 632
Agenda Item # 10.
parking in a multifamily dwelling by 2 parking spaces for each ADU located on the lot, and eliminates the owner-occupancy requirement in either the primary or JADU unit. [CalCities: Oppose]
In Appropriations: April 25 [draft letter approved April 26] SB 922 (Wiener) Would remove the January 1, 2030, sunset to exempt certain bicycle transportation plans, signal timing, and other related projects from CEQA.

Passed Environmental Quality. Appropriations: no schedule [discuss] SB 930 (Wiener) Original bill would have authorized the Department of Housing and Community Development to review, adopt, amend, and repeal standards, forms, or definitions to implement the Housing Accountability Act without complying with the Administrative Procedure Act. Bill has been substantially amended (gut and amend) to apply the Housing Accountability Act to developments for extremely low income units.

In Housing. No hearing scheduled [No schedule for Council action] SB 932 (Portantino) Would require addition of a multi-modal transportation network in the Circulation Element of the General Plan for plans after June 30, 2024. [Cal Cities: Oppose unless amended]
Amended to sunset new liability as of Jan. 1, 2028. In Appropriations [draft letter presented April 26; potential revisions by Council member Weinberg for consideration May 10]
SB 1067 (Portantino) Would prohibit a city with population greater than 200,000 from imposing any minimum automobile parking requirement on a housing development within ½ mile of public transit under certain conditions. [CalCities: Oppose] Passed Gov. and Finance. Housing: April 27 [No schedule for Council action] SB 1292 (Stern) Would require jurisdictions that constrain development within certain fire hazard zones to provide for replacement development double the number of units eliminated in the fire hazard zones.

Housing: not scheduled [No schedule for Council action] 633
Agenda Item # 10.

The Honorable Anthony Portantino, Chair
Senate Appropriations Committee
State Capitol, Room 2206
Sacramento, CA 95814
Senate Bill 932 (Portantino): General plans, circulation element

OPPOSE UNLESS AMENDED
Dear Chair Portantino:

The City of Los Altos joins the League of California Cities (Cal Cities) in regrettably taking an “oppose unless amended” position on your Senate Bill 932. SB 932 would make significant, unprecedented, and overly prescriptive changes to the requirements of the circulation element of local general plans; impost costly, unfunded mandates for physical changes to local transportation infrastructure; and expose local governments to significant legal liability.

The City of Los Altos has taken a pro-active approach to meeting the important goals of this bill:
to make streets and roads safer for all users. We have partnered with the County of Santa Clara in designing new bike paths along the section of Foothill Expressway that transects the city of Los Altos and integrated those new paths with local streets. This required considerable interagency coordination, but the result is a significant improvement in safe, shared use. In another project, we partnered with the County and with the City of Cupertino to design comprehensive pedestrian and bicycle paths to schools that cross all three jurisdictions. These are the types of critical projects that require flexibility and quick response to the opportunities to work across multiple jurisdictions to improve bicycle and pedestrian safety. They cannot be achieved through a topdown approach that dictates the type of improvements and timing for implementation when multiple jurisdictions are involved.

Most recently we completed a new Complete Streets Master Plan that codifies the integration of improved bicycle/pedestrian paths and safety with routine street maintenance and sets out a longterm plan for making our streets more available to and safer for all users. Unfortunately, the plan will require funding of at least $44Million (today’s dollars). Much of the plan remains unfunded, despite planned use of SB 1, Block Grants, fuel tax, and other revenue sources. The requirements of SB 932 are likely even to exceed the ambitious plan we have just developed.

We note that cities that have made safety a priority and that have virtually no fatalities would be penalized under 65302(b)(2)(ii)(III) because the already excellent safety record would not allow for the reductions that are needed to be granted a 10-year extension of time to implement the provisions of SB 932. This is probably unintended and could perhaps be corrected through amendment.

