In Reply Refer to:
08ESMF00-2021-F-1145-1
April 23, 2021
Douglas Eberhardt
Manager, Infrastructure Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, California 94105
[email protected]
Subject: Formal Consultation on the City of Marysville’s Wastewater Treatment Plant Ponds Closure Project in Yuba County, California (State Revolving Fund Number 8557-110)
Dear Douglas Eberhardt:
This letter is in response to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (Agency) February 23, 2021, request for initiation of formal consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) on the proposed City of Marysville’s Wastewater Treatment Plant Pond Closure Project (proposed project) in Yuba County, California. Your initiation request and the accompanying October 2020 Information to Support Section 7 Consultation with U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Marysville Wastewater Treatment Plant Ponds Closure Project (biological assessment) prepared by ECORP Consulting, Inc. (environmental consultant) was received by the Service on February 24, 2021. At issue are the proposed project’s effects on the federally threatened valley elderberry longhorn beetle (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus) (beetle). This response is provided under the authority of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) (Act), and in accordance with the implementing regulations pertaining to interagency cooperation (50 CFR 402).
The federal action on which we are consulting is the State Water Resources Control Board (Water Board) providing federal funding via the Clean Water State Revolving Fund program for the City of Marysville (City) to implement the final phase for decommissioning of the wastewater treatment plant on the convergence of the Feather and Yuba Rivers. The Agency delegated the administration of the Clean Water State Revolving Fund program to states, including California, to assist in funding projects intended to improve water quality. The Water Board administers the Clean Water State Revolving Fund program in California pursuant to 40 CFR 35 Subpart K.
Pursuant to 50 CFR 402.12(j), you submitted a biological assessment for our review and requested concurrence with the findings presented therein. These findings conclude that the proposed project may affect, and is likely to adversely affect the beetle. The proposed project is not within designated or proposed critical habitat for any federally listed species.
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In considering your request, we based our evaluation on the following:
1) your February 23, 2021, request for formal consultation with the attached biological assessment;
2) the March 11, 2021, Marysville Wastewater Treatment Plant Ponds Closure – Updated Information to Support Section 7 Consultation (supplemental information); 3) email correspondence between the Service, the Agency, the Water Board, and the consultant; and
4) other information available to the Service.
The remainder of this document provides our biological opinion on the effects of the proposed project on the beetle.
Consultation History
January 1, 2021: The Water Board requested technical assistance with the proposed project’s effects on the beetle.
January 19, 2021: The Service responded stating the questions in the technical assistance request are better suited to the consultation process.
Feb. 24, 2021: The Agency requested initiation of formal consultation on the proposed project for the beetle.
March 4, 2021: The Service recommended the Agency also initiate consultation on the western distinct population segment of the yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus) (cuckoo) since there was an unconfirmed potential sighting within the action area in 2016 according to eBird (Gloria-Hendrickson 2021) and the proposed project will occur during the cuckoo’s migration and nesting season.
March 16, 2021: The Agency provided additional information on the effects of the proposed project on the cuckoo and made a no effect determination on the cuckoo. The additional information also provided an updated effects analysis on the beetle based on an updated project design and a more recent elderberry shrub survey.
March 22, 2021: The Service provided information related to mitigation for 24 elderberry shrubs located within the sludge that will be removed to offset effects to the beetle.
March 25, 2021: The Agency provided an updated mitigation proposal to the Service.
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BIOLOGICAL OPINION
Description of the Action
The proposed project straddles the Yuba River at the confluence of the Feather and Yuba Rivers.
The proposed project is the decommissioning of the northern and southern percolation and evaporation ponds (referred to as wastewater ponds) at the City’s wastewater treatment plant.
Decommissioning involves removal and disposal of onsite structures, grading of the site to remove interior pond berms, and removing sludge in the ponds that could be hazardous to human health. The proposed project will be graded to slope to one centralized area and will be hydroseeded for erosion protection. The levees surrounding the wastewater ponds will remain but may be resurfaced on the wastewater pond side to achieve the desired slope.