Our city faces significant tradeoffs in prioritizing competing needs for roadway maintenance and improvements. The loss of employees during COVID, escalating costs for materials, and problems with supply chains are all impediments to be overcome. In addition, we need to consider the impact on our business community and the steps we need to take to help them recover and to mitigate changes to infrastructure on their operations. The circulation element must continue to provide flexibility as to the type of transportation improvements warranted in specific contexts, and any timelines for implementation must be developed in consideration of realistically available financial resources. We note that there is significant pressure from the legislature for local agencies to reduce, eliminate or defer development impact fees, which are among the few sources of revenue the small cities need to implement the provisions of this bill. 634
Agenda Item # 10.

Finally, SB 932 creates significant new legal liability for local jurisdictions in Santa Clara County that fail to meet the bill’s arbitrary implementation timeframes. In addition to the funding constraints and issues discussed above, the new private right of action created by SB 932 will be counter-productive to making progress on improving our local streets. Simply put, every additional dollar that goes toward defending against litigation is one fewer dollar available for improving our local streets and roads. Section 65302(b)(2)B)(iii) must be removed from the bill for our city to remove opposition to SB 932.

We hope you will continue to work with the League of California Cities and others on amendments that will allow us to remove our position of “oppose unless amended.” Sincerely,
635
Agenda Item # 10.

The Honorable Chris Holden, Chair
Assembly Appropriations Committee
1021 O Street, Room 8220
Sacramento, CA 95814
AB 2164 (Lee): Disability Access Funding

SUPPORT
Dear Chair Stone,
The City of Los Altos is pleased to Support Assembly Bill 2164, which will allow local jurisdictions to continue programs ensuring that Californians with disabilities have barrier-free access to businesses.

For Californians with disabilities, barrier-free access to businesses and other facilities is a constant concern. Federal, state, and local governments provide some resources to help businesses comply with these accessibility requirements and reduce barriers for patrons with disabilities. State law also requires local jurisdictions to collect a dedicated fee of $4.00 for business licenses and business permit renewals to fund programs improving barrier-free access to businesses (Cal. Gov. Code §§ 4465- 4470). Under current law, this fee will drop to $1.00 after December 31, 2023.

Many small businesses in our city find the complex requirements challenging, especially for the small storefronts that characterize much of our downtown. Los Altos was founded in 1951, and many of our small businesses operate in older buildings that were constructed before the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed into law. These business owners are now subject to frivolous claims or litigation, even as they and the businesses throughout our city strive to assure barrier-free access. We, as elected officials, see this legislation as a way to assist these businesses and continue to fund accessibility related certification, design, construction, and permitting fees so they are accessible and compliant with the law. Therefore, together with our Los Altos Chamber of Commerce, those of several Santa Clara County Chambers of Commerce, and the Cities Association of Santa Clara County, the City of Los Altos supports AB 2164.

Sincerely,
636
Agenda Item # 10.
[Addressee depends on status of bill at May 10]
AB 1944 (Lee): Brown Act Modernization

SUPPORT IF AMENDED
Dear [depends on status of bill at May 10]
The City of Los Altos supports AB 1944, with a proposed amendment. AB 1944 aims to modernize the Brown Act by giving local legislative bodies the option to waive the requirement that its members who are appearing virtually from a remote location need to publish their private address on the public meeting agenda. AB 1944 also requires a remote participation option for members of the public to address the body.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Governor Newsom issued Executive Order N-29-20 that allowed officials of local agencies to appear remotely without having to disclose their private addresses. In 2021, Assemblymember Rivas’s Bill 361 further allowed local agencies to continue to meet virtually during a state-declared emergency without having to meet the quorum and other requirements of teleconference meetings under the Brown Act. Our city council has taken advantage of AB 361 and continues to meet virtually.

The City of Los Altos recommends that AB 1944 be amended to require local legislative bodies, which opt to waive the requirement, have its members who are appearing virtually from a remote location provide the legislative body with the address of the remote location. The legislative body would be required not to make the address public. We support this amendment to ensure that members who are appearing virtually from a remote location are participating within the jurisdiction, thus avoiding any potential abuse of the flexibility that AB 1944 provides. This amendment further makes it easier to enforce compliance with the Brown Act quorum requirement. Therefore, the City of Los Altos supports AB 1944 with that amendment.

Sincerely,
637
Agenda Item # 10.

The Honorable Chris Holden, Chair
Assembly Appropriations Committee
1021 O Street, Room 8220
Sacramento, CA 95814
AB 2063 (Berman) Density bonuses: affordable housing impact fees OPPOSE
Dear Chair Stone:

The City of Los Altos respectfully opposes AB 2063, which would prohibit cities from collecting certain impact fees on density bonus units. Although the bill was recently amended to eliminate this prohibition on certain public benefit fees, the bill in its current form would have adverse impacts on city revenue collection to provide the services needed as a result of increased development. The fees covered by AB 2063 in its currently amended form (as well as other fees) are already prohibited on the affordable units, and it is unclear why cities and current residents should bear the additional burden of foregoing fees where the benefit seems to accrue only to the developer, with no assurance that any cost savings would result in more affordable housing. For this reason we must respectfully oppose AB 2063.

Sincerely,
638
Agenda Item # 10.

Open Government Committee
Council meeting May 10, 2022
Agenda item 11
The Open Government committee met and is working to address the following issues, with plans to make proposals to the entire City Council on changes to the Open Government Policy on May 24, 2022. The committee has asked for input from the City Manager and City Attorney.

1. What changes, if any, are required for the policy to conform to recent changes to state law? Based on those changes, should City Council make any further changes to the policy to continue the goal of exceeding the requirements of the Brown Act?

2. What changes, if any, are requested by staff to make the policy more practicable in the current environment and in looking forward to potential hybrid meeting structures?

3. What changes to public noticing requirements on development projects would better serve the goal of the Open Government Policy?

4. What resources are needed to meet the requirements of the policy? Are these acceptable in today’s budget environment, given the benefits? 639
Agenda Item # 11.

City of Los Altos 2022 Tentative Council Agenda Calendar May 6, 2022
All items and dates are tentative and subject to change unless a specific date has been noticed for a legally required Public Hearing. Items may be added or removed from the shown date at any time and for any reason prior to the publication of the agenda eight days prior to the next Council meeting.

Date Agenda Item
(Date identified by Council)
Agenda Section
(Consent,
Discussion Item -
note in red if
Public Hearing)
Dept/
Date of
request
to add.

May 24, 2022 REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING
Alta Housing BMR waiting list
Resolution Calling for Election (?)
Wireless Ordinance – 2
nd reading
3rd Quarter Investment Report
Return to in-person Council Meeting
Professional Services Contract Amendment Traffic patterns Professional Services Contract Amendment Alta
Fee Waiver – Friends of the Library Consent
Reso – Beacon Award; Climate Action Plan Consent
Grant Acceptance Consent Eng
Financial System Purchase
Open Gov Cmte Review
June 14, 2022 Adopt Resolution No. 2022-XX approving the Report of Sewer Service Charges and directing the Filing of Charges for Collection by the Tax Collector
2 Printed Public
Hearing -
5/11/2022 &
5/18/2022
640
Agenda Item # 12.

City of Los Altos Tentative Council Agenda Calendar
May 6, 2022
All items and dates are tentative and subject to change unless a specific date has been noticed for a legally required Public Hearing. Items may be added or removed from the shown date at any time and for any reason prior to the publication of the agenda eight days prior to the next Council meeting.

Date Agenda Item
(Date identified by Council)
Agenda Section
(Consent,
Discussion Item -
note in red if
Public Hearing)
Dept.

FY23 Budget Session
Use of Civic Center Property
Tree Policy – tree protection ordinance
Military Equipment Purchase
June 28, 2022 REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING
SCC Cites Association Appointment Discussion
FY23 Budget Adoption
June 28, 2022 REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING
July 12, 2022 REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING
August 23, 2022 REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING
August 30, 2022 Commission Interviews
641
Agenda Item # 12.