A Cease and Desist Order (Order Number R5-2009-0014) (Order) was issued to the City’s wastewater treatment plant due to noncompliance with state requirements that prohibit inundation of certain facilities during flood events. To comply with the Order, the City built infrastructure to send the City’s municipal wastewater to an adjacent district for treatment, which the Service issued a biological opinion for on February 27, 2017 (Service File Number 08ESMF00-2017-F-0918-1). The City now needs to decommission the percolation and evaporation ponds (referred to as wastewater ponds) at the wastewater treatment plant.
Seventy-three elderberry shrubs (Sambucus sp.) were found within the action area. Thirty-one elderberry shrubs occur either within the wastewater ponds where sludge will be removed or along the berms that will have to be removed to comply with the Order. Many of the elderberry shrubs within the wastewater ponds are comprised of a single stem, equal to or slightly greater than 1 inch in diameter at the base. Sixteen elderberry shrubs are located in the northern wastewater pond area scattered along the existing berms but are denser along the perimeter berm and levee adjacent to the Feather and Yuba Rivers. Fifteen elderberry shrubs are located in the southern wastewater pond area primarily congregated in the southern most wastewater pond.
Twenty-four of the 31 elderberry shrubs that will be removed are located within or on the fringe of the contaminated municipal sludge and will not be transplanted to prevent contamination of the transplant site. Furthermore, these elderberry shrubs will be disposed at a Class II landfill along with all other vegetation growing in the sludge as it would be nearly impossible to remove all of the municipal sludge from the plants. The seven other elderberry shrubs that will be removed will be transplanted to a Service-approved conservation bank. The remaining 42 elderberry shrubs will be avoided.
The proposed project will occur during the dry season for five months. Construction is planned to start in early June 2021 and will finish in October 2021. The proposed project will use excavators, rubber-tired dozers, graders, tractors, and loaders. There are two staging areas, one for each wastewater pond. Each staging area is located north of the corresponding pond. Access to the wastewater ponds will be by existing dirt, gravel, and paved roads. The sludge will be disposed at a Class II landfill.
Conservation Measures
The Agency has proposed the following conservation measures to avoid or minimize impacts to the beetle:
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1. A qualified biologist will conduct a Worker Environmental Awareness Program for all contractors and work crews that will be onsite during construction. The training will include the status of the beetle, its host plant and habitat, the need to avoid damaging the elderberry shrubs, and the possible penalties for non-compliance. A qualified biologist is one who has successfully identified an exit hole on an elderberry shrub in riparian vegetation.
2. Avoided elderberry shrubs within the proposed project will be protected during construction by establishing and maintaining a high-visibility fence as far from the dripline of each elderberry shrub as feasible. The area surrounding avoided elderberry shrubs will be fenced or flagged. If project activities must encroach within the dripline of an elderberry shrub, additional protective fencing or barriers will be required.
3. A qualified biologist will monitor work at project-appropriate intervals to assure that all conservation measures are being implemented. The biologist will inspect elderberry shrub fencing weekly. The biologist will monitor all construction activities that will occur within 20 feet of avoided elderberry shrubs.
4. Herbicides will not be used within the dripline of any elderberry shrub. Insecticides will not be used within 100 feet of an elderberry shrub and will be applied using a backpack sprayer or similar direct application method.
5. The potential effects of dust on beetles will be minimized by applying water during construction activities or by presoaking work areas that will occur within 100 feet of any elderberry shrub.
6. To compensate for the removal of the elderberry shrubs, the following is proposed:
a. Only seven elderberry shrubs that are located outside of sludge on the perimeter or exterior berms may be transplanted to a Service-approved conservation bank.
Since the City is under a directive from the Regional Water Quality Control Board to remove the sludge by December 31, 2021, the elderberry shrubs will be transplanted outside the recommended transplant window of November through the first two weeks of February.
b. Because the seven elderberry shrubs located closest to the adjacent riparian corridors are likely considered higher-quality beetle habitat, the City proposes to mitigate for the removal of the elderberry shrubs located adjacent to the perimeter or exterior berms at a ratio of 2:1. Therefore, the City proposes to purchase 14 mitigation credits from a Service-approved conservation bank to offset impacts to these seven elderberry shrubs.
c. The 24 elderberry shrubs located within the sludge will be mitigated at a ratio of
0.5:1. Therefore, the City proposes to purchase 12 mitigation credits from a Service-approved conservation bank to offset impacts to these 24 elderberry shrubs.
Action Area
The action area is defined in 50 CFR 402.02, as “all areas to be affected directly or indirectly by the federal action and not merely the immediate area involved in the action.” For the proposed Douglas Eberhardt 5
project, the 70.6-acre action area encompasses the wastewater ponds and all dirt and gravel roads surrounding the wastewater ponds.
Analytical Framework for the Jeopardy Determination
Section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires that federal agencies ensure that any action they authorize, fund, or carry out is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of listed species. “Jeopardize the continued existence of” means to engage in an action that reasonably would be expected, directly or indirectly, to reduce appreciably the likelihood of both the survival and recovery of a listed species in the wild by reducing the reproduction, numbers, or distribution of that species (50 CFR 402.02).
The jeopardy analysis in this biological opinion considers the effects of the proposed federal action, and any cumulative effects, on the rangewide survival and recovery of the listed species.
It relies on four components: (1) the Status of the Species, which describes the current rangewide condition of the species, the factors responsible for that condition, and its survival and recovery needs; (2) the Environmental Baseline, which analyzes the current condition of the species in the action area without the consequences to the listed species caused by the proposed action, the factors responsible for that condition, and the relationship of the action area to the survival and recovery of the species; (3) the Effects of the Action, which determines all consequences to listed species that are caused by the proposed federal action; and (4) the Cumulative Effects, which evaluates the effects of future, non-federal activities in the action area on the species. The Effects of the Action and Cumulative Effects are added to the Environmental Baseline and in light of the status of the species, the Service formulates its opinion as to whether the proposed action is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the listed species.
Status of the Species
For the most recent comprehensive assessment of the species’ rangewide status, please refer to the Withdrawal of the Proposed rule to Remove the Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife (Service 2014). Threats discussed in the final document have continued to act on the species, with loss of habitat being the most significant effect. While there have been continued losses of beetle habitat throughout the various recovery units, including the Sacramento River Management Unit identified in the Revised Recovery Plan for the Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus) (Recovery Plan) (Service 2019), where the proposed project is located, to date no project has proposed a level of effects for which the Service has issued a biological opinion of jeopardy for the species. The Service is in the process of finalizing its most current 5-year review for the beetle.
Environmental Baseline
Environmental baseline refers to the condition of the listed species or its designated critical habitat in the action area, without the consequences to the listed species or designated critical habitat caused by the proposed action. The environmental baseline includes the past and present impacts of all federal, state, or private actions and other human activities in the action area, the anticipated impacts of all proposed federal projects in the action area that have already undergone formal or early section 7 consultation, and the impact of state or private actions which are contemporaneous with the consultation in process. The consequences to listed species or Douglas Eberhardt 6
designated critical habitat from ongoing agency activities or existing agency facilities that are not within the agency's discretion to modify are part of the environmental baseline.
The proposed project occurs at a maximum elevation of 72 feet in the Sacramento River Management Unit (Service 2019). The life cycle of the beetle takes one to two years to complete, during which it spends most of its time in the larval stage living within the stems of the elderberry shrub, its sole host plant. There are 13 known occurrences of the beetle within 10 miles of the proposed project, including one occurrence within the action area, according to the California Natural Diversity Database (2021). The occurrence within the action area documented an adult beetle 30 years ago. The closest most recent occurrence is approximately 5 miles to the north along the Feather River. Approximately 28 beetles were observed at this occurrence.
Land cover in the proposed project includes constructed water ponds, ruderal, and developed land. The proposed project borders riparian corridors for the Feather and Yuba Rivers. The constructed water ponds comprise 54.9 acres. The wastewater ponds are mostly unvegetated, but some ponds exhibit upland and emergent vegetation. Vegetation within the ponds include elderberry shrubs, Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), curly dock (Rumex crispus), and poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). The ruderal and developed land around the constructed ponds comprise 15.7 acres and is dominated by dirt and gravel roads and pedestrian paths. These areas are characterized by the presence of non-native weedy plants. Small patches of Himalayan blackberry (Bromus diandrus), coyote bush (Baccharis pilularis), and scattered tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) and elderberry shrubs are present along the existing roads and edges of the wastewater ponds. Elderberry shrubs are also found in the bordering riparian vegetation.