City of Los Altos Tentative Council Agenda Calendar
May 6, 2022
All items and dates are tentative and subject to change unless a specific date has been noticed for a legally required Public Hearing. Items may be added or removed from the shown date at any time and for any reason prior to the publication of the agenda eight days prior to the next Council meeting.

Date Agenda Item
(Date identified by Council)
Agenda Section
(Consent,
Discussion Item -
note in red if
Public Hearing)
Dept.

September 6, 2022 REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING
September 20, 2022* Year End tentative report – September (if needed)

REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING
October 11, 2022 REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING
October 25, 2022 REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING
November 1, 2021 Joint w/Commissions
November 15, 2022 * 1st Quarter report FY 2021/2022

REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING
November 29, 2022 REGULAR COUNCIL MEETING
December 6, 2022 CAFR and Year End – 1st meeting December 642
Agenda Item # 12.

City of Los Altos Tentative Council Agenda Calendar
May 6, 2022
All items and dates are tentative and subject to change unless a specific date has been noticed for a legally required Public Hearing. Items may be added or removed from the shown date at any time and for any reason prior to the publication of the agenda eight days prior to the next Council meeting.

Date Agenda Item
(Date identified by Council)
Agenda Section
(Consent,
Discussion Item -
note in red if
Public Hearing)
Dept.

December 13, 2022 Special meeting REORG.

Future Agenda Topics To Be Scheduled….

Proposed City policy that modifies the environmental analysis standard for circulation impacts from a Level of Service (LOS) analysis to a Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) analysis.

Public
Hearing
info on Cuesta speed tables
League of California Cities – Role and Representation Presentati on/Discu
ssion
Council Initiated
Story Pole Policy
FOL Waiver Request at LACC
Subcommittee on Grants GE 03.25.2022
Comprehensive multi-modal traffic study (analysis of recent projects projected parking, trip generation, & traffic impacts to actuals; ECR impacts should include adjacent streets) ES
Reach Code 2.0
643
Agenda Item # 12.

City of Los Altos Tentative Council Agenda Calendar
May 6, 2022
All items and dates are tentative and subject to change unless a specific date has been noticed for a legally required Public Hearing. Items may be added or removed from the shown date at any time and for any reason prior to the publication of the agenda eight days prior to the next Council meeting.

Date Agenda Item
(Date identified by Council)
Agenda Section
(Consent,
Discussion Item -
note in red if
Public Hearing)
Dept.

Boards and Commission Proc
PCI Report
Complete Streets Master Plan
644
Agenda Item # 12.

Reviewed By:

City Manager City Attorney
GE
Finance Director
JH JF

AGENDA REPORT SUMMARY
Meeting Date: May 10, 2022
Subject 2022 Community Priorities Survey
Approved by: Gabriel Engeland, City Manager
Attachment(s):

1. 2022 Community Priorities Survey Questionnaire

2. 2022 Community Priorities Survey—Summary of Results
Initiated by:

City Council
Fiscal Impact:

There is no fiscal impact for the preparation of this report.

Staff Recommendation:

Based on the responses from the Community Priorities Survey, staff is recommending the City Council consider a revenue measure, in line with the concepts surveyed, at the November 2024 election.

Discussion/Analysis
The City Council retained Godbe Research to complete a Community Priorities Survey. The summary of the priorities survey can be found as attachment #2 to this agenda report. Attachment #1 is the list of questions asked of Los Altos Residents.

The survey results are statistically valid and have a margin of error of +/- 5.03% Key findings include:

Residents are very satisfied with the quality of life in Los Altos, with 90.4% of residents responding they are Very Satisfied (51.8%) or Somewhat Satisfied (38.6%) Residents are very satisfied with the Provision of City Services in Los Altos with a ratio of satisfaction of nearly 5-1 (4.94)
645
Agenda Item # 13.