The wastewater ponds are not hydrologically connected to the Feather or Yuba Rivers. Since the cessation of active wastewater treatment, the only source of water is precipitation. The wastewater ponds are typically dry from May until the start of the rainy season in the fall.
The environmental consultant for the proposed project conducted a reconnaissance survey at the northern ponds on April 8, 2020, and at the southern ponds on June 26, 2020. Thirty-two elderberry shrubs with a diameter greater than 1 inch at the base were identified within the action area, including 14 elderberry shrubs that were proposed to be removed and transplanted to a Service-approved conservation bank. Elderberry shrub surveys took place again in February 2021. Seventy-three elderberry shrubs with a diameter of at least 1 inch at the base were identified within the action area including 31 elderberry shrubs within the wastewater ponds or on the levees that are planned for removal as part of the proposed project. However, the 24 elderberry shrubs within the wastewater ponds are comprised of a single stem equal to or slightly greater than 1 inch in diameter at the base, are in poor condition, and are located more than 165 feet from riparian vegetation. The seven elderberry shrubs on the levees are considered high-quality beetle habitat and are within 165 feet of riparian vegetation.
The Service believes that the beetle is reasonably certain to occur within the action area due to:
1) the proposed project being within the range of the species; 2) elderberry shrubs on the proposed project located within riparian vegetation; and 3) several nearby occurrences of the beetle including one within the action area.
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Effects of the Action
Effects of the action are all consequences to listed species or critical habitat that are caused by the proposed action, including the consequences of other activities that are caused by the proposed action. A consequence is caused by the proposed action if it would not occur but for the proposed action and it is reasonably certain to occur. Effects of the action may occur later in time and may include consequences occurring outside the immediate area involved in the action.
Construction activities will result in effects to beetles inhabiting 31 elderberry shrubs that will be removed. Seven of these elderberry shrubs provide high-quality habitat. Removing these elderberry shrubs will result in the death of an unknown number of individual beetle larvae inhabiting the stems. The other 24 elderberry shrubs recently grew large enough to provide suitable habitat for the beetle and are in poor condition. However, the removal of the elderberry shrubs will occur after the flight season of the beetle when the eggs have been laid on the leaves or stem. Therefore, removing these elderberry shrubs will also result in the death of an unknown number of individual beetle eggs. Additionally, the removal of the 31 elderberry shrubs will result in the permanent loss of suitable habitat for the beetle.
Even though the seven elderberry shrubs considered high-quality beetle habitat will be transplanted to a Service-approved conservation bank, the transplantation process will occur while the elderberry shrubs are actively growing. It is highly likely these elderberry shrubs will not survive being transplanted due to the incorrect timing for transplanting, which increases the chances the elderberry shrubs will be in a state of shock. However, any beetles inhabiting these elderberry shrubs may be able to inhabit the other elderberry shrubs at the conservation bank.
Construction activities may result in effects to the beetles inhabiting the 42 elderberry shrubs bordering the proposed project as construction activities will occur within 20 feet of their dripline. However, most of these elderberry shrubs are separated from ground-disturbing activities by existing hard-packed levees, which prevent the roots from entering the work area.
Furthermore, these elderberry shrubs will be protected from construction activities by fencing or barriers. Therefore, impacts will not rise to the level where beetles living in these 42 elderberry shrubs will be adversely affected.
As noted previously in the Description of the Action section, the Agency has proposed a set of conservation measures, including the commitment to provide compensatory habitat as a condition of the action. This compensatory habitat is intended to minimize the effect on the species of the proposed project’s anticipated incidental take, resulting from the permanent loss of habitat described above. The compensatory habitat proposed will be in the form of beetle conservation credits at a Service-approved conservation bank with a service area that includes the proposed project’s location.
This component of the action will have the effect of protecting and managing lands for the species’ conservation in perpetuity. The compensatory lands will provide suitable habitat for breeding, feeding, or sheltering commensurate with or better than habitat lost as a result of the proposed project. Providing this compensatory habitat as part of a relatively large, contiguous block of conserved land may contribute to other recovery efforts for the species.