Subject: Title
Date Page 2
In addition, residents support the City’s handling of the Covid crisis (80.4% total favorable) and the City’s Management of Public Funds (56.0% total satisfied) Resident priorities include the maintenance of city streets and roads and pothole repair, updating fire stations HVAC and electrical systems and takings steps to ensure emergency operations are not impacted, and providing mental health response for non-violent 9ll calls.

Recommendation
Based on the responses from the Community Priorities Survey, staff is recommending the City Council consider a revenue measure, in line with the concepts surveyed, at the November 2024 election.
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Godbe Research May 5, 2022 Page 1

MEMORANDUM
May 5, 2022
TO: City of Los Altos
FROM: Bryan Godbe
President
Godbe Research
RE: 2022 Community Priorities Survey – Summary of the Results Introduction:

The City of Los Altos commissioned Godbe Research to conduct a survey to assess resident service priorities in the City.

The results show constituents are extremely satisfied with the quality of life. Specifically, 90.4 percent of respondents indicated they were very or somewhat satisfied with the Los Altos quality of life, 10 times more than those who were dissatisfied. A vast majority of respondents were satisfied with the job the City is doing to provide services with 81.2 percent either “very” or “somewhat” satisfied.

Among other findings, the survey shows that 80.4 percent of the respondents had a favorable view of the City’s efforts to address and COVID crisis, and the survey also indicates that a narrow majority of respondents support a simplifying the existing utility users tax structure in the future.

Methodology Overview:

Interviews were conducted from March 21 to 30, 2022, and the average phone interview time was approximately 22 minutes. A total of 369 City of Los Altos respondents participated in the survey (n=289 Online, and n=80 Phone) and the study parameters resulted in a margin of error of plus or minus 5.03 percent.
659
Agenda Item # 13.

Godbe Research May 5, 2022 Page 2
Quality of life:

Survey respondents have an extremely positive perception of the quality of life in the City of Los Altos with 90.4% of respondents indicating they were very or somewhat satisfied with the Los Altos quality of life – 10 times more than those who were dissatisfied.

Satisfaction with the City of Los Altos job performance:

A vast majority of respondents were satisfied with the job the City is doing to provide services with 81.2% either “very” or “somewhat” satisfied.
660
Agenda Item # 13.

Godbe Research May 5, 2022 Page 3
Respondents identified the following service priorities:

Survey respondents were asked about a variety of city services. Several service areas showed high support, and the table below shows that respondents support a wide variety of services including “Maintain city streets and roads, and repair potholes”, “Update fire stations to ensure operations during an emergency”, “Maintain fire protection services”, and “Repair failing fire station roofs, and HVAC and electrical systems”, and Provide a police mental health response team for non-violent 911 calls, including suicide prevention, homelessness and substance abuse“” all five of which were between 74% and 68% supporting. 7I. Maintain city streets and roads, and repair
potholes 1.05
7A. Update fire stations to ensure operations during
an emergency

0.97 7H. Maintain fire protection services 0.95
7J. Repair failing fire station roofs, and HVAC and
electrical systems 0.90
7S. Provide a police mental health response team
for non-violent 911 calls, including suicide
prevention, homelessness and substance abuse

0.86 7E. Maintain parks 0.81
7B. Maintain neighborhood police patrols 0.80
7N. Keep public areas healthy, safe, and clean 0.79
7G. Maintain crime prevention and investigation
programs

0.77 7L. Meet seismic safety standards at the police and fire stations 0.74
7O. Update aging facilities at the police station
including removing asbestos and reducing fire
danger

0.66 7Q. Maintain children's play structures at City parks 0.65 661
Agenda Item # 13.

Godbe Research May 5, 2022 Page 4
The survey results indicate potential support for a future local funding measure.

After hearing a summary of a future measure to simplify the existing utility users tax structure,

50.8% of respondents indicated support.

Respondents agree with focus and purpose of simplifying the existing UUT structure:

Respondents agreed with the focus and purpose of a future local revenue measure at a very high rate and included among the top tier were: “Los Altos fire stations have not had adequate updates. This measure will ensure that they are operational during earthquakes, wildfires and storms”, “For victims of heart attacks, strokes, accidents and other emergencies, seconds can be the difference between life and death. This measure will help ensure fast emergency response times”, “None of the money raised by the measure would be used for City administrator salaries”, “The measure will update and maintain police facilities and technology so we can maintain 9-1-1 dispatch, crime fighting and investigation services, keep neighborhoods safe, and ensure operations during an emergency”, and “The measure will give Los Altos control over local funds for local needs - allowing Los Altos to be self-reliant and requiring that our tax dollars are spent for Los Altos residents. No funds can be taken by the Sacramento” – all 5 top items with positive responses of 66% or higher. 8C. Los Altos fire stations have not had adequate
updates. This measure will ensure that they are
operational during earthquakes, wildfires and
storms

1.17 8K. For victims of heart attacks, strokes, accidents and other emergencies, seconds can be the
difference between life and death. This measure will
help ensure fast emergency response times

1.14 8E. None of the money raised by the measure would
be used for City administrator salaries 1.08
662
Agenda Item # 13.

Godbe Research May 5, 2022 Page 5
8L. The measure will update and maintain police
facilities and technology so we can maintain 9-1-1
dispatch, crime fighting and investigation services,
keep neighborhoods safe, and ensure operations
during an emergency

1.07 8F. The measure will give Los Altos control over
local funds for local needs - allowing Los Altos to
be self-reliant and requiring that our tax dollars are
spent for Los Altos residents. No funds can be
taken by the Sacramento

1.07 8H. This measure will continue the high standards
in Los Altos for fiscal accountability and
transparency by requiring that any money
generated must be spent only on the community
priorities, and not for any other purpose

1.05 8G. This measure includes independent financial
audits, and yearly reports to the community to
ensure the funds are spent responsibly for
community priorities

1.02 8B. This measure is needed to maintain current
levels of public safety and police services, including
neighborhood patrols, crime prevention and
investigation programs, and 911 response times

1.00 Summary:

Residents in the City of Los Altos are extremely satisfied with the quality of life the City provides and a vast majority are satisfied with City services.

Additionally, the survey shows that 80.4 percent of the respondents had a favorable view of the City’s efforts to address and COVID crisis, and the survey also indicates that a narrow majority of respondents support a simplifying the existing utility users tax structure. 663
Agenda Item # 13.

PUBLIC CORRESPONDENCE

The following is public correspondence received by the City Clerk’s Office after the posting of the original agenda. Individual contact information has been redacted for privacy. This may not be a comprehensive collection of the public correspondence, but staff makes its best effort to include all correspondence received to date.

To send correspondence to the City Council, on matters listed on the agenda please email [email protected]
664
Agenda Item # 13.

From: Roberta Phillips
To: Public Comment; City Council
Subject: May 10,2022 Council meeting Item #13 Community Survey Date: Saturday, May 7, 2022 6:28:04 PM
Dear Council Members and City Manager Engeland
I noticed that Item #13 is informational only.

Many residents would like to see the questions as well as the recommendations from Godbe.

Does this item need to be agendized to have a discussion ? If yes, please add this to a future agenda
Thank You
Roberta Phillips
665
Agenda Item # 13.

From: Pat Marriot
To: Public Comment
Subject: PUBLIC COMMENT Item 13 May 10, 2022
Date: Sunday, May 8, 2022 3:29:59 PM
Council Members:

I was pleased to see the results of the Godbe survey posted. However, I don’t understand what “simplifying the existing utility users tax structure” means.

I’ve submitted a PRA request for the survey questions, which will provide more info, but I’m hoping residents will see/hear more details soon. At this point, it doesn’t seem like there’s strong support for increasing the utility tax (if that was the question) or for a new police building (if that was even asked).

Thanks,
Pat Marriott
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Agenda Item # 13.