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Cumulative Effects
Cumulative effects include the effects of future State, Tribal, local, or private actions that are reasonably certain to occur in the action area considered in this biological opinion. Future federal actions that are unrelated to the proposed action are not considered in this section because they require separate consultation pursuant to section 7 of the Act. During this consultation, the Service did not identify any future non-federal actions that are reasonably certain to occur in the action area of the proposed project.
Conclusion
After reviewing the current status of the beetle, the environmental baseline for the action area, the effects of the proposed project, and the cumulative effects, it is the Service’s biological opinion that the City of Marysville Wastewater Treatment Plant Ponds Closure Project, as proposed, is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the beetle. The Service reached this conclusion because the project-related effects to the species, when added to the environmental baseline and analyzed in consideration of all potential cumulative effects, will not rise to the level of precluding recovery or reducing the likelihood of survival of the species based on the following:
1) the loss of the 31 elderberry shrubs represents a very small portion of habitat available throughout the range of the beetle;
2) the proposed compensation for adverse effects to beetles through the purchase of credits at a Service-approved conservation bank will ensure that habitat for the beetle will be protected and managed in perpetuity; and
3) the transplantation of the seven elderberry shrubs will offer the beetle the chance to colonize the Service-approved conservation bank.
INCIDENTAL TAKE STATEMENT
Section 9 of the Act and federal regulation pursuant to section 4(d) of the Act prohibit the take of endangered and threatened species, respectively, without special exemption. Take is defined as to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct. Harass is defined by Service regulations at 50 CFR 17.3 as an intentional or negligent act or omission which creates the likelihood of injury to wildlife by annoying it to such an extent as to significantly disrupt normal behavior patterns which include, but are not limited to, breeding, feeding, or sheltering. Harm is defined by the same regulations as an act which actually kills or injures wildlife. Harm is further defined to include significant habitat modification or degradation that results in death or injury to listed species by significantly impairing essential behavior patterns, including breeding, feeding, or sheltering. Incidental take is defined as take that is incidental to, and not the purpose of, the carrying out of an otherwise lawful activity. Under the terms of section 7(b)(4) and section 7(o)(2), taking that is incidental to and not intended as part of the agency action is not considered to be prohibited taking under the Act provided that such taking is in compliance with the terms and conditions of this Incidental Take Statement.
The measures described below are non-discretionary, and must be undertaken by the Agency so that they become binding conditions of any grant or permit issued to the City, as appropriate, for Douglas Eberhardt 9
the exemption in section 7(o)(2) to apply. The Agency has a continuing duty to regulate the activity covered by this incidental take statement. If the Agency (1) fails to assume and implement the terms and conditions or (2) fails to require the City to adhere to the terms and conditions of the incidental take statement through enforceable terms that are added to the permit or grant document, the protective coverage of section 7(o)(2) may lapse. In order to monitor the impact of incidental take, the Agency or Water Board must report the progress of the action and its impact on the beetle to the Service as specified in the incidental take statement [50 CFR 402.14(i)(3)].
Amount or Extent of Take
The Service anticipates that incidental take of the valley elderberry longhorn beetle will be difficult to detect due to the fact that it is not possible to know how many larvae inhabit any one elderberry shrub providing habitat for the beetle. Between March and July, adult beetles lay their eggs singly at the junction of leaf stalks and main stems, with all eggs laid on new growth at the outer tips of elderberry branches. Eggs hatch within a few days of oviposition. Once hatched, the larvae may bore immediately into the green tissue of the elderberry stem at or near the egg site or larvae may persist on the shrub surface for several hours before boring into the stem. The beetle spends most of its life in the larval stage living within the stems of the elderberry shrub, and the life cycle of the beetle takes one to two years to complete. Beetle-larval use of an elderberry shrub is not readily apparent, and in early stages of development, beetle larvae can be present in stems that have no evidence of exit holes. Therefore, the Service anticipates take incidental to the proposed action as the harm of all beetle eggs and larvae in the 31 elderberry shrubs that will be removed.
Upon implementation of the following reasonable and prudent measures, incidental take of the beetle associated with the proposed project will become exempt from the prohibitions described in section 9 of the Act. No other forms of take are exempted under this opinion.
Effect of the Take
In the accompanying biological opinion, the Service determined that this level of anticipated take is not likely to result in jeopardy to the species.
Reasonable and Prudent Measures
All necessary and appropriate measures to avoid or minimize effects on the beetle resulting from implementation of this project have been incorporated into the project’s proposed conservation measures. Therefore, the Service believes the following reasonable and prudent measure is necessary and appropriate to minimize incidental take of the beetle:
1) All conservation measures, as described in the biological assessment and restated in the Description of the Action section of this biological opinion, shall be fully implemented and adhered to. Further, this reasonable and prudent measure shall be supplemented by the Terms and Conditions below.
Terms and Conditions
1) The Agency or the Water Board shall include full implementation and adherence to the conservation measures as a condition of any permit or contract issued for the project.
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2) The Agency, the Water Board, or the City will provide a copy of the completed bill of sale and payment to the Service upon the purchase of beetle conservation credits. 3) In order to monitor whether the amount or extent of incidental take anticipated from implementation of the proposed project is approached or exceeded, the Agency or the Water Board will adhere to the following reporting requirement. Should this anticipated amount or extent of incidental take be exceeded, the Agency must immediately reinitiate formal consultation, as per 50 CFR 402.16(a).
a. For those components of the action that will result in habitat degradation or modification whereby incidental take in the form of harm is anticipated, the Agency or the Water Board shall provide a precise accounting of the elderberry shrubs impacted to the Service after completion of construction. This report will also include any information about changes in project implementation that result in habitat disturbance not described in the Description of the Action section and not analyzed in this biological opinion.
CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS
Section 7(a)(1) of the Act directs federal agencies to utilize their authorities to further the purposes of the Act by carrying out conservation programs for the benefit of endangered and threatened species. Conservation recommendations are discretionary agency activities to minimize or avoid adverse effects of a proposed action on listed species or critical habitat, to help implement recovery plans, or to develop information. The Service recommends the following actions:
1) The Agency and the Water Board should work with the Service in meeting the goals of the Recovery Plan.
In order for the Service to be kept informed of actions minimizing or avoiding adverse effects or benefiting listed species or their habitats, the Service requests notification of the implementation of any conservation recommendations.
REINITIATION—CLOSING STATEMENT
This concludes formal consultation on the City of Marysville’s Wastewater Treatment Plant Ponds Closure Project in Yuba County. As provided in 50 CFR 402.16(a), reinitiation of consultation is required and shall be requested by the federal agency or by the Service where discretionary federal involvement or control over the action has been retained or is authorized by law, and:
1) If the amount or extent of taking specified in the incidental take statement is exceeded; 2) If new information reveals effects of the action that may affect listed species or critical habitat in a manner or to an extent not previously considered; 3) If the identified action is subsequently modified in a manner that causes an effect to the listed species or critical habitat that was not considered in the biological opinion; or written concurrence, or
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4) If a new species is listed or critical habitat designated that may be affected by the identified action.
If you have any questions regarding this biological opinion, please contact Sam Sosa, Fish and Wildlife Biologist ([email protected]), at (916) 414-6560 or the acting Sacramento Valley Division Supervisor at the letterhead address.
Sincerely,
Michael Fris
Field Supervisor
ec:
D. Isaiah Larsen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco, California Kristen Way, State Water Control Board, Sacramento, California Brian Cary, State Water Control Board, Sacramento, California Matthew Chambers, State Water Control Board, Sacramento, California Douglas Eberhardt 12
LITERATURE CITED
California Natural Diversity Database. 2021. Biogeographic Data Branch, Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento, California. Government version dated 1 February 2021.
Retrieved February 24, 2021 from https://map.dfg.ca.gov/rarefind/view/RareFind.aspx Gloria-Hendrickson, Kathe. 2021. eBird Checklist:
https://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/S31661425. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird, Ithaca, New York. Available:
http://www.ebird.org. (Accessed: March 20, 2021)
[Service] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2014. Withdrawal of the proposed Rule to Remove the Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife. Federal Register 79: 55874-55917. September 17, 2014. [Service] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2017. Framework for Assessing Impacts to the Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle. Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office, Sacramento, California. 28 pp.
[Service] U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2019. Revised Recovery Plan for Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Southwest Region, Sacramento, California iii + 18 pp